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Public policy interventions to change or improve the match of workers to employers might be appropriate in such cases. In the United States, following the Great Recession, there was a marked shift in the Beveridge curve. A 2012 International Monetary Fund (IMF) said the shift can be explained in part by "extended unemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveridge_curve |
Speaking in tongues, also known as glossolalia (Greek: γλωσσολαλία), is an activity or practice in which people utter words or speech-like sounds, often thought by believers to be languages unknown to the speaker. One definition used by linguists is the fluid vocalizing of speech-like syllables that lack any readily co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Glossolalia is a borrowing of the Greek: γλωσσολαλία, translit. glossolalía, which is a compound of the Greek: γλῶσσα, translit. glossa, meaning "tongue" or "language" and Greek: λαλέω, translit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
laleō, "to speak, talk, chat, prattle, or to make a sound". The Greek expression (in various forms) appears in the New Testament in the books of Acts and First Corinthians. In Acts 2, the followers of Christ receive the Holy Spirit and speak in the languages of at least fifteen countries or ethnic groups. The exact phr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
In 1972, William J. Samarin, a linguist from the University of Toronto, published a thorough assessment of Pentecostal glossolalia that became a classic work on its linguistic characteristics. His assessment was based on a large sample of glossolalia recorded in public and private Christian meetings in Italy, the Nethe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Each unit is itself made up of syllables, the syllables being formed from consonants and vowels found in a language known to the speaker: It is verbal behaviour that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels ... in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are tak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Felicitas Goodman, a psychological anthropologist and linguist, also found that the speech of glossolalists reflected the patterns of speech of the speaker's native language. These findings were confirmed by Kavan (2004).Samarin found that the resemblance to human language was merely on the surface and so concluded tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Humans use language to communicate but glossolalia does not. Therefore, he concluded that glossolalia is not "a specimen of human language because it is neither internally organized nor systematically related to the world man perceives". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
On the basis of his linguistic analysis, Samarin defined Pentecostal glossolalia as "meaningless but phonologically structured human utterance, believed by the speaker to be a real language but bearing no systematic resemblance to any natural language, living or dead".Felicitas Goodman studied a number of Pentecostal c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
It was a commonplace idea within the Ancient world that divine beings spoke languages different from human languages, and historians of religion have identified references to esoteric speech in Greco-Roman literature that resemble glossolalia, sometimes explained as angelic or divine language. An example is the account... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
12th century – Bernard of Clairvaux explained that speaking tongues be no longer present because there be greater miracles – the transformed lives of believers. 12th century – Hildegard of Bingen is said to have possessed the gift of visions and prophecy and to have been able to speak and write in Latin without having ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
15th century – The Moravians are referred to by detractors as having spoken in tongues. John Roche, a contemporary critic, claimed that the Moravians "commonly broke into some disconnected Jargon, which they often passed upon the vulgar, 'as the exuberant and resistless Evacuations of the Spirit'". 17th century – The F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
These utterances were sometimes accompanied by the gift of interpretation exercised, in Du Bois' experience, by the same person who had spoken in tongues. 17th century – Early Quakers, such as Edward Burrough, make mention of tongues-speaking in their meetings: "We spoke with new tongues, as the Lord gave us utterance,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
1817 – In Germany, Gustav von Below, an aristocratic officer of the Prussian Guard, and his brothers, founded a religious movement based on their estates in Pomerania, which may have included speaking in tongues. 19th century – Edward Irving and the Catholic Apostolic Church. Edward Irving, a minister in the Church of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Irving further stated that "tongues are a great instrument for personal edification, however mysterious it may seem to us". 19th century – The history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), contains extensive references to the practice of speaking in tongues by Brigham Young, Joseph Smith and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Speaking in tongues was recorded in contemporary sources, both hostile and sympathetic to Mormonism, by at least 1830. The practice was soon widespread amongst Mormons, with many rank and file church members believing they were speaking the language of Adam; some of the hostility towards Mormons stemmed from those of o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Many other worship experiences in the Kirtland Temple prior to and after the dedication included references to people speaking and interpreting tongues. In describing the beliefs of the church in the Wentworth letter (1842), Joseph Smith identified a belief of the "gift of tongues" and "interpretation of tongues". The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Young, Smith, and numerous other early leaders frequently cautioned against the public exercise of glossolalia unless there be someone who could exercise the corresponding spiritual gift of interpretation of tongues, so that listeners could be edified by what had been said. Although the Latter-day Saints believe that s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
