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By 1944, there were over 1000 water suppliers in England and Wales, though 26 supplied half, and 97 a further quarter of total volume. The Water Act 1945 organised a national water supply policy, before the Water Act 1973 finally organised ten regional water authorities for England and Wales, and additional authorities... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Scottish Water, after a public campaign remained publicly owned, and as a result has maintained significantly lower prices than in England and Wales. Only around 10 per cent of water companies around the world are privatised, tending to be less efficient and more expensive. The publicly owned Scottish Water is appointe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
By contrast, in England and Wales, each company board is typically accountable to shareholders, mostly asset managers, under the Companies Act 2006. While both UK and EU law is clear that water companies, even if privatised, still are public bodies, these companies pursue shareholder profit, only restricted by regulati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Ofwat licences companies (known as water "undertakers") to operate water and sewer services with "instruments of appointment", and can impose various conditions. Licences usually last 25 years but can be terminated on 10 years notice by government. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Because of public outcry over rising prices, the government tried to construct more competition, with the Water Act 2014 requiring suppliers can access or pump water through other providers' pipes, for a reasonable cost, so that consumers might choose their company. In Scotland, it was thought this kind of competition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
This has followed the formula of RPI – X + K, where prices should rise no more than the retail price index of inflation, reduced by efficiency savings (X), but allowing for capital investment (K). This means prices could be fixed down or go up. Companies must publicise an annual charging scheme approved by Ofwat, while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Companies can appeal to the Competition and Markets Authority for disputes over access and price caps, while Ofwat can refer companies to the CMA for breaches of conditions. After unacceptable experience of people being disconnected by private companies for non-payment, new regulations introduced exemptions for vulnera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
UK water quality is generally high, since large new investments were made following the EU Drinking Water Quality Directive 1998, requiring water is "wholesome and clean". Ofwat is required to issue enforcement orders under the Water Industry Act 1991 section 18 to uphold drinking quality standards, rather than being c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
There are further standards for water companies to keep up water pressure in pipes, respond quickly to letters, phone calls and keep appointments, restore supply and provide water in emergencies, and stop sewer flooding or compensate up to £1000. Finally, the Consumer Council for Water is meant to hear complaints and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In principle, a water authority used to be strictly liable for damage it caused. However, more recently water company liability particularly for sewerage leaks has not appeared to as a sufficient deterrent. In R v Anglian Water Services Ltd the Court of Appeal held that fines for pollution should always be set to ensur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In Marcic v Thames Water plc the House of Lords held that Thames Water plc was not liable in nuisance, or for breach of a homeowner's right to property, as sewerage repeatedly overflowed residents' gardens. According to Lord Hoffmann, the owners had to use statutory mechanisms to secure accountability rather than suing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Agriculture Act 2020 and Common Agricultural Policy National Trust Common land Erection of Cottages Act 1588 Inclosure Acts Commons Registration Act 1965 (and The common land and commoners of Ashdown Forest) Agricultural Holdings Act 1948 and Agricultural Holdings Act 1986 (c 5)AirSmoke Nuisance Abatement (Metropolis) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 Housing Act 1919, homes fit for heroes Housing Act 1930 New Towns Act 1946 Town and Country Planning Act 1947 Housing Act 1980 right to buy scheme copied Horace Cutler's policy in the GLC, see also Estmanco Ltd v GLC Town and Country Planning Act 1990 Housing Act 1996 Affordabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
As the home of the industrial revolution, and a densely populated country, the UK's transport networks are among the world's oldest and most used. Roman roads in Britain are still major thoroughfares. From medieval times, highways were maintained through turnpike trusts, a system of parish and toll funded roads. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
While the British Empire developed as a maritime power abroad, canals were built in the early industrial revolution to transport large volumes of goods. With steam engine technology, railway construction spread, and then boomed from 1840. Private investors built railways with huge subsidies from Parliament, granting pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Under the Transport Act 1947, the government nationalised British Rail. Yet in the post-war period, more people were encouraged to buy cars, and more goods transportation shifted into trucking. Commercial aviation also developed rapidly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
