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In most cases, once pneumococcal pneumonia has been identified, doctors will prescribe antibiotics. These antibiotics usually help alleviate and eliminate symptoms between 12 and 36 hours after the initial dose. Despite most antibiotics' effectiveness in treating the disease, sometimes the bacteria can resist the antibiotics, causing symptoms to worsen. Age and health of the infected patient can also contribute to the effectiveness of the antibiotics. A vaccine has been developed for the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia, recommended to children under age five as well as adults over the age of 65. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_pneumonia |
In most cases, only cross-platform interchanges used for both directions of travel are listed, with some exceptions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange |
In most cases, organisms containing recombinant DNA have apparently normal phenotypes. That is, their appearance, behavior and metabolism are usually unchanged, and the only way to demonstrate the presence of recombinant sequences is to examine the DNA itself, typically using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Significant exceptions exist, and are discussed below. If the rDNA sequences encode a gene that is expressed, then the presence of RNA and/or protein products of the recombinant gene can be detected, typically using RT-PCR or western hybridization methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA |
Gross phenotypic changes are not the norm, unless the recombinant gene has been chosen and modified so as to generate biological activity in the host organism. Additional phenotypes that are encountered include toxicity to the host organism induced by the recombinant gene product, especially if it is over-expressed or expressed within inappropriate cells or tissues. In some cases, recombinant DNA can have deleterious effects even if it is not expressed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA |
One mechanism by which this happens is insertional inactivation, in which the rDNA becomes inserted into a host cell's gene. In some cases, researchers use this phenomenon to "knock out" genes to determine their biological function and importance. Another mechanism by which rDNA insertion into chromosomal DNA can affect gene expression is by inappropriate activation of previously unexpressed host cell genes. This can happen, for example, when a recombinant DNA fragment containing an active promoter becomes located next to a previously silent host cell gene, or when a host cell gene that functions to restrain gene expression undergoes insertional inactivation by recombinant DNA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNA |
In most cases, pancreas transplantation is performed on individuals with type 1 diabetes with end-stage renal disease, brittle diabetes, and hypoglycaemic unawareness. However, selected type 2 diabetics can also benefit from a pancreas transplant. The indications for a type 2 diabetic are a BMI < 30 kg/m2 and low overall insulin requirement (< 1 U/kg/day). The majority of pancreas transplantations (> 90%) are simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas_transplant |
In most cases, people are discharged from an emergency department with pain medicine and a cast or sling. These fractures are typically minor and heal over the course of a few weeks. Fractures of the proximal region, especially among elderly people, may limit future shoulder activity. Severe fractures are usually resolved with surgical intervention, followed by a period of healing using a cast or sling. Severe fractures often cause long-term loss of physical ability. Complications in the recovery process of severe fractures include osteonecrosis, malunion or nonunion of the fracture, stiffness, and rotator cuff dysfunction, which require additional intervention in order for the patient to fully recover. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus_fracture |
In most cases, place the items in order of usage, with the most-used meanings appearing at the top and less common meanings below. A recommended order is: Articles with a clarifier in parentheses (Anticipation (music)) Articles with the item as part of the name (Computer keyboard as part of a Keyboard dab page) Synonyms Larger subject articles which treat this item in a section (Medieval art from a Fresco dab page)Unless the list is quite short, separate the articles in categories (1) and (2) from those in (3) and (4), with the "may also be" line shown below: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages/See_also |
In most cases, postnatal diagnosis is done and up to 2011, only four cases are reported via prenatal diagnosis. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and intrauterine growth retardation (these two signs put the patients at the risk of afflicting with ring chromosome 15) by fetal ultrasound (Obstetric ultrasonography) at the time period of 16–24 weeks, further investigation and diagnostics (such as karyotyping) must be performed to test the possibility of ring chromosome 15. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_chromosome_15 |
The Cholesky decomposition of the preconditioner must be used to keep the symmetry (and positive definiteness) of the system. However, this decomposition does not need to be computed, and it is sufficient to know M − 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{-1}} . It can be shown that E − 1 A ( E − 1 ) T {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ^{-1}\mathbf {A} (\mathbf {E} ^{-1})^{\mathsf {T}}} has the same spectrum as M − 1 A {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ^{-1}\mathbf {A} } . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient |
The preconditioner matrix M has to be symmetric positive-definite and fixed, i.e., cannot change from iteration to iteration. If any of these assumptions on the preconditioner is violated, the behavior of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method may become unpredictable. An example of a commonly used preconditioner is the incomplete Cholesky factorization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_gradient |
In most cases, prehospital providers will employ the use of a portable ultrasound unit. In every instance, an attempt is made to find the area best suited to an ultrasound and utilize bare skin if possible. Resolution is vastly decreased if soundings must be made through any form of clothing.There are two main areas of emergency ultrasound. The Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (or FAST) focuses on trying to ascertain if there is internal bodily fluid in blunt abdominal trauma, in the areas between organs, which is a sign of severe internal injury. Echocardiography is used to attempt to find valvular disease, clots, cardiomyopathies or penetrations of the heart. Both systems are scanning methodologies, they use identical equipment.Ultrasound visualization of the optic nerve sheath has been shown to be useful as a surrogate for more invasive intracranial pressure monitoring, allowing for more advanced monitoring of brain injuries in the field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound |
In most cases, reducing confinement and providing the animal a more natural setting reduces the incidence of stable vices. There are stopgap "cures" that can be provided in the stall to keep a horse busy or out of trouble, including increased exercise, feeding of larger quantities of lower-quality food (so the animal spends more time eating and less time being bored), feeding more frequently, or cutting back on grain or other high-energy concentrates. Toys such as a ball or empty one-gallon plastic milk jug can be hung in the stall. Sometimes simply giving the animal a companion in the next stall, or even a smaller animal placed in the same stall, also helps a bored or nervous horse.In extreme cases, a short term fix may include various forms of restraint. However, none of these practices solve the underlying problem, some may raise animal welfare concerns, and the animal will resume its behavior as soon as the restraint is removed. The long-term solution that has the most success is to give the horse less time in the stall and more free turnout time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_vices |
In most cases, registration of these short domain names relies on the use of country code top-level domains (ccTLDs), each of which has a unique two-letter identifier. For example, blo.gs makes use of the ccTLD .gs (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) to spell "blogs", fa.st makes use of the ccTLD .st (São Tomé and Príncipe) to spell "fast", everyo.ne uses the ccTLD .ne (Niger) to spell "everyone", instagr.am makes use of the ccTLD .am (Armenia) to spell the name of photo-sharing service "Instagram", darkvir.us uses ccTLD .us (United States) and sharing it for subdomains with free hosting, Cityne.ws makes use of the ccTLD .ws (West Samoa) to spell the name of Italian newspaper "Citynews", tel.ly uses ccTLD .ly (Libya) to spell "telly" (a popular British colloquial term for television), and some of Danbooru-style imageboards that end their name with '-booru' suffix may use the ccTLD .ru (Russia) to spell their own name. Many people use domain hacks for their name to serve their personal website. Some prominent examples include: rome.ro (John Romero), melan.ie (Melanie C), sive.rs (Derek Sivers) and nav.al (Naval Ravikant). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack |
Domain hacking is not limited to singular words. For example, helpmelearn.it uses the ccTLD for Italy to write out "help me learn it". While there is technically no restriction, these domain hacks tend to limit themselves to using only ccTLDs that are words in-and-of-itself, such as the aforementioned Italy as well as Iceland (.is) and Montenegro (.me) The third-level domains del.icio.us, cr.yp.to and e.xplo.it make use of the SLDs icio.us, yp.to and xplo.it from the ccTLDs .us (United States), .to (Tonga) and .it (Italy) to spell "delicious", "crypto" and "exploit" respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack |
In some cases, an entire ccTLD has been re-purposed in its international marketing, such as .am (Armenia), .fm (Federated States of Micronesia), .cd (Democratic Republic of the Congo), .dj (Djibouti), and .tv (Tuvalu) for sites delivering various forms of audiovisual content. Libya's ccTLD (.ly) has been used for English words that end with suffix "ly", such as sil.ly. Popular URL shortening services bit.ly, brief.ly, name.ly and ow.ly use this hack. In 2010, the Libyan registry suspended vb.ly, an adult oriented .ly link shortener.After a legal fight to allow so, the Moldovan ccTLD (.md) has been used by doctors and medical companies due to its resemblance to the abbreviation MD, used by those holding a Doctor of Medicine degree. It has also been used by websites relating to the Markdown markup language (such as Obsidian, obsidian.md) which uses .md as its file extension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_hack |
In most cases, remailers are owned and operated by individuals, and are not as stable as they might ideally be. In fact, remailers can, and have, gone down without warning. It is important to use up-to-date statistics when choosing remailers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_email |
In most cases, rescued food is being saved from being thrown into a dumpster and, ultimately, landfills or other garbage disposals. Food recovered on farms is kept from being plowed under. On farms, the donations often must be harvested, or gleaned, by volunteers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_rescue |
Also, to help rescue food that would otherwise be wasted, the USDA has expanded their Farm Storage Facility Loan Program. The Farm Storage Facility Loan Program helps farmers obtain low-cost loans for more farm storage so they can protect more food from becoming waste.In the United States, businesses that source food rescue programs have received tax benefits for their donations and have been protected from liability lawsuits by the federal Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act since 1996.The benefit of many food rescue programs is they offer healthy food to those in need but who may not meet the application requirements of state food-assistance programs. Many programs also provide immediate emergency assistance, without having to wait through an application process. Food rescue organizations are less restricted by cost and availability of food, as so much edible food is thrown out and free for the taking, so eligibility requirements are generally unnecessary. This organizational model often allows food rescues to provide nutritional assistance more quickly, with more flexibility and accessibility than other types of hunger relief programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_rescue |
In most cases, results from a typical heating rate (e.g. 10°C/min for mechanical thermal degradation studies) do not differ significantly from those obtained at higher heating rates. The extent of reaction can, however, be influenced by the heating rate. For example, some reactions may not occur with a low heating rate due to evaporation of the products. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-safe_polymers |
In most cases, satellite measurements of electron precipitation are actually measurements of ozone depletion that is then linked to EEP events. The different instruments use a wide variety of methods to calculate ozone levels. While some of the methods may provide significantly inaccurate data, the average of all of the data combined is widely accepted as accurate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_precipitation |
In most cases, serous cystadenomas of the pancreas are asymptomatic. However, large cysts may cause symptoms related to their size. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_microcystic_adenoma |
In most cases, single-lens reflex cameras cannot be made as small or as light as other camera designs—such as rangefinder cameras, autofocus compact cameras and digital cameras with electronic viewfinders (EVF)—owing to the mirror box and pentaprism/pentamirror. The mirror box also prevents lenses with deeply recessed rear elements from being mounted close to the film or sensor unless the camera has a mirror lockup feature; this means that simple designs for wide angle lenses cannot be used. Instead, larger and more complex retrofocus designs are required. The SLR mirror 'blacks-out' the viewfinder image during the exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera |
In addition, the movement of the reflex mirror takes time, limiting the maximum shooting speed. The mirror system can also cause noise and vibration. Partially reflective (pellicle) fixed mirrors avoid these problems and have been used in a very few designs including the Canon Pellix and the Canon EOS-1N RS, but these designs introduce their own problems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera |
These pellicle mirrors reduce the amount of light travelling to the film plane or sensor and also can distort the light passing through them, resulting in a less-sharp image. To avoid the noise and vibration, many professional cameras offer a mirror lock-up feature, however, this feature totally disables the SLR's automatic focusing ability. Electronic viewfinders have the potential to give the 'viewing-experience' of a DSLR (through-the-lens viewing) without many of the disadvantages. More recently, Sony have resurrected the pellicle mirror concept in their "single-lens translucent" (SLT) range of cameras. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera |
In most cases, software classed as abandonware is not in the public domain, as it has never had its original copyright officially revoked and some company or individual may still own rights. While sharing of such software is usually considered copyright infringement, in practice copyright holders rarely enforce their abandonware copyrights for a number of reasons – chiefly among which the software is technologically obsolete and therefore has no commercial value, therefore rendering copyright enforcement a pointless enterprise. By default, this may allow the product to de facto lapse into the public domain to such an extent that enforcement becomes impractical.Rarely has any abandonware case gone to court, but it is still unlawful to distribute copies of old copyrighted software and games, with or without compensation, in any Berne Convention signatory country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandonware |
In most cases, solid pseudopapillary tumours should be resected surgically, as there is a risk of malignancy (cancer). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_pseudopapillary_neoplasm |
In most cases, splicing removes introns as single units from precursor mRNA transcripts. However, in some cases, especially in mRNAs with very long introns, splicing happens in steps, with part of an intron removed and then the remaining intron is spliced out in a following step. This has been found first in the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and a few other Drosophila genes, but cases in humans have been reported as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splice_site |
In most cases, sulfate tends to linearly decrease depth, which mostly reflects the diffusion of sulfate downwards. This diffusion is the main source of sulfate to the SMTZ. The sharper decrease in the sulfate that occurs further down is the result of microorganisms using dissimilatory sulfate reduction, which consumes sulfate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate-methane_transition_zone |
In most cases, teams will use one less chance (i.e. three in American football, two in Canadian football) than they are permitted to try to gain a first down. Usually, if a team has failed to gain the needed yardage when playing its final down, it will then punt the ball, offering the opposing team possession (the kicking team aims to place the ball downfield), or attempt to kick a field goal if close enough (typically within 40 yards of the goal posts). In the event of a successful punt, the opposing team will start its new set of downs at the spot the punt returner can advance the ball to before being tackled (or goes out of bounds), or where the punt goes out of bounds, or (in American football only) where the punt comes to rest when rolling to a stop or at the spot where the punt is fair-caught. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnover_on_downs |
In most cases, the annual maintenance costs dwarf the purchase price. For example, when policy servers are used (in both the plugin and proxy-based architectures), high-end hardware is needed in order to handle the workload required to run the web access management infrastructure. Centralized administration is an additional hidden cost, because customers will need to hire and train staff to exclusively manage policy entitlements for the underlying web applications. A final hidden cost relates to regulatory compliance. Since web access management is similar in concept to a firewall (more closely aligned to an application-layer firewall), it must be able to handle major audit requirements, especially for public companies subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (not to mention those that are bound by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, PCI, or CPNI). Larger companies spend tremendous amounts of time and money auditing these web access management infrastructures since they are the enforcement points for many internal and external applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Access_Management |
In most cases, the article is the first word of its noun phrase, preceding all other adjectives and modifiers. held .There are a few exceptions, however: Certain determiners, such as all, both, half, double, precede the definite article when used in combination (all the team, both the girls, half the time, double the amount). The determiner such and exclamative what precede the indefinite article (such an idiot, what a day!). Adjectives qualified by too, so, as and how generally precede the indefinite article: too great a loss, so hard a problem, as delicious an apple as I have ever tasted, I know how pretty a girl she is. When adjectives are qualified by quite (particularly when it means "fairly"), the word quite (but not the adjective itself) often precedes the indefinite article: quite a long letter.See also English determiners § Combinations of determiners and Determiners and adjectives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_articles |
In most cases, the assumption of independent and identically distributed samples across local nodes does not hold for federated learning setups. Under this setting, the performances of the training process may vary significantly according to the unbalanced local data samples as well as the particular probability distribution of the training examples (i.e., features and labels) stored at the local nodes. To further investigate the effects of non-IID data, the following description considers the main categories presented in the preprint by Peter Kairouz et al. from 2019.The description of non-IID data relies on the analysis of the joint probability between features and labels for each node. This allows to decouple each contribution according to the specific distribution available at the local nodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_learning |
The main categories for non-iid data can be summarized as follows: Covariate shift: local nodes may store examples that have different statistical distributions compared to other nodes. An example occurs in natural language processing datasets where people typically write the same digits/letters with different stroke widths or slants. Prior probability shift: local nodes may store labels that have different statistical distributions compared to other nodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_learning |
This can happen if datasets are regional and/or demographically partitioned. For example, datasets containing images of animals vary significantly from country to country. Concept drift (same label, different features): local nodes may share the same labels but some of them correspond to different features at different local nodes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_learning |
