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c_v9zj02dk90cn | Thousands of workers and gardeners began to dig lakes, build cascades, plant lawns, flowerbeds and trees. construct chalets and grottoes. Haussmann and Alphand created the Bois de Boulogne (1852–1858) to the west of Paris: the Bois de Vincennes (1860–1865) to the east; the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont (1865–1867) to the no... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_jio2aaura4ac | In addition to building the four large parks, Haussmann and Alphand redesigned and replanted the city's older parks, including Parc Monceau, and the Jardin du Luxembourg. Altogether, in seventeen years, they planted six hundred thousand trees and added two thousand hectares of parks and green space to Paris. Never befo... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_fodm8b9sax9k | Haussmann wrote in his memoirs that Napoleon III instructed him: "do not miss an opportunity to build, in all the arrondissements of Paris, the greatest possible number of squares, in order to offer the Parisians, as they have done in London, places for relaxation and recreation for all the families and all the childre... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_zztz20a2378z | Napoleon III and Haussmann commissioned a wide variety of architecture, some of it traditional, some of it very innovative, like the glass and iron pavilions of Les Halles; and some of it, such as the Opéra Garnier, commissioned by Napoleon III, designed by Charles Garnier but not finished until 1875, is difficult to c... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_8sd98611rld3 | The reconstruction of Les Halles, the central market, replacing the old market buildings with large glass and iron pavilions, designed by Victor Baltard. In addition, Haussmann built a new market in the neighborhood of the Temple, the Marché Saint-Honoré; the Marché de l'Europe in the 8th arrondissement; the Marché Sai... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_nn7erhw0umu7 | Five lycées were renovated, and in each of the eighty neighborhoods Haussmann established one municipal school for boys and one for girls, in addition to the large network of schools run by the Catholic church. The reconstruction and enlargement of the city's oldest hospital, the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris on the Île-de-la-Ci... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_kuw42j409iv3 | The building of the first railroad bridge across the Seine; originally called the Pont Napoleon III, now called simply the Pont National.Since 1801, under Napoleon I, the French government was responsible for the building and maintenance of churches. Haussmann built, renovated or purchased nineteen churches. New church... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_hpa165rdcze3 | The most famous and recognizable feature of Haussmann's renovation of Paris are the Haussmann apartment buildings which line the boulevards of Paris. Street blocks were designed as homogeneous architectural wholes. He treated buildings not as independent structures, but as pieces of a unified urban landscape. In 18th-c... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_2a7iau3xwry4 | The ground floor usually contained a shop, and the shopkeeper lived in the rooms above the shop. The upper floors were occupied by families; the top floor, under the roof, was originally a storage place, but under the pressure of the growing population, was usually turned into a low-cost residence. In the early 19th ce... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_7tk193f817hk | The city also began to see a demographic shift; wealthier families began moving to the western neighborhoods, partly because there was more space, and partly because the prevailing winds carried the smoke from the new factories in Paris toward the east. In Haussmann's Paris, the streets became much wider, growing from ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_lpxz3cxxmy6m | The reconstruction of the rue de Rivoli was the model for the rest of the Paris boulevards. The new apartment buildings followed the same general plan: ground floor and basement with thick, load-bearing walls, fronts usually parallel to the street. This was often occupied by shops or offices. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_9rh2dhfr7209 | mezzanine or entresol intermediate level, with low ceilings; often also used by shops or offices. second, piano nobile floor with a balcony. This floor, in the days before elevators were common, was the most desirable floor, and had the largest and best apartments. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_a1k72syyqmrx | third and fourth floors in the same style but with less elaborate stonework around the windows, sometimes lacking balconies. fifth floor with a single, continuous, undecorated balcony. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_vb4g6v3e9es8 | mansard roof, angled at 45°, with garret rooms and dormer windows. Originally this floor was to be occupied by lower-income tenants, but with time and with higher rents it came to be occupied almost exclusively by the concierges and servants of the people in the apartments below.The Haussmann façade was organized aroun... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_m88dpx2tcozz | For the building façades, the technological progress of stone sawing and (steam) transportation allowed the use of massive stone blocks instead of simple stone facing. The street-side result was a "monumental" effect that exempted buildings from a dependence on decoration; sculpture and other elaborate stonework would ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_c1igznre10wd | Haussmann required that the buildings along the new boulevards be either built or faced with cut stone, usually the local cream-colored Lutetian limestone, which gave more harmony to the appearance of the boulevards. He also required, using a decree from 1852, that the façades of all buildings be regularly maintained, ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_xqkqedddj61q | While he was rebuilding the boulevards of Paris, Haussmann simultaneously rebuilt the dense labyrinth of pipes, sewers and tunnels under the streets which provided Parisians with basic services. Haussmann wrote in his mémoires: "The underground galleries are an organ of the great city, functioning like an organ of the ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_5fpwldq8dqep | The quantity of water was insufficient for the fast-growing city, and, since the sewers also emptied into the Seine near the intakes for drinking water, it was also notoriously unhealthy. In March 1855 Haussmann appointed Eugène Belgrand, a graduate of the École Polytechnique, to the post of Director of Water and Sewer... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ciy8ddz3w7uw | Inside the city limits and opposite Parc Montsouris, Belgrand built the largest water reservoir in the world to hold the water from the River Vanne. At the same time Belgrand began rebuilding the water distribution and sewer system under the streets. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_rk5rv2b0b1kr | In 1852 Paris had 142 kilometres (88 mi) of sewers, which could carry only liquid waste. Containers of solid waste were picked up each night by people called vidangeurs, who carried it to waste dumps on the outskirts of the city. The tunnels he designed were intended to be clean, easily accessible, and substantially la... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_7wepu1g574nx | Under his guidance, Paris's sewer system expanded fourfold between 1852 and 1869.Haussmann and Belgrand built new sewer tunnels under each sidewalk of the new boulevards. The sewers were designed to be large enough to evacuate rain water immediately; the large amount of water used to wash the city streets; waste water ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_je9ti6wqpweq | The new tunnels were 2.3 meters (7 ft 6 in) high and 1.3 meters (4 ft 3 in) wide, large enough for men to work standing up. These flowed into larger tunnels that carried the waste water to even larger collector tunnels, which were 4.4 m (14 ft) high and 5.6 m (18 ft) wide. A channel down the center of the tunnel carrie... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_mtfaacyr32tz | Specially designed wagons and boats moved on rails up and down the channels, cleaning them. Belgrand proudly invited tourists to visit his sewers and ride in the boats under the streets of the city.The underground labyrinth built by Haussmann also provided gas for heat and for lights to illuminate Paris. At the beginni... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_4uti579goac9 | Haussmann forced them to consolidate into a single company, the Compagnie parisienne d'éclairage et de chauffage par le gaz, with rights to provide gas to Parisians for fifty years. Consumption of gas tripled between 1855 and 1859. In 1850 there were only 9000 gaslights in Paris; by 1867, the Paris Opera and four other... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_qaoy36w28kxg | Haussmann's renovation of Paris had many critics during his own time. Some were simply tired of the continuous construction. The French historian Léon Halévy wrote in 1867, "the work of Monsieur Haussmann is incomparable. Everyone agrees. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_3dh2gp7br62k | Paris is a marvel, and M. Haussmann has done in fifteen years what a century could not have done. But that's enough for the moment. There will be a 20th century. | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_298g4kjno5lr | Let's leave something for them to do." Others regretted that he had destroyed a historic part of the city. The brothers Goncourt condemned the avenues that cut at right angles through the center of the old city, where "one could no longer feel in the world of Balzac." Jules Ferry, the most vocal critic of Haussmann in ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_zn42ehy00owg | The 20th century historian of Paris René Héron de Villefosse shared: "in less than twenty years, Paris lost its ancestral appearance, its character which passed from generation to generation... the picturesque and charming ambiance which our fathers had passed onto us was demolished, often without good reason." Héron d... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_2wzx1jm4m778 | Some of Haussmann's critics said that the real purpose of Haussmann's boulevards was to make it easier for the army to manoeuver and suppress armed uprisings; Paris had experienced six such uprisings between 1830 and 1848, all in the narrow, crowded streets in the center and east of Paris and on the left bank around th... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_921m9xn9r9hg | Emile Zola repeated that argument in his early novel, La Curée; "Paris sliced by strokes of a saber: the veins opened, nourishing one hundred thousand earth movers and stone masons; criss-crossed by admirable strategic routes, placing forts in the heart of the old neighborhoods.Some real-estate owners demanded large, s... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_w2v7drz7w3np | This argument was also popularized by the American architectural critic, Lewis Mumford. Haussmann himself did not deny the military value of the wider streets. In his memoires, he wrote that his new boulevard Sebastopol resulted in the "gutting of old Paris, of the quarter of riots and barricades." | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_g9bwdvjj4av7 | He admitted he sometimes used this argument with the Parliament to justify the high cost of his projects, arguing that they were for national defense and should be paid for, at least partially, by the state. He wrote: "But, as for me, I who was the promoter of these additions made to the original project, I declare tha... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_exrse04dedly | The Emperor was a convinced follower of Saint-Simon. His desire to make Paris, the economic capital of France, a more open, more healthy city, not only for the upper classes but also for the workers, cannot be denied, and should be recognised as the primary motivation. "There was only one armed uprising in Paris after ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ahozj5yvv8d2 | The Communards seized power easily, because the French Army was absent, defeated and captured by the Prussians. The Communards took advantage of the boulevards to build a few large forts of paving stones with wide fields of fire at strategic points, such as the meeting point of the Rue de Rivoli and Place de la Concord... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_2itwi65acbxa | Haussmann was also blamed for the social disruption caused by his gigantic building projects. Thousands of families and businesses had to relocate when their buildings were demolished for the construction of the new boulevards. Haussmann was also blamed for the dramatic increase in rents, which increased by three hundr... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_dimzzaqqzgel | Statistics showed that the population of the first and sixth arrondissements, where some of the most densely populated neighborhoods were located, dropped, while the population of the new 17th and 20th arrondissements, on the edges of the city, grew rapidly. Haussmann's defenders noted that he built far more buildings ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_hhm60rarg9th | In 1865 a survey by the prefecture of Paris showed that 780,000 Parisians, or 42 percent of the population, did not pay taxes due to their low income. Another 330,000 Parisians or 17 percent, paid less than 250 francs a month rent. Thirty-two percent of the Paris housing was occupied by middle-class families, paying re... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_w26k3nlrd5c7 | Fifty thousand Parisians were classified as rich, with rents over 1500 francs a month, and occupied just three percent of the residences.Other critics blamed Haussmann for the division of Paris into rich and poor neighborhoods, with the poor concentrated in the east and the middle class and wealthy in the west. Haussma... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ddhbe580gqlc | A form of vertical stratification did take place in the Paris population due to Haussmann's renovations. Prior to Haussmann, Paris buildings usually had wealthier people on the second floor (the "etage noble"), while middle class and lower-income tenants occupied the top floors. Under Haussmann, with the increase in re... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_jh1ze1btcqfp | The Baron Haussmann's transformations to Paris improved the quality of life in the capital. Disease epidemics (save tuberculosis) ceased, traffic circulation improved and new buildings were better-built and more functional than their predecessors. The Second Empire renovations left such a mark on Paris' urban history t... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_4szs6rwlh3g7 | By intervening only once in Paris's ancient districts, pockets of insalubrity remained which explain the resurgence of both hygienic ideals and radicalness of some planners of the 20th century. The end of "pure Haussmannism" can be traced to urban legislation of 1882 and 1884 that ended the uniformity of the classical ... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_ogsd4sj0fyv0 | A century after Napoleon III's reign, new housing needs and the rise of a new voluntarist Fifth Republic began a new era of Parisian urbanism. The new era rejected Haussmannian ideas as a whole to embrace those represented by architects such as Le Corbusier in abandoning unbroken street-side façades, limitations of bui... | Haussmann's renovation of Paris |
c_xykyv1676asl | Discourse ethics refers to a type of argument that attempts to establish normative or ethical truths by examining the presuppositions of discourse. The ethical theory originated with German philosophers Jürgen Habermas and Karl-Otto Apel, and variations have been used by Frank Van Dun and Habermas' student Hans-Hermann... | Discourse ethics |
c_l5lhtghdl6qw | Habermas's discourse ethics is his attempt to explain the implications of communicative rationality in the sphere of moral insight and normative validity. It is a complex theoretical effort to reformulate the fundamental insights of Kantian deontological ethics in terms of the analysis of communicative structures. This... | Discourse ethics |
c_m5p6lqmjikvw | It is also a cognitivist moral theory, which means it holds that justifying the validity of moral norms can be done in a manner analogous to the justification of facts. However, the entire project is undertaken as a rational reconstruction of moral insight. It claims only to reconstruct the implicit normative orientati... | Discourse ethics |
c_kc4dsozbnb2o | This type of ethics consists of conversations about ideas in civic or community contexts marked by diversity of perspectives requiring thoughtful public engagement. This discourse is made up of differing insights that helps to shape the public's engagement with one another. This type of discourse is meant to protect an... | Discourse ethics |
c_ip13i3360ihm | It was Sigmund Freud who once said, "civilization began the first time an angry person cast a word instead of a rock" and that statement is something that continues to be seen in society today. The Harvard Law Review accurately examines public discourse and explains it in a manner that is appropriate and conceptually a... | Discourse ethics |
c_71hl2m2nlpzv | For the public discourse ethics to be productive there must be accountability on the public stage as the Harvard Law Review calls into question. Without any act of accountability the ethicality of the discourse is no longer valid and cannot go on. Public accountability consists of three basic factors. | Discourse ethics |
c_r6jffqe8lxec | The factors are: a diversity of ideas, an engagement of public decision making, and finally an account for continuing a practice or way of doing something or a means or reason for changing the practice.Finally, public discourse ethics puts a great responsibility on the individual. They must continually be asking questi... | Discourse ethics |
c_xji4nsblxkdy | Habermas maintains that normative validity cannot be understood as separate from the argumentative procedures used in everyday practice, such as those used to resolve issues concerning the legitimacy of actions and the validity of the norms governing interactions. He makes this claim by making reference to the validity... | Discourse ethics |
c_84hesuu24rob | The validity of a claim to normative rightness depends upon the mutual understanding achieved by individuals in argument. From this it follows that the presuppositions of argumentation would become important. Kant extracted moral principles from the necessities forced upon a rational subject reflecting on the world. | Discourse ethics |
c_tihoi1kmr3t4 | Habermas extracts moral principles from the necessities forced upon individuals engaged in the discursive justification of validity claims, from the inescapable presuppositions of communication and argumentation. These presuppositions were the kinds of idealization that individuals had to make in order for communicatio... | Discourse ethics |
c_0qc6waioehyt | Habermas's discourse ethics attempts to distill the idealized moral point of view that accompanies a perfectly rational process of argumentation (also idealized), which would be the moral principle implied by the presuppositions listed above. The key point is that the presuppositions of argumentation and communication ... | Discourse ethics |
c_h1yb3btxyam8 | The presuppositions of communication express a universal obligation to maintain impartial judgment in discourse, which constrains all affected to adopt the perspectives of all others in the exchange of reasons. From this Habermas extracts the following principle of universalization (U), which is the condition every val... | Discourse ethics |
