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A Dutch newspaper Het Parool had an irregularly featured column called "Nomen est omen" with Dutch examples. Individual name collectors have also published books of aptronyms. Onomastic scholar R. M. Rennick called for more verification of aptronyms appearing in newspaper columns and books. Lists of aptronyms in scienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Nominative determinism, literally "name-driven outcome", is the hypothesis that people tend to gravitate towards areas of work which reflect their names. The name fits because people, possibly subconsciously, made themselves fit. Nominative determinism differs from the concept of aptronyms in that it focuses on causali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Then, a couple of weeks later, we received a copy of London Under London—A Subterranean Guide, one of the authors of which is Richard Trench. So it was interesting to see Jen Hunt of the University of Manchester stating in the October issue of The Psychologist: "Authors gravitate to the area of research which fits thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
We feel it's time to open up this whole issue to rigorous scrutiny. You are invited to send in examples of the phenomenon in the fields of science and technology (with references that check out, please) together with any hypotheses you may have on how it comes about. Feedback editors John Hoyland and Mike Holderness su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
The term first appeared in the 17 December issue. Even though the magazine tried to ban the topic numerous times over the decades since, readers kept sending in curious examples. These included the U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Navy spokesman put up to answer journalists' questions about the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, one Lieutenant Mike Kafka; authors of the book The Imperial Animal Lionel Tiger and Robin Fox; and the UK Association of Chief Police Officers' spokesman on knife crime, Alfred Hitchcock.As used in New Scientist the term nom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
German psychologist Wilhelm Stekel spoke of "Die Verpflichtung des Namens" (The obligation of the name) in 1911. Outside of science, 'cognomen syndrome' was used by playwright Tom Stoppard in his 1972 play Jumpers. In Ancient Rome the predictive power of a person's name was captured by the Latin proverb "nomen est omen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
This saying is still in use today in English and other languages such as French, German, Italian, Dutch, and Slovenian.New Scientist coined the term 'nominative contradeterminism' for people who move away from their name, creating a contradiction between name and occupation. Examples include Andrew Waterhouse, a profes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
The first scientists to discuss the concept that names had a determining effect were early 20th-century German psychologists. Wilhelm Stekel spoke of the "obligation of the name" in the context of compulsive behaviour and choice of occupation; Karl Abraham wrote that the determining power of names might be partially ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
What he means by this is the sometimes quite gross coincidence between a man's name and his peculiarities or profession. For instance ... Herr Feist (Mr Stout) is the food minister, Herr Rosstäuscher (Mr Horsetrader) is a lawyer, Herr Kalberer (Mr Calver) is an obstetrician ... Are these the whimsicalities of chance, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
He proposed three possible explanations for nominative determinism: one's self-image and self-expectation being internally influenced by one's name; the name acting as a social stimulus, creating expectations in others that are then communicated to the individual; and genetics – attributes suited to a particular career... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
They called this unconscious power implicit egotism. Uri Simonsohn suggested that implicit egotism only applies to cases where people are nearly indifferent between options, and therefore it would not apply to major decisions such as career choices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Low-stakes decisions such as choosing a charity would show an effect. Raymond Smeets theorised that if implicit egotism stems from a positive evaluation of the self, then people with low self-esteem would not gravitate towards choices associated with the self, but possibly away from them. A lab experiment confirmed thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Those with fitting names give differing accounts of the effect of their name on their career choices. Igor Judge, former Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, said he has no recollection of anyone commenting on his destined profession when he was a child, adding "I'm absolutely convinced in my case it is entirely co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Weather reporter Storm Field was not sure about the influence of his name; his father, Dr. Frank Field, also a weather reporter, was his driving force. Psychology professor Lewis Lipsitt, a lifelong collector of aptronyms, was lecturing about nominative determinism in class when a student pointed out that Lipsitt himse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Church of England vicar Reverend Michael Vickers, who denied being a Vickers had anything to do with him becoming a vicar, suggesting instead that in some cases "perhaps people are actually escaping from their name, rather than moving towards their job". While reports by owners of fitting names are of interest, some sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
