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For example, sources have at times referred to China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom as middle powers. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, its UN Security Council permanent seat was transferred to the Russian Federation in 1991, as its largest successor state. The newly formed Russian Federation emerged on the level of a great power, leaving the United States as the only remaining global superpower (although some support a multipolar world view). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
In his 2014 publication Great Power Peace and American Primacy, Joshua Baron considers China, France, Russia, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States as the current great powers. Italy has been referred to as a great power by a number of academics and commentators throughout the post WWII era. The American international legal scholar Milena Sterio writes: The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan. Sterio also cites Italy's status in the Group of Seven (G7) and the nation's influence in regional and international organizations for its status as a great power. Italy has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members plus Germany in the International Support Group for Lebanon (ISG) grouping of world powers. Some analysts assert that Italy is an "intermittent" or the "least of the great powers", while some others believe Italy is a middle or regional power.In addition to these contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski considers India to be a great power. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power.The United Nations Security Council, NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICs and the Contact Group have all been described as great power concerts.A 2017 study by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies qualified China, Europe, India, Japan, Russia and the United States as the current great powers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G7 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state and does not have its own foreign affairs or defence policies; these remain largely with the member states, which include France, Germany and, before Brexit, the United Kingdom (referred to collectively as the "EU three").Brazil and India are widely regarded as emerging powers with the potential to be great powers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
Political scientist Stephen P. Cohen asserts that India is an emerging power, but highlights that some strategists consider India to be already a great power. Some academics such as Zbigniew Brzezinski and David A. Robinson already regard India as a major or great power. Former British Ambassador to Brazil, Peter Collecott identifies that Brazil's recognition as a potential great and superpower largely stems from its own national identity and ambition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
Professor Kwang Ho Chun feels that Brazil will emerge as a great power with an important position in some spheres of influence. Others suggest India and Brazil may even have the potential to emerge as a superpower.Permanent membership of the UN Security Council is widely regarded as being a central tenet of great power status in the modern world; Brazil, Germany, India and Japan form the G4 nations which support one another (and have varying degrees of support from the existing permanent members) in becoming permanent members. The G4 is opposed by the Italian-led Uniting for Consensus group. There are however few signs that reform of the Security Council will happen in the near future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
Shelfari was a social cataloging website. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles they owned or had read, and could rate, review, tag, and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions, and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read.Shelfari was launched on October 11, 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
In February 2007, Amazon invested $1 million in Shelfari, and moved to acquire it a year later in August 2008. In January 2016, it was announced that Shelfari was being merged into Goodreads. As of June 2016, the site was decommissioned (all links redirect to Goodreads' website). There were user complaints that not all features were moved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
Shelfari was founded by RealNetworks alumni Josh Hug and Kevin Beukelman (both software developers), and Mark Williamson (who never joined the company full-time) under the name Tastemakers, Inc., along with designer Ian Patterson. Tastemakers sought to create a social networking service that met the needs of avid readers. This strategy may have mirrored a trend during this time period of creating niche social networks such as social movie site Flixster.Shelfari launched in October 2006. It allowed books to be searched by title, author, ISBN, or subject. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
It was free, unlike LibraryThing, regardless of how many books had been collected in lists. Shelfari also allowed for the creation of user groups by users, which each group given a "common shelf" where users could contribute titles, with an attached forum for discussion and an introductory page. The website first went live on October 10, 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
At the time, it planned on earning money by passing leads on to online booksellers and taking a 5 to 10 percent cut of resultant sales. There were plans to allow cataloging for CDs and DVDs.Once Shelfari received its first equity fund raise in early 2007 the company grew to five employees, including software developer Kevin Durdle, designer Timothy Gray, and VP of marketing Dave Hanley. New features were introduced to Shelfari in December 2007, with books in bookshelves given realistic book covers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
In August 2008, the company was acquired by Amazon.com. After it was acquired, Josh Hug remained CEO of the company. The team was integrated into the book technology group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
After the purchase by Amazon, an Amazon account was required in 2012 to log into Shelfari.Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon.com family of sites until January 2016, when Amazon announced on Shelfari.com that it would be merging Shelfari with Goodreads and closing down Shelfari. To prepare Shelfari members for the move, Amazon posted on Shelfari.com a prominent announcement stating, "IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT: Shelfari is merging with Goodreads. Learn More", as well as links to a page titled "Read the FAQ", instructions to "Download your data in a CSV file" (whose linked page is titled "Export Everything",), and instructions to "Move to Goodreads" (whose linked page is titled "Export Invitation"), along with two months to migrate their Shelfari content to Goodreads. Although Shelfari discussion threads will not be migrated (as Amazon would need permission from all conversants in order to do so), users were advised: "you may save your own data for your own records". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
