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Firearms can first be classified by the barrel style which is described as either a smoothbore or rifle. The barrel of a smoothbore has a smooth interior whereas a rifle barrel has a helical grove cut into it Historic firearms may be grouped based on how they are loaded; they will be referred to as muzzle-loaded or bre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Breech-loaded firearms, first introduced in the 16th century, are loaded with cartridges or shells through the rear of the barrel and have a variety of ignition switches. A third way historic firearms can also be categorized is by their firing mechanism known as a lock. Several types of locks have been developed over t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
The earliest lock was the Matchlock that used a match to ignite the powder. These were smoothbore and muzzle-loaded. The Harquebus (Arquebus) and muskets prior to the 17th century are two examples of a matchlock The Wheellock, was developed around 1500, used a spring loaded wheel to create an ignition. Like the matchlo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Muskets and pistols were made with the wheel-lock. Developed in the 17th century, the Flintlock used a flint strike to ignite the gunpower and fire the weapon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Flintlocks were used for a variety of firearms, ranging from pistols to muskets and rifles. Their barrels could be smoothbore or rifle and were muzzle-loaded or breech-loaded. The Percussion Cap was introduced in the early 1800s and eventually replaced the flintlock. The percussion cap lock was very similar to the flin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Agents of deterioration are the forces that cause physical, chemical, and biological damage and lead to irreversible losses to museum collections Preventative conservators work to maintain the health of museum collections by taking steps to prevent or reduce the effects of agents of deterioration on objects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Physical forces may damage objects directly or cause indirect damage through the collision between the object and parts or other objects Damage to objects is the result of five possible physical forces: impact, shock, vibration, abrasion, and pressure. For historic firearms the highest risk of damage is from impact. If... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Impact damage can also happen if the firearm is not mounted correctly when it is on display and it falls. Damage from impact may cause cracking, breaking, and chipping of wood and other organic materials; and may dent, scratch, or break off metal components. To reduce the risk of damage by physical forces, historic fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Incorrect temperature can damage the wood components. A combination of long-term or excessive light exposure with high temperatures will cause the wood to crack and lose its shape. High temperatures will have a similar effect on rawhide and semi-tanned leather, ivory, bone, and antler. To slow the process of deteriorat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Relative humidity affects both the wood and metal components of firearms. Too low of a humidity can cause the wood and other organic material to dry and crack. Humidity that is too high, above 65%, can cause the wood to swell, can corrode the metal, and conducive to mold growth. The preferred range for relative humidit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
The preferred range of relative humidity for antler, bone, and ivory is 45% to 55% Rawhide or semi-tanned leather, if used on the firearm, is also affected by humidity. Animal hide will absorb moisture creating an ideal habitat for mold growth and if the humidity is too low, the hide will split or potentially damage th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Water is damaging to most historic objects. For historic firearms, water will cause corrosion of metal components, swell wood, and encourage mold growth. Water will also cause antler, bone, and ivory to swell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Animal rawhide and semi-tanned leather will absorb moisture and will be at risk for mold growth. It could also become discolored. Historic firearms should be stored away or protected from potential water sources, such as exposed water pipes or off the ground if there is a risk of flooding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Historic firearms are at risk for damage if they are exposed to fire and can result in the loss of the object. Wood and other organic materials will burn, and metal may melt or become disfigured. If the firearm has not been checked for residual gunpowder or lodged ammunition and is still loaded, the fire may ignite the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
High light levels are harmful to the organic materials found on historic firearms. Long term or high intensity exposure to light will cause darkening or fading of wood, ivory, bone, and antler, depending on the material. Exposure to UV light will fade and bleach wood, and infrared light will dry and fade the wood compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Pests are insects and animals that disfigure, damage, and destroy museum collections The organic materials on historic firearms are susceptible to pest infestation. Woodboring beetle s and rodents are a threat to the wood materials. Bone, antler, ivory, and rawhide or semi-tanned leather attract Dermestidae, as the bla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Pollutants are environmental agents, chemical or physical, that can alter the aesthetic appearance or damage objects Dust, composed of dirt, fibers, skin cells, and pollen, is a common pollutant, but if not removed can lead to damage. On historic firearms, dust will absorb moisture, attract pests, and abrade the surfac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Other pollutants will react chemically with the object, potentially causing permanent damage. Improper storage or display materials can react to the metal components and cause corrosion. One material that should not be stored with firearms is leather which will corrode the metal as it off-gases. Storage and display mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Disassociation is the loss of data, objects, or association between objects It can occur when documentation is lost, objects or their parts are damaged or removed and lost. With historic firearms, disassociation can happen when the weapon is disassembled for cleaning or the firing pins are removed to deter theft or acc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
In the United States, historic firearms do not need to be registered and are a popular collector's item, making them potential targets for theft. To deter theft museums may decide to remove the firing pin, thus making the gun inoperable and less desirable to thieves. When on display, firearms should be kept in cases ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Proper handling is important to preventing damage to historic firearms. Gloves, either nitrile or white cotton, should be worn every time the firearm is handled as the natural oils, salts, and acids from skin can cause corrosion on the metal surfaces Longarms should not be carried by the wrist of the stock and should i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
A conservator should be contacted if the barrel is blocked and the cartridge cannot be easily removed. To check muzzle-loading firearms, a cleaning rod is inserted down the barrel and marked, the rod is then removed and aligned with the muzzle. If the difference between where the rod is marked and the touch hole is gre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Historic firearms should be stored away from pollutants such as wool or silk which contain sulfur and leather, each of which will corrode metal as it off-gases. Small firearms and long arms can be stored in acid-free boxes and should be supported or cushioned with polyethylene foam or acid free tissue. Long arms can al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
The environment in which historic objects are held greatly impacts their overall long-term health. For historic firearms it is important to recognize that because of their composite nature, each material will respond differently to environmental stresses which can in turn affect adjacent surfaces. Generally, the accept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
The conservation of historic firearms requires knowledge of the care and treatment of organic and inorganic materials. Treatment can range from simple cleaning to conservation-restoration and return to firing capabilities. Prior to treatment, three factors should be considered: has the source of the damage been elimina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Cleaning historic firearms begins with an examination of its condition to ensure it can withstand the cleaning procedure. A partial disassembly may be necessary; however, it is not recommended for matchlocks and wheellocks as their screws and pins are not easily removed. Loose dust and dirt can be removed with a soft b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Conservation-restoration work on historic firearms is a series of procedures designed to stabilize, repair or restore parts, and stop deterioration. Stabilizing a firearm means establishing the ideal environment conditions, removing corrosion, replacing missing components, and repairing broken parts. For example, if th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
The goal of restoration work may be returning the firearm to original form, returning all the mechanical components to working order, or returning it to firing capabilities. Conservation-restoration of historic firearms requires the skilled work of a conservator. == 'References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Freedom House Ambulance Service was the first emergency medical service in the United States to be staffed by paramedics with medical training beyond basic first aid. Founded in 1967 to serve the predominantly black Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which was staffed entirely by African Americans. Freedom Hous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Prior to the mid 1960s, ambulance service in the US was typically provided by either the police or a local funeral home. Such services provided, at most, basic first aid and rapid transportation to a hospital. In police-operated ambulances, the ambulance crew would typically load the patient into the back of a police v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
medical system had yet to incorporate advances in emergency care made in battlefield medicine. Suburbanization in the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
following World War II led to more car accidents and more injuries far from hospitals, exacerbating this lack of medical care provided en route to hospitals.In 1966, the National Academy of Sciences published a white paper titled "Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society." The paper stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Lawrence had no brain activity when he arrived at the hospital and died after being removed from life support, a death that could have been avoidable with adequate pre-hospital care, in the view of the physician who treated him, Peter Safar.In Pittsburgh, the city police handled ambulance service within the city, trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
The program received its initial funding from Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty and the Maurice Falk Fund. The Falk Fund was headed by Phil Hallen, a former ambulance driver, who was seeking to improve responses to medical emergencies as well as create employment opportunities for African-American men in Pittsburgh.Upon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
His ideas included intense paramedic training and improved ambulance design.Hallen contacted Freedom House Enterprises to help recruit paramedics for the new ambulance service. At that time, Freedom House Enterprises worked on civil rights projects including voter registration and organizing NAACP meetings as well as o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
The first cohort of Freedom House Ambulance Service recruits consisted of 25 black men recruited from The Hill District, a low income, predominantly black neighborhood. At the time, local media referred to residents of the neighborhood as the "unemployables," and the recruits included men who had suffered long-term une... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
The recruits also included veterans of the Vietnam War.Dr. Peter Safar designed and implemented the paramedics' training, a 32-week, 300-hour course that included anatomy, physiology, CPR, advanced first aid, nursing, and defensive driving. Those who had not completed high school were helped in completing their GEDs.Dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Safar worked with Dr. Ron Stewart and Dr. Paul Paris to create a training curriculum that would soon shape paramedicine across the globe. Dr. Safar would soon meet a young and ambitious Nancy Caroline who while completing her medical schooling, would assist Safar, Stewart and Paris in compiling the new curriculum for F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
The Freedom House Ambulance Service program began in 1967, and started officially operating in 1968 with two ambulances.Prior to receiving their own ambulances, the Freedom House paramedics were pressed into service to help people injured during the King assassination riots in 1968, riding along with police on ambulanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Where slow service to black neighborhoods by the police had been a point of tension, the Freedom House paramedics had a response time of less than ten minutes in most neighborhoods.In 1974, Dr. Nancy Caroline became the medical director of Freedom House upon being recruited by Dr. Safar. She arranged ongoing training f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
The training Dr. Caroline provided would become the basis for the first paramedic curriculum, written by Caroline and adopted by the federal government in 1975. The data and studies conducted by Dr. Caroline shaped EMS practices for Magen David Adom.The Freedom House paramedics' relationships with the communities they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
That’s the No.1 thing they brought to the table: They cared. They addressed everybody by their names. They respected them and asked permission before providing treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
During a deadly surge in heroin use, the paramedics were able to contact local drug dealers and provide information on identifying signs of an overdose. The paramedics also notified them that they would provide medical assistance in case of emergencies without legal repercussions for those who sold or used the drugs. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
and internationally, and was awarded a major grant to develop the first national standards for paramedics. Miami, Los Angeles, and Jacksonville would all follow the Freedom House model. Additionally, the ambulance model designed by Dr. Safar and proved through use by Freedom House paramedics was adopted by the National... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Opponent of the Freedom House Ambulance Service, Peter F. Flaherty became Mayor in 1970. The mayor opposed public/private partnerships, believing services paid for by the city should be directly overseen by it. Phil Hallen of the Falk Fund stated that he believed racism was also a factor in Flaherty's opposition to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Op-eds printed at the time accused the mayor of trying to eliminate the ambulance service to pander to the police union. Dr. Safar echoed this view, stating “racial prejudices with white police officers eager to maintain control of ambulances city-wide” were the cause of efforts to end Freedom House's ambulance service... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
During Flaherty's time as Mayor, the city began providing payment for the ambulance contract late, and cut its portion of the ambulance service's operating budget by 50%.The Mayor also signed an ordinance barring the use of ambulance sirens in the downtown area, with noise complaints given as the reason. This slowed th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
The Freedom House Ambulance Service closed on Oct. 15, 1975.All of the paramedics initially hired to staff the new city ambulance service which succeeded it were white. Then the previous medical director of the Freedom House Ambulance Service, Dr. Nancy Caroline, accepted a position as medical director of the new city ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Pass/fail exams were instituted, covering materials the Freedom House paramedics had not been taught, resulting in the dismissal of many. Most of those remaining were reassigned to non-medical or non-essential work. Many were placed in positions overseen by white employees with less experience. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
Of the 26 Freedom House employees who joined the city ambulance service, only half remained a year later. Ultimately, only five remained with the city ambulance service, and only one was promoted into a leadership position. In the late 90s, 98% of the Pittsburgh Bureau of Emergency Medical Services were white. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service |
In philosophy of mind and cognitive science, folk psychology, or commonsense psychology, is a human capacity to explain and predict the behavior and mental state of other people. Processes and items encountered in daily life such as pain, pleasure, excitement, and anxiety use common linguistic terms as opposed to techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
When perceiving, explaining, or criticizing human behaviour, people distinguish between intentional and unintentional actions. An evaluation of an action as stemming from purposeful action or accidental circumstances is one of the key determinants in social interaction. Others are the environmental conditions or pre-co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Conversely, if considered unintentional, the same remark may be dismissed and forgiven. The folk concept of intentionality is applied in the legal system to distinguish between murder and manslaughter. It is also used to distinguish between intentional and unintentional behaviour in several sports, where intentional fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
The importance of this concept transcends almost all aspects of everyday life: with empirical studies in social and developmental psychology exploring perceived intentionality's role as a mediator for aggression, relationship conflict, judgments of responsibility blame or punishment.Recent empirical literature on folk ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
The key difference between desires and intentions is that desires can be purely hypothetical, whereas intentions specify an outcome that the individual is actually trying to bring to fruition.In terms of beliefs, there are several types that are relevant to intentions—outcome beliefs and ability beliefs. Outcome belief... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Folk psychology is crucial to evaluating and ultimately understanding novel concepts and items. Developed by Medin, Altom, and Murphy, the Context Model hypothesizes that as a result of mental models in the form of prototype and exemplar representations, individuals are able to more accurately represent and comprehend ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Given that folk psychology represents causal knowledge associated with the mind's categorization processes, it follows that folk psychology is actively employed in aiding the explanation of everyday actions. Denis Hilton's (1990) Conversational Model was created with this causal explanation in mind, with the model havi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Grice indicated that the content of a conversation should be relevant, informative, and fitting of the audience's gap in knowledge. Cognizant of this, the Conversational Model indicates that the explainer, upon evaluation of his audience, will modify his explanation to cater their needs. In essence, demonstrating the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
The belief–desire model of psychology illustrates one method in which folk psychology is utilized in everyday life. According to this model, people perform an action if they want an outcome and believe that it can be obtained by performing the action. However, beliefs and desires are not responsible for immediate actio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Schank & Abelson (1977) described this inclusion of typical beliefs, desires, and intentions underlying an action as akin to a "script" whereby an individual is merely following an unconscious framework that leads to the ultimate decision of whether an action will be performed. Similarly, Barsalou (1985) described the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Existing literature has widely corroborated the fact that social behavior is greatly affected by the causes to which people attribute actions. In particular, it has been shown that an individual's interpretation of the causes of behaviour reflects their pre-existing beliefs regarding the actor's mental state and motiva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Under these circumstances, it has been shown that the individual will again draw on assumed intentions in order to predict the actions of the third party.Although the two components are often used interchangeably in common parlance, there is an important distinction between the goals and intentions. This discrepancy li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
In the Goal-Intentional Action Model, the predictors of goals and actions are: the actors' beliefs about his or her abilities and their actual possession of preconditions required to carry out the action. Additionally, preconditions consist of the various conditions necessary in order for realization of intentions. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Models of everyday inferences capture folk psychology of human informal reasoning. Many models of this nature have been developed. They express and refine our folk psychological ways of understanding of how one makes inferences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
For example, one model describes human everyday reasoning as combinations of simple, direct rules and similarity-based processes. From the interaction of these simple mechanisms, seemingly complex patterns of reasoning emerge. The model has been used to account for a variety of reasoning data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Folk psychology remains the subject of much contention in academic circles with respect to its scope, method and the significance of its contributions to the scientific community. A large part of this criticism stems from the prevailing impression that folk psychology is a primitive practice reserved for the uneducated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
Conversely, opponents have called for patience, seeing the mechanism employed by laypeople for understanding each other's actions as important in their formation of bases for future action when encountering similar situations. Malle & Knobe hailed this systematization of people's everyday understanding of the mind as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_psychology |
A mortal wound is an injury that will ultimately lead to a person's death. Mortal refers to the mortality of a human: whether they are going to live or die. Wound is another term for injury. The expression can also be used figuratively, for example when it was used in the 2017 Times article Being Frightened is not a Mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The adjective mortal was first used in the 14th century. The word has roots in Old French mortel and Latin mortalis both meaning "fated to die" as well as mors meaning "in danger of death".The noun wound comes from Old English wund meaning "to injure" as well as the Proto-Germanic *wuntho which also means "wound". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The first entry in the Oxford English Dictionary for mortal wound is dated 1578 and the first entry for mortally wounded is dated 1569. Pre-1569, in the 1390 Melibeus by Geoffrey Chaucer, the author uses the term "mortal woundes" in the quote "Thre of his olde foos..betten his wif wounded his doghter with fyue mortal w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
In 1569, mortally wounded was used in the text Certaine Secrete Wonders Nature by Edward Fenton in "aboue 400 dead bodies, beside 140 mortally wounded and almost torne in peces"; the quote explains that due to the extreme heat of a fire, 140 men were wounded. The account stated that they looked like they had been torn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
Here Vaudemont went to subdue the battle but was prevented by the Duke of Boubon receiving a mortal wound. The Duke of Boubon then proceeded with the battle in Rome, causing many deaths as well as leading the Pope with a few Cardinals to flee for safety.In 1593, mortal wound was used in the sonnet Fidessa, More Chaste ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
In 1661 mortal wound is used in the religious text The Unsearchable Riches of Christ: "The Lord Jesus hath given such a mortal wound by his death and Spirit." The text explains how Jesus sacrificed himself and received a mortal wound; however, he did not die straight away but died "little by little", which allowed him ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The text defines the term as "that, which in the Space of few hours, or dayes, of necessity causes Death, and cannot by any Artt be Cured." The text goes on to explain that if a wound is curable but has been neglected by the patient and results in death, it is not considered a mortal wound even though it resulted in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The London Gazette is one of the British government's official journals. In the 1714 The London Gazette: Issue 5228, under the Advertisements section, mortal wound is used to describe an injury a man named Edward Hurley received from a Two-Bill. "Whereas one Henry Bray, Weaver, now or late of Culmstock, in the County o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The entry says "Mortal Wound. See Wound" At the entry for wound, the definition for mortal wound states "Mortal Wound, is that which must unavoidably be follow'd by Death, when it is situate deep in a principal Part, necessary for the Preservation of Life: Such are wounds in the Heart, Lungs, Midriff, Liver, Spleen Etc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
In the 1817 love poem Laon and Cythna by Percy Bysshe Shelley, he used mortal wound to describe "Upon his enemies heart a mortal wound to wreck," where a metaphorical eagle wished to give his enemy, a serpent, a mortal wound.The 1838 romance novel Leila II. ii. by Edward Bulwer-Lytton uses mortal wound to depict a scen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
This line occurs when a soldier wearing armour did not appear to have been wounded but blood was leaking from a serious wound he had sustained.The 1865 text Camps and Prisons. Twenty Months in the Department of the Gulf by Augustine Joseph Hickey Duganne is a collection of personal accounts of the American Civil War. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
In the 1982 non-fiction Tortious Liability for Unintentional Harm in the Common Law and the Civil Law, the author discusses problems associated with liability in European Law. He uses the term mortal wound to discuss the issue of accountability regarding mortally wounding a slave. The author states "In the first, Celsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The author explains that the juxtaposition is due to Julian focusing on the original wound being intentionally mortal, leading to the slave's death, while Celsus contradicts Julian and mainly focuses on the importance of the resulting death of the slave.The religious text The Apocalypse: A Reading of the Revelation of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The number of Google search hits on 12 August 2006 for "mortally wounded" was 989,000. The number of Google hits on 12 October 2018 for "mortal wound" had 346,000 results and "mortally wounded" had 1,660,000 results. More modern usage of the term is often more figurative than literal, which can be seen in the 1998 arti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The Law Dictionary (2013) defines the term mortal wound as "the term that is applied to a wound that is fatal".In the 2007 Republic of Philippines Supreme Court Petition for Review of Lazaro (petitioner) versus Crisaldo Alberto (prosecutor) the decision report uses the term "mortal wound", it discusses the importance o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The 2018 Australian news article Dutton delivers mortal wound to Turnbull uses the term metaphorically as the death of Prime minister Turnbull's party's support. Member of parliament Petter Dutton challenged Prime minister Malcolm Turnbull for leadership of the Australian Liberal Party. The article describes it as when... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
"Being Frightened is not a Mortal Wound is a 2017 article written by the Times Columnist as a response to a letter on 2 November, Let’s rethink Halloween Fireworks. The letter describes its dissatisfaction with the belief that taking offence is synonymous with being mortally wounded. They use this stance to argue that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_wound |
The one-drop rule was a legal principle of racial classification that was prominent in the 20th-century United States. It asserted that any person with even one ancestor of black ancestry ("one drop" of "black blood") is considered black (Negro or colored in historical terms). It is an example of hypodescent, the autom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
states in the early 20th century. It was associated with the principle of "invisible blackness" that developed after the long history of racial interaction in the South, which had included the hardening of slavery as a racial caste system and later segregation. Before the rule was outlawed by the Supreme Court in the L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Before the American Civil War, free individuals of mixed race (free people of color) were considered legally white if they had less than either one-eighth or one-quarter African ancestry (only in Virginia). Many mixed-race people were absorbed into the majority culture based simply on appearance, associations and carry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Four of them survived to adulthood. Under Virginia law of the time, while their seven-eighths European ancestry would have made them legally white if they'd been free, being born to an enslaved mother made them automatically enslaved from birth. Jefferson allowed the two oldest to escape in 1822 (freeing them legally w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Three of the four entered white society as adults. Subsequently, their descendants identified as white. Although racial segregation was adopted legally by southern states of the former Confederacy in the late 19th century, legislators resisted defining race by law as part of preventing interracial marriages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
In 1895, in South Carolina during discussion, George D. Tillman said, It is a scientific fact that there is not one full-blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention. Every member has in him a certain mixture of ... colored blood ... It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation, of scandal, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
In the early colonial years, children born of one Indigenous and one non-Native parent usually had a white father and an Indigenous mother. This was largely due to the majority of the early colonists being male. As many Native American tribes had matrilineal kinship systems, they considered the children to be born to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Prior to colonization, and still in traditional communities, the idea of determining belonging by degree of "blood" was, and is, unheard of. Native American tribes did not use blood quantum law until the U.S. government introduced the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, instead determining tribal status on the basis of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
However, many land cession treaties, particularly during Indian removal in the 19th century, contained provisions for "mixed-blood" descendants of European and native ancestry to receive either parcels of land ceded in the treaty, or a share in a lump sum of money, with specifications as to the degree of tribal ancestr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
In 20th-century America, the concept of the one-drop rule has been primarily applied by White Americans to those of sub-Saharan Black African ancestry, when some Whites were trying to maintain some degree of overt or covert white supremacy. The poet Langston Hughes wrote in his 1940 memoir: You see, unfortunately, I am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
In Africa, the word is more pure. It means all Negro, therefore black. I am brown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
This rule meant many mixed-race people, of diverse ancestry, were simply seen as African-American, and their more diverse ancestors forgotten and erased, making it difficult to accurately trace ancestry in the present day. Many descendants of those who were enslaved and trafficked by Europeans and Americans have assume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
's 2006 PBS documentary on the genetic makeup of African Americans, African American Lives, focused on these stories of Native American heritage in African-American communities. DNA test results showed, after African, primarily European ancestors for all but two of the celebrities interviewed. However, many critics poi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Both before and after the American Civil War, many people of mixed ancestry who "looked white" and were of mostly white ancestry were legally absorbed into the white majority. State laws established differing standards. For instance, an 1822 Virginia law stated that to be defined as mulatto (that is, multi-racial), a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Virginia's one-fourth standard remained in place until 1910, when the standard was changed to one sixteenth. In 1930, even the one sixteenth standard was abandoned in favor of a more stringent standard. The act defined a person as legally "colored" (black) for classification and legal purposes if the individual had any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
Although the Virginia legislature increased restrictions on free blacks following the Nat Turner Rebellion of 1831, it refrained from establishing a one-drop rule. When a proposal was made by Travis H. Eppes and debated in 1853, representatives realized that such a rule could adversely affect whites, as they were aware... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-drop_rule |
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