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c_2vquyqapk19k | Black dancer Janet Collins made metropolitan opera debut in the opera Aida. | Discrimination in dance |
c_uopcz5nx1ws9 | Raven Wilkinson became the first African American women to receive contract to dance full-time with Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo of NYC | Discrimination in dance |
c_tx8hlq3udphd | Arthur Mitchell was the first black principal dancer in the history of NYC ballet | Discrimination in dance |
c_y2nq956kjo8a | Alvin Ailey founded Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, enriched the modern dance heritage and preserved the uniqueness of African America cultural experience | Discrimination in dance |
c_r0igyyarjkyh | Tony Williams joined Boston Ballet and became principal dancer within three years. He later founded the urban nutcracker which incorporates black artist music along with hip hop and tap, not otherwise associated with ballet | Discrimination in dance |
c_qovgejyytnrc | The Hungarian National Museum (Hungarian: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum) was founded in 1802 and is the national museum for the history, art, and archaeology of Hungary, including areas not within Hungary's modern borders, such as Transylvania; it is not to be confused with the collection of international art in the Hungarian ... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_sr2eoquoy5tt | The Hungarian National Museum traces its foundation to 1802, when Count Ferenc Széchényi set up the National Széchényi Library. This would then be followed a year later by the donating of a mineral collection by Széchényi's wife. This led to the creation of the Hungarian National Museum as a general history and natural... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_alsk42gmtpds | The Hungarian Parliament of 1832–1834 helped with the growth of the museum as well. The parliament voted in favor of giving half a million forints to help with the construction of a new building for the museum. During this time the Hungarian National History Museum was officially set up under the Hungarian National Mus... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_g4jppdfbn4al | Later, in 1846, the museum moved to its current location of VIII. Múzeum krt. | Hungarian National Museum |
c_30drfhjwbq60 | 14–16, where the museum resides in a neo-classical style building designed by Mihály Pollack. In 1848, the Hungarian National Museum played a major role in the Hungarian Revolution. The Revolution was partially spurred by the reading of Sándor Petőfi's 12 points and the famous poem Nemzeti dal on the front steps of the... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_0rhjhfzik8o7 | This helped make the museum a major site of national importance and identity for Hungary. In remembrance of the revolution, two statues were added to the museum: the first is a statue of János Arany, unveiled in 1883. In 1890, there was a statue next to the stairs of the museum of a memorial tablet to Sándor Petőfi. | Hungarian National Museum |
c_6vryfiwkjrj8 | Additionally, during this time, the Upper House of the parliament held its sessions in the Cereminial of the museum. This continued until the new house of Parliament was built. Today, festivities held in remembrance of the National Commemorations Day of 1848 are held in front of the museum. | Hungarian National Museum |
c_d1fxdi931i8c | In 1949, an act split the ethnographic and natural history part of the Hungarian National Museum off of the main museum. They now comprise the Hungarian Natural History Museum and Ethnographic Museum. This also helped with the setting up of the modern day National Széchényi Library. All of these separate museums are st... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_nn63x1xkurts | The Hungarian National Museum has seven permanent displays. The general history of Hungary is covered in two sections: the archaeology from prehistory to the Avar period ending in 804 AD on the first (ground) floor ("On the East-West frontier"), and the history from 804 to modern times on the first floor. This display ... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_2s9asxl1joj5 | The history section then ends with the rise and fall of the communist system in Hungary. In another hall on the second floor one can find out about the Scholar Hungarians who made the twentieth century. A room on the first floor displays the medieval Hungarian Coronation Mantle.The ground floor's permanent exhibit is f... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_g1o7q4y9rd0r | This exhibit looks at various stone relics and the carvings that have been made into them. The majority of the items in this collection were discovered during the 1960s and 1970s, since they looked for more relics post World War II. The final permanent exhibit is placed in the basement of the museum. This is the Roman ... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_wxpv2opgcz46 | The building where the Hungarian National Museum is currently located was built from 1837–1847. The style of the main building was laid out in a neo-classical style and was added onto by other artists in the form of statues, paintings and other architecture. The statues of the Portico were done by Raffael Monti of Mila... | Hungarian National Museum |