Shelfari promoted its "virtual bookshelf" as one of its main features. The virtual bookshelf displayed covers of books which the user has entered, with popups to show the user's book information (review, rating, and tags). Sorting by author, title, date, rating, or review was available to the viewer of the shelf. Users could organize books into different shelves, including already read, currently reading, planning to read, wish list, currently owned, and favorites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
The Shelfari catalog could be edited by users, though some changes had to be approved by Shelfari "librarians". Using wiki functionality users could edit each book's authors, title, publication data, table of contents, first sentence, and series. Users could also combine redundant books into a single entry or add new titles not found in the catalog. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
Similar to books, author pages could be edited or created. In addition to general catalog maintenance, users were encouraged to contribute reviews, descriptions, lists of characters and settings, author biographies, categories, and descriptive tags. Most books in the Shelfari catalog came from the large Amazon catalog, including Amazon Marketplace listings added by independent resellers. These books linked back to Amazon and displayed pricing and links to AbeBooks for used book sales. Shelfari had a group creator, which allows members to create group threads within which to talk, play, or discuss books. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
Shelfari received bad press for its "Invite Friends" page. Jesse Wegman, writing in The New York Observer in October 2007, complained that because he had "accidentally failed to uncheck the approximately 1,500 names in my Gmail address book that Shelfari had helpfully pre-checked", the system caused invitations to be sent, contrary to his intentions but "ostensibly" from his own address, to his entire network of contacts. In November 2007, Shelfari was accused of astroturfing by Tim Spalding, the creator of LibraryThing, a competing social networking book site. In a comment on another blog critical of Shelfari (primarily criticizing the "invitations" system), Josh Hug, the CEO, blamed the astroturfing on an intern not knowing better, and said that it had stopped. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari |
Philosophy of psychology is concerned with the history and foundations of psychology. It deals with both epistemological and ontological issues and shares interests with other fields, including philosophy of mind and theoretical psychology. Philosophical and theoretical psychology are intimately tied and are therefore sometimes used interchangeably or used together. However, philosophy of psychology relies more on debates general to philosophy and on philosophical methods, whereas theoretical psychology draws on multiple areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Some of the issues studied by the philosophy of psychology are epistemological concerns about the methodology of psychological investigation. For example: What constitutes a psychological explanation? What is the most appropriate methodology for psychology: mentalism, behaviorism, or a compromise? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Are self-reports a reliable data-gathering method? What conclusions can be drawn from null hypothesis tests? Can first-person experiences (emotions, desires, beliefs, etc.) be measured objectively? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Philosophers of psychology also concern themselves with ontological issues, like: Can psychology be theoretically reduced to neuroscience? What are psychological phenomena? What is the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity in psychology? | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Philosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computational modeling, respectively. Although these are all closely related fields, some concerns still arise about the appropriateness of importing their methods into psychology. Some such concerns are whether psychology, as the study of individuals as information processing systems (see Donald Broadbent), is autonomous from what happens in the brain (even if psychologists largely agree that the brain in some sense causes behavior (see supervenience)); whether the mind is "hard-wired" enough for evolutionary investigations to be fruitful; and whether computational models can do anything more than offer possible implementations of cognitive theories that tell us nothing about the mind (Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988). Related to the philosophy of psychology are philosophical and epistemological inquiries about clinical psychiatry and psychopathology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Philosophy of psychiatry is mainly concerned with the role of values in psychiatry: derived from philosophical value theory and phenomenology, values-based practice is aimed at improving and humanizing clinical decision-making in the highly complex environment of mental health care. Philosophy of psychopathology is mainly involved in the epistemological reflection about the implicit philosophical foundations of psychiatric classification and evidence-based psychiatry. It aims is to unveil the constructive activity underlying the description of mental phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Different schools and systems of psychology represent approaches to psychological problems, which are often based on different philosophies of consciousness. Functional psychology Functionalism treats the psyche as derived from the activity of external stimuli, deprived of its essential autonomy, denying free will, which influenced behaviourism later on; one of the founders of functionalism was James, also close to pragmatism, where human action is put before questions and doubts about the nature of the world and man himself. Psychoanalysis Freud`s doctrine, called Metapsychology, was to give the human self greater freedom from instinctive and irrational desires in a dialogue with a psychologist through analysis of the unconscious. Later the psychoanalytic movement split, part of it treating psychoanalysis as a practice of working with archetypes (analytical psychology), part criticising the social limitations of the unconscious (Freudo-Marxism), and later Lacan`s structural psychoanalysis, which interpreted the unconscious as a language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