To select only those cases that seem to give evidence for nominative determinism is to ignore those that do not. Analysis of large numbers of names is therefore needed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
In 2002 Pelham, Mirenberg, and Jones analysed various databases containing first names, surnames, occupations, cities and states. In one study they concluded that people named Dennis gravitate towards dentistry. They did this by retrieving the number of dentists called Dennis (482) from a database of US dentists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
They then used the 1990 Census to find out which male first name was the next most popular after Dennis: Walter. The likelihood of a US male being called Dennis was 0.415% and the likelihood of a US male being called Walter was 0.416%. The researchers then retrieved the number of dentists called Walter (257). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Comparing the relative frequencies of Dennis and Walter led them to their conclusion that the name Dennis is over-represented in dentistry. However, in 2011, Uri Simonsohn published a paper in which he criticized Pelham et al. for not considering confounding factors and reported on how the popularity of Dennis and Walt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Simonsohn did indeed find a disproportionally high number of Dennis lawyers compared to Walter lawyers.Aware of Simonsohn's critical analyses of their earlier methods, Pelham and Mauricio published a new study in 2015, describing how they now controlled for gender, ethnicity, and education confounds. In one study they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
They looked at 313,445 entries in the medical register from the General Medical Council, and identified surnames that were apt for the speciality, for example, Limb for an orthopaedic surgeon, and Doctor for medicine in general. They found that the frequency of names relevant to medicine and to subspecialties was much ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Specifically, these were genitourinary medicine (e.g., Hardwick and Woodcock) and urology (e.g., Burns, Cox, Ball). Neurologists had names relevant to medicine in general, but far fewer had names directly relevant to their specialty (1 in every 302). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Limb, Limb, Limb and Limb did not report on looking for any confounding variables. In 2010 Abel came to a similar conclusion. In one study he compared doctors and lawyers whose first or last names began with three-letter combinations representative of their professions, for example, "doc", "law", and likewise found a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
Abel also found that the initial letters of physicians' last names were significantly related to their subspecialty. For example, Raymonds were more likely to be radiologists than dermatologists.As for Casler's third possible explanation for nominative determinism, genetics, researchers Voracek, Rieder, Stieger, and Sw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
People called Smith reported above-average aptitude for strength-related activities. A similar aptitude for dexterity-related activities among people with the surname Tailor, or equivalent spellings thereof, was found, but it was not statistically significant. In the researchers' view a genetic-social hypothesis appear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_determinism |
The OpenSIGLE repository provides open access to the bibliographic records of the former SIGLE database. The creation of the OpenSIGLE archive was decided by some major European STI centres, members of the former European network EAGLE for the collection and dissemination of grey literature (European Association for Gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe) was a unique multidisciplinary bibliographic database dedicated to grey literature. Up to 15 European partners participated in SIGLE, mostly national libraries or important research libraries. Created in 1980 and produced from 1984 onwards by EAGLE (European A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
OpenSIGLE was developed on a MIT DSpace platform 1.3.2. In the following the database migrated to DSpace version 1.4. It is available under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) License. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
DSpace uses a qualified Dublin Core metadata set less detailed than the SIGLE metadata received from the former SIGLE operating agent DPC (FIZ Karlsruhe). The FIZ Karlsruhe XML records were written in the SIGLE format and completed by some server-related fields. Several specific fields from the source format were merge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
In the OpenSIGLE metadata, the English title appears systematically in the field labelled "Title". Other fields were defined differently to fit with the metadata set. Some qualified fields were added to the metadata set used by DSpace without disturbing the OAI compliance: conference title, report number and availabili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
The most significant change was a simplification in the document type information. The original SIGLE format distinguished between document type and literature indicator, but diverging conversion practices led to inconsistencies. OpenSIGLE proposes a simplified list of the principal document types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
DSpace allows organizing the contents of a repository according to communities and collections. INIST decided to use 2 types of communities: the member countries and SIGLE subject categories on their primary level. Each country or subject category holds a collection of records. Some minor and less used subject categori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
