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c. 23.03 Ma – Neogene Period and Miocene epoch begin c. 22 Ma – First hyenas. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
20 Ma – Giraffes and giant anteaters evolve. c. 18–12 Ma – estimated age of the Hominidae/Hylobatidae (great apes vs. gibbons) split. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 16 Ma – The hippopotamus evolves. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
15 Ma – First mastodons, bovids, and kangaroos. Australian megafauna diversify. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
11 Ma – Estimated date for the origin of the modern Yangtze river. c. 10 Ma – Insects diversify. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
First large horses. Camels cross from America to Asia. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
6.5 Ma – First members of the Hominini tribe. c. 6 Ma – Australopithecines diversify. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 5.96–5.33 Ma – Messinian Salinity Crisis: the precursor of the current Strait of Gibraltar closes repeatedly, leading to a partial desiccation and strong increase in salinity of the Mediterranean Sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 5.4–6.3 Ma – Estimated age of the Homo/Pan (human vs. chimpanzee) split. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
5.5 Ma – Appearance of the genus Ardipithecus c. 5.33 Ma – Zanclean flood: the Strait of Gibraltar opens for the last (and current) time and water from the Atlantic Sea fills again the Mediterranean Sea basin. The deep canyon carved by the Eonile during the Messinian Salinity Crisis is filled with seawater up to at least Aswan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
The modern Nile starts filling this sea branch with sediments, slowly creating the Nile Valley. c. 5.333 Ma – Pliocene epoch begins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
First tree sloths. First large vultures. Nimravids go extinct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 5.0 Ma – The Colorado Plateau reaches its present height, and the course of the Colorado River becomes close to the present one. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
4.8 Ma – The mammoth appears. c. 4.2 Ma – appearance of the genus Australopithecus c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
4 Ma – First zebras. c. 3 Ma – Isthmus of Panama joins North and South America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
Great American Interchange. Cats, condors, raccoons and camelids move south; armadillos, hummingbirds, and opossums move north. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
2.7 Ma – Paranthropus evolves. c. 2.6 Ma – The current ice age begins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 2.58 Ma – start of the Pleistocene epoch, the Stone Age and the current Quaternary Period; emergence of the genus Homo. Smilodon, the best known of the sabre-toothed cats, appears. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
2.4 Ma – The Amazon River takes its present shape in South America. c. 2.0–1.5 Ma – The basin of the Congo River acquires its present shape. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 1.9 Ma – Oldest known Homo erectus fossils. This species might be evolved some time before, up to c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
2 Ma ago. c. 1.7 Ma – Australopithecines go extinct. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 1.8–0.8 Ma – colonisation of Eurasia by Homo erectus. c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
1.5 Ma – earliest possible evidence of the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus c. 1.2 Ma – Homo antecessor evolves. Paranthropus dies out. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 0.79 Ma – earliest demonstrable evidence of the controlled use of fire by Homo erectus c. 0.7 Ma – last reversal of the Earth's magnetic field c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
0.7 Ma: oldest archaic hominins that broke away from the modern human lineage that were found to have inserted into the Sub-Saharan African population genome approximately 35,000 years ago. c. 0.64 Ma – Yellowstone caldera erupts c. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
0.6 Ma – Homo heidelbergensis evolves. c. 0.5 Ma – First brown bears. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
c. 0.315 Ma – Middle Paleolithic begins. Appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history |
Garden-based learning (GBL) encompasses programs, activities and projects in which the garden is the foundation for integrated learning, in and across disciplines, through active, engaging, real-world experiences that have personal meaning for children, youth, adults and communities in an informal outside learning setting. Garden-based learning is an instructional strategy that utilizes the garden as a teaching tool. The practice of garden-based learning is a growing global phenomenon largely seen in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