During the 20th century, glossolalia primarily became associated with Pentecostalism and the later charismatic movement. Preachers in the Holiness Movement preachers Charles Parham and William Seymour are credited as co-founders of the movement. Parham and Seymour taught that "baptism of the Holy Spirit was not the ble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
After studying the Bible, Parham came to the conclusion that speaking in tongues was the Bible evidence that one had received the baptism with the Holy Spirit. In 1900, Parham opened Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kansas, America, where he taught initial evidence, a Charismatic belief about how to initiate the practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
She became the first of many students to experience glossolalia, in the first hours of the 20th century. Parham followed within the next few days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Parham called his new movement the apostolic faith. In 1905, he moved to Houston and opened a Bible school there. One of his students was William Seymour, an African-American preacher. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
In 1906, Seymour traveled to Los Angeles where his preaching ignited the Azusa Street Revival. This revival is considered the birth of the global Pentecostal movement. According to the first issue of William Seymour's newsletter, The Apostolic Faith, from 1906: A Mohammedan, a Soudanese by birth, a man who is an interp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
He identified, interpreted and wrote a number of the languages. Parham and his early followers believed that speaking in tongues was xenoglossia, and some followers traveled to foreign countries and tried to use the gift to share the Gospel with non-English-speaking people. From the time of the Azusa Street revival and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
The majority of Pentecostals and Charismatics consider speaking in tongues to primarily be divine, or the "language of angels", rather than human languages. In the years following the Azusa Street revival Pentecostals who went to the mission field found that they were unable to speak in the language of the local inhabi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
During the 20th century, glossolalia became an important part of the identity of these religious groups. During the 1960s, the charismatic movement within the mainline Protestant churches and among charismatic Roman Catholics adopted some Pentecostal beliefs, and the practice of glossolalia spread to other Christian de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
In Christianity, a supernatural explanation for glossolalia is advocated by some and rejected by others. Proponents of each viewpoint use the biblical writings and historical arguments to support their positions. Glossolalists could, apart from those practicing glossolalia, also mean all those Christians who believe th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Glossolalists claim that these tongues can be both real, unlearned languages (i.e., xenoglossia) as well as a "language of the spirit", a "heavenly language", or perhaps the language of angels. Cessationists believe that all the miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit ceased to occur early in Christian history, and therefo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
These believe that what the New Testament described as "speaking in tongues" was xenoglossia, a miraculous spiritual gift through which the speaker could communicate in natural languages not previously studied. A third position claims that glossolalia does exist, but it is a form of prelest, not the "speaking in tongue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
There are five places in the New Testament where speaking in tongues is referred to explicitly: Mark 16:17 (though this is a disputed text), which records the instructions of Christ to the apostles, including his description that "they will speak with new tongues" as a sign that would follow "them that believe" in him.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Acts 19:6, when a group of approximately a dozen men spoke in tongues in Ephesus as they received the Holy Spirit while the apostle Paul laid his hands upon them. 1 Cor 12, 13, 14, where Paul discusses speaking in "various kinds of tongues" as part of his wider discussion of the gifts of the Spirit; his remarks shed so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
The text further describes that "they were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other languages". It goes on to say in verses 5–11 that when the Apostles spoke, each person in attendance "heard their own language being spoken". Therefore, the gift of speaking in tongues refers to the Apostles' speakin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Glossolalists and cessationists both recognize this as xenoglossia, a miraculous ability that marked their baptism in the Holy Spirit. Something similar (although perhaps not xenoglossia) took place on at least two subsequent occasions, in Caesarea and Ephesus. Glossolalists and cessationists generally agree that the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