In a mass upload on DSpace each record (or item) can be "attributed" to only one community or collection. We decided to choose the first classification code of each record. Since the files of each member country are treated separately, it is possible to declare also the country community for each record. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
Contrary to the CD-ROM version, the document type is no longer searchable in OpenSIGLE. We found it interesting to display the information in the list of results, along with the title, the authors and the publication date. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
This is not a feature of the basic version of DSpace, but we observed similar practices in other repositories (see ERA 2006 and Glasgow 2006). The SIGLE classification scheme with its 246 subject sub-categories can be searched through the subject field, either by its code or its wording. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
A specific help page accessible at any moment lists the complete classification schemes with both the codes and their description. As mentioned above, the subject areas were reduced to 15 entries for the organization of the database in collections and for browsing purposes. For OpenSIGLE INIST chose the latest stable v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
One of the new features in this version is the support of multilingualism of the user interface (cf. DSpace system documentation 2006). This feature has been developed a bit further by a LIS student and OpenSIGLE can now be used with interfaces in English (the main version), French, German and Italian. These are the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
The help pages and the "About" information are available in English and French only, since they must be translated specifically. Document delivery being very important for the SIGLE database, INIST decided to add an order form to facilitate contact with the holder of the document (former EAGLE member) and the informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
With the migration to the DSpace platform look and presentation of the former SIGLE records have changed. Some data like the language or the document type are no longer searchable, but are still displayed, even in the list of results. The principal characteristics of the SIGLE database have been preserved or even impro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
Since the records are organized in collections based on the subject categories, and the OAI protocol for metadata harvesting considers collections as sets, a selective harvesting by subject will be possible. More generally, OpenSIGLE seems to be the first migration of an important traditional bibliographic database int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
The whole project benefited largely from INIST-CNRS previous experience with DSpace and in particular from knowledge about the import of records. Still OpenSIGLE provided INIST-CNRS with a new experience concerning mass uploads on an Open Source platform. Perspectives for the future developments of the OpenSIGLE archiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
Integrating links to the full text whenever it exists. Even if the new repository contains only bibliographic records, links from the OpenSIGLE metadata to the electronic full text where available are technically possible but have to be provided by the former EAGLE members. Inclusion of the Dutch SIGLE records. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
Those of the former EAGLE members who didn’t sign the declaration of intention yet may reconsider their position and agree to the import of “their” national SIGLE input into the new database. Inclusion of current records from other countries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
Integrating OpenSIGLE into other networks and portals. Linking the OpenSIGLE records to scientific or general search engines will largely enhance the visibility of the European grey documents of the last 20 years.At the 12th International Conference on Grey Literature at Prague in December 2010, INIST-CNRS presented a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
OpenGrey also includes recent records and links to the full text. At the Prague conference, INIST and GreyNet called former SIGLE members and new partners to contribute to OpenGrey. In 2011 OpenSIGLE changed its platform and its name. OpenGrey provides new features and new content | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
For the past 15 years, GreyNet has sought to serve researchers and authors in the field of grey literature. To further this end, GreyNet has signed on to the OpenSIGLE repository and in so doing seeks to preserve and make openly available research results originating in the International Conference Series on Grey Liter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
Twenty-one, full-text papers from the Second International Conference on Grey Literature held in Washington, D.C., on November 2–3, 1995, were added in March 2010. GreyNet purchased permission last year from Emerald to make openly accessible the papers published in the GL Conference Proceedings from 1994 to 2000. These... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
The work involved relies on the efforts of INIST-CNRS as service provider and GreyNet as data provider. By autumn 2010, it is anticipated that all of the papers in the International Conference Series on Grey Literature will be fully accessible via the OpenSIGLE Repository. OpenSIGLE participates in the WorldWideScience... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSIGLE |
The Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Polish: Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego) in Poland was opened on 5 May 2006 by the Minister of Science and Higher Education, in replacement of several parts of the Ministry of Education and Science. The Minister of Science and Higher Education administers governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Poland) |
In digital photography, dark-frame subtraction is a way to reduce image noise in photographs shot with long exposure times, at high ISO sensitivity or at high temperatures. It takes advantage of two components of image noise that remain the same from one shot to the next, dark current and fixed-pattern noise. Noise fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-frame_subtraction |
A dark frame is an image captured with the sensor in complete darkness (i.e. with a closed shutter or the lens and viewfinder capped). Such a dark frame is essentially an image of noise produced by the sensor. A dark frame, or an average of several dark frames, can then be subtracted from subsequent images to correct f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-frame_subtraction |
The meridian 83° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 83rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 97th meridian west. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd_meridian_east |
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 83rd meridian east passes through: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/83rd_meridian_east |
Allusion is a figure of speech, in which an object or circumstance from an unrelated context is referred to covertly or indirectly. It is left to the audience to make a direct connection. Where the connection is directly and explicitly stated (as opposed to indirectly implied) by the author, it is instead usually terme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
It is not possible to predetermine the nature of all the new meanings and inter-textual patterns that an allusion will generate. Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices.In a wider, more informal context, an allusion is a passing or casually short state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
In the most traditional sense, allusion is a literary term, though the word has also come to encompass indirect references to any source, including allusions in film or the visual arts. In literature, allusions are used to link concepts that the reader already has knowledge of, with concepts discussed in the story. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
It may even be sensed that real events have allusive overtones, when a previous event is inescapably recalled by a current one. "Allusion is bound up with a vital and perennial topic in literary theory, the place of authorial intention in interpretation", William Irwin observed, in asking "What is an allusion? "Without... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
The origin of allusion is from the Latin noun allusionem "a playing with, a reference to," from alludere "to play, jest, make fun of," a compound of ad "to" + ludere "to play." Recognizing the point of allusion's condensed riddle also reinforces cultural solidarity between the maker of the allusion and the hearer: thei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
"The allusion depends as well on the author's intent; a reader may search out parallels to a figure of speech or a passage, of which the author was unaware, and offer them as unconscious allusions—coincidences that a critic might not find illuminating. Addressing such issues is an aspect of hermeneutics. William Irwin ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
Irwin appends a note: "Only a divine author, outside of time, would seem capable of alluding to a later text." This is the basis for Christian readings of Old Testament prophecy, which asserts that passages are to be read as allusions to future events due to Jesus's revelation in Luke 24:25–27. Allusion differs from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
In discussing the richly allusive poetry of Virgil's Georgics, R. F. Thomas distinguished six categories of allusive reference, which are applicable to a wider cultural sphere. These types are: Casual reference, "the use of language which recalls a specific antecedent, but only in a general sense" that is relatively un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
In Homer, brief allusions could be made to mythic themes of generations previous to the main narrative because they were already familiar to the epic's hearers: one example is the theme of the Calydonian boarhunt. In Hellenistic Alexandria, literary culture and a fixed literary canon known to readers and hearers made a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
A sobriquet is an allusion. By metonymy one aspect of a person or other referent is selected to identify it, and it is this shared aspect that makes a sobriquet evocative: for example, "the city that never sleeps" is a sobriquet of (and therefore an allusion to) New York. An allusion may become trite and stale through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
Andy Warhol, a 20th-century American artist most famous for his pop-art images of Campbell soup cans and of Marilyn Monroe, commented on the explosion of media coverage by saying, "In the future, everyone will be world-famous for 15 minutes." Today, when someone receives a great deal of media attention for something fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
According to the Book of Genesis, God destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, but Lot, the nephew of Abraham, was given time to escape with his family before the destruction. God commanded Lot and his family not to look back as they fled. Lot's wife disobeyed and looked back, and she was immediately turned into a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
