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It seems as if consciousness as an inner activity were rather a postulate than a sensibly given fact, the postulate, namely, of a knower as correlative to all this known; and as if "sciousness" might be a better word by which to describe it. But "sciousness postulated as a hypothesis" is a practically a very different ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
James had founded a new school of philosophy, called "radical empiricism," and nondual sciousness was its starting point. He even wrote a note to himself to "apologize for my dualistic language, in the Principles." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
James did not continue to use the word "sciousness" in later essays on radical empiricism, but the concept is clearly there as the "plain, unqualified ... existence" he comes to call "pure experience," in which there is "no self-splitting ... into consciousness and what the consciousness is of. "Pure experience sciousn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
That rejection continues to this day. One of the first to appreciate James's concept was the Swiss psychologist Theodore Flournoy, a mentor of Jung. In a book about James he wrote: ...while most philosophers conceive ... primordial state, the origin of all psychic life, as a purely subjective state from which subseque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
This means that he holds that the distinction between self and non-self, implied in the word 'consciousness,' from which we are in a normal state unable to free ourselves, is not primary, but results from a conceptual sorting and classifying of the primitive experiences. The 20th century philosopher Kitaro Nishida—intr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
As psychologist Benny Shanon observed recently: Most pertinent ... is William James with his notion of sciousness which comes in contrast to consciousness. The former consists of pure experience only, the latter involves knowledge of experience. The crucial question is whether mere sciousness does in fact exist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
In a most insightful scholarly discussion, Bricklin (Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 2003) argues that basically the Jamesian position is positive in this regard. Natsoulas (Philosophical Psychology, 1993; Journal of Mind and Behavior , 1996) argues that James vacillated on this issue. I would say that the topic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciousness |
A dominant culture is a cultural practice that is dominant within a particular political, social or economic entity, in which multiple cultures co-exist. It may refer to a language, religion/ritual, social value and/or social custom. These features are often a norm for an entire society. An individual achieves dominanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
The concept of "dominant culture" is generally used in academic discourse in fields such as communication, sociology, anthropology and cultural studies.In a society, culture is established and directed by the individuals with most power (hegemony). In a culture, a group of people that have the ability to hold power ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
Individuals from the dominant culture spread their dominant ideologies through institutions such as education, religion, and politics. Dominant culture make use of media and laws to spread their ideologies as well. Furthermore, a dominant culture can be promoted deliberately and by the suppression of minority cultures ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
Antonio Gramsci imply that the masses are in the grip of a monolithic ruling class. However, the overall picture that Gramsci provides is not a static, closed system of ruling-class domination. Rather, it is a society in constant process, where the creation of counter-hegemonies remains a live option.The concept of a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
In the United States, for example, a distinction is often made between the indigenous culture of Native Americans, and a dominant culture that may be described as "WASP", "Anglo", "white", "middle class", and so on. Some Native Americans are seen as being part of the culture of their own tribe, community, or family, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
Co-culture consists of minority groups, or groups whose beliefs and values differ from the dominant culture. Minority groups such as LGBTQ+, women, and black people or African American members, for example, can experience negative effects resulting from their interaction with the dominant culture. Minority groups can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
Members from the LGBTQ+ community, that live in a heterosexist society, are susceptible and inclined to suffer from chronic stress due to their stigmatization. Minority stressors include internalized homophobia, stigma and experiences of violence and discrimination. Internalized homophobia can be described as an LGBTQ+... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
Women, as many other co-culture groups, are greatly affected by the dominant culture that surround them. The dominant culture tend to perceive women as less worthy of economic and educational opportunities. Also, In many cultures, women are expected to behave in a certain way and be responsible for tasks that men are n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
Globally, black or African American communities have been affected by the dominant cultures. In different countries, in order for black people to incorporate into the cultural hegemony, they were frequently isolated from their own cultural group, or an attempt was made to eradicate their culture completely. Many exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_culture |
The Steel City is a common nickname for many cities that were once known for their production of large amounts of steel. With industrial production also in developing countries, like those in Eastern Europe and Asia, most of these cities do not produce as much steel as they used to. It is possible there will be new ste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_City |
Wilhelmine Margaret Eve, Lady Harrod (née Cresswell, 1 December 1911 – 9 May 2005), known as Billa Harris, was a British writer and architectural conservationist, best known for saving the mediaeval churches of Norwich, and the wife of the economist Sir Roy Harrod. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billa_Harrod |
She was born Wilhelmine Margaret Eve Cresswell on 1 December 1911 at New Hunstanton, Snettisham, Norfolk, the daughter of Lieutenant (later Captain) Francis Joseph Cresswell (died 1914) of the Norfolk Regiment and his wife, Barbara (née Ffolkes or ffolkes; 1884–1977). She was related to several Quaker gentry families, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billa_Harrod |