British Rail was privatised once more after the Railways Act 1993 was put into effect in 1996, as again more people switched away from over-crowded roads to trains. The need to eliminate fossil fuels in accordance with the Climate Change Act 2008 means more trains have been electrified, and electric motor vehicles are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The chair and four other members is appointed by the Secretary of State for up to five-year terms, and can be dismissed for a good reason. Although it exercises no direct control, under the Railways Act 1993 section 4 the ORR has a long list of duties, including to improve railway service performance in the interest of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Each must have separate accounts and member states are obliged to run railways "at the lowest possible cost for the quality of service required", although in practice this enables huge variety and ownership structures around different countries. In the UK, infrastructure is managed by Network Rail. It was originally pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
However, after the Hatfield train crash in 2000 which killed 4 people and injured 70, and the Potters Bar crash in 2001 which killed 7 and injured 76, it was forced into insolvent administration and the government took rail infrastructure back into public ownership. In Weir v Secretary of State for Transport a group of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v SS for Transport a group of people opposed to the High Speed Rail 2 project argued it failed the consultation standards in the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2011, because there was a party whipped vote in Parliament for its approval. The Supreme Court rejected the claim, bec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In Great North Eastern Railway Ltd v Office of Rail Regulation, GNER sued the Office of Rail Regulation as other operators were not given a fixed charge for track access, but a charge varying with the number of passengers. It argued this was unlawful discrimination and state aid, but Sullivan J held the ORR had a broad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Most controversially, the Railways Act 1993 section 25 prohibits any government body or government-appointed corporation from becoming a rail franchise in England and Wales. The government-owned rail operators of France, the Netherlands, or Germany all run trains in the UK. But the UK government is the only one in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In 2016, Scotland was empowered to make Scottish trains public again, and as of 2017 the same policy was supported by a large majority of the UK public.Different rules apply to Transport for London, where the most controversial policies have surrounded the cost of Public Private Partnerships. The Greater London Authori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In 2008, one of the two main companies responsible for tube upgrades, Metronet went into administration with an estimated cost of £410m. Passengers have a number of rights codified in law, but little direct voice in the running of their services. The Office of Rail and Road can set any conditions in licences, including... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
But although there can be regulatory price caps, UK train prices have risen consistently every year, usually beyond inflation. By contrast, in London where the Mayor has control, fares have been consistently low when Labour mayors have been elected, although rising when a Conservative mayor was elected. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The EU Passenger Rights Regulation 2007 contains a host of other legal rights against train companies. Passengers have a right to take bicycles on trains if not too crowded, must have proper information on tickets, must be able to make reservations, and must receive minimum compensation for long delays. Service standar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
So, in R (Save Our Railways) v Director of Passenger Rail Franchising a passenger group argued that the Regulator unlawfully allowed a reduction in services in rural areas in its franchises. The Court of Appeal accepted the group's right to review, but referred the question back to the Regulator for reconsideration. Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Communication between people is fundamental to democracy and human society. The rights to freedom of thought, expression, and freedom of the media are universal human rights, and everyone has a right against "arbitrary interference" with their "privacy", and to protection of one's "home or correspondence". Communicatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
However, a process of liberalisation, and then privatisation, took place between 1981 and 1984. Today, the Communications Act 2003 governs the infrastructure of the internet and other telecommunications, underpinned by four main Directives in EU law. Under the Communications Act 2003 section 3, the Office of Communicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
It is also subject to directions by the Secretary of State. Under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 section 2 another one of Ofcom's main duties is to publish a "UK Plan for Frequency Authorisation", for how wireless telegraphy frequencies are allocated, and should reflect current and future demand, promote efficient us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Practically, the prices that telecommunications companies charge are one of the most important factors on which Ofcom can set conditions. First, considerable revenue is raised by setting licence prices. In EE Ltd v Office of Communications the Secretary of State issued a direction to Ofcom to charge full market value f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