c_bw7jrrb1fzeg | The implications of (U) and (D) are quite profound. (U) claims to be a rational reconstruction of the impartial moral point of view at the heart of all cognitivist moral theories. According to moral cognitivists (e.g. Kant, Rawls etc.), it is only from such a moral point of view that insight into the actual (quasi-fact... | Discourse ethics |
c_qbkrw6gdwq6l | Of course, Habermas's reconstruction is different because it is intersubjective. That is, Habermas (unlike Kant or Rawls) formulates the moral point of view as it arises out of the multiple perspectives of those affected by a norm under consideration. The moral point of view explicated in (U) is not the property of an ... | Discourse ethics |
c_dpxcbcabfljc | Furthermore, (U) is deduced from a rational reconstruction of the presupposition of communication, which downgrades the strong transcendentalism of Kantian ethics by establishing a foundation in inner-worldly processes of communication. (D) on the other hand is a principle concerning the manner in which norms conformin... | Discourse ethics |
c_pyc1b17p04g7 | What (D) proposes is that moral principles must be validated in actual discourse and that those to be affected by a norm must be able to participate in argumentation concerning its validity. No number of thought experiments can replace a communicative exchange with others regarding moral norms that will affect them. Mo... | Discourse ethics |
c_5fc7tobr8dkm | (U) and (D) are catalysts for a moral learning process, which although fallible is not relative. The flesh and blood insights of participants in communicative exchange are refracted through the universal guidelines explicated from the deep structures of communication and argumentation. This spawns discourses with a rat... | Discourse ethics |
c_oiwctw5sxmxf | The practical applications of discourse ethics have taken a significant turn after the publication of Habermas' book Between Facts and Norms (1992), where its application to democracy and the legislative process was substantially refined and expanded. Before this book, Habermas had left open the question of the various... | Discourse ethics |
c_lwvbgnhw1g21 | Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth transformation or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, fish, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinod... | Metamorphosis |
c_0ktojwlxp915 | The word metamorphosis derives from Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις, "transformation, transforming", from μετα- (meta-), "after" and μορφή (morphe), "form". | Metamorphosis |
c_ib8jgmaow2pe | In insects, growth and metamorphosis are controlled by hormones synthesized by endocrine glands near the front of the body (anterior). Neurosecretory cells in an insect's brain secrete a hormone, the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) that activates prothoracic glands, which secrete a second hormone, usually ecdysone (a... | Metamorphosis |
c_tq5aonieoggq | All three categories of metamorphosis can be found in the diversity of insects, including no metamorphosis ("ametaboly"), incomplete or partial metamorphosis ("hemimetaboly"), and complete metamorphosis ("holometaboly"). While ametabolous insects show very little difference between larval and adult forms (also known as... | Metamorphosis |
c_ypa0zq24umpk | In hemimetabolous insects, immature stages are called nymphs. Development proceeds in repeated stages of growth and ecdysis (moulting); these stages are called instars. The juvenile forms closely resemble adults, but are smaller and lack adult features such as wings and genitalia. | Metamorphosis |
c_0awqaddb8d3a | The size and morphological differences between nymphs in different instars are small, often just differences in body proportions and the number of segments; in later instars, external wing buds form. The period from one molt to the next is called a stadium.In holometabolous insects, immature stages are called larvae an... | Metamorphosis |
c_my15jc7ki8ye | The earliest insect forms showed direct development (ametabolism), and the evolution of metamorphosis in insects is thought to have fuelled their dramatic radiation (1,2). Some early ametabolous "true insects" are still present today, such as bristletails and silverfish. Hemimetabolous insects include cockroaches, gras... | Metamorphosis |
c_cy0ueox35rsk | According to a 2009 study, temperature plays an important role in insect development as each individual species are found to have specific thermal windows that allow them to progress through their developmental stages. These windows are not significantly affected by ecological traits, rather, the windows are phylogenet... | Metamorphosis |
c_fgixth08jdr5 | According to research from 2008, adult Manduca sexta is able to retain behavior learned as a caterpillar. Another caterpillar, the ornate moth caterpillar, is able to carry toxins that it acquires from its diet through metamorphosis and into adulthood, where the toxins still serve for protection against predators.Many ... | Metamorphosis |