As of 2010, the National Gardening Association reported over 3,000 school gardens in the United States alone.In some settings garden-based learning strategies are used entirely as the educational curriculum for multiple subjects and in others it supports or enriches the curriculum. Garden-based learning can contribute to all aspects of basic education on varying levels depending on the student and consistency of the garden-based learning program. Aspects of basic education benefits include but are not limited to academic skills, personal development, social development, moral development, vocational and/or subsistence skills, and life skills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Landscape designers, teachers, and others consider school and community gardens to be one of the most notable positive trends in the nation today. These environments can foster science literacy and social skills, while enhancing an awareness of the link between plants in the landscape and our, food, clothing, shelter, and well-being.Gardening projects provide children and youth with the carefree exploration of the natural world that occurs rarely in today's era of indoor living; it can also give young people the chance to develop a wide range of academic and social skills. Noted benefits of garden-based learning programs among youth include increased nutrition awareness, environmental awareness, higher learning achievements, and increased life skills. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Research indicates that youth who participate in garden-based learning programs increase their consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, and gain new enthusiasm for fresh, nutritious vegetables they grow. It is the physical act of having the students' plant their own fruits and vegetables that gives them ownership and gets them more involved in their learning. Students can then learn about the nutritional values of food and multiple ways to prepare their own products in healthy ways to further progress their awareness of health issues. These two examples of physical acts of learning are what motivate healthier eating choices in and outside of the school setting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Teachers also regarded the garden to be very effective at enhancing academic performance, physical activity, language arts, and healthy eating habits. Garden-based learning attempts to combat obesity by introducing students to healthy foods and providing opportunities to for outside experiential learning. Gardening intervention in schools may also aid in the improved health of children for the simple reason that students get 20% or more of their daily food intake from school depending on their socioeconomic backgrounds; families with lower income depending on school lunch even more than others.Students and teachers have also reported that using GBL programs reduce stress. Reducing stress can result in increased mental health and boosted immune system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
A boosted immune system means that the human body is stronger and heals more efficiently. This could help patients recovering from all diseases, wounds, illnesses and more. Hospitals and Primary care facilities would be an ideal spot to incorporate garden based learning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Research highlights that high school students gain more positive attitudes about environmental issues after participating in a school garden program. Gardening has also been shown to increase scores on environmental attitude surveys of elementary school children. Environmental attitude surveys generally include statements like the ones shown below and give the opportunity to rank those statements with a score of 1–5 (Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) The statements differ in complexity based on the grade level. I am worried about animals that are going extinct. Trying to protect the environment is my responsibility. I would come to school on Saturday to plant flowers.Environmental awareness and attitudes toward the environment is also seen to improve especially in urban schools where the garden-based learning programs in the schools may be some of the only times these students can connect with the outdoors away from city streets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Studies indicate students that participated in school gardening activities scored significantly higher on science achievement tests compared to students that did not experience any garden-based learning activities. Other research has indicated that weekly use of gardening activities and related classroom activities help improve science achievement test scores. The reasoning behind these improvements is connected to the holistic, integrated, hands-on, project based, cooperative and experiential learning activities that are all aspects of garden based education. In other words, student engagement in class is increased because they are being intrinsically motivated by "real world" experiences in a more informal setting than the classroom. However, it is important to note the extent to which students improve varies because every student learns differently and has preferred learning styles, which work best for them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Research has highlighted the many improvements in life skills that can be attributed to children's garden programs. These skills include: enhancement of moral education, increasing appreciation for nature, increasing responsibility, developing patience, increases in relationship skills, and increases in self-esteem, help students develop a sense of ownership and responsibility, and helps foster relationships with family members, peers, and their community. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Research has shown that Garden-based learning can help improve important aspects of learning for people with special needs. GBL is used with special ed students to improve memory and motor skills. Some disabled students are not able to learn outside, but GBL inside has just the same impact as it would outdoors. Hands on projects such as Garden-based learning have been used to access a higher learning level for some disabled or special ed students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Studies have been shown that children benefit from garden based learning programs. These benefits could include leadership growth, community involvement, and voluntary education which can lead to increased child development. Researched programs are more effective when one is to work through the entire process to understand how everything works in order. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