Phenomenological psychology Edmund Husserl rejected the physicalism of most of the psychological teachings of his time and began to understand consciousness as the only reality accessible to reliable cognition. His disciple Heidegger added to this the assertion of the fundamental finitude of man and the threat of a loss of authenticity in the technical world, and thus laid the foundation for existential psychology. Structuralism The recognised creator of psychology as a science, W. Wundt described the primordial structures of the psyche that determine perception and behaviour, but faced the problem of the impossibility of direct access to these structures and the vagueness of their description. Half a century later his ideas, combined with Sossur`s semiotics, strongly influenced the general humanities of structuralism and the post-structuralism and post-modernism that emerged from it, where structures were treated as linguistic invariants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology |
The Bann disc is an Iron Age bronze artefact that was discovered in the River Bann near Coleraine, Northern Ireland, in 1939. It is a thin decorative piece emblazoned with a La Tène-style triskelion, with no obvious practical purpose. The emblem of the Coleraine Historical Society is based on the disc and its annual publication is called The Bann Disc Journal. It is currently on display in the Ulster Museum. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bann_disc |
Rodolfo Robles (1878–1939) was a Guatemalan physician and philanthropist. In 1915, he was the first to describe onchocerciasis in Latin America, which was known and widespread on the African continent and first described in 1890 by Sir Patrick Manson. Robles was the first person to describe the etiology of the disease, correctly attributing it to infection with Onchocerca volvulus parasites. He discerned the etiology from clinical observations among coffee plantation workers in Guatemala, extracting the parasitic worm from a nodule on a child's face. The disease was later referred to as "Roble's disease" in his honor. In the 1930s, Robles also played a role in establishing the first public health campaigns to address onchocerciasis in the Central Endemic Zone of Guatemala, which involved sending teams to endemic areas to provide surgical services and perform nodulectomies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Robles |
Rodolfo Robles was born in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. As a young man, he was sent to school in the United States, returning to complete high school at the Instituto Nacional para Varones de Occidente (INVO) in 1894. He completed pre-university studies at Rouen, in France, before studying medicine in Paris and earning his degree from the University of Paris in 1904. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Robles |
He performed research at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where he obtained the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur (French: "National Order of the Legion of Honour") in the degree of Grand Officier (Grand Officer). Robles married Julia Isabel Herrera Dorión in 1914, and had one child, Rodolfo Robles Herrera, born in Paris in 1928. He served as a professor in the Faculty of Medical Sciences for many years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Robles |
Robles has been honored in Guatemala and México with many schools and hospitals named in his honor, including a hospital in his hometown of Quetzaltenango as well as a hospital focused on eye and ear health in Guatemala City.In 1955, the Order of Rodolfo Robles was established as award to recognize physicians for outstanding service in the field of public health.A statue of his likeness can be found outside the old Faculty of Medical Sciences at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.A bridge over the Suchiate River, which forms the border between the Mexican state of Chiapas and the Guatemalan department of San Marcos, has been named Puente Rodolfo Robles in his honor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Robles |
Strategic essentialism, a major concept in postcolonial theory, was introduced in the 1980s by the Indian literary critic and theorist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. It refers to a political tactic in which minority groups, nationalities, or ethnic groups mobilize on the basis of shared gendered, cultural, or political identity to represent themselves. While strong differences may exist between members of these groups, and amongst themselves they engage in continuous debates, it is sometimes advantageous for them to temporarily "essentialize" themselves, despite it being based on erroneous logic, and to bring forward their group identity in a simplified way to achieve certain goals, such as equal rights or antiglobalization.Spivak's understanding of the term was first introduced in the context of cultural negotiations, never as an anthropological category. In her 2008 book Other Asias, Spivak disavowed the term, indicating her dissatisfaction with how the term has been deployed in nationalist enterprises to promote (non-strategic) essentialism.The concept also comes up regularly in queer theory, feminist theory, deaf studies, and specifically in the work of Luce Irigaray, who refers to it as mimesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_essentialism |
Ghinnawas (literally "little songs") are short, two line emotional lyric poems written by the Bedouins of Egypt, in a fashion similar to haiku, but similar in content to the American blues. Ghinnawas typically talk of deep, personal feelings and are often an outlet for personal emotions which might not be otherwise expressible in Bedouin society. Ghinnawas may also be sung. Lila Abu Lughod - the Arab American anthropologist, who studied the Awlad Ali Bedouins in Northern Egypt in the late 1970s, and collected over 450 ghinnawas, has published the most comprehensive work on ghinnawas to date.Ghinnawa is a form of folk poetry, in the sense that anyone in Awlad Ali society could author a ghinnawa. In a broader context, ghinnawas may be looked upon as non-standard discourse which are a means of coping with social reality, similar to other discourse forms in the Arab world like the Hikaya folktales of Tunisia, or the Gussa allegories of the Bedouin of the Sinai. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghinnawa |
Ghinnawas usually have sad themes - typically being the lament of lost love, unless sung at celebrations like a circumcision or a wedding. Ghinnawas are sung by women, boys and also on rare occasions by men. Ghinnawa semantics are well-defined only in context, because of their personal nature. Contents of ghinnawas are considered personal, even sensitive to the extent that Lila Abu Lughod was warned "never to reveal any women's poems to men". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghinnawa |
The Awlad Ali do not have a strong history of public displays of emotion. Modesty or deference and boasting or anger are typically the most commonly expressed public emotion. Most other forms of expression take place through ghinnawas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghinnawa |
Ghinnawas may be written down, which is often the case for intergender communication, but can be spoken as substitute to normal conversation, or sung. The structure of the ghinnawa is very different in written and oral forms. Structurally, ghinnawas are approximately 15-syllable couplets. They can be broken up into 2 hemistiches. If the written form be represented as: the oral form unspools into 16 lines as follows: Each ghinnawa typically has many variations, and may even be sung with minor variations in a single singing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghinnawa |
The JDC International Centre for Community Development (JDC-ICCD) is a research organization and think tank based in Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom. The charity, founded by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), "is devoted to understanding and analyzing transformations in Europe and their impact on European Jewish communities. "The JDC-ICCD was founded 10 January 2005 to provide education and training, for religious activities, to prevent or relieve poverty, to encourage community and economic development, to perform or sponsor research, and to be an advocate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDC_International_Centre_for_Community_Development |
In 2011, Trinity College of Hartford, Connecticut, led by the American JDC-ICCD, conducted a survey of European Jewish leaders to ascertain concerns and challenges faced by European Jewish communities, including antisemitism, leadership, intermarriage and status issues, and Europe and Israel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDC_International_Centre_for_Community_Development |
JDC-ICCD partnered with the American Jewish Committee's (AJC) Berlin Ramer Institute for German-Jewish Relations to host a conference October 25–27, 2013 titled "Analyzing Jewish Europe Today: Perspectives from a New Generation." Attendees and presenters gathered to discuss new Jewish cultural trends, Muslim-Jewish relations and Jewish revival in Eastern and Central Europe. We know from our work on the ground that Europe's emerging Jewish leaders and communities are expressing Jewish identity in profoundly new and unique ways, setting an exciting course for the future of Jewish Europe. While there have been many forums examining Jewish identity of the past, for those of us dedicated to innovating Jewish life today, it was critical to focus on the contemporary European Jewish scene, bring to the fore issues impacting Jews across the continent, and ultimately seize the opportunities resulting from the way young European Jews are engaging with their Jewish identities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JDC_International_Centre_for_Community_Development |
Coccidia (Coccidiasina) are a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. As obligate intracellular parasites, they must live and reproduce within an animal cell. Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
Infection with these parasites is known as coccidiosis. Coccidia can infect all mammals, some birds, some fish, some reptiles, and some amphibians. Most species of coccidia are species-specific in their host. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
An exception is Toxoplasma gondii, which can infect all mammals, although it can only undergo sexual reproduction in cats. Depending on the species of coccidia, infection can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, and nervous system effects and changes to behavior, and may lead to death. Healthy adults may recover without medication—but those who are immunocompromised or young almost certainly require medication to prevent death. Humans generally become infected by eating under-cooked meat, but can contract infection with T. gondii by poor hygiene when handling cat waste. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
The class is divided into four orders, which are distinguished by the presence or absence of various asexual and sexual stages: Order Agamococcidiorida Levine-1979 Order Eucoccidiorida Léger & Duboscq-1910 Order Ixorheorida Levine-1984 Order Protococcidiorida Kheisin-1956The order Eucoccidiorida is divided into two suborders. These two groups differ in their sexual development: syzygy for Adeleorina and independent gametes for Eimeriorina. The first suborder, Adeleorina, comprises coccidia of invertebrates and the coccidia that alternate between blood-sucking invertebrates and various vertebrates; this group includes Haemogregarina and Hepatozoon. There are seven families in this suborder. The second suborder, Eimeriorina, comprises coccidia of a variety of coccidia many of form cysts. A number of genera, including Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis, infect vertebrates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
Infected animals spread spores called oocysts in their stool. The oocysts mature, called sporulation. When another animal passes over the location where the feces were deposited, it may pick up the spores, which it then ingests when grooming itself. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
Mice may ingest the spores and become infected. When another animal eats the mouse, it becomes infected. Some species of coccidia are transmissible to humans, including toxoplasma and cryptosporidium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
Inside the host, the sporulated oocyst opens, and eight sporozoites are released. Each one finds a home in an intestinal cell and starts the process of reproduction. These offspring are called merozoites. When the cell is stuffed full of merozoites, it bursts open, and each merozoite finds its own intestinal cell to continue the cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
As the infection continues, millions of intestinal cells may become infected. As they break open, they produce a bloody, watery diarrhea. This can cause dehydration, and can lead to death in young or small pets. Coccidian infections display symptoms mainly from the digestive tract including diarrhea, inflammation, intestinal pain or damage, vomiting, and irregular nutrition. These can lead to weight loss or reduced growth development, anemia, exhaustion, and even death in severe cases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
Coccidiosis can be diagnosed by finding oocysts in fecal smears. In early stages of the disease, there may be very few oocysts being shed, and a negative test does not rule out the disease. Coccidiosis is most commonly treated through the administration of coccidiostats, a group of medications that stop coccidia from reproducing. In dogs and cats, the most commonly administered coccidiostat is sulfa-based antibiotics. Once reproduction stops, the animal can usually recover on its own, a process that can take a few weeks, depending on the severity of the infection and the strength of the animal's immune system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidia |
How to Read a Book is a book by the American philosopher Mortimer J. Adler. Originally published in 1940, it was heavily revised for a 1972 edition, co-authored by Adler with editor Charles Van Doren. The 1972 revision gives guidelines for critically reading good and great books of any tradition. In addition, it deals with genres (including, but not limited to, poetry, history, science, and fiction), as well as inspectional and syntopical reading. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
How to Read a Book is divided into four parts, each consisting of several chapters. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
