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After an intermediate period, imports will be forced down and exports to rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and bring the currency towards equilibrium. Like purchasing power parity, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradeable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate |
The increasing volume of trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has required a rethink of its impact on exchange rates. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and productivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate |
Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities. Like the stock exchange, money can be made (or lost) on trading by investors and speculators in the foreign exchange market. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate |
A country may gain an advantage in international trade if it controls the market for its currency to keep its value low, typically by the national central bank engaging in open market operations in the foreign exchange market, or through preventing the exchange of foreign currency for domestic notes. The People's Repub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate |
Working class education is the education of working-class people. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Prior to the 19th century, education for most members of society was elementary and only an elite received advanced education. This was intended to provide members of each social class with an education befitting their expected future status—toil or leadership.Children of the working class have a different educational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
The interaction between low class learning and more high class used to be identified and only available for the people who weren't of low class. The treatment among the two each was very different and only taken seriously if they were known as being superior. The classrooms were used to make the children from low class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Children who went to school for education weren’t coming out with the proper variety they needed to be successful. The higher class was known as elite and their education was advanced and gifted. They were in charge scholastically and anyone under them was not receiving the same social or academic opportunity. Overall ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
The schools in the lower income districts are characterized by overcrowding and lack of resources. This is because the funding of American public schools comes mostly from their district's property taxes. Residential segregation occurs when people segregate themselves based on class and race. This leaves schools in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
For example, in New York City, where efforts are being made to level the playing field, students in the wealthiest school districts are given almost twice as much as students in the poorest district, an annual amount of $13,974 compared to $7,457. When schools lack funding, programs such as special education classes an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
The way parents act in the home and raise their children has a large effect on how children will interact in social institutions. Many social scientists claim that middle class parents practice concerted cultivation, meaning a child's life is filled with organized activities and social interactions with adults. Due to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
These children are usually left to occupy themselves with activities such as watching TV, playing video games, or playing outside. Working-class parents put less emphasis on planned activities, than their middle class counterparts, because they are less likely to have the funds to pay for them.The problem that comes wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Teachers want parents and children to engage and be proactive, but parents and children of the working class feel a sense of constraint that leaves them confused on how to "work the system" and often causes them to become hostile towards schooling. Because working-class parents are often uncomfortable around authority ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
The children of the working class approach school with a different attitude than those of higher class. This is because their sense of entitlement is lower than that of their middle class counterparts. Working-class students sometimes feel unentitled or that they do not belong in affluent high schools or colleges. Inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
For working-class parents, they are more consumed with the tasks of simply getting by and providing for their children than they are with good grades and higher education. Parents pass this survival mentality onto their children and cause a cycle where working class children do not have the same aspirations instilled i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
This statistic is compared to the 82% of students whose parents received their bachelor's degree that go on to college. First generation students who do go to college experience a culture shock once they get there because they are not as comfortable and sure of themselves as those that have come from a family that has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
This is an important problem because social integration predicts student retention, and working class students are twice as likely as middle class students to drop out before their second year of college because they lack the persistence they need to face challenges and succeed in college.The attitude of children born ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
There are some ways that this may be changed. In order to break this cycle, working class students might be taught the values of the middle class or the schooling system develop programs that help those students that are not receiving the support and guidance they need from home. The middle class values are the same va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Schools have been left with the responsibility of being the only places for some children to learn the rules and values that are present in most institutions.Solving the problem of racism within these institutions, causing perpetual problems and nearly impossible change, would take large steps towards rectifying proble... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Programs that have been introduced into lower income schools include the following: A specified amount of time set aside every day for homework can help the child better understand. Often working-class parents have neither the time nor the knowledge to help their children with their homework. By providing time for home... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Keeping the same teachers for a few years or having separate schools within schools can strengthen relationships. This program allows children and parents to become more familiar with teachers and to form stronger bonds. By strengthening the student and teacher relationship, students are able to receive more guidance f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_education |
