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Evidence for a positive effect of CBT has been found in trials for fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, unexplained headaches, unexplained back pain, tinnitus, and non-cardiac chest pain. Overall, CBT has been shown to be effective in reducing psychological distress and improving medical status in MUPS patients. However the quality of many CBT studies remains low, and many studies lack an attention-placebo control. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
As of 2006, CBT had not been tested for menopausal syndrome, chronic facial pain, interstitial cystitis, or chronic pelvic pain.Some high quality studies have been conducted examining the effectiveness of antidepressants in MUPS. Those antidepressants that have been investigated include tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). For example, TCAs have effects on IBS, fibromyalgia, back pain, headaches, and possibly tinnitus, and single studies show a possible effect in chronic facial pain, non-cardiac chest pain, and interstitial cystitis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
SSRIs are usually not effective or have only a weak effect. One exception is menopausal syndrome, where SSRIs are "possibly effective" as well as a third class of antidepressants, the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).A 2010 Cochrane review examined the use of Consultation Letters for MUPS with psychiatrist and found some evidence of their effectiveness in terms of medical cost and patient physical functioning. The studies reviewed were small and of moderate quality and completed primarily in the United States so generalizing results to other settings should be done with caution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
There is no consensus as to what causes MUPS. However, a number of theories have been put forward. Many of these share the common assumption that MUPS are somehow caused by psychological distress or disturbance. One classical theory is that MUPS arise as a reaction to childhood trauma in vulnerable individuals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
More contemporary theories place less emphasis on trauma and suggest that an individual's personality and psychological characteristics play a central role. For example, it has been suggested that people who have anxiety or depression or who focus excessively on their body might be particularly prone to these symptoms.For certain MUPSs that occur within recognized syndromes (e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia), there is wide disagreement across disciplines as to the causes of the symptoms. Research in the domains of psychology and psychiatry frequently emphasizes psychological causal factors, whereas research in the biomedical sciences – relating to immunology and rheumatology, for example – commonly emphasizes biological factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medically_unexplained_physical_symptoms |
In navigation, a rhumb line, rhumb (), or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle, that is, a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true north. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The effect of following a rhumb line course on the surface of a globe was first discussed by the Portuguese mathematician Pedro Nunes in 1537, in his Treatise in Defense of the Marine Chart, with further mathematical development by Thomas Harriot in the 1590s. A rhumb line can be contrasted with a great circle, which is the path of shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere. On a great circle, the bearing to the destination point does not remain constant. If one were to drive a car along a great circle one would hold the steering wheel fixed, but to follow a rhumb line one would have to turn the wheel, turning it more sharply as the poles are approached. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
In other words, a great circle is locally "straight" with zero geodesic curvature, whereas a rhumb line has non-zero geodesic curvature. Meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude provide special cases of the rhumb line, where their angles of intersection are respectively 0° and 90°. On a north–south passage the rhumb line course coincides with a great circle, as it does on an east–west passage along the equator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
On a Mercator projection map, any rhumb line is a straight line; a rhumb line can be drawn on such a map between any two points on Earth without going off the edge of the map. But theoretically a loxodrome can extend beyond the right edge of the map, where it then continues at the left edge with the same slope (assuming that the map covers exactly 360 degrees of longitude). Rhumb lines which cut meridians at oblique angles are loxodromic curves which spiral towards the poles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
On a Mercator projection the north and south poles occur at infinity and are therefore never shown. However the full loxodrome on an infinitely high map would consist of infinitely many line segments between the two edges. On a stereographic projection map, a loxodrome is an equiangular spiral whose center is the north or south pole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
All loxodromes spiral from one pole to the other. Near the poles, they are close to being logarithmic spirals (which they are exactly on a stereographic projection, see below), so they wind around each pole an infinite number of times but reach the pole in a finite distance. The pole-to-pole length of a loxodrome (assuming a perfect sphere) is the length of the meridian divided by the cosine of the bearing away from true north. Loxodromes are not defined at the poles. Three views of a pole-to-pole loxodrome | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The word loxodrome comes from Ancient Greek λοξός loxós: "oblique" + δρόμος drómos: "running" (from δραμεῖν drameîn: "to run"). The word rhumb may come from Spanish or Portuguese rumbo/rumo ("course" or "direction") and Greek ῥόμβος rhómbos, from rhémbein. The 1878 edition of The Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information describes a loxodrome line as: Loxodrom′ic Line is a curve which cuts every member of a system of lines of curvature of a given surface at the same angle. A ship sailing towards the same point of the compass describes such a line which cuts all the meridians at the same angle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
In Mercator's Projection (q.v.) the Loxodromic lines are evidently straight. A misunderstanding could arise because the term "rhumb" had no precise meaning when it came into use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
