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For example a break statement would allow termination of an infinite loop. Some languages may use a different naming convention for this type of loop. For example, the Pascal and Lua languages have a "repeat until" loop, which continues to run until the control expression is true and then terminates. In contrast a "while" loop runs while the control expression is true and terminates once the expression becomes false. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_while_loop |
In most computer programming languages, a while loop is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given Boolean condition. The while loop can be thought of as a repeating if statement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_loop |
In most computer programming, a programmer keeps a program's intended results in mind and painstakingly constructs a program to achieve those results. Inferential programming refers to (still mostly hypothetical) techniques and technologies enabling the inverse. This would allow describing an intended result to a computer, using a metaphor such as a fitness function, a test specification, or a logical specification, and then the computer, on its own, would construct a program needed to meet the supplied criteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferential_programming |
During the 1980s, approaches to achieve inferential programming mostly involved techniques for logical inference. Today the term is sometimes used in connection with evolutionary computation techniques that enable a computer to evolve a solution in response to a problem posed as a fitness or reward function. In July 2022, GitHub Copilot was released, which is an example of inferential programming. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferential_programming |
In most computer-aided design of parts to be machined, paper is avoided altogether, and the finished design is an image on the computer display. The computer-aided design program generates a computer numerical control sequence from the approved design. The sequence is a computer file which will control the operation of the machine tools used to make the part. In the case of construction plans, such as road work or erecting a building, the supervising workers may view the "blueprints" directly on displays, rather than using printed paper sheets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint |
These displays include mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets. Software allows users to view and annotate electronic drawing files. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint |
Construction crews use software in the field to edit, share, and view blueprint documents in real-time.Many of the original paper blueprints are archived since they are still in use. In many situations their conversion to digital form is prohibitively expensive. Most buildings and roads constructed before c. 1990 will only have paper blueprints, not digital. These originals have significant importance to the repair and alteration of constructions still in use, e.g. bridges, buildings, sewer systems, roads, railroads, etc., and sometimes in legal matters concerning the determination of, for example, property boundaries, or who owns (and/or is responsible for) a boundary wall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprint |
In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_systems |
This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_systems |
This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_systems |
While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_systems |
In most constellations, Bayer assigned Greek and Latin letters to stars within a constellation in rough order of apparent brightness, from brightest to dimmest. The order is not necessarily a precise labeling from brightest to dimmest: in Bayer's day stellar brightness could not be measured precisely. Instead, stars were traditionally assigned to one of six magnitude classes (the brightest to first magnitude, the dimmest to sixth), and Bayer typically ordered stars within a constellation by class: all the first-magnitude stars (in some order), followed by all the second-magnitude stars, and so on. Within each magnitude class, Bayer made no attempt to arrange stars by relative brightness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designations |
As a result, the brightest star in each class did not always get listed first in Bayer's order—and the brightest star overall did not necessarily get the designation "Alpha". A good example is the constellation Gemini, where Pollux is Beta Geminorum and the slightly dimmer Castor is Alpha Geminorum. In addition, Bayer did not always follow the magnitude class rule; he sometimes assigned letters to stars according to their location within a constellation, or the order of their rising, or to historical or mythological details. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designations |
Occasionally the order looks quite arbitrary.Of the 88 modern constellations, there are at least 30 in which "Alpha" is not the brightest star, and four of those lack a star labeled "Alpha" altogether. The constellations with no alpha-designated star include Vela and Puppis—both formerly part of Argo Navis, whose Greek-letter stars were split between three constellations. The former α Argus is Canopus, now α Carinae in the modern constellation Carina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_designations |
In most constitutional monarchies, prerogatives can be abolished by Parliament as the courts apply the constitutional near-absolute of the supremacy of Parliament. In the Commonwealth realms, this draws on the constitutional statutes at the time of the Glorious Revolution, when William III and Mary II were invited to take the throne. In the United Kingdom, the remaining powers of the royal prerogative are devolved to the head of the government, which, for more than two centuries, has been the Prime Minister; the benefits, equally, such as mineral rights in all gold and silver ores, vest in (belong to) the government.In Britain, prerogative powers were originally exercised by the monarch acting without an observed requirement for parliamentary consent (after its empowerment in certain matters following Magna Carta). Since the accession of the House of Hanover, these powers have been, with minor exceptions in economically unimportant sectors, exercised on the advice of the prime minister or the Cabinet, who are accountable to Parliament (and exclusively so, except in matters of the Royal Family) since at least the time of William IV. Typically, in liberal democracies that are constitutional monarchies as well as nation states, such as Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the royal prerogative serves in practice as a prescribed ceremonial function of the state power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative |
In most conventional activated sludge processes or aerobic granular reactor, the microorganisms grow in flocs. Flocs are defined as a mass of microorganisms that are held together by slime or fungal filaments, which help with aerobic decomposition and trapping particles (et al. Wilen). Activated sludges are built with two physical separate tanks. One tank is specifically designed for aeration, where biological reactions happen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactor |
The second tank or the “settling tank” is where treated water is separated from flocculation. This is the most important part because the biomass is in the form of the flocculent sludge, which consists of extracellular polymeric substances. There are some downfalls to using a conventional AGS system because they tend to have low biomass in the aeration tank and settling tank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_granular_reactor |
In most conventional warfare, the belligerents deploy forces of a similar type, and the outcome can be predicted by the quantity or quality of the opposing forces, for example, better command and control of theirs (c2). There are times when this is the case, and conventional forces are not easily compared, making it difficult for opposing sides to engage. An example of this is the standoff between the continental land forces of the French Army and the maritime forces of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. In the words of Admiral Jervis during the campaigns of 1801, "I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not come. I say only they will not come by sea", and a confrontation that Napoleon Bonaparte described as that between the elephant and the whale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_war |
In most coolers gas is compressed and expanded periodically. Well-known coolers such as the Stirling engine coolers and the popular Gifford-McMahon coolers have a displacer that ensures that the cooling (due to expansion) takes place in a different region of the machine than the heating (due to compression). Due to its clever design, the PTR does not have such a displacer, making the construction of a PTR simpler, cheaper, and more reliable. Furthermore, there are no mechanical vibrations and no electro-magnetic interferences. The basic operation of cryocoolers and related thermal machines is described by De Waele | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_cryocooler |
In most corporate settings, upgrades to a facility's energy infrastructure must compete for capital funding with non-energy-related investments. Both energy and non-energy investments are rated on a single set of financial criteria that generally stress the expected return on investment (ROI). The projected operating savings from the implementation of energy projects must be developed such that they provide a high level of confidence. In fact, investors often demand guaranteed savings. The investment-grade audit expands on the detailed audit described above and relies on a complete engineering study in order to detail technical and economical issues necessary to justify the investment related to the transformations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_audit |
In most countries across the world, it is the last age at which one is considered a minor under law. In the UK, the minimum age for taking driving lessons, and to drive a car or a van In the US and Canada, it is the age at which one may purchase, rent, or reserve M-rated video games without parental consent In some US states, and some jurisdictions around the world, 17 is the age of sexual consent In most US states, Canada and in the UK, the age at which one may donate blood (without parental consent) In many countries and jurisdictions, the age at which one may obtain a driver's license In the US, the age at which one may watch, rent, or purchase R-rated movies without parental consent The U.S. TV Parental Guidelines system sets 17 as the minimum age one can watch programs with a TV-MA rating without parental guidance. In the US, the age at which one can enlist in the armed forces with parental consent In the US, the age at which one can apply for a private pilot licence for powered flight (however, applicants can obtain a student pilot certificate at age 16) In Greece and Indonesia, the voting age In Chile and Indonesia, the minimum driving age. In Tajikistan, North Korea and Timor-Leste, the age of majority | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_(number) |
In most countries and neurosurgical centres, the ETV procedure is part of the basic neurosurgery training program. For the sake of teaching and practicing, various simulation models have been developed. Virtual reality simulators, and synthetic simulators. This allows neurosurgical trainees to practice skills in a low-risk environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_third_ventriculostomy |
Educators can select either a virtual reality simulator or a physical model for the training of residents, the selection should be based on educational objectives. Where training focused on anatomy and using anatomical landmarks for decision making may better be aided with virtual reality model, the focus on familiarizing the resident with endoscopic equipment and developing manual dexterity may be better learned on a physical model. The technical skill and competency of a trainee can be evaluated using the Neuro-Endoscopic Ventriculostomy Assessment Tool (NEVAT). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_third_ventriculostomy |
In most countries in Europe and also Australia and New Zealand, the "headline" octane rating shown on the pump is the RON, but in Canada, the United States, and Mexico, the headline number is the simple mean or average of the RON and the MON, called the Anti-Knock Index (AKI), and often written on pumps as (R+M)/2. AKI is also sometimes called PON (Pump Octane Number). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octane_rating |
In most countries males comprise the vast majority of workplace fatalities. In the EU as a whole, 94% of death were of males. In the UK the disparity was even greater with males comprising 97.4% of workplace deaths. In the UK there were 171 fatal injuries at work in financial year 2011–2012, compared with 651 in calendar year 1974; the fatal injury rate declined over that period from 2.9 fatalities per 100,000 workers to 0.6 per 100,000 workers. Of course the period saw the virtual disappearance from the UK of some historically risky industries (deep sea fishing, coal mining). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_and_safety |