From the 1930s, she lived between Norfolk and London, where she had a flat in Holborn with her sister Puffin and worked for the Georgian Group.After marrying the economist Sir Roy Harrod in 1938, she moved to Oxford, where he was an academic, and where she became friends with John Betjeman (to whom she had been briefly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billa_Harrod |
She married Sir Roy Harrod in 1938. One of their sons was Dominick Harrod, economics correspondent for the BBC. She was widowed in 1978. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billa_Harrod |
She died on 9 May 2005 at her home, the Old Rectory, Holt, Norfolk. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billa_Harrod |
The Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects (Chinese: 汉语方言地图集; pinyin: Hànyǔ Fāngyán Dìtú Jí), edited by Cao Zhiyun and published in 2008 in three volumes, is a dialect atlas documenting the geography of varieties of Chinese. Unlike the Language Atlas of China (1987), which aims to map the boundaries of both minority lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Atlas_of_Chinese_Dialects |
The project spanned 8 years, from 2001 to 2007. A year of preparatory work began in December 2001, including selecting survey sites, codifying fieldwork procedures and conducting trial surveys.The 930 sites throughout China and Taiwan were selected so that there was usually one site per county in southeast China and on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Atlas_of_Chinese_Dialects |
The remaining 894 sites were generally chosen to be representative of rural dialects of their county, so dialect islands were omitted.A questionnaire was compiled, to elicit the pronunciation of 425 characters representing common Chinese morphemes, the local term for 470 items and the local form of 110 grammatical form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Atlas_of_Chinese_Dialects |
The 46 fieldworkers, 34 of whom held doctoral degrees in Chinese dialectology, were assigned to areas they were already familiar with. A single informant was used from each site, typically a male born between 1931 and 1945 who had spent almost all of his life at the site. This was in line with the usual practice in dia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Atlas_of_Chinese_Dialects |
The finished work consists of 510 maps, each containing data for all 930 sites, in three volumes: Yǔyīn juǎn 语音卷 , ISBN 978-7-100-05774-5. These 205 maps trace various significant phonetic developments from earlier forms of Chinese, such as the development of the tonal categories, voiced initial obstruents, initial con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Atlas_of_Chinese_Dialects |
Most of the 203 lexicon maps show the particular expression used at each site for a given concept, displayed as Chinese characters standing for cognate morphemes. Yǔfǎ juǎn 语法卷, , ISBN 978-7-100-05785-1. The 102 grammar maps show the distribution of different syntactic constructions or grammatical morphemes.In each map... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Atlas_of_Chinese_Dialects |
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe and Asia, plus parts of North Africa. It is listed as least concern by the IUCN. Its range has i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Among the true foxes, the red fox represents a more progressive form in the direction of carnivory. Apart from its large size, the red fox is distinguished from other fox species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments. Despite its name, the species often produces individuals with other colourings, includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Forty-five subspecies are currently recognised, which are divided into two categories: the large northern foxes and the small, basal southern grey desert foxes of Asia and North Africa.Red foxes are usually found in pairs or small groups consisting of families, such as a mated pair and their young, or a male with sever... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten sometimes. Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators, including other fox species, it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators, such as wolves, coyotes, golden jackals, large predatory birds such as golden eagles and Eurasian eagle owls, and medium- and large-siz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Males are called tods or dogs, females are called vixens, and young cubs are known as kits. Although the Arctic fox has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, and while the corsac fox's range extends into European Russia, the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so is simply called "the fox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The word "fox" comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. Compare with West Frisian foks, Dutch vos, and German Fuchs. This, in turn, derives from Proto-Indo-European *puḱ- 'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the Hindi pū̃ch 'tail', Tocharian B päkā 'tail; chowrie', and Lithuanian paustìs 'fur'. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The red fox is considered to be a more specialised form of Vulpes than the Afghan, corsac and Bengal fox species, in regards to their overall size and adaptation to carnivory; the skull displays far fewer neotenous traits than in other foxes, and its facial area is more developed. It is, however, not as adapted for a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The species is Eurasian in origin, and may have evolved from either Vulpes alopecoides or the related Chinese V. chikushanensis, both of which lived during the Middle Villafranchian of the Pleistocene Epoch. The earliest fossil specimens of V. vulpes were uncovered in Baranya County, Hungary, dating from 3.4 to 1.8 mil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes colonised the North American continent in two waves: before and during the Illinoian glaciation, and during the Wisconsinan glaciation. Gene mapping demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400,000 years, thus raising the possibility that speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan, the onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north, and they have only recently reclaimed their former North American ranges because of human-induced environmental changes. Genetic testing indicates that two distinct red fox refugia exist in North Ame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The southern (or montane) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the west, from the Rocky Mountains to the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada ranges, consisting of the smaller subspecies V. v. cascadensis, V. v. macroura, V. v. necator, and V. v. patwin. The latter clade has been separated from al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
