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Evidence for a positive effect of CBT has been found in trials for fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, unexplained headaches, unexplained back pain, tinnitus, and non-cardiac chest pain. Overall, CBT has been shown to be effective in reducing psychological distress and improving medical st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
As of 2006, CBT had not been tested for menopausal syndrome, chronic facial pain, interstitial cystitis, or chronic pelvic pain.Some high quality studies have been conducted examining the effectiveness of antidepressants in MUPS. Those antidepressants that have been investigated include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
SSRIs are usually not effective or have only a weak effect. One exception is menopausal syndrome, where SSRIs are "possibly effective" as well as a third class of antidepressants, the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).A 2010 Cochrane review examined the use of Consultation Letters for MUPS with psych... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
There is no consensus as to what causes MUPS. However, a number of theories have been put forward. Many of these share the common assumption that MUPS are somehow caused by psychological distress or disturbance. One classical theory is that MUPS arise as a reaction to childhood trauma in vulnerable individuals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
More contemporary theories place less emphasis on trauma and suggest that an individual's personality and psychological characteristics play a central role. For example, it has been suggested that people who have anxiety or depression or who focus excessively on their body might be particularly prone to these symptoms.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb (), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The effect of following a rhumb line course on the surface of a globe was first discussed by the Portuguese mathematician Pedro Nunes in 1537, in his Treatise in Defense of the Marine Chart, with further mathematical development by Thomas Harriot in the 1590s. A rhumb line can be contrasted with a great circle, which i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
In other words, a great circle is locally "straight" with zero geodesic curvature, whereas a rhumb line has non-zero geodesic curvature. Meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude provide special cases of the rhumb line, where their angles of intersection are respectively 0° and 90°. On a north–south passage the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
On a Mercator projection map, any rhumb line is a straight line; a rhumb line can be drawn on such a map between any two points on Earth without going off the edge of the map. But theoretically a loxodrome can extend beyond the right edge of the map, where it then continues at the left edge with the same slope (assumin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
On a Mercator projection the north and south poles occur at infinity and are therefore never shown. However the full loxodrome on an infinitely high map would consist of infinitely many line segments between the two edges. On a stereographic projection map, a loxodrome is an equiangular spiral whose center is the north... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
All loxodromes spiral from one pole to the other. Near the poles, they are close to being logarithmic spirals (which they are exactly on a stereographic projection, see below), so they wind around each pole an infinite number of times but reach the pole in a finite distance. The pole-to-pole length of a loxodrome (assu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The word loxodrome comes from Ancient Greek λοξός loxós: "oblique" + δρόμος drómos: "running" (from δραμεῖν drameîn: "to run"). The word rhumb may come from Spanish or Portuguese rumbo/rumo ("course" or "direction") and Greek ῥόμβος rhómbos, from rhémbein. The 1878 edition of The Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
In Mercator's Projection (q.v.) the Loxodromic lines are evidently straight. A misunderstanding could arise because the term "rhumb" had no precise meaning when it came into use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
It applied equally well to the windrose lines as it did to loxodromes because the term only applied "locally" and only meant whatever a sailor did in order to sail with constant bearing, with all the imprecision that that implies. Therefore, "rhumb" was applicable to the straight lines on portolans when portolans were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
λ̂ for constant φ traces out a parallel of latitude, while φ̂ for constant λ traces out a meridian of longitude, and together they generate a plane tangent to the sphere. The unit vector β ^ ( λ , φ ) = ( sin β ) λ ^ + ( cos β ) φ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\beta }}} (\lambda ,\varphi )=(\sin {\be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Let λ be the longitude of a point on the sphere, and φ its latitude. Then, if we define the map coordinates of the Mercator projection as x = λ − λ 0 , y = gd − 1 φ = arsinh ( tan φ ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=\lambda -\lambda _{0}\,,\\y&=\operatorname {gd} ^{-1}\varphi =\operatorname {arsinh} (\tan \va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Its use in navigation is directly linked to the style, or projection of certain navigational maps. A rhumb line appears as a straight line on a Mercator projection map.The name is derived from Old French or Spanish respectively: "rumb" or "rumbo", a line on the chart which intersects all meridians at the same angle. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Over longer distances and/or at higher latitudes the great circle route is significantly shorter than the rhumb line between the same two points. However the inconvenience of having to continuously change bearings while travelling a great circle route makes rhumb line navigation appealing in certain instances.The point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