However, the company EE Ltd successfully claimed that in doing so, Ofcom failed to consider all its duties on promoting competition, being objective, transparent and proportionate before following the Secretary of State's direction, and would have to decide again. Ofcom can also cap prices where a provider has "signifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Lord Sumption held Ofcom did not adequately show that price BT's rises damaged the consumer interest. Though Ofcom can control prices, it also has a duty to make companies compete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The Enterprise Act 2002 section 131 enables Ofcom to make references to the Competition Commission if it suspects "features of a market... distorts competition in connection with the supply or acquisition" of communication products". This mirrors standards in EU law, particularly from TFEU article 102 on dominant under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
With this in mind, under section 154 Ofcom can also accept undertakings from firms to change their business. This occurred in 2005, when BT gave an undertaking to separate its network, now called Openreach, from its wholesale and retail services, and provide other companies equal access to its own. Equal treatment can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In France Telecom SA v Commission the Commission found that France Telecom's subsidiary "Wanadoo Interactive" was engaging in predatory pricing (setting prices deliberately low, sustained by France Telecom's other divisions) to drive out competitors. The Court of Justice rejected there was any need to show that France ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The Court of Justice held that Deutsche Telekom has "squeezed the margins" (between wholesale and retail) of its competitors enough to be an abuse, and once those figures were proven, it was unnecessary to engage in some detailed economic analysis of competition's effects. Similarly in Telefónica SA v Commission the Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The test is whether a hypothetical competitor working as efficiently as the incumbent could compete. In the UK, TalkTalk Telecom Group Plc v Ofcom held that Ofcom imposing charge controls on BT under the Communications Act 2003 section 86 was legitimate, as BT had over 70 per cent of the local exchange market. The Cour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
However, in Vodafone Ltd v British Telecommunications Plc, the Court of Appeal held that if price controls (capping and reducing Vodafone's charges for wholesale mobile calls for four years) were appealed, the Competition Appeal Tribunal had no power to instruct Ofcom about replacement prices: Ofcom's decision if void,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Practically important across the EU, the Roaming Regulation 2012 required reduction and elimination of charges for phone calls and text messages when abroad by June 2017. In R (Vodafone Ltd) v SS for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, Vodafone attempted to argue this was unlawful under (what is now) the TFEU b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Both telecommunications infrastructure, and the electro-magnetic spectrum, is used for broadcasting of radio, television, and all forms of web media. The British Broadcasting Corporation is the UK's largest and oldest broadcast media firm, and in substance competes with print media (through news.bbc.co.uk), radio, tele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In practice, the BBC's independence from government is achieved through its governance structure. The BBC's Board has a maximum of fourteen members, and while the chair and four nation representatives are appointed by an Order in Council (effectively by the prime minister), the other nine executive members, including t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Article 35 does require "suitable arrangements" to "consult BBC staff on all matters affecting the interests of those staff". But there is, however, not yet direct representation of staff or licence-fee payers in BBC (or other media organisation) governance. Ofcom licenses all broadcasters in radio and TV (but not on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Local authorities are explicitly empowered to provide broadcasting. Ofcom can also review media ownership, and the law restricts licensing of broadcasters if they run a national newspaper with a market share over 20 per cent, over a 6-month period. If licensees breach a duty of accuracy, Ofcom may require a broadcaster... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Licences can also be revoked. Under the Communications Act 2003 section 319, broadcast standards require protection of children, no material that could incite crime, due impartiality, accuracy, no "offensive and harmful material", restriction on political advertising, any ads that are "misleading, harmful or offensive"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
There are further requirements to stop party political advertisements, except under fairly allocated time. As an example of decency and offensiveness standards, in R (Gaunt) v Ofcom the Court of Appeal held that Ofcom was fully justified in finding that a right-wing commentator called Jon Gaunt on Talksport had breache... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Talksport fired Gaunt summarily, before 53 complaints were made to Ofcom, which issued a censure. Gaunt argued the censure breached his ostensible right to freedom of expression under ECHR article 10, but Lord Neuberger MR rejected the claim because the programme's purpose seemed to any reasonable viewer to be no more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