At Pentecost the Apostle Peter declared that this gift, which was making some in the audience ridicule the disciples as drunks, be the fulfilment of the prophecy of Joel, which described that God would pour out his Spirit on all flesh (Acts 2:17).Despite these commonalities, there are significant variations in interpre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
While most Protestants agree that baptism in the Holy Spirit is integral to being a Christian, others believe that it is not separable from conversion and no longer marked by glossolalia. Pentecostals appeal to the declaration of the Apostle Peter at Pentecost, that "the gift of the Holy Spirit" was "for you and for yo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
In response to those who say that the baptism in the Holy Spirit be not a separate experience from conversion, Pentecostals appeal to the question asked by the Apostle Paul to the Ephesian believers "Have ye received the Holy Ghost since ye believed?" (Acts 19:2). One gift. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Different aspects of speaking in tongues appear in Acts and 1 Corinthians, such that the Assemblies of God declare that the gift in Acts "is the same in essence as the gift of tongues" in 1 Corinthians "but different in purpose and use". They distinguish between (private) speech in tongues when receiving the gift of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
The same description – "speaking in tongues" – is used in both Acts and 1 Corinthians, and in both cases the speech is in an unlearned language. Direction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
The New Testament describes tongues largely as speech addressed to God, but also as something that can potentially be interpreted into human language, thereby "edifying the hearers" (1 Cor 14:5, 13). At Pentecost and Caesarea the speakers were praising God (Acts 2:11; 10:46). Paul referred to praying, singing praise, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
While some people limit speaking in tongues to speech addressed to God – "prayer or praise", others claim that speaking in tongues be the revelation from God to the church, and when interpreted into human language by those embued with the gift of interpretation of tongues for the benefit of others present, may be consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Musical interludes of glossolalia are sometimes described as singing in the Spirit. Some hold that singing in the Spirit is identified with singing in tongues in 1 Corinthians 14:13–19, which they hold to be "spiritual or spirited singing", as opposed to "communicative or impactive singing" which Paul refers to as "sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Some assume that tongues are "a sign for unbelievers that they might believe", and so advocate it as a means of evangelism. Others point out that Paul quotes Isaiah to show that "when God speaks to people in language they cannot understand, it is quite evidently a sign of God's judgment"; so if unbelievers are baffled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Comprehension. Some say that speaking in tongues was "not understood by the speaker". Others assert that "the tongues-speaker normally understood his own foreign-language message". This last comment seems to have been made by someone confusing the "gift of tongues" with the "gift of the interpretation of tongues" , whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Baptism with the Holy Spirit is regarded by the Holiness Pentecostals as being the third work of grace, following the new birth (first work of grace) and entire sanctification (second work of grace). Holiness Pentecostals teach that this third work of grace is accompanied with glossolalia.Because Pentecostal and charis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
"Praying in the spirit" is typically used to refer to glossolalia as part of personal prayer.Many Pentecostals and charismatics quote Paul's words in 1 Corinthians 14 which established guidelines on the public use of glossolalia in the church at Corinth although the exegesis of this passage and the extent to which thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
In Christian theology, the interpretation of tongues is one of the spiritual gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12. This gift is used in conjunction with that of the gift of tongues – the supernatural ability to speak in a language (tongue) unknown to the speaker. The gift of interpretation is the supernatural enablement to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
While cessationist Christians believe that this miraculous charism has ceased, Charismatic and Pentecostal Christians believe that this gift continues to operate within the church. Much of what is known about this gift was recorded by St. Paul in 1 Corinthians 14. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
In this passage, guidelines for the proper use of the gift of tongues were given. In order for the gift of tongues to be beneficial to the edification of the church, such supernatural utterances were to be interpreted into the language of the gathered Christians. If no one among the gathered Christians possessed the gi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Other religious groups have been observed to practice some form of theopneustic glossolalia. It is perhaps most commonly in Paganism, Shamanism, and other mediumistic religious practices. In Japan, the God Light Association believed that glossolalia could cause adherents to recall past lives.Glossolalia has been postul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Glossolalia is classified as a non-neurogenic language disorder. Most people exhibiting glossolalia do not have a neuropsychiatric disorder.Neuroimaging of brain activity during glossolalia does not show activity in the language areas of the brain. In other words, it may be characterized by a specific brain activity an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