In most countries of Western Europe, AIDS cases have fallen to levels not seen since the original outbreak; many attribute this trend to aggressive educational campaigns, screening of blood transfusions and increased use of condoms. Also, the death rate from AIDS in Western Europe has fallen sharply, as new AIDS therapies have proven to be an effective (though expensive) means of suppressing HIV.In this area, the routes of transmission of HIV is diverse, including paid sex, injecting drug use, mother to child, male with male sex and heterosexual sex. However, many new infections in this region occur through contact with HIV-infected individuals from other regions. The adult (15–49) prevalence in this region is 0.3% with between 570,000 and 890,000 people currently infected with HIV. Due to the availability of antiretroviral therapy, AIDS deaths have stayed low since the lows of the late 1990s. However, in some countries, a large share of HIV infections remain undiagnosed and there is worrying evidence of antiretroviral drug resistance among some newly HIV-infected individuals in this region. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS |
In most countries one is required to obtain a glider pilot license (GPL) or certificate before acting as pilot of a glider. The requirements vary from country to country. In many countries, licensing or certification is similar for gliders and powered aircraft. Training must be undertaken from a certified instructor, and a license or certificate is then issued by the government, limited to gliders only. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_pilot_licence |
The exception is when a pilot is flying under Ultralight (Ultralite) glider rules within the United States. The aviation knowledge and skill requirements for a glider are usually similar to those for a powered aircraft, taking into account the different requirements of the aircraft categories. Most countries also require medical certificates for pilots, although in some countries "self-certification", i.e., a legal statement that one is fit to fly, is allowed for gliders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_pilot_licence |
The United States does not require a medical certificate to operate a glider with a U.S. airman certificate. Canada also permits glider pilot license holders to self-certify, but requires regular medical examinations for gliding instructors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_pilot_licence |
In some countries, glider instruction and licensing are regulated by a national non-governmental organisation representing the gliding community. This is true in the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. New Zealand also issues a government license to pilots who fly for fees and for those who wish their qualifications to be accepted more readily overseas.Countries vary in their acceptance of pilot licenses from other countries to fly aircraft registered in the home country. Many permit pilots to fly on their home licenses for short periods, others insist on conversion to their license. Generally, a pilot may fly an aircraft registered in their home country with their home country's license or certificate, in any other country, subject to international conventions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_pilot_licence |
In most countries rail traffic travels on the same side as road traffic. However, there are many instances of railways built using LHT British technology which remained LHT despite their nations' road traffic becoming RHT. Examples include: Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, Egypt, France, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Laos, Monaco, Morocco, Myanmar, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Senegal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tunisia, Uruguay and Venezuela. In Indonesia it is the reverse (RHT for rails (even for newer rail systems such as the LRT and the MRT systems) and LHT for roads). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hand_traffic |
France is mainly LHT for trains except for the classic lines in Alsace–Lorraine, which were converted from LHT to RHT under German administration from 1870 to 1918, along with most metro systems. China is primarily LHT for long-distance trains and RHT for metro systems. Spain has RHT for railways but the metros uses LHT (in Madrid and Bilbao trains run completely on the left, while Barcelona metro is mostly RHT, but some LHT). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hand_traffic |
In North America, multi-track rail lines with centralized traffic control are typically signaled to allow operation on any track in both directions, and the side of operation will vary based on the railroad's specific operational requirements.Metro and light rail sides of operation vary and might not match railways or roads in their country. Apart from the aforementioned Madrid and Bilbao, such systems include those in Buenos Aires, Cairo, Catania, Jakarta, Lima, Lisbon, Lyon, Naples, Rome and Stockholm. In some metro systems (Hong Kong, Seoul, Nizhniy Novgorod) certain lines differ from the majority. Because trams frequently operate on roads, they generally operate on the same side as other road traffic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_hand_traffic |
In most countries school education is predominantly financed and provided by governments. Public funding and provision also plays a major role in higher education. Although there is wide agreement on the principle that education, at least at school level, should be financed mainly by governments, there is considerable debate over the desirable extent of public provision of education. Supporters of public education argue that universal public provision promotes equality of opportunity and social cohesion. Opponents of public provision advocate alternatives such as vouchers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_economics |
In most countries that play host to hobbyists who would call themselves cosplayers, female-to-male crossplayers (females costumed as male characters, sometimes abbreviated "FtM") are far more common, due to a variety of social and cultural factors.Many (or even most) females will crossplay for the same reasons that they would cosplay – because they like the character and/or the costume, and wish to represent that. In Japan, female costumers tend to dominate (in numbers) the field of cosplay in general, often portraying a huge assortment of colorful characters regardless of gender. As bishōnen are portrayed in manga and anime as liminal beings, it is considered "easier" for a female to cross-play as a bishōnen than it would be for her to crossplay as a male character from a Western series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossplay_(cosplay) |