He rejected claims that Ofcom's process was "biased" or that the financial penalties were disproportionate, noting that Ofcom had not gone further and revoked the broadcaster's licence. Despite the common social standards applicable to broadcast media, standards have not been enforced on internet corporations with domi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The Electronic Commerce Directive 2000, implemented by the UK Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002 (to some extent following analogues in the United States) an "information society service" that hosts information is "not liable for information stored" if the provider "does not have actual knowledge of illegal activity.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In light of growing problems with hate speech, harassment, fake news, bots and interference with democracy, the question is whether these exemptions apply to major news networks. In one of the first cases, CG v Facebook Ireland Ltd the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal held that Facebook breached a duty to promptly remo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Wikimedia. Wikipedia, WP:Administration. WP:Sock puppetry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
WP:No personal attacks. WP:Neutral. Facebook, Statement of Rights and Responsibilities (2015) cf 2009–2012 ‘system of governance’. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
10-K filing YouTube, Terms of Service (9 Jun 2010). Alphabet Inc (i.e. Google), Bylaws and Certificate (2015). 10-K filing Twitter, Terms of Service, Rules, and Privacy Policy (30 Sep 2016). 10-K filing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
MarketplacesSouthwark Market Act 1755 Covent Garden Act 1813 Petticoat Lane Market Act 1936 Ipswich Market Act 2004 Supermarkets Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda, Waitrose, M&S, Lidl, Aldi London Stock ExchangeOnline market placesAmazon Inc, EBay Google Ads Facebook StudiVZ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
MilitaryMinistry of Defence (United Kingdom) BAE Systems Reserve Forces Act 1996 (c 14) Armed Forces Act 2006 and Armed Forces Act 2016 List of countries by level of military equipment National Enterprise Board 1975, a State holding company for full or partial ownership of industrial undertakings British Steel Corporat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Fiscal policy, the administration of taxation and public spending, is together with regulation the key determinant of which enterprises operate, and to what extent. Since the Bill of Rights 1689 secured the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown, the "levying Money for or to the Use of the Crowne by pretence of Preroga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Since 1714, the government's finances were transferred from what was the Lord High Treasurer to a board of commissioners including the First Lord of the Treasury (i.e. the Prime Minister), the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the junior Lords of the Treasury (i.e. assistant government whips in the Commons). As a depart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The Treasury also has a duty to prepare a "Charter for Budget Responsibility" that is laid before Parliament and sets out the "formulation and implementation of fiscal policy and policy for the management of the National Debt". The Treasury has to prepare a financial statement and budget report for each financial year"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The government also has a National Loans Fund for borrowing, which the Consolidated Fund draws upon to maintain a daily balance of zero, a Contingency Fund for emergency spending, and the Treasury maintains an Exchange Equalisation Account for trading foreign currency, gold, and special drawing rights with the Internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The main sources of revenue for the government are taxes on labour, capital, trade in goods and services, and land, although the balance of these has shifted considerably in recent decades. Taxes on income have been increased for lower and middle earners and reduced for higher earners, corporation tax has been cut, val... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
In 2020, there was no tax charged on the first £12,500 of income each year (the personal allowance), 20% income tax up to £50,000, 40% up to £150,000, and 45% over £150,000. While there are several categories, the main National Insurance rates paid by employees are 12% for earnings between £166.01 and £962 each week, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
This means that, although National Insurance operates in the same way as a tax, it is regressive. Second, the rates for income tax on income from dividends from shares is lower than for employment income, standing at 7.5% for the basic rate, 32.5% for the higher rate, and 38.1% for the additional rate. This is mirrored... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
For corporate profits, the main rate of tax is 19% in 2020. This has been reduced from 28% since 2010, and from at 52% in 1982 with a lower rate of 38% for small companies. Under the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992 an additional tax on capital gains is charged at 18% for residential property, and 10% for other as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Third, the rate of Value Added Tax stands at 20% in 2020, after being increased from 17.5% in 2010, from 15% in 1991, and from 8% in 1979. Fourth, there are two taxes payable on land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Council Tax is charged on residential properties according to their value in 1993 for residents or owners. Business rates are charged on business properties based on a rating last done in 2015. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
