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Status: IllegalIn Spain homeschooling is in somewhat of a legal vacuum. On the one hand in Article 27 the Spanish Constitution talks of compulsive education (not schooling), the freedom of teaching and the right of parents to choose their children's education in accordance with their own personal, moral and religious c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
The decision made by the Constitutional Court made it clear that current education laws were in fact lawful interpretations of the Constitution with the result that since 2010 effectively school attendance is considered mandatory in Spain for all children from 6 to 16 (STC 133/2010, of 2 December). However, the Constit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
However the regulation of that right hasn't yet been developed. As a regional law it can't contradict the education law passed by the national parliament. Hence the newly amended Catalan law can only refer to pupils who have special needs or are for some other reason unable attend school regularly in order that they ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: Virtually illegalIn Sweden, children are obligated to attend school from the age of 6. In 2010 Sweden passed a law (SFS 2010:800) that added further restrictions on homeschooling to an earlier law which was passed in 1985. Homeschooling is only allowed for certain specific reasons such as for children of parent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: Legal, restricted in some cantonsHomeschooling is legal in Switzerland. Requirements vary from Canton to Canton. In the Cantons Luzern, Zug, Schwyz and Zürich the teachers must have a Lehrdiplom (teaching diploma), in Cantons Bern and Aargau this is not required. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
In Canton Obwalden homeschooling has to be allowed by the administration. The Bundesgericht decided in 2019 that there is no right for homeschooling based on the Swiss law. In 2011 approximately 200 – 500 families currently homeschool, in 2019 a study found 2100 children (0.2% of all pupils) where learning in homeschoo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: Heavily regulatedThe Home School Legal Defense Association claims that homeschooling is legal and expressly allowed for by Articles 59 and 60 of Ukraine's Education Law, but local authorities do not always agree.Homeschooling is mentioned swiftly in The Law of Ukraine on Education, article 59: Parents and perso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Ukrainian education system remains very restrictive though. Curriculum must be authorized by the school appointed supervisor. To receive home education, children have to register with a school and to undergo assessments by the school up to 4 times a year. In case an assessment fails, the child loses the privilege of ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: Officially legal (England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own education laws each with variations regarding homeschooling. )Homeschooling is legal in the United Kingdom. Parents are legally required to ensure that their children receive "efficient full-time education suitable to age, abilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: LegalHomeschooling is relatively popular and enjoys a good reputation in Australia. It is legal in every state and territory. Around 30,000 children in Australia are homeschooled, including students who take distance education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: LegalAs of July 2011 there were 6,517 homeschooled pupils registered with the Ministry of Education. It is an increase of 23.6% since 1998. As at 1 July 2013, there were 5,521 home schooled students recorded in the Ministry of Education's homeschooling database. These students belong to 2,789 families and repre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
Status: Legal, Regulated for citizensPrimary education is compulsory under the Compulsory Education Act since 2003. Exemptions are made for pupils who are homeschooling, attending a full-time religious institution or those with special needs who are unable to attend mainstream schools. However, parents have to meet the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_international_status_and_statistics |
The Madrid Forum (Spanish: Foro Madrid) is an anti-communist organization created on 26 October 2020 by the Disenso Foundation think tank of the far-right Spanish political party Vox. Its founding document, the Madrid Charter, was primarily signed by conservative, ultraconservative, and far-right politicians from the A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
The Madrid Charter was a manifesto created as part of an effort to create the Madrid Forum, an anti-communist international organization with a "permanent structure and an annual action plan". Vox initially introduced the project to the government of then United States president Donald Trump while visiting the United S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
The Madrid Charter: In Defense of Freedom and Democracy in the Iberosphere (Spanish: Carta de Madrid: en defensa de la libertad y la democracia en la Iberosfera), also known as the Letter from Madrid, was a manifesto created on 26 October 2020 by the Disenso Foundation think tank of Vox. The document denounced left-win... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
In the document, signatories define two entities; the first is an allied Iberosphere of nations holding the same roots to the Iberian Peninsula and the second are left-wing groups, such as the São Paulo Forum and the Puebla Group, which the charter recognizes as an enemy and threat to the freedom. The letter condemns l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