It applied equally well to the windrose lines as it did to loxodromes because the term only applied "locally" and only meant whatever a sailor did in order to sail with constant bearing, with all the imprecision that that implies. Therefore, "rhumb" was applicable to the straight lines on portolans when portolans were in use, as well as always applicable to straight lines on Mercator charts. For short distances portolan "rhumbs" do not meaningfully differ from Mercator rhumbs, but these days "rhumb" is synonymous with the mathematically precise "loxodrome" because it has been made synonymous retrospectively. As Leo Bagrow states: "the word ('Rhumbline') is wrongly applied to the sea-charts of this period, since a loxodrome gives an accurate course only when the chart is drawn on a suitable projection. Cartometric investigation has revealed that no projection was used in the early charts, for which we therefore retain the name 'portolan'." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
λ̂ for constant φ traces out a parallel of latitude, while φ̂ for constant λ traces out a meridian of longitude, and together they generate a plane tangent to the sphere. The unit vector β ^ ( λ , φ ) = ( sin β ) λ ^ + ( cos β ) φ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\boldsymbol {\hat {\beta }}} (\lambda ,\varphi )=(\sin {\beta }){\boldsymbol {\hat {\lambda }}}+(\cos {\beta }){\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}} has a constant angle β with the unit vector φ̂ for any λ and φ, since their scalar product is β ^ ⋅ φ ^ = cos β . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Let λ be the longitude of a point on the sphere, and φ its latitude. Then, if we define the map coordinates of the Mercator projection as x = λ − λ 0 , y = gd − 1 φ = arsinh ( tan φ ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=\lambda -\lambda _{0}\,,\\y&=\operatorname {gd} ^{-1}\varphi =\operatorname {arsinh} (\tan \varphi )\,,\end{aligned}}} a loxodrome with constant bearing β from true north will be a straight line, since (using the expression in the previous section) y = m x {\displaystyle y=mx} with a slope m = cot β . {\displaystyle m=\cot \beta \,.} Finding the loxodromes between two given points can be done graphically on a Mercator map, or by solving a nonlinear system of two equations in the two unknowns m = cot β and λ0. There are infinitely many solutions; the shortest one is that which covers the actual longitude difference, i.e. does not make extra revolutions, and does not go "the wrong way around". The distance between two points Δs, measured along a loxodrome, is simply the absolute value of the secant of the bearing (azimuth) times the north–south distance (except for circles of latitude for which the distance becomes infinite): Δ s = R | ( φ − φ 0 ) ⋅ sec β | {\displaystyle \Delta s=R\,{\big |}(\varphi -\varphi _{0})\cdot \sec \beta {\big |}} where R is one of the earth average radii. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Its use in navigation is directly linked to the style, or projection of certain navigational maps. A rhumb line appears as a straight line on a Mercator projection map.The name is derived from Old French or Spanish respectively: "rumb" or "rumbo", a line on the chart which intersects all meridians at the same angle. On a plane surface this would be the shortest distance between two points. Over the Earth's surface at low latitudes or over short distances it can be used for plotting the course of a vehicle, aircraft or ship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Over longer distances and/or at higher latitudes the great circle route is significantly shorter than the rhumb line between the same two points. However the inconvenience of having to continuously change bearings while travelling a great circle route makes rhumb line navigation appealing in certain instances.The point can be illustrated with an east–west passage over 90 degrees of longitude along the equator, for which the great circle and rhumb line distances are the same, at 10,000 kilometres (5,400 nautical miles). At 20 degrees north the great circle distance is 9,254 km (4,997 nmi) while the rhumb line distance is 9,397 km (5,074 nmi), about 1.5% further. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
But at 60 degrees north the great circle distance is 4,602 km (2,485 nmi) while the rhumb line is 5,000 km (2,700 nmi), a difference of 8.5%. A more extreme case is the air route between New York City and Hong Kong, for which the rhumb line path is 18,000 km (9,700 nmi). The great circle route over the North Pole is 13,000 km (7,000 nmi), or 5+1⁄2 hours less flying time at a typical cruising speed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Some old maps in the Mercator projection have grids composed of lines of latitude and longitude but also show rhumb lines which are oriented directly towards north, at a right angle from the north, or at some angle from the north which is some simple rational fraction of a right angle. These rhumb lines would be drawn so that they would converge at certain points of the map: lines going in every direction would converge at each of these points. See compass rose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Such maps would necessarily have been in the Mercator projection therefore not all old maps would have been capable of showing rhumb line markings. The radial lines on a compass rose are also called rhumbs. The expression "sailing on a rhumb" was used in the 16th–19th centuries to indicate a particular compass heading.Early navigators in the time before the invention of the marine chronometer used rhumb line courses on long ocean passages, because the ship's latitude could be established accurately by sightings of the Sun or stars but there was no accurate way to determine the longitude. The ship would sail north or south until the latitude of the destination was reached, and the ship would then sail east or west along the rhumb line (actually a parallel, which is a special case of the rhumb line), maintaining a constant latitude and recording regular estimates of the distance sailed until evidence of land was sighted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The surface of the Earth can be understood mathematically as a Riemann sphere, that is, as a projection of the sphere to the complex plane. In this case, loxodromes can be understood as certain classes of Möbius transformations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
The formulation above can be easily extended to a spheroid. The course of the rhumb line is found merely by using the ellipsoidal isometric latitude. In formulas above on this page, substitute the conformal latitude on the ellipsoid for the latitude on the sphere. Similarly, distances are found by multiplying the ellipsoidal meridian arc length by the secant of the azimuth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumb_line |
Andrew Silke holds a chair in Terrorism, Risk and Resilience at Cranfield University's Forensic Institute. Previously, he was the Head of Criminology and the Programme Director for Terrorism Studies at the University of East London. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Silke, Andrew, ed. (2003). Terrorists, victims, and society: psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences. Wiley. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
ISBN 978-0-471-49461-4. Silke, Andrew, ed. (2014). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-65782-5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Silke, Andrew (2014). Terrorism: All That Matters. John Murray Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
