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Anglo-Saxon brooches are a large group of decorative brooches found in England from the fifth to the eleventh centuries. In the early Anglo-Saxon era, there were two main categories of brooch: the long (bow) brooch and the circular (disc) brooch. The long brooch category includes cruciform, square-headed, radiate-heade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The circular brooch form developed from jewelled disc brooches produced in Kent in the early sixth century. In the early Anglo-Saxon era, the circular brooch type included the saucer, the applied saucer, the button, the annular (circular ring form), the penannular (incomplete ring), and the quoit (double ring, one of e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
There are a few styles that fall into the miscellaneous category. These include the bird and S-shaped brooch of the early Anglo-Saxon era and the safety-pin, strip, ottonian, rectangular, and bird motif of the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The majority of brooches found in early Anglo-Saxon England were Continental styles that had migrated from Europe. These styles evolved over time in England. In the sixth century, metalworkers from Kent, and eventually other regions, started creating brooches using their own distinctive styles and techniques. The best-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The middle of the fifth century marked the beginning of Anglo-Saxon England. The Anglo-Saxon era consists of three different time periods: The early Anglo-Saxon era, which spans the mid-fifth to the beginning of the seventh century; the middle Anglo-Saxon era, which covers the seventh through the ninth centuries; and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
It would vary in size and shape. These ancient brooches can be divided into two main groups, long and circular forms. Brooches were constructed from various metals, including copper alloy, iron, silver, gold or a combination of metals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
They could be made using a variety of techniques, including casting, inlaying or engraving. Casting was a frequently used technique, because many brooches could be made from the same mould.Brooches of the Anglo-Saxon era were worn primarily by women. According to clothing historian, Penelope Walton-Rogers, "For the Ang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
However, decorative their appearance and however much they were used to express social and cultural identity, their primary role was to hold edges of garments together and to control loose flaps of clothing." Although women were the primary users of brooches in the early Anglo-Saxon era, archaeological evidence reveals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The majority of brooches found in early Anglo-Saxon England were Continental styles that had migrated from Europe and Scandinavia. The long brooch is the style associated with early Anglo-Saxon England. Circular brooches first appeared in England in the middle of the fifth century. During the sixth century, craftsmen f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The Kentish square-headed brooch and the circular (Kentish) jewelled brooches were styles originating in Kent. The circular form was the preferred brooch type by the end of the sixth century.During the seventh century, all brooches in England were in decline. They reappeared in the eighth century and continued to be fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Brooch styles were predominantly circular by the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. During this time period, the preferred styles were the annular and jewelled (Kentish) disc brooch styles. The circular forms can be divided generally into enamelled and non-enamelled styles.A few non-circular style were fashionable during ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The ansate, the safety-pin, the strip and a few other styles can be included in this group. Ansate brooches were traditional brooches from Europe migrated to England and became fashionable in the late Anglo-Saxon period. Safety-pin brooches, more abundant in the early Anglo-Saxon period became more uncommon by the seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Long brooches, also known as bow brooches, originated from Roman Iron Age bow-shaped brooches. They include several varieties of square-headed brooches, as well as small-long, cruciform, equal-headed and radiate-headed brooches. Longs consist of a head and a foot and a section in the middle called the bow. The bow sect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Square-headed brooches typically have rectangular heads, not square as described by their name. The foot is generally lozenge-shaped. This brooch is cross-shaped in some types, with animal ornamentation where the bow and foot connect. The square-heads originated in Scandinavia in the fifth century and spread to England... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Great square-headed brooches measure 100-150mm long. They are generally large and heavy brooches. They are the most common brooch style found in high-status female graves in the fifth and sixth centuries. Great square-headed brooches are generally made of copper alloy, and surface treatments of gilding, silvering and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
There are two main styles of Kentish square-headed brooch: the Jutish-style and the Continental-style. The Jutish-style brooches closely resemble brooches originating in Jutland, in the amount of animal decoration and often the inclusion of a disc on the bow of the brooch. The Continental-style consists of simpler anim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