Asana, Inc. ( or ), is an American software company based in San Francisco whose flagship Asana service is a web and mobile "work management" platform designed to help teams organize, track, and manage their work. Asana, Inc. was founded in 2008 by Dustin Moskovitz and Justin Rosenstein. The product launched commercial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
The co-founders met at Facebook, where Moskovitz, Facebook's co-founder and vice president of engineering, and his colleague Rosenstein created a productivity tool called Tasks. In 2008, the co-founders left Facebook to start Asana. Asana officially launched for free out of beta in November 2011 and commercially in Apr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
In 2017, Asana integrated with Gmail, and launched its app in French and German.By January 2018, more than 35,000 paying customers were using Asana, including CityFibre, AB-InBev, Viessmann, eBay, Uber, Overstock.com, Navy Federal Credit Union, Icelandair, and IBM. That same year, the company raised $75 million in Seri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
In August 2021, Asana dual listed on the Long-Term Stock Exchange.By December 2021, Asana's customer count increased to 114,000 with two million paid seats globally and 739 of these were spending $50,000 or more on an annualized basis. In April 2022, Asana released its annual Anatomy of Work Index. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
The report surveyed the behaviors and attitudes of more than 10,000 knowledge workers globally to highlight differences and year-over-year trends in the modern workplace.Asana and Align Technology announced Asana Smiles for Align in May 2022. This partnership offers Invisalign trained doctors in the U.S. a customizable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
Asana is a software-as-a-service platform designed for team collaboration and work management. Teams can create projects, assign tasks, set deadlines, and communicate directly within Asana. It also includes reporting tools, file attachments, calendars, and goal tracking.In 2022, Asana released features for team organiz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
In April 2012, Asana released its API to third-party developers. Asana's open API provided a means to read and input information and create programmed automation within the app. The Asana API is a RESTful interface, allowing users to update and access much of their data on the platform.In April 2021, Asana launched Asa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
Asana twice received a 4.5 out of 5 from PC Magazine. In 2017, it was an Editors' Choice and was called "one of the best collaboration and productivity apps for teams" and went on to note its "thoughtful design, fluid interactive elements, and generous member allotment." In 2020, it received a Best of the Year award, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asana,_Inc. |
Soul dualism, also called dualistic pluralism or multiple souls, is a range of beliefs that a person has two or more kinds of souls. In many cases, one of the souls is associated with body functions ("body soul") and the other one can leave the body ("free soul" or "wandering soul"). Sometimes the plethora of soul type... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
The belief in soul dualism found throughout most Austronesian shamanistic traditions. The reconstructed Proto-Austronesian word for the "body soul" is *nawa ("breath", "life", or "vital spirit"). It is located somewhere in the abdominal cavity, often in the liver or the heart (Proto-Austronesian *qaCay). The "free soul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
Its names are usually derived from Proto-Austronesian *qaNiCu ("ghost", "spirit "), which also apply to other non-human nature spirits. The "free soul" is also referred to in names that literally mean "twin" or "double", from Proto-Austronesian *duSa ("two"). A virtuous person is said to be one whose souls are in harmo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
The duality is also seen in the healing traditions of Austronesian shamans, where illnesses are regarded as a "soul loss" and thus to heal the sick, one must "return" the "free soul" (which may have been stolen by an evil spirit or got lost in the spirit world) into the body. If the "free soul" can not be returned, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
Traditional Chinese culture differentiates two hun and po spirits or souls, which correlate with yang and yin respectively. Within this soul dualism, every human has both an ethereal hun 魂 "spiritual soul; spirit; mood" that leaves the body after death and a substantive po 魄 "physical soul; spirit; vigor" that remains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
Several Inuit groups believe that a person has more than one type of soul. One is associated with respiration, the other can accompany the body as a shadow. Soul concepts of different Inuit groups are diverse; they are not alike. In some cases, it is connected to shamanistic beliefs among the various Inuit groups. Also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
In traditional Bakongo religion, every Kongo person has a "dual soul-mind," called mwèla-ngindu that allows them to exist in the physical world (Nseke) and the spiritual world of the ancestors (Mpémba). The rotation of the sun marks the different seasons of a Kongo person's life as they transition between the four mome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
The concept of more kinds of souls can be found also in Finnish paganism. See notion of shadow-soul (being able to depart freely the body), e.g. íz in Hungarian folk beliefs. The concept of a dualistic shadow-soul called itse, related to the Hungarian conception, is also part of Finnish and general Baltic-Finnic folklo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_dualism |
The Bibliographie de civilisation médiévale (BCM) is a multidisciplinary bibliographic database covering Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for the entire period from AD 300 to 1500. It aims to provide a comprehensive, current bibliography of monographs and listings of miscellany volumes published worldwide betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographie_de_civilisation_médiévale |
Secrets of the Tribe is a 2010 Brazilian documentary film by director José Padilha. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Tribe |