ISBN 978-1-4441-6333-9. Silke, Andrew, ed. (2018). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-59270-9. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Silke |
A logic puzzle is a puzzle deriving from the mathematical field of deduction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
The logic puzzle was first produced by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who is better known under his pen name Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. In his book The Game of Logic he introduced a game to solve problems such as confirming the conclusion "Some greyhounds are not fat" from the statements "No fat creatures run well" and "Some greyhounds run well". Puzzles like this, where we are given a list of premises and asked what can be deduced from them, are known as syllogisms. Dodgson goes on to construct much more complex puzzles consisting of up to 8 premises.In the second half of the 20th century mathematician Raymond M. Smullyan continued and expanded the branch of logic puzzles with books such as The Lady or the Tiger?, To Mock a Mockingbird and Alice in Puzzle-Land. He popularized the "knights and knaves" puzzles, which involve knights, who always tell the truth, and knaves, who always lie.There are also logic puzzles that are completely non-verbal in nature. Some popular forms include Sudoku, which involves using deduction to correctly place numbers in a grid; the nonogram, also called "Paint by Numbers", which involves using deduction to correctly fill in a grid with black-and-white squares to produce a picture; and logic mazes, which involve using deduction to figure out the rules of a maze. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
Another form of logic puzzle, popular among puzzle enthusiasts and available in magazines dedicated to the subject, is a format in which the set-up to a scenario is given, as well as the object (for example, determine who brought what dog to a dog show, and what breed each dog was), certain clues are given ("neither Misty nor Rex is the German Shepherd"), and then the reader fills out a matrix with the clues and attempts to deduce the solution. These are often referred to as "logic grid" puzzles. The data set of a logic grid puzzles can be any number of categories, but are limited by the corresponding increase in complexity, with most having only two, three, or even four categories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
While designed more as a table-based puzzle than a matrix, the most famous example of a logic-grid puzzle may be the so-called Zebra Puzzle, which asks the question Who Owned the Zebra?. Common in logic puzzle magazines are derivatives of the logic grid puzzle called "table puzzles" that are deduced in the same manner as grid puzzles, but lack the grid either because a grid would be too large, or because some other visual aid is provided. For example, a map of a town might be present in lieu of a grid in a puzzle about the location of different shops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_puzzle |
This article includes the table with land use statistics by country. Countries are ranked by their total cultivated land area, which is the sum of the total arable land area and total area of permanent crops. Arable land is defined as being cultivated for crops like wheat, maize, and rice, all of which are replanted after each harvest. Permanent cropland is defined as being cultivated for crops like citrus, coffee, and rubber, which are not replanted after each harvest; this also includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country |
Other lands include any lands not arable nor under permanent crops; this includes permanent meadows and pastures, forests and woodlands, built-on areas, roads, barren land, and so on. Percentage figures for arable land, permanent crops land and other lands are all taken from the CIA World Factbook as well as total land area figures (Note: the total area of a country is defined as the sum of total land area and total water area together.) All other figures, including total cultivated land area, are calculated on the basis of this mentioned dataset. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country |
The transportation system of Arizona comprises car, rail, air, bus, and bicycle transport. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Amtrak operates the Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, and Texas Eagle through Arizona. Two Amtrak routes serve Arizona communities: the Southwest Chief passes through Winslow, Flagstaff, and Kingman, while the Texas Eagle passes through Benson, Tucson, Maricopa and Yuma. Although the Texas Eagle passes much closer to Phoenix than the Southwest Chief does, Phoenix is linked to the Amtrak system via motorcoach from Flagstaff.A light rail system called Valley Metro Rail opened in December 2008, connecting Phoenix with the nearby cities of Tempe and Mesa, with plans for expansion in the future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and Flagstaff have public bus systems. Greyhound Lines serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several smaller communities statewide. The Navajo Transit System operates bus routes throughout the Navajo Nation and connects Flagstaff to the capital of the Navajo Nation, Window Rock and connections to New Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Main interstate routes include I-17, and I-19 traveling south–north, I-8, I-10, and I-40 traveling west–east, and a short stretch of I-15 traveling southwest–northeast through the northwestern corner of the state. In the future, I-11 travel through Arizona following US 93, it may replace I-19, and will terminate at the Mexican border in Nogales. Phoenix is served by a combination of interstates, U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Highways, and state routes, many of which were funded by a ½ cent general sales tax measure approved by Maricopa County voters in 1985. New freeways are being added to the area, such as Loop 101, Loop 202, and eventually SR 24 and SR 30. Currently, two major interstates serve the area, I-10 and I-17. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
In the past decade, more than 100 miles (160 km) of new freeway have been constructed in the Phoenix metropolitan area by ADOT. The Tucson metropolitan area is primarily served by I-10, I-19, and State Route 77. I-19 departs from I-10 in the southern part of Tucson, travels through southern Tucson (including an exit serving the historic Mission San Xavier) and the retirement community of Green Valley and terminates in Nogales, in Santa Cruz County, at the international border with Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Destination signs on I-19 have metric distance figures in kilometers instead of standard miles. SR 77 serves North Tucson and Tucson's northern suburbs including Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Oro Valley, and Catalina. SR 77 continues northward until it terminates at the Navajo Nation in northeastern Arizona. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
