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This practice standard is even part of some regulatory organizations such as the College of Nurses of Ontario's Professional Standards for Continuing Competencies (2006). It requires nurses to engage in Reflective Practice and keep records of this continued professional development for possible review by the college. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
The advent and rising popularity of online courses have prompted some to ask if computer-mediated communication (CMC) promotes, hinders, or has no effect on the amount and quality of critical thinking in a course (relative to face-to-face communication). There is some evidence to suggest a fourth, more nuanced possibil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Newman et al. (1995) showed similar differential effects. They found that while CMC boasted more important statements and linking of ideas, it lacked novelty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
The authors suggest that this may be due to difficulties participating in a brainstorming-style activity in an asynchronous environment. Rather, the asynchrony may promote users to put forth "considered, thought out contributions". Researchers assessing critical thinking in online discussion forums often employ a techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
For example, a statement might be coded as "Discuss ambiguities to clear them up" or "Welcoming outside knowledge" as positive indicators of critical thinking. Conversely, statements reflecting poor critical thinking may be labeled as "Sticking to prejudice or assumptions" or "Squashing attempts to bring in outside kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Searching for evidence of critical thinking in discourse has roots in a definition of critical thinking put forth by Kuhn (1991), which emphasizes the social nature of discussion and knowledge construction. There is limited research on the role of social experience in critical thinking development, but there is some ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Cederblom, J B.; Paulsen, David (2012). Critical Reasoning: Understanding and Criticizing Arguments and Theories (7th ed.). Andover, Hampshire, UK: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495808787. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Damer, T. Edward. (2005) Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 6th Edition, Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-60516-8 Dauer, Francis Watanabe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Critical Thinking: An Introduction to Reasoning, 1989, ISBN 978-0-19-504884-1 Fisher, Alec and Scriven, Michael. (1997) Critical Thinking: Its Definition and Assessment, Center for Research in Critical Thinking (UK) / Edgepress (US). ISBN 0-9531796-0-5 Hamby, B.W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
(2007) The Philosophy of Anything: Critical Thinking in Context, Kendall Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque Iowa. ISBN 978-0-7575-4724-9 Vincent F. Hendricks. (2005) Thought 2 Talk: A Crash Course in Reflection and Expression, New York: Automatic Press / VIP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
ISBN 87-991013-7-8 Levitin, Daniel (2017). A Field Guide to Lies and Statistics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Viking. ISBN 978-0241239995. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
(a.k.a. Weaponized Lies: How to Think Critically in the Post-Truth Era) Moore, Brooke Noel and Parker, Richard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
(2012) Critical Thinking. 10th ed. Published by McGraw-Hill. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
ISBN 0-07-803828-6. Paul, Richard. (1995) Critical Thinking: How to Prepare Students for a Rapidly Changing World. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
4th ed. Foundation for Critical Thinking. ISBN 0-944583-09-1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Paul, Richard and Elder, Linda. (2006) Critical Thinking Tools for Taking Charge of Your Learning and Your Life, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publishing. ISBN 0-13-114962-8. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Sagan, Carl. (1995) The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark. Ballantine Books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
ISBN 0-345-40946-9 Theodore Schick & Lewis Vaughn "How to Think About Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age" (2010) ISBN 0-7674-2048-9 van den Brink-Budgen, R (2010) Critical Thinking for Students, How To Books. ISBN 978-1-84528-386-5 Whyte, J. (2003) Bad Thoughts – A Guide to Clear Thinking, Corvo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
ISBN 0-9543255-3-2. David Carl Wilson (2020) A Guide to Good Reasoning: Cultivating Intellectual Virtues (2nd edition) University of Minnesota Libraries Ebook ISBN 978-1-946135-66-7 Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, at https://open.lib.umn.edu/goodreasoning/ Zeigarnik, B.V. (1927). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
"On finished and unfinished tasks". In English translation Edited by Willis D. Ellis; with an introduction by Kurt Koffka. (1997). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
A source book of Gestalt psychology, xiv, 403 p.: ill. ; 22 cmHighland, N.Y: Gestalt Journal Press. "This Gestalt Journal Press edition is a verbatim reprint of the book as originally published in 1938" – T.p. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
verso. ISBN 9780939266302. OCLC 38755142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Butler, Heather; Christopher Pentoney; Mabelle P. Bong (September 2017). "Predicting real-world outcomes: Critical thinking ability is a better predictor of life decisions than intelligence". Thinking Skills and Creativity. 25: 38–46. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2017.06.005. - See at ResearchGate Facione, P. 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Critical Thinking: What It Is and Why It Counts – 2007 Update Kompf, M., & Bond, R. (2001). Critical reflection in adult education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