Overall the shifts in taxation have become more regressive, enabling the wealthiest to pay the least, and making the poor pay more.Government spending is set out each year in the UK government budget. Most money goes to pensions, unemployment insurance, social care, the National Health Service and education. Proportion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
A considerable proportion goes to military spending and paying off the national debt, which primarily means profits for international banks that lend the UK government money. In the March 2020, the government planned large increases in transport, communication infrastructure and housing spending, as well as more nurses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
A Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) Bk I, ch 8, Bk V, ch 1 §§69–129 JS Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1848) Book IV, ch VI and Book V, ch XI, §11 K Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867) vol I, chs 13, 32 and 33 and vol III, ch 27 S Webb and B Webb, Indu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_enterprise_law |
The Millennium Cohort Study is an ongoing longitudinal cohort study headquartered at the Naval Health Research Center in San Diego, California and designed to evaluate any long-term health effects of military service, including deployments. It is the largest population-based prospective health project in US military hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study_(United_States) |
After the 1991 Gulf War, the United States Department of Defense recognized the need to collect prospective exposure and health information that may be associated with the long-term health of service members . The Millennium Cohort Study was designed to address that need. Pilot studies were conducted in 2000; by mid-20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study_(United_States) |
The most methodologically rigorous epidemiological study on American military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan is funded by the US Department of Defense, and supported by military, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and civilian researchers. Over 200,000 military personnel are members of the cohort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study_(United_States) |
Prospective data analyses are underway to assess health outcomes including Suicide, Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, hypertension, respiratory symptoms and illness, immune responses, chronic multi-symptom illness, CHD and CVD, and modifiable health behaviors such as smoking, alcohol use, sleep, and physical a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study_(United_States) |
In 2011 the Millennium Cohort Study was expanded to include 10,000 spouses of Millennium Cohort members. The substudy, The Millennium Cohort Family Study's goal is to gain a more complete understanding of the military experience and its resultant impact on the health and well-being of service members and their families... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study_(United_States) |
Invited participants will receive an email to their Department of Defense (DoD)-registered email address. The new members will be asked to complete a confidential online survey asking for input on their individual experiences in the military. They will also be asked to participate in follow-up surveys through their mil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Cohort_Study_(United_States) |
A concept-driven strategy is a process for formulating strategy that draws on the explanation of how humans inquire provided by linguistic pragmatic philosophy. This argues that thinking starts by selecting (explicitly or implicitly) a set of concepts (frames, patterns, lens, principles, etc.) gained from our past expe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
A University might set its strategy as intending to be Ranked, Problem Solving, Online, Equis, and Offering Pathways. A commercial corporation might set its strategy as intending to be Innovative, Global, Have Visible Supply Chains, Agile and Market Share Dominant. These strategic concepts make up its Statement of Inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Much of the strategic management literature mutates Peter Drucker's call for corporations to start the strategic management process by producing a statement of purpose, mission and objectives. This has been mutated into a call to start with a vision, mission and objectives statement. There is an alternative approach wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
That is, it was going to use the concept of 'customer creation' to coordinate and organise the cognition or mindset of those that worked for the organisation. This was why the corporation existed. Having one concept is now thought to be insufficient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
George Armitage Miller's modified The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two and dialectic suggests a handful of concepts under tension would be preferable. The Statement of Purpose, Statement of Intent or concept-driven approach to strategy formulation therefore focuses on setting and enacting a set strategic concept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Linguistic pragmatism argues that our prior conceptions interpret our perception (sensory inputs). These conceptions are represented by concepts like running, smiling, justice, reasoning and agility. They are patterns of activity, experienced in our past and remembered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
They can be named by those with language and so shared.Bagginni explains pragmatic concepts using the classic example of whether the earth is flat or round. "...if we treat the world as if these concepts do exist then we find we can manipulate the world and make things work much better. The point about this is that you... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