SR 210 (Barraza–Aviation Parkway) is a limited-access parkway built in the early 1990s to connect downtown Tucson to the southeastern portion of the city. Few new limited-access roads are in the plans in Tucson due to strong community opposition to freeways. However, a large-scale reconstruction and expansion of I-10 was supported and completed in mid-2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Yuma is served by I-8, while Casa Grande served by I-8 and I-10; Flagstaff is served by I-17 and I-40. US 95 parallels the Colorado River, from Las Vegas to the Mexico–United States border near Yuma. Historic US 66, a major route for Midwestern emigrants prior to the advent of the interstate highway system, traversed the northern part of the state, passing through Flagstaff and Kingman. US 66 in Arizona closely followed the route of what is now I-40 except for an 88 mi (142 km) stretch between Seligman and Kingman now known as SR 66, where the route veered to the north passing through Peach Springs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
The Papago Freeway Tunnel, better known to Phoenix residents as the Deck Park Tunnel, is a vehicular tunnel built underneath Downtown Phoenix. It was built as part of I-10 in Phoenix. The tunnel extends from approximately North 3rd Avenue to North 3rd Street. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
At 2,887 feet (880 m), it ranks as the 42nd longest vehicular tunnel in the US. The tunnel was the last section of I-10 to be completed nationwide. There is a plaque dedicated to the commemoration of the tunnel in Margaret T. Hance Park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
Airports with scheduled commercial flights include: Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (IATA: PHX, ICAO: KPHX) in Phoenix (the largest airport and the major international airport in the state); Tucson International Airport (IATA: TUS, ICAO: KTUS) in Tucson; Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA) in Mesa; Yuma International Airport (IATA: YUM, ICAO: KYUM) in Yuma; Prescott Municipal Airport (PRC) in Prescott; Flagstaff Pulliam Airport (IATA: FLG, ICAO: KFLG) in Flagstaff, and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (GCP), a small, but busy, single-runway facility providing tourist flights, mostly from Las Vegas. Phoenix Sky Harbor is the seventh busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movements, and regularly in the top 15 for passengers. Other significant airports without regularly scheduled commercial flights include Scottsdale Municipal Airport (IATA: SCF, ICAO: KSDL) in Scottsdale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
In May 2006, voters in Tucson approved a Regional Transportation Plan (a comprehensive bus transit/streetcar/roadway improvement program), and its funding via a new half-cent sales tax increment. The centerpiece of the plan is a light rail streetcar system (possibly similar to the Portland Streetcar in Oregon) that will travel through the downtown area, connecting the main University of Arizona campus with the Rio Nuevo master plan area on the western edge of downtown. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona |
In linguistics, functional shift occurs when an existing word takes on a new syntactic function. If no change in form occurs, it is called a zero derivation. For example, the word like, formerly only used as a preposition in comparisons (as in "eats like a pig"), is now also used in the same way as the subordinating conjunction as in many dialects of English (as in "sounds like he means it"). The boundary between functional shift and conversion (the derivation of a new word from an existing word of identical form) is not well-defined, but it could be construed that conversion changes the lexical meaning and functional shift changes the syntactic meaning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_shift |
Shakespeare uses functional shift, for example using a noun to serve as a verb. Researchers found that this technique allows the brain to understand what a word means before it understands the function of the word within a sentence. == References == | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_shift |
The UNC School of Information and Library Science (SILS) is a professional school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill offering a bachelor's degree in information science, master's degrees in library science and information science, a professional science master's degree in digital curation, and a doctoral degree in information and library science as well as an undergraduate minor, graduate certificate programs, and a post-masters certificate.The school was founded by Louis Round Wilson and opened in the fall of 1931. Currently, the U.S. News & World Report ranks the School of Information and Library Science third among information and library science programs nationwide, as well as first in digital librarianship and health librarianship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Both professional degree programs in library science and information science are accredited by the American Library Association (ALA). The Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) has maintained its ALA accreditation since 1934, and the Master of Science in Information Science (MSIS) program has maintained accreditation since its inception in 2000. There were 26 full-time teaching faculty members and about 17 adjunct and visiting faculty members at SILS in 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Library science classes were initially offered at UNC-Chapel Hill starting in 1904; however, the university would not offer library science as a major until 1931, when the School of Library Science opened its doors to welcome 37 students and five faculty members in Wilson Library, now named after Louis Round Wilson, the university's first librarian, the SILS' first dean, and advocate for library science at the university. The school opened in part because of a $100,000 grant from the Carnegie Corporation given to the University to establish a school of library science. In 1932, the school was provisionally accredited by the ALA Board of Education for Librarianship, the same year that the first class of students would graduate from the school. Two years later, the school became fully accredited for undergraduate library training by the ALA Board of Education for Librarianship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Carnegie Corporation gave SILS another $100,000 grant in 1940. Starting in 1950, the school offered master's courses in library science leading the way for the university to approve the school's program, leading to the creation of the school's MSLS program.Two decades after the launch of its MSLS program, SILS moved out of its original home, Wilson Library, and into its current home, Manning Hall, the former home of the UNC School of Law.In 1974, the school began offering library services to the Environmental Protection Agency Library at Research Triangle Park.The school officially changed its name from the School of Library Science to the School of Information and Library Science in 1988 after a faculty vote in 1987, recognizing the growing role information management would have on society.Now, SILS offers an undergraduate major and minor, two master's of science degrees, professional science master's degrees, dual master's