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Jabri, Vivienne, Discourses on Violence, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1996. Jabri, Vivienne, War and the Transformation of Global Politics, London: Palgrave, 2007. Keynes, John Maynard, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, London: Macmillan, 1920. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Koppensteiner, Norbert: The Art of the Transpersonal Self. Transformation as Aesthetic and Energetic Practice; New York, Dresden, 2009. Kosaka, Masataka, International Politics and the Search for Peace, Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2023 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
link Kumar, Samrat Schmiem, Bhakti - the yoga of love: Trans-rational approaches to Peace Studies; Münster: LIT Verlag, 2010. Lederach, J., Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
López-Martínez, Mario (dir) Enciclopedia de paz y conflictos. Granada, 2004. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
ISBN 84-338-3095-3, 2 tomos. Lund, Michael S., "What Kind of Peace Is being Built: Taking Stock of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Charting Future Directions", Paper presented on the 10th Anniversary of Agenda for Peace, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, January 2003. Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Mitrany, D.A., The Functional Theory of Politics, London: Martin Robertson, 1975. Richmond, OP, Maintaining Order, Making Peace, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Richmond, OP, A Post-Liberal Peace, London: Routledge, 2011. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Richmond, OP, The Transformation of Peace, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ———— Richmond, OP, and Jason Franks, Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Routledge Contemporary Security Studies series: Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Introduction by 'Funmi Olonisakin, Director of Conflict, Security & Development Group, King's College London, and Karen Barnes. Chapter by Lesley Abdela 'Nepal and the implementation of UNSCR1325'. ISBN 978-0-415-58797-6 (hbk) Rummel, RJ, The Just Peace, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou, and Anuradha M. Chenoy, Human Security: Concepts and Implications, London: Routledge, 2006 Taylor, Paul, and A.J.R. Groom (eds. ), The UN at the Millennium, London: Continuum, 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Tidwell, Alan C., Conflict Resolved, London: Pinter, 1998. Trinn, Christoph, and Thomas Wencker, "Integrating the Quantitative Research on the Onset and Incidence of Violent Intrastate Conflicts" International Studies Review, 2020. (doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa023) Vayrynen, R., New Directions in Conflict Theory: Conflict ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Vedby Rasmussen, Mikkel, The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace, London: Palgrave, 2003. Wallensteen, Peter (ed. ), Peace Research: Achievements and Challenges, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Young, Nigel J. (ed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
), The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace (4 vols. 2010) 3:449–498. Zartman, William, and Lewis Rasmussen (eds. ), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
Cornell University, New York, USA Michigan State University, USA University of Missouri, USA New York University, USA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies |
The Post-Reformation Digital Library (PRDL) is a database of digitized books from the early modern era. The collected titles are directly linked to full-text versions of the works in question. The bibliography was initially inclined toward Protestant writers from the Reformation and immediate Post-Reformation era (the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library |
In its current development the project is moving toward being a comprehensive database of early modern theology and philosophy and also includes late medieval and patristic works printed in the early modern period. The database is a project of the Junius Institute for Digital Reformation Research at Calvin Theological ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library |
The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca, ornaments, and range from simple name... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in Ancient Near East. Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly during the late stages of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as well as the spread of Ara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus, a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Punic language § Example for an analysis). Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested, including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e., lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows: Hamaker, Hendrik Arent (1828). Miscellanea Phoenicia, sive Commentarii de rebus Phoenicum, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Luchtmans. : Hamaker's review assessed 13 inscriptions Wilhelm Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae. In the 1830s, only approximately 80 inscriptions and 60 coins were known in the entire Phoenicio-Punic corpus Schröder, Paul (1869). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Die phönizische sprache. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help): The first study of Phoenician grammar, listed 332 texts known at the time CIS: Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum; the first section is focused on Phoenician-Punic inscriptions (176 "Phoenician" inscriptions and 5982 "Punic" inscriptions) KAI: Kanaanäische un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
