text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 31 280 |
|---|---|
At first, they wanted the 30 children aged between one and three — only two of whom are black — to sing Baa Baa White Sheep instead. But now it has been banned altogether at Beevers Nursery in De Beauvoir Road. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
Leaders of left-wing Hackney council welcomed the ban last night. A spokesman said: "We consider playgroups and nurseries should be discouraged from singing the rhyme. It reinforces a derogatory and subservient use of the word 'black' among our youngsters in their formative years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
This is particularly important because the majority of children in our nurseries come from black and ethnic minority communities." The nursery was run by the parents, rather than by Hackney council, but Akass had telephoned Hackney council for its reaction to his story. Martin Bostock, then the press officer for Hackne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
However, according to council leader Tony Millwood, Bostock rejected this advice and wanted to take a more supportive stance on the alleged ban and in conjunction with the press office drafted and issued a statement saying "that we supported what they'd done, although making it quite clear that it was not a council nur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
But there have been no complaints so far, though someone once suggested it could be racist". Cooper later stated that there had been no such ban, but that the statement issued by Millwood and Hackney council had given the story the impetus that it was then to run with: I think they really shot themselves in the foot. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
I think that they were wrong. There was no ban in the first place. By issuing the statement they virtually created the story, which obviously snowballed from there In fact, the playgroup leaders had requested the racialism awareness course, at which attendance was not compulsory, there had been no ban imposed by Haring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
As before, only newspapers for the British black community reported these facts. The attempts by the Daily Mail to fact check the story that it had run, including posing as parents looking for playgroups and as supermarket managers wanting to run racism awareness courses, had failed to elicit a single playgroup worker ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
The story continued to be carried by many newspapers for months thereafter, including The Economist on 1 November and the Islington Gazette on 20 February 1987, this time with Islington council as the ban-issuer, a fact that was explicitly denied by a council spokesman in the piece, who said that "it is not council pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
Peter Jenkins, a columnist for The Guardian and The Independent, recorded policies which were dubbed "loony left" by the media. For instance, Haringey council allowed only Nicaraguan coffee to be sold and introduced courses on homosexuality into its nursery and primary schools.Hackney London Borough Council ended its t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
Lambeth council's leader, Linda Bellos, claimed: "I think the police are bent on war".Ealing council removed all books it considered to be "racist" and "sexist" from its local libraries. An Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) teaching pack titled Auschwitz: Yesterday's Racism drew comparisons between the trade unio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loony_left |
The Hartford Botanical Garden is a botanical garden planned for Hartford, Connecticut. The garden is planned to occupy 18 acres (73,000 m2) of Colt Park immediately adjacent to Samuel Colt's Armsmear mansion. First proposed in 1997, little work was done to bring the creation of the park to fruition at that time. By 200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Botanical_Garden |
The Hartford City Council allocated $50,000 towards the proposed master planning budget of $150,000. A total budget of up to $10 million was envisioned and it was hoped that "...a well-conceived and well-run garden would draw 100,000 to 125,000 visitors annually and create or stimulate the creation of 110 jobs." The ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Botanical_Garden |
American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field of scholarship that examines American literature, history, society, and culture. It traditionally incorporates literary criticism, historiography and critical theory. Scholarship in American studies focuses on the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
In the past decades, however, it has also broadened to include Atlantic history and interactions with countries across the globe. Subjects studied within the field are varied, but often examine the literary themes, histories of American communities, ideologies, or cultural productions. Examples might include topics in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Vernon Louis Parrington is often cited as the founder of American studies for his three-volume Main Currents in American Thought, which combines the methodologies of literary criticism and historical research; it won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize. In the introduction to Main Currents in American Thought, Parrington described... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Myth and symbol scholars claimed to find certain recurring themes throughout American texts that served to illuminate a unique American culture. Later scholars such as Annette Kolodny and Alan Trachtenberg re-imagined the myth and symbol approach in light of multicultural studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, these earlier approaches were criticized for continuing to promote the idea of American exceptionalism—the notion that the US has had a special mission and virtue that makes it unique among nations. Several generations of American studies scholars moved away from purely ethnocentric vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
"The transnational turn has positioned American Studies in a nationalist rut", observes Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera, in After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism: In these transnational turns ... the unhyphenated-American phenomenon tends to have colonial characteristics: English-language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Until the mid-2000s, the use of American for this multidisciplinary field was widely defended. In 1998, Janice Radway argued, "Does the perpetuation of the particular name, American, in the title of the field ... support the notion that such a whole exists even in the face of powerful work that tends to question its pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