degrees with both their undergraduate degree and other programs at the University, several graduate certificates, and a doctor of philosophy in information and library science. One of SILS' newest degrees, a professional science master's (PSM) in digital curation, is the first master's degree in the nation focused on digital curation and is offered entirely online.In the fall of 2017, SILS had 160 undergraduate students either pursuing a major in information science or a minor in information systems, with an additional 254 graduate students enrolled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Louis Round Wilson (1931-1932) Susan Grey Akers (1932-1954) Lucile Kelling Henderson (1954-1960) Carlyle J. Frarey (1960-1964) Margaret Ellen Kalp (1964-1967) Walter A. Sedelow Jr. (1967-1970) Raymond L. Carpenter Jr. (1970-1971) Edward G. Holley (1972-1985) Evelyn H. Daniel (1985-1990) Barbara B. Moran (1990-1998) Joanne Gard Marshall (1999-2004) Jose-Marie Griffiths (2004-2009) Barbara B. Moran (2009-2010) Gary Marchionini (2010–present) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
In 1995, Manning would undergo renovations, including updating its large lecture hall and the information and technology resource center. Today, SILS classrooms are equipped with computer projection and instructor workstations. SILS also maintains a wireless network with access points throughout the building. Since 2016, SILS has offered students the opportunity to experience virtual reality, expanding to offer an entire virtual reality room in 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
SILS also has a 3D printing station, where students can submit designs of 3D models to be printed. Additionally, SILS offers a Digital Media Lab with access to professional video and audio recording equipment, a teleprompter, green screen, audio mixer, and video and audio editing software. As part of the university library system, the SILS Library features advanced electronic capabilities and an extensive collection of materials. The Information and Technology Resource Center integrates a computer lab and electronic classroom area with extensive library collections and services. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The SILS Library consists of over 100,000 volumes and approximately 1,300 serials titles are checked in every year. One of the collections SILS houses is the professional collection (Library of Congress classification), which consists of materials in information and library science, and related fields. The juvenile collection (Dewey Decimal Classification), designed to support courses in children's literature, school librarianship, and children's librarianship in public libraries, consists of the Easy collection, juvenile fiction, juvenile non-fiction, juvenile historical (non-circulating), pop-up books, and audio-visual materials. It is the only full-service children's collection on campus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The SILS Digital Project Repository was created by information and library science graduate students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (originally developed by SILS students Matthew Bachtell and Ying Zhang for Dr. Gary Marchionini's Digital Libraries course). The DPR serves as an archive and showcase of student work. The "Pathfinder Digital Library", as it was then called, housed two archived pathfinders and provided organized lists of externally linked pathfinders. The project was later taken over by SILS students Becca Cahill, Adam Webb, and Kristen Wilson, who renamed it the SILS Digital Project Repository (DPR) and expanded its scope to include portals, digital archives, and other HTML format projects. These students archived about sixty pathfinders and other projects during their administration of the site in hopes of preserving projects housed on impermanent student webspace. In spring 2006, the DPR was adopted by Lori Eakin, Emily Riley, and Ellen Whisler, who worked to collect detailed metadata for projects housed on-site and off-site in preparation for future development of the DPR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
ibiblio, a collaboration between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Center for the Public Domain, has been a vehicle for knowledge sharing since 1992, first as an original Sun Microsystems SunSITE, then as Metalab, finally resting on the ibiblio name in 2000. ibiblio is a free and vibrant exchange of ideas among a large community of contributors who share their knowledge across disciplines. It is one of the major distribution hubs for Linux software and has been a significant supporter of Linux development efforts since its inception. In addition, it started the first internet radio stream by rebroadcasting WXYC, the UNC student-run radio station. It also takes credit for the first non-commercial IPv6 / Internet2 radio stream. The site, which enters its 19th year of existence in October, is run by the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Media and Journalism, by director and UNC professor Paul Jones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
LifeTime Library is an online comprehensive file-hosting site that is available to the school's incoming students. The program is designed to store documents and photos for students so they can have access to them forever. Gary Marchionini, dean of the school, said LifeTime Library is the first program of its kind to be used by a university in the nation. With the program, students can permanently store and later retrieve computer files that are usually kept on hard drives and social media sites. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The program's data is stored on a series of disks managed by the school and other departments. Two years in the making, the LifeTime Library has benefited from research projects funded by the National Science Foundation and other prestigious sources. Users can fine-tune their libraries, setting up policies and new capabilities, and therefore Marchionini expects the libraries to provide new learning experiences for the school's students. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Eventually, researchers would like to see it synchronize with multiple devices. So far, SILS has provided storage for the LifeTime Library, but Marchionini's vision is for the project to be offered to all Carolina students. Business partners may be recruited to help with costs so that the LifeTime Library could continue to be free to students and alumni. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
This three-year, collaborative project seeks to develop an openly accessible, graduate-level curricular framework, course modules, and experiential and enrichment components and exemplars necessary to prepare students to work in the 21st-century environment of trusted digital and data repositories. To accomplish these tasks, this project brings together key international figures in digital preservation from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, and New Zealand, to serve on an Advisory Board. Repositories at UNC-CH will provide IMLS-funded Carolina Digital Curation Fellows with hands-on application of the principles taught as they manage a wide range of digital objects, including public records, cultural heritage assets, teaching materials, and research data. These Fellowships will serve to integrate the curriculum and the experiential components, advertise the existence of the programs at SILS, and draw attention to the need for digital curation. Sustainability and updating of the educational products will be ensured through programmatic adoption at UNC-CH and widespread dissemination and use at other educational institutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