Here, Adler sets forth his method for reading a non-fiction book in order to gain understanding. He claims that three distinct approaches, or readings, must all be made in order to get the most possible out of a book, but that performing these three levels of readings does not necessarily mean reading the book three times, as the experienced reader will be able to do all three in the course of reading the book just once. Adler names the readings "structural", "interpretative", and "critical", in that order. Structural Stage: The first stage of analytical reading is concerned with understanding the structure and purpose of the book. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
It begins with determining the basic topic and type of the book being read, so as to better anticipate the contents and comprehend the book from the very beginning. Adler says that the reader must distinguish between practical and theoretical books, as well as determining the field of study that the book addresses. Further, Adler says that the reader must note any divisions in the book, and that these are not restricted to the divisions laid out in the table of contents. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
Lastly, the reader must find out what problems the author is trying to solve. Interpretive Stage: The second stage of analytical reading involves constructing the author's arguments. This first requires the reader to note and understand any special phrases and terms that the author uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
Once that is done, Adler says that the reader should find and work to understand each proposition that the author advances, as well as the author's support for those propositions. Critical Stage: In the third stage of analytical reading, Adler directs the reader to critique the book. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
He asserts that upon understanding the author's propositions and arguments, the reader has been elevated to the author's level of understanding and is now able (and obligated) to judge the book's merit and accuracy. Adler advocates judging books based on the soundness of their arguments. Adler says that one may not disagree with an argument unless one can find fault in its reasoning, facts, or premises, though one is free to dislike it in any case. The method presented is sometimes called the Structure-Proposition-Evaluation (SPE) method, though this term is not used in the book. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
Adler explains for whom the book is intended, defines different classes of reading, and tells which classes will be addressed. He also makes a brief argument favoring the Great Books, and explains his reasons for writing How to Read a Book. There are three types of knowledge: practical, informational, and comprehensive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
He discusses the methods of acquiring knowledge, concluding that practical knowledge, though teachable, cannot be truly mastered without experience; that only informational knowledge can be gained by one whose understanding equals the author's; that comprehension (insight) is best learned from who first achieved said understanding – an "original communication". The idea that communication directly from those who first discovered an idea is the best way of gaining understanding is Adler's argument for reading the Great Books; that any book that does not represent original communication is inferior, as a source, to the original, and that any teacher, save those who discovered the subject he or she teaches, is inferior to the Great Books as a source of comprehension. Adler spends a good deal of this first section explaining why he was compelled to write this book. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
He asserts that very few people can read a book for understanding, but that he believes that most are capable of it, given the right instruction and the will to do so. It is his intent to provide that instruction. He takes time to tell the reader about how he believes that the educational system has failed to teach students the art of reading well, up to and including undergraduate, university-level institutions. He concludes that, due to these shortcomings in formal education, it falls upon individuals to cultivate these abilities in themselves. Throughout this section, he relates anecdotes and summaries of his experience in education as support for these assertions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
In Part III, Adler briefly discusses the differences in approaching various kinds of literature and suggests reading several other books. He explains a method of approaching the Great Books – read the books that influenced a given author prior to reading works by that author – and gives several examples of that method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
The last part of the book covers the fourth level of reading: syntopical reading. At this stage, the reader broadens and deepens his or her knowledge on a given subject – e.g., love, war, particle physics, etc. – by reading several books on that subject. In the final pages of this part, the author expounds on the philosophical benefits of reading: "growth of the mind", fuller experience as a conscious being... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
Mortimer Adler, How to Read a Book: The Art of Getting a Liberal Education, (1940) OCLC 822771595 1967 edition published with subtitle A Guide to Reading the Great Books ISBN 978-0-671-21209-4 OCLC 500166716 1972 revised edition, coauthor Charles Van Doren, New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-567-31010-9 OCLC 788925161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Read_a_Book |
The Food Processing Technology Building is a Georgia Institute of Technology and Georgia Tech Research Institute facility. It houses the Food Processing Technology Division of GTRI, which includes the Agricultural Technology Research Program (ATRP) and Georgia’s Traditional Industries Program for Food Processing. It opened on March 1, 2005, and was dedicated on May 19, 2005. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Processing_Technology_Building |
The Food Processing Technology Building contains over 36,000 square feet of office and laboratory space, including a 4,370 square foot high-bay testing and fabrication space, a 16-by-24-foot climate-controlled experiment chamber, an indoor environmental pilot area, a full-service chemical wet laboratory, and a 48-seat auditorium. The building houses five research laboratories: an automation research laboratory, an electronics lab, a systems development and integration laboratory, an environmental laboratory, and an optics laboratory. The building's lower lobby area features an interactive exhibit about the role of technology in poultry and food processing. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Processing_Technology_Building |