In Greek mythology, Cassandra, the daughter of Trojan king Priam, was loved by Apollo, who gave her the gift of prophecy. When Cassandra later angered Apollo, he altered the gift so that her prophecies, while true, would not be believed. Thus, her accurate warnings to the Trojans were disregarded, and disaster befell t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
This phrase comes from a novel by Joseph Heller. Catch-22 is set on a U.S. Army Air Force base in World War II. "Catch-22" refers to a regulation that states an airman's request to be relieved from flight duty can only be granted if he is judged to be insane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
However, anyone who does not want to fly dangerous missions is obviously sane, thus, there is no way to avoid flying the missions. Later in the book the old woman in Rome explains that Catch-22 means "They can do whatever they want to do." This refers to the theme of the novel in which the authority figures consistentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
The poetry of T. S. Eliot is often described as "allusive", because of his habit of referring to names, places or images that may only make sense in the light of prior knowledge. This technique can add to the experience, but for the uninitiated can make Eliot's work seem dense and hard to decipher. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
The most densely allusive work in modern English may be Finnegans Wake by James Joyce. Joseph Campbell and Henry Morton Robinson wrote A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944) that unlocked some of Joyce's most obscure allusions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion |
Ethnochoreology (also dance ethnology, dance anthropology) is the study of dance through the application of a number of disciplines such as anthropology, musicology, ethnomusicology, and ethnography. The word itself is relatively recent and etymologically means "the study of ethnic dance", though this is not exclusive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
Dance is not just a static representation of history, not just a repository of meaning, but a producer of meaning each time it is produced—not just a living mirror of a culture, but a shaping part of culture, a power within the culture: "The power of dance rests in acts of performance by dancers and spectators alike, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
In this way dance is "a social text" complex, multifaceted and constantly evolving. Additionally, dance as a social practice acts according to space and time, becoming expressions of everyday life and the respective social structure that comes in contact. Moreover, dance, apart from allowing people to express themselve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
The study of dance anthropology developed out of the work of colonizers, missionaries, and researchers of disciplines such as anthropology and musicology. The first observations of dance in Indigenous and non-Western societies were not necessarily due to dedicated study, rather emerging as byproducts of other anthropol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
In 1933, musicologist Curt Sachs wrote Eine Weltgeschichte des Tanzes (World History of the Dance) in an attempt to provide an analytical framework for the study of dance based in cultural evolution. However, his data was often insufficient or misleading, and therefore his work is no longer considered a viable basis fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
Ethnochoreology originally focused on the national dance traditions and folk dances of specific European countries, but has since expanded to include new urban folk groups and the dance traditions of immigrants.Modern dancer and anthropologist Gertrude Prokosch Kurath pioneered the specific field of dance ethnology, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
There are many methodological and ethical issues that arise from research in ethnochoreology. Anthropological research in general is a source of contention and suspicion for many Indigenous peoples, as historically it has been used as a tool of colonization, rather than to benefit Indigenous societies. For early anthro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
Western dichotomies of art dance vs non-art dance, professional vs hobbyist, and religious vs secular do not necessarily apply to other societies. The assumed transference of such concepts are a method by which Western concepts have been imposed on non-Western societies by anthropologists, art collectors, etc. Some dan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnochoreology |
Lenape Park is a 450-acre wildlife reserve and park that is part of the Rahway River Parkway in Union County, New Jersey. The park is located in four towns: Westfield, Springfield, Kenilworth, and Cranford. It is linked by a crosswalk to Nomahegan Park. The park encompasses stretches of both the Rahway River and Nomahe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Park |
Lenape refers to the Native Americans who occupied the region; the names "Rahway" and "Nomahegan" are derivative of their language.An approximately 4.5-mile off-road paved pedestrian path stretches eastbound from Mountainside Police Headquarters in Mountainside, through Echo Lake Park in Westfield, Lenape Park in Westf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Park |
In 1921, a group of local citizens alarmed by the rapid industrialization of the area created the Union County Park Commission after referendum to purchase and preserve remaining natural areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Park |
Two tusks (one measuring 4 feet, 3 inches) and several bone fragments from an ancient American mastodon were found in June and August 1936 north of Kenilworth Blvd in what is now Lenape Park (other sources name the swampy area directly behind what is now the parking lot of Union County College's main building). Two Wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Park |
