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It seems that somatic anxiety (that is, physical symptoms of anxiety such as butterflies in the stomach or cotton mouth) and situations of stress may be determinants of speech-hearing disability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Questionnaires can be used for the identification of persons with possible auditory processing disorders, as these address common problems of listening. They can help in the decision for pursuing clinical evaluation. One of the most common listening problems is speech recognition in the presence of background noise. Ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
They include: Difficulty hearing in noise Auditory attention problems Better understanding in one on one situations Difficulties in noise localization Difficulties in remembering oral informationAccording to the New Zealand Guidelines on Auditory Processing Disorders (2017) a checklist of key symptoms of APD or comorbi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The New Zealand guidelines indicate that a number of questionnaires have been developed to identify children who might benefit from evaluation of their problems in listening. Examples of available questionnaires include the Fisher's Auditory Problems Checklist, the Children's Auditory Performance Scale, the Screening I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Following a model described by Zoppo et al. (2015) a 34-item questionnaire was developed that investigates auditory processing abilities in each of the six common areas of complaint in APD (listening and concentration, understanding speech, following spoken instructions, attention, and other.) The final questionnaire w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
A UCAPI total score is calculated by combining the totals from the six listening conditions and provides an overall value to categorize listening abilities. Additionally, analysis of the scores from the six listening conditions provides an auditory profile for the subject. Each listening condition can then be utilized ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The UCAPI provides information on listening problems in various populations that can aid examiners in making recommendations for assessment and management.APD has been defined anatomically in terms of the integrity of the auditory areas of the nervous system. However, children with symptoms of APD typically have no evi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Thus in those with no signs of neurological impairment, APD is diagnosed on the basis of auditory tests. There is, however, no consensus as to which tests should be used for diagnosis, as evidenced by the succession of task force reports that have appeared in recent years. The first of these occurred in 1996. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
This was followed by a conference organized by the American Academy of Audiology.Experts attempting to define diagnostic criteria have to grapple with the problem that a child may do poorly on an auditory test for reasons other than poor auditory perception: for instance, failure could be due to inattention, difficulty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
in 2005 The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) published "Central Auditory Processing Disorders" as an update to the 1996 "Central Auditory Processing: Current Status of Research and Implications for Clinical Practice". The American Academy of Audiology has released more current practice guidelines rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
According to the Society, APD refers to the inability to process speech and on-speech sounds.Auditory processing disorder can be developmental or acquired. It may result from ear infections, head injuries or neurodevelopmental delays that affect processing of auditory information. This can include problems with: "...so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The SCAN-C for children and SCAN-A for adolescents and adults are the most common tools for screening and diagnosing APD in the USA. Both tests are standardized on a large number of subjects and include validation data on subjects with auditory processing disorders. The SCAN test batteries include screening tests: norm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) is also a standardized test. It assesses an individual's gap detection threshold of tones and white noise. The exam includes stimuli at four different frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) and white noise clicks of 50 ms duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
It is a useful test because it provides an index of auditory temporal resolution. In children, an overall gap detection threshold greater than 20 ms means they have failed and may have an auditory processing disorder based on abnormal perception of sound in the time domain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Gaps in Noise Test (GIN) also measures temporal resolution by testing the patient's gap detection threshold in white noise. Pitch Patterns Sequence Test (PPT) and Duration Patterns Sequence Test (DPT) measure auditory pattern identification. The PPS has s series of three tones presented at either of two pitches (high o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Meanwhile, the DPS has a series of three tones that vary in duration rather than pitch (long or short). Patients are then asked to describe the pattern of pitches presented. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Masking Level Difference (MLD) at 500 Hz measures overlapping temporal processing, binaural processing, and low-redundancy by measuring the difference in threshold of an auditory stimulus when a masking noise is presented in and out of phase. The Staggered Spondaic Word Test (SSW) is one of the oldest tests for APD dev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The issue of modality-specificity has led to considerable debate among experts in this field. Cacace and McFarland have argued that APD should be defined as a modality-specific perceptual dysfunction that is not due to peripheral hearing loss. They criticize more inclusive conceptualizations of APD as lacking diagnosti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Others, however, have argued that a modality-specific approach is too narrow, and that it would miss children who had genuine perceptual problems affecting both visual and auditory processing. It is also impractical, as audiologists do not have access to standardized tests that are visual analogs of auditory tests. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
It is clear, however, that a modality-specific approach will diagnose fewer children with APD than a modality-general one, and that the latter approach runs a risk of including children who fail auditory tests for reasons other than poor auditory processing. Although modality-specific testing has been advocated for wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The concern is that if verbal materials are used to test for APD, then children may fail because of limited language ability. An analogy may be drawn with trying to listen to sounds in a foreign language. It is much harder to distinguish between sounds or to remember a sequence of words in a language you do not know we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Tests that use tape-recorded American English have been shown to over-identify APD in speakers of other forms of English. Performance on a battery of non-verbal auditory tests devised by the Medical Research Council's Institute of Hearing Research was found to be heavily influenced by non-sensory task demands, and indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
In a recent review of such diagnostic issues, it was recommended that children with suspected auditory processing impairments receive a holistic psychometric assessment including general intellectual ability, auditory memory, and attention, phonological processing, language, and literacy. The authors state that "a clea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