In T. Barer-Stein & M. Kompf(Eds. ), The craft of teaching adults (pp. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
21–38). Toronto, ON: Irwin. McPeck, J. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
(1992). Thoughts on subject specificity. In S. Norris (Ed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
), The generalizability of critical thinking (pp. 198–205). New York: Teachers College Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Mulnix, J. W. (2010). "Thinking critically about critical thinking". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Educational Philosophy and Theory. 44 (5): 464–479. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
S2CID 145168346. Paul, R (1982). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
"Teaching critical thinking in the strong sense: A focus on self-deception, world views and a dialectical mode of analysis". Informal Logic Newsletter. 4 (2): 2–7. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
Pavlidis, Periklis (2010). "Critical Thinking as Dialectics: a Hegelian–Marxist Approach". Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
8 (2). Twardy, Charles R. (2003) Argument Maps Improve Critical Thinking. Teaching Philosophy 27:2 June 2004. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking |
The Bratachari movement (from vrata in Bengali meaning vow Bengali: ব্রতচারী আন্দোলন) was a movement for spiritual and social improvement in India initiated by Gurusaday Dutt in 1932. The movement aimed to raise the self-esteem and national awareness of people of undivided India regardless of their religion, caste, sex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
Gurusaday Dutt, the founder of the movement, in his book "The Bratachari Synthesis"(first published in 1937) wrote: Bratachari purports to present a complete synthesis of life, an integrated system of culture consisting of a complete philosophy of life, coupled with and expressed through a simple scheme of practical tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
The single Brata or solemn purpose and ritual of life is divided into five bratas representing a five-fold path in the complete realisation of life which, however, must be pursued simultaneously and not in separate compartments. The five bratas are: Knowledge, Labour, Truth, Unity and Joy. The name Bratachari thus deno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
Therefore, the ultimate goal of a Bratachari is the attainment of the ideal of the complete man by attaining perfection in self-development in all spheres of life– physical, mental, moral and social; or in other words, the attainment of the ideal of a perfect citizen of the world. At the same time, it is an essential p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
The movement was propagated by the Bengal Bratachari Society which was started by Gurusaday Dutt. It has its office at 191/1, Bepin Behari Ganguly Street, Kolkata 700 012, India. Bratachari societies were established in many places of undivided Bengal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
The monthly magazine Bratachari Barta of the Bratachari movement, was published by the Faridpur Bratachari Samiti from November 1934 onwards. Subsequently, in 1936, the monthly "Banglar Shakti" started being published by The Bengal Bratachari Society. It was revived in 2003 and the present Editor is Naresh Banerjee, on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
The headquarters of the movement is in Kolkata. But it is now independently growing in Bangladesh, particularly in Sylhet and Dhaka, where Bratachari training has been incorporated into the Bangladesh Education system. The All Bengal Bratachari Training camp is held annually at Bratacharigram in Joka, Kolkata, India. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
Teachers and youths from all over undergo training in the Bratachari system of education. On the 125th birth anniversary of Gurusaday Dutt in 2006, the Bengal Bratachari Society organised a torch rally from his birthplace in Bangladesh to his workplace in West Bengal. 19 Bangladeshi Bratacharis participated in the rall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
The Bangladeshi group started their rally on 19/12/2006 from Birasri in Sylhet, the birthplace of Gurusaday Dutt, and ran for the next 3 days until they reached Banapol port on the border of India. On the Indian side, 5000 Bratacharis were waiting to receive the Bangladeshi Bratacharis. Two leaders from the two Banglas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratachari_movement |
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, An Authoritarian Regime: Spain, defined authoritarianism as posses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Ill-defined executive powers, often vague and shifting, used to extend the power of the executive.Minimally defined, an authoritarian government lacks free and competitive direct elections to legislatures, free and competitive direct or indirect elections for executives, or both. Broadly defined, authoritarian states i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized government power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of potential or supposed challengers by armed force. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people around the goals of the regime. Adam Przeworski has theo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