In October 2011, the National Science Foundation awarded nearly $8 million over five years to the DataNet Federation Consortium, a group that spans seven universities, to build and deploy a prototype national data management infrastructure. About half of the award supports research and development at the school. This consortium (led by The Data Intensive Cyber Environments research group at SILS) addresses the research collaboration needs of six science and engineering disciplines: oceanography, hydrology, engineering design, plant biology, cognitive science, and social science. The infrastructure project supports collaborative multi-disciplinary research through shared collections, data publication within digital libraries, and development of reference collections in archives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
RENCI at UNC-Chapel Hill opened in the summer 2007 in the new Manning Information Technology Services building located on South Campus. The site supports the use of visualization technology and advanced computational methods to explore issues in science, engineering, the arts, humanities, and social sciences. This state-of-the-art facility gives RENCI the opportunity to collaborate with UNC faculty on new and existing multidisciplinary research projects. The institution works with scientists who study critical issues and form research teams that involve faculty members at universities across North Carolina and the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
and that are positioned to bring major research projects to North Carolina. In October 2012, SILS professor & RENCI chief scientist Arcot Rajasekar is the principal investigator of one of eight new Big Data research projects receiving awards from the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Rajasekar's project, “DataBridge – A Sociometric System for Long-Tail Science Data Collections,” will use socio-metric networks similar to LinkedIn or Facebook to enable scientists to find data and like-minded research. It is expected to improve the discovery of relevant scientific data across large, distributed, and diverse collections. The funds provided by NSF for the DataBridge project total $1.5 million. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
SILS first offered a minor in information systems in 1997 and started a major in information science in 2003. UNC-Chapel Hill is the only university in the state of North Carolina offering a bachelor's degree in information science and is one of only a handful of schools nationwide offering such a program. The Bachelor of Science in Information Science is designed to prepare its graduates for a variety of careers in the information industry, including information architecture, database design and implementation, Web design and implementation, and information consulting, as well as for graduate study. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The major requires 30 credit hours worth of courses, as well as 4 approved electives and the completion of certain prerequisites before applying to the major. The Minor in Information Systems provides students with an understanding of computing, multi¬media, electronic information resources, and the Internet that complements the student's major field of study. Students concentrate their studies in the junior and senior years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Introduced in 2011, the Dual Bachelor's - Master's program is intended to enable Information Science (IS) majors to obtain both their BS and MS degree by early planning of an undergraduate program that integrates well with the graduate degree requirements for either an MSIS or an MSLS within five years. Of the 24 iSchools in North America, only four offer an accelerated Bachelor's - Master's program of any sort; and other than these four iSchools, only one of the 58 programs accredited by the American Library Association offers an accelerated Bachelor's - Master's program. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Master of Science in Library Science (MSLS) is a 48-credit hour, two-year program. The MSLS curriculum trains students in the collection, organization, storage, and retrieval of recorded knowledge for a variety of institutions and groups. The Master of Science in Information Science (MSIS) Program is a 48-credit hour, two-year program. The MSIS curriculum trains students in the theory and practice of analyzing, organizing, representing, and retrieving information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Professional Science Master's (PSM) in Digital Curation is a 31-credit hour program. Students can take classes part-time or full-time and the program is completely online. The PSM in digital curation enables students to acquire the core skills, knowledge, and competencies for ensuring the longevity, authenticity, discoverability, and usability of digital assets. The Post-Masters Certificate in Information and Library Science is a 30-credit-hour program intended for students who already hold a master's degree and who want to specialize or focus on a particular area within information and library science. The Doctor of Philosophy in Information and Library Science is a flexible and customizable course of study designed for individuals to work in academia and high-level research centers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Concentration of Study in Archives and Record Management (ARM) at SILS provides students with the knowledge and skills required to work in archives, special collections, historical societies, records management units within organizations, and various other curatorial environments. The principles and practices of ARM are based on provenance, collection-level arrangement, and attention to context, all of which are becoming increasingly relevant with the massive explosion of information across all sectors of society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