This documentary explores the allegations, first brought to light in the book Darkness in El Dorado, written by Patrick Tierney, that anthropologists studying the Yanomami Indians in the 1960s and '70s engaged in bizarre and inappropriate interactions with the tribe, including sexual and medical violations. Scientists ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Tribe |
Premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, the film was nominated for a Grand Jury Prize. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Tribe |
Alice Dreger, an historian of medicine and science, and an outsider to the debate, concluded in a peer-reviewed publication that most of Tierney's claims (the movie is based on claims originally made by Tierney) were "baseless and sensationalistic charges".A detailed investigation of these charges by a panel set up by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Tribe |
The 15-minute city (FMC or 15mC) is an urban planning concept in which most daily necessities and services, such as work, shopping, education, healthcare, and leisure can be easily reached by a 15-minute walk or bike ride from any point in the city. This approach aims to reduce car dependency, promote healthy and susta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The concept has been described as a "return to a local way of life".The concept's roots can be traced to pre-modern urban planning traditions where walkability and community living were the primary focus before the advent of street networks and automobiles. In recent times, it builds upon similar pedestrian-centered pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The 15-minute city concept is derived from historical ideas about proximity and walkability, such as Clarence Perry's controversial neighborhood unit. As an inspiration for the 15-minute city, Carlos Moreno, an advisor to Anne Hidalgo, cited Jane Jacobs's model presented in The Death and Life of Great American Cities.T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real. The key element of the model has been described by Carlos Moreno as "chrono-urbanism" or a refocus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Urbanist Carlos Moreno's 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from their dwellings: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment. The framework of this model has four comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from smart cities. Moreno and others argue that a Fourth Industrial Revolution has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like virtual communication and online shopping. They conclude by stating that these four components, when impleme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Kent Larson described the concept of a 20-minute city in a 2012 TED talk, and his City Science Group at the MIT Media Lab has developed a neighborhood simulation platform to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into "compact urban cells". In his "On Cities" masterclass for the Norman Fos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In 2013, Luca D'Acci (Associate Professor in Urban Studies at the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy) proposed a city model "where each point can reach continuous natural areas, job locations, centralities, shops, amenities (recreational, medical, cultural), usual daily activities by 15/30 minute walking or within ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In a 2019 article using Shanghai as a case study, Weng and his colleagues proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically non-communicable diseases. The authors suggest that the 15-minute walkable neighborhood is a way to improve the health of residents, and they document existing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In their 2019 article, Da Silva et al. cite Tempe, Arizona, as a case study of an urban space where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by bike, but that accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Lagos, Nigeria, converted schools that were closed due to the COVID-19 into food markets to prevent panic buying. The program also decreased commute times and shored up food supplies within communities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In 2019, Singapore's Land Transport Authority proposed a master plan that included the goals of "20-minute towns" and a "45-minute city" by 2040.Israel has embraced the concept of a 15-minute city in new residential developments. According to Orli Ronen, the head of the Urban Innovation and Sustainability Lab at the Po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The 2016 Master Plan for Shanghai called for "15-minute community life circles", where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other Chinese cities, like Baoding and Guangzhou.The Standard for urban residential area planning ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo introduced the 15-minute city concept in her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing it during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, school playgrounds were converted to parks after hours, while the Place de la Bastille and other squares have been revamped with trees and bicycle lanes.Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In 2012, Portland, Oregon, developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods. Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In March 2021, Bogotá, Colombia, implemented 84 kilometers of bike lanes to encourage social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. This expansion complemented the Ciclovía practice that originated in Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of the streets. The resulting bicycle lane network is the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The city of Melbourne, Australia, developed Plan Melbourne 2017–2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl. The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of "20-minute neighborhoods". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The 15-minute city, with its emphasis on walkability and accessibility, has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as women, children, people with disabilities, people with lived experience of mental illness, and the elderly.Social infrastructur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
While the theory has many potential benefits, including reducing car dependence and promoting walkability in urban areas, it also has limitations. One limitation is the difficulty or impracticality of implementing the 15-minute city concept in established urban areas, where land use patterns and infrastructure are alre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Isochrones have a long history of use in transportation planning and are constructed primarily using two variables: time and speed. However, the reliance on population-wide conventions, such as gait speed, to estimate the buffer zones of accessible areas may not accurately reflect the mobility capabilities of specific ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
