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Mill's view on liberty, which was influenced by Joseph Priestley and Josiah Warren, is that individuals ought to be free to do as they wished unless they caused harm to others. Individuals are rational enough to make decisions about their well being. Government should interfere when it is for the protection of society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill explained: The sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right.… The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
On Liberty involves an impassioned defense of free speech. Mill argues that free discourse is a necessary condition for intellectual and social progress. We can never be sure, he contends, that a silenced opinion does not contain some element of the truth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He also argues that allowing people to air false opinions is productive for two reasons. First, individuals are more likely to abandon erroneous beliefs if they are engaged in an open exchange of ideas. Second, by forcing other individuals to re-examine and re-affirm their beliefs in the process of debate, these belief... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
It is not enough for Mill that one simply has an unexamined belief that happens to be true; one must understand why the belief in question is the true one. Along those same lines Mill wrote, "unmeasured vituperation, employed on the side of prevailing opinion, really does deter people from expressing contrary opinions,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Let the opinions impugned be the belief of God and in a future state, or any of the commonly received doctrines of morality ... But I must be permitted to observe that it is not the feeling sure of a doctrine (be it what it may) which I call an assumption of infallibility. It is the undertaking to decide that question ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
However positive anyone's persuasion may be, not only of the faculty but of the pernicious consequences, but (to adopt expressions which I altogether condemn) the immorality and impiety of opinion.—yet if, in pursuance of that private judgement, though backed by the public judgement of his country or contemporaries, he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He argued that even if an opinion is false, the truth can be better understood by refuting the error. And as most opinions are neither completely true nor completely false, he points out that allowing free expression allows the airing of competing views as a way to preserve partial truth in various opinions. Worried ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He also eloquently argued that freedom of expression allows for personal growth and self-realization. He said that freedom of speech was a vital way to develop talents and realise a person's potential and creativity. He repeatedly said that eccentricity was preferable to uniformity and stagnation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
The belief that freedom of speech would advance society presupposed a society sufficiently culturally and institutionally advanced to be capable of progressive improvement. If any argument is really wrong or harmful, the public will judge it as wrong or harmful, and then those arguments cannot be sustained and will be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
However, the way to express those arguments should be a public speech or writing, not in a way that causes actual harm to others. Such is the harm principle: "That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. "At t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
made the standard of "clear and present danger" based on Mill's idea. In the majority opinion, Holmes writes: The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
in a dark theatre, which evokes panic and provokes injury, would be such a case of speech that creates an illegal danger. But if the situation allows people to reason by themselves and decide to accept it or not, any argument or theology should not be blocked. Mill's argument is now generally accepted by many democrati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
In On Liberty, Mill thought it was necessary for him to restate the case for press freedom. He considered that argument already won. Almost no politician or commentator in mid-19th-century Britain wanted a return to Tudor and Stuart-type press censorship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
However, Mill warned new forms of censorship could emerge in the future. Indeed, in 2013 the Cameron Tory government considered setting up a so-called independent official regulator of the UK press. This prompted demands for better basic legal protection of press freedom. A new British Bill of Rights could include a US... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill, an employee of the East India Company from 1823 to 1858, argued in support of what he called a "benevolent despotism" with regard to the administration of overseas colonies. Mill argued:To suppose that the same international customs, and the same rules of international morality, can obtain between one civilized n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
In 1850, Mill sent an anonymous letter (which came to be known under the title "The Negro Question"), in rebuttal to Thomas Carlyle's letter to Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country in which Carlyle argued for slavery. Mill supported abolishing slavery in the United States, expressing his opposition to slavery in his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Appleton influenced Mill's work on such, especially swaying him on the optimal economic and social welfare plan for the Antebellum South. In a letter sent to Appleton in response to a previous letter, Mill expressed his view on antebellum integration:I cannot look forward with satisfaction to any settlement but complet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill's view of history was that right up until his time "the whole of the female" and "the great majority of the male sex" were simply "slaves". He countered arguments to the contrary, arguing that relations between sexes simply amounted to "the legal subordination of one sex to the other – is wrong itself, and now on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