For example, images that depict a particular object can vary according to the weather condition in which they were captured. Concept shift (same features, different labels): local nodes may share the same features but some of them correspond to different labels at different local nodes. For example, in natural language processing, the sentiment analysis may yield different sentiments even if the same text is observed. Unbalanced: the amount of data available at the local nodes may vary significantly in size.The loss in accuracy due to non-iid data can be bounded through using more sophisticated means of doing data normalization, rather than batch normalization. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_learning |
In most cases, the astigmatism can be corrected using a constant stigmator field which is adjusted by the microscope operator. The main cause of astigmatism, the non-uniform magnetic field produced by the lenses, usually does not change noticeable during a TEM session. A recent development are computer-controlled stigmators, which usually use the Fourier transform of the image to find the ideal stigmator setting. The Fourier transform of an astigmatic image is usually elliptically shaped. For a stigmatic image, it is round, this property can be used by algorithms to reduce the astigmatic aberration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmator |
In most cases, the cause of laryngeal paralysis is unknown or idiopathic. However, the disorder may arise secondary to general neuropathies, generalized neuromuscular diseases, muscular diseases, neoplasia either in the cervical (neck) region or the cranial mediastinum, or trauma. This acquired form occurs predominantly in middle-aged to old large breed or giant breed dogs such as the Labrador Retriever, golden retriever, Siberian Husky, Newfoundland, and St. Bernard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_paralysis |
Usually these dogs are born with a normal larynx, but over time the nerves and muscles that control the laryngeal cartilages lose function.Laryngeal paralysis may also be congenital in some breeds (e.g. Bouvier des Flandres, Dalmatians, Siberian huskies, and bulldogs), appearing in dogs between two and six months of age. Affected puppies may have difficulty swallowing and breathing, they may gag frequently, and their bark often sounds abnormal. In Dalmatians it is part of another condition called 'laryngeal paralysis-polyneuropathy complex.' Affected puppies should not be used for breeding.Choke collars are not thought to be a significant risk factor for this disorder. However, after LP is diagnosed it is usually recommended to stop using a collar or anything else around the dog's neck and to switch to a harness instead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngeal_paralysis |
In most cases, the costs of Springer Nature's publications are recovered via subscription to individuals and institutions. Over 40 journals allow their authors to publish open access articles, with the author (or their institution or research funder) paying a publication charge to the journal. The publisher also has several open access journals. Authors are also allowed to post accepted, unedited papers on their websites or the funding body's archives no earlier than 6 months after publication.In June 2010, a letter outlining the University of California libraries' pricing challenges with NPG was distributed to university faculty by campus librarians with the support of the systemwide University Committee on Library and Scholarly Communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Portfolio |
The letter also described a potential boycott if the dispute was not resolved. In August 2010, a joint statement was released stating "Our two organizations have agreed to work together in the coming months to address our mutual short- and long-term challenges, including an exploration of potential new approaches and evolving publishing models. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Portfolio |
"On 2 December 2014, NPG announced that it would make content from all of Nature's journals available online for free. However, articles are presented using the digital rights management system ReadCube (which is funded by the Macmillan subsidiary Digital Science), which only provides "read-only" access, and does not allow readers to download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute the content. Additionally, links to these articles can only be generated by Nature subscribers and a group of selected media outlets—but the links can be publicly distributed through online articles and social networks afterwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Portfolio |
Providers can also provide annotations on the linked articles. The move was designed to counter the trend of "dark sharing", while leveraging ReadCube to provide analytics. While considering it a compromise between fully restricted access, critics do not consider this to be a true open access scheme due to its restrictions on use and distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Portfolio |
In most cases, the diagnosis can already be made in the most common location (aortic thrombosis) based on the previous report and clinical signs (peracute posthand paralysis without trauma). Existing cardiac disease provides further clues, but cardiac disease is already known in only about 15% of cats with thromboembolism.The other more common ischemic myopathy, syndrome of Kippfenster, can usually be ruled out by questioning the animal's owner. In addition, tilt window syndrome is not associated with severe pain. Differential diagnosis should continue to exclude primarily trauma to the spinal cord (traffic accident, window fall), which may be due to an event not observed by the owner. A herniated disc or a spinal cord infarction can also lead to sudden signs of paralysis. Tumors in the spinal cord or spinal canal can also cause afterhand paralysis, but these usually develop slowly and signs of loss occur gradually.The diagnosis of vascular occlusions of the internal organs is more difficult; here, special examinations (CT, MRI) are required to confirm the diagnosis, which are only available in larger facilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_arterial_thromboembolism |
In most cases, the diagnosis is established based on response to therapy. Patients in whom esophageal candidiasis is suspected should receive a brief course of antifungal therapy with fluconazole. If the infection resolves after treatment with fluconazole, then the diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis is made and no further investigation is needed. However, if the infection persists or if there are other factors involved which may warrant further investigation, then patient will undergo an esophagogastroduodenoscopy if it is safe to do so. Endoscopy often reveals classic diffuse raised plaques that characteristically can be removed from the mucosa by the endoscope. Brushing or biopsy of the plaques shows yeast and pseudohyphae by histology that are characteristic of Candida species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis |
In most cases, the diagnosis of mitral stenosis is most easily made by echocardiography, which shows left atrial enlargement, thick and calcified mitral valve with narrow and "fish-mouth"-shaped orifice and signs of right ventricular failure in advanced disease. It can also show decreased opening of the mitral valve leaflets, and increased blood flow velocity during diastole. The trans-mitral gradient as measured by Doppler echocardiography is the gold standard in the evaluation of the severity of mitral stenosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosis |
In most cases, the direct cause for the cerebral sinus thrombosis is not readily apparent. Identifying a source of infection is crucial; it is common practice to screen for various forms of thrombophilia (a propensity to form blood clots). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dural_sinus_thrombosis |
In most cases, the distance between two nodes in the TSP network is the same in both directions. The case where the distance from A to B is not equal to the distance from B to A is called asymmetric TSP. A practical application of an asymmetric TSP is route optimization using street-level routing (which is made asymmetric by one-way streets, slip-roads, motorways, etc.). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem |
In most cases, the female's eggs float freely in the sea, but some species hold onto them with their spines, affording them a greater degree of protection. The unfertilized egg meets with the free-floating sperm released by males, and develops into a free-swimming blastula embryo in as few as 12 hours. Initially a simple ball of cells, the blastula soon transforms into a cone-shaped echinopluteus larva. In most species, this larva has 12 elongated arms lined with bands of cilia that capture food particles and transport them to the mouth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin |
In a few species, the blastula contains supplies of nutrient yolk and lacks arms, since it has no need to feed.Several months are needed for the larva to complete its development, the change into the adult form beginning with the formation of test plates in a juvenile rudiment which develops on the left side of the larva, its axis being perpendicular to that of the larva. Soon, the larva sinks to the bottom and metamorphoses into a juvenile urchin in as little as one hour. In some species, adults reach their maximum size in about five years. The purple urchin becomes sexually mature in two years and may live for twenty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_urchin |
In most cases, the flavor text attempts to add depth or background to the item, providing a form of context. This helps to establish the universe to which the item belongs. Flavor text can also be a quotation, such as from related media (e.g., Star Wars movie quotes on a Star Wars card) or from literature. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_text |
Some Magic: The Gathering cards' flavor text comes from public domain sources such as Shakespeare's plays and poetry.A unique spin on flavor text in a card game can be seen in the long-lived Star Wars Customizable Card Game. Many cards with flavor text also include special keywords (such as Spy, Hologram, or Bounty Hunter) that can be spotted by other cards for bonuses or penalties. The flavor text on character cards is also one of the few ways of distinguishing that character's species (which is an important factor in most decks). The video game series Borderlands contains weapons and other items with flavor text which hint to the item's hidden ability, such as restoring health equal to damage output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_text |
In most cases, the functions performed by an analog multiplier may be performed better and at lower cost using digital signal processing techniques. At low frequencies, a digital solution is cheaper and more effective and allows the circuit function to be modified in firmware. As frequencies rise, the cost of implementing digital solutions increases much more steeply than for analog solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_multiplier |
As digital technology advances, the use of analog multipliers tends to be ever more marginalized towards higher-frequency circuits or very specialized applications. In addition, most signals are now destined to become digitized sooner or later in the signal path, and if at all possible the functions that would require a multiplier tend to be moved to the digital side. For example, in early digital multimeters, true RMS functions were provided by external analog multiplier circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_multiplier |
Nowadays (with the exception of high-frequency measurements) the tendency is to increase the sampling rate of the ADC in order to digitize the input signal allowing RMS and a whole range of other functions to be carried out by a digital processor. However, blindly digitizing the signal as early in the signal path as possible costs unreasonable amounts of power due to the need for high-speed ADCs. A much more efficient solution involves analog preprocessing to condition the signal and reduce its bandwidth so that energy is spent to digitize only the bandwidth that contains useful information. In addition, digitally controlled resistors allow microcontrollers to implement many functions such as tone control and AGC without having to process the digitized signal directly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_multiplier |
In most cases, the ideal finished piece would be 100% aggregate. A given application's most desirable quality (be it high strength, low cost, high dielectric constant, or low density) is usually most prominent in the aggregate itself; all the aggregate lacks is the ability to flow on a small scale, and form attachments between particles. The matrix is specifically chosen to serve this role, but its abilities should not be abused. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_(composite) |
In most cases, the moisture content of gouda cheese falls somewhere in the range of 40% to 50%. The amount of moisture that is present in Gouda cheese plays an important part in determining its texture. Cheeses that include higher moisture levels have a tendency to be softer and more creamy, whilst cheeses that have a lower moisture content have a tendency to be stiffer and may develop a crystalline structure as they age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda_cheese |
Gouda cheese has a high moisture content. Gouda cheese has a variable fat content, typically ranging from 20% to 40%. The fat content contributes to the cheese's texture, and allows for the transportation and release of flavor-enhancing chemicals, increasing the cheese's overall flavor profile. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda_cheese |
The fat level also affects the cheese's melting properties.Certain aroma-active chemicals that are found in Gouda cheese are responsible for the cheese's distinctive flavor character, which can be traced back to those components. Six components are believed to be distinctive of all Gouda cheeses: Diacetyl 2-Methylbutanal 3-Methylbutanal Methional Ethyl butyrate Acetic acidCasein (the primary protein found in cows' milk) is the predominant type of protein found in gouda cheese, which contributes to the cheese's high protein content. During the manufacturing process, casein coagulates to create the curds, which contributes to the cheese's stiffness and overall structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda_cheese |