These brooches are smaller versions of the great square-headed brooches. They are typically made from copper alloy, with a small percentage made from silver. They are usually gilded and can have relief decoration. They can be dated from 500 to 575 AD. They are found throughout southern England, but are primarily associ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The small-long brooch is similar to the cruciform and the great square-headed brooch. These copper alloy brooches have the greatest number of design variations of Anglo-Saxon brooches created in the early Anglo-Saxon era. The small-long head includes square, trefoil and cross shapes and the foot can be found in triangu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
They are similar to the cruciform style brooch style and have been described as an inexpensive substitute to the cruciform brooch. They can be dated from the late fifth to the sixth century. These brooches disappear from Anglian sites earlier than other places in England. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Cruciform brooches are fairly common in early Anglo-Saxon England. Cruciform style brooches may have originated in both Europe and Scandinavia during the second half of the 4th century. They are found predominantly in eastern England, from Kent and as far north as York. They were worn from the early fifth to the middle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Cruciform brooches have been found in Anglo-Saxon graves in three separate body locations: two brooches at the shoulders pointing up, two brooches on the chest pointing down and one brooches on the chest pointing across. A cruciform brooch can be identified by three knobs or terminals on the head of the brooch. Crucifo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Radiate-headed brooches were popular in sixth century Kent, probably the result of the high number of Frankish people migrating to the region". This brooch style originated on the Continent in Francia. Radiate-heads are typically made from copper alloy with a small percentage being made in silver. Their distinguishing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The supporting arm brooch is a T-shaped brooch. It dates to the early Anglo-Saxon era, 400 to 450 AD. This brooch style evolved from Roman brooches, but it also displays Germanic characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
According to the Portable Antiquities Scheme database, "The ‘supporting arm’ is in fact wings, each with a perforated lug on the reverse to hold the pin bar, around which the spring is wrapped. There can be a third or even a fourth perforated lug in the centre. The foot is normally short and slightly flared, with trans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Equal-arm brooches typically have identically shaped and sized head and feet. They are inspired by similarly designed Roman brooches. In the Early Anglo-Saxon time period, equal arms have triangular head and feet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The three styles of equal armed brooches are: wide, long and Anglian. The wide equal-arm is a large brooch with a triangular head and foot, narrowing toward the bow. These brooches are often made in the Saxon Relief style. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The long equal-arm brooch is a much longer than wide brooch compared to the other two equal-arm styles. The terminals generally taper away from the bow, which is different from the wide and Anglian equal-arm. The Anglian style is not common. The name indicates where the brooch is generally found, East Anglia. The Angli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Circular brooches, also known as disc brooches, are circular-shaped brooches, usually decorated with various geometrical designs. They are generally made in copper alloy can also be found in silver and gold. These brooches were popular in early Anglo-Saxon England in the fifth and sixth centuries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The plain disc brooch was cast in copper alloy. The front plate was either plain or decorated with a simple pattern, usually a carved or stamped design. The Kentish disc brooches were a more highly ornamented version of the plain disc brooch with inlaid garnet or multi-coloured glass. It is possible that Anglo-Saxon di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The brooches are small, primarily 30-40mm in diameter. They are often found with a white metal coating on the front plate. matching and un-matching pairs. Disc brooches date from 450 to 550 AD during the same time that gilt saucer brooches were popular. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
A saucer brooch is a circular-shaped brooch with a decorated front plate, surrounded by an upturned rim. The brooch was typically cast in a single piece in copper alloy, gilded and then secured with a pin. There are many varieties of ornamentation, generally geometric in design. Saucers were popular in Saxon areas in s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
They have been found in large numbers in Anglo-Saxon burial sites, dating from the fifth century to the early seventh century. Gilded saucer brooches are found in female graves in every part of southern and central England. There are three categories of saucer brooch: saucer, applied and button. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The applied brooch, also known as the applied saucer or applied disc brooch, resembles the saucer brooch in appearance. This brooch is assembled in separate parts, unlike the saucer brooch which is cast as an entire piece. Because the brooch is constructed in separate pieces, archaeological excavations rarely uncover a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The button brooch is a small brooch, similar in shape to the saucer brooch. The brooch is typically decorated with the design of a human face. A popular button design was an image of a "chubby mustachioed face". The brooch was used in the fifth and sixth centuries, primarily Southern England.The button ranges in size f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Jewelled (also known as Kentish) disc brooches are complex, opulent brooches. At the beginning of the sixth century, jewellery craftsmen in Kent began to develop their own brooch styles based on a combination of existing Anglo-Saxon styles and techniques in addition to traditional European jewellery designs. These unco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The keystone brooch is cast in one piece, most often in silver or copper alloy. It has a circular setting surrounded by three or four keystone garnets or pieces of glass and alternating sections of raised decoration, often in Style I. The brooch is usually edged with niello and a gilded rim. The jewelled keystone varie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
This brooch is rare and limited to Kent. It is typically 38-57mm in diameter, constructed in two distinct pieces: a backplate cast in silver with a raised rim, and a gold front plate that is attached to the back plate, with a circular opening where the inner setting is placed. The central setting is surrounded by filig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The jewelled composite brooch is quite rare. It is constructed of three plates: a front plate made of gold, silver or copper alloy with a setting of roundels and other shapes in filigree and typically garnet and glass cloisonné. The multiple plates are bound together by rivets. This brooch is large, 40-85mm in diameter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The annular brooch style dates from the fifth to the seventh centuries in Anglo-Saxon England. It was common throughout southern England, the Midlands, East Anglia and North East England. It consists of a closed ring of wire or flattened metal with a pin set across it. The brooch style is plain, decorated simply with p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The flat annular is the most common annular brooch form in early Anglo-Saxon England. It is constructed with a flat, wide circular ring, generally 35mm to 65mm in diameter. The ring is usually cast in copper alloy with a pin generally made of iron. The flat annular is constructed with either a closed ring or an open ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
With the open ring style, each end contains a hole in which a small pin or bolt is passed to join the ring.These simple brooches are often decorated with stamps or diagonal grooves, but many of this style are undecorated. The flat annular often displays a shiny surface, which is possibly the result of the brooch brushi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The quoit brooch combines the annular and penannular form with a double ring, and is intricately decorated. The descriptive name originates from the rings thrown in the game of Quoits. The earliest of these jewellery items were large, opulent silver brooches made in Kent in the mid-fifth century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The quoits were probably worn alone. There were variations made in copper alloy in the fifth and sixth centuries which were mostly likely worn in pairs on the shoulders.The Quoit Brooch Style of the Anglo-Saxon era was named for this elaborate brooch. The brooch "consists of a decorated, flat ring enclosing a penannula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The outer annular ring is characteristically decorated in concentric circles of lightly chip-carved geometric motifs, quadrupeds, sea creatures and human masks".The most important example of this style is the Sarre brooch, discovered in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery near Kent. It is intricately decorated with three-dimension... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The miscellaneous forms of annular brooch are: the broad-framed brooch, the chunkier annular brooch with ribbed decoration, and the late Anglo-Saxon period annular brooches. The broad-framed was a smaller brooch with a wider frame than the typical annular brooch. The chunkier annular is uncommon. It has a thicker oval ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Scholars have been unable to date these brooches beyond a range of late fifth to early eighth century. The late Anglo-Saxon annular brooches, popular in the sixth and seventh centuries, trended toward a smaller size over time. The ornamentation of the late style is often undecorated, simple or decorated in Style II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
This brooch is composed of an incomplete circle of wire or flattened metal with a pin lying across it. It is less common than the annular brooch. Similar in decoration to the annular, the penannular is usually garnished with parallel marks or a ring of stamps. There are two main categories of the pennanular brooch foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Both forms were worn at the shoulders.The brooch was popular from the sixth to seventh centuries, although worn as late as the eighth century. It has a geographical distribution similar to the annular brooch: throughout southern England, the midlands, east anglia and north east England. After the seventh century, the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The openwork disc consists of a metal ring with an openwork design. These delicate brooches were usually made in copper alloy, although the most famous examples, the Pentney Hoard brooches were cast in silver. They are commonly found in the Midlands and date from the early sixth century. The delicate brooches were comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The six brooch treasure, later named the Pentney Hoard, is now in the British Museum. It is believed that five of the six the brooches date to the ninth century and one