His book The Subjection of Women (1861, publ.1869) is one of the earliest written on this subject by a male author. In The Subjection of Women, Mill attempts to make a case for perfect equality.In his proposal for a universal education system sponsored by the state, Mill expands benefits for many marginalized groups, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Such a pathway to opportunity would enable women to gain "industrial and social independence" that would allow them the same movement in their agency and citizenship as men. Mill's view of opportunity stands out in its reach, but even more so for the population he foresees who could benefit from it. Mill was hopeful of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Through the consequential sophistication and knowledge attained, individuals are able to properly act in ways that recedes away from those leading towards overpopulation. This stands directly in contrast with the view held by many of Mill's contemporaries and predecessors who viewed such inclusive programs to be counte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Aiming such help at marginalized groups, such as the poor and working class, would only serve to reward them with the opportunity to move to a higher status, thus encouraging greater fertility which at its extreme could lead to overproduction. He talks about the role of women in marriage and how it must be changed. Mil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
The canonical statement of Mill's utilitarianism can be found in his book, Utilitarianism. Although this philosophy has a long tradition, Mill's account is primarily influenced by Jeremy Bentham and Mill's father James Mill. John Stuart Mill believed in the philosophy of utilitarianism, which he would describe as the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
It is clear that we do not all value virtues as a path to happiness and that we sometimes only value them for selfish reasons. However, Mill asserts that upon reflection, even when we value virtues for selfish reasons we are in fact cherishing them as a part of our happiness. Bentham's famous formulation of utilitarian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest aggregate happiness among all sentient beings, within reason. In a similar vein, Mill's method of determining the best utility is that a moral agent, when given the choice between two or more actions, ought to choose the action that contributes most to (ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Given that determining the action that produces the most utility is not always so clear cut, Mill suggests that the utilitarian moral agent, when attempting to rank the utility of different actions, should refer to the general experience of persons. That is, if people generally experience more happiness following actio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
In Utilitarianism, Mill states that "happiness is the sole end of human action". This statement aroused some controversy, which is why Mill took it a step further, explaining how the very nature of humans wanting happiness, and who "take it to be reasonable under free consideration", demands that happiness is indeed de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
To that extent, the utilitarianism that Mill is describing is a default lifestyle that he believes is what people who have not studied a specific opposing field of ethics would naturally and subconsciously use when faced with a decision. Utilitarianism is thought of by some of its activists to be a more developed and o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (higher pleasures) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (lower pleasures). He distinguishes betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
"This made Mill believe that "our only ultimate end" is happiness. One unique part of his utilitarian view, that is not seen in others, is the idea of higher and lower pleasures. Mill explains the different pleasures as: If I am asked, what I mean by difference of quality in pleasures, or what makes one pleasure more v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference that is the more desirable pleasure. He defines higher pleasures as mental, moral, and aesthetic pleasures, and lower pleasures as being more sensational. He believed that higher pleasures should be seen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He holds that pleasures gained in activity are of a higher quality than those gained passively.Mill defines the difference between higher and lower forms of pleasure with the principle that those who have experienced both tend to prefer one over the other. This is, perhaps, in direct contrast with Bentham's statement t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill separated his explanation of Utilitarianism into five different sections: General Remarks; What Utilitarianism Is; Of the Ultimate Sanction of the Principle of Utility; Of What Sort of Proof the Principle of Utility is Susceptible; and Of the Connection between Justice and Utility.In the General Remarks portion of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He views it not as an animalistic concept because he sees seeking out pleasure as a way of using our higher facilities. He also says in this chapter that the happiness principle is based not exclusively on the individual but mainly on the community. Mill also defends the idea of a "strong utilitarian conscience (i.e. a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He argued that humans have a desire to be happy and that that desire causes us to want to be in unity with other humans. This causes us to care about the happiness of others, as well as the happiness of complete strangers. But this desire also causes us to experience pain when we perceive harm to other people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He believes in internal sanctions that make us experience guilt and appropriate our actions. These internal sanctions make us want to do good because we do not want to feel guilty for our actions. Happiness is our ultimate end because it is our duty. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He argues that we do not need to be constantly motivated by the concern of people's happiness because most of the actions done by people are done out of good intention, and the good of the world is made up of the good of the people. In Mill's fourth chapter, Of What Sort of Proof the Principle of Utility is Susceptible... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He claims that the only proof that something brings one pleasure is if someone finds it pleasurable. Next, he talks about how morality is the basic way to achieve happiness. He also discusses in this chapter that Utilitarianism is beneficial for virtue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He says that "it maintains not only that virtue is to be desired, but that it is to be desired disinterestedly, for itself." In his final chapter he looks at the connection between Utilitarianism and justice. He contemplates the question of whether justice is something distinct from Utility or not. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He reasons this question in several different ways and finally comes to the conclusion that in certain cases justice is essential for Utility, but in others, social duty is far more important than justice. Mill believes that "justice must give way to some other moral principle, but that what is just in ordinary cases i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
As he suggests in that text, utility is to be conceived in relation to humanity "as a progressive being", which includes the development and exercise of rational capacities as we strive to achieve a "higher mode of existence". The rejection of censorship and paternalism is intended to provide the necessary social condi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill believed that for the majority of people (those with but a moderate degree of sensibility and of capacity for enjoyment) happiness is best achieved en passant, rather than striving for it directly. This meant no self-consciousness, scrutiny, self-interrogation, dwelling on, thinking about, imagining or questioning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill's early economic philosophy was one of free markets. However, he accepted interventions in the economy, such as a tax on alcohol, if there were sufficient utilitarian grounds. He also accepted the principle of legislative intervention for the purpose of animal welfare. He originally believed that "equality of taxa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
A utilitarian society would agree that everyone should be equal one way or another. Therefore, receiving inheritance would put one ahead of society unless taxed on the inheritance. Those who donate should consider and choose carefully where their money goes—some charities are more deserving than others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Considering public charities boards such as a government will disburse the money equally. However, a private charity board like a church would disburse the monies fairly to those who are in more need than others.Later he altered his views toward a more socialist bent, adding chapters to his Principles of Political Econ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Nonetheless, some of his views on the idea of flat taxation remained, albeit altered in the third edition of the Principles of Political Economy to reflect a concern for differentiating restrictions on "unearned" incomes, which he favoured, and those on "earned" incomes, which he did not favour.In his autobiography, Mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Karl Marx, in his critique of political economy, mentioned Mill in the Grundrisse. Marx contended that Mill's thinking posited the categories of capital in an ahistorical fashion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill's main objection to Marxism focused on what he saw its destruction of competition. He wrote, "I utterly dissent from the most conspicuous and vehement part of their teaching—their declamations against competition." Though he was an egalitarian, Mill argued more for equal opportunity and placed meritocracy above al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill's major work on political democracy, Considerations on Representative Government, defends two fundamental principles: extensive participation by citizens and enlightened competence of rulers. The two values are obviously in tension, and some readers have concluded that he is an elitist democrat, while others count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He believed that the incompetence of the masses could eventually be overcome if they were given a chance to take part in politics, especially at the local level. Mill is one of the few political philosophers ever to serve in government as an elected official. In his three years in Parliament, he was more willing to com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
He saw the value of the individual person, and believed that "man had the inherent capability of guiding his own destiny-but only if his faculties were developed and fulfilled", which could be achieved through education. He regarded education as a pathway to improve human nature which to him meant "to encourage, among ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
The power of education lay in its ability to serve as a great equalizer among the classes allowing the working class the ability to control their own destiny and compete with the upper classes. Mill recognised the paramount importance of public education in avoiding the tyranny of the majority by ensuring that all the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
It was through education, he believed, that an individual could become a full participant within representative democracy. In regards to higher education, Mill defended liberal education against contemporary arguments for models of higher education focused on religion or science. His 1867 St. Andrews Address called on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
In Principles of Political Economy, Mill offered an analysis of two economic phenomena often linked together: the laws of production and wealth and the modes of its distribution. Regarding the former, he believed that it was not possible to alter to laws of production, "the ultimate properties of matter and mind... onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Once each member has an equal amount of individual property, they must be left to their own exertion not to be interfered with by the state. Regarding inequality of wealth, Mill believed that it was the role of the government to establish both social and economic policies that promote the equality of opportunity. The g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Mill demonstrated an early insight into the value of the natural world. In Book IV, chapter VI of Principles of Political Economy: "Of the Stationary State", Mill recognised wealth beyond the material and argued that the logical conclusion of unlimited growth was destruction of the environment and a reduced quality of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