In most cases, the nerve roots are stretched or torn from their origin, since the meningeal covering of a nerve root is thinner than the sheath enclosing the nerve. The epineurium of the nerve is contiguous with the dura mater, providing extra support to the nerve.Brachial plexus lesions typically result from excessive stretching; from rupture injury where the nerve is torn but not at the spinal cord; or from avulsion injuries, where the nerve is torn from its attachment at the spinal cord. A bony fragment, pseudoaneurysm, hematoma, or callus formation of fractured clavicle can also put pressure on the injured nerve, disrupting innervation of the muscles. A trauma directly on the shoulder and neck region can crush the brachial plexus between the clavicle and the first rib.Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth: the baby's shoulders may become impacted during the birth process causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexopathy |
Obstetric injuries may occur from mechanical injury involving shoulder dystocia during difficult childbirth, the most common of which result from injurious stretching of the child's brachial plexus during birth, most often during vaginal birth, but occasionally Caesarean section. The excessive stretch results in incomplete sensory and/or motor function of the injured nerve.Injuries to the brachial plexus result from excessive stretching or tearing of the C5-T1 nerve fibers. These injuries can be located in front of or behind the clavicle, nerve disruptions, or root avulsions from the spinal cord. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexopathy |
These injuries are diagnosed based on clinical exams, axon reflex testing, and electrophysiological testing. Brachial plexus injuries require quick treatment in order for the patient to make a full functional recovery (Tung, 2003). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexopathy |
These types of injuries are most common in young adult males.Traumatic brachial plexus injuries may arise from several causes, including sports, high-velocity motor vehicle accidents, especially in motorcyclists, but also all-terrain-vehicle (ATV) and other accidents. Injury from a direct blow to the lateral side of the scapula is also possible. The severity of nerve injuries may vary from a mild stretch to the nerve root tearing away from the spinal cord (avulsion). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexopathy |
"The brachial plexus may be injured by falls from a height on to the side of the head and shoulder, whereby the nerves of the plexus are violently stretched… The brachial plexus may also be injured by direct violence or gunshot wounds, by violent traction on the arm, or by efforts at reducing a dislocation of the shoulder joint".Brachial plexus lesions can be divided into three types: An upper brachial plexus lesion, which occurs from excessive lateral neck flexion away from the shoulder. Most commonly, improper use of forceps during delivery or falling on the neck at an angle causes upper plexus lesions leading to Erb's palsy. This type of injury produces a very characteristic sign called Waiter's tip deformity due to loss of the lateral rotators of the shoulder, arm flexors, and hand extensor muscles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexopathy |
Less frequently, the whole brachial plexus lesion occurs; most infrequently, sudden upward pulling on an abducted arm (as when someone breaks a fall by grasping a tree branch) produces a lower brachial plexus lesion, in which the eighth cervical (C8) and first thoracic (T1) nerves are injured "either before or after they have joined to form the lower trunk. The subsequent paralysis affects, principally, the intrinsic muscles of the hand and the flexors of the wrist and fingers". This results in a form of paralysis known as Klumpke's paralysis.Backpack palsy is caused by much use of a heavy backpack whose pack-straps chronically press on the brachial plexus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexopathy |
In most cases, the owner and the driver of the Greek racing chariot were different persons. In 416 BC, the Athenian general Alcibiades had seven chariots in the race, and came in first, second, and fourth; evidently, he could not have been racing all seven chariots himself. Chariot teams were costly to own and train, and the case of Alcibiades shows that for the wealthy, this was an effective and honourable form of self-publicity; they were not expected to risk their own lives. On the other hand, they were not necessarily dishonoured when they did. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
The poet Pindar praised Herodotes for driving his own chariot, "using his own hands rather than another's".Entries were exclusively Greek, or claimed to be so. Philip II of Macedon, pre-eminent through his conquest of most Greek states and self-promotion as a divinity, entered his horse and chariot teams in several major pan-Hellenic events, and won several. He celebrated the fact on his coinage, claiming it as divine confirmation of his legitimacy as Greek overlord.Women could win races through ownership, though there was a ban on the participation of married women as competitors or even spectators at the Olympics, supposedly on pain of death; this was not typical of Greek festivals in general, and there is no consistent record of this ban, or the penalty's enforcement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
The Spartan Cynisca, daughter of Archidamus II, entered and won the Olympic chariot race, twice as owner and trainer, and at least once as driver. Most charioteers were slaves or hired professionals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
Drivers and their horses needed strength, skill, courage, endurance and prolonged, intensive training. Like jockeys, charioteers were ideally slight of build, and therefore often young, but unlike jockeys, they were also tall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
The names of very few charioteers are known from the Greek racing circuits, Victory songs, epigrams and other monuments routinely omit the names of winning drivers.The chariots themselves resembled war chariots, essentially wooden two-wheeled carts with an open back, though by this time chariots were no longer used in battle. Charioteers stood throughout the race. They traditionally wore only a sleeved garment called a xystis, which would have offered at least some protection from crashes and dust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
It fell to the ankles and was fastened high at the waist with a plain belt. Two straps that crossed high at the upper back prevented the xystis from "ballooning" during the race The body of the chariot rested on the axle, so the ride was bumpy. The most exciting parts of the chariot race, at least for the spectators, were the turns at the ends of the hippodrome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
These turns were dangerous and sometimes deadly. In a full-sized racing stadium, the chariots could reach high speeds along the straights, then overturn or be crushed along with their horses and driver by the following chariots as they wheeled around the post. Driving into an opponent to make him crash was technically illegal, but most crashes were accidental and often unavoidable. In Homer's account of Patroclus' funeral games, Antilochus inflicts such a crash on Menelaus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race |