brooch was probably made in the tenth century. The largest brooch's size and several bosses (raised ornaments) are similar in style to brooches of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Brooches that do not fall into the circular or long category were uncommon in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Of these brooches, the bird or S-shaped were the most popular. Bird shaped brooches are generally found in the Kent area. Artesans from Kent created their own distinct style of bird brooch. The chunky European bird ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Brooch styles were predominantly circular by the middle to late Anglo-Saxon era. The circular forms can be divided into enamelled and non-enamelled styles. Ansate brooches, traditional brooches from Europe migrated to England and became fashionable in the late Anglo-Saxon period. Safety-pin brooches, more common in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Safety-pins are fairly uncommon in the seventh century. Made in silver or copper alloy, these simple clothing fasteners resemble modern day safety-pins. A single piece of wire is coiled at the top of the brooch and forms the spring to the pin. Beginning in the eighth century, this form of brooch evolved into the strip ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
A strip brooch is constructed from a single piece of copper alloy. "Strip brooches can be made in one of two ways. Either the brooch is in one piece, with one end extended into a spring and pin and the other bent into a catchplate; or the plate has a separate riveted-on spring, pin and catch plate." These style can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Ansante (bow) brooches are equal-armed brooches that originated in Europe. A popular brooch style in Northwestern Europe in the fifth through the seventh centuries, the ansante brooch migrated to England in the seventh century, and was in common use by the tenth century. The brooch is characterized as having two equal-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
They are small brooches, typically measuring between 30-50mm in diameter. Most brooches are made in copper alloy.The ansante brooch is probably the least studied brooch of Anglo-Saxon England. This traditionally styled brooch was once considered by scholars to be a rare European jewellery item, imported to England duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The circular brooch is the primary brooch type from the seventh through the eleventh centuries. The circular brooches of this time perdiod can divided into enamelled and non-enamelled types. There are many outstanding brooches created in the ninth through the eleventh centuries. A few of these elaborate brooches includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Enamelling is the process of using extremely high heat to fuse glass onto a prepared metal surface. The technique enables the craftsman to create brightly coloured images. Anglo-Saxon enamelled brooches can be grouped into two main enamelling techniques: champlevé and cloisonné. Champlevé means ‘raised field’ in French... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
The champlevé process requires the casting of shallow sunken cells into the body of the metal, and then the cells are filled with enamel. Cloisonné means ‘partitioned’, and this process involves creating cells by soldering vertical cell walls to a disc backplate.Anglo-Saxon craftsmen used a variety of enamelling techni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
There are many variations of the non-enamelled circular brooch. The most common styles include: the back-turned animal, coin, cross, concentric circle, stepped and cogwheel forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
There were a variety of miscellaneous enamelled and non-enamelled brooch styles during this period. The most common were the rectangular, bird-shaped, ottonian and cross-shape styles. Most of the rectangular brooches found in England are non-enamelled, and can be grouped into those with straight sides and those with co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
Ottonian brooches were complex, three dimensional brooches imported from Europe. Bird shaped brooches of this era generally consist of a raised wing, fan shaped tail, and crested head. They also display two legs with claws that are joined together. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_brooches |
A punnet is a small box or square basket for the gathering, transport and sale of fruit and vegetables, typically for small berries susceptible to bruising, spoiling and squashing that are therefore best kept in small rigid containers. Punnets serve also as a rough measure for a quantity of irregular sized fruits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
The word is largely confined to Commonwealth countries (but not Canada) and is of uncertain origin, but is thought to be a diminutive of 'pun,' a British dialect word for pound, from the days in which such containers were used as a unit of measurement. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, parenthetically in its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
In the late eighteenth century, strawberries and some soft fruit were sold in pottles, conical woodchip baskets (see illustration, right), the tapering shape being thought to reduce damage to fruit at the bottom. The pottle used in England and Scotland at that time contained nominally one Scottish pint. They were stack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
Pottles were replaced in the mid-1800s by the more practical rectangular punnet. The terms 'pottle' and 'punnet' were often used interchangeably. As reported in an 1879 issue of The Gentleman's Magazine, the conical pottle had given way to the punnet, being mainly manufactured in Brentford of deal, or the more preferre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