In most countries the advertising industry, via its peak industry associations, endorses a single media research company as the official provider of audience measurement. The methodology used by the official provider then becomes known as the industry currency in audience measurement. Industry members fund the audience research and share the findings. In a few countries, where the industry is more fragmented or where there is no clear peak industry association, two or more competing organisations may provide audience measurement services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In such countries, there is said to be no industry currency. Four basic methods of data collection are used to survey broadcast audiences, namely interviews, diaries, meters or scanning and modelling. Research companies employ different methodologies depending on where and when media is used and the cost of data collection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
All these methods involve sampling – that is taking a representative sample of the population and recording their media usage which is then extrapolated to the general population.The Kantar Media network (including TNS) currently measures TV, radio, and internet audiences in over 40 countries. Nielsen Media Research is also very active in the provision of radio survey data globally, collecting TV audience measures in 27 countries, people meter technology in more than 58,000 homes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
GfK, a global market research company, provides similar Media Measurement services in Europe and other parts of the world. In Australia, television ratings are collected by three main organizations. OzTAM serves metropolitan areas, Regional TAM serves regional areas serviced by three commercial networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
Ratings are collected year round, but findings are not made public for a period of around 10 weeks over summer which allows the networks to experiment with schedules. Radio surveys are carried out by Nielsen Media Research Australia. In Israel, MBER provide Radio and TV measurement rating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Argentina, radio and television measurement is done by Ibope and Infortecnica. In Armenia, television ratings are collected by Admosphere-Armenia CJSC. In Austria the measurement is done by GfK at the request of Verein Arbeitsgemeinschaft TELETEST (AGTT). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Belgium TV and radio measurements are handled by GfK at the request of Centrum voor Informatie over de Media (CIM). In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mareco Index Bosnia is the provider of TAM ratings (TV Meters). This company also provides Radio & Print Measurement data (Diary). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Brazil, IBOPE provide measurement services for TV. The provider of Bulgarian TAM ratings is Taylor Nelson Sofres TV PLAN; this company uses TV meters. In Canada, Numeris measures both TV and radio while its subsidiary NLogic is one of several companies that provide software for analyzing the data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Colombia, television measurement is done by IBOPE and Nielsen. In Radio, measurements are handled by ECAR Finnpanel measures both radio and TV in Finland. In Czech Republic, television ratings are collected by Mediaresearch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Denmark, radio measurement is handled by TNS Gallup. In France, radio and television measurement is handled by Médiamétrie. Newspaper readership is handled by EPIQ. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Germany TV audience measurement is done by Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung (known as GfK). In Greece television measurement is done by AGB Hellas (Nielsen Audience Measurement). In India, television ratings are collected by Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
Broadcast Audience Research Council (BARC) India is a joint-industry not-for-profit body that publishes weekly TV viewership data for India. It is mandated to design, commission, supervise, and own a television audience measurement system for India, and provides Indian broadcast sector with a real-time television rating points (TRP) measurement system. BARC India was set up by the three key stakeholder bodies in Indian broadcast sector - the India Broadcast Foundation (IBF), Advertising Agencies Association of India (AAAI) and Indian Society of Advertisers (ISA). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
It uses Audio Watermarking technology to measure viewership of TV channels, and the system also allows measurement of time-shifted viewing and simulcasts. The company was incorporated in 2010 and is based in Mumbai, India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
For Radio Audience Measurement, TAM Media Research and IRAM (Indian Radio Audience Measurement) holds country wide telephonic surveys. In Japan, Video Research Ltd. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
handles radio and television measurement. IRS (Indian Readership Survey) is the industry currency for newspaper and magazine readership. In Kazakhstan, TV measurement is handled by TNS. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia the measurement is done by GfK at the request of Saudi Media Measurement Company (SMMC). In Lithuania, TV and radio measurements are handled by TNS Gallup. In Malaysia, no single, official currency for measuring TV audiences and two competing companies provide data, using different methodologies, namely GfK Malaysia and Kantar Media; radio surveys are carried out by GfK Malaysia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In the Netherlands Press, TV and radio measurements are handled by GfK. In New Zealand GfK measures radio audiences, while ACB McNair measures TV audiences. In the Philippines, TV measurement is handled by Kantar Media Philippines and AGB Nielsen Media Research Philippines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