Delegates of Vox travelled throughout Latin America to promote and obtain signatures the manifesto, meeting with politicians in Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. While promoting the charter in Ecuador, Vox delegate Hermann Tertsch said that signatures were necessary to counter "narcosocialism", arguing that "ll Latin American... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
Shortly after participating with Vox, PAN politicians distanced themselves from signing the manifesto, while the party's official Twitter deleted an image of PAN members meeting with Vox representatives. Due to Vox's controversial visit, discussions occurred of Mexico possibly enforcing Article 33 of the Constitution o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the president of Mexico, declined this option by stating that "Mexico is a free country. I also say this so that if the gentleman of Vox, Abascal, wants to come again, he can do it. The doors of our country are open, they are always welcome. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
All foreigners, even if they are opponents. "Peruvian investigative journalism website OjoPúblico wrote in an article discussing far-right alliances in the Americas that members of Vox travelled to Peru to obtain signatures, with the parties Go on Country of Hernando de Soto, Popular Force of Keiko Fujimori, and Popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
The 1st Regional Meeting of Foro Madrid was held in Bogotá in February 2022. At the meeting, a group of fifty anti-fascist protesters gathered to denounce the Madrid Forum, some chanting "Bogotá will be the tomb of fascism", with some individuals damaging the exterior of the hotel where the event occurred. Police dispe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
During the 2nd Regional Meeting of Foro Madrid, which was held in Lima in March 2023, was virtually attended by Abascal, who described the Sao Paulo Forum and the Puebla Group as "criminal organizations". The forum also called for the ousting of Petro, who became president of Colombia, stating that the 2022 Colombian p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
According to the Spanish newspaper El País, Vox organized groups of Evangelicals, Catholics, neoconservatives, right-wing populists, and individuals "nostalgic for military dictatorships" with the Madrid Charter. The Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt described the charter and Madrid Forum as "a first att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
Political scientist Kathy Zegarra of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru discussed Keiko Fujimori's participation with Vox's initiative. She said: "It's beneficial for the far-right public. However, it generates liabilities especially for those citizens who have more tolerant ideas; ... it is negative for those ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
Arroyo Menéndez, Millán (2020). "Las causas del apoyo electoral a VOX en españa". Política y Sociedad. Madrid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
57 (3): 693–717. doi:10.5209/poso.69206. S2CID 241063503. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
Ferreira, Carles (2019). "Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología" . Revista Española de Ciencia Política (in Spanish). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
51 (51): 73–98. doi:10.21308/recp.51.03. ISSN 2173-9870. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Forum |
GrassMaster is a hybrid grass sports playing field surface composed of natural grass combined with artificial fibres. The method was developed and patented by Desso Sports from the Netherlands in 1993. This hybrid grass system is now marketed and further developed by Tarkett Sports after a takeover of Desso Sports and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrassMaster |
GrassMaster reinforces a natural grass pitch by vertically inserting 20 million polypropylene (PP) fibres into the soil equally spread over the entire playing field. The 20 cm (7.9 in) long PP fibres are injected by computer-controlled machines, 18 cm (7.1 in) deep so 2 cm (0.8 in) remains above the surface. The PP fib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrassMaster |
The grass roots entwine with the fibres and grow deeper and wider. The PP fibres above the surface are designed to ensure an even and stable surface. GrassMaster may be installed before seeding, after seeding or on grass sods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrassMaster |
The Journal of Bisexuality is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly by the Taylor & Francis Group under the Routledge imprint. It is the official journal of the American Institute of Bisexuality. It covers a wide range of topics on bisexuality including new bisexuality research, bisexual issues in therap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality |
Special thematic issues cover topics singularly; such as women and bisexuality — a global perspective, bisexual women in the 21st century, bisexual men in culture and society, and bisexuality in the lives of men. The journal was established in 2000. Its first editor-in-chief was Fritz Klein, followed by Jonathan Alexan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Academic Search Premier, PsycINFO, ProQuest, GLBT Life, Contemporary Women's Issues, LGBT Life, and Sociological Abstracts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality |
In healthcare, a differential diagnosis (DDx) is a method of analysis of a patient's history and physical examination to arrive at the correct diagnosis. It involves distinguishing a particular disease or condition from others that present with similar clinical features. Differential diagnostic procedures are used by c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
More generally, a differential diagnostic procedure is a systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of a disease entity where multiple alternatives are possible. This method may employ algorithms, akin to the process of elimination, or at least a process of obtaining information that increases the "prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
A differential diagnosis is also commonly used within the field of psychiatry/psychology, where two different diagnoses can be attached to a patient who is exhibiting symptoms that could fit into either diagnosis. For example, a patient who has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder may also be given a differential diagn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Strategies used in preparing a differential diagnosis list vary with the experience of the healthcare provider. While novice providers may work systemically to assess all possible explanations for a patient's concerns, those with more experience often draw on clinical experience and pattern recognition to protect the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
A differential diagnosis has four general steps. The clinician will: Gather relevant information about the patient and create a symptoms list. List possible causes (candidate conditions) for the symptoms. The list need not be in writing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Prioritize the list by balancing the risks of a diagnosis with the probability. These are subjective, not objective parameters. Perform tests to determine the actual diagnosis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
This is known by the colloquial phrase "to Rule Out". Even after the process, the diagnosis is not clear. The clinician again considers the risks and may treat them empirically, often called "Educated Best Guess. "A mnemonic to help in considering multiple possible pathological processes is VINDICATE'M: Vascular Inflam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
There are several methods for differential diagnostic procedures and several variants among those. Furthermore, a differential diagnostic procedure can be used concomitantly or alternately with protocols, guidelines, or other diagnostic procedures (such as pattern recognition or using medical algorithms).For example, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
A diagnostician can be selective, considering first those disorders that are more likely (a probabilistic approach), more serious if left undiagnosed and untreated (a prognostic approach), or more responsive to treatment if offered (a pragmatic approach). Since the subjective probability of the presence of a condition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
One method of performing a differential diagnosis by epidemiology aims to estimate the probability of each candidate condition by comparing their probabilities to have occurred in the first place in the individual. It is based on probabilities related both to the presentation (such as pain) and probabilities of the var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
This example case demonstrates how this method is applied but does not represent a guideline for handling similar real-world cases. Also, the example uses relatively specified numbers with sometimes several decimals, while in reality, there are often simply rough estimations, such as of likelihoods being very high, hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
By practical reasons, the clinician considers that there is enough test indication to have a look at the patient's medical records. For simplicity, let's say that the only information given in the medical records is a family history of primary hyperparathyroidism (here abbreviated as PH), which may explain the finding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The clinician considers that there is enough motivation to perform a differential diagnostic procedure for the finding of hypercalcemia. The main causes of hypercalcemia are primary hyperparathyroidism (PH) and cancer, so for simplicity, the list of candidate conditions that the clinician could think of can be given as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\Pr({\text{Hypercalcemia WHOIFPI by cancer}})\\=&\Pr({\text{cancer WHOIFPI}})\cdot r_{{\text{cancer}}\rightarrow {\text{hypercalcemia}}}\\=&0.002\cdot 0.1=0.0002.\end{aligned}}} The probabilities that hypercalcemia would have occurred in the first place by other candidate conditions can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The procedure of differential diagnosis can become extremely complex when fully taking additional tests and treatments into consideration. One method that is somewhat a tradeoff between being clinically perfect and being relatively simple to calculate is one that uses likelihood ratios to derive subsequent post-test li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The initial likelihoods for each candidate condition can be estimated by various methods, such as: By epidemiology as described in the previous section. By clinic-specific pattern recognition, such as statistically knowing that patients coming into a particular clinic with a particular complaint statistically has a par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Multiplying with likelihood ratios necessitates conversion of likelihoods from probabilities to odds in favor (hereafter simply termed "odds") by: odds = probability 1 − probability {\displaystyle {\text{odds}}={\frac {\text{probability}}{1-{\text{probability}}}}} However, only the candidate conditions with known likel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
If there is an indication for an additional test, and it returns with a result, then the procedure is repeated using the likelihood ratio of the additional test. With updated probabilities for each of the candidate conditions, the indications for further tests, treatments, or other actions change as well, and so the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Tactics for reaching such an endpoint with as few tests as possible includes making tests with high specificity for conditions of already outstandingly high-profile-relative probability, because the high likelihood ratio positive for such tests is very high, bringing all less likely conditions to relatively lower proba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
This example continues for the same patient as in the example for the epidemiology-based method. As with the previous example of epidemiology-based method, this example case is made to demonstrate how this method is applied but does not represent a guideline for handling similar real-world cases. Also, the example uses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The condition of highest profile-relative probability (except "no disease") is primary hyperparathyroidism (PH), but cancer is still of major concern, because if it is the actual causative condition for the hypercalcemia, then the choice of whether to treat or not likely means life or death for the patient, in effect p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Such a constellation can be estimated to have a sensitivity of approximately 70% and a specificity of approximately 90% for primary hyperparathyroidism. This confers a likelihood ratio positive of 7 for primary hyperparathyroidism. The probability of primary hyperparathyroidism is now termed Pre-BTPH because it corresp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
A clinician visit can, theoretically, be regarded as a series of tests, including both questions in a medical history, as well as components of a physical examination, where the post-test probability of a previous test, can be used as the pre-test probability of the next. The indications for choosing the next test are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The presence of unspecific pathologic symptoms and signs in the history and examination are often concurrently indicative of cancer as well, and let's say that the tests gave an overall likelihood ratio estimated at 1.5 for cancer. For other conditions, as well as the instance of not having any disease at all, let's sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
At this point, the probability of "other conditions" is so low that the physician cannot think of any test for them that could make a difference that would be substantial enough to form an indication for such a test, and the physician thereby practically regards "other conditions" as ruled out, in this case not primari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The validity of both the initial estimation of probabilities by epidemiology and further workup by likelihood ratios are dependent on the inclusion of candidate conditions that are responsible for a large part as possible of the probability of having developed the condition, and it is clinically important to include th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
If two conditions get high post-test probabilities, especially if the sum of the probabilities for conditions with known likelihood ratios becomes higher than 100%, then the actual condition is a combination of the two. In such cases, that combined condition can be added to the list of candidate conditions, and the cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
This is an indication for considering a combination of primary hyperparathyroidism and cancer, such as, in this case, a parathyroid hormone-producing parathyroid carcinoma. A recalculation may therefore be needed, with the first two conditions being separated into "primary hyperparathyroidism without cancer", "cancer w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
In this case, however, tissue has already been resected, wherein a histopathologic examination can be performed that includes the possibility of parathyroid carcinoma in the examination (which may entail appropriate sample staining). Let's say that the histopathologic examination confirms primary hyperparathyroidism, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
In comparison, the probability that non-malignant primary hyperparathyroidism would have occurred at the same time as an unrelated non-carcinoma cancer that presents with malignant cells in the parathyroid gland is calculated by multiplying the probabilities of the two. The resultant probability is, however, much small... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Machine differential diagnosis is the use of computer software to partly or fully make a differential diagnosis. It may be regarded as an application of artificial intelligence. Alternatively, it may be seen as "Augmented Intelligence" if it meets the FDA criteria, namely that (1) it reveals the underlying data, (2) re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Many studies demonstrate improvement of quality of care and reduction of medical errors by using such decision support systems. Some of these systems are designed for a specific medical problem such as schizophrenia, Lyme disease or ventilator-associated pneumonia. Others are designed to cover all major clinical and di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
However, these tools all still require advanced medical skills to rate symptoms and choose additional tests to deduce the probabilities of different diagnoses. Machine differential diagnosis is also currently unable to diagnose multiple concurrent disorders. Thus, non-professionals should still see a health care provid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The method of differential diagnosis was first suggested for use in the diagnosis of mental disorders by Emil Kraepelin. It is more systematic than the old-fashioned method of diagnosis by gestalt (impression). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
'Differential diagnosis' is also used more loosely, to refer simply to a list of the most common causes of a given symptom, to a list of disorders similar to a given disorder, or to such lists when they are annotated with advice on how to narrow the list down (French's Index of Differential Diagnosis is an example). Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
Methods similar to those of differential diagnostic processes in medicine are also used by biological taxonomists to identify and classify organisms, living and extinct. For example, after finding an unknown species, there can first be a listing of all potential species, followed by ruling out of one by one until, opti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The American television medical drama House stars Hugh Laurie as the main protagonist Dr. Gregory House. He leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital in New Jersey, who regularly use differential diagnostics procedures in a bid to produce the right diagnosis. House uses prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis |
The Australian Curriculum is a national curriculum for all primary and secondary schools in Australia under progressive development, review, and implementation. The curriculum is developed and reviewed by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, an independent statutory body. Since 2014 all states... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
The learning areas in the Australian Curriculum are as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
A nationwide curriculum has been on the political agenda in Australia for several decades. In the late 1980s a significant push for a national curriculum in Australia was mounted by the Hawke federal government. Draft documentation was produced but failure to achieve agreement from the predominately coalition state gov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
The Summit recommended that Australian History be a compulsory part of the curriculum in all Australian schools in years 9 and 10. The Australian History External Reference Group was then commissioned by the government to develop a Guide to Teaching Australian History in Years 9 and 10. The Reference Group comprised Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
The Guide was released to the public on 11 October 2007, but little was achieved toward its implementation following the Howard government's defeat at the federal election in November 2007.In April 2008, the Rudd government established the independent National Curriculum Board. Taylor, who had written the original draf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
Taylor was of the opinion that the Guide had sought to establish a curriculum that was "too close to a nationalist view of Australia's past", and hoped that the new Board would produce a curriculum that was more in line with what Taylor saw as Rudd's "regional and global world view". In September 2008, the Board appoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
The Australian Curriculum has experienced implementation issues due to reluctance or slowness by some States in changing state curricula. New South Wales in particular has delayed its roll out of the new curriculum.In May 2010, Anna Patty, an education editor for the Sydney Morning Herald, criticised the Australian Cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Curriculum |
Genetic Epidemiology is a peer-reviewed medical journal for research on the genetic epidemiology of human traits in families and populations. It is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the International Genetic Epidemiology Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Epidemiology_(journal) |
Critical juncture theory focuses on critical junctures, i.e., large, rapid, discontinuous changes, and the long-term causal effect or historical legacy of these changes. Critical junctures are turning points that alter the course of evolution of some entity (e.g., a species, a society). Critical juncture theory seeks t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
It emphasizes one kind of cause (involving a big, discontinuous change) and kind of effect (a persistent effect). Yet, it challenges some common assumptions in many approaches and theories in the social sciences. The idea that some changes are discontinuous sets it up as an alternative to (1) "continuist" or "synechist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The idea that such discontinuous changes have a long-term impact stands in counterposition to (2) "presentist" explanations that only consider the possible causal effect of temporally proximate factors.Theorizing about critical junctures began in the social sciences in the 1960s. Since then, it has been central to a bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
It is a tradition that spans political science, sociology and economics. Within economics, it shares an interest in historically oriented research with the new economic history or cliometrics. Research on critical junctures is also part of the broader "historical turn" in the social sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The idea of episodes of discontinuous change, followed by periods of relative stability, was introduced in various fields of knowledge in the 1960s and early 1970s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn's landmark work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) introduced and popularized the idea of discontinuous change and the long-term effects of discontinuous change. Kuhn argued that progress in knowledge occurs at times through sudden jumps, which he called paradigm shifts. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Anthropologist Ernest Gellner proposed a neo-episodic model of change in 1964 that highlights the "step-like nature of history" and the "remarkable discontinuity" between different historical periods. Gellner contrasts the neo-episodic model of change to an evolutionary model that portrays "the pattern of Western histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Sociologist Seymour Lipset and political scientist Stein Rokkan introduced the idea of critical junctures and their long-term impact in the social sciences in 1967. The ideas presented in the coauthored 1967 work were elaborated by Rokkan in Citizens, Elections, and Parties (1970).Gellner had introduced a similar idea ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Kuhn's ideas influenced paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, who introduced the idea of punctuated equilibrium in the field of evolutionary biology in 1972. Gould's initial work on punctuated equilibrium was coauthored with Niles Eldredge.Gould's model of punctuated equilibrium drew attention to episodic bursts of evoluti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Since its launching in 1967, research on critical junctures has focused in part on developing a theoretical framework, which has evolved over time.In studies of society, some scholars use the term "punctuated equilibrium" model, and others the term "neo-episodic" model. Studies of knowledge continue to use the term "pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Key ideas in critical junctures research were initially introduced in the 1960s and early 1970s by Seymour Lipset, Stein Rokkan, and Arthur Stinchcombe.Critical junctures and legacies Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan (1967) and Rokkan (1970) introduced the idea that big discontinuous changes, such as the reformation, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
The state–church cleavage, a conflict between the aspirations of a nation-state and the church. The land–industry cleavage, a conflict between landed interests and commercial/industrial entrepreneurs. The worker–employer cleavage, a conflict between owners and workers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
(2) Critical juncture. Radical changes regarding these cleavages happen at certain moments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
(3) Legacy. Once these changes occur, their effect endures for some time afterwards.Rokkan (1970) added two points to these ideas. Critical junctures could set countries on divergent or convergent paths. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Critical junctures could be "sequential," such that a new critical junctures does not totally erase the legacies of a previous critical juncture but rather modifies that previous legacy.The reproduction of legacies through self-replicating causal loops Arthur Stinchcombe (1968) filled a key gap in Lipset and Rokkan's m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Stinchcombe explained that the distinctive feature of such a loop is that "an effect created by causes at some previous period becomes a cause of that same effect in succeeding periods." This loop was represented graphically by Stinchcombe as follows: X t1 ––> Y t2 ––> D t3 ––> Y t4 ––> D t5 ––> Y t6 Stinchcombe argued... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Additional contributions were made in the 1980s and early 1990s by various political scientists and economists. Punctuated equilibrium, path dependence, and institutions Paul A. David and W. Brian Arthur, two economists, introduced and elaborated the concept of path dependence, the idea that past events and decisions a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
"The work by Stephen Krasner in political science incorporated the idea of punctuated equilibrium into the social sciences. Krasner also drew on the work by Arthur and connected the idea of path dependence to the study of political institutions.Douglass North, an economist and Nobel laureate, applied the idea of path d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
(3) "Critical junctures are major episodes of institutional change or innovation." (4) "The aftermath is the period during which the legacy takes shape." (5) "The legacy is an enduring, self-reinforcing institutional inheritance of the critical juncture that stays in place and is stable for a considerable period." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Following a period of consolidation of critical junctures framework, few new developments occurred in the 1990s. However, since around 2000, several new ideas were proposed and many aspects of the critical junctures framework are the subject of debate.Critical junctures and incremental change An important new issue in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
Kathleen Thelen emphasizes more gradual, cumulative patterns of institutional evolution and holds that "the conceptual apparatus of path dependence may not always offer a realistic image of development." On the other hand, path dependence, as conceptualized by Paul David is not deterministic and leaves room for policy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_juncture_theory |
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