However, Daniel A. Bell and Wang Pei used China's experience with COVID-19 to argue that the categories are not so clear cut.Authoritarianism also tends to embrace the informal and unregulated exercise of political power, a leadership that is "self-appointed and even if elected cannot be displaced by citizens' free cho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarian regimes often adopt "the institutional trappings" of democracies such as constitutions. Constitutions in authoritarian states may serve a variety of roles, including "operating manual" (describing how the government is to function); "billboard" (signal of regime's intent), "blueprint" (outline of future r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Unlike democratic constitutions, authoritarian constitutions do not set direct limits on executive authority; however, in some cases such documents may function as ways for elites to protect their own property rights or constrain autocrats' behavior.The Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918, the first charter of the new R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Tushnet distinguishes authoritarian constitutionalist regimes from "liberal constitutionalist" regimes ("the sort familiar in the modern West, with core commitments to human rights and self-governance implemented by means of varying institutional devices") and from purely authoritarian regimes (which reject the idea of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Scholars such as Seymour Lipset, Carles Boix, Susan Stokes, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens and John Stephens argue that economic development increases the likelihood of democratization. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi argue that while economic development makes democracies less likely to turn authoritaria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarian regimes typically incorporate similar political institutions to that of democratic regimes, although they may serve different purposes. Democratic regimes are marked by institutions that are essential to economic development and individual freedom, including representative legislatures and competitive pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Additionally, authoritarian party systems are extremely unstable and unconducive to party development, largely due to monopolistic patterns of authority.Democratic and authoritarian arguably differ most prominently in their elections. Democratic elections are generally inclusive, competitive, and fair. In most instance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarian elections, on the other hand, are frequently subject to fraud and extreme constraints on the participation of opposing parties. Autocratic leaders employ tactics like murdering political opposition and paying election monitors to ensure victory. Despite this, the proportion of authoritarian regimes with e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
This is largely due to the increasing popularity of democracies and electoral autocracies, leading authoritarian regimes to imitate democratic regimes in hopes of receiving foreign aid and dodging criticism.According to a 2018 study, most party-led dictatorships regularly hold popular elections. Prior to the 1990s, mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Interference with opposition campaigning. Electoral fraud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Violence against opposition. Large-scale spending by the state in favor of the incumbents. Permitting of some parties, but not others. Prohibitions on opposition parties, but not independent candidates. Allowing competition between candidates within the incumbent party, but not those who are not in the incumbent party. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
The foundations of stable authoritarian rule are that the authoritarian prevents contestation from the masses and other elites. The authoritarian regime may use co-optation or repression (or carrots and sticks) to prevent revolts. Authoritarian rule entails a balancing act whereby the ruler has to maintain the support ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
According to a 2019 study by Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman, authoritarian regimes have over time become less reliant on violence and mass repression to maintain control. The study shows instead that authoritarians have increasingly resorted to manipulation of information as a means of control. Authoritarians increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Andrew J. Nathan notes that "regime theory holds that authoritarian systems are inherently fragile because of weak legitimacy, overreliance on coercion, over-centralization of decision making, and the predominance of personal power over institutional norms. ... Few authoritarian regimes – be they communist, fascist, co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
"Some scholars have challenged notions that authoritarian states are inherently brittle systems that require repression and propaganda to make people comply with the authoritarian regime. Adam Przeworski has challenged this, noting that while authoritarian regimes do take actions that serve to enhance regime survival, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
He writes, "People in autocracies do not incessantly live under the shadow of dramatic historical events; they lead everyday routine lives." Similarly, Thomas Pepinsky has challenged the common mental image of an authoritarian state as one of grim totalitarianism, desperate hardship, strict censorship, and dictatorial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Yale University political scientist Milan Svolik argues that violence is a common characteristic of authoritarian systems. Violence tends to be common in authoritarian states because of a lack of independent third parties empowered to settle disputes between the dictator, regime allies, regime soldiers and the masses.A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
