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Gecekondu is a Turkish word meaning a house put up quickly without proper permissions, a squatter's house, and by extension, a shanty or shack. From the 1960s onwards, these settlements have provided a means of housing for poor workers and new migrants arriving in cities such as Ankara and Istanbul. : 89 From the 1980s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squatters in Malaysia live on both privately owned and government-owned land. Some squatters have lived on land owned by national electricity company Tenaga Nasional for over five decades.Squatters in Indonesia live on both privately owned and government-owned land. For example, the former Kalisosok Prison in Surabaya ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In the early 2000s, the government estimated that 37% of the population lived in low-income urban communities, over half of which were squatting public land or renting precariously. The National Housing Authority stated over 100,000 families were living under threat of immediate eviction. : 26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In China, informal settlements are known as urban villages. Squatter settlements occurred in Hong Kong in 1946, after its wartime occupation by Japan. After 700,000 people migrated from mainland China to Hong Kong between 1949 and 1950; the squatter population was estimated at 300,000, with people sleeping wherever the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Mumbai there are an estimated 10 to 12 million inhabitants, and six million of them are squatters. The squatters live in a variety of ways. Some possess two- or three-story homes built out of brick and concrete which they have inhabited for years. Geeta Nagar is a squatter village based beside the Indian Navy compou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squatter Colony in Malad East has existed since 1962, and now, people living there pay a rent to the city council of 100 rupees a month. Dharavi is a community of one million squatters. The stores and factories situated there are mainly illegal and so are unregulated, but it is suggested that they do over $1 million in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Activists such as Jockin Arputham, Prema Gopalan and Sheela Patel are working for better living conditions for slum dwellers, through organisations such as Mahila Milan and Slum Dwellers International. In the 2016 Mathura clash, members of Azad Bharat Vidhik Vaicharik Kranti Satyagrahi (Free India Legal Ideas Revolutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
After World War II many people were left homeless in the Philippines and they built makeshift houses called "barong-barong" on abandoned private land. The first mass eviction on record in Manila was 1951 and the largest was in late 1963 and early 1964 when 90,000 people were displaced. : 43 By 1978, there were estimate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The sites were not prepared well, and moved people far away from their employment and social networks. : 45 Projects included the former Smokey Mountain landfill at Tondo, Taguig (BLISS Housing Project), and Rodriguez, Rizal. Philippine law distinguishes between squatters who squat because of poverty and those who squa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In 1982, Imelda Marcos referred to the latter group as "professional squatters plain land-grabbers taking advantage of the compassionate society". : 46 Philippines-based media and journalists refer to squatters as "informal settlers". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The Community Mortgage Program was set up in 1992, aiming to help low-income families transition from squatting to affordable housing. By 2001, around 106,000 families had found secure housing in over 800 separate communities. : 54 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The trajectory of squatting in central and eastern Europe is very different from that of western Europe because, until recently, countries were part of the Communist Bloc and squatting is generally not tolerated. The first public squat in Romania was Carol 53 in Bucharest, occupied in 2012 by artists. This was a contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squatters in Centro 73, Moldova's first squatted, self-managed social centre, attempted to prevent the historical building's demolition, but were quickly evicted and given another building for art events. The oldest squat in Poland, Rozbrat, was founded in 1994 through the occupation of a former paint factory in Poznań... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Slovenia, the capital Ljubljana has an occupied former military barracks called Metelkova and the recently evicted former bicycle factory called Rog. Croatia has social centres such as the former Karlo Rojc barracks in Pula and (AKC) Medika in Zagreb. In Serbia, however, the tradition is more for Roma people to occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
A large Roma informal settlement called Cardboard city was evicted in 2009.In 1980s Soviet Russia, there was a practice used by artists and musicians to acquire communal rooms and then expand into other rooms. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there were many collectively organised housing occupations by f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
There were also art squats, for example, in Saint Petersburg, there were Pushkinskaya 10, Na Fontanke and Synovia doktora Pelia. In the early 1990s, the Government of Moscow prepared to renovate buildings, but then ran out of money, meaning that squatters occupied prime real estate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