In spite of the red fox’s adaptability to city life, they are still found in somewhat greater numbers in the northern portions of California (north of the Bay Area) than in the south, as the wilderness is more alpine and isolated. The eastern red foxes appear to have mixed with the Sacramento Valley red fox (V. v. patw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The 3rd edition of Mammal Species of the World listed 45 subspecies as valid. In 2010, a distinct 46th subspecies, the Sacramento Valley red fox (V. v. patwin), which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley, was identified through mitochondrial haplotype studies. Castello (2018) recognized 30 subspecies of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
: 140 However, genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe. Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly agile species, with one red fox covering 320 km (200 mi) in under a year's time.Red fox subspecies in Eurasia and North Africa are divided into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs. The tail, which is longer than half the body length (70 percent of head and body length), is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position. Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented. Nictitating membranes are present, but move only when the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The forepaws have five digits, while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws. They are very agile, being capable of jumping over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high fences, and swim well. Vixens normally have four pairs of teats, though vixens with seven, nine, or ten teats are not uncommon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The testes of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes.Their skulls are fairly narrow and elongated, with small braincases. Their canine teeth are relatively long. Sexual dimorphism of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes, with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males, with wider nasa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes are the largest species of the genus Vulpes. However, relative to dimensions, red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus Canis. Their limb bones, for example, weigh 30 percent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs. They display significant individual, sexual,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
On average, adults measure 35–50 cm (14–20 in) high at the shoulder and 45–90 cm (18–35 in) in body length with tails measuring 30–55.5 cm (11.8–21.9 in). The ears measure 7.7–12.5 cm (3.0–4.9 in) and the hind feet 12–18.5 cm (4.7–7.3 in). Weights range from 2.2–14 kg (4.9–30.9 lb), with vixens typically weighing 15–20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129–167 mm (5.1–6.6 in), while those of vixens measure 128–159 mm (5.0–6.3 in). The forefoot print measures 60 mm (2.4 in) in length and 45 mm (1.8 in) in width, while the hind foot print measures 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 38 mm (1.5 in) wide. They trot at a speed of 6–13 km/h (3.7–8... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
They have a stride of 25–35 cm (9.8–13.8 in) when walking at a normal pace. : 36 North American red foxes are generally lightly built, with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism. British red foxes are heavily built, but short, while continental European red foxes are close... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The winter fur is dense, soft, silky and relatively long. For the northern foxes, the fur is very long, dense and fluffy, but it is shorter, sparser and coarser in southern forms. Among northern foxes, the North American varieties generally have the silkiest guard hairs,: 231 while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The foxes actively control the peripheral vasodilation and peripheral vasoconstriction in these areas to regulate heat loss. There are three main colour morphs; red, silver/black and cross (see Mutations). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
In the typical red morph, their coats are generally bright reddish-rusty with yellowish tints. A stripe of weak, diffuse patterns of many brown-reddish-chestnut hairs occurs along the spine. Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades, which, together with the spinal stripe, form a cross. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lower lips, throat and front of the chest are white. The remaining lower surface of the body is dark, brown or reddish. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
During lactation, the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red. The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish, while the paws are black. The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish-rusty red, while the upper lips are white. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The backs of the ears are black or brownish-reddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The top of the tail is brownish-reddish, but lighter in colour than the back and flanks. The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw-coloured tint. A black spot, the location of the supracaudal gland, is usually present at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Atypical colouration in red foxes usually represents stages toward full melanism, and mostly occurs in cold regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes have binocular vision, but their sight reacts mainly to movement. Their auditory perception is acute, being able to hear black grouse changing roosts at 600 paces, the flight of crows at 0.25–0.5 km (0.16–0.31 mi) and the squeaking of mice at about 100 m (330 ft). They are capable of locating sounds to within... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes have a pair of anal sacs lined by sebaceous glands, both of which open through a single duct. The size and volume of the anal sacs increases with age, ranging in size from 5–40mm in length, 1–3mm in diameter, and with a capacity of 1–5mL. The anal sacs act as fermentation chambers in which aerobic and anaerob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The presence of foot glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, with a reddish tinge and smell strongly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The red fox is a wide-ranging species. Its range covers nearly 70,000,000 km2 (27,000,000 sq mi) including as far north as the Arctic Circle. It occurs all across Europe, in Africa north of the Sahara Desert, throughout Asia apart from extreme Southeast Asia, and across North America apart from most of the southwestern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