Kantar Media uses a nationwide panel size of 2,609 urban and rural homes that represent 100% of the total Philippine TV viewing population, while AGB Nielsen reportedly has only 1,980 homes based solely in urban areas that represent only 57% of the Philippine TV viewing population. Kantar Media covers 15.135 million households or 75 million individuals while AGB only covers 7.260 million households or 34.4 million individuals. Radio measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen, Kantar Media Philippines (upon the request of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP, Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines) and Radio Research Council (RRC)), and the Philippine Survey and Research Center (PSRC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
Print measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen, TNS, and Strategic Consumer and Media Incites Inc. (SCMI). In Pakistan TV audience measurement is done by Gallup BRB & Medialogic Pakistan. In Portugal TV audience measurement is done by GfK. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Poland TV audience measurement is done by Nielsen Audience Measurement. Internet audience measurement is done by Gemius. In Russia TV, Radio, Press and Internet measurements are handled by TNS Gallup, OOH is measured by ESPAR Analytics in cooperation with TNS Gallup, Digital Signage is measured by gocount.net. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In Singapore the measurement is done by GfK at the request of Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA). In Slovakia TV audience measurement is done by TNS. In South Korea, television measurement is handled by AGB Nielsen (formerly Media Service Korea) and TNmS Media (formerly TNS Korea). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
AGB Nielsen also handles internet content measurement with the help of CJ E&M's Smart Media division. In Spain, digital signage audience measurement is done by aiTech. Radio and television measurement is done by Infortecnica. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In South Africa TNS collects radio survey data while Nielsen Media collects data for television audiences In Sweden TV audience measurement is done by MMS — Mediamätning i Skandinavien. In Turkey, TV measurement is done by TNS (Kantar Media), radio by Nielsen. In the UK, television measurement is administered by the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board via a metered panel and radio by RAJAR, using a diary system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
The NRS (National Readership Survey) measures newspaper and magazine readership. In the United States, TV and radio measurement is carried out Nielsen Media Research (the radio component was formerly carried out by Arbitron), and digital signage by TruMedia and CognoVision. Stratacache uses audience measurement technology to build reports for digital signage. In Vietnam, TV measurement is done by VIETNAM-TAM (co-operoratiaon of MIC & Nielsen & AMI), Kantar Media also carry out measure TV audience since 1995. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_measurement |
In most countries the incidence of suicides is higher than the incidence of intentional homicides. More people die of suicide than die of war and murder.A 2006 report by the World Health Organization (WHO) states that nearly a million people take their own lives every year, more than those murdered or killed in war. WHO figures show a suicide takes place somewhere in the world roughly every 40 seconds.According to the National Institute of Mental Health, suicide contagion is a serious problem, especially for young people. Suicide can be facilitated in vulnerable teens by exposure to real or fictional accounts of suicide, including media coverage of suicide, such as intensive reporting of the suicide of a celebrity or idol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide |
In most countries the registration number starts with a region code where the egg production facilities are situated: Germany - 01 Schleswig-Holstein, 02 Hamburg, 03 Lower Saxony, 04 Bremen, 05 North Rhine-Westphalia, 06 Hesse, 07 Rhineland-Palatinate, 08 Baden-Württemberg, 09 Bavaria, 11 Berlin, 12 Brandenburg, 13 Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 14 Saxony, 15 Saxony-Anhalt, 16 Thuringia Austria - 1 Burgenland, 2 Carinthia, 3 Lower Austria, 4 Upper Austria, 5 Salzburg, 6 Styria, 7 Tyrol, 8 Vorarlberg, 9 ViennaNote that a producer with multiple barns will have to register each barn separately. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_marking |
In most countries there is a shortage of suitable organs for transplantation. Countries often have formal systems in place to manage the process of determining who is an organ donor and in what order organ recipients receive available organs. The overwhelming majority of deceased-donor organs in the United States are allocated by federal contract to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, held since it was created by the Organ Transplant Act of 1984 by the United Network for Organ Sharing, or UNOS. (UNOS does not handle donor cornea tissue; corneal donor tissue is usually handled by various eye banks.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
Individual regional organ procurement organizations, all members of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, are responsible for the identification of suitable donors and collection of the donated organs. UNOS then allocates organs based on the method considered most fair by the leadership in the field. The allocation methodology varies somewhat by organ, and changes periodically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
For example, liver allocation is based partially on MELD score (Model of End-Stage Liver Disease), an empirical score based on lab values indicative of the sickness of the person from liver disease. In 1984, the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) was passed; it gave way to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, which maintains the organ registry and ensures equitable allocation of organs. The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients was also established to conduct ongoing studies into the evaluation and clinical status of organ transplants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
In 2000 the Children's Health Act passed and required NOTA to consider special issues around pediatric patients and organ allocation. An example of "line jumping" occurred in 2003 at Duke University when doctors attempted to correct an initially incorrect transplant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
An American teenager received a heart-lung donation with the wrong blood type for her. She then received a second transplant even though she was then in such poor physical shape that she normally would not be considered a good candidate for a transplant.In an April 2008 article in The Guardian, Steven Tsui, the head of the transplant team at Papworth Hospital in the UK, is quoted in raising the ethical issue of not holding out false hope. He stated, "Conventionally we would say if people's life expectancy was a year or less we would consider them a candidate for a heart transplant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