According to Mill, the ultimate tendency in an economy is for the rate of profit to decline due to diminishing returns in agriculture and increase in population at a Malthusian rate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Works by John Stuart Mill in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by John Stuart Mill at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Stuart Mill at Internet Archive Works by John Stuart Mill at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) The Online Books Page lists works on various sites Works, readable and downloadable Primary an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
Macleod, Christopher. "John Stuart Mill". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. John Stuart Mill in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
A flag protocol (or flag code) is a set of rules and regulations for the display of flags within a country, including national, subnational, and foreign flags. Generally, flag protocols call for the national flag to be the most prominent flag (i.e, in the position of honor), flown highest and to its own right (the view... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The following guidelines are generally used between all countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The position of honor is reserved for the most prevalent flag. Typically, the national flag of the country in which it is being displayed. Following the national flags, flags of sub-federal divisions (such as states or provinces) typically follow and then other flags such as for armed forces or personal flags. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
In the case of foreign nations, the host country receives highest precedence, and other national flags are displayed in alphabetical order.The position of honor is centered or to the flag's own right (a viewer's left). When carried in single file (such as for color guard), the flag of honor leads. When two poles are cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
In a semicircle, the position of honor is the center. If a full circle is used outside an entrance, the position of honor is directly over the entrance. If used to line the walls of a room, the flag should be placed directly opposite the entrance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
When placed with a podium or at a place of worship, the flag should hang directly behind or on a pole to the right of the speaker, from the point of view of the flag.On a vehicle the flag should be put on a window or affixed securely to the front of the chassis, on the nearside of the vehicle, i.e. the one opposite the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
When flown horizontally, as from a flag pole, the flag should be oriented so that the canton is closest to the top of the pole. If hung against a wall, the canton should be placed in the upper-left corner from the point of view of the observer. When hung vertically, flags should be rotated so the canton is again closes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
Sometimes in a ceremonial flypast, a flag is flown from a weighted rope dangling from beneath a helicopter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
It does not matter when someone waves the Australian flag. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The Brazilian flag can be waved or flown in different directions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
Members of the royal family and the nobility each have their own flags. The Standard of the Sultan must be flown only over Istana Nurul Iman. Only the Standard of the Sultan, the Crown Prince, the 'Viziers' and 'Cheterias' (royal nobles) will be flown every day at their respective residents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
Other personal royal flags of the Pengirans and personal flags of the non-royal nobles (such as Pehin Manteris) will only be flown during a ceremonial period announced by the Prime Minister's Office such as Sultan's Birthday, Royal Wedding and National Day. The public generally will fly the national flag during these p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
When someone flows the flag of Canada, it does not matter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
When a French vessel meets another French ship, it is to lower and raise its ensign as a greeting. A merchant ship meeting a ship of the French Navy will greet three times. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The flag of India has a very distinctive protocol. It is governed by the Flag Code of India, 2002; the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.Insults to the national flag result in up to three years of imprisonment as punishment, or a fine, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The flag of Japan can be flown in many different directions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The flag of The Philippines strictly follows a specific position. The blue field should be to the right (left of the observer) in time of peace, and the red field to the right (left of the observer) in time of war. When displayed over the middle of a street, as between buildings or post, the flag should be suspended ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
Because the flag of Saudi Arabia bears the Shahada, it is never flown at half-mast. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The South Korean flag can be waved everywhere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
Unlike many other countries, use of the national flag, the Union Flag, for many informal purposes such as on clothing is accepted. The Department for Communities and Local Government in November 2012 released the Plain English guide to flying flags for England, a "summary of the new, more liberalised, controls over fla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
When displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flag's own right, that is, to the observer's left. When displayed in a window, the flag should be displayed in the same way, with the union or blue field to the left of the observer in the street. The flag should b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