The orders involved in this education from beginning to end include planning, design, application, and review.Some features of garden-based learning programs that develop positive qualities in youth Positive focus Children allowed to 'lead the way' in some aspects throughout the process. Proactive behavior Responsibility Availability to program Gives different view on education/academics or life itself. Participation Communication | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Academic Skills To support core academic training, particularly in science and math – real world hands on experiences Enrichment of core curriculum in language arts through introduction of new learning landscapes To support standards based education in countries with national or regional education standards Teaching the biology of plant life and how it works.Personal Development (Mental & Physical) To add a sense of excitement, adventure, emotional impact and aesthetic appreciation to learning To improve nutrition, diet and overall health To teach the art and science of cooking with fresh products from the garden or local farms To re-establish the nature of a shared mealSocial & Moral Development To teach sustainable development To teach ecological literacy and/or environmental education To teach the joy and dignity of work To teach respect for public and private propertyVocational and/or Subsistence Skills To teach basic skills and vocational competencies To produce food and other commodities for subsistence consumption and trade To produce crops for food and shelterLife Skills To teach about food and fiber production in the garden To engage children in community service and environmental care To involve students in lessons of leadership and decision making To involve students in voluntary beneficial situations To improve problem solving To improve critical thinking | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Besides basic education uses, the gardens can be used for other purposes as well.Community Development Gardens often serve as a focal point for community dialogue, capacity building, and partnerships through a shared community garden space. Gardens often organize individuals for action – for water delivery, cooperatives, and transportationFood Security Gardens can address hunger at the individual, family, and community levels through planning, growing, and sharing Gardens can be the beginning point for teaching and developing food policySustainable Development Gardens are an appropriate arena to introduce children to the interconnections that link nature to economic systems and societyVocational Education Gardens represent a historic and contemporary model for developing vocational skills in agriculture, natural resource management, and scienceSchool Grounds Greening Gardens provides practical productive strategies to transform sterile school grounds into attractive and productive learning centers through the process of greening Hands-on activities in outdoor classrooms make learning more interesting while demonstrating other benefits such as decreased absenteeism and discipline problems Can increase cognitive brain development | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
It has been proven that children are spending less and less time outdoors as new technology is invented. This trend has been seen to impact educational and social aspects of the youth. Spending more time outside has been seen to improve test scores and overall concentration. Having green areas is important to increase a students interest in nature and further help them understand compared to learning in a classroom. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
It has been studied and proven that students learn more when studying 'hands on'. At the same time, teachers and parents begin to realize the ability of education through nature. Parents and teachers are suggested to give kids an hour of play outdoors for every hour indoors. Nature Provides a wide range of materials for creativity among the human race. It is the humans choice to utilize those materials or not, however using those materials will result in a benefit of education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden-based_learning |
Michele Anderson is a Canadian anti-human trafficking advocate at Covenant House Toronto who specializes in working to support victims of sex trafficking and advocating on their behalf. In 2014 Covenant House described Anderson as having over twenty years experience working with youth victimized by sex traffickers.Anderson plays a key role as part of Covenant House's Human Trafficking Team in supporting victims and educating service providers and law enforcement to recognize the signs of a victim and how to help them. Police routinely call upon Anderson when they make raids, or otherwise discover victims of sex trafficking.Covenant House launched its comprehensive plan to combat sex trafficking in 2016. The plan proposes measures ranging from prevention to enhanced victim services, a research and evaluation component and an online resource hub | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Anderson_(criminologist) |
Anderson was presented with a 2015 Ontario Victim Services Awards of Distinction for her work. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Anderson_(criminologist) |