But we also have to manage expectations. If we know that in an average year we will do 30 heart transplants, there is no point putting 60 people on our waiting list, because we know half of them will die and it's not right to give them false hope. "Experiencing somewhat increased popularity, but still very rare, is directed or targeted donation, in which the family of a deceased donor (often honoring the wishes of the deceased) requests an organ be given to a specific person, subverting the allocation system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
In the United States, there are various lengths of waiting times due to the different availabilities of organs in different UNOS regions. In other countries such as the UK, only medical factors and the position on the waiting list can affect who receives the organ. One of the more publicized cases of this type was the 1994 Chester and Patti Szuber transplant. This was the first time that a parent had received a heart donated by one of their own children. Although the decision to accept the heart from his recently killed child was not an easy decision, the Szuber family agreed that giving Patti's heart to her father would have been something that she would have wanted.Access to organ transplantation is one reason for the growth of medical tourism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_transplant |
In most countries there is no charge for abstracting water directly from rivers, lakes and aquifers. However, some countries do levy volumetric charges or fees for water abstraction rights. These charges are typically levied on industries, utilities and farmers. Fees for water abstraction and discharge exist for example in France, where revenues are significant and are re-invested in the water sector by water agencies established in major basins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pricing |
In Germany abstraction fees exist only for groundwater and only in some states, and their proceeds go into the general state budget. Mexico also charges for water abstraction and returns proceeds to utilities, but not to industries. Outside the OECD countries few countries charge water abstraction fees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pricing |
Where they are applied the level of fees tends to be nominal, such as in Morocco, or enforcement is partial, such as for groundwater abstraction fees in Jordan. In almost all countries that have introduced abstraction fees agriculture, the major water user worldwide, is exempted from abstraction fees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pricing |
Some countries allow water rights to be traded, so that the price for water itself is formed in the market. Such water trading exist in parts of Australia, Chile and the Southwestern United States). == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pricing |
In most countries there is no government regulation of recreational diving and solo diving is at the discretion of the diver in publicly accessible waters. There are some exceptions: In the Republic of Maldives, recreational solo diving is illegal under any circumstances, as is recreational diving to depths greater than 30 m and any recreational diving which requires decompression stops. In Israel, a person may not take part in a recreational scuba dive unless accompanied by at least one other qualified diver. In Queensland, Australia, solo diving is specifically recognised and provided for in the state legislation under the Recreational Diving, Recreational Technical Diving and Snorkelling Code of Practice, 2011, for qualified and appropriately equipped divers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_diving |
In most countries under the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as in the United States, the Philippines, Taiwan, the Netherlands, Indonesia, Italy, Colombia, Panama, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Germany, Spain and France, the tradition of the single tenor drum is maintained by a few military bands, several police bands and many civil marching bands, corps of drums, classic style drum and bugle corps and fanfare bands. The form of the single tenor drum used in these countries is that of a marching drum similar to a snare drum but is without snares, these drums can also be tuned to have a high pitch so that a line of tenor percussionists can run split parts amongst them, in France, Spain, Italy and Germany the form is that of a cylindric drum similar to those used in the field snare drums and the aforementioned early music drum but without the snares. It can also be referred to as a Flub drum. In the US, single-head tenor drums are popular amongst the ranks of HBCU (historically Black colleges and universities) drumlines, especially in the southern states, where they are used on either the basis of being knee tenors (how snare drums are played) or upright tenors (how bass drums are played). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_drum |
For example, the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) Marching Musical Machine of the Mid-South's 2 Kold Krank tenor section uses the upright style single-head tenor drums while their rivals, The Alabama State University (ASU) Mighty Marching Hornets' TTB tenor section incorporates the knee single head tenor drums. Either way, these drums are mounted in the same manner as in the marching snare drum, in either slings or the shoulder harness, and can be beaten by either sticks or soft/hard mallets; if in the latter, a mixed form of the pipe band flourish and alto beat is used, while some single tenor drummers are of the rhythm type like those in the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, while others, like in Germany's many civil fanfare bands, play the alto tenor form or rhythm tenor to accent the bass and snare drums. In Spain and Italy, the tenor drums in military bands there are beaten using only a single soft mallet, which is beaten in similar manner just like in the Commonwealth alto tenor drums of pipe bands. Only the French Republican Guard Band has a sole single head tenor drum used as part of the drumline, played using hard sticks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_drum |