However, coup-proofing reduces military effectiveness, and limits the rents that an incumbent can extract. A 2016 study shows that the implementation of succession rules reduce the occurrence of coup attempts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Succession rules are believed to hamper coordination efforts among coup plotters by assuaging elites who have more to gain by patience than by plotting. According to political scientists Curtis Bell and Jonathan Powell, coup attempts in neighbouring countries lead to greater coup-proofing and coup-related repression in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
A 2018 study in the Journal of Peace Research found that leaders who survive coup attempts and respond by purging known and potential rivals are likely to have longer tenures as leaders. A 2019 study in Conflict Management and Peace Science found that personalist dictatorships are more likely to take coup-proofing meas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
According to Yale professor Juan José Linz there a three main types of political regimes today: democracies, totalitarian regimes and, sitting between these two, authoritarian regimes (with hybrid regimes). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
An authoritarian regime has "a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally responsible to the people". Unlike totalitarian states, they will allow social and economic institutions not under governmental control, and tend to rely on passive mass acceptance rather than active popular support. An A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
and are ruled by a single ruling party made up of loyal supporters. Unlike autocracies, which "seek only to gain absolute political power and to outlaw opposition", totalitarian states are characterized by an official ideology, which "seek only to gain absolute political power and to outlaw opposition", and "seek to do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Several subtypes of authoritarian regimes have been identified by Linz and others. Linz identified the two most basic subtypes as traditional authoritarian regimes and bureaucratic-military authoritarian regimes: Traditional authoritarian regimes are those "in which the ruling authority (generally a single person)" is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Corporatist authoritarian regimes "are those in which corporatism institutions are used extensively by the state to coopt and demobilize powerful interest groups." This type has been studied most extensively in Latin America. Racial and ethnic "democracies" are those in which "certain racial or ethnic groups enjoy full... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Post-totalitarian authoritarian regimes are those in which totalitarian institutions (such as the party, secret police and state-controlled mass media) remain, but where "ideological orthodoxy has declined in favor of routinization, repression has declined, the state's top leadership is less personalized and more secur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
however, in the 2010s, particularly after Xi Jinping succeeded as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and rose to power in 2012, Chinese state repression sharply increased, aided by digital control and mass surveillance.Authoritarian regimes are also sometimes subcategorized by whether they are personalist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
By contrast, populist authoritarian regimes "are mobilizational regimes in which a strong, charismatic, manipulative leader rules through a coalition involving key lower-class groups." Examples include Argentina under Juan Perón, Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and Venezuela under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro.A typolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarianism and democracy are not necessarily fundamental opposites and may be thought of as poles at opposite ends of a scale, so that it is possible for some democracies to possess authoritarian elements, and for an authoritarian system to have democratic elements. Authoritarian regimes may also be partly respon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Research by the World Bank suggests that political institutions are extremely important in determining the prevalence of corruption and that parliamentary systems, political stability and freedom of the press are all associated with lower corruption.A 2006 study by economist Alberto Abadie has concluded that terrorism ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
A 2018 study by Amichai Magen demonstrated that liberal democracies and polyarchies not only suffer fewer terrorist attacks as compared to other regime types, but also suffer fewer casualties in terrorist attacks as compared to other regime types, which may be attributed to higher-quality democracies' responsiveness to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Another type of authoritarian regime is the competitive authoritarian regime, a type of civilian regime that arose in the post-Cold War era. In a competitive authoritarian regime, "formal democratic institutions exist and are widely viewed as the primary means of gaining power, but ... incumbents' abuse of the state pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarianism is considered a core concept of fascism and scholars agree that a fascist regime is foremost an authoritarian form of government, although not all authoritarian regimes are fascist. While authoritarianism is a defining characteristic of fascism, scholars argue that more distinguishing traits are needed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Linz distinguished new forms of authoritarianism from personalistic dictatorships and totalitarian states, taking Francoist Spain as an example. Unlike personalistic dictatorships, new forms of authoritarianism have institutionalized representation of a variety of actors (in Spain's case, including the military, the Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control. Building on the work of Yale political scientist Juan Linz, Paul C. Sondrol of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs has examined the characteristics of authoritarian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Authoritarians view themselves as individual beings largely content to control and often maintain the status quo. Totalitarian self-conceptions are largely teleological. The tyrant is less a person than an indispensable function to guide and reshape the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