In most cases, the patient meets the ophthalmologist for eye examination and other tests weeks or months preceding surgery. During the meeting, the ophthalmologist will examine the eye and diagnose its condition. The doctor will also record the history of the patient's health and other previous eye treatments, if any. The doctor will discuss the risks and benefits of the surgery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cornea |
If the patient elects for the surgery, the doctor will have the patient sign an informed consent form. The doctor may also perform physical and lab examinations, such as an X-ray, an EKG, a slit lamp test, an ultrasound B-scan, or an A-scan. The surgery date and time is also set, and the patient will also be told where the surgery will take place. The patient can also make any other queries regarding the procedure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cornea |
In most cases, the size of the model is simply the number of parameters. However, one complication arises with the use of sparse models, such as mixture-of-expert models. In sparse models, during every inference, only a fraction of the parameters are used. In comparison, most other kinds of neural networks, such as Transformer networks, always use all their parameters during every inference. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_scaling_law |
In most cases, the technology for the Catalyst Switch was developed separately from Cisco's router technology. The Catalyst switches originally ran software called CatOS rather than the more widely known Cisco IOS software used by routers. However, this has changed as the product lines have merged closer together. In some cases, particularly in the modular chassis switches, a configuration called 'Hybrid' has emerged - this is where the layer 2 functions are configured using CatOS, and the layer 3 elements are configured using IOS. Native IOS can also be found with newer software versions that have eliminated CatOS entirely in favor of IOS, even on hardware that originally required CatOS.Some newer Catalyst switch models (with recent versions of the Cisco IOS) also allow web-based management using a graphical interface (GUI) module which is hosted on a HTTP server located on the switch. The Catalyst 2960-L SM Series of switches is an example of a Cisco Catalyst switch that allows this style of GUI via HTTP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescendo_Communications |
In most cases, the theory of classical electromagnetism adequately accounts for the behavior of free electron lasers. For sufficiently short wavelengths, quantum effects of electron recoil and shot noise may have to be considered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-electron_laser |
In most cases, the touch surface must be initially calibrated with the display image. This process involves displaying a sequence of dots or crosses on the touch surface and having the user select these dots either with a stylus or their finger. This process is called alignment, calibration, or orientation. Fixed installations with projectors and boards bolted to roof and wall greatly reduce or eliminate the need to calibrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboards |
A few interactive whiteboards can automatically detect projected images during a different type of calibration. The technology was developed by Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories Inc and is disclosed in patent 7,001,023. The computer projects a Gray Code sequence of white and black bars on the touch surface and light sensitive sensors behind the touch surface detect the light passing through the touch surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboards |
This sequence allows the computer to align the touch surface with the display; however, it has the disadvantage of having tiny fiber-sized "dead spots" in the resistive touch surface where the light sensors are present. The "dead spots" are so small that touches in that area are still presented to the computer properly. Another system involves having a light sensor built into the projector and facing the screen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboards |
As the projector generates its calibration image (a process called "training"), it detects the change in light reflected from the black border and the white surface. In this manner it can uniquely compute all the linear matrix transform coefficients. Yet another system includes a camera built into the handheld pen, with human imperceptible targets injected into the image stream sent to the projector or display, containing positioning information, where the camera detects that information and calculates position accordingly, requiring no calibration at all. Such a technology and system is integrated into penveu, and is further disclosed in patent 8,217,997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_whiteboards |
In most cases, these melody types are associated with extra-musical implications, particularly emotions (see Indian rasa, for instance). They are also often associated with certain times. For example, most ragas are associated with a certain time of day, or a wayang performance in Java implies a certain succession of pathets. Many of these traditions have a corresponding rhythmic framework. These include: Usul in Arabian and Turkish music Tala in Indian music Bentuk in Javanese music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_type |
In most cases, these substance changes color when mixed with an acid or base. Phenolphthalein, commonly used as a pH indicator, turns pink in the presence of a base such as ammonia fumes or sodium carbonate. Vinegar, is revealed by red cabbage water Archived 2009-01-24 at the Wayback Machine. Vinegar contains acetic acid that affects the pH indicator in red cabbage water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ink |
Vinegar may also be developed by heat, as above. Ammonia, developed by red cabbage water. Copper sulfate, developed by sodium iodide, sodium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide or potassium ferricyanide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ink |
Lead(II) nitrate, developed by sodium iodide. Iron(II) sulfate, developed by sodium carbonate or potassium ferricyanate. Cobalt(II) chloride, developed by potassium ferricyanide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ink |
Iron(III) sulfate, developed by sodium sulfide. Starch, developed by iodine solution which turns starch dark blue and the paper light blue. Lemon juice, developed by iodine solution (ink turns white, paper turns light blue). Sodium chloride (common table salt), developed by silver nitrate. Cerium oxalate developed by manganese sulfate and hydrogen peroxide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_ink |
In most cases, transactions are typically designed to protect the identity of at least one of the parties involved in the exchange. While this is dependent on the type of market—white markets can use traceable money—most purchases are made with stolen digital funds (credit cards) and cryptocurrencies. While the latter has been the dominant trend in the last few years, prices in the gray market are set in dollars, as shown by the leaks of Hacking Team's email archive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_for_zero-day_exploits |