In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle, i.e., in large-scale factory slaughter houses (abattoirs) where they are stunned with a captive bolt gun and bled to death. In countries with a less industrialized food-production system, horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed, in or near the village where they will be consumed. In 2005, the eight principal horse meat-producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of it. In 2005, the five biggest horse meat-consuming countries were China (421,000 tonnes), Mexico, Russia, Italy, and Kazakhstan (54,000 tonnes). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_meat |
In 2010, Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes, China 126,000 tonnes, and Kazakhstan 114,000 tonnes. As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle, in the western countries they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_meat |
Instead, horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as riding or work animals is low, but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat, for example in the routine export of the southern English ponies from the New Forest, Exmoor, and Dartmoor. British law requires the use of "equine passports" even for semiferal horses to enable traceability (also known as "provenance"), so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported, meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live. Ex-racehorses, riding horses, and other horses sold at auction may also enter the food chain; sometimes, these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_meat |
Even prestigious horses may end up in the slaughterhouse; the 1986 Kentucky Derby winner and 1987 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year winner, Ferdinand, is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan, probably for pet food.A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food. In many countries, such as the United States, horse meat was outlawed for use in pet food in the 1970s. American horse meat is considered a delicacy in Europe and Japan, and its cost is in line with veal, so it would be prohibitively expensive in many countries for pet food.Meat from horses that veterinarians have put down with a lethal injection is not suitable for human consumption, as the toxin remains in the meat; the carcasses of such animals are sometimes cremated (most other means of disposal are problematic, due to the toxin). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_meat |
Remains of euthanized animals can be rendered, which maintains the value of the skin, bones, fats, etc., for such purposes as fish food. This is commonly done for lab specimens (e.g., pigs) euthanized by injection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_meat |
The amount of drug (e.g. a barbiturate) is insignificant after rendering.Carcasses of horses treated with some drugs are considered edible in some jurisdictions. For example, according to Canadian regulation, hyaluron, used in treatment of particular disorders in horses, in HY-50 preparation, should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat. In Europe, however, the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect, and edibility of the horse meat is not affected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_meat |
In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food, they are processed in industrial abattoirs similarly to cattle. Typically, a penetrating captive bolt gun or gunshot is used to render the animal unconscious. The blow (or shot) is intended to kill the horse instantly or stun it, with exsanguination (bleeding out) conducted immediately afterwards to ensure death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_slaughter |
Saleable meat is removed from the carcass, with the remains rendered for other commercial uses. According to equine-welfare advocates, the physiology of the equine cranium is such that neither the penetrating captive bolt gun nor gunshots are reliable means of killing (or stunning) a horse; the animal may be only paralyzed. Unless properly checked for vital signs, a horse may remain conscious and experience pain during skinning and butchering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_slaughter |
In most countries where sugarcane is cultivated, several foods and popular dishes are derived directly from it, such as: Raw sugarcane: chewed to extract the juice Sayur nganten: an Indonesian soup made with the stem of trubuk (Saccharum edule), a type of sugarcane Sugarcane juice: a combination of fresh juice, extracted by hand or small mills, with a touch of lemon and ice to make a popular drink, known variously as air tebu, usacha rass, guarab, guarapa, guarapo, papelón, aseer asab, ganna sharbat, mosto, caldo de cana, or nước mía Syrup: a traditional sweetener in soft drinks worldwide but now largely supplanted in the US by high fructose corn syrup, which is less expensive because of corn subsidies and sugar tariffs Molasses: used as a sweetener and a syrup accompanying other foods, such as cheese or cookies Jaggery: a solidified molasses, known as gur, gud, or gul in South Asia, is traditionally produced by evaporating juice to make a thick sludge, and then cooling and molding it in buckets. Modern production partially freeze dries the juice to reduce caramelization and lighten its color. It is used as sweetener in cooking traditional entrees, sweets, and desserts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_syrup |
Falernum: a sweet, and slightly alcoholic drink made from sugarcane juice Cachaça: the most popular distilled alcoholic beverage in Brazil; it is a liquor made of the distillation of sugarcane juice. Rum is a liquor made from sugarcane products, typically molasses, but sometimes also cane juice. It is most commonly produced in the Caribbean and environs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_syrup |
Basi is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane juice produced in the Philippines and Guyana. Panela, solid pieces of sucrose and fructose obtained from the boiling and evaporation of sugarcane juice, is a food staple in Colombia and other countries in South and Central America. Rapadura is a sweet flour that is one of the simplest refinings of sugarcane juice, common in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela (where it is known as papelón) and the Caribbean. Rock candy: crystallized cane juice Gâteau de Sirop Viche, a homebrewed Colombian alcoholic beverage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_syrup |
In most countries, 18 is the age of majority, in which a minor becomes a legal adult. It is also the voting age, marriageable age, drinking age and smoking age in most countries, though sometimes these ages are different than the age of majority. Many websites restrict adult content to visitors who claim to be aged over 18. In the United States, 18 is the: Age for sexual consent in eleven states and under federal law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_(number) |