Library acquisitions is the department of a library responsible for the selection and purchase of materials or resources. The department may select vendors, negotiate consortium pricing, arrange for standing orders, and select individual titles or resources.Libraries, both physical and digital, usually have four common broad goals that help dictate these responsibilities. These goals are significant to libraries in order to maintain the basic principle of access. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
To acquire material as quickly as possible To maintain a high level of accuracy in all work procedures To keep work processes simple in order to achieve the lowest possible unit cost To develop close, friendly working relationships with other library units and vendorsThere are generally five steps taken in order to acquire material for a library collection, whether physical or digital. Request processing Verification Ordering Reporting (fiscal management) Receiving ordersThere are eight types of acquisition methods followed by libraries: Firm orders – Orders that are determined by name specifically. For example, a specific book, textbook, or journal that the library wants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
Standing orders – Open orders for all titles that fit a particular category or subject. For example, these are usually developed for serials and the library knows that it will want anything published in that particular series. A benefit to this style of ordering is that it is automatic—the acquisitions department does not have to order the next in series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
Approval plans – Similar to standing orders except they cover quite a few topic areas, are sent from the vendor, and the library is only charged for the specific titles that they accept into their collection. Under these circumstances the library is free to return anything it does not wish to add to its collections. A benefit to this style of ordering is that the acquisitions department can sometimes make better decisions with the materials in hand versus an order form. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
Blanket orders – Largely a combination of both a firm order and an approval plan. Blanket orders are the library making a commitment to purchase all of something. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
For example, a library makes a contract with a certain publisher or vendor and will purchase everything that this publisher or vendor has available in regards to a topic. A benefit to this style of ordering is an automatic acquisition of materials for a particular field, which can be especially beneficial to specialized or academic libraries. Subscriptions – Generally utilized for journals, newspapers, or other serials that a library will acquire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
Like standing and blanket orders, a library only has to develop a contract once with a vendor or publisher and the items are automatically delivered when printed. Often, subscriptions are for a specific length of time and must be renewed at the end of the contract. Leases – Contracts that allow access to particular resources for a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
Leases are most commonly utilized with electronic resources such as databases, journals, and web-based materials. The library is paying for access to the material versus paying for ownership of the material. Gifts – In some cases libraries may allow gifts that people give to the library. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
It is the job of the acquisitions department to determine whether or not the gift will be kept and incorporated into the library’s collection. This method is typically used by large academic institutions, and the persons giving the gifts are mostly alumni of that institution. A library's collection development policy usually states whether the library accepts gifts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
Exchanges – Exchanges can be broken into two subcategories: exchange of unwanted duplicate/gift materials AND the exchange of new materials between libraries. Again, the institutions that usually have a process for this type of acquiring are larger academic or research libraries. This is also a process of consortia.The American Library Association offers Fundamentals of Acquisitions courses throughout the year to provide basic procedures for library acquisitions concepts commonly used for all library formats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_acquisitions |
A perlocutionary act (or perlocutionary effect) is the effect of an utterance on an interlocutor. Examples of perlocutionary acts include persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise affecting the interlocutor. The perlocutionary effect of an utterance is contrasted with the locutionary act, which is the act of producing the utterance, and with the illocutionary force, which does not depend on the utterance's effect on the interlocutor.As an example, consider the following utterance: "By the way, I have a CD of Debussy; would you like to borrow it?" Its illocutionary function is an offer, while its intended perlocutionary effect might be to impress the interlocutor, or to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage an interest in a particular type of music. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlocutionary_act |
The actual perlocutionary effect can be different than the intended perlocutionary effect. In this example, the speaker may have intended to show a friendly attitude, but the listener might become irritated if they thought the speaker's intent was to impress them. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlocutionary_act |
Collins Park, or 1st Street Park, is the largest municipal park in Bayonne, New Jersey. It is located at the southern end of the city and runs for 0.75 miles (1.21 km) along the shore the Kill van Kull. Once known as Kill van Kull Park, it is named for Dennis P. Collins, who served at mayor of Bayonne from 1974 to 1990. The approach to the Bayonne Bridge crosses over the park at the west, under which will connect to the planned extension of Hackensack River Greenway at Bergen Point. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Park_(Bayonne,_New_Jersey) |
The park comprises what were public and private parcels of land. Killeen Park, which had been upgraded in 1937 WPA project, was incorporated in Collins Park It was further built out in the 1950s. Portions were was once property of Uncle Milty's Amusement Park or "Miltyville," which after its closure was purchased by the city in 1969. Brady's Dock, once a marina and ferry slip was incorporated the park in the 1980s, when it was rebuilt and the parkland expanded. Collins Park was substantially refurbished in two phases in the early 2020s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Park_(Bayonne,_New_Jersey) |
Among the memorials in the park are those to veterans of World War II, the Vietnam War, the persons who built the Bayonne Bridge, and to victims of the September 11 attacks.In 2022, a statue of Chuck Wepner, former professional boxer and local hero, was unveiled in the park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_Park_(Bayonne,_New_Jersey) |