A dual-track system is an economic system in which the government controls key sectors of the economy, while allowing private enterprise limited control over the other sectors. In China, the government followed dual-track pricing until abolished in November 1989, known as "shuangguizhi" in Chinese. State-controlled (planned) prices, which were lower, accompanied the market prices, which were higher. This was done to ensure stability and gradual opening of markets (instead of a "big bang" strategy of sudden transformation to capitalism that was attempted in Eastern Europe and Russia). However, to provide incentive to the State-owned Enterprises, government allowed selling of the products at market prices after the planned targets had been met. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-track_economy |
The Disability History Association (DHA) is an international non-profit organization that promotes the study of disabilities. This includes, but is not limited to, the history of individuals or groups with disabilities, perspectives on disability, representations/ constructions of disability, policy and practice history, teaching, theory, and disability and related social and civil rights movements. The DHA defines both history and disability widely. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
This organization is both inclusive and international, reflected in its diverse topics and approaches. Membership is open to scholars, institutions and organizations, and others working in all geographic regions and all time periods. The DHA offers its members a community of active and interesting historians; access to its resources page, which includes a newsletter, conference information, sample syllabi, and helpful links; as well as an opportunity to help build an exciting field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
As an academic organization, the Disability History Association strives to attract more professional and public attention to the importance of disability as a category of analysis and the histories of people with disabilities in the past and present. As the DHA website says: "This organization is both inclusive and international, reflected in our diverse topics and approaches. Membership is open to scholars, institutions and organizations, and others working in all geographic regions and all time periods." The Disability History Association is an affiliated member of the American Historical Association (AHA) and the Organization of American Historians (OAH) to promote inclusivity of disability in the profession and discipline. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
The origin of the Disability History Association came from informal conversations by a group of pioneering disability scholars at the Summer Institute on Disability Studies in the Humanities at San Francisco State University in 2000. The following year, they created H-Disability, a discussion group in the prominent online scholarly platform H-Net. In 2004, the organization held its first board meeting, and then the community was incorporated into the Disability History Association in 2007. In 2008, the Disability History Association, British Disability History Group, and the San Francisco State University cosponsored an international academic conference for disability history. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
The DHA sponsors the Outstanding Publication Award, awarded annually to a book or an article which explores significant new ground in the field of disability history. From 2012 to 2017, the DHA alternated offering the Outstanding Book Chapter or Article Award and the Outstanding Book Award, but in 2018 began offering both awards each year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
Sara Scalenghe - Chair Lindsey Patterson - Vice President Aparna Nair - VP for Communications Kathleen Brian - Treasurer Caroline Lieffers - Graduate Student Representative Nicole Belolan - Member Susan Burch - Member Iain Hutchison - Member Sandy Sufian - Member Jaipreet Virdi -Member | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
Kim E. Nielsen, past president == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_History_Association |
Alcohol-related crime refers to criminal activities that involve alcohol use as well as violations of regulations covering the sale or use of alcohol; in other words, activities violating the alcohol laws. Underage drinking and drunk driving are the most prevalent alcohol‐specific offenses in the United States and a major problem in many, if not most, countries worldwide. Similarly, arrests for alcohol-related crimes constitute a high proportion of all arrests made by police in the U.S. and elsewhere.Crime perpetrators are much more likely to be intoxicated than crime victims. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Alcohol availability and consumption rates and alcohol rates are positively associated with nuisance, loitering, panhandling, and disorderly conduct in open spaces; domestic violence; as well as violent crimes, though specifics differ between particular countries and cultures. Research found that factors that increase the likelihood of alcohol‐related violence include difficult temperament, hyperactivity, hostile beliefs, history of family violence, poor school performance, delinquent peers, criminogenic beliefs about alcohol's effects, impulsivity, and antisocial personality disorder.In the early 2000s, the monetary cost of alcohol-related crime in the United States alone has been estimated at over $205 billion, twice the economic cost of all other drug-related crimes. In a similar period in the United Kingdom, the cost of crime and its antisocial effects was estimated at £7.3 billion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Another estimate for the UK for yearly cost of alcohol-related crime suggested double that estimate, at between £8 and 13 billion. Risky patterns of drinking are particularly problematic in and around Russia, Mexico and some parts of Africa.The relation between alcohol and violence is not yet fully understood, as its impact on different individual varies. While alcohol use correlates positively with crimes and violence, there is no simple, causal and direct relationship. Studies and theories of alcohol abuse suggest, among others, that use of alcohol likely reduces the offender's perception and awareness of consequences of their actions. The World Health Organization has noted that out of social problems created by the harmful use of alcohol, "crime and violence related to alcohol consumption" are likely the most significant issue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Some crimes are uniquely tied to alcohol, such as public intoxication or underage drinking, while others are simply more likely to occur together with alcohol consumption. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Domestic violence typically co‐occurs with alcohol abuse. Alcohol use has been reported as a factor by two-thirds of domestic abuse victims. Moderate drinkers are more frequently engaged in intimate violence than are light drinkers and abstainers, however generally it is heavy and/or binge drinkers who are involved in the most chronic and serious forms of aggression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
The odds, frequency, and severity of physical attacks are all positively correlated with alcohol use. In turn, violence decreases after behavioral marital alcoholism treatment. Studies also suggest there may be links between alcohol abuse and child abuse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI), is the crime of driving a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs including those prescribed by physicians.With alcohol consumption, a drunk driver's level of intoxication is typically determined by a measurement of blood alcohol content or BAC; but this can also be expressed as a breath test measurement, often referred to as a BrAC. A BAC or BrAC measurement in excess of the specific threshold level, such as 0.08%, defines the criminal offense with no need to prove impairment. In some jurisdictions, there is an aggravated category of the offense at a higher BAC level, such as 0.12%, 0.15% or 0.25%. In many jurisdictions, police officers can conduct field tests of suspects to look for signs of intoxication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Alcohol abuse increases the risk of individuals either experiencing or perpetrating sexual violence. Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) is a sexual assault carried out after the victim has become incapacitated due to having consumed alcohol or other drugs. Alcohol remains the most commonly used predator drug, being readily available as well as legal, and is said to be used in the majority of sexual assaults. Many assailants use alcohol because their victims often willingly imbibe it, and can be encouraged to drink enough to lose inhibitions or consciousness. Sex with an unconscious victim is considered rape in most if not all jurisdictions, and some assailants have committed "rapes of convenience" whereby they have assaulted a victim after he or she had become unconscious from drinking too much. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Outbreaks of methanol poisoning have occurred when methanol is used to adulterate moonshine (bootleg liquor). Methanol has a high toxicity in humans. If as little as 10 mL of pure methanol is ingested, for example, it can break down into formic acid, which can cause permanent blindness by destruction of the optic nerve, and 30 mL is potentially fatal, although the median lethal dose is typically 100 mL (3.4 fl oz) (i.e. 1–2 mL/kg body weight of pure methanol). Reference dose for methanol is 0.5 mg/kg/day. Toxic effects take hours to start, and effective antidotes can often prevent permanent damage. Because of its similarities in both appearance and odor to ethanol (the alcohol in beverages), it is difficult to differentiate between the two. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Public drunkenness or intoxication is a common problem in many jurisdictions. The offenders are often lower class individuals and this crime has a very high recidivism rate, with numerous instances of repeated instances of the arrest, jail, release without treatment cycle. The high number of arrests for public drunkenness often reflects rearrests of the same offenders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Robbery and violent crimes often involve alcohol use, and there is a positive correlation between such crimes and alcohol use. 15% of robberies, 63% of intimate partner violence incidents, 37% of sexual assaults, 45-46% of physical assaults and 40-45% of homicides in the United States involved use of alcohol. A 1983 study for the United States found that 54% of violent crime perpetrators, arrested in that country, had been consuming alcohol before their offenses. In the United Kingdom, in 2015/2016, 39% of those involved in violent crimes were under alcohol influence. International studies are similar, with an estimate that 63% of violent crimes worldwide involves the use of alcohol. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Criminologist Hung‐En Sung has concluded in 2016 that with regards to reducing drunk driving, law enforcement has not generally proven to be effective. Worldwide, the majority of those driving under the influence do not end up arrested. At least two thirds of alcohol‐involved fatalities involve repeat drinking drivers. Sung, commenting on measures for controlling drunk driving and alcohol‐related accidents, noted that the ones that have proven effective include "lowering legal blood alcohol concentrations, controlling liquor outlets, nighttime driving curfews for minors, educational treatment programs combined with license suspension for offenders, and court monitoring of high‐risk offenders." In general, programs aimed at reducing society's consumption of alcohol, including education in schools, are seen as an effective long-term solution. Strategies aiming to reduce alcohol consumption among adult offenders have various estimates of effectiveness.Alcohol use is stereotypically associated with crime, and therefore policing alcohol‐related street disorder and enforcing compliance checks of alcohol‐dispensing businesses has proven successful in reducing public perception of and fear of criminal activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