Minimum age to purchase firearms in thirty-eight states with the exception of handguns (21 under federal law). Marriageable age without parental consent except for Nebraska (19), Mississippi and Puerto Rico (21). The minimum age at which one can purchase, rent, or buy tickets to NC-17-rated films or buy video games with an Adults Only rating. In the UK, it is the legal age to purchase a BBFC "18" rated film. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_(number) |
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience requirements) before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), Chartered engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European Engineer (in much of the European Union). The advantages of licensure vary depending upon location. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering |
For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may seal engineering work for public and private clients". This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as Quebec's Engineers Act. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering |
In other countries, no such legislation exists. Practically all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion. In this way these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering |
Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to contract law. In cases where an engineer's work fails he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence and, in extreme cases, the charge of criminal negligence. An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations, such as building codes and legislation pertaining to environmental law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering |
Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 conferences annually. The IET publishes 21 journals, has a worldwide membership of over 150,000, and claims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering |
Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electrical engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency. An MIET(Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology) is recognised in Europe as an Electrical and computer (technology) engineer.In Australia, Canada, and the United States electrical engineers make up around 0.25% of the labor force. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering |
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification, and a professional body certifies the degree program. After completing a certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements including work experience and exam requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a professional engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), a chartered engineer (in most Commonwealth countries), a chartered professional engineer (in Australia and New Zealand), or a European engineer (in most countries of the European Union). There are international agreements between relevant professional bodies to allow engineers to practice across national borders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering |
The benefits of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada, "only a licensed professional engineer may prepare, sign and seal, and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval, or seal engineering work for public and private clients." This requirement is enforced under provincial law such as the Engineers Act in Quebec. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering |
No such legislation has been enacted in other countries including the United Kingdom. In Australia, state licensing of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Almost all certifying bodies maintain a code of ethics which all members must abide by.Engineers must obey contract law in their contractual relationships with other parties. In cases where an engineer's work fails, they may be subject to the law of tort of negligence, and in extreme cases, criminal charges. An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations such as building codes and environmental law. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering |
In most countries, a civil engineer will have graduated from a post-secondary school with a degree in civil engineering, which requires a strong background in mathematics and the physical sciences; this degree is typically a bachelor's degree, though many civil engineers study further to obtain master's, engineer, doctoral and post doctoral degrees. In many countries, civil engineers are subject to licensure. In some jurisdictions with mandatory licensing, people who do not obtain a license may not call themselves "civil engineers". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineer |
In most countries, a marketing authorisation is valid for a period of 5 years. After this period, one should apply for renewal of the marketing authorisation, usually by providing minimal data proving that quality, efficacy and safety characteristics are maintained and the risk-benefit ratio of the medicinal product is still favourable. However, in the European Union, after one renewal, the marketing authorisation shall remain valid for an unlimited period, unless the competent regulatory authority decides otherwise.If the marketing authorisation is not renewed in due time as requested by the local legislation, in order to maintain the pharmaceutical product on a market, one can apply for re-authorisation (re-registration). In such situations, the applicant may be requested to submit the whole items necessary for a full application. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_authorisation |
Marketing authorisation may be withdrawn, suspended, revoked or varied by regulatory authorities if under normal conditions of use the benefit over risk ratio is no more favourable, the product is harmful, or if it lacks therapeutic efficacy; also, one of the above actions can be taken if the qualitative and quantitative composition or other qualitative aspects (control) are not as currently declared. Marketing authorisation may be also withdrawn, suspended or revoked if the marketing authorisation holder or its representative does not fulfil other legal or regulatory obligations necessary to maintaining of product on the market, as per the legislation in force. Also, the marketing authorisation is withdrawn in the EU if the product is not placed on the market within next 3 consecutive years after granting of authorisation or if it is no more marketed for 3 consecutive years (so-called “sunset clause”). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_authorisation |
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