But at 60 degrees north the great circle distance is 4,602 km (2,485 nmi) while the rhumb line is 5,000 km (2,700 nmi), a difference of 8.5%. A more extreme case is the air route between New York City and Hong Kong, for which the rhumb line path is 18,000 km (9,700 nmi). The great circle route over the North Pole is 13... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Some old maps in the Mercator projection have grids composed of lines of latitude and longitude but also show rhumb lines which are oriented directly towards north, at a right angle from the north, or at some angle from the north which is some simple rational fraction of a right angle. These rhumb lines would be drawn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Such maps would necessarily have been in the Mercator projection therefore not all old maps would have been capable of showing rhumb line markings. The radial lines on a compass rose are also called rhumbs. The expression "sailing on a rhumb" was used in the 16th–19th centuries to indicate a particular compass heading.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The surface of the Earth can be understood mathematically as a Riemann sphere, that is, as a projection of the sphere to the complex plane. In this case, loxodromes can be understood as certain classes of Möbius transformations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The formulation above can be easily extended to a spheroid. The course of the rhumb line is found merely by using the ellipsoidal isometric latitude. In formulas above on this page, substitute the conformal latitude on the ellipsoid for the latitude on the sphere. Similarly, distances are found by multiplying the ellip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Andrew Silke holds a chair in Terrorism, Risk and Resilience at Cranfield University's Forensic Institute. Previously, he was the Head of Criminology and the Programme Director for Terrorism Studies at the University of East London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Silke, Andrew, ed. (2003). Terrorists, victims, and society: psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences. Wiley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
ISBN 978-0-471-49461-4. Silke, Andrew, ed. (2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-65782-5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Silke, Andrew (2014). Terrorism: All That Matters. John Murray Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
ISBN 978-1-4441-6333-9. Silke, Andrew, ed. (2018). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-59270-9. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
A logic puzzle is a puzzle deriving from the mathematical field of deduction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
The logic puzzle was first produced by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who is better known under his pen name Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. In his book The Game of Logic he introduced a game to solve problems such as confirming the conclusion "Some greyhounds are not fat" from the statements ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
Another form of logic puzzle, popular among puzzle enthusiasts and available in magazines dedicated to the subject, is a format in which the set-up to a scenario is given, as well as the object (for example, determine who brought what dog to a dog show, and what breed each dog was), certain clues are given ("neither Mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
While designed more as a table-based puzzle than a matrix, the most famous example of a logic-grid puzzle may be the so-called Zebra Puzzle, which asks the question Who Owned the Zebra?. Common in logic puzzle magazines are derivatives of the logic grid puzzle called "table puzzles" that are deduced in the same manner ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
This article includes the table with land use statistics by country. Countries are ranked by their total cultivated land area, which is the sum of the total arable land area and total area of permanent crops. Arable land is defined as being cultivated for crops like wheat, maize, and rice, all of which are replanted af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country |
Other lands include any lands not arable nor under permanent crops; this includes permanent meadows and pastures, forests and woodlands, built-on areas, roads, barren land, and so on. Percentage figures for arable land, permanent crops land and other lands are all taken from the CIA World Factbook as well as total land... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country |
The transportation system of Arizona comprises car, rail, air, bus, and bicycle transport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Amtrak operates the Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, and Texas Eagle through Arizona. Two Amtrak routes serve Arizona communities: the Southwest Chief passes through Winslow, Flagstaff, and Kingman, while the Texas Eagle passes through Benson, Tucson, Maricopa and Yuma. Although the Texas Eagle passes much closer to Ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and Flagstaff have public bus systems. Greyhound Lines serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several smaller communities statewide. The Navajo Transit System operates bus routes throughout the Navajo Nation and connects Flag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Main interstate routes include I-17, and I-19 traveling south–north, I-8, I-10, and I-40 traveling west–east, and a short stretch of I-15 traveling southwest–northeast through the northwestern corner of the state. In the future, I-11 travel through Arizona following US 93, it may replace I-19, and will terminate at the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Highways, and state routes, many of which were funded by a ½ cent general sales tax measure approved by Maricopa County voters in 1985. New freeways are being added to the area, such as Loop 101, Loop 202, and eventually SR 24 and SR 30. Currently, two major interstates serve the area, I-10 and I-17. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
In the past decade, more than 100 miles (160 km) of new freeway have been constructed in the Phoenix metropolitan area by ADOT. The Tucson metropolitan area is primarily served by I-10, I-19, and State Route 77. I-19 departs from I-10 in the southern part of Tucson, travels through southern Tucson (including an exit se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Destination signs on I-19 have metric distance figures in kilometers instead of standard miles. SR 77 serves North Tucson and Tucson's northern suburbs including Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Oro Valley, and Catalina. SR 77 continues northward until it terminates at the Navajo Nation in northeastern Arizona. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