That distinction has been eliminated and the rule simplified.When the flag is displayed at half-staff, it is customary to raise it briskly to the top the flag pole, then lower it slowly to the half-way mark. This is also done when lowering the flag. The flag is only displayed at half-staff by presidential decree or act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
When displaying the US flag, it is customary for it to be above a state's flag when flown on the same pole. When flown separately, a state's flag may be at the same height as the US flag, with the US flag to the left of the state flag, from the perspective of the viewer. When flown with several state flags, the US flag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The idea that only the Texas and Hawaii flags—having been the national flags of the Republic of Texas and the Kingdom of Hawaii—may be flown at an equal height to the US flag is a legend. In fact, any other flag may be flown at an equal height to the US flag provided the US flag is at the leftmost staff from the perspe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
The flag of the United States is used to drape the coffins of deceased veterans of the armed forces. When it is so used, the Union (white stars on blue background) is placed above the deceased's left shoulder. According to United States Code found in Title 4, Chapter 1 pertaining to patriotic customs and observances: §... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
National flags cannot be adulterated on any way, nor be used with other intention than as national symbols as stated by law. It is also prohibited for buildings to raise flags other than national flags. The public loyalty oath to the flag must be taken once by every citizen and is celebrated on 19 June at learning inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_protocol |
A coroner is a government or judicial official who is empowered to conduct or order an inquest into the manner or cause of death, and to investigate or confirm the identity of an unknown person who has been found dead within the coroner's jurisdiction. In medieval times, English coroners were Crown officials who held f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
Responsibilities of the coroner may include overseeing the investigation and certification of deaths related to mass disasters that occur within the coroner's jurisdiction. A coroner's office typically maintains death records of those who have died within the coroner's jurisdiction. The additional roles that a coroner ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
The qualifications required of a coroner vary significantly between jurisdictions, and are described under the entry for each jurisdiction. Coroners, medical examiners, and forensic pathologists are different professions. They have different roles and responsibilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
The office of coroner originated in medieval England and has been adopted in many countries whose legal systems have at some time been subject to English or United Kingdom law. In Middle English, the word "coroner" referred to an officer of the Crown, derived from the French couronne and Latin corona, meaning "crown".T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
This role provided a local county official whose primary duty was to protect the financial interest of the Crown in criminal proceedings. The office of coroner is, "in many instances, a necessary substitute: for if the sheriff is interested in a suit, or if he is of affinity with one of the parties to a suit, the coron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
"Keeping the pleas" was an administrative task, while "holding the pleas" was a judicial one that was not assigned to the locally resident coroner but left to judges who traveled around the country holding assize courts. The role of custos rotulorum or keeper of the county records became an independent office, which af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
While coronial manuals written for sheriffs, bailiffs, justices of the peace and coroners were published in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, handbooks specifically written for coroners were distributed in England in the eighteenth century.Coroners were introduced into Wales following its military conquest by Ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
The use was already of ancient Greece and see e. g. Theophilus Christophorus Harles (Bionis smyrnaei and Moschi syracusani quae supersunt etc. P. 40. Erlangen, 1780), who quotes Euripides, Clement of Alexandria, Chionus of Heraclea and others in this regard; see also James Claude Upshaw Downs: "The origin of official d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
with the Greek Physician Antistius's examination of Julius Caesar (Fisher 1993; Gawande 2001). The history of the office of coroner extends well over a millennium and has seen major evolution etc." (Coroner and Medical Examiner in Handbook of Death and Dying ed. by Clifton D. Bryant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
V. 1, p. 909. 2003.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
Australian coroners are responsible for investigating and determining the cause of death for those cases reported to them. In all states and territories, a coroner is a magistrate with legal training, and is attached to a local court. Four states – New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia – also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
The office of coroner was transplanted to Canada from the British-derived system of government that existed in the land prior to 1867. Because of the grafting of a multi-cultural system especially after the 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, several provinces have found it beneficial to use a de-focused "medical exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
These services are headed by a Chief Coroner (or Chief Medical Examiner) and comprise coroners or medical examiners appointed by the executive council.The provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador now have a Medical Examiner system, meaning that all death investigations are conducted by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner |
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