What is useful is not just on our whim to choose. a better concept for looking at the world because it works much better than others. You don't have to worry, as some British philosophers have thought that if you go down the pragmatic route that you might believe the world is flat because . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Ultimately it isn't useful to believe that the world is flat. All sorts of things won't work if you construct your view in that way. These concepts are tools for helping us manipulate the world and some work better than others." Another example would be that we can think of the war in Iraq differently by reflecting off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
The steps to formulating a participatory concept-driven strategy are: Select who the strategy is for exactly, and what exactly is their problem. Reflect on significant events in the past that have impacted on the organisation (past experience matters) Identify all stakeholders including suppliers, competitors, staff, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
For example, one cluster of statements might be about innovation, another about becoming more international. Reflect on the possible paradoxical consequences of enacting these strategic concepts Draft a one-page 'Statement of Intent' which says the organisation intends to become more like the five or so strategic conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
These should be both organisational change actions and investment projects, with goals and milestones. Communicate the 'Statement of Intent' and 'Action Plans' to stakeholders as appropriate. Get senior staffs' comments, performance measures, selection criteria and decision criteria to reflect the 'Statement of Intent'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Concept-driven strategy is the name given to a number of similar strategic thinking approaches. Generally, the term 'concept-driven' is used to encourage a focus on the 'concepts' being used. See Concept learning or Management Concepts.Some organisations produce a 'statement of intent' with little thought as to the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Some organisations produce a 'strategic principles' statement which again is similar to a statement of intent and the same applies about the concepts approach offering a philosophical basis. The term 'strategic priorities' or 'strategic values' are often used in the same way as strategic principles. The literature abou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Sometimes, purpose refers to present actions and intent to future ones. If purpose is expressed as a set of concepts, then the concepts approach again provides some philosophical basis. There is a connection between 'systems thinking' and concept-driven strategy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
The Churchman/Ackoff stream of systems thinking was interested in a developing generic system of concepts for thinking about problems. Rather than a generic set of concepts, the concept-driven approach uses whatever concepts stakeholders think work best for the future of their organisation. There is a military planning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
The military-like leadership seems to have moved the concepts from being drivers to be leaders. There seems to be very little difference otherwise. In turbulent environments, concepts are thought 'more flexible than objectives' (goals, targets) as they provide why certain actions are preferable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
The purpose and intent literature likes to distinguish itself from the objectives literature by saying purpose and intent provide the reasons for (why change), the driver for change. Objectives are where you end up. In complex dynamic situations, there may be many acceptable end points, many of which cannot be anticipa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Arguably the only objective is to survive. How is explained in the statement of intent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Perhaps strangely, there is a connection between 'metaphor', metaphoric criticism, or conceptual metaphor and concept-driven strategy. Pragmatic concepts are not images but most concepts relate to metaphors. For example, to say an organisation is like a machine, with cogs, or like an adaptive organism, is to use the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
Much of what has been written about the usefulness of metaphors in planning applies to concepts.The term 'strategic frames' is not common given the extensive literature on frame analysis but frames and pragmatic concepts seem to be very similar. Amos Tversky defines a frame as a conception of outcomes. The system of st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept-driven_strategy |
The Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal covering pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacy practice, clinical pharmacy, and pharmacy education. It is published by the Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 0.501. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research |
The CPF, or consumption–possibility frontier, is the budget constraint where participants in international trade can consume. Under autarky this constraint is identical to the production–possibility frontier. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption–possibility_frontier |
CodeSignal is a technical interview and assessment platform operated by American company BrainFights, Inc. It was founded in 2014 and headquartered in San Francisco. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeSignal |
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