In Australia, estimates in 2012 indicated that there were more than 7.2 million red foxes, with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland. : 14 They became established in Australia through successive introductions in 1830s and 1840s, by settlers in the British colonies of Van Diemen's Land (as early... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The fox is generally less common in areas where the dingo is more prevalent, but it has, primarily through its burrowing behaviour, achieved niche differentiation with both the feral dog and the feral cat. Consequently, the fox has become one of the continent's most destructive invasive species.The red fox has been imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Most of those species are now limited to areas (such as islands) where red foxes are absent or rare. Local fox eradication programs exist, although elimination has proven difficult due to the fox's denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting, so the focus is on management, including the introduction of state bounties. Acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The origin of the ichnusae subspecies in Sardinia, Italy is uncertain, as it is absent from Pleistocene deposits in their current homeland. It is possible it originated during the Neolithic following its introduction to the island by humans. It is likely then that Sardinian fox populations stem from repeated introducti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode. : 117 They use their urine to mark their territories. A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him, whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
: 125 Males generally have higher urine marking rates during late summer and autumn, but the rest of the year the rates between male and female are similar. The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to precisely control the position of the scent mark. Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
In favourable habitats and/or areas with low hunting pressure, subordinate foxes may be present in a range. Subordinate foxes may number one or two, sometimes up to eight in one territory. These subordinates could be formerly dominant animals, but are mostly young from the previous year, who act as helpers in rearing t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Alternatively, their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success. Non-breeding vixens will guard, play, groom, provision and retrieve kits, an example of kin selection. Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes reproduce once a year in spring. Two months prior to oestrus (typically December), the reproductive organs of vixens change shape and size. By the time they enter their oestrus period, their uterine horns double in size, and their ovaries grow 1.5–2 times larger. Sperm formation in males begins in August–Sept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks, during which the dog-foxes mate with the vixens for several days, often in burrows. The male's bulbus glandis enlarges during copulation, forming a copulatory tie which may last for more than an hour. The gestation period lasts 49–58 days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Though foxes are largely monogamous, DNA evidence from one population indicated large levels of polygyny, incest and mixed paternity litters. Subordinate vixens may become pregnant, but usually fail to whelp, or have their kits killed postpartum by either the dominant female or other subordinates. The average litter si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Large litters are typical in areas where fox mortality is high. : 93 Kits are born blind, deaf and toothless, with dark brown fluffy fur. At birth, they weigh 56–110 g (2.0–3.9 oz) and measure 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in body length and 7.5 cm (3.0 in) in tail length. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
At birth, they are short-legged, large-headed and have broad chests. Mothers remain with the kits for 2–3 weeks, as they are unable to thermoregulate. During this period, the fathers or barren vixens feed the mothers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Vixens are very protective of their kits, and have been known to even fight off terriers in their defence. : 21–22 If the mother dies before the kits are independent, the father takes over as their provider. : 13 The kits' eyes open after 13–15 days, during which time their ear canals open and their upper teeth erupt, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Their eyes are initially blue, but change to amber at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins to change at three weeks of age, when the black eye streak appears. By one month, red and white patches are apparent on their faces. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
During this time, their ears erect and their muzzles elongate. Kits begin to leave their dens and experiment with solid food brought by their parents at the age of 3–4 weeks. The lactation period lasts 6–7 weeks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Their woolly coats begin to be coated by shiny guard hairs after 8 weeks. By the age of 3–4 months, the kits are long-legged, narrow-chested and sinewy. They reach adult proportions at the age of 6–7 months. Some vixens may reach sexual maturity at the age of 9–10 months, thus bearing their first litters at one year of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Outside the breeding season, most red foxes favour living in the open, in densely vegetated areas, though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather. Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks of water bodies, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts and neglected human ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Dens built among tree roots can last for decades, while those dug on the steppes last only several years. They may permanently abandon their dens during mange outbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease. In the Eurasian desert regions, foxes may use the burrows of wolves, porcupines and oth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes, badgers, marmots and corsac foxes, red fox dens are not overly complex. Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows, which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards (40–45°) and broadens into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Burrow depth ranges from 0.5–2.5 m (1 ft 8 in – 8 ft 2 in), rarely extending to ground water. The main passage can reach 17 m (56 ft) in length, standing an average of 5–7 m (16–23 ft). In spring, red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements, first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