c_sk4zfl6z0f53 | On the sides of this figure there is Science on one and Art on the other. In addition the paintings that have been in the staircase and on the ceiling since 1875 were done by Károly Lotz and Mór Than. There has also been a garden that is used primarily for various concerts. | Hungarian National Museum |
c_ffsd4op7hc1h | Various artists have performed here including Ferenc Liszt. Today the garden is the venue of the Museum Festival. Scenes from the movie Evita, starring Madonna were filmed on the steps leading in. The scenes depicted the coffin of Eva Peron being carried into a 'Buenos Aires' government building to lay in State. | Hungarian National Museum |
c_9cnuuexbshg7 | Semmelweis Museum of Medical History (since 2017) | Hungarian National Museum |
c_od5ht3wy7f14 | Hellenoturkism (Greek: Ελληνοτουρκισμός, romanized: Ellinotourkismós; Turkish: Helenotürkizm) is a political concept that encompasses two things: a fact of civilization (i.e. the co-habitation and interdependence, since the 11th century A.D.) of the Greek and Turkish peoples and cultures, and a political ideology based... | Hellenoturkism |
c_dnbcemypox6b | According to Dimitri Kitsikis, from the time of the Persian Empire and Alexander the Great, to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century A.D., the Intermediate Region has been covered by an ecumenical empire that had common civilizational characteristics, despite the fact that it passed into the hands succ... | Hellenoturkism |
c_qa27s7wr9thu | In the 15th century, a Greek philosopher, George of Trebizond, 1395-1484 (the date of his death varies from 1472 to 1486 depending on the sources), who aimed at synthesizing Islam in the form of Alevism and Christianity in the form of Greek Orthodoxy, is considered by some supporters of Hellenoturkism as one of the mai... | Hellenoturkism |
c_50io63buz8j4 | It would have the largest economy and military in the area covering the Balkans, the Middle East, the East Mediterranean, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and could become a key global great power due to its geographic location. During the 2010-2015 Greek financial crisis, the idea resurfaced both in Turkey and Greece.Ho... | Hellenoturkism |
c_kfnp4n80kw8s | Dimitri Kitsikis, political advisorGeorgios Papadopoulos, main perpetrator of the Greek Junta in 1967:According to Yannis Mazis, professor of Turkology & Euroasian Sciences in Boğaziçi University; Papadopulos “saw the possibility of such a confederation as realistic, and possible to come true within the next 40 years a... | Hellenoturkism |
c_609sm4vwmirj | “Türk-Yunan Şiiri” (Turco-Greek poem), or also known as “Olmasın Varsın” (Let it not be that you don’t exist), was a friendship poem between the two nations and peoples written by former prime minister of Turkey, Bülent Ecevit, during his early years as a writer and poet in London, 1947. The poem has been composed by s... | Hellenoturkism |
c_6a962aw9gfl0 | New relationship energy (or NRE) refers to a state of mind experienced at the beginning of sexual and romantic relationships, typically involving heightened emotional and sexual feelings and excitement. NRE begins with the earliest attractions, may grow into full force when mutuality is established, and can fade over m... | New relationship energy |
c_2x41ueqbdvdy | This concept is similar to that of limerence, which was first defined in 1979, but differs in that limerence can also be experienced absent a relationship. While the dynamics described by NRE apply to all relationships, the term is particularly prevalent in the polyamorous community, as people with multiple concurrent ... | New relationship energy |
c_tnxnswog23id | Describing the process in a positive way can help old partners deal with feelings of jealousy towards the new partner, as well as helping the person with a new partner be more understanding and conscious of maintaining their existing relationships.New relationship energy is generally considered desirable, perhaps nearl... | New relationship energy |
c_eymgpj68xks9 | Physical inactivity refers to the lack of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in a person's lifestyle. It is distinct from sedentary behavior. | Physical inactivity |
c_cct7og1sm3gz | The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined physical inactivity as a global public health problem. Each year, approximately 3.2 million people die from causes related to physical inactivity. | Physical inactivity |
c_pw4z91m1vxrp | As of 2008, the WHO identified the Americas and the Eastern Mediterranean as regions with the greatest prevalence of physical inactivity. Nearly half of all women in both of these regions have physical inactivity, as well as 40% of men in the Americas and 36% of men in the Eastern Mediterranean. In contrast, the region... | Physical inactivity |