A 1852 publication lists other produce being sold in punnets in British markets, including sea kale, mushrooms, small salad and tomatoes.Punnets are used for collecting berries as well as for selling them, thus reducing handling of the fragile fruits and the likely damage that it could cause. The process is recorded in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
In North America, commercial strawberry horticulture began around 1820, and the fruits were packed in the same manner as that approved by English gardeners; in 1821 it was recommended that Massachusetts strawberry growers carry berries to the Boston markets in "pottles, that is, in inverted cones of basket work.” The E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
A 1903 work describes the construction of punnets; "Strawberry punnets or baskets as used by fruiterers are made of thin strips of wood, well soaked before use. The bottom and uprights are comprised of six pieces of 1/16” wood; the bottom and side pieces may be of ash and the lacings, which are 1/32” thick and 1” wide,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
Contemporary punnets are generally made in a variety of dimensions of semi-rigid, transparent, lightweight PET plastic with lockable lids, or of clamshell design, and with vents. Their advantage is that they permit visual examination by the consumer but discourage physical contact with the merchandise at point of sale.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punnet |
Cultural code refers to several related concepts about the body of shared practices, expectations and conventions specific to a given domain of a culture. Under one interpretation, a cultural code is seen as defining a set of images that are associated with a particular group of stereotypes in our minds. This is sort o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_code |
In the Dutch honours system, most orders are the responsibility of ministers of the Netherlands Government. The house orders, however, are awarded at the discretion of the Dutch monarch alone. Over the centuries, hundreds of medals, decorations for merit or valour and orders of knighthood have been instituted by the su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Their successors, the House of Burgundy, founded the famous Order of the Golden Fleece. This order still exists in Spain and in the Austrian imperial House. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands did not possess an order of knighthood. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Instead so called "Beloningspenningen", golden medals on golden chains, were given as gifts to ambassadors and successful admirals. In 1781 a medal called the "Doggersbank medaille" was awarded to the officers who took part in the Battle of the Dogger Bank against the British fleet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
It was the first modern Dutch decoration. The Batavian Republic, founded after the French invasion of 1795, did not institute any orders or medals. The Kingdom of Holland was founded in 1805 to provide a throne for Napoleon's younger brother Lodewijk Napoleon Bonaparte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
The "King of Holland" founded an "Orde van de Unie", (English: Order of the Union, later dubbed "Order of Holland" then "Royal Order of Holland"). The first king of the Netherlands, William I, founded the Military Order of William and a civilian order, the Order of the Netherlands Lion. His successors founded several o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
The Netherlands never established a colonial order for the Dutch East Indies. The order of wear of Dutch Honours is published in the Official Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The orders, decorations and medals are listed in that order below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Military William Order, founded on 30 April 1815 by King William I Cross for Courage and Fidelity (Kruis voor Moed en Trouw) Honorary Sabre (Eresabel) Dutch Cross of Resistance (Verzetskruis 1940–1945) Honorary Medal for Charitable Assistance (Erepenning voor Menslievend Hulpbetoon) Order of the Netherlands Lion, found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau, founded on 31 March 1858 by King-Grand Duke William III Order of the House of Orange, instituted by Queen Wilhelmina in 1905, reorganized by Queen Juliana in 1969 The Order for Loyalty and Merit, established as a separate group of the House Order of Orange by Queen Juliana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Honorable Mention (Eervolle Vermelding) Bronze Lion (Bronzen Leeuw) Resistance Star East Asia (Verzetsster Oost-Azië) Bronze Cross (Het Bronzen Kruis) Cross of Merit (Kruis van Verdienste) Airman's Cross (Vliegerkruis) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Medal of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (Medaille van het Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut) De Ruyter Medal (De Ruyter-medaille) Museum Medal (Erepenning voor Verdiensten jegens Openbare Verzamelingen) Flood Disaster Medal (Watersnoodmedaille) Medal of the Red Cross (Medaille van het Rode ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Silver Memorial Cross 1813-15, awarded 1865 (Zilveren Herdenkingskruis) Expedition Cross (Ereteken voor Belangrijke Krijgsbedrijven) Lombok Cross (Lombokkruis) War Commemorative Cross (Oorlogsherinneringskruis) Resistance Commemorative Cross (Verzetsherdenkingskruis) Decoration for Order and Peace (Ereteken voor Orde e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Officers' Cross (Onderscheidingsteken voor Langdurige Dienst als officier) Decoration for Long, Honest and Loyal Service in gold, silver or bronze (Onderscheidingsteken voor Langdurige, Eerlijke en Trouwe Dienst) Decoration for Loyal Volunteer Service in the Coast Guard (Onderscheidingsteken voor trouwe dienst bij de M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Queen Wilhelmina Inauguration Medal, 1898 (Inhuldigingsmedaille 1898) Wedding Medal of Queen Wilhelmina and Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 1901 (Huwelijksmedaille 1901) Commemorative Medal of the Second Hague Peace Conference 1907 (Herinneringsmedaille aan de Tweede Internationale Vredesconferentie) Royal Silver W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