Analysis of glossolalics reveals a pseudo-language that lacks consistent syntax, semantic meaning, usually rhythmic or poetic in nature and is similar to the speaker's native tongue. Samples of glossolalia show a lack of consistency needed for meaningful comparison or translation. It also is not used to communicate bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues |
The meridian 72° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 72nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 108th mer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_meridian_west |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 72nd meridian west passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_meridian_west |
Automatic image annotation (also known as automatic image tagging or linguistic indexing) is the process by which a computer system automatically assigns metadata in the form of captioning or keywords to a digital image. This application of computer vision techniques is used in image retrieval systems to organize and l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation |
The first methods learned the correlations between image features and training annotations, then techniques were developed using machine translation to try to translate the textual vocabulary with the 'visual vocabulary', or clustered regions known as blobs. Work following these efforts have included classification app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation |
The advantages of automatic image annotation versus content-based image retrieval (CBIR) are that queries can be more naturally specified by the user. CBIR generally (at present) requires users to search by image concepts such as color and texture, or finding example queries. Certain image features in example images ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation |
Sharecropping is a legal arrangement with regard to agricultural land in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land. Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Sharecropping has benefits and costs for both the owners and the tenant. Under a sharecropping system, the landowner provided a share of land to be worked by the sharecropper, and usually provided other necessities such as housing, tools, seed, or working animals. Local merchants usually provided food and other supplie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
The cropper used his share to pay off his debt to the merchant. If there was any cash left over, the cropper kept it—but if his share came to less than what he owed, he remained in debt. Farmers who farmed land belonging to others but owned their own mule and plow were called tenant farmers; they owed the landowner a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
In this system, the landowner encourages the cropper to remain on the land, solving the harvest rush problem. Since the cropper pays in shares or portions of his harvest, owners and croppers both share the risks and benefits of harvests being large or small and of prices being high or low. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Because both parties benefit from larger harvests, tenants have an incentive to work harder and invest in better methods than, for example, in a slave plantation system. However, by dividing the working force into many individual workers, large farms do not benefit from economies of scale. Though the arrangement protec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Sociologist Jeffery M. Paige made a distinction between centralized sharecropping found on cotton plantations and the decentralized sharecropping with other crops. The former is characterized by long lasting tenure. Tenants are tied to the landlord through the plantation store. This form of tenure tends to be replaced ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Decentralized sharecropping involves virtually no role for the landlord: plots are scattered, peasants manage their own labor and the landowners do not manufacture the crops. This form of tenure becomes more common when markets penetrate.Some economists have argued that sharecropping is not as exploitative as it is oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
John Heath and Hans P. Binswanger, contend that "evidence from around the world suggests that sharecropping is often a way for differently endowed enterprises to pool resources to mutual benefit, overcoming credit restraints and helping to manage risk. "Sharecropping agreements can be made fairly, as a form of tenant f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Workers can rent plots of land from the owner for a certain sum and keep the whole crop. Workers work on the land and earn a fixed wage from the land owner but keep some of the crop. No money changes hands but the worker and land owner each keep a share of the crop.It also gave sharecroppers a vested interest in the la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
American plantations were, however, wary of this interest, as they felt that would lead to African Americans demanding rights of partnership. Many black laborers denied the unilateral authority that landowners hoped to achieve, further complicating relations between landowners and sharecroppers.Landlords opt for sharec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
The practice was harmful to tenants with many cases of high interest rates, unpredictable harvests, and unscrupulous landlords and merchants often keeping tenant farm families severely indebted. The debt was often compounded year on year leaving the cropper vulnerable to intimidation and shortchanging. Nevertheless, it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