A. Töpelmann. TSSI: Gibson, J. C. L. (1971). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions: I. Hebrew and Moabite Inscriptions. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-813159-5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Volume III. Phoenician Inscriptions, Including Inscriptions in the Mixed Dialect of Arslan Tash (Oxford: OUP, 1982; ISBN 978-0-19-813199-1) TAD: Bezalel Porten and Ada Yardeni (1986–2000), Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt Renz, J.; Röllig, W. (1995). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Handbuch der althebräischen Epigraphik (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-12297-4. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Jongeling, K. (2008). Handbook of Neo-Punic Inscriptions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149303-4. Sass, Benjamin; Finkelstein, Israel (2013). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
"The West Semitic Alphabetic Inscriptions, Late Bronze II to Iron IIA: Archeological Context, Distribution and Chronology". Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel. 2 (2): 149. doi:10.1628/219222713X13757034787838.The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions |
A diagram is a symbolic representation of information using visualization techniques. Diagrams have been used since prehistoric times on walls of caves, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram |
The term "diagram" in its commonly used sense can have a general or specific meaning: visual information device: Like the term "illustration", "diagram" is used as a collective term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical drawings and tables. specific kind of visual display: This i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram |
The essence of a diagram can be seen as: a form of visual formatting devices a display that does not show quantitative data (numerical data), but rather relationships and abstract information with building blocks such as geometrical shapes connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.Or in Hall's (1996) words "dia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram |
Diagrammatology is the academic study of diagrams. Scholars note that while a diagram may look similar to the thing that it represents, this is not necessary. Rather a diagram may only have structural similarity to what it represents, an idea often attributed to Charles Sanders Peirce. : 42 Structural similarity can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram |
This is related to the concept of isomorphism, or homomorphism in mathematics. : 43 Sometimes certain geometric properties (such as which points are closer) of the diagram can be mapped to properties of the thing that a diagram represents. On the other hand the representation of an object in a diagram may be overly spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram |
There are at least the following types of diagrams: Logical or conceptual diagrams, which take a collection of items and relationships between them, and express them by giving each item a 2D position, while the relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items, for example:Quant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram |
In Islam, a mahram is a family member with whom marriage would be considered permanently unlawful (haram). A woman does not need to wear hijab around her mahram or spouse, and an adult male mahram or husband may escort a woman on a journey, although an escort may not be obligatory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
permanent or blood mahrams include: all direct ancestors all direct descendants siblings siblings of parents, grandparents, and further antecedents children and further descendants of siblings in-law mahrams with whom one becomes mahram by marrying someone: all the ancestors of one's spouse all the descendants of one's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
She's not mahram if she was married to his adopted son), his mother-in-law, his rada mother and rada sister. As the Prophet Mohamed said, "What is forbidden by reason of kinship is forbidden by reason of suckling. "These are considered mahram because they are mentioned in the Quran (An-Nisa 22–23): 22. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
Do not marry former wives of your fathers—except what was done previously. It was indeed a shameful, despicable, and evil practice. 23. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
˹Also˺ forbidden to you for marriage are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your paternal and maternal aunts, your brother’s daughters, your sister’s daughters, your foster-mothers, your foster-sisters, your mothers-in-law, your stepdaughters under your guardianship if you have consummated marriage with their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
A woman may be legally escorted during a journey by her husband, or by any sane, adult male mahram by blood, although an escort may not be required, including: her father, grandfather or other male ancestor her son, grandson or other male descendant her brother her uncle, great uncle, or uncle from a previous generatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
A Muslim woman's mahrams form the group of allowable escorts when she travels. For a spouse, being mahram is a permanent condition. That means, for example, that a man will remain mahram to his ex-mother-in-law after divorcing her daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahram |
The North American Central Time Zone (CT or C) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time (CST) is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). During summer, most of the zone uses daylight sav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. The following Canadian provinces and territories observe Central Time in the areas noted, while their other areas observe Eastern Time: Nunavut (territory): western areas (most of Kivalliq Region and part of Qi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
Ten states are contained entirely in the Central Time Zone: Alabama Arkansas Illinois Iowa Louisiana Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Oklahoma WisconsinFive states are split between the Central Time Zone and the Mountain Time Zone: Kansas: all except for Sherman, Wallace, Greeley, and Hamilton counties Nebraska: eastern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for five northwestern states (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora, and most of Nayarit) and one southeastern state (Quintana Roo). The federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round; the remainder of Ecuador uses Eastern Standard Time. Both Easter Island and Salas y Gómez Island in Chile uses Central Standard Time during the Southern Hemisphere winter and Central Daylight Time during the Southern Hemisphere summer; the rema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