The Dutch government allows the following orders of chivalry to be worn on military uniforms: Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Souvereine Militaire Orde van Malta) Order of Saint John in the Netherlands (Johanniter Orde in Nederland) Teutonic Order, Bailiwick of Utrecht (Ridderlijke Duitsche Orde, Balije van Utrecht) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Silver Carnation (Zilveren Anjer) Order of the Golden Ark (Orde van de Gouden Ark) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Carnegie Hero Fund Medal (Medaille van het Carnegie Heldenfonds) Mobilisation Cross 1914-1918 (Mobilisatiekruis) Air Protection Medal 1940-45 (Luchtbeschermingsmedaille) Cross for the Four Day Marches (Vierdaagse Kruis) Eleven cities cross, medal for those who completed the Eleven cities long-distance skating tour (Elf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
United Nations Medal North Atlantic Treaty Organization Medal Western European Union Medal Multinational Force and Observers Medal European Community Monitor Mission Medal CSDP Medal Baltic Air Policing Medal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
W.F. Bax, "Ridderorden, eereteekenen, draagteekens en penningen, betreffende de Weermacht van Nederland en Koloniën (1813-heden)", 1973 H.G. Meijer, C.P. Mulder en B.W. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Wagenaar, "Orders and Decorations of the Netherlands", 1984 C.H. Evers, "Onderscheidingen", 2001 J.H. van Zelm van Eldik, "Moed en Trouw", 2003 O Schutte, De Orde van de Unie", 1985 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_honours_system |
Howard Bruce Franklin (born February 1934) is an American cultural historian and scholar. He is notable for receiving top awards for his lifetime scholarship in fields as diverse as American studies, science fiction, prison literature and marine ecology. He has written or edited twenty books and three hundred professio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
He was instrumental in helping to debunk false public speculation that Vietnam was continuing to hold prisoners of war. He helped to establish science fiction writing as a genre worthy of serious academic study. In 2008, the American Studies Association awarded him the Pearson-Bode Prize for Lifetime Achievement in Ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
After a split within the party, he became the leader of a new organization,Venceremos. Venceremos was a largely Chicano Maoist-Third Worldist organization, which wanted to focus on armed struggle in the present moment rather than accumulating forces. Franklin was fired from Stanford University in 1972 for allegedly inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
The termination brought nationwide attention to the issue of academic freedom. Franklin was arrested in December 1972 for harboring Ronald Beaty, a federal fugitive after being freed in October during a prison transfer in which one guard was killed and another wounded.Franklin became a tenured full professor of English... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
Born in February 1934, Franklin held numerous jobs in Brooklyn, New York while working his way through college. From 1951 to 1952, he was a batch worker at the Mayfair Photofinishing Company. In 1953, he was an upholsterer for the Carb Manufacturing Company, and in 1954 was promoted to foreman of the shipping departmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
They had three children together. From 1955 to 1956, he was a tugboat deckhand and mate for the Pennsylvania RR Marine department, based in Jersey City, New Jersey. h He served in the United States Air Force from 1956 to 1959 as a navigator and intelligence officer. In 1966, he resigned his commission in the Air Force ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
Franklin earned his doctorate from Stanford University in 1961. He was hired that year at the university as an assistant professor of English; he was promoted to associate professor in 1965. He was also a lecturer in San Jose, California's municipal adult education department from 1963 to 1964.He became an expert on Am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
His first book, The Wake of the Gods: Melville's Mythology, examined Melville's use of mythologies and intellectual milieu from Meso-American to Sanskrit. Franklin wrote a scholarly edition of Melville's The Confidence Man: His Masquerade, which traced obscure classical and "alien" references embedded in Melville's pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
He taught for six months at Stanford's campus in Tours, France, and then moved in Paris. There he and his wife Jane studied Marxist theory, helped organize the Free University of Paris, and participated in setting up the European network of GI deserters, who were primarily young men opposed to the Vietnam War. When he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
In 1968, Franklin was one of twenty-four founders of the Revolutionary Union. After Franklin left the RU, the organization became the Revolutionary Communist Party. The organization was infiltrated by the FBI, which planted informers within the leadership of the group to heighten members' "suspicions of each other". De... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin |
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