The sharecropper could then draw food and supplies all year long. When the crop was harvested, the planter or merchants who held the lien sold the harvest for the sharecropper and settled the debt. Sharecropping has more than a passing similarity to serfdom or indenture, particularly where associated with large debts a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Historically, sharecropping occurred extensively in Scotland, Ireland and colonial Africa. Use of the sharecropper system has also been identified in England (as the practice of "farming to halves"). It was widely used in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) that followed the American Ci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
In settler colonies of colonial Africa, sharecropping was a feature of the agricultural life. White farmers, who owned most of the land, were frequently unable to work the whole of their farm for lack of capital. They, therefore, had African farmers to work the excess on a sharecropping basis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
In South Africa the 1913 Natives' Land Act outlawed the ownership of land by Africans in areas designated for white ownership and effectively reduced the status of most sharecroppers to tenant farmers and then to farm laborers. In the 1960s, generous subsidies to white farmers meant that most farmers could afford to wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Prior to the Civil War, sharecropping is known to have existed in Mississippi and is believed to have been in place in Tennessee. However, it was not until the economic upheaval caused by the American Civil War and the end of slavery during and after Reconstruction that it became widespread in the South. It is theorize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Many believed that this policy would be extended to all former slaves and their families as repayment for their treatment at the end of the war. In the summer of 1865, President Andrew Johnson, as one of the first acts of Reconstruction, instead ordered all land under federal control be returned to the owners from whom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Many former slaves, now called freedmen, having no land or other assets of their own, needed to work to support their families. A sharecropping system centered on cotton, a major cash crop, developed as a result. Large plantations were subdivided into plots that could be worked by sharecroppers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Initially, sharecroppers in the American South were almost all black former slaves, but eventually cash-strapped indigent white farmers were integrated into the system. During Reconstruction, the federal Freedmen's Bureau ordered the arrangements for freedmen and wrote and enforced their contracts.American sharecropper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Landowners dictated decisions relating to the crop mix, and sharecroppers were often in agreements to sell their portion of the crop back to the landowner, thus being subjected to manipulated prices. In addition to this, landowners, threatening to not renew the lease at the end of the growing season, were able to apply... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
In the Reconstruction Era, sharecropping was one of few options for penniless freedmen to support themselves and their families. Other solutions included the crop-lien system (where the farmer was extended credit for seed and other supplies by the merchant), a rent labor system (where the former slave rents his land bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
It was a stage beyond simple hired labor because the sharecropper had an annual contract. Sharecropping as historically practiced in the American South is considered more economically productive than the gang system of slave plantations, though less efficient than modern agricultural techniques. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Sharecropping continued to be a significant institution in many states for decades following the Civil War. By the early 1930s, there were 5.5 million white tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and mixed cropping/laborers in the United States; and 3 million Blacks. In Tennessee, sharecroppers operated approximately one-third... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
In Mississippi, by 1900, 36% of all white farmers were tenants or sharecroppers, while 85% of black farmers were. In Georgia, fewer than 16,000 farms were operated by black owners in 1910, while, at the same time, African-Americans managed 106,738 farms as tenants. Around this time, sharecroppers began to form unions p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Membership in the Southern Tenant Farmers Union included both blacks and poor whites, who used meetings, protests, and labor strikes to push for better treatment. The success of these actions frightened and enraged landlords, who responded with aggressive tactics. Landless farmers who fought the sharecropping system we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Sharecroppers' strikes in Arkansas and the Missouri Bootheel, the 1939 Missouri Sharecroppers' Strike, were documented in the newsreel Oh Freedom After While. The plight of a sharecropper was addressed in the song Sharecropper's Blues recorded by Charlie Barnet and His Orchestra in 1944.The sharecropping system in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Traditional sharecropping declined after mechanization of farm work became economical beginning in the late 1930s and early 1940s. As a result, many sharecroppers were forced off the farms, and migrated to cities to work in factories, or became migrant workers in the Western United States during World War II. By the en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