Ventricular hypertrophy (VH) is thickening of the walls of a ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart. Although left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is more common, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), as well as concurrent hypertrophy of both ventricles can also occur. Ventricular hypertrophy can result from a variety of conditions, both adaptive and maladaptive. For example, it occurs in what is regarded as a physiologic, adaptive process in pregnancy in response to increased blood volume; but can also occur as a consequence of ventricular remodeling following a heart attack. Importantly, pathologic and physiologic remodeling engage different cellular pathways in the heart and result in different gross cardiac phenotypes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
In individuals with eccentric hypertrophy there may be little or no indication that hypertrophy has occurred as it is generally a healthy response to increased demands on the heart. Conversely, concentric hypertrophy can make itself known in a variety of ways. Most commonly, chest pain, either with or without exertion is present, along with shortness of breath with exertion, general fatigue, syncope, and palpitations. Overt signs of heart failure, such as edema, or shortness of breath without exertion are uncommon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
The ventricles are the chambers in the heart responsible for pumping blood either to the lungs (right ventricle) or to the rest of the body (left ventricle). Ventricular hypertrophy may be divided into two categories: concentric hypertrophy and eccentric hypertrophy. These adaptations are related to how the cardiomyocyte contractile units, called sarcomeres, respond to stressors such as exercise or pathology. Concentric hypertrophy is a result of pressure overload on the heart, resulting in parallel sarcomerogenesis (addition of sarcomere units parallel to existing units). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Eccentric hypertrophy is related to volume overload and leads to the addition of sarcomeres in series.Concentric hypertrophy results from various stressors to the heart including hypertension, congenital heart defects (such as Tetralogy of Fallot), valvular defects (aortic coarction or stenosis), and primary defects of the myocardium which directly cause hypertrophy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). The underlying commonality in these disease states is an increase in pressures that the ventricles experience. For example, in tetralogy of Fallot, the right ventricle is exposed to the high pressures of the left heart due to a defect in the septum; as a result the right ventricle undergoes hypertrophy to compensate for these increased pressures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Similarly, in systemic hypertension, the left ventricle must work harder to overcome the higher pressures of the vascular system and responds by thickening to deal with increased wall stress.Concentric hypertrophy is characterized by an addition of sarcomeres (the contractile units of cardiac cells) in parallel. The result is an increase in thickness of the myocardium without a corresponding increase in ventricular size. This is maladaptive largely because there is not a corresponding proliferation of the vasculature supplying the myocardium, resulting in ischemic areas of the heart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Ultimately, this response can be compensatory for a duration, and allow for improved cardiac function in the face of stressors. However, this type of hypertrophy can result in a dilated ventricle which is unable to effectively pump blood, leading to heart failure. When stressors that encourage this concentric hypertrophy are reduced or eliminated (either surgically corrected in the case of cardiac defects, or hypertension is reduced from diet and exercise) it is possible for the heart to undergo 'reverse remodeling', returning to a somewhat more 'normal' state instead of progressing to a dilated, pathologic phenotype. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
This reversion may even go beyond muscle mass, and repair abnormalities in cardiac connective tissue.Eccentric hypertrophy is generally regarded as healthy, or physiologic hypertrophy and is often termed "athlete's heart." It is the normal response to healthy exercise or pregnancy, which results in an increase in the heart's muscle mass and pumping ability. It is a response to 'volume-overload', either as a result of increased blood return to the heart during exercise, or a response to an actual increase in absolute blood volume as in pregnancy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
This increase in pumping ability is the result of the addition of sarcomeres in series, which enables the heart to contract with greater force. This is explained by the Frank Starling mechanism, which describes the sarcomere's ability to contract with greater force as more of the elements of its contractile units become engaged. This response can be dramatic; in trained athletes have hearts that have left ventricular mass up to 60% greater than untrained subjects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Rowers, cyclists, and cross-country skiers tend to have the largest hearts, with an average left ventricular wall thickness of 1.3 centimeters, compared to 1.1 centimeters in average adults. Though eccentric hypertrophy is termed 'athlete's heart' it is typically only found in individuals who are aerobically conditioned. For example, weight lifters tend to undergo remodeling which more closely resembles concentric hypertrophy, as the heart does not experience a volume-overload, but instead responds to transient pressure overload as a consequence of increased vascular resistance from pressures exerted on arteries by sustained muscular contraction.Though it is the case that eccentric hypertrophy is largely considered to be a healthy response to increased cardiac demand, it is also associated with risks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
For example, in athletes with significantly increased left ventricular weight there is also a corresponding increased risk for conduction abnormalities and sudden cardiac death. Additionally, in pregnant individuals, a subpopulation progress to peripartum cardiomyopathy, characterized by a dilation of the left ventricle and a corresponding deficit in heart function. There are suggestions that this progression is partially determined by underlying metabolic derangement (diabetes) and hypertension which may result in a more maladaptive cardiac response to pregnancy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