In 2001, Wai Chee Dimmock argued that the field "is largely founded on this fateful adjective. governs the domain of inquiry we construct, the range of questions we entertain, the kind of evidence we take as significant. The very professionalism of the field rests on the integrity and the legitimacy of this founding co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
In 2002, Heinz Ickstadt argued that American studies "should accept its name as its limitation and its boundary." In 2006, Dimmock affirmed that the field "does stand to be classified apart, as a nameable and adducible unit. "More recently, scholars have questioned American as a categorizing term. "In consideration of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
"One of the central themes of American historiography," argued William Appleman Williams, "is that there is no American Empire"" Contesting such assertions has been a central part of the Imperial Turn in the field. Amy Kaplan maintained that "an imperial unconscious of national identity" lead to "overseas expansion, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
2018. After American Studies: Rethinking the Legacies of Transnational Exceptionalism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Routledge. p. 24)While the third phase continues "in perpetuity," the imperial appropriation tends to be "gradual, contested (and continues to be contested), and is by nature incomplete." The Americanization of the continent has been described as a cultural engineering project that strives to "isolate residents within ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Following the Second World War and during the Cold War, the US government promoted the study of the United States in several European countries, helping to endow chairs in universities and institutes in American history, politics and literature in the interests of cultural diplomacy. Many scholars and governments in Eu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
European centers for American studies include the Center for American Studies in Brussels, Belgium, and most notably the John F. Kennedy-Institute for North American Studies in Berlin, Germany. Other centers for American studies in Germany include the Bavarian America-Academy, the University of Munich, the Heidelberg C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
American Studies Leipzig at the University of Leipzig is a center for American studies on the territory of former East Germany. Founded in 1992, the Center for American Studies at the University of Southern Denmark now offers a graduate program in American studies. In the Netherlands the University of Groningen and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
The University of Amsterdam, the University of Leiden and the University of Utrecht only offer a graduate program in American studies. Both the University of Sussex and the University of Nottingham in England offer both a number of postgraduate and undergraduate programs. In Sweden, the Swedish Institute for North Amer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
In Slovakia, the University of Presov and Pavol Jozef Safarik University offer a complete undergraduate and graduate program in American studies combined with British studies. The Eccles Centre for American Studies at the British Library also offers a range of events and fellowships, as well as promoting the American c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Established as a university minor, the ASC currently offers over 20 different courses for students, heralds weekly movies in its ASC Theater, regularly hosts diverse speakers, and sponsors gatherings and excursions for ASC students. There is a new American studies program at the University of Tehran, Iran. The new prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
In Oceania, the University of Canterbury in Christchurch New Zealand operated a full undergraduate and graduate American studies program until 2012, and in Australia, a postgraduate program in US Studies is run by the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney. In Canada, the University of Alberta has the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
York University offers an undergraduate program in United States Studies.In China, due to the lack of communication between China and the United States since the communist party took up the power in 1949, the Chinese recognition of the US was still limited to the communist political propaganda of the Cold War at the ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
These centers do not have undergraduate programs. Based on the requirement of the curriculum setup of the China Department of Education, these centers only have graduate programs. In addition, there are also scholarly journals, such as American Studies Quarterly, up in 1987 and organized by both the Institute of Americ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
American studies in the US is different from American studies in China. The former focuses more on one aspect, which is "civilization"; and the latter includes almost every aspects of the US, among which the civilization is just a constituent. Take the curriculum in the American Studies program in Beijing Foreign Studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
The American Studies program in BFSU is not only the oldest one but also the one in which all courses taught in English from the beginning of its founding. To help the students lay a comprehensive and interdisciplinary grounding in American Studies, the current ASC curriculum, made up of 28 courses, centers on three ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Every master student is required to choose one of the three major areas as his or her study track and chooses the courses accordingly. The affiliation of each center decides its different research foci, although sometimes they have some study overlapping. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
According to the affiliations, these centers can be generally divided into two groups. The one, affiliated to the international relations department, academically tends to focus on US politics, economy, law and diplomacy. The diploma conferred is the politics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