By 1996, 40 per cent of Tverskaya Street was rented illegally or squatted.Squatting in the Czech Republic began in its modern form when anarchist and punk activists inspired by squatting movements in Amsterdam and Berlin occupied derelict houses following the 1989 Velvet Revolution. Ladronka (1993–2000) became internat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Its longevity was in part due to the building not existing in the cadastre. Klinika was an occupied social centre between 2014 and 2019. These three social centres, all in Prague, were the city's three most important political squats.Starting from December 2012, Greek Police initiated extensive raids in a number of squ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squats including Villa Amalia were evicted. A march in support of the 92 arrestees drew between 3,000 and 8,000 people. After Villa Amalia, Villa Skaramanga and then Villa Lela Karagianni were evicted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Lela Karagianni had been squatted since 1998 and was later reoccupied. The name came from the street, named for a Greek World War II resistance leader of that name. From 2015 onwards Athens has seen refugee squats in response to the European migrant crisis which are anarchist and self-organised. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In 2019, several squats in Exarcheia were evicted by the Greek state. Some of the migrants evicted set up a camp outside the Parliament at Syntagma Square.There was a large squatting movement in the newly formed state of Austria following the First World War. Famine was a significant problem for many people in Austria ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In many West European countries, since the 1960s and 1970s, there are both squatted houses used as residences and self-managed social centres where people pursue social and cultural activities.In Belgium, the village of Doel was slowly occupied by squatters and used by street artists after becoming a ghost village when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
A flashpoint came in 1986 with the Battle of Ryesgade. Another flashpoint came in 2007 when Ungdomshuset was evicted. While not technically a squat until 14 December 2006, it was a social centre used by squatters and people involved in alternative culture more generally. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
After a year of protests, the city council donated a new building.In early twentieth century France, several artists who would later become world-famous, such as Guillaume Apollinaire, Amedeo Modigliani and Pablo Picasso squatted at the Bateau-Lavoir, in Montmartre, Paris. Paris moved to legitimize some popular artist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In the 2010s there have been several land squats protesting against large infrastructure projects. These are known collectively as Zone to Defend or ZAD (French: zone à défendre). The first and largest was the ZAD de Notre-Dame-des-Landes, which successfully opposed an airport project near Nantes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Geneva in Switzerland had 160 buildings illegally occupied and more than 2,000 squatters, in the middle of the 1990s. The RHINO (Retour des Habitants dans les Immeubles Non-Occupés, in English: Return of Inhabitants to Non-Occupied Buildings) was a 19-year-long squat in Geneva. It occupied two buildings on the Boulevar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The RHINO organisation often faced legal troubles, and Geneva police evicted the inhabitants on July 23, 2007. There were large riots in Zürich when the Binz occupation was evicted in 2013. The squatters moved to another building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
During the public opposition in the 1970s, squatting in West German cities led to what Margit Mayer termed "a self-confident urban counterculture with its own infrastructure of newspapers, self-managed collectives and housing cooperatives, feminist groups, and so on, which was prepared to intervene in local and broader... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Well-known contemporary squats include Køpi in Berlin and Rote Flora in Hamburg. Legalised housing projects include Hafenstraße in Hamburg and Kiefernstraße in Düsseldorf. The Mietshäuser Syndikat was founded in 1992 by people who had been squatting in Freiburg im Breisgau in the 1980s to provide a way of transforming ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squatters moved into the former factory site of J.A. Topf & Söhne in Erfurt in April 2001 and remained there until they were evicted by police in April 2009. The firm made crematoria for Nazi concentration camps. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The squatters ran culture programs which drew attention to the history of the company. The occupation was known simply as Das Besetzte Haus (the occupied house) and was one of the most well known actions of left-radicals of that period in Germany. A book about the occupation was published in 2012, entitled Topf & Söhne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland, there is a small tradition of squatting. In 1919, anarchists occupied a building and were quickly evicted. Squatters occupied an empty house in downtown Reykjavík on Vatnsstigur street in April 2009. The squatters set up a freeshop and had plans for a social centre, but the occupat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Vatnsstigur 4 was briefly resquatted on May 7, 2009, in solidarity with the Rozbrat squat in Poland, which was threatened with eviction. Also in 2009, a group of graffiti artists called the Pretty Boys occupied Hverfisgata 34. Their intention was to make a clandestine gallery and then when they were not evicted, they l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The Dublin Housing Action Committee (DHAC) was active between 1968 and 1971, occupying buildings to protest the housing crisis. The Prohibition of Forcible Entry and Occupation Act of 1971 criminalized squatting. Squatters can gain title to land and property by adverse possession as governed by the 1957 Statute of Limi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Italy, despite the lack of official data, it appears that about 50,000 buildings all over the country are unused or abandoned and thus subject to squatting. Squatting has no legal basis, but many squats are used as social centres. The first occupations of abandoned buildings began in 1968 with the left-wing movement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
These squats had Marxist–Leninist (but also Stalinist and Maoist) ideals and came from the left wing of Autonomia. The militants of the Italian armed struggle (the New Red Brigades) were connected to these squats. There are many left-wing self-organised occupied projects across Italy such as Cascina Torchiera and Centr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The Dutch use the term krakers to refer to people who squat houses with the aim of living in them (as opposed to people who break into buildings for the purpose of vandalism or theft). Notable squats in cities around the country include ACU and Moira in Utrecht, the Poortgebouw in Rotterdam, OCCII, OT301 and Vrankrijk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Following legal challenges, on October 28, 2011, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands decided that the eviction of a squat can only occur after an intervention of a judge. The Dutch government assessed the effectiveness of the new law in 2015, releasing a report giving statistics on arrests and convictions between Octo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Francoist Spain migrant workers lived in slums on the periphery of cities. After the Spanish transition to democracy, residential squatting occurred in Spanish cities such as Barcelona, Bilbao, Madrid, Valencia and Zaragoza. The number of squatted social centres in Barcelona grew from under thirty in the 1990s to ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Another long-running squat is Can Masdeu, which survived a concerted eviction attempt in 2002. Eleven occupiers suspended themselves off the walls of the building for several days. : 114 Younger squatters set up self-managed social centres which hosted events and campaigns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The 1995 Criminal Code among other things criminalised squatting, but failed to stop it. Social centres exist in cities across the country, for example Can Masdeu and Can Vies in Barcelona and Eskalera Karakola and La Ingobernable in Madrid. In the Basque Country the centres are known as gaztetxes. A well-known example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squatting has a long history in England. The occupation and cultivation of untended land motivated the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and the Diggers in the 17th century. In the 20th century, squatters turned to abandoned buildings. Mass squats were organised in a number of prominent public buildings in central London, culmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The London Street Commune or "Hippydilly" garnered worldwide attention. There were estimated to be 50,000 squatters throughout Britain in the late 1970s, with the majority (30,000) living in London. The BBC reported in 2011 that the government estimated that there were "20,000 squatters in the UK" and "650,000 empty pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
On 1 September 2012, under Section 144 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, squatting in residential property was criminalised by the Cameron–Clegg coalition, punishable by up to six months in prison or a £5000 fine, or both. The same year saw the first successful prosecution for squatting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In the late 1960s, people in Northern Ireland were forced to squat through both poverty and a lack of decent housing. In County Tyrone, there were allegations of unfair housing provision on the basis of politics and religion. When a house in the village of Caledon, near Dungannon, was allocated to a young Protestant wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Several days after the woman had moved in, the Catholic squatters in the house next door were evicted. Austin Currie, then a young politician, complained both at the local council and at Stormont about the situation. He then symbolically occupied the woman's house for a few hours, before being evicted by the Royal Ulst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
One of the policeman was the woman's brother who himself moved into the house later on. The incident quickly became a media sensation and in August the civil rights movement arranged one of its first marches, from Coalisland to Dungannon. This was followed in October by a civil rights march in Derry which was organised... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Squatting is a criminal offence in Scotland, punishable by a fine or even imprisonment, under the Trespass (Scotland) Act 1865. The owner or lawful occupier of the property has the right to evict squatters without notice or applying to the court for an eviction order, although when evicting, they cannot do anything tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In 2010, a representative of the UK Bailiff Company claimed that the number of people squatting in Wales was at its highest for 40 years. The high number of businesses failing in urban Wales has led to squatting becoming a growing issue in large cities like Swansea and Cardiff. Experts said "the majority are forced in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Canada, there are two systems to register the ownership of land. Under the land title system, squatter rights, formally known as adverse possession, were abolished. However, under the registry system, these rights have been preserved. If a person occupies land for the required period of time as set out in provincial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Métis people were dispossessed from their land in the late 19th century, so they frequently squatted in these unclaimed and marginal spaces.The Frances Street Squats in Vancouver were a row of six buildings squatted for nine months in 1990. They were evicted in a large operation and a film was subsequently made, called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Examples are the Lafontaine squat in Overdale, a district of Montréal (2001), the Woodward's Squat in Vancouver (2002), the Infirmary Squat in Halifax (2002), the Pope Squat in Toronto (2002), the Seven Year Squat in Ottawa (2002), the Water Street Squat in Peterborough (2003), and the North Star hotel in Vancouver (20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The Woodward's building was a derelict department store which had stood empty for nine years. After being evicted from the building, two hundred squatters set up a tent city on the pavement outside. The action is credited with putting in motion the eventual redevelopment of the building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The Peterborough Coalition Against Poverty (PCAP) publicly squatted 1130 Water Street, a building which stood empty after a fire. The group offered to repair the place and return it to its use as low-income housing. City officials agreed to the repairs and then City Council voted to demolish the building. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The cost of demolition was $8,900 and the cost of repairs had been projected to be $6,900. The North Star hotel was temporarily squatted as a protest against emptiness by the Vancouver Anti-Poverty Committee.In 2011, the "Occupy Toronto squat team" squatted a basement at 238 Queen Street West and offered to take on a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In the history of the United States, squatting occurred during the California Gold Rush and World War II. Hoovervilles were homeless camps built across the country during the Great Depression in the 1930s. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was president of the country at the time. As of 2008, shanty towns again... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
During the Great Recession (2007–2009) there were increasing numbers of people squatting foreclosed homes. There were also reports of people resquatting their own foreclosed homes.Community organizations have helped the homeless to take over vacant buildings not only as a place to live but also a part of larger campaig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Latin American and Caribbean countries, informal settlements result from internal migration to urban areas, lack of affordable housing and ineffective governance. During the 1950s and 1960s, many Latin American cities demolished squatter settlements and would quickly evict land invasions. : 41–42 In Chile, the gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
: 91 Likewise in Argentina, under the military dictatorship there was a zero tolerance policy. : 42 Nevertheless, forced by hunger and unemployment to take action, 20,000 squatters occupied 211 hectares of disused privately owned land on the periphery of Buenos Aires in 1981, forming six new settlements. They collectiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The election of a democratic government led to the local councils becoming more open to negotiation. : 13–15 More recently governments have switched from a policy of eradication to one of giving squatters title to their lands, as part of various programs to move people out of slums and to alleviate poverty. Inspired by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Former squatters found that it was hard to maintain the property title over time after deaths or divorces and that banks changed their loan requirements so as to exclude them. In Nicaragua, squatting occurred after the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake.In Peru, the name given to the squatter zones is pueblos jóvenes (literally... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In the 1980s, there were more than 300 pueblos jóvenes surrounding the capital Lima, housing over one million people. : 76 In Argentina they are known as villa miseria (literally "misery settlement"), and as asentamiento in Uruguay and Guatemala. : 13 The population of Ecuador's capital Quito grew sevenfold between 195... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
There are three types of slums in the city, namely barrios periféricos (shanty towns on the edge of the city), conventillos (dilapidated tenements in the urban centre) and rural shanty towns from where inhabitants commute to work in the city. An estimated 170,000 people were living in slums in 1992. In Guayaquil, Ecuad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
From the beginning of the 19th century, there was internal migration from rural areas to cities such as Cochabamba. By 1951, the migrants had begun to seize land and build informal settlements. The land invasions continued despite the authorities often evicting them and from 1945 until 1976, 10 per cent of development ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
A fresh initiative set up in 2002 did not prevent new settlements being squatted. In the 1990s, La Paz had 48 unauthorised graveyards where the poor buried their dead. The land was squatted and there was no record of how many people were buried in the cemeteries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
There are also squatters in the forest lowlands who are illegal loggers. Indigenous peoples occupied a gold mine at Tacacoma in 2015 which they said was on their ancestral land. When 200 police officers attempted to evict them, four were taken hostage and one died. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In Brazil, informal settlements are called favelas; a famous example is Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, home to up to 180,000 people. Favelas are mostly inhabited by the poorest strata of society, and usually lack much infrastructure and public services, but in some cases, already have reached the structure needed for a cit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
: 29, 41 In São Paulo, until 1972 favelas were usually demolished; after that time they were permitted, meaning that in the next decade the number of squatters rose to one million. : 83, 92 The largest favela is Heliópolis, with over 200,000 inhabitants as of 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
It has been officially recognized as a regular neighborhood of the city. There are also a number of squatter buildings in the inner city, the most famous of which was a 22-storey building called Prestes Maia, whose inhabitants were ordered to leave in 2006. Various occupations in buildings and unoccupied areas in big c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
The Colombian Constitution of 1991 states that housing is a universal human right. In 2010, Colombia was the country with the second most internally displaced people in the world, at an estimated 4 million. This was the result of an extended civil conflict between rebels, paramilitaries, cocaine traders and the state, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Following the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), squatters acquired smallholdings across the country. Cité Soleil was founded in 1958 to house workers, then grew rapidly to 80,000 people in the 1980s and 400,000 people in the 1990s. It became the largest slum in Haiti, housing people displaced from other areas. There is l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In the 19th century, the British government claimed to own all of Australia and tried to control land ownership. Wealthy farmers of livestock claimed land for themselves and thus were known as squatters. This type of squatting is covered in greater detail at Squatting (Australian history). During the late 1940s the squ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
In more recent times, Australia has seen occupations in Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney. The Aboriginal Tent Embassy was set up in 1972 and is a permanent protest occupation. The 2016 Bendigo Street housing dispute saw squatters successfully contesting road-building plans. The Midnight Star squat was used as a self-mana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
On Rarotonga, the largest island in Cook Islands, three informal settlements are inhabited by people from Manihiki, Penrhyn and Pukapuka. The 3,000 dwellers are known as squatters although they have permission to live on the customary land. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
Informal settlements in Kiribati are known as squatter settlements, as in Fiji and Samoa. Unlike most Pacific Island countries, it is possible to sell or buy customary land in Kiribati. Zoning laws are not implemented by the government and not widely recognised by local people. On the island of Kiritimati, squatters li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting |
A zipper storage bag, slider storage bag, zipper bag, zip lock bag, or zippie is an inexpensive flexible rectangular storage bag, usually transparent, made of polyethylene or similar plastic, that can be sealed and opened many times, either by a slider, which works in a similar way to a zip fastener, or by pinching tog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag |
Single and multiple small items for sale are often packed in small zipper bags for convenience and visibility. Several types of reclosable features are available for plastic bags. Sometimes other types of bag, such as a cloth bag for toiletries fitted with a conventional zip fastener, are described as zipper bags.One b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag |
In the same year, Minigrip licensed them as pencil bags. The zipper storage bag's most recognized function was not realized until 1957, when a fifth-grader named Robert Lejeune demonstrated that the bag could also be used safely as a food storage device. Eleven years later, in 1968, Dow Chemical Company began marketing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipper_storage_bag |
The term Japhetites (in adjective form Japhethitic or Japhetic) refers to the descendants of Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah in the Bible. The term has been adopted in ethnological and linguistic writing from the 18th to the 20th century but has now become obsolete. In medieval ethnography, the world was believe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
In anthropology, it was used in a racial sense for white people (the Caucasian race). In linguistics, it was used as a term for the Indo-European languages. These uses are now mostly obsolete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
In a linguistic sense, only the Semitic peoples form a well-defined family. The Indo-European group is no longer known as "Japhetite", and the Hamitic group is now recognized as paraphyletic within the Afro-Asiatic family. Among Muslim historians, Japheth is usually regarded as the ancestor of the Gog and Magog tribes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