Pigovian taxes, which are to pay for the damage to society caused by these goods. Sin taxes are used to increase the price in an effort to lower their use, or failing that, to increase and find new sources of revenue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol-related_crime |
The Society of Wood Engravers (SWE) is a UK-based artists’ exhibiting society, formed in 1920, one of its founder-members being Eric Gill. It was originally restricted to artist-engravers printing with oil-based inks in a press, distinct from the separate discipline of woodcuts. Today, its support extends to other forms of relief printmaking, and awards honorary membership to collectors and enthusiasts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
The Society of Wood Engravers was founded on 27 March 1920 by a group of 10 artists who all wanted to promote wood engraving as a medium for modern artists. Unlike other societies of the time devoted to various aspects of relief printmaking, the SWE survived, successfully engaging up-coming generations, and celebrates its centenary in 2020. The liberation of wood engraving as a medium for artists was begun in the 1890s. Charles Ricketts and Charles Haslewood Shannon were the first in modern times to cut the blocks of their own designs or, more to the point, create their designs by the process of engraving them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
This was well before the SWE was thought of. The foundation of the Society built on the development of this approach by a later generation of artists and in the Modernist era. Their names are listed below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Historically, white-line engraving on end-grain wood and black-line work on the plank side of the wood were both referred to as ‘woodcuts’. The habit of calling the first method ‘wood engraving’, and the second ‘woodcut’, crystallised after World War II. The Society went into abeyance during the 1960s but was revived in 1984 by Hilary Paynter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
The major regeneration of the SWE, virtually amounting to a re-foundation after a difficult mid-century, was built on the distinction between ‘wood engraving’ and ‘woodcut’: by then the more visible as the two traditions developed in different ways. Now that synthetic materials can be used for engraving on, it has been suggested that it is the fine engraving rather than the material engraved which really defines the medium; this is the quality many practitioners are drawn to and the reason for the continued growth of the Society. The SWE supports all kinds of relief printmaking but chiefly promotes fine wood engraving – as its name implies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Philip Hagreen Lucien Pissarro Robert Gibbings E M O’Rourke Dickey Sydney Lee Noel Rooke Edward Gordon Craig Eric Gill Gwen Raverat John Nash | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
The SWE was founded primarily to promote wood engraving in the European manner – printing with oil-based inks in a press, rather than with water-based ink and manual pressure in the Japanese tradition. Secondly, its aim was to promote the work of artist-engravers as distinct from the nineteenth-century artisans, who engraved designs provided by artists but were not necessarily artists themselves. The artists Noel Rooke and Robert Gibbings, were the driving force behind the society. They determined to hold annual exhibitions of their work and to promote wood engraving through teaching. Current members remain committed to this ethos 100 years later. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Wood engraving has multiple applications in fine-art prints, in book illustration and in commerce. It attracts passionate practitioners who continue to develop experimental themes. The Society reflects these in its annual exhibitions. The Annual Exhibition is the largest and most important event in the SWE’s calendar, showing relief prints of all kinds, though wood engravings predominate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Submission to this exhibition is open to members and non-members alike. All entries go before a selection committee which includes the current Chairperson and two other elected Members of the Society. Initially restricted to London, the show now tours the UK visiting established galleries and those in remote areas where wood engraving may not have been seen before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Subscription to the Society is by payment of an annual fee. The Society welcomes enthusiasts, collectors, as well as artists. In order to become a member, the applicant must have exhibited wood engravings in the Annual Exhibition for three years, although these don’t need to run consecutively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Submission of a portfolio of work including preparatory work and sketch books will then be subject to scrutiny by the Member’s Selection Committee. All new members receive a copy of the Society’s constitution and may enter a third piece of work for the annual show in addition to the two allowed for non-members. The Society also recognises non-engravers who work hard on its behalf by awarding them Honorary Membership. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