As such, though it is convenient to consider clear cut distinctions between pathologic and physiologic cardiac hypertrophy, there may be a broader range of phenotypes than may be accounted for by gross cardiac phenotypes alone.The development of pathologic states in LVH is complex. Electrical abnormalities are commonly found in individuals with LVH, both ventricular and super-ventricular tachycardia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Additionally, cytoarchitecture and the extracellular environment of the myocardium are altered, specifically genes typically expressed in the fetal heart are induced, as are collagen and other fibrotic proteins. LVH may interfere with heart functionality in a number of ways. Before progression to a dilated phenotype, mechanical obstruction of the outflow tract can occur, leading to reduced cardiac output. Additionally, increased fibrosis of the ventricle can result in a failure to relax appropriately which impairs cardiac filling and may lead to diastolic dysfunction or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Androgens, especially dihydrotestosterone (DHT), are active in the ventricle and promote hypertrophy. Researchers are investigating the potential for finasteride—a drug that inhibits the synthesis of DHT—to reduce hypertrophy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
As described in the previous section, it is believed that the eccentric hypertrophy is induced by volume-overload and that the concentric hypertrophy is induced by pressure-overload. Biomechanical approaches have been adopted to investigate the progression of cardiac hypertrophy for these two different types.In the framework of continuum mechanics, the volumetric growth is often modeled using a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient F {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} } into an elastic part F e {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{e}} and a growth part F g {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{g}} , where F = F e F g {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathbf {F} ^{e}\mathbf {F} ^{g}} . For the generic orthotropic growth, the growth tensor can be represented as F g = ϑ f f 0 ⊗ f 0 + ϑ s s 0 ⊗ s 0 + ϑ n n 0 ⊗ n 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{g}=\vartheta ^{f}\mathbf {f} _{0}\otimes \mathbf {f} _{0}+\vartheta ^{s}\mathbf {s} _{0}\otimes \mathbf {s} _{0}+\vartheta ^{n}\mathbf {n} _{0}\otimes \mathbf {n} _{0}} , where f 0 , s 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} _{0},\mathbf {s} _{0}} and n 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} _{0}} are normally the orthonormal vectors of the microstructure, and ϑ = {\displaystyle \mathbf {\vartheta } =} is often referred as growth multipliers, which regulates the growth according to certain growth laws. In eccentric growth, cardiomyocyte lengthens in the direction of the cell's long axis, f 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {f} _{0}} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Therefore, the eccentric growth tensor can be expressed as F g = I + f 0 ⊗ f 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{g}=\mathbf {I} +\mathbf {f} _{0}\otimes \mathbf {f} _{0}} , where I {\displaystyle \mathbf {I} } is the identity tensor. The concentric growth, on the other hand, induces parallel deposition of the sarcomeres. The growth of cardiomyocyte is in the transverse direction, and thus the concentric growth tensor is expressed as: F g = I + s 0 ⊗ s 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ^{g}=\mathbf {I} +\mathbf {s} _{0}\otimes \mathbf {s} _{0}} , where s 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} _{0}} is the vector perpendicular to tangent plane of the cardiac wall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
There are different hypothesis on the growth laws governing the growth multipliers ϑ ∥ {\displaystyle \vartheta ^{\parallel }} and ϑ ⊥ {\displaystyle \vartheta ^{\perp }} . Motivated by the observation that eccentric growth is induced by volume-overload, strain-driven growth laws are applied to the ϑ ∥ {\displaystyle \vartheta ^{\parallel }} . For the concentric growth, which is induced by pressure-overload, both stress-driven and strain-driven growth laws have been investigated and tested using computational finite element method. The biomechanical model based on continuum theories of growth can be used to predict the progression of the disease, and therefore can potentially help developing treatments to pathological hypertrophy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Hypertrophy of the ventricle can be measured with a number of techniques. Electrocardiogram (EKG), a non-invasive assessment of the electrical system of the heart, can be useful in determining the degree of hypertrophy, as well as subsequent dysfunction it may precipitate. Specifically, an increase in Q wave size, abnormalities in the P wave, as well as giant inverted T waves, are indicative of significant concentric hypertrophy. Specific changes in repolarization and depolarization events are indicative of different underlying causes of hypertrophy and can assist in the appropriate management of the condition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Changes are common in both eccentric and concentric hypertrophy, though are substantially different from one another. In either condition fewer than 10% of patients with significant hypertrophy display a normal EKG.Transthoracic echocardiography, a similarly non-invasive assessment of cardiac morphology, is also important in determining both the degree of hypertrophy, underlying pathologies (such as aortic coarction), and degree of cardiac dysfunction. Important considerations in echocardiography of the hypertrophied heart include lateral and septal wall thickness, degree of outflow tract obstruction, and systolic anterior wall motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, which can exacerbate outflow obstruction.It is not uncommon to undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), which measures the heart's response to exercise, to assess the functional impairment caused by hypertrophy, and to prognosticate outcomes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
In most situations, described above, the increase in ventricular wall thickness is a slow process. However, in some instances hypertrophy may be "dramatic and rapid." In the Burmese python, consumption of a large meal is associated with an increase in metabolic work by a factor of seven and a 40% increase in ventricular mass within 48 hours, both of which return to normal within 28 days. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy |
Sheikh bagh cemetery is the one and only Christian cemetery in the Srinagar city of Jammu and Kashmir. It is a British era cemetery and hence is also claimed as the heritage. The cemetery is accessed by the Roman Catholic church, CNI and other Christian denominations in Srinagar, Kashmir. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_bagh_cemetery |
Many gravestones bear the year 1700. Cemetery contains remains of many famous people like Robert Thorpe and Jim Borst. In 2014, the repair work of the graveyard funded by the British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia was organised, after a flood destroyed it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_bagh_cemetery |
Arthur Neve Ernest Frederic Neve Robert Thorpe Jim Borst Fanny Jane Butler Nora Neve == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_bagh_cemetery |
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