In addition to the programs above, SILS also allows students to pursue two master's degrees simultaneously. Art History, Business Administration, Government, Health Policy, Law, Medicine, Nursing and Public History are the degrees that SILS students can pursue simultaneously with their master's degree from SILS. Students are required to apply to both schools separately, that they enroll in only one program in any given semester, that they confer with dual degree coordinators for both programs and are able to "double count" up to 20% of credits across degrees. The goal of dual degrees is to maximize learning, minimize course and content overlap, and provide students with a means to earn two degrees as efficiently as possible while maintaining the integrity and high standards of each degree and are designed to be completed in three academic years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Post-Master's Certificate (PMC) is a post-masters degree that is designed for practitioners who seek a continuing education program to enhance their professional development in Information and Library Science. The PMC is a hybrid program with residential and online components. The typical pattern begins with a two-week intensive kick-off offered during the first session of summer school on campus and then includes a set of courses taken online. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The PMC allows students to customize their coursework depending on their goals. The main requirement of the program is the successful completion of an additional 30 hours of coursework. SILS also offers several certificates of specialization programs that allow currently enrolled master's students to develop strength in predefined areas of concentration in information and library science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Completion of the requirements for a certificate results in an endorsement on the student's transcript. These certificates are intended for students enrolled in the master's program, as well as those with master's degrees, who wish to acquire expertise in addition to the normal master's degree and receive recognition for this training. Programs include Aging, Bioinformatics, Clinical Information Science, and Digital Curation, among other specialized programs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The very first international summer semester in the Czech Republic, co-sponsored by Charles University, began in Prague in 2002 for SILS students. Today, the school hosts seminars each year in London, England, and Charles University in Prague, the Czech Republic. Exchange opportunities are also available at schools in Denmark, Finland, Slovenia, Spain, and the Czech Republic. The schools that SILS has formal study abroad agreements with are: Royal School of Library and Information Science in Copenhagen, Denmark, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, The Department of Library Science, Information Science and Book Studies at the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia, and the University of Carlos III in Madrid, Spain. In addition, UNC-Chapel Hill has formal university ties with approximately 75 other universities—many of them with library and information science schools—where SILS students can spend a semester studying abroad. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
UNC-SILS is a member of an international group of iSchools. The iSchools organization was founded in 2005 by a collective of Information Schools dedicated to advancing the information field in the 21st century. These schools, colleges, and departments have been newly created or are evolving from programs formerly focused on specific tracks such as information technology, library science, informatics, and information science. While each individual iSchool has its strengths and specializations, they share a fundamental interest in the relationships between information, people, and technology. The iSchools organization is governed by the iCaucus. The criteria for being recognized as an iSchool are not rigid but the schools are expected to have substantial sponsored research activity, engagement in the training of future researchers (usually through an active, research-oriented doctoral program), and a commitment to progress in the information field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
Elfreda Chatman, information scientist Edward G. Holley, librarian Paul Jones, computer technologist Gary Marchionini, information scientist Tressie McMillan Cottom, sociologist Helen Tibbo, archivist Zeynep Tufekci, techno-sociologist | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNC_School_of_Information_and_Library_Science |
The Novum Organum, fully Novum Organum, sive Indicia Vera de Interpretatione Naturae ("New organon, or true directions concerning the interpretation of nature") or Instaurationis Magnae, Pars II ("Part II of The Great Instauration"), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620. The title is a reference to Aristotle's work Organon, which was his treatise on logic and syllogism. In Novum Organum, Bacon details a new system of logic he believes to be superior to the old ways of syllogism. This is now known as the Baconian method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
For Bacon, finding the essence of a thing was a simple process of reduction, and the use of inductive reasoning. In finding the cause of a 'phenomenal nature' such as heat, one must list all of the situations where heat is found. Then another list should be drawn up, listing situations that are similar to those of the first list except for the lack of heat. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
A third table lists situations where heat can vary. The 'form nature', or cause, of heat must be that which is common to all instances in the first table, is lacking from all instances of the second table and varies by degree in instances of the third table. The title page of Novum Organum depicts a galleon passing between the mythical Pillars of Hercules that stand either side of the Strait of Gibraltar, marking the exit from the well-charted waters of the Mediterranean into the Atlantic Ocean. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
The Pillars, as the boundary of the Mediterranean, have been smashed through by Iberian sailors, opening a new world for exploration. Bacon hopes that empirical investigation will, similarly, smash the old scientific ideas and lead to greater understanding of the world and heavens. This title page was liberally copied from Andrés García de Céspedes's Regimiento de Navegación, published in 1606.The Latin tag across the bottom – Multi pertransibunt & augebitur scientia – is taken from the Old Testament (Daniel 12:4). It means: "Many will travel and knowledge will be increased". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Bacon's work was instrumental in the historical development of the scientific method. His technique bears a resemblance to the modern formulation of the scientific method in the sense that it is centered on experimental research. Bacon's emphasis on the use of artificial experiments to provide additional observances of a phenomenon is one reason that he is often considered "the Father of the Experimental Philosophy" (for example famously by Voltaire). On the other hand, modern scientific method does not follow Bacon's methods in its details, but more in the spirit of being methodical and experimental, and so his position in this regard can be disputed. Importantly though, Bacon set the scene for science to develop various methodologies, because he made the case against older Aristotelian approaches to science, arguing that method was needed because of the natural biases and weaknesses of the human mind, including the natural bias it has to seek metaphysical explanations which are not based on real observations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Bacon begins the work with a rejection of pure a priori deduction as a means