While the other, to the foreign language department, usually concentrate more on racial/gender issues, literature, religion, education, history and culture. The diploma conferred is English language and literature. For example, the American Studies Center of BFSU belongs to the School of English and International Studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
The researches on different areas are not equally developed. The researches on economy, politics and foreign policy have been much more developed than that on American culture and thoughts. Out of the all articles from the year of 1987 to 2008 published in American Studies Quarterly, the ones, which deal with the Sino-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Whereas, the articles, which have its topics on literature, history, gender, intellectual history, philosophy and culture, only take up about 20 percent. However, with the accelerating academic exchange between two countries, more and more students are coming to the US to study American studies and at the same time Ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
In the Republic of Korea, Sogang University (Seoul, Korea) is the sole institution that offers regular degree program both in bachelor (BA) and master (MA) degree in American studies, named American culture. The American culture division is run by the Department of English along with English literature and linguistics.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Keimyung University (Daegu, Korea), Hansung University (Seoul, Korea), Pyeongtaek University (Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi-do, Korea), Kyunghee University (Yongin, Gyonggi-do, Korea) are also providing American studies major. Seoul National University (Seoul, Korea) and Yonsei University (Seoul, Korea) offers undergraduate int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Founded at Bellagio, Italy, in 2000, the International American Studies Association has held World Congresses at Leyden (2003), Ottawa (2005), Lisbon (2007), Beijing (2009), Rio de Janeiro (2011), The Sixth World Congress of IASA at Szczecin, Poland, August 3–6, 2013, and Alcalá de Henares, Madrid (2019). The IASA is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
The American Studies Association was founded in 1950. It publishes American Quarterly, which has been the primary outlet of American studies scholarship since 1949. The second-largest American studies journal, American Studies, is sponsored by the Mid-America American Studies Association and University of Kansas. Today... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
"American History & American Studies". Research Guides. New York: Columbia University Libraries. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
"American Studies". Research & Subject Guides. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Harvard Library. "American Studies". Research Guides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. "American Studies". Subject Guides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
University of Iowa Libraries. "American Studies". Princeton LibGuides. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
USA: Princeton University Library. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Retrieved November 18, 2013. "U.S. History and American Studies". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Library Subject Guides. Yale University Library. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies |
Kuki is an embodied AI bot designed to befriend humans in the metaverse. Formerly known as Mitsuku, Kuki is a chatbot created from Pandorabots AIML technology by Steve Worswick. It is a five-time winner of a Turing Test competition called the Loebner Prize (in 2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019), for which it holds a wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
Kuki claims to be an 18-year-old female chatbot from the Metaverse. It contains all of Alice's AIML files, with many additions from user generated conversations, and is always a work in progress. Worswick claims she has been worked on since 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
Early work by one of the company's co-founders inspired the Spike Jonze movie Her.Her intelligence includes the ability to reason with specific objects. For example, if someone asks "Can you eat a house? ", Kuki looks up the properties for "house". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
Finds the value of "made_from" is set to "brick" and replies "no", as a house is not eatable. She can play games and do magic tricks at the user's request. In 2015 she conversed, on average, in excess of a quarter of a million times daily.According to a 2020 CNN feature, "Every week, Mitsuku exchanges millions of messa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
Since 2016, when the bot landed on major messaging platforms, an estimated 5 million unique users hailing from all corners of the world have chatted with her." In a Wall Street Journal article titled “Advertising’s New Frontier: Talk to the Bot,” technology reporter Christopher Mims made the case for “chatvertising” in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
I also get many elderly people who talk to her for companionship." Any advertiser who doesn't sit bolt upright after reading that doesn't understand the dark art of manipulation on which their craft depends.Mitsuku has been featured in a number of other news outlets. Fast Company described Mitsuku as “quite impressive”... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
Kuki has appeared as a Virtual Model in Vogue Business and at Crypto Fashion Week where she modelled NFTs and spoke about the future of digital fashion. She also headlined as a speaker providing "a live interview with an AI influencer" at VidCon Asia: "a virtual gathering of top internet personalities from around the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
As of 2019, Kuki had been awarded the Loebner Prize five times, more than any other entrant. The prize is awarded to the artificial intelligence computer program that is deemed the most humanlike, as determined by a judging panel up until 2019, when it was changed to an audience participation vote. Kuki was also declar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_AI |
DAYDREAMER is a goal-based agent and cognitive architecture developed at University of California, Los Angeles by Erik Mueller. It models the human stream of thought and its triggering and direction by emotions, as in human daydreaming. The architecture is implemented as 12,000 lines of Lisp code. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAYDREAMER |
DAYDREAMER was begun by Erik Mueller in 1983 while he was studying under Michael G. Dyer in the UCLA Computer Science Department. It was completed in 1987 and was followed by the ThoughtTreasure program, which was started in 1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAYDREAMER |
Leonard I. Linkow (February 25, 1926 – January 26, 2017) was an American dentist and pioneer in the field of oral implantology. In 1969, he was nominated for a Nobel Prize in medicine, making him the only dentist to be nominated for the prize. Linkow held 36 patents in dental science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Linkow was born in Brooklyn, New York, on February 25, 1926. He played baseball in high school and was signed to contract by the New York Giants to play for their minor league affiliate in Springfield, Ohio.He worked as a radio operator in the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II.Turning down a career in professiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Linkow placed his first dental implant in 1952. In his New York City dental practice, he placed and equipped over 100,000 oral implants. His innovations in oral implantology included various designs of blade implants (implants placed with cortical support), the self-tapping ventplant, root form implants, the tripodal s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Linkow worked in immediate functional loading protocols (with machined implants) long before specific implant surfaces were introduced into the profession. Hence he considered such surfaces as "not necessary" for his work. Linkow served as the president of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry in 1974 and president... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Linkow died on January 26, 2017, at the age of 90. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Lifetime Achievement Award from the AAID, 2015 Honored Fellow of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry Isaih Lew Memorial Research Award, 1990 Aaron Gershkoff/Norman Goldberg Award, 1974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Implant Dentistry Today Maxillary Implants (1977) Mandibular Implants (1977) Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology (vol.1) (1970) Theories and Techniques of Oral Implantology (vol.2) (1970) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
Three institutes are named after Linkow: the Linkow International Institute of Oral Implantology in Bari, Italy; the Linkow International Institute of Oral Implantology in St. Petersburg, Russia; and Linkow Implant Institute-Caribbean in Kingston, Jamaica. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Linkow |
An anginal equivalent is a symptom such as shortness of breath (dyspnea), diaphoresis (sweating), extreme fatigue, or pain at a site other than the chest, occurring in a patient at high cardiac risk. Anginal equivalents are considered to be symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Anginal equivalents are considered to have the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anginal_equivalent |
A comfort zone is a familiar psychological state where people are at ease and (perceive they are) in control of their environment, experiencing low levels of anxiety and stress. Bardwick defines the term as "a behavioral state where a person operates in an anxiety-neutral position." Brené Brown describes it as "Where o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_zone |
White (2009) refers to the "optimal performance zone", in which performance can be enhanced by some amount of stress. Beyond the optimum performance zone, lies the "danger zone" in which performance declines rapidly under the influence of greater anxiety. However, stress in general can have an adverse effect on decisio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_zone |
A fad, trend, or craze is any form of collective behavior that develops within a culture, a generation or social group in which a group of people enthusiastically follow an impulse for a short period. Fads are objects or behaviors that achieve short-lived popularity but fade away. Fads are often seen as sudden, quick-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
Fads include diets, clothing, hairstyles, toys, and more. Some popular fads throughout history are toys such as yo-yos, hula hoops, and fad dances such as the Macarena, floss and the twist.Similar to habits or customs but less durable, fads often result from an activity or behavior being perceived as popular or excitin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
The specific nature of the behavior associated with a fad can be of any type including unusual language usage, distinctive clothing, fad diets or frauds such as pyramid schemes. Apart from general novelty, mass marketing, emotional blackmail, peer pressure, or the desire to "be hip" may drive fads. Popular celebrities ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
In economics, the term is used in a similar way. Fads are mean-reverting deviations from intrinsic value caused by social or psychological forces similar to those that cause fashions in political philosophies or consumerisation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
Many contemporary fads share similar patterns of social organization. Several different models serve to examine fads and how they spread. One way of looking at the spread of fads is through the top-down model, which argues that fashion is created for the elite, and from the elite, fashion spreads to lower classes. Earl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
When looking at the top-down model, sociologists like to highlight the role of selection. The elite might be the ones that introduce certain fads, but other people must choose to adopt those fads.Others may argue that not all fads begin with their adopters. Social life already provides people with ideas that can help c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
Companies can look at what people are already interested in and create something from that information. The ideas behind fads are not always original; they might stem from what is already popular at the time. Recreation and style faddists may try out variations of a basic pattern or idea already in existence.Another wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
People learn their behaviors from the people around them. When it comes to collective behavior, the emergence of these shared rules, meanings, and emotions are more dependent on the cues of the situation, rather than physiological arousal. This connection to symbolic interactionism, a theory that explains people’s acti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