c_p8ss7yrmf6dq | In cephalochordata, metamorphosis is iodothyronine-induced and it could be an ancestral feature of all chordates. | Metamorphosis |
c_oa2mnan0ufhk | Some fish, both bony fish (Osteichthyes) and jawless fish (Agnatha), undergo metamorphosis. Fish metamorphosis is typically under strong control by the thyroid hormone.Examples among the non-bony fish include the lamprey. Among the bony fish, mechanisms are varied. The salmon is diadromous, meaning that it changes from... | Metamorphosis |
c_8qz7015lvjwg | Many species of flatfish begin their life bilaterally symmetrical, with an eye on either side of the body; but one eye moves to join the other side of the fish – which becomes the upper side – in the adult form. The European eel has a number of metamorphoses, from the larval stage to the leptocephalus stage, then a qui... | Metamorphosis |
c_ftkguy3it0gw | In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads, and newts all hatch from the eggs as larvae with external gills but it will take some time for the amphibians to interact outside with pulmonary respiration. Afterwards, newt larvae start a predatory l... | Metamorphosis |
c_yhmsfs61mx3z | Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, development is subject to many adaptations due to specific ecological circumstances. | Metamorphosis |
c_3jmrx6dma8u4 | For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges for teeth, whiskers, and fins. They also make use of the lateral line organ. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be resorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis. The amount of adaptation to specific ecological circumstances is remarkable, wit... | Metamorphosis |
c_xqh4hz9lk97d | With frogs and toads, the external gills of the newly hatched tadpole are covered with a gill sac after a few days, and lungs are quickly formed. Front legs are formed under the gill sac, and hindlegs are visible a few days later. Following that there is usually a longer stage during which the tadpole lives off a veget... | Metamorphosis |
c_x5jtkk49547y | Tadpoles use a relatively long, spiral‐shaped gut to digest that diet. Recent studies suggest tadpoles do not have a balanced homeostatic feedback control system until the beginning stages of metamorphosis. At this point, their long gut shortens and begins favoring the diet of insects.Rapid changes in the body can then... | Metamorphosis |
c_bzcm8z64n7ll | The spiral‐shaped mouth with horny tooth ridges is resorbed together with the spiral gut. The animal develops a big jaw, and its gills disappear along with its gill sac. Eyes and legs grow quickly, a tongue is formed, and all this is accompanied by associated changes in the neural networks (development of stereoscopic ... | Metamorphosis |
c_e76i4p1tn2j5 | Salamander development is highly diverse; some species go through a dramatic reorganization when transitioning from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults, while others, such as the axolotl, display pedomorphosis and never develop into terrestrial adults. Within the genus Ambystoma, species have evolved to be pedomorphic... | Metamorphosis |
c_1zdlolbmxbvg | In newts, metamorphosis occurs due to the change in habitat, not a change in diet, because newt larvae already feed as predators and continue doing so as adults. Newts' gills are never covered by a gill sac and will be resorbed only just before the animal leaves the water. Adults can move faster on land than in water. ... | Metamorphosis |
c_rcbyuajp1hz0 | Basal caecilians such as Ichthyophis go through a metamorphosis in which aquatic larva transition into fossorial adults, which involves a loss of the lateral line. More recently diverged caecilians (the Teresomata) do not undergo an ontogenetic niche shift of this sort and are in general fossorial throughout their live... | Metamorphosis |
c_15lsky105svg | Lucy Lincoln Drown (August 4, 1848 – June 21, 1934) was an American nursing educator. She was the superintendent of nurses at the Boston City Hospital from 1885 to 1910, which “made her a national figure in nursing”. She was one of the pioneers in nursing education in the US. | Lucy Lincoln Drown |
c_1mukg6qtynj7 | Lucy Lincoln Drown was born on August 4, 1848, in Providence, Rhode Island, Northeastern United States. She spent her early life in Rhode Island and completed her school education at Salem Normal School in Massachusetts. She continued her higher education at the newly established nurse training school of the Boston Cit... | Lucy Lincoln Drown |
c_5ejpc7a4d7im | She was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Nurses Association. She also served as the treasurer of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses, which was established in 1893.To recognize her contributions in the field of nursing, the Massachusetts Nurses Association established the Lucy... | Lucy Lincoln Drown |