In 2023, unfounded conspiracy theories about the 15-minute concept began to flourish, which described the model as an instrument of government oppression. These claims are often part of or linked to other conspiracy theories that assert that Western governments seek to oppress their populations, such as QAnon, anti-vac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
Supporters of the conspiracy believe the World Economic Forum (WEF) will take away people's freedom and lock them in their homes using the pretext of climate change. Such beliefs fall within a larger network of conspiracy theories surrounding the concept of a "Great Reset".In a 2023 protest by some 2,000 demonstrators ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15-minute_city |
The Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR) designation seeks international recognition of natural stone resources that have achieved widespread utilisation in human culture. Details of the “Global Heritage Stone Resource” proposal were first provided publicly at the 33rd International Geological Congress in Oslo in Augu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Heritage_Stone_Resource |
At the same conference it was agreed to advance the GHSR proposal under the auspices of “Commission C-10 Building Stones and Ornamental Rocks” of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG). Since the Oslo conference the designation has also gained support from the International Uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Heritage_Stone_Resource |
British wildwood, or simply the wildwood, is the wholly natural forested landscape that developed across major parts of Prehistoric Britain after the last ice age. It existed as the main climax vegetation in Britain for several millennia as the result of the relatively warm and moist post-glacial climate and had not ye... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
The wildwood concept has been especially popularized by ecologist and countryside historian Oliver Rackham in his various worksMost of the modern woodlands that remain in England descend from the original wildwood, but are now in a semi-natural state through management, rotational felling, and exploitation for products... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
The history of the British wildwood begins during the Holocene in about 11,000 – 8,000 BC, at the end of the last (Weichselian) glaciation. Although forests have in fact grown in Britain for millions of years, earlier prehistoric forest assemblages were eradicated by glaciations during previous Ice Ages. However, the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
As Britain lost its ice-cover and gradually ceased to be an arctic land, the warming postglacial climate favoured the reestablishment and growth of northward dispersing trees that had previously retreated southwards during the last glacial stage. Since eastern Britain was still connected to the European continent at th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Trees were relatively slow to arrive in Britain compared to other early colonizing taxa such as beetles. This may in part be because the distribution of trees in Europe during the last glacial maximum was largely remote from Britain, and the only trees persisting north of the Alps were a few Boreal species such as birc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
The pre-Boreal period was followed by the Boreal period, which started about 7,500 BC and during which the climate became appreciably warmer and drier. Correspondingly, the composition of the wildwood began to change with the invasion from continental Europe of tree species able to thrive under the new conditions. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
It could also out-compete birch by casting a deep shade suppressing growth of birch saplings. By the mid-Boreal period, pine had probably largely replaced birch as the dominant forest species, although these species did temporarily coexist in mixed forests of birch, Scots pine and hazel throughout large parts of Northe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Rather, each newly arrived species would have remained relatively rare and advanced in small numbers long before becoming widespread and increasing to its maximum abundance. Moreover, the tree species and floristic composition of the wildwood would have varied across the country in accordance with the local climate, so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
During the Atlantic period, the climate became persistently warmer, wetter and more stable, and the development of the British wildwood culminated with the invasion of new deciduous species from southern Europe such as small-leaved lime. Small-leaved lime arrived in Britain around 5500 – 3000 BC, and it eventually spre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Consequently, the newly formed English Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea presented barriers to invasion of more new species, so that natural succession of pre-established species was allowed to take its course over several thousand years. As a result, the landscape of Britain developed into a patchwork of 5 broad wildwo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Lime, elm, and oak were the commonest wildwood trees of the Atlantic period, whilst Scots pine became increasingly rare, being restricted to the Scottish Highlands and dominating nowhere. The wildwood provinces were not strictly subdivided, since they would also have contained small numbers of trees that were commoner ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
The end of the Atlantic period was characterized by a relatively brief but significant return to cooler and drier conditions, which marks the start of sub-Boreal period. Many changes to the wildwood character occurred during this renewed climatic shift. The most distinctive of these changes was a widespread decline of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Pine and birch temporarily spread and became dominant again owing to the cooler and drier conditions. However, in about 700 – 750 BC, the climate became wetter and much colder again, resulting in the extension of peat bogs over much of Ireland, Scotland, and northern England, and destroying large areas of sub-Boreal pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
From about 8000 BC to about between 4300 and 3100 BC ran the Atlantic climatic period. The wildwood developed under this relatively stable Holocene Atlantic climate, although there were minor temperature fluctuations over the millennia. Conditions were initially cold and dry during the pre-Boreal, which favoured relati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
The British Wildwood housed many animals that are now considered extinct or very rare. Such animals include the Aurochs, Beaver, Brown Bear, Wild Boar, Water Voles, Goshawk, Pine Marten, Dormouse, Roe Deer, Red Kite, Turtle Dove, Wolf, Red Squirrel, Osprey, Pearl-Bordered Fritillary, Lynx, White-tailed Eagle, and Wild ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