Daylight saving time (DST) is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called "Central Daylight Time" (CDT) and is UTC−05:00. In Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason for Saskatchewan's lack of a time change is that the 105th meridia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
The province elected to move onto "permanent" daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone. The only exception is the region immediately surrounding the Saskatchewan side of the bi-provincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen to use Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing its clocks with those of Alberta. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
daylight time schedule effective in 2010. October 2022, was the last CDT in Mexico, as they abolished DST. In the US, the Sunshine Protection Act is proposed legislation that would permanently end time seasonal changes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone |
The meridian 168° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 168th meridian west forms a great circle with the 12th meridian east. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/168th_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 168th meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/168th_meridian_west |
The Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) dataset identifies all politically relevant ethnic groups, their size, and their access to state power in every country of the world with a population of at least 250,000 from 1946 to 2017. It includes annual data on over 800 groups and codes the degree to which their representatives ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Power_Relations |
The current version of the EPR data is available in research-ready country-year and group-year format from the GROWup Research Front-End data portal.In contrast to similar datasets, such as Minorities At Risk (MAR), the EPR list includes minority and majority groups. The EPR data is one of the most widely used datasets... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Power_Relations |
In addition to ethnic power relations, the EPR dataset family includes information on ethnic groups’ settlement patterns, links to rebel organizations, transborder ethnic kin relations, ethnic refugee groups, and intraethnic cleavages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Power_Relations |
The EPR data is composed on the basis of an online expert survey. Nearly one hundred country and regional experts were asked to identify the ethnic categories most salient for national politics in each country. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Power_Relations |
Amino acid dating is a dating technique used to estimate the age of a specimen in paleobiology, molecular paleontology, archaeology, forensic science, taphonomy, sedimentary geology and other fields. This technique relates changes in amino acid molecules to the time elapsed since they were formed.All biological tissues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
With a few important exceptions, living organisms keep all their amino acids in the "L" configuration. When an organism dies, control over the configuration of the amino acids ceases, and the ratio of D to L moves from a value near 0 towards an equilibrium value near 1, a process called racemization. Thus, measuring th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
The rate at which racemization proceeds depends on the type of amino acid and on the average temperature, humidity, acidity (pH), and other characteristics of the enclosing matrix. Also, D/L concentration thresholds appear to occur as sudden decreases in the rate of racemization. These effects restrict amino acid chron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
These are important for amino acid dating because racemization occurs much faster in warm, wet conditions compared to cold, dry conditions. Temperate to cold region studies are much more common than tropical studies, and the steady cold of the ocean floor or the dry interior of bones and shells have contributed most to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Generally, they are not assumed to have a great impact in the natural environment, though tephrochronological data may shed new light on this variable. The enclosing matrix is probably the most difficult variable in amino acid dating. This includes racemization rate variation among species and organs, and is affected b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Conventional racemization analysis tends to report a D-alloisoleucine / L-isoleucine (A/I or D/L ratio). This amino acid ratio has the advantages of being relatively easy to measure and being chronologically useful through the Quaternary.Reversed phase HPLC techniques can measure up to 9 amino acids useful in geochrono... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Data from the geochronological analysis of amino acid racemization has been building for thirty-five years. Archeology, stratigraphy, oceanography, paleogeography, paleobiology, and paleoclimatology have been particularly affected. Their applications include dating correlation, relative dating, sedimentation rate analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Verification of radiocarbon and other dating techniques by amino acid racemization and vice versa has occurred. The 'filling in' of large probability ranges, such as with radiocarbon reservoir effects, has sometimes been possible. Paleopathology and dietary selection, paleozoogeography and indigeneity, taxonomy and tap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