SR 210 (Barraza–Aviation Parkway) is a limited-access parkway built in the early 1990s to connect downtown Tucson to the southeastern portion of the city. Few new limited-access roads are in the plans in Tucson due to strong community opposition to freeways. However, a large-scale reconstruction and expansion of I-10 w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Yuma is served by I-8, while Casa Grande served by I-8 and I-10; Flagstaff is served by I-17 and I-40. US 95 parallels the Colorado River, from Las Vegas to the Mexico–United States border near Yuma. Historic US 66, a major route for Midwestern emigrants prior to the advent of the interstate highway system, traversed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
The Papago Freeway Tunnel, better known to Phoenix residents as the Deck Park Tunnel, is a vehicular tunnel built underneath Downtown Phoenix. It was built as part of I-10 in Phoenix. The tunnel extends from approximately North 3rd Avenue to North 3rd Street. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
At 2,887 feet (880 m), it ranks as the 42nd longest vehicular tunnel in the US. The tunnel was the last section of I-10 to be completed nationwide. There is a plaque dedicated to the commemoration of the tunnel in Margaret T. Hance Park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Airports with scheduled commercial flights include: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in Phoenix (the largest airport and the major international airport in the state); Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) in Tucson; Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
In May 2006, voters in Tucson approved a Regional Transportation Plan (a comprehensive bus transit/streetcar/roadway improvement program), and its funding via a new half-cent sales tax increment. The centerpiece of the plan is a light rail streetcar system (possibly similar to the Portland Streetcar in Oregon) that wil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
In linguistics, functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. If no change in form occurs, it is called a zero derivation. For example, the word like, formerly only used as a preposition in comparisons (as in "eats like a pig"), is now also used in the same way as the subordinating co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_shift |
Shakespeare uses functional shift, for example using a noun to serve as a verb. Researchers found that this technique allows the brain to understand what a word means before it understands the function of the word within a sentence. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_shift |
The UNC School of Information and Library Science (SILS) is a professional school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill offering a bachelor's degree in information science, master's degrees in library science and information science, a professional science master's degree in digital curation, and a doctora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Both professional degree programs in library science and information science are accredited by the American Library Association (ALA). The Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) has maintained its ALA accreditation since 1934, and the Master of Science in Information Science (MSIS) program has maintained accredita... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Library science classes were initially offered at UNC-Chapel Hill starting in 1904; however, the university would not offer library science as a major until 1931, when the School of Library Science opened its doors to welcome 37 students and five faculty members in Wilson Library, now named after Louis Round Wilson, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Carnegie Corporation gave SILS another $100,000 grant in 1940. Starting in 1950, the school offered master's courses in library science leading the way for the university to approve the school's program, leading to the creation of the school's MSLS program.Two decades after the launch of its MSLS program, SILS move... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Louis Round Wilson (1931-1932) Susan Grey Akers (1932-1954) Lucile Kelling Henderson (1954-1960) Carlyle J. Frarey (1960-1964) Margaret Ellen Kalp (1964-1967) Walter A. Sedelow Jr. (1967-1970) Raymond L. Carpenter Jr. (1970-1971) Edward G. Holley (1972-1985) Evelyn H. Daniel (1985-1990) Barbara B. Moran (1990-1998) Joa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
In 1995, Manning would undergo renovations, including updating its large lecture hall and the information and technology resource center. Today, SILS classrooms are equipped with computer projection and instructor workstations. SILS also maintains a wireless network with access points throughout the building. Since 201... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
SILS also has a 3D printing station, where students can submit designs of 3D models to be printed. Additionally, SILS offers a Digital Media Lab with access to professional video and audio recording equipment, a teleprompter, green screen, audio mixer, and video and audio editing software. As part of the university lib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The SILS Library consists of over 100,000 volumes and approximately 1,300 serials titles are checked in every year. One of the collections SILS houses is the professional collection (Library of Congress classification), which consists of materials in information and library science, and related fields. The juvenile col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The SILS Digital Project Repository was created by information and library science graduate students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (originally developed by SILS students Matthew Bachtell and Ying Zhang for Dr. Gary Marchionini's Digital Libraries course). The DPR serves as an archive and showcase o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
ibiblio, a collaboration between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Center for the Public Domain, has been a vehicle for knowledge sharing since 1992, first as an original Sun Microsystems SunSITE, then as Metalab, finally resting on the ibiblio name in 2000. ibiblio is a free and vibrant exchange ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
LifeTime Library is an online comprehensive file-hosting site that is available to the school's incoming students. The program is designed to store documents and photos for students so they can have access to them forever. Gary Marchionini, dean of the school, said LifeTime Library is the first program of its kind to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The program's data is stored on a series of disks managed by the school and other departments. Two years in the making, the LifeTime Library has benefited from research projects funded by the National Science Foundation and other prestigious sources. Users can fine-tune their libraries, setting up policies and new capa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Eventually, researchers would like to see it synchronize with multiple devices. So far, SILS has provided storage for the LifeTime Library, but Marchionini's vision is for the project to be offered to all Carolina students. Business partners may be recruited to help with costs so that the LifeTime Library could continu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