c_mahhg8t8dtip | All states and territories had prevalence rates of more than 15% of adults. Colorado, Utah, Oregon, and Washington were the only states with physical inactivity prevalence less than 20%. Seven states and two territories had prevalence greater than 30%: Tennessee, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Alabama, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Mi... | Physical inactivity |
c_pj2qg1f4wt6w | Several factors have been identified as part of the rising prevalence of physical inactivity. People are participating less in physical activity during leisure time. Additionally, they are increasingly likely to use sedentary behaviors during work and domestic activities. | Physical inactivity |
c_d4o3bslcvn0f | Also, instead of walking or cycling, many now use passive transportation. Urbanization may also increase physical inactivity: factors such as violence, lack of greenspace, poor air quality, and dense traffic may discourage physical activity. == References == | Physical inactivity |
c_cdy88ozu8hxn | Ultrasonic machining is a subtractive manufacturing process that removes material from the surface of a part through high frequency, low amplitude vibrations of a tool against the material surface in the presence of fine abrasive particles. The tool travels vertically or orthogonal to the surface of the part at amplitu... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_2zcnla3o9qhg | An ultrasonically vibrating machine consists of two major components, an electroacoustic transducer and a sonotrode, attached to an electronic control unit with a cable. The abrasive grains in the slurry now act as a free cutting tool as they strike the workpiece thousands of times per second. An electronic oscillator ... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_y6woi8t1e3l2 | Two types of transducers have been used in ultrasonic machining; either piezoelectric or magnetostrictive: Piezoelectric transducer This consists of a piece of piezoelectric ceramic, such as barium titanate, with two metal electrodes plated on its surface. The alternating voltage from the control unit applied to the el... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_egssdgk9las8 | Magnetostriction is an effect which causes a material to change shape slightly when a magnetic field through it changes. The alternating current from the control unit, applied to the coil, creates an alternating magnetic field in the magnetostrictive cylinder which makes it change shape slightly with each oscillation, ... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_hfwp24ffk9sj | A constant stream of abrasive slurry flows between the sonotrode and work piece. This flow of slurry allows debris to flow away from the work cutting area. The slurry usually consists of abrasive boron carbide, aluminum oxide or silicon carbide particles in a suspension of water (20 to 60% by volume). | Ultrasonic machining |
c_b2fn2rt3of0e | The sonotrode removes material from the work piece by abrasion where it contacts it, so the result of machining is to cut a perfect negative of the sonotrode's profile into the work piece. Ultrasonic vibration machining allows extremely complex and non-uniform shapes to be cut into the workpiece with extremely high pre... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_4zgteynhb7ug | Ultrasonic vibration machining physically operates by the mechanism of microchipping or erosion on the work piece's surface. Since the abrasive slurry is kept in motion by high frequency, low amplitude vibrations, the impact forces of the slurry are significant, causing high contact stresses. These high contact stresse... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_nb26x2y50aza | In rotary ultrasonic vibration machining (RUM), the vertically oscillating tool is able to revolve about the vertical center line of the tool. Instead of using an abrasive slurry to remove material, the surface of the tool is impregnated with diamonds that grind down the surface of the part. Rotary ultrasonic machines ... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_bla2dsv15fhp | In chemical-assisted ultrasonic machining (CUSM), a chemically reactive abrasive fluid is used to ensure greater machining of glass and ceramic materials. Using an acidic solution, such as hydrofluoric acid, machining characteristics such as material removal rate and surface quality can be improved greatly compared to ... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_z02irzu1030n | Since ultrasonic vibration machining does not use subtractive methods that may alter the physical properties of a workpiece, such as thermal, chemical, or electrical processes, it has many useful applications for materials that are more brittle and sensitive than traditional machining metals. Materials that are commonl... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_gowk00866hke | Ultrasonic machining is precise enough to be used in the creation of microelectromechanical system components such as micro-structured glass wafers.In addition to small-scale components, ultrasonic vibration machining is used for structural components because of the required precision and surface quality provided by th... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_x4dgne7ei3fy | Ultrasonic vibration machining is a unique non-traditional manufacturing process because it can produce parts with high precision that are made of hard and brittle materials which are often difficult to machine. Additionally, ultrasonic machining is capable of manufacturing fragile materials such as glass and non-condu... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_gxh7zdylfoc5 | Because ultrasonic vibration machining is driven by microchipping or erosion mechanisms, the material removal rate of metals can be slow and the sonotrode tip can wear down quickly from the constant impact of abrasive particles on the tool. Moreover, drilling deep holes in parts can prove difficult as the abrasive slur... | Ultrasonic machining |
c_2cb1ljtlg29j | Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works programme commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect of Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of medieval neighbourhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the bui... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_2zq7insajqyf | In the middle of the 19th century, the centre of Paris was viewed as overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845, the French social reformer Victor Considerant wrote: "Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction, where misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrate. P... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_o9akm72jxch9 | The population density in these neighbourhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Paris; in the neighbourhood of Champs-Élysées, population density was estimated at 5,380 per square kilometre (22 per acre); in the neighbourhoods of Arcis and Saint-Avoye, located in the present Third Arrondissement, there was... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_5231a52vs629 | Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighbourhoods died.Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two neighborhoods were only five metres (16 feet) wide; the narrowest were one or two meters (3–7 feet... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_0n6zs8ri2dhu | The urban problems of Paris had been recognized in the 18th century; Voltaire complained about the markets "established in narrow streets, showing off their filthiness, spreading infection and causing continuing disorders." He wrote that the façade of the Louvre was admirable, "but it was hidden behind buildings worthy... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_wcxt7peo017z | "The 18th century architectural theorist and historian Quatremere de Quincy had proposed establishing or widening public squares in each of the neighbourhoods, expanding and developing the squares in front the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame and the church of Saint Gervais, and building a wide street to connect the Louvre with... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ng8qf57uf63s | He began work on a canal to bring fresh water to the city and began work on the Rue de Rivoli, beginning at the Place de la Concorde, but was able to extend it only to the Louvre before his downfall. "If only the heavens had given me twenty more years of rule and a little leisure," he wrote while in exile on Saint Hele... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ahfwwrlid5f0 | It was the Paris of the narrow and winding streets and foul sewers described in the novels of Balzac and Victor Hugo. In 1833, the new prefect of the Seine under Louis-Philippe, Claude-Philibert Barthelot, comte de Rambuteau, made modest improvements to the sanitation and circulation of the city. He constructed new sew... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_35qs2zfyax76 | He constructed 180 kilometres of sidewalks, a new street, rue Lobau; a new bridge over the Seine, the Pont Louis-Philippe; and cleared an open space around the Hôtel de Ville. He built a new street the length of the Île de la Cité and three additional streets across it: rue d'Arcole, rue de la Cité and rue Constantine.... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_0ing649f64ro | King Louis-Philippe was overthrown in the February Revolution of 1848. On 10 December 1848, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoléon Bonaparte, won the first direct presidential elections ever held in France with an overwhelming 74.2 percent of the votes cast. He was elected largely because of his famous name, ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_54xmgq0qdv48 | He had been especially impressed by London, with its wide streets, squares and large public parks. In 1852 he gave a public speech declaring: "Paris is the heart of France. Let us apply our efforts to embellishing this great city. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_bw98r1orscqu | Let us open new streets, make the working class quarters, which lack air and light, more healthy, and let the beneficial sunlight reach everywhere within our walls". As soon as he was President, he supported the building of the first subsidized housing project for workers in Paris, the Cité-Napoléon, on the rue Rochech... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_y4m7r3hxxw5r | He wanted both these projects to be completed before the end of his term in 1852, but became frustrated by the slow progress made by his prefect of the Seine, Jean-Jacques Berger. The prefect was unable to move the work forward on the rue de Rivoli quickly enough, and the original design for the Bois de Boulogne turned... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_x375melj9eec | He wanted to run for re-election in 1852, but was blocked by the new Constitution, which limited him to one term. A majority of members of parliament voted to change the Constitution, but not the two-thirds majority required. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_rnn57y85td3a | Prevented from running again, Napoléon, with the help of the army, staged a coup d'état on 2 December 1851 and seized power. His opponents were arrested or exiled. The following year, on 2 December 1852, he declared himself Emperor, adopting the throne name Napoléon III. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_v0n86cyfkzuh | Napoléon III dismissed Berger as the Prefect of the Seine and sought a more effective manager. His minister of the interior, Victor de Persigny, interviewed several candidates, and selected Georges-Eugène Haussmann, a native of Alsace and Prefect of the Gironde, who impressed Persigny with his energy, audacity, and abi... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_7evmf9s9fhlw | Completion of the rue de Rivoli was given an even higher priority, because the Emperor wanted it finished before the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition of 1855, only two years away, and he wanted the project to include a new hotel, the Grand Hôtel du Louvre, the first large luxury hotel in the city, to house the... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_nullfbk3omyf | Napoléon III appealed to the Péreire brothers, Émile and Isaac, two bankers who had created a new investment bank, Crédit Mobilier. The Péreire brothers organised a new company which raised 24 million francs to finance the construction of the street, in exchange for the rights to develop real estate along the route. Th... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_klehtowfz0oa | The rue de Rivoli was completed, and the new hotel opened in March 1855, in time to welcome guests to the Exposition. The junction was made between the rue de Rivoli and rue Saint-Antoine; in the process, Haussmann restyled the Place du Carrousel, opened up a new square, Place Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois facing the colon... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_362s1hdhridb | "It was the gutting of old Paris," Haussmann wrote with satisfaction in his Memoires: of the neighborhood of riots, and of barricades, from one end to the other." The Boulevard Sébastopol ended at the new Place du Châtelet; a new bridge, the Pont-au-Change, was constructed across the Seine, and crossed the island on a ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_3s6sz5eesbkk | The north-south axis was completed in 1859. The two axes crossed at the Place du Châtelet, making it the center of Haussmann's Paris. Haussmann widened the square, moved the Fontaine du Palmier, built by Napoléon I, to the center and built two new theaters, facing each other across the square; the Cirque Impérial (now ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_3mg7kfmsgyve | In the first phase of his renovation Haussmann constructed 9,467 metres (6 miles) of new boulevards, at a net cost of 278 million francs. The official parliamentary report of 1859 found that it had "brought air, light and healthiness and procured easier circulation in a labyrinth that was constantly blocked and impenet... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_nb97a4rcfut9 | He intended to build a network of wide boulevards to connect the interior of Paris with the ring of grand boulevards built by Louis XVIII during the restoration, and to the new railroad stations which Napoleon III considered the real gates of the city. He planned to construct 26,294 metres (16 miles) of new avenues and... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_nlvgmnfetr8x | This involved demolishing the famous theater street known as "le boulevard du Crime", made famous in the film Les Enfants du Paradis; and the construction of three new major streets: the boulevard du Prince Eugène (the modern boulevard Voltaire); the boulevard de Magenta and rue Turbigo. Boulevard Voltaire became one o... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_vtnqal204tpu | The extension of boulevard Magenta to connect it with the new railway station, the Gare du Nord. The construction of boulevard Malesherbes, to connect the place de la Madeleine to the new Monceau neighborhood. The construction of this street obliterated one of the most sordid and dangerous neighborhoods in the city, ca... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_byc0lhty5jhe | A new square, place de l'Europe, in front of the Gare Saint-Lazare railway station. The station was served by two new boulevards, rue de Rome and rue Saint-Lazaire. In addition, the rue de Madrid was extended and two other streets, rue de Rouen (the modern rue Auber) and rue Halevy, were built in this neighborhood. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_e9xtsuu1b6fv | Parc Monceau was redesigned and replanted, and part of the old park made into a residential quarter. The rue de Londres and rue de Constantinople, under a new name, avenue de Villiers, was extended to porte Champerret. The Étoile, around the Arc de Triomphe, was completely redesigned. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_6rtjhwgivqyp | A star of new avenues radiated from the Étoile; avenue de Bezons (now avenue de Wagram); avenue Kléber; avenue Josephine (now avenue Marceau); avenue Prince-Jerome (now avenues Mac-Mahon and Niel); avenue Essling (now Carnot); and a wider avenue de Saint-Cloud (now avenue Victor-Hugo), forming with Champs-Elysées and o... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_gfvnub4we8uh | Three new boulevards were built in this neighborhood: avenue d'Alma (the present avenue George V); avenue de l'Empereur (the present avenue du President-Wilson), which connected the places d'Alma, d'Iena and du Trocadéro. In addition, four new streets were built in that neighborhood: rue Francois-Ier, rue Pierre Charro... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_dfrzey2hgh4k | A new street, boulevard Arago, was constructed, to open up Place Denfert-Rochereau. A new street, boulevard d'Enfer (today's boulevard Raspail) was built up to the intersection Sèvres–Babylone. The streets around the Panthéon on Montagne Sainte-Geneviève were extensively changed. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_p3ciwth62hau | A new street, avenue des Gobelins, was created, and part of rue Mouffetard was expanded. Another new street, rue Monge, was created on the east, while another new street, rue Claude Bernard, on the south. Rue Soufflot, built by Rambuteau, was entirely rebuilt.On the Île de la Cité: The island became an enormous constru... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_jut48izp1ibl | Two new government buildings, the Tribunal de Commerce and the Prefecture de Police, were built, occupying a large part of the island. Two new streets were also built, the boulevard du Palais and the rue de Lutèce. Two bridges, the pont Saint-Michel and the pont au Change were completely rebuilt, along with the embankm... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_vf86884b6pnj | The Palais de Justice and Place Dauphine were extensively modified. At the same time, Haussmann preserved and restored the jewels of the island; the square in front of the Cathedral of Notre Dame was widened, the spire of the Cathedral, pulled down during the Revolution, was restored, whilst Sainte-Chapelle and the anc... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_bnx6dz4snmay | The Medici Fountain had to be moved further into the park, and was reconstructed with the addition of statuary and a long basin of water. Haussmann was also criticized for the growing cost of his projects; the estimated cost for the 26,290 metres (86,250 ft) of new avenues had been 180 million francs, but grew to 410 m... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_47mqtoawj4f0 | In this way Haussmann indirectly raised 463 million francs by 1867; 86% of this debt was owned by Crédit Foncier. This debt conveniently did not have to be included on the city's balance sheets. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_vstj86x9r01z | Another method was the creation of a fund, the Caisse des Travaux de Paris, decreed by Napoléon III on 14 November 1858. Ostensibly it was intended to give the city greater freedom in executing the grand projects. Revenue from the sale of materials salvaged from the demolitions and the sale of lots left over from the e... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_fdv0ztf3aevm | The fund expended much more than it took in, some 1.2 billion francs towards the grand projects during the ten years it existed. To offset some of the deficit, which the City of Paris was responsible for, Haussmann issued 100 million francs in securities from the fund guaranteed by the city. He only needed the approval... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_jkh75g3xahl4 | On 1 January 1860 Napoleon III officially annexed the suburbs of Paris out to the ring of fortifications around the city. The annexation included eleven communes; Auteuil, Batignolles-Monceau, Montmartre, La Chapelle, Passy, La Villette, Belleville, Charonne, Bercy, Grenelle and Vaugirard, along with pieces of other ou... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_zoy0ufbliu1g | Numerous factories and workshops had been established in the suburbs, some to specifically avoid paying the Octroi, a tax on goods and materials paid at entry points into Paris. With the annexation, these facilities now had to pay tax on the raw materials and fuel they used. This was a deliberate way of discouraging th... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_8prlh7ta2v8e | The annexation more than doubled the area of the city from 3,300 hectares to 7,100 hectares, and the population of Paris instantly grew by 400,000 to 1,600,000 people. The annexation made it necessary for Haussmann to enlarge his plans, and to construct new boulevards to connect the new arrondissements with the center.... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_oiubrvd1e1zp | The third phase of renovations was proposed in 1867 and approved in 1869, but it faced much more opposition than the earlier phases. Napoleon III had decided to liberalize his empire in 1860, and to give a greater voice to the parliament and to the opposition. The Emperor had always been less popular in Paris than in t... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ad5iorwh46hj | Finishing the place du Château d'Eau (now Place de la Republique), creating a new avenue des Amandiers and extending avenue Parmentier. Finishing the place du Trône (now Place de la Nation) and opening three new boulevards: avenue Philippe-Auguste, avenue Taillebourg, and avenue de Bouvines. Extending the rue Caulainco... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_a35lwz6jf8kb | Building a new rue de Châteaudon and clearing the space around the church of Notre-Dame de Lorette, making room for connection between the Gare Saint-Lazare, the Gare du Nord and Gare de l'Est. Finishing the place in front of the Gare du Nord. Rue Maubeuge was extended from Montmartre to the boulevard de la Chapelle, a... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_6qzi6ws0r2wh | The Place de l'Opéra had been created during the first and second phases; the opera itself was to be built in the third phase. Extending Boulevard Haussmann from the Place Saint-Augustin to rue Taitbout, connecting the new quarter of the Opera with that of Etoile. Creating the Place du Trocadéro, the starting point of ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_565mihfnk4rc | Creating the Place Victor Hugo, the starting point of avenues Malakoff and Bugeaud and rues Boissière and Copernic. Finishing the Rond-Point of the Champs-Élysées, with the construction of avenue d'Antin (now Franklin Roosevelt) and rue La Boétie.On the left bank: Building the Boulevard Saint-Germain from the Pont de l... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_w1ae6wy1g8t0 | In 1867, one of the leaders of the parliamentary opposition to Napoleon, Jules Ferry, ridiculed the accounting practices of Haussmann as Les Comptes fantastiques d'Haussmann ("The fantastic (bank) accounts of Haussmann"), a play-on-words based on the "Les Contes d'Hoffman" Offenbach operetta popular at the time. In the... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_pp1oe6f1d2az | Two separate agreements were made with the Crédit Foncier; the city agreed to repay 465 million francs in total over 40 years and 39 years respectively. The debates in the Legislative Assembly surrounding the authorization of these new agreements lasted 11 sessions, with critics attacking Haussmann's borrowing, his que... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_nlnnnjo6pkq2 | In Paris, the republican candidates won 234,000 votes to 77,000 for the Bonapartist candidates, and took eight of the nine seats of Paris deputies. At the same time Napoleon III was increasingly ill, suffering from gallstones which were to cause his death in 1873, and preoccupied by the political crisis that would lead... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_4xfea9g6a9s7 | Napoleon gave in to the opposition demands in January 1870 and asked Haussmann to resign. Haussmann refused to resign, and the Emperor reluctantly dismissed him on 5 January 1870. Eight months later, during the Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III was captured by the Germans, and the Empire was overthrown. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_p72z29fot9ec | In his memoirs, written many years later, Haussmann had this comment on his dismissal: "In the eyes of the Parisians, who like routine in things but are changeable when it comes to people, I committed two great wrongs: Over the course of seventeen years, I disturbed their daily habits by turning Paris upside down, and ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_3stgur70m8la | Alphand respected the basic concepts of his plan. Despite their intense criticism of Napoleon III and Haussmann during the Second Empire, the leaders of the new Third Republic continued and finished his renovation projects. 1875: completion of the Paris Opéra 1877: completion of the boulevard Saint-Germain 1877: comple... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_qhhczwjapkp4 | Prior to Haussmann, Paris had only four public parks: the Jardin des Tuileries, the Jardin du Luxembourg, and the Palais Royal, all in the center of the city, and the Parc Monceau, the former property of the family of King Louis Philippe, in addition to the Jardin des Plantes, the city's botanical garden and oldest par... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
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