(3) Consequently, the utilisation of power for personal aggrandizement is more evident among authoritarians than totalitarians. Lacking the binding appeal of ideology, authoritarians support their rule by a mixture of instilling fear and granting rewards to loyal collaborators, engendering a kleptocracy. Compared to to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
It is only concerned with political power and as long as that is not contested it gives society a certain degree of liberty. Totalitarianism, on the other hand, invades private life and asphyxiates it." Another distinction is that "authoritarianism is not animated by utopian ideals in the way totalitarianism is. It doe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
The effects of political regime types on economic growth have been debated by scholars. A 1993 assessment of existing scholarship led Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi to conclude, "we do not know whether democracy fosters or hinders economic growth." In 2010, Dani Rodrik wrote that democracies outperform autocracie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
A 2019 study by Daron Acemoglu, Suresh Naidu, Pascual Restrepo, and James A. Robinson found that democracy increases GDP per capita by about 20 percent over the long-term. According to Amartya Sen, no functioning liberal democracy has ever suffered a large-scale famine.Scholars have identified that autocracies may have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Both World War II (ending in 1945) and the Cold War (ending in 1991) resulted in the replacement of authoritarian regimes by either democratic regimes or regimes that were less authoritarian. World War II saw the defeat of the Axis powers by the Allied powers. All the Axis powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
At least in Western Europe the initial post-war era embraced pluralism and freedom of expression in areas that had been under control of authoritarian regimes. The memory of fascism and Nazism was denigrated. The new Federal Republic of Germany banned its expression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
In reaction to the centralism of the Nazi state, the new constitution of West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) exercised "separation of powers" and placed "law enforcement firmly in the hands" of the sixteen Länder or states of the republic, not with the federal German government, at least not at first.Culturally ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
This led not so much to revolt against authority in general, but to the belief that authoritarian states (and state control of economies) were outdated. The idea that "liberal democracy was the final form toward which all political striving was directed" became very popular in Western countries and was celebrated in Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
According to Charles H. Fairbanks Jr., "all the new states that stumbled out of the ruins of the Soviet bloc, except Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, seemed indeed to be moving towards democracy in the early 1990s" as were the countries of East Central Europe and the Balkans.In December 2010, the Arab Spring arose in respo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Since 2005, observers noted what some have called a "democratic recession", although some such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way have disputed that there was a significant democratic decline before 2013. In 2018, the Freedom House declared that from 2006 to 2018 "113 countries" around the world showed "a net decline" in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
Writing in 2018, American political journalist David Frum stated: "The hopeful world of the very late 20th century – the world of NAFTA and an expanding NATO; of the World Wide Web 1.0 and liberal interventionism; of the global spread of democracy under leaders such as Václav Havel and Nelson Mandela – now looks batter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
They include the downside of globalization, and the subsequent rise of populist neo-nationalism, and the success of the Beijing Consensus, i.e. the authoritarian model of the People's Republic of China. In countries such as the United States, factors blamed for the growth of authoritarianism include the financial crisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
There is no one consensus definition of authoritarianism, but several annual measurements are attempted, including Freedom House's annual Freedom in the World report. Some countries such as Venezuela, among others, that are currently or historically recognized as authoritarian did not become authoritarian upon taking p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of states which are currently or frequently characterized as authoritarian and/or democratically backsliding. Some countries listed may also be currently listed as a "Hybrid regime" or "flawed democracy" by Democracy Index (The Economist), or partly free by Freedom Hou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of states which were historically authoritarian. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
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