This three-year, collaborative project seeks to develop an openly accessible, graduate-level curricular framework, course modules, and experiential and enrichment components and exemplars necessary to prepare students to work in the 21st-century environment of trusted digital and data repositories. To accomplish these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
In October 2011, the National Science Foundation awarded nearly $8 million over five years to the DataNet Federation Consortium, a group that spans seven universities, to build and deploy a prototype national data management infrastructure. About half of the award supports research and development at the school. This c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
RENCI at UNC-Chapel Hill opened in the summer 2007 in the new Manning Information Technology Services building located on South Campus. The site supports the use of visualization technology and advanced computational methods to explore issues in science, engineering, the arts, humanities, and social sciences. This stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
and that are positioned to bring major research projects to North Carolina. In October 2012, SILS professor & RENCI chief scientist Arcot Rajasekar is the principal investigator of one of eight new Big Data research projects receiving awards from the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from the National Inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Rajasekar's project, “DataBridge – A Sociometric System for Long-Tail Science Data Collections,” will use socio-metric networks similar to LinkedIn or Facebook to enable scientists to find data and like-minded research. It is expected to improve the discovery of relevant scientific data across large, distributed, and d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
SILS first offered a minor in information systems in 1997 and started a major in information science in 2003. UNC-Chapel Hill is the only university in the state of North Carolina offering a bachelor's degree in information science and is one of only a handful of schools nationwide offering such a program. The Bachelor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The major requires 30 credit hours worth of courses, as well as 4 approved electives and the completion of certain prerequisites before applying to the major. The Minor in Information Systems provides students with an understanding of computing, multi¬media, electronic information resources, and the Internet that compl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Introduced in 2011, the Dual Bachelor's - Master's program is intended to enable Information Science (IS) majors to obtain both their BS and MS degree by early planning of an undergraduate program that integrates well with the graduate degree requirements for either an MSIS or an MSLS within five years. Of the 24 iScho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) is a 48-credit hour, two-year program. The MSLS curriculum trains students in the collection, organization, storage, and retrieval of recorded knowledge for a variety of institutions and groups. The Master of Science in Information Science (MSIS) Program is a 48-credit ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Professional Science Master's (PSM) in Digital Curation is a 31-credit hour program. Students can take classes part-time or full-time and the program is completely online. The PSM in digital curation enables students to acquire the core skills, knowledge, and competencies for ensuring the longevity, authenticity, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Concentration of Study in Archives and Record Management (ARM) at SILS provides students with the knowledge and skills required to work in archives, special collections, historical societies, records management units within organizations, and various other curatorial environments. The principles and practices of AR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
In addition to the programs above, SILS also allows students to pursue two master's degrees simultaneously. Art History, Business Administration, Government, Health Policy, Law, Medicine, Nursing and Public History are the degrees that SILS students can pursue simultaneously with their master's degree from SILS. Studen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Post-Master's Certificate (PMC) is a post-masters degree that is designed for practitioners who seek a continuing education program to enhance their professional development in Information and Library Science. The PMC is a hybrid program with residential and online components. The typical pattern begins with a two-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The PMC allows students to customize their coursework depending on their goals. The main requirement of the program is the successful completion of an additional 30 hours of coursework. SILS also offers several certificates of specialization programs that allow currently enrolled master's students to develop strength i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Completion of the requirements for a certificate results in an endorsement on the student's transcript. These certificates are intended for students enrolled in the master's program, as well as those with master's degrees, who wish to acquire expertise in addition to the normal master's degree and receive recognition f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The very first international summer semester in the Czech Republic, co-sponsored by Charles University, began in Prague in 2002 for SILS students. Today, the school hosts seminars each year in London, England, and Charles University in Prague, the Czech Republic. Exchange opportunities are also available at schools in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
UNC-SILS is a member of an international group of iSchools. The iSchools organization was founded in 2005 by a collective of Information Schools dedicated to advancing the information field in the 21st century. These schools, colleges, and departments have been newly created or are evolving from programs formerly focus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Elfreda Chatman, information scientist Edward G. Holley, librarian Paul Jones, computer technologist Gary Marchionini, information scientist Tressie McMillan Cottom, sociologist Helen Tibbo, archivist Zeynep Tufekci, techno-sociologist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Novum Organum, fully Novum Organum, sive Indicia Vera de Interpretatione Naturae ("New organon, or true directions concerning the interpretation of nature") or Instaurationis Magnae, Pars II ("Part II of The Great Instauration"), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
For Bacon, finding the essence of a thing was a simple process of reduction, and the use of inductive reasoning. In finding the cause of a 'phenomenal nature' such as heat, one must list all of the situations where heat is found. Then another list should be drawn up, listing situations that are similar to those of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
A third table lists situations where heat can vary. The 'form nature', or cause, of heat must be that which is common to all instances in the first table, is lacking from all instances of the second table and varies by degree in instances of the third table. The title page of Novum Organum depicts a galleon passing bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
The Pillars, as the boundary of the Mediterranean, have been smashed through by Iberian sailors, opening a new world for exploration. Bacon hopes that empirical investigation will, similarly, smash the old scientific ideas and lead to greater understanding of the world and heavens. This title page was liberally copied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Bacon's work was instrumental in the historical development of the scientific method. His technique bears a resemblance to the modern formulation of the scientific method in the sense that it is centered on experimental research. Bacon's emphasis on the use of artificial experiments to provide additional observances of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Bacon begins the work with a rejection of pure a priori deduction as a means of discovering truth in natural philosophy. Of his philosophy, he states: Now my plan is as easy to describe as it is difficult to effect. For it is to establish degrees of certainty, take care of the sense by a kind of reduction, but to rejec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Novum organum was actually published as part of a much larger work, Instauratio Magna ("The Great Instauration"). The word instauration was intended to show that the state of human knowledge was to simultaneously press forward while also returning to that enjoyed by man before the Fall. Originally intending Instauratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Bacon titled this first book Aphorismi de Interpretatione Naturae et Regno Hominis ("Aphorisms Concerning the Interpretation of Nature, and the Kingdom of Man"). In the first book of aphorisms, Bacon criticizes the current state of natural philosophy. The object of his assault consists largely in the syllogism, a metho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
The only hope therefore lies in true Induction. In many of his aphorisms, Bacon reiterates the importance of inductive reasoning. Induction, methodologically opposed to deduction, entails beginning with particular cases observed by the senses and then attempting to discover the general axioms from those observations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
In other words, induction presupposes nothing. Deduction, on the other hand, begins with general axioms, or first principles, by which the truth of particular cases is extrapolated. Bacon emphasises the strength of the gradual process that is inherent in induction: There are and can only be two ways of investigating an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
The one rushes up from the sense and particulars to axioms of the highest generality and, from these principles and their indubitable truth, goes on to infer and discover middle axioms; and this is the way in current use. The other way draws axioms from the sense and particulars by climbing steadily and by degrees so t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Novum organum, as suggested by its name, is focused just as much on a rejection of received doctrine as it is on a forward-looking progression. In Bacon's Idols are found his most critical examination of man-made impediments which mislead the mind's objective reasoning. They appear in previous works but were never full... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
"Idols of the Tribe are rooted in human nature itself and in the very tribe or race of men. For people falsely claim that human sense is the measure of things, whereas in fact all perceptions of sense and mind are built to the scale of man and not the universe." (Aphorism 41.) Bacon includes in this idol the predilecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
These "belong to the particular individual. For everyone has (besides vagaries of human nature in general) his own special cave or den which scatters and discolours the light of nature. Now this comes either of his own unique and singular nature; or his education and association with others, or the books he reads and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Variable educations can lead the individual to a preference for specific concepts or methods, which then corrupt their subsequent philosophies. Bacon himself gives the example of Aristotle, "who made his natural philosophy a mere slave to his logic". (Aphorism 54.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
These are "derived as if from the mutual agreement and association of the human race, which I call Idols of the Market on account of men's commerce and partnerships. For men associate through conversation, but words are applied according to the capacity of ordinary people. Therefore shoddy and inept application of word... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Because humans reason through the use of words they are particularly dangerous, because the received definitions of words, which are often falsely derived, can cause confusion. He outlines two subsets of this kind of idol and provides examples (Aphorism 60). First, there are those words which spring from fallacious the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
These are easy to dismantle because their inadequacy can be traced back to the fault of their derivation in a faulty theory. Second, there are those words that are the result of imprecise abstraction. Earth, for example, is a vague term that may include many different substances the commonality of which is questionable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
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