The raised terrain of Lenape Park was created mostly in the late 1970s. The park was redesigned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to respond to requests from neighboring communities to ease the cyclical flooding of the Rahway River to parts of Cranford, Westfield and others. The USACE built a large c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Park |
In 2005, a bioblitz found over 660 different species in the park. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_Park |
Albinism organisations and others have expressed criticism over the portrayal of individuals with albinism in popular culture, specifically in movies and fictional works, citing the overwhelmingly negative depiction. There is concern that such depictions could increase social bias and discrimination against individuals... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Notably absent from most depictions is impaired vision, which is often experienced (depending on the type of albinism) by real people with albinism.The stereotype has become sufficiently well-recognised to attract satire and to be considered a cliché. In response to the "albino gunmen" characters in The Da Vinci Code a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Chicago Tribune movie reviewer Mark Caro says of this character type that it is someone "who looks albino and thus, in movie shorthand, must be vicious". The National Organisation for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH) has stated that there were a total of sixty-eight films from 1960 to 2006 featuring an "evil albino... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Around 1 in 70 people have a mutation in an OCA gene. There are several subtypes of OCA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Ocular albinism. Affects the eyes, causing blindness. Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome Effects include a bleeding disorder, IBS, and fibrocystic lung conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Chédiak–Higashi syndrome Similar to OCA but doesn't effect the whole body. Griscelli syndrome Causes immune and neurological issues. Griscelli syndrome usually results in death within the first decade of life.Conversely, a number of real people with albinism have risen to fame (see § Notable people with albinism, below... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
The "evil albino" stereotype may also have its roots in Neolithic Eastern Europe, where some cultures depicted Death as a pallid woman with light hair. Fear of vampires and other legendary undead with a deathly pallor, especially in European folklore, could also have contributed to albino bias. The phenomenon may also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
In fiction from Japan, where ideals call for as pale skin as possible, characters with albinism or associated traits are more frequently sympathetic than in American and British fiction. This is not to say that Japanese popular culture has not depicted "evil albinos". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
However, such characters in Japanese fiction are often bishōnen or bishōjo whose beautiful appearance gives contrast to their evil character. Use of albinistic features to indicate villains in Hollywood films appears to have begun in the 1960s, and may be related to the popularity of tanning (and thus a decrease in pal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
For example, the 2003 Warner Bros movie The Matrix Reloaded featured two sociopathic characters with pale skin and white hair frequently interpreted to be albinos despite studio declarations that they are not. Positive depictions of albinos in mass culture are rarer, though one example is the 1995 film Powder which dep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
A number of movies, books and other works have been criticized for albino bias, as they associate the uncommon features of albinistic people (pale skin, white hair, and unpigmented eyes) with danger, terror, or criminality. Less frequently they are depicted as the harmless butt of jokes and ridicule, as maladjusted and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
The most common depiction of people with albinism in fiction is that of the inimical, violent villain, especially the hitman, assassin, sociopath or crime boss. "The Family", a cult of plague survivors are the antagonist in the film The Omega Man (1971). Silas, in the book The Da Vinci Code (2003) by Dan Brown, (played... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Critics have called the portrayal "damning", "hateful", and "cruelly stereotypical". In defense, author Brown has pointed out that "Silas's skin color has nothing to do with his violent nature – he is driven to violence by others' cruelty... not by anything inherent in his physiology" and that he believes "the novel's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Edgar and Johnny Autumn, in four 1995 issues of the Jonah Hex comic book, are mutant villain brothers for the main character to fight. They were thinly-disguised caricatures of real-life albinistic musician brothers, Edgar and Johnny Winter (see images, right), who filed an unsuccessful lawsuit (Edgar Winter et al. v. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
Griffin, the main character of The Invisible Man (1897) by H. G. Wells is of questionable sanity and a thief by nature, obsessed with colour and pigmentation due to his albinism. The text of Wells's novel implies that Griffin's invisibility formula works on him (and a white cat in an early experiment) only because of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_albino_stereotype |
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