An AGM is held, usually in the autumn, to which everyone is invited. Another social gathering held annually is the SWE Picnic which usually features an auction of prints and books. The Society has cordial relations with the Wood Engravers’ Network (WEN), an American group with similar aims. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Imparting information and teaching wood engraving are strong components of the SWE's commitment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
The SWE receives no outside funding. A bequest from earlier member William Rawlinson has enabled grants to students and funding for special projects. More recently, Rachel Reckitt has bequeathed annual prizes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Since 1984 the committee has been chaired by the following people: George Tute 1984 – 1986 Simon Brett 1986 – 1992 Ian Stephens 1992 – 1995 Sarah van Niekerk 1995 – 1998 Hilary Paynter 1998 – 2006 Peter Lawrence 2006 – 2011 Harry Brockway 2011 – 2014 Geri Waddington 2015 – 2018 Chris Daunt 2018 – 2020 Merlin Waterson – Current Chair since 2020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
David Jones Sydney Lee Paul Nash Iain Macnab Gwenda Morgan Herry Perry Hester Sainsbury Leon Underwood | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers |
Chinese whispers (some Commonwealth English), or telephone (American English and Canadian English), is an internationally popular children's game in which messages are whispered from person to person and then the original and final messages are compared. This sequential modification of information is called transmission chaining in the context of cultural evolution research, and is primarily used to identify the type of information that is more easily passed on from one person to another.Players form a line or circle, and the first player comes up with a message and whispers it to the ear of the second person in the line. The second player repeats the message to the third player, and so on. When the last player is reached, they announce the message they just heard, to the entire group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
The first person then compares the original message with the final version. Although the objective is to pass around the message without it becoming garbled along the way, part of the enjoyment is that, regardless, this usually ends up happening. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
Errors typically accumulate in the retellings, so the statement announced by the last player differs significantly from that of the first player, usually with amusing or humorous effect. Reasons for changes include anxiousness or impatience, erroneous corrections, or the difficult-to-understand mechanism of whispering. The game is often played by children as a party game or on the playground. It is often invoked as a metaphor for cumulative error, especially the inaccuracies as rumours or gossip spread, or, more generally, for the unreliability of typical human recollection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, the game is typically called "Chinese whispers"; in the UK, this is documented from 1964.Various reasons have been suggested for naming the game after the Chinese, but there is no concrete explanation. One suggested reason is a widespread British fascination with Chinese culture in the 18th and 19th centuries during the Enlightenment. Another theory posits that the game's name stems from the supposed confused messages created when a message was passed verbally from tower to tower along the Great Wall of China.Critics who focus on Western use of the word Chinese as denoting "confusion" and "incomprehensibility" look to the earliest contacts between Europeans and Chinese people in the 17th century, attributing it to a supposed inability on the part of Europeans to understand China's culture and worldview. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
In this view, using the phrase "Chinese whispers" is taken as evidence of a belief that the Chinese language itself is not understandable. Yunte Huang, a professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara, has said that: "Indicating inaccurately transmitted information, the expression 'Chinese Whispers' carries with it a sense of paranoia caused by espionage, counterespionage, Red Scare, and other war games, real or imaginary, cold or hot." Usage of the term has been defended as being similar to other expressions such as "It's all Greek to me" and "Double Dutch". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
As the game is popular among children worldwide, it is also known under various other names depending on locality, such as Russian scandal, whisper down the lane, broken telephone, operator, grapevine, gossip, secret message, the messenger game, and pass the message, among others. In Turkey, this game is called kulaktan kulağa, which means "from (one) ear to (another) ear". In France, it is called téléphone arabe ("Arabic telephone") or téléphone sans fil ("wireless telephone"). In Germany the game is known as Stille Post ("quiet mail"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
In Poland it is called głuchy telefon, meaning "deaf telephone". In Medici-era Florence it was called the "game of the ear".The game has also been known in English as Russian Scandal, Russian Gossip and Russian Telephone.In North America, the game is known under the name telephone. Alternative names used in the United States include Broken Telephone, Gossip, and Rumors. This North American name is followed in a number of languages where the game is known by the local language's equivalent of "broken telephone", such in Malaysia as telefon rosak, in Israel as telefon shavur (טלפון שבור), in Finland as rikkinäinen puhelin, and in Greece as halasmeno tilefono (χαλασμένο τηλέφωνο). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