A review showed substantial evidence for atypical processing of auditory information in children with autism. Dawes and Bishop noted how specialists in audiology and speech-language pathology often adopted different approaches to child assessment, and they concluded their review as follows: "We regard it as crucial tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association state that children with (central) auditory processing disorder often: have trouble paying attention to and remembering information presented orally, and may cope better with visually acquired information have problems carrying out multi-step directions given orally; nee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Using a telephone can be problematic for someone with auditory processing disorder, in comparison with someone with normal auditory processing, due to low quality audio, poor signal, intermittent sounds, and the chopping of words. Many who have auditory processing disorder subconsciously develop visual coping strategie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Based on sensitized measures of auditory dysfunction and on psychological assessment, patients can be subdivided into seven subcategories: middle ear dysfunction mild cochlear pathology central/medial olivocochlear efferent system (MOCS) auditory dysfunction purely psychological problems multiple auditory pathologies c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Treatment of APD typically focuses on three primary areas: changing learning environment, developing higher-order skills to compensate for the disorder, and remediation of the auditory deficit itself. However, there is a lack of well-conducted evaluations of intervention using randomized controlled trial methodology. M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
This does not control for possible influences of practice, maturation, or placebo effects. Recent research has shown that practice with basic auditory processing tasks (i.e. auditory training) may improve performance on auditory processing measures and phonemic awareness measures. Changes after auditory training have a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Many of these tasks are incorporated into computer-based auditory training programs such as Earobics and Fast ForWord, an adaptive software available at home and in clinics worldwide, but overall, evidence for effectiveness of these computerized interventions in improving language and literacy is not impressive. One sm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Samuel J. Kopetzky first described the condition in 1948. P. F. King, first discussed the etiological factors behind it in 1954. Helmer Rudolph Myklebust's 1954 study, "Auditory Disorders in Children". suggested auditory processing disorder was separate from language learning difficulties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
His work sparked interest in auditory deficits after acquired brain lesions affecting the temporal lobes and led to additional work looking at the physiological basis of auditory processing, but it was not until the late seventies and early eighties that research began on APD in depth. In 1977, the first conference on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
The proceedings of that conference was published by Grune and Stratton under the title "Central Auditory Dysfunction" (Keith RW Ed.) That conference started a new series of studies focusing on APD in children. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Virtually all tests currently used to diagnose APD originate from this work. These early researchers also invented many of the auditory training approaches, including interhemispheric transfer training and interaural intensity difference training. This period gave us a rough understanding of the causes and possible tre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Much of the work in the late nineties and 2000s has been looking to refining testing, developing more sophisticated treatment options, and looking for genetic risk factors for APD. Scientists have worked on improving behavioral tests of auditory function, neuroimaging, electroacoustic, and electrophysiologic testing. W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder |
Charles E. Schaefer (November 15, 1933 – September 19, 2020) was an American psychologist considered by many to be the "Father of Play Therapy" who has appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, The Today Show and Good Morning America. He was Professor of Psychology and was Director of both the Center for Psychological Servic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Schaefer |
Schaefer earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Fairfield University in 1955 and his Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology from Fordham University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Schaefer |
Frank Ambrose Beach, Jr. (April 13, 1911 – June 15, 1988) was an American ethologist, best known as co-author of the 1951 book Patterns of Sexual Behavior. He is often regarded as the founder of behavioral endocrinology, as his publications marked the beginnings of the field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Frank Ambrose Beach, Jr. was born in Emporia, Kansas, the first of three children to Frank Ambrose Beach and Bertha Robinson Beach. Although he respected his father, a distinguished Professor of Music at Kansas State Teachers College (now Emporia State University), Frank Beach Jr. often rebelled against him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Frank A. Beach Jr. rarely used the Jr. associated with his name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Beach began an English major at Emporia, with the intent to become a high school English teacher. Beach was a poor student, receiving D's and F's at Emporia, so he was sent to Antioch College for his sophomore year to regain his focus.Beach returned to Emporia, where he took his first psychology course with James B. St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Beach was unable to find a job in teaching, so he accepted a fellowship in clinical psychology at Emporia to earn his master's degree. Beach completed a thesis on color vision in rats. After completing his master's degree, he moved to the University of Chicago, to accept a fellowship from psychologist Harvey Carr, who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
In Chicago, Beach met and worked with behaviorist Karl Lashley, who had perhaps the strongest influence on Beach's professional life. Financial difficulties forced Beach to leave Chicago, and took a high school teaching position in Yates Center, Kansas, where he married his first wife. The union was short-lived.Beach r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Although Beach completed his dissertation in 1936, he did not receive the degree until 1940 due to his inability to pass the foreign language portion of the degree requirements. During this period, Beach married his second wife, Anna Beth Odenweller, with whom he had two children, Frank and Susan. In 1936, Beach accept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
In 1937, Beach was employed by the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Beach was influential in advancing the study of neural and endocrinal influences on animal behavior. Beach remained at the Museum for 10 years. Beach organized an effort to save the department after the death of the former chairman. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
The department was renamed "The Department of Animal Behavior". In 1946, Beach accepted an academic appointment at Yale University where he would spend the next decade. There his research interest became focused on the reproductive behavior of dogs which he continued for the rest of his life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Beach was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1949. In 1950, he accepted a position as a Sterling Professor of Psychology. A sabbatical at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford began in 1957–58. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
In 1958, Beach accