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The British International Doctors Association (BIDA) is a UK-based medical organisation that represents international doctors in the United Kingdom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Doctors_Association |
The British International Doctors Association was established in 1975 with the aim of promoting fairness and equality for all medical doctors working across the United Kingdom irrespective of their gender, race, religion, country of origin or sexual orientation.BIDA stands as the oldest organisation representing intern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Doctors_Association |
BIDA Student Wing is the student arm of the British International Doctors Association. It was formed with the aim of extending the same fairness and equality to international student doctors community in the United Kingdom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_International_Doctors_Association |
Winter sowing is a method of starting seeds outdoors in winter. This is generally done with seeds that require a period of cold stratification. The method takes advantage of natural temperatures, rather than artificially refrigerating seeds. Winter sowing involves sowing seeds in a miniature greenhouse outside during w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sowing |
There are many advantages to winter sowing: It is simple to do. It's efficient. You do not have to run grow lights for weeks at a time when starting seeds indoors. You don't need to worry about having leggy seedlings because they are planted and grown outdoors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sowing |
There is no need to harden off the seedlings as they are already acclimated to outdoor conditions. They are ready to plant whenever the outside temperature has sufficiently warmed. Saves space indoors for plants that need to be started prior to planting outside. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sowing |
It allows someone who doesn't have the room, a grow light setup, nor the window space available indoors to start seeds successfully. Prevents seeds from being washed away or eaten. It gives you something to do gardening-wise during winter/early spring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sowing |
Anything that is translucent enough to allow light to pass through and that can be made to have drainage holes, a lid, and a ventilation hole(s) can be used for winter sowing. Options include, but are not limited to, plastic jugs, water or soda bottles, take out containers, disposable foil pans with plastic covers, cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_sowing |
A root canal is the naturally occurring anatomic space within the root of a tooth. It consists of the pulp chamber (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
At the center of every tooth is a hollow area that houses soft tissues, such as the nerve, blood vessels, and connective tissue. This hollow area contains a relatively wide space in the coronal portion of the tooth called the pulp chamber. These canals run through the center of the roots, similar to the way graphite ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
A tooth can be relieved from pain if there is irreversible damage to the pulp, via root canal treatment. Root canal anatomy consists of the pulp chamber and root canals. Both contain the dental pulp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
The smaller branches, referred to as accessory canals, are most frequently found near the root end (apex), but may be encountered anywhere along the root length. The total number of root canals per tooth depends on the number of the tooth roots ranging from one to four, five or more in some cases. Sometimes there are m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
Some teeth have a more variable internal anatomy than others. An unusual root canal shape, complex branching (especially the existence of horizontal branches), and multiple root canals are considered as the main causes of root canal treatment failures. (e.g. If a secondary root canal goes unnoticed by the dentist and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
The specific features and complexity of the internal anatomy of the teeth have been thoroughly studied. Using a replica technique on thousands of teeth, Walter Hess made clear as early as 1917 that the internal space of dental roots is often a complex system composed of a central area (root canals with round, oval or i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
The space inside the root canals is filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, called dental pulp. The dental pulp is the tissue of which the dentin portion of the tooth is composed. The dental pulp helps complete formation of the secondary teeth (adult teeth) one to two years after eruption into the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
Root canals presenting an oval cross-section are found in 50–70% of root canals. In addition, canals with a "tear-shaped" cross section are common when a single root contains two canals (as occurs, for example, with the additional mesial root seen with the lower molars), subtleties that can be more difficult to appreci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
Root canal is also a colloquial term for a dental operation, endodontic therapy, wherein the pulp is cleaned out, the space disinfected and then filled. When rotary nickel titanium (NiTi) files are used in canals with flat-oval or tear-shaped cross sections, a circular bore is created due to the rotational action of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal |
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. This practice reduces the reliance of crops on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, along with the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds. Growing the same crop in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Without balancing nutrient use and diversifying pest and weed communities, the productivity of monocultures is highly dependent on external inputs that may be harmful to the soil's fertility. Conversely, a well-designed crop rotation can reduce the need for synthetic fertilizers and herbicides by better using ecosystem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Agriculturalists have long recognized that suitable rotations such as planting spring crops for livestock in place of grains for human consumption make it possible to restore or to maintain productive soils. Ancient Near Eastern farmers practiced crop rotation in 6000 BC without understanding the chemistry, alternately... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Under a two-field rotation, half the land was planted in a year, while the other half lay fallow. Then, in the next year, the two fields were reversed. In China both the two-field and three-field system had been used since the Eastern Zhou period. From the times of Charlemagne (died 814), farmers in Europe transitioned... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
From the end of the Middle Ages until the 20th century, Europe's farmers practiced a three-field rotation, where available lands were divided into three sections. One section was planted in the autumn with rye or winter wheat, followed by spring oats or barley; the second section grew crops such as peas, lentils, or be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Under the two-field system, if one has a total of 600 acres (2.4 km2) of fertile land, one would only plant 300 acres. Under the new three-field rotation system, one would plant (and therefore harvest) 400 acres. But the additional crops had a more significant effect than mere quantitative productivity. Since the sprin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Farmers in the region of Waasland (in present-day northern Belgium) pioneered a four-field rotation in the early 16th century, and the British agriculturist Charles Townshend (1674–1738) popularised this system in the 18th century. The sequence of four crops (wheat, turnips, barley and clover), included a fodder crop a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
George Washington Carver (1860s–1943) studied crop-rotation methods in the United States, teaching southern farmers to rotate soil-depleting crops like cotton with soil-enriching crops like peanuts and peas. In the Green Revolution of the mid-20th century the traditional practice of crop rotation gave way in some parts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
A preliminary assessment of crop interrelationships can be found in how each crop: contributes to soil organic matter (SOM) content provides for pest management manages deficient or excess nutrients how it contributes to or controls for soil erosion interbreeds with other crops to produce hybrid offspring, and impacts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Many crops which are critical for the market, like vegetables, are row crops (that is, grown in tight rows). While often the most profitable for farmers, these crops are more taxing on the soil. Row crops typically have low biomass and shallow roots: this means the plant contributes low residue to the surrounding soil ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
A great advantage of crop rotation comes from the interrelationship of nitrogen-fixing crops with nitrogen-demanding crops. Legumes, like alfalfa and clover, collect available nitrogen from the atmosphere and store it in nodules on their root structure. When the plant is harvested, the biomass of uncollected roots brea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Cereal and grasses are frequent cover crops because of the many advantages they supply to soil quality and structure. The dense and far-reaching root systems give ample structure to surrounding soil and provide significant biomass for soil organic matter. Grasses and cereals are key in weed management as they compete w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Green manure is a crop that is mixed into the soil. Both nitrogen-fixing legumes and nutrient scavengers, like grasses, can be used as green manure. Green manure of legumes is an excellent source of nitrogen, especially for organic systems, however, legume biomass does not contribute to lasting soil organic matter like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
There are numerous factors that must be taken into consideration when planning a crop rotation. Planning an effective rotation requires weighing fixed and fluctuating production circumstances: market, farm size, labor supply, climate, soil type, growing practices, etc. Moreover, a crop rotation must consider in what co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Crop rotation systems may be enriched by the influences of other practices such as the addition of livestock and manure, intercropping or multiple cropping, and is common in organic cropping systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Introducing livestock makes the most efficient use of critical sod and cover crops; livestock (through manure) are able to distribute the nutrients in these crops throughout the soil rather than removing nutrients from the farm through the sale of hay.Mixed farming or the practice of crop cultivation with the incorpora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Multiple cropping systems, such as intercropping or companion planting, offer more diversity and complexity within the same season or rotation. An example of companion planting is the three sisters, the inter-planting of corn with pole beans and vining squash or pumpkins. In this system, the beans provide nitrogen; the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Crop rotation is a required practice, in the United States, for farm seeking organic certification. The “Crop Rotation Practice Standard” for the National Organic Program under the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, section §205.205, states Farmers are required to implement a crop rotation that maintains or builds soil ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Producers of perennial crops that aren’t rotated may utilize other practices, such as cover crops, to maintain soil health. In addition to lowering the need for inputs (by controlling for pests and weeds and increasing available nutrients), crop rotation helps organic growers increase the amount of biodiversity their f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Agronomists describe the benefits to yield in rotated crops as "The Rotation Effect". There are many benefits of rotation systems. The factors related to the increase are broadly due to alleviation of the negative factors of monoculture cropping systems. Specifically, improved nutrition; pest, pathogen, and weed stress... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Other benefits of rotation cropping systems include production cost advantages. Overall financial risks are more widely distributed over more diverse production of crops and/or livestock. Less reliance is placed on purchased inputs and over time crops can maintain production goals with fewer inputs. This in tandem with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
The use of different species in rotation allows for increased soil organic matter (SOM), greater soil structure, and improvement of the chemical and biological soil environment for crops. With more SOM, water infiltration and retention improves, providing increased drought tolerance and decreased erosion. Soil organic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
The reduced need for intensive tillage under crop rotation allows biomass aggregation to lead to greater nutrient retention and utilization, decreasing the need for added nutrients. With tillage, disruption and oxidation of soil creates a less conducive environment for diversity and proliferation of microorganisms in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
So, where "active" soil organic matter is a key to productive soil, soil with low microbial activity provides significantly fewer nutrients to plants; this is true even though the quantity of biomass left in the soil may be the same. Soil microorganisms also decrease pathogen and pest activity through competition. In a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Studies have shown that crop rotations greatly increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content, the main constituent of soil organic matter. Carbon, along with hydrogen and oxygen, is a macronutrient for plants. Highly diverse rotations spanning long periods of time have shown to be even more effective in increasing SOC, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Rotating crops adds nutrients to the soil. Legumes, plants of the family Fabaceae, for instance, have nodules on their roots which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. During a process called nodulation, the rhizobia bacteria use nutrients and water provided by the plant to convert atmospheric nitrogen int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Crop rotation is also used to control pests and diseases that can become established in the soil over time. The changing of crops in a sequence decreases the population level of pests by (1) interrupting pest life cycles and (2) interrupting pest habitat. Plants within the same taxonomic family tend to have similar pes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
For example, root-knot nematode is a serious problem for some plants in warm climates and sandy soils, where it slowly builds up to high levels in the soil, and can severely damage plant productivity by cutting off circulation from the plant roots. Growing a crop that is not a host for root-knot nematode for one season... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Integrating certain crops, especially cover crops, into crop rotations is of particular value to weed management. These crops crowd out weeds through competition. In addition, the sod and compost from cover crops and green manure slows the growth of what weeds are still able to make it through the soil, giving the crop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Cover crops are, therefore, considered conservation crops because they protect otherwise fallow land from becoming overrun with weeds.This system has advantages over other common practices for weeds management, such as tillage. Tillage is meant to inhibit growth of weeds by overturning the soil; however, this has a cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Under crop rotation, the number of viable seeds in the soil is reduced through the reduction of the weed population. In addition to their negative impact on crop quality and yield, weeds can slow down the harvesting process. Weeds make farmers less efficient when harvesting, because weeds like bindweeds, and knotgrass,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Crop rotation can significantly reduce the amount of soil lost from erosion by water. In areas that are highly susceptible to erosion, farm management practices such as zero and reduced tillage can be supplemented with specific crop rotation methods to reduce raindrop impact, sediment detachment, sediment transport, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
This significantly improves the resilience of soils when subjected to periods of erosion and stress. When a forage crop breaks down, binding products are formed that act like an adhesive on the soil, which makes particles stick together, and form aggregates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
The formation of soil aggregates is important for erosion control, as they are better able to resist raindrop impact, and water erosion. Soil aggregates also reduce wind erosion, because they are larger particles, and are more resistant to abrasion through tillage practices.The effect of crop rotation on erosion contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
In regions where climate conditions are less predictable, and unexpected periods of rain and drought may occur, a more flexible approach for soil cover by crop rotation is necessary. An opportunity cropping system promotes adequate soil cover under these erratic climate conditions. In an opportunity cropping system, cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
This form of cropping system is likely to produce better soil cover than a rigid crop rotation because crops are only sown under optimal conditions, whereas rigid systems are not necessarily sown in the best conditions available.Crop rotations also affect the timing and length of when a field is subject to fallow. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Zero tillage is a fundamental management practice that promotes crop stubble retention under longer unplanned fallows when crops cannot be planted. Such management practices that succeed in retaining suitable soil cover in areas under fallow will ultimately reduce soil loss. In a recent study that lasted a decade, it w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Increasing the biodiversity of crops has beneficial effects on the surrounding ecosystem and can host a greater diversity of fauna, insects, and beneficial microorganisms in the soil as found by McDaniel et al 2014 and Lori et al 2017. Some studies point to increased nutrient availability from crop rotation under organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Crop rotation contributes to increased yields through improved soil nutrition. By requiring planting and harvesting of different crops at different times, more land can be farmed with the same amount of machinery and labour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Different crops in the rotation can reduce the risks of adverse weather for the individual farmer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
While crop rotation requires a great deal of planning, crop choice must respond to a number of fixed conditions (soil type, topography, climate, and irrigation) in addition to conditions that may change dramatically from year to the next (weather, market, labor supply). In this way, it is unwise to plan crops years in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation |
Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis). It has also been used (in conjunction with sodium nitroprusside) successfully as an antidote to reverse the severe peripheral vasoconstriction wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolazoline |
Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics (2004), by Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini, is a seminal study in the field of international comparative media system research. The study compares media systems of 18 Western democracies including nine Northern European countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
The field of comparative media system research has a long tradition reaching back to the study Four Theories of the Press by Siebert, Peterson and Schramm from 1956. This book was the origin of the academic debate on comparing and classifying media systems, whereas it was normatively biased and strongly influenced by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
The number of categories to describe media systems grew and approaches got more complex. Another trend is that researchers factor in political systems more intensively to explain and compare media systems. A more fundamental development is the shift from normative to empirically based approaches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
There are still problems of comparative media studies in various countries which must be faced. The validity of the country sampling procedure is one problem, beside the adequate definition of the scope of the comparison to meet the specific national features of the cases, and the definition of adequate indicators as t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Comparative media system research is one possible approach to study transnational and border-crossing communication processes worldwide. A very useful and heuristic systematization of the vast field of transnational and border-crossing communication comes from Wessler and Brüggemann (2012) (see also Dimensions of analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Developing a unifying conceptual framework for comparing media systems was essential for Hallin and Mancini. They focused on theory building rather than testing theories, as the then prevailing Four Theories of the Press and its subsequent normative modifications showed deficiencies in adequately analyzing present medi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Their objective was to find more or less coherent patterns within their sample which could possibly be condensed into ideal types in terms of Max Weber’s conception of ideal types. Since the dimensions and the resulting models cover specifically the media-politics relations of the Western world, Hallin and Mancini do n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Hallin and Mancini's conceptual framework consists of the four dimensions structure of media markets, political parallelism, professionalization of journalism, and the role of the state with regards to media systems; and of the five dimensions the role of the state, type of democracy (consensus vs. majoritarian), type ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
The structure of media markets is concerned with the development of a mass press. The authors highlight several variables which can be used to describe the characteristics of press systems: newspaper circulation rates newspaper-readership relationship (elite- vs. mass-orientation) gender differences in newspaper reach ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Political parallelism refers to the “fact that media in some countries have distinct political orientations, while media in other countries do not.” The authors established 5 factors or indicators to assess the extent of political parallelism: the extent of political orientation within media content organizational conn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
The professionalization refers to the continuum of independent to instrumentalized journalism: degree of autonomy development of distinct professional norms and rules (e.g. practical routines or ethical principles) public service orientation of the journalists (i.e. orientation towards an ethic of public service rather... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
This dimension stresses the power the political system has in shaping the structure and functioning of a media system. “But there are considerable differences in the extent of state intervention as well as in the forms it takes.” Hallin and Mancini use the following variables to cover this fourth dimension: censorship ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
In a next step, Hallin and Mancini identified five core dimensions to assess the political contexts of media systems. They took relevant concepts from the literatures on comparative politics and political sociology to gain a better understanding of the political influences on the development of media systems. The resul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
It is conceptualized by the distinction between liberal democracies and welfare state democracies. The main difference between these two categories is the interventional activity of the state (e.g. funding vs. free market). This difference takes shape in the relative importance of private business or social institution... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
A further important dichotomic dimension is labeled consensus vs. majoritarian democracy. Majoritarian democratic systems contain two dominating parties and, due to the plurality voting system, the winning party actually concentrates the political power so that there is a clear distinction between the government and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
By contrast, the consensus politics model encompasses a multi-party system which is based on the power sharing principle according to the proportional representation so that compromise and cooperation between the opposing forces are central. Additionally, there is a separation of power between legislative and executive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
liberalism and corporatism. Individual pluralism is defined as the organization of the political representation “in terms of the relation between governing institutions and individual citizens, along with a multiplicity of competing ‘special interests’”. On the other hand, the focus on organized social groups is more i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Thus, corporatism includes the “formal integration of social groups into the political process”.Hallin and Mancini identify the distinction between rational-legal authority and clientelism as another crucial dimension. Following Max Weber, Hallin and Mancini use the term rational-legal authority in its meaning as a for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
In contrast, the orientation on common interests is much weaker within clientelism systems because individual interests and private relationships are the main forces maintaining the social organization. Consequently, “access to social resources is controlled by patrons and delivered to clients in exchange for deference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
By using the aforementioned dimensions, Hallin and Mancini deduced and conceptualized three ideal models of media-politics relations (‘ideal’ according to Max Weber). Hallin and Mancini could identify specific patterns by geographical regions which were crucial for labeling the individual models: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Hallin and Mancini point to restrictions of their three models which have to be considered in order not to overvalue the validity and significance of them. First of all, they focus on nation states and this level of analysis allows a specific perspective on media-politics relations but misses other phenomena of importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Furthermore, the media systems within the analyzed countries might not be homogeneous (e.g. the structural differences between the print system and the broadcasting system in Germany). Because of the differences within the countries and the interferences between them, it is difficult to treat the 18 countries analyzed,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Hence, media systems will always progress and there will always be changes resulting from those developing processes, so that reconsidering the characteristics of the mentioned models becomes necessary over time. Consequently, Hallin and Mancini point out in subsequent discussions that their models are not intended to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
At the end of their book, Hallin and Mancini discuss the convergence- or homogenization-thesis. The basis for their argument is their observation of several transformation processes that take place especially in Europe. The most important processes are the European integration, politically as well as with regards to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
In this section, some recent issues and topics are mentioned because they arose from an ongoing scholar discussion about the applicability of Hallin and Mancini's framework to other, especially non-Western countries: Some researchers reflect upon the nature of the Polarized Pluralist model and its alleged applicability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Concerning Western media systems, Hardy for example notes to include matters of ownership concentration and cultural processes to clarify and meet the complexity of convergence-processes. A related point is the total exclusion of influential new online technologies and media which are of central importance for understa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