People might adopt a fad because of the meanings and assumptions they share with the other people who have adopted that fad. People may join other adopters of the fad because they enjoy being a part of a group and what that symbolizes. Some people may join because they want to feel like an insider. When multiple people... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
Primarily, fads end because all innovative possibilities have been exhausted. Fads begin to fade when people no longer see them as new and unique. As more people follow the fad, some might start to see it as "overcrowded", and it no longer holds the same appeal. Many times, those who first adopt the fad also abandon it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
They begin to recognize that their preoccupation with the fad leads them to neglect some of their routine activities, and they realize the negative aspects of their behavior. Once the faddists are no longer producing new variations of the fad, people begin to realize their neglect of other activities, and the dangers o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
A marketing professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, Jonah Berger and his colleague, Gael Le Mens, studied baby names in the United States and France to help explore the termination of fads. According to their results, the faster the names became popular, the faster they lost their popu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
Fads can fit under the broad umbrella of collective behavior, which are behaviors engaged in by a large but loosely connected group of people. Other than fads, collective behavior includes the activities of people in crowds, panics, fashions, crazes, and more. Robert E. Park, the man who created the term collective beh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
Fads can also fit under the umbrella of "collective obsessions". Collective obsessions have three main features in common. The first, and most obvious sign, is an increase in frequency and intensity of a specific belief or behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
A fad's popularity increases quickly in frequency and intensity, whereas a trend grows more slowly. The second is that the behavior is seen as ridiculous, irrational, or evil to the people who are not a part of the obsession. Some people might see those who follow certain fads as unreasonable and irrational. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
To these people, the fad is ridiculous, and people's obsession of it is just as ridiculous. The third is, after it has reached a peak, it drops off abruptly and then it is followed by a counter obsession. A counter obsession means that once the fad is over, if one engages in the fad they will be ridiculed. A fad's popu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fad |
The history of economic thought is the study of the philosophies of the different thinkers and theories in the subjects that later became political economy and economics, from the ancient world to the present day in the 21st century. This field encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Ancient Greek write... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Hesiod active 750 to 650 BC, a Boeotian who wrote the earliest known work concerning the basic origins of economic thought, contemporary with Homer. Of the 828 verses in his poem Works and Days, the first 383 centered on the fundamental economic problem of scarce resources for the pursuit of numerous and abundant human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Fan Li (also known as Tao Zhu Gong) (born 517 BC), an adviser to King Goujian of Yue, wrote on economic issues and developed a set of "golden" business rules. Discourses on Salt and Iron was one of the first recorded debates of state intervention and laissez faire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Hindu texts Vedas (1700 BCE - 1100 BCE) contain economic ideas but Atharvaveda (1200 BCE) is most vocal about such ideas.Chanakya (born 350 BC) of the Maurya Empire, authored the Arthashastra along with several Indian sages, a treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy.The Arthashastra posits the the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Ancient Athens, an advanced city-state civilisation and progressive society, developed an embryonic model of democracy.Xenophon's (c. 430–354 BC) Oeconomicus (c. 360 BC) is a dialogue principally about household management and agriculture. Plato's dialogue The Republic (c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
380–360 BC) describing an ideal city-state run by philosopher-kings contained references to specialization of labor and to production. According to Joseph Schumpeter, Plato was the first known advocate of a credit theory of money that is, money as a unit of account for debt. Plato also argued that collective ownership ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
"Aristotle's Politics (c. 350 BC) analyzed different forms of the state (monarchy, aristocracy, constitutional government, tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy) as a critique of Plato's model of a philosopher-kings. Of particular interest for economists, Plato provided a blueprint of a society based on common ownership of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Aristotle viewed this model as an oligarchical anathema. Though Aristotle did certainly advocate holding many things in common, he argued that not everything could be, simply because of the "wickedness of human nature". "It is clearly better that property should be private", wrote Aristotle, "but the use of it common; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
In Politics Book I, Aristotle discusses the general nature of households and market exchanges. For him there is a certain "art of acquisition" or "wealth-getting", which is necessary and honourable for one's household, while exchange on the retail trade for simply accumulation is "justly censured, for it is dishonorabl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Aristotle himself highly disapproved of usury and cast scorn on making money through a monopoly.Aristotle discarded Plato's credit theory of money for metallism, the theory that money derives its value from the purchasing power of the commodity upon which it is based: Indeed, riches is assumed by many to be only a quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) was an Italian theologian and economic writer. He taught in both Cologne and Paris, and was part of a group of Catholic scholars known as the Schoolmen, who moved their enquiries beyond theology to philosophical and scientific debates. In the treatise Summa Theologica Aquinas dealt with the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_economic_thought |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.