There have been animals that existed during the Wildwood period and still exist to this day throughout Britain. Such animals include: Bees, Black Grouse, Curlew, Hedgehog, Lapwing, Mountain Hare, Natterjack Toad, Red Fox, Red Deer, Ring Ouzel, Salmon. Since the eradication of natural British Wildwood, none of the anima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
The dynamics governing the structure of the prehistoric climax wildwood have been the subject of strong debate. Given the absence of direct observational evidence, there are two opposing views regarding the structure of the wildwood landscape. The traditional view is that the wildwood was a uniformly tall, static clima... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Fossil records of closed canopy and open land beetle assemblages now suggest that the structure of the UK wildwood was intermediate between these extremes.During the Mesolithic, the British wildwood ecosystem comprised a relatively closed canopy interspersed with small but significant gaps. The relatively closed state ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
During the Neolithic period around 6000 BC, the British wildwood began to decline as the impacts of agriculture became more widespread and persistent, agricultural practices became more sedentary, and farming technology improved with the advent of metal tools. Although Mesolithic peoples had previously cleared forests ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_wildwood |
Michael J. Saks is a professor of law at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University; he holds a secondary appointment in the department of psychology.Saks served as president of the American Psychology-Law Society and as editor of the scientific journal, Law and Human Behavior. For his early wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
from Pennsylvania State University, a M.S.L. from Yale Law School, and a Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Ohio State University. Prior to his appointment at Arizona State, he was on the faculty at the University of Iowa, Georgetown University, and Boston College.Saks got together with Barbara Spellman in 2016 to write a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
Michael J. Saks has been an influential figure in the field of social psychology and has been recognized for his contributions to improving jury functioning. In 1976, the Supreme Court considered the monumental case (Williams v. Florida) in which Williams attempted to have his conviction overturned on the grounds that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
Saks suggested that the Supreme Court should have considered aspects of Group dynamics when making this decision. He explained that modifying jury size is likely to influence: 1. Group Structure: Smaller Juries are more cohesive and individuals tend to participate at more equal rates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
Members of larger juries on the other hand, exchange more information. 2. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
Representativeness: Saks concluded that smaller juries were not as representative as larger juries. That is, if a community was 10% Latino and 90% Anglo, it is probable that approximately 80% of 12 member juries would include at least one Latino member, while only 40% of 6 member juries would consist of any Latinos. 3. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
Majority Influence: The influence of a majority is more likely in smaller juries, while the influence of a minority would be more likely in a larger group as dissenters are more likely to find at least one other who shares their opinion. Saks disputed that a common error inferred by the Court was the assumption that a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saks |
SPUR is a nonprofit public policy organization focused on regional planning, housing, transportation, sustainability and resilience, economic justice, good government, and food and agriculture in the San Francisco Bay Area. Its full name is the San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
SPUR's history dates back to 1910, when a group of city leaders came together to improve the quality of housing after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. That group, the San Francisco Housing Association, authored a report which led to the State Tenement House Act of 1911. In the 1930s, the SFHA continued to ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
In 1942, the association landed a major success with the creation of San Francisco's Department of City Planning. Starting in the 1950s, SFPHA advocated for urban renewal projects in San Francisco's largely Black Fillmore neighborhood that would ultimately displace at least 4,000 people and remove 4,700 homes. In 1959,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
The organization served as community advisors for urban renewal projects in San Francisco's Western Addition and Fillmore neighborhoods as part of the federal urban redevelopment program. Under the guise of revitalization of San Francisco as the Bay Area's central city, and a supposed effort to curb suburban sprawl and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
Today it is widely acknowledged that these projects, and others like them across the country, were detrimental to cities as they resulted in the destruction of tight-knit communities and the displacement of people of color, especially African Americans. In 1977, reflecting a growing focus on fiscal policy and an awaren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
Over the years, the organization has grown to more than 6,000 members and has diversified its focus, analyzing subjects from sea-level rise and renewable energy to food security and guaranteed income programs. SPUR also provides annual analysis and voting recommendations on California, San Francisco San José and Oaklan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
The organization began work in San José in 2012 and Oakland in 2015, adding "Bay Area" to its name to reflect its broader scope. In 2020, recognizing the role that planning, housing and transportation policies of the past have played in systemic racial injustice, SPUR made a shift to center equity in its work, publishi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
The legacy of urban renewal continues today. Residents displaced through redevelopment moved into public housing, many of which have now fallen into dangerous disrepair. A 2012 report said, "A number of the black San Franciscans...shared a belief that they could be moved and shifted around at the whim of the city or th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPUR_(San_Francisco_organization) |
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