In the Genesis, Japheth is mentioned as one of the three sons of Noah. The other two sons of Noah, Shem and Ham, are the eponymous ancestors of the Semites and the Hamites, respectively. In the Biblical Table of Nations (Genesis Genesis 10:2–5), seven sons and seven grandsons of Japheth are mentioned: Gomer Ashkenaz Ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
An ancient, relatively obscure text known as Pseudo-Philo and thought to have been originally written ca. 70 AD, contains an expanded genealogy that is seemingly garbled from that of Genesis, and also different from the much later one found in the Book of Jasher: Sons of Japheth: "Gomer, Magog, and Madai, Nidiazech, Tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
Sons of Duden: Sallus, Phelucta Phallita. Sons of Tubal: Phanatonova, Eteva. Sons of Tyras: Maac, Tabel, Ballana, Samplameac, Elaz. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
Sons of Mellech: Amboradat, Urach, Bosara. Sons of Ascenez: Jubal, Zaraddana, Anac. Sons of Heri: Phuddet, Doad, Dephadzeat, Enoc. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
Sons of Togorma: Abiud, Saphath, Asapli, Zepthir. Sons of Elisa: Etzaac, Zenez, Mastisa, Rira. Sons of Zepti: Macziel, Temna, Aela, Phinon. Sons of Tessis: Meccul, Loon, Zelataban. Sons of Duodennin: Itheb, Beath, Phenech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
Some of the nations that various later writers (including Jerome and Isidore of Seville, as well as other traditional accounts) have attempted to describe as Japhetites are listed below: Gomer: Scythians, Cimmerians Phrygians, Turks (without Avars and Tatars), Bulgars, Armenians (including most of other related people ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
The Book of Jasher, a midrash (Jewish elaboration of the biblical text) first printed in 1625, ostensibly based on an earlier edition of 1552, provides some new names for Japheth's grandchildren. Gomer (sons were Ashkenaz, Riphath and Togarmah) Magog (sons were Elichanaf and Lubal) Madai (sons were Achon, Zeelo, Chazon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
The term Caucasian as a racial label for Europeans derives in part from the assumption that the tribe of Japheth developed its distinctive racial characteristics in the Caucasus area, having migrated there from Mount Ararat before populating Europe. In the same vein, Georgian national histories associated Japheth's son... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
The term Japhetic was also applied by William Jones, Rasmus Rask and others to what is now known as the Indo-European language group. The term was used in a different sense by the Soviet linguist Nicholas Marr, in his Japhetic theory, which was intended to demonstrate that the languages of the Caucasus formed part of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japhetites |
The political culture of Canada is in some ways part of a greater North American and European political culture, which emphasizes constitutional law, freedom of religion, personal liberty, and regional autonomy; these ideas stem in various degrees from the British common law and French civil law traditions, North Ameri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
Individual rights, equality and inclusiveness (a just society) have risen to the forefront of political and legal importance for most Canadians, as demonstrated through support for the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a relatively free economy, and social liberal attitudes toward homosexuality, women's rights, and other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
Canadian political parties and leaders can be analyzed based on various positions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
In the 19th century, the Liberal Party stood for British classical liberalism and free trade, and the Conservatives, especially the Red Tories, for protectionism. In the 20th century, however, the Liberal Party adopted more elements of European reform liberalism and co-opted elements of the social-democratic Progressiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
In regard to federal-provincial relations it can be said that BQ are separatist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
With regards to issues of diversity (bilingualism and multiculturalism), the Conservatives tend to be more majoritarian, favouring a reduced scope for official bilingualism and a more assimilationist approach to immigrants and Native peoples. The Liberals and NDP are more pluralistic including generous government suppo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
In the 19th century, the Conservatives were a party of protectionism and the Liberals favoured free trade with the US. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, English Canada remained strongly committed to the British Empire and Protestantism. French Canada was more anti-imperialist and strongly Catholic. Attempting to form stable parties that could win seats in both areas was a daunting task and led to political deadlock in the Province ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
The avowedly anti-democratic Tories of the English colonies attempted to create a coalition with conservative Catholics in Canada East, the Parti bleu. Keeping these diverse coalitions united remained difficult when interests cut across party lines, and instead inflamed sectional feeling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
The first such issues were the two Riel Rebellions of 1869 and 1885 which hardened Catholic–Protestant animosity. The Tory government of John A. Macdonald, himself an Orangeman, eventually oversaw the execution of Metis leader Louis Riel (a devout Catholic) for treason. The Tory party was decimated in Quebec, and the L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada |
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