In most cases, unidirectional transcription of enhancer regions generates long (>4kb) and polyadenylated eRNAs. Enhancers that generate polyA+ eRNAs have a lower H3K4me1/me3 ratio in their chromatin signature than 2D-eRNAs. PolyA+ eRNAs are distinct from long multiexonic poly transcripts (meRNAs) that are generated by transcription initiation at intragenic enhancers. These long non-coding RNAs, which accurately reflect the host gene's structure except for the alternative first exon, display poor coding potential. As a result, polyA+ 1D-eRNAs may represent a mixed group of true enhancer-templated RNAs and multiexonic RNAs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer_RNA |
In most cases, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction resolve on their own within 6 to 12 months post-TURP. Therefore, many doctors will postpone invasive treatment until a year after the surgery. Urinary incontinence – most commonly stress incontinence – due to injury of the external sphincter system, may be prevented by taking the verumontanum of the prostate as a distal limiting boundary during TURP. Initial management includes lifestyle changes, bladder training, pelvic floor muscle training, and using incontinence pads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate |
The current gold standard of management for persistent urinary incontinence after prostatectomy is the placement of an artificial urinary sphincter. Male slings are an alternative for mild to moderate post-prostatectomy incontinence. Retrograde ejaculation due to injury of the prostatic urethra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate |
This is one of the most frequent complications of the procedure, occurring in about 65% of patients. Bladder neck stenosis. Erectile dysfunction may be seen in some patients, however, many have reported that erectile function improved after TURP.Additionally, transurethral resection of the prostate is associated with a low risk of mortality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transurethral_resection_of_the_prostate |
In most cases, vagal tone is not measured directly. Instead the processes affected by the vagus nerve – specifically heart rate and heart rate variability – are measured and used as a surrogate for vagal tone. Increased vagal tone (and thus vagal action) is generally associated with a lower heart rate and increased heart rate variability. However, during graded orthostatic tilt, vagal tone withdrawal is an indirect indicator of cardiovascular fitness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagal_tone |
In most cases, vitamin D deficiency is almost asymptomatic. It may only be detected on blood tests but is the cause of some bone diseases and is associated with other conditions: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovitaminosis_D |
In most cases, vitreous china consists of a mix of clay, feldspar, flint and quartz sand. This mix is usually fired once at 1200–1300 °C for most applications, and twice fired for use in crockery with a first firing at 900–950 °C and a second firing at 1200–1250 °C. Crockery is fired twice to reduce its porosity. To make the mix more workable, water is usually added. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_china |
The firing temperature chosen is important, as vitreous and ceramic bodies are less strong and more porous if under or over fired.Creep is the unwanted distortion a vitreous body undergoes during firing, and is influenced by the substance's rheological properties. Such properties depend on the particles in vitreous china's glass mixture, which can vary in type, size (1-50μm), distribution or shape. The amount of mullite in vitreous china, which is determined by the amount of clay in the starting mixture, is the primary determinant for creep rate during firing. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_china |
In most cases, we want to find out the relationships between social data and another event or we want to get interesting results from social data analyses to predict some events. There are some outstanding articles in this field, including Twitter Mood Predicts The Stock Market, Predicting The Present With Google Trends etc. In order to accomplish these goals, we need the appropriate methods to do the analyses. Usually, we use statistic methods, methods of machine learning or methods of data mining to do the analyses. Universities all over the world are opening graduate program in Social Data Analysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Data_Analysis |
In most cases, when a file is deleted, the entry in the file system metadata is removed but the actual data is still on the disk. File carving can be used to recover data from a hard disk where the metadata was removed or otherwise damaged. This process may be successful even after a drive is formatted or repartitioned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_carving |
File carving can be performed using free or commercial software and is often performed in conjunction with computer forensics examinations or alongside other recovery efforts (e.g. hardware repair) by data recovery companies. Whereas the primary goal of data recovery is to recover the file content, computer forensics examiners are often just as interested in the metadata such as who owned a file, where it was stored, and when it was last modified. Thus, while a forensic examiner could use file carving to prove that a file was once stored on a hard drive, he or she might need to seek out other evidence to prove who put it there. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_carving |
In most cases, when a film is chosen for preservation or restoration work, new prints are created from the original camera negative or from a composite restoration negative, which can be made from a combination of elements for general screening. It is therefore particularly important to keep camera negatives or digital masters under safe storage conditions.The original camera negative is the remaining, edited, film negative that passed through the camera on the set. This original camera negative may, or may not, remain in original release form, depending upon number of subsequent re-releases after the initial release for theatrical exhibition. Restorers sometimes create a composite negative (or composite dupe) by recombining duplicated sections of the best remaining material, sometimes on "a shot-to-shot, frame-by-frame basis" to approximate the original configuration of the original camera negative at some time in the film's release cycle.In traditional photochemical restorations, image polarity considerations must be observed when recombining surviving materials and the final, lowest generation restoration master may be either a duplicate negative or a fine grain master positive. Preservation elements, such as fine-grain master positives and duplicate printing negatives, are generated from this restoration master element to make both duplication masters and access projection prints available for future generations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_restoration |
In most cases, when two cells collide they attempt to move in a different direction to avoid future collisions; this behavior is known as contact inhibition of locomotion. As the two cells come into contact, their locomotive process is paralyzed. This is accomplished via a multistep, multi-faceted mechanism that involves the formation of a cell-cell adhesion complex upon collision. The disassembly of this complex is thought to be driven largely by tension in the cells and ultimately results in the colliding cells' changing directions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_inhibition |
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