of discovering truth in natural philosophy. Of his philosophy, he states: Now my plan is as easy to describe as it is difficult to effect. For it is to establish degrees of certainty, take care of the sense by a kind of reduction, but to reject for the most part the work of the mind that follows upon sense; in fact I mean to open up and lay down a new and certain pathway from the perceptions of the senses themselves to the mind. The emphasis on beginning with observation pervades the entire work. In fact, it is in the idea that natural philosophy must begin with the senses that we find the revolutionary part of Bacon's philosophy, and its consequent philosophical method, eliminative induction, is one of Bacon's most lasting contributions to science and philosophy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Novum organum was actually published as part of a much larger work, Instauratio Magna ("The Great Instauration"). The word instauration was intended to show that the state of human knowledge was to simultaneously press forward while also returning to that enjoyed by man before the Fall. Originally intending Instauratio Magna to contain six parts (of which Novum organum constituted the second), Bacon did not come close to completing this series, as parts V and VI were never written at all. Novum organum, written in Latin and consisting of two books of aphorisms, was included in the volume that Bacon published in 1620; however, it was also unfinished, as Bacon promised several additions to its content which ultimately remained unprinted. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Bacon titled this first book Aphorismi de Interpretatione Naturae et Regno Hominis ("Aphorisms Concerning the Interpretation of Nature, and the Kingdom of Man"). In the first book of aphorisms, Bacon criticizes the current state of natural philosophy. The object of his assault consists largely in the syllogism, a method that he believes to be completely inadequate in comparison to what Bacon calls "true Induction": The syllogism is made up of propositions, propositions of words, and words are markers of notions. Thus if the notions themselves (and this is the heart of the matter) are confused, and recklessly abstracted from things, nothing built on them is sound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
The only hope therefore lies in true Induction. In many of his aphorisms, Bacon reiterates the importance of inductive reasoning. Induction, methodologically opposed to deduction, entails beginning with particular cases observed by the senses and then attempting to discover the general axioms from those observations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
In other words, induction presupposes nothing. Deduction, on the other hand, begins with general axioms, or first principles, by which the truth of particular cases is extrapolated. Bacon emphasises the strength of the gradual process that is inherent in induction: There are and can only be two ways of investigating and discovering truth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
The one rushes up from the sense and particulars to axioms of the highest generality and, from these principles and their indubitable truth, goes on to infer and discover middle axioms; and this is the way in current use. The other way draws axioms from the sense and particulars by climbing steadily and by degrees so that it reaches the ones of highest generality last of all; and this is the true but still untrodden way. After many similar aphoristic reiterations of these important concepts, Bacon presents his famous Idols. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Novum organum, as suggested by its name, is focused just as much on a rejection of received doctrine as it is on a forward-looking progression. In Bacon's Idols are found his most critical examination of man-made impediments which mislead the mind's objective reasoning. They appear in previous works but were never fully fleshed out until their formulation in Novum organum: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
"Idols of the Tribe are rooted in human nature itself and in the very tribe or race of men. For people falsely claim that human sense is the measure of things, whereas in fact all perceptions of sense and mind are built to the scale of man and not the universe." (Aphorism 41.) Bacon includes in this idol the predilection of the human imagination to presuppose otherwise unsubstantiated regularities in nature. An example might be the common historical astronomical assumption that planets move in perfect circles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
These "belong to the particular individual. For everyone has (besides vagaries of human nature in general) his own special cave or den which scatters and discolours the light of nature. Now this comes either of his own unique and singular nature; or his education and association with others, or the books he reads and the several authorities of those whom he cultivates and admires, or the different impressions as they meet in the soul, be the soul possessed and prejudiced, or steady and settled, or the like; so that the human spirit (as it is allotted to particular individuals) is evidently a variable thing, all muddled, and so to speak a creature of chance..." (Aphorism 42). This type of idol stems from the particular life experiences of the individual. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Variable educations can lead the individual to a preference for specific concepts or methods, which then corrupt their subsequent philosophies. Bacon himself gives the example of Aristotle, "who made his natural philosophy a mere slave to his logic". (Aphorism 54.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
These are "derived as if from the mutual agreement and association of the human race, which I call Idols of the Market on account of men's commerce and partnerships. For men associate through conversation, but words are applied according to the capacity of ordinary people. Therefore shoddy and inept application of words lays siege to the intellect in wondrous ways" (Aphorism 43). Bacon considered these "the greatest nuisances of them all" (Aphorism 59). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
Because humans reason through the use of words they are particularly dangerous, because the received definitions of words, which are often falsely derived, can cause confusion. He outlines two subsets of this kind of idol and provides examples (Aphorism 60). First, there are those words which spring from fallacious theories, such as the element of fire or the concept of a first mover. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
These are easy to dismantle because their inadequacy can be traced back to the fault of their derivation in a faulty theory. Second, there are those words that are the result of imprecise abstraction. Earth, for example, is a vague term that may include many different substances the commonality of which is questionable. These terms are often used elliptically, or from a lack of information or definition of the term. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Organum |
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