c_vn65lk2td3kj | Clifford John Thornton Stott (born July 1965) is professor of social psychology at Keele University. He is a specialist in the psychology of crowds, group identity, and football hooliganism. | Clifford Stott |
c_zhv34avheh5w | His initial research interest was in political dissent and this led to research into how peaceful protests change to become violent through observing the psychology of crowds. His work indicated that, rather than riots being driven by hooligans who are predisposed to violence (the 'mindless mob' perspective developed a... | Clifford Stott |
c_7yaktkh811hx | This changes their behaviour so that they resist the police. His research has led to changes in policing by some authorities with the aim of reducing violent confrontations.He studied the London Poll Tax riots and Italian World cup in 1990, riots in the UK in 2011 and in Hong Kong in 2019, using social media and mappin... | Clifford Stott |
c_9py792yia3y8 | Stott left school at 16 without qualifications, but after a few years, through part-time study at further education college, he gained qualifications for entry to university. He was able to study psychology at the college, a topic he wanted to study. He studied B. Sc. (HONS) psychology at Plymouth Polytechnic (now Univ... | Clifford Stott |
c_6tsu5rjqmkpe | Stott was the guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific in June 2020.He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to crowd psychology and the Covid-19 pandemic response. | Clifford Stott |
c_9xuhtr19trad | Football 'Hooliganism', Policing and the War on the 'English Disease' . Pennant Books, London, 2007. (With Geoff Pearson) ISBN 1906015058 | Clifford Stott |
c_1u3whyunpg99 | A lectern is a reading desk with a slanted top, on which documents or books are placed as support for reading aloud, as in a scripture reading, lecture, or sermon. A lectern is usually attached to a stand or affixed to some other form of support. To facilitate eye contact and improve posture when facing an audience, le... | Lectern |
c_1qtijb4okdt7 | People reading from a lectern, called lectors, generally do so while standing. In pre-modern usage, the word lectern was used to refer specifically to the "reading desk or stand ... from which the Scripture lessons (lectiones) ... are chanted or read." One 1905 dictionary states that "the term is properly applied only ... | Lectern |
c_pbwprsh7wy5l | Lecterns used in academia—generally in seminar rooms and lecture theatres—may have certain features that common lecterns lack, based on the technological sophistication of the venue. These features usually include a microphone stand, audio-visual controls, sometimes even an integrated computer and recording system. Lec... | Lectern |
c_kfd1g64bplsd | In the Christian Church, the lectern is usually the stand on which the Bible rests and from which the "lessons" (scripture passages, often selected from a lectionary) are read during the service. The lessons may be read or chanted by a priest, deacon, minister, or layperson, depending upon the liturgical traditions of ... | Lectern |
c_p73vpb1kk43p | They may be either fixed in place or portable. A lectern differs from a pulpit, the latter being used for sermons. Churches that have both a lectern and a pulpit will often place them on opposite sides. | Lectern |
c_udljsgz09ndu | The lectern will generally be smaller than the pulpit, and both may be adorned with antipendia in the color of the liturgical season. In monastic churches and cathedrals, a separate lectern is commonly set in the centre of the choir. Originally this would have carried the antiphonal book, for use by the cantor or prece... | Lectern |
c_4numlcuzfmko | Lecterns often take the form of eagle lecterns to symbolise John the Apostle. Especially in North America and Great Britain lecterns are sometimes made as 'angel lecterns'. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, a lectern on which icons or the Gospel Book are placed for veneration is called an analogion... | Lectern |
c_ra5eqiuyk23o | Because the Torah scrolls are generally large, the central feature of the bimah in a synagogue is a table large enough to hold an open Torah along with a tikkun or Chumash (reference books used to check the reading). In some synagogues, this table may resemble a large lectern. The Hebrew term for this article of furnit... | Lectern |
c_0nczbdxgh03g | Lecterns are used in political debates on stage, as well as for political speeches. Notable instances of these lecterns include the Blue Goose, a bulletproof lectern used by the President of the United States, its smaller counterpart the Falcon, and the series of lecterns used outside 10 Downing Street. | Lectern |
c_8xa1irfvg54v | Parque Batlle (Spanish pronunciation: ), formerly Parque de los Aliados (Allied Park), is a barrio (neighbourhood or district) and a major public central park in Montevideo, Uruguay. It is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay from 1903-1907 and 1911–1915. | Parque Batlle |
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