One of the main debates is about the extent to which the variables Hallin and Mancini use to measure the dimensions must be adapted to non-Western cases to meet their particular conditions. Others criticize Hallin and Mancini's concentration on media-politics relations because this perspective neglects interrelated var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
For example, Jakubowicz argues that this methodological nationalism (cf. Mihelj et al., 2008) is inappropriate, for “media systems are no longer exclusively related to single political systems”, whereas Hardy notes that “he political, legislative, cultural and social dimensions of the state are not simply diminished by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
For example, Dobek-Ostrowska and colleagues published the edited volume Comparative Media Systems. European and Global Perspective (2010) which contains comparative studies referring to or applying Hallin and Mancini's framework for Central and Eastern Europe media systems. Hallin and Mancini published the edited volum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Case studies from the media systems of Israel, Poland, Baltic states, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, China, and the Arab world are discussed by the contributors and a methodological reflection of Hallin and Mancini's framework with regards to non-Western media systems is added. Further research was conducted by Jonathan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
He chooses four paradigms (namely the liberal democratic theory, neoliberalism, libertarianism, and the critical political economy) as an analytical framework to examine relationships between media and politics, media and policy, media ownership and transnationalisation processes. Furthermore, Roger Blum's approach (20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
Other studies focus on a single aspect of Hallin and Mancini's framework and analyze it in detail. For example, Curran and his colleagues (2009) study the implications of the movement towards rather market-driven media and compare news contents and public knowledge of public affairs within different media systems by te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparing_Media_Systems |
"Win with the Lion" (Ukrainian: Перемагай з Левом) is an annual tourism conference held in Lviv, Ukraine, each autumn. The conference is mainly organized by the non-governmental organizations Etnovyr and Dik-Art. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion |
The first "Win with the Lion" conference took place on 29 October 2009, in Lviv, Ukraine. The main aim of the program was to present the historical and tourist potential of the city and prepare it for the arrival of the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship. There were presentations by domestic and foreign tourism e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion |
The second conference was held on 15–17 November 2010, and its topic was: "Tourism: Cooperation as a key to success and victory". The main emphasis of this conference was placed on marketing and branding - the process of city brand formation. Leading experts presented their vision of tourism development in Lviv, and sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion |
Experts acknowledged that Lviv is heading in the right direction on the issue of branding and has a great tourism potential. This year's conference was marked by the fact that European Cities Marketing presented a certificate of membership to the city of Lviv, making it the only city in Ukraine to join the organization... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion |
The third "Win with the Lion" conference was held on 24–25 November 2011. Its topic was: "The world travel trends: Surf's Up!". This year's speakers included experts from Vienna, Graz, Berlin, London, Kraków, Moscow, and Istanbul. Various presentations during the conference explored how Vienna, Graz, and Berlin managed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion |
The third conference was held on 21–22 November 2012, and its topic was: "The meetings and events industry – Ukraine, are you ready to benefit?". Meetings industry leaders made presentations on new trends and challenges that should be considered by new destinations. The Tourist Information Workshop, which proved popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_with_the_Lion |
The conservation and restoration of historic firearms is preventative care, damage repair, stabilization, replacement of missing components, and potentially the return of the firearm to firing capabilities. It requires an understanding of the different types of historic firearms and knowledge in the care and treatment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
The term historic firearm refers to armaments used prior to the 20th Century. Firearms vary greatly in type, function, firing mechanisms, and decorative elements. Firearms are composite objects, meaning they are made of different materials. Generally, the core components of historic firearms are metal (iron, steel, bra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
Decorative elements may include other metals like gold or silver, and organic materials such as bone, antler, and ivory. Animal hide and sinew may also have been used to repair damaged firearms or build a new weapon using multiple parts. Historic firearms are identified by barrel style, how they are loaded, and by lock... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_firearms |
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