About two-thirds of sharecroppers were white, the rest black. Sharecroppers, the poorest of the poor, organized for better conditions. The racially integrated Southern Tenant Farmers Union made gains for sharecroppers in the 1930s. Sharecropping had diminished in the 1940s due to the Great Depression, farm mechanizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
The theory of share tenancy was long dominated by Alfred Marshall's famous footnote in Book VI, Chapter X.14 of Principles where he illustrated the inefficiency of agricultural share-contracting. Steven N.S. Cheung (1969), challenged this view, showing that with sufficient competition and in the absence of transaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
Joseph Stiglitz (1974, 1988), suggested that if share tenancy is only a labor contract, then it is only pairwise-efficient and that land-to-the-tiller reform would improve social efficiency by removing the necessity for labor contracts in the first place. Reid (1973), Murrel (1983), Roumasset (1995) and Allen and Lueck... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecropping |
The New Jersey Folklore Society is an academic organization that formed in an attempt to spread awareness about folklore. The group took trips throughout New Jersey and produced a yearly publication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Folklore_Society |
The New Jersey Folklore Society is a social group that was formally organized in May 1945 at the behest of the New Jersey Council at Rutgers University. During their first few months of operation, they were able to gain affiliation and become a chapter of the American Folklore Society, a larger and more recognized grou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Folklore_Society |
Beck was a minister and scholar who became ordained during the time he led the group at Rutgers University Press. He was an editor for the Camden Courier-Post and writer for the Newark Star-Ledger. At its peak, the organization had roughly fifty members. Beck headed the society until it went dormant and disbanded in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Folklore_Society |
"Folklore News." The Journal of American Folklore, vol. 59, no. 231, 1946, pp. 72–73. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Folklore_Society |
"Folklore News." The Journal of American Folklore, vol. 63, no. 250, 1950, pp. 470–471. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Folklore_Society |
United Kingdom enterprise law concerns the ownership and regulation of organisations producing goods and services in the UK, European and international economy. Private enterprises are usually incorporated under the Companies Act 2006, regulated by company law, competition law, and insolvency law, while almost one thir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Universities and schools have traditionally been publicly established, and socially regulated, to ensure universal education. The National Health Service was set up in 1946 to provide everyone with free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by progressive taxation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The UK government controls monetary policy and regulates private banking through the publicly owned Bank of England, to complement its fiscal policy. Taxation and spending composes nearly half of total economic activity, but this has diminished since 1979. Since 1980, a large segment of UK enterprise was privatised, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Since the Climate Change Act 2008, the modern UK economy has increasingly been powered by renewable energy, but still depends disproportionately on oil, gas and coal. Energy governance is framed by statutes including the Petroleum Act 1998 and the Electricity Act 1989, which enable government to use its licensing power... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The Water Industry Act 1991 regulates drinking and sewerage infrastructure, overseen by Ofwat. The Railways Act 1993, the Transport Act 1985 or the Road Traffic Act 1988, under the Office of Rail and Road, govern the majority of land transport. Rail and bus passengers are entitled to adequate services, and have limited... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
A growing number of bus, energy and water enterprises have been put back into public hands, while in London and Scotland, railways may be wholly publicly run. While, post, telephones and television were the major channels for communication and media in the 20th century, 21st century communications networks have increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Aristotle, Plato, Roman law and the societas Otto von Gierke Magna Carta and Lex Mercatoria Sidney Webb House of Medici, Medici Bank, Pope Leo X (1513–1521), Pope Clement VII (1523–1534), Pope Leo XI (1605) Sir Thomas More, Utopia (1535) and John Locke (1689) Bank of England South Sea Company Port of London Act 1908 Na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
While the 20th century had seen swings from nationalisation and re-privatisation, a general law of enterprise developed where private ownership and markets were generally thought to work by themselves. On top of ordinary principles of commercial law, based on contract, property, tort, and trusts, four main fields of la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Equity investment mostly derives from people saving for retirement in mutual funds, life insurance and pensions. Second, UK labour law structures the rights of employees and their representative unions against the management of an enterprise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
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