The game has no winner: the entertainment comes from comparing the original and final messages. Intermediate messages may also be compared; some messages will become unrecognizable after only a few steps. As well as providing amusement, the game can have educational value. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
It shows how easily information can become corrupted by indirect communication. The game has been used in schools to simulate the spread of gossip and its possible harmful effects. It can also be used to teach young children to moderate the volume of their voice, and how to listen attentively; in this case, a game is a success if the message is transmitted accurately with each child whispering rather than shouting. It can also be used for older or adult learners of a foreign language, where the challenge of speaking comprehensibly, and understanding, is more difficult because of the low volume, and hence a greater mastery of the fine points of pronunciation is required. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
In 2008 1,330 children and celebrities set a world record for the game of Chinese Whispers involving the most people. The game was held at the Emirates Stadium in London and lasted two hours and four minutes. Starting with "together we will make a world of difference", the phrase morphed into "we're setting a record" part way down the chain, and by the end had become simply "haaaaa". The previous record, set in 2006 by the Cycling Club of Chengdu, China, had involved 1,083 people.In 2017 a new world record was set for the largest game of Chinese Whispers in terms of the number of participants by school-children in Tauranga, New Zealand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
The chain involved 1,763 school children and other individuals and was held as part of Hearing Week 2017. The starting phrase was "Turn it down". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
As of 2022 this remained the world record for the largest game of Chinese Whispers by number of participants according to the Guinness Book of Records.In 2012 a global game of Chinese Whispers was played spanning 237 individuals speaking seven different languages. Beginning in St Kilda Library in Melbourne, Australia, the starting phrase "Life must be lived as play" (a paraphrase of Plato) had become "He bites snails" by the time the game reached its end in Alaska 26 hours later. In 2013, the Global Gossip Game had 840 participants and travelled to all 7 continents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
A variant of Chinese Whispers is called Rumors. In this version of the game, when players transfer the message, they deliberately change one or two words of the phrase (often to something more humorous than the previous message). Intermediate messages can be compared. There is a second derivative variant, no less popular than Rumors, known as Mahjong Secrets (UK), or Broken Telephone (US), where the objective is to receive the message from the whisperer and whisper to the next participant the first word or phrase that comes to mind in association with what was heard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
At the end, the final phrase is compared to the first in front of all participants. The pen-and-paper game Telephone Pictionary (also known as Eat Poop You Cat) is played by alternately writing and illustrating captions, the paper being folded so that each player can only see the previous participant's contribution. The game was first implemented online by Broken Picture Telephone in early 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
Following the success of Broken Picture Telephone, commercial boardgame versions Telestrations and Cranium Scribblish were released two years later in 2009. Drawception, and other websites, also arrived in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
A translation relay is a variant in which the first player produces a text in a given language, together with a basic guide to understanding, which includes a lexicon, an interlinear gloss, possibly a list of grammatical morphemes, comments on the meaning of difficult words, etc. (everything except an actual translation). The text is passed on to the following player, who tries to make sense of it and casts it into their language of choice, then repeating the procedure, and so on. Each player only knows the translation done by his immediate predecessor, but customarily the relay master or mistress collects all of them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
The relay ends when the last player returns the translation to the beginning player. Another variant of Chinese whispers is shown on Ellen's Game of Games under the name of Say Whaaat?. However, the difference is that the four players will be wearing earmuffs; therefore the players have to read their lips. A party game variant of telephone known as "wordpass" involves saying words out loud and saying a related word, until a word is repeated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
Chinese whispers is used in a number of fields as a metaphor for imperfect data transmission over multiple iterations. For example the British zoologist Mark Ridley in his book Mendel's demon used Chinese Whispers as an analogy for the imperfect transmission of genetic information across multiple generations. In another example, Richard Dawkins used Chinese Whispers as a metaphor for infidelity in memetic replication, referring specifically to children trying to reproduce drawing of a Chinese junk in his essay Chinese Junk and Chinese Whispers. It was used in the movie Tár to represent gossip circling within an orchestra. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_whispers |
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