When kits are born, the discarded debris is trampled, thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food. They may share their dens with woodchucks or badgers. Unlike badgers, which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in latrines, red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens. : 15–17 T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears, tail and postures, with their body markings emphasising certain gestures. Postures can be divided into aggressive/dominant and fearful/submissive categories. Some postures may blend the two together. : 42–43 Inquisitive foxes will rotate and flick their ears whil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Playful individuals will perk their ears and rise on their hind legs. Male foxes courting females, or after successfully evicting intruders, will turn their ears outwardly, and raise their tails in a horizontal position, with the tips raised upward. When afraid, red foxes grin in submission, arching their backs, curvin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
When merely expressing submission to a dominant animal, the posture is similar, but without arching the back or curving the body. Submissive foxes will approach dominant animals in a low posture, so that their muzzles reach up in greeting. When two evenly matched foxes confront each other over food, they approach each ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
When launching an assertive attack, red foxes approach directly rather than sideways, with their tails aloft and their ears rotated sideways. During such fights, red foxes will stand on each other's upper bodies with their forelegs, using open mouthed threats. Such fights typically only occur among juveniles or adults ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes have a wide vocal range, and produce different sounds spanning five octaves, which grade into each other. : 28 Recent analyses identify 12 different sounds produced by adults and 8 by kits. The majority of sounds can be divided into "contact" and "interaction" calls. The former vary according to the distance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
: 28 Contact calls: The most commonly heard contact call is a three to five syllable barking "wow wow wow" sound, which is often made by two foxes approaching one another. This call is most frequently heard from December to February (when they can be confused with the territorial calls of tawny owls). The "wow wow wow"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Kits begin emitting the "wow wow wow" call at the age of 19 days, when craving attention. When red foxes draw close together, they emit trisyllabic greeting warbles similar to the clucking of chickens. Adults greet their kits with gruff huffing noises. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
: 28 Interaction calls: When greeting one another, red foxes emit high pitched whines, particularly submissive animals. A submissive fox approached by a dominant animal will emit a ululating siren-like shriek. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
During aggressive encounters with conspecifics, they emit a throaty rattling sound, similar to a ratchet, called "gekkering". Gekkering occurs mostly during the courting season from rival males or vixens rejecting advances. : 28 Both tamed and domesticated foxes have been observed making sounds similar to laughter, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
As it is commonly heard during the breeding season, it is thought to be emitted by vixens summoning males. When danger is detected, foxes emit a monosyllabic bark. At close quarters, it is a muffled cough, while at long distances it is sharper. Kits make warbling whimpers when nursing, these calls being especially loud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes are omnivores with a highly varied diet. Research conducted in the former Soviet Union showed red foxes consuming over 300 animal species and a few dozen species of plants. They primarily feed on small rodents like voles, mice, ground squirrels, hamsters, gerbils, woodchucks, pocket gophers and deer mice. Sec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
On very rare occasions, foxes may attack young or small ungulates. They typically target mammals up to about 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in weight, and they require 500 g (18 oz) of food daily. Red foxes readily eat plant material and in some areas fruit can amount to 100% of their diet in autumn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Commonly consumed fruits include blueberries, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, persimmons, mulberries, apples, plums, grapes and acorns. Other plant material includes grasses, sedges and tubers.Red foxes are implicated in the predation of game and song birds, hares, rabbits, muskrats and young ungulates, particular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
When hunting mouse-like prey, they first pinpoint their prey's location by sound, then leap, sailing high above their quarry, steering in mid-air with their tails, before landing on target up to 5 m (16 ft) away. They typically only feed on carrion in the late evening hours and at night. They are extremely possessive o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
: 58 Red foxes may occasionally commit acts of surplus killing; during one breeding season, four red foxes were recorded to have killed around 200 black-headed gulls each, with peaks during dark, windy hours when flying conditions were unfavourable. Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes typically dominate other fox species. Arctic foxes generally escape competition from red foxes by living farther north, where food is too scarce to support the larger-bodied red species. Although the red species' northern limit is linked to the availability of food, the Arctic species' southern range is limit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
The red foxes invariably displaced the Arctic foxes, with one male red fox having been reported to have killed off all resident Arctic foxes on a small island in 1866. Where they are sympatric, Arctic foxes may also escape competition by feeding on lemmings and flotsam rather than voles, as favoured by red foxes. Both ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
Red foxes are serious competitors of corsac foxes, as they hunt the same prey all year. The red species is also stronger, is better adapted to hunting in snow deeper than 10 cm (3.9 in) and is more effective in hunting and catching medium-sized to large rodents. Corsac foxes seem to only outcompete red foxes in semi-de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fox |
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