The differentiation of cooked from uncooked bone, shell, and residue is sometimes possible. Human cultural changes and their effects on local ecologies have been assessed using this technique. The slight reduction in this repair capability during aging is important to studies of longevity and old age tissue breakdown d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Amino acid racemization also has a role in tissue and protein degradation studies, particularly useful in developing museum preservation methods. These have produced models of protein adhesive and other biopolymer deteriorations and the concurrent pore system development. Forensic science can use this technique to esti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Amino acid racemization analysis consists of sample preparation, isolation of the amino acid wanted, and measure of its D:L ratio. Sample preparation entails the identification, raw extraction, and separation of proteins into their constituent amino acids, typically by grinding followed by acid hydrolysis. The amino ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
Northern Arizona University Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory Archived 2017-03-31 at the Wayback Machine University of Massachusetts Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory The University of Colorado Amino Acid Geochronology Lab University of Delaware Research Group University of York BioArCh Madrid School of Mines Biomo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_dating |
A Bachelor in Organizational Psychology (also referred to as Industrial Psychology) is a type of postgraduate academic bachelor's degree awarded by universities in many countries. This degree is typically studied for in industrial and organizational psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Organizational_Psychology |
A Bachelor of Arts or Science in Organizational Psychology is a four-year bachelor's degree, depending on the program, organizational psychology may be offered as a concentration to a traditional bachelor's degree in psychology. Topics of study may include: Behavioral risk management Commitment Decision making Diversit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Organizational_Psychology |
Institutions in the United States that have a Bachelor's in Organizational Psychology Degree Program include: Barry University DePaul University Florida Institute of Technology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts_in_Organizational_Psychology |
In the Odyssey, Mentor (Greek: Μέντωρ, Méntōr; gen. : Μέντορος) was the son of Alcimus. In his old age Mentor was a friend of Odysseus. When Odysseus left for the Trojan War, he placed Mentor in charge of his son Telemachus, and of Odysseus' palace.Athena's appearance as Mentor should not be confused with her appearanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey) |
Because of Mentor's relationship with Telemachus, and the disguised Athena's encouragement and practical plans for dealing with personal dilemmas, the personal name Mentor has been adopted in Latin and other languages, including English, as a term meaning someone who imparts wisdom to and shares knowledge with a less-e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey) |
In psychology of art, the relationship between art and emotion has newly been the subject of extensive study thanks to the intervention of esteemed art historian Alexander Nemerov. Emotional or aesthetic responses to art have previously been viewed as basic stimulus response, but new theories and research have suggeste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Evolutionary ancestry has hard-wired humans to have affective responses for certain patterns and traits. These predispositions lend themselves to responses when looking at certain visual arts as well. Identification of subject matter is the first step in understanding the visual image. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Being presented with visual stimuli creates initial confusion.Other methods of stimulating initial interest that can lead to emotion involves pattern recognition. Symmetry is often found in works of art, and the human brain unconsciously searches for symmetry for a number of reasons. Potential predators were bilaterall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Bilateral symmetry also exists in humans, and a healthy human is typically relatively symmetrical. This attraction to symmetry was therefore advantageous, as it helped humans recognize danger, food, and mates. Art containing symmetry therefore is typically approached and positively valenced to humans.Another example is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
This connection to pleasant emotions exists because it was advantageous to humans before today's society to be able to see far into the distance in a brightly lit vista. Similarly, visual images that are dark and/or obscure typically elicit emotions of anxiety and fear. This is because an impeded visual field is disadv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
The optimal visual artwork creates what Noy & Noy-Sharav call "meta-emotions". These are multiple emotions that are triggered at the same time. They posit that what people see when immediately looking at a piece of artwork are the formal, technical qualities of the work and its complexity. Works that are well-made but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
For example, seeing a perfectly painted chair (technical quality but no complexity) or a sloppily drawn image of Christ on the cross (complex but no skill) would be unlikely to stimulate deep emotional responses. However, beautifully painted works of Christ's crucifixion are likely make people who can relate or who und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
They cite examples of people being able to listen to and dance to music for hours without getting tired and literature being able to take people to far away, imagined lands inside their heads. Instead of being passive recipients of actions and images, art is intended for people to challenge themselves and work through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
There is debate among researchers as to what types of emotions works of art can elicit; whether these are defined emotions such as anger, confusion or happiness, or a general feeling of aesthetic appreciation. The aesthetic experience seems to be determined by liking or disliking a work of art, placed along a continuum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Pleasure elicited by works of art can also have multiple sources. A number of theories suggest that enjoyment of a work of art is dependent on its comprehensibility or ability to be understood easily. Therefore, when more information about a work of art is provided, such as a title, description, or artist's statement, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Elaborate titles did affect aesthetic responses to the work, suggesting viewers were not creating alternative explanations for the works if an explaining title is given. Descriptive or random titles do not show any of these effects.Furthering the thought that pleasure in art derives from its comprehensibility and proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Knowledge emotions deal with reactions to thinking and feeling, such as interest, confusion, awe, and surprise. They often stem from self-analysis of what the viewer knows, expects, and perceives. This set of emotions also spur actions that motivate further learning and thinking.Emotions are momentary states and differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Surprise completely wipes the brain and body of any other thoughts or functions because everything is focused on the possibility of danger. Interest ties in with curiosity and humans are a curious species. Interest spikes learning and exploration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Confusion goes hand in hand with interest, because when learning something new, it can often be hard to understand, especially if unfamiliar. However, confusion also promotes learning and thinking. Awe is a state of wonder, and it is the deepest of the knowledge emotions as well as very uncommon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Interest in a work of art arises from perceiving the work as new, complex, and unfamiliar, as well as understandable. This dimension is studied most often by aesthetics researchers, and can be equated with aesthetic pleasure or an aesthetic experience. This stage of art experience usually occurs as the viewer understan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Confusion can be viewed as an opposite to interest, and serves as a signal to the self to inform the viewer that they cannot comprehend what they are looking at, and confusion often necessitates a shift in action to remedy the lack of understanding. Confusion is thought to stem from uncertainty, and a lack of one's exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Surprise functions as a disruption of current action to alert a viewer to a significant event. The emotion is centered around the experience of something new and unexpected, and can be elicit by sensory incongruity. Art can elicit surprise when expectations about the work are not met, but the work changes those expecta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Hostile emotions toward art are often very visible in the form of anger or frustration, and can result in censorship, but are less easily described by a continuum of aesthetic pleasure-displeasure. These reactions center around the hostility triad: anger, disgust, and contempt. These emotions often motivate aggression,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Self-conscious emotions are responses that reflect upon the self and one's actions, such as pride, guilt, shame, regret and embarrassment. These are much more complex emotions, and involve assessing events as agreeing with one's self-perception or not, and adjusting one's behavior accordingly. There are numerous instan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Researchers have investigated the experience of the sublime, viewed as similar to aesthetic appreciation, which causes general psychological arousal. The sublime feeling has been connected to a feeling of happiness in response to art, but may be more related to an experience of fear. Researchers have shown that feeling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Another common emotional response is that of chills when viewing a work of art. The feeling is predicted to be related to similar aesthetic experiences such as awe, feeling touched, or absorption. Personality traits along the Big 5 Inventory have been shown to be predictors of a person's experience of aesthetic chills,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
The fact that art is analyzed and experienced differently by those with artistic training and expertise than those who are artistically naive has been shown numerous times. Researchers have tried to understand how experts interact with art so differently from the art naive, as experts tend to like more abstract composi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Due to most art being in museums and galleries, most people have to make deliberate choices to interact with art. Researchers are interested in what types of experiences and emotions people are looking for when going to experience art in a museum. Most people respond that they visit museums to experience 'the pleasure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
Researchers have offered a number of theories to describe emotional responses to art, often aligning with the various theories of the basis of emotions. Authors have argued that the emotional experience is created explicitly by the artist and mimicked in the viewer, or that the emotional experience of art is a by-produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
The appraisal theory of emotions centers on the assumption that it is the evaluation of events, and not the events themselves, that cause emotional experiences. Emotions are then created by different groups of appraisal structures that events are analyzed through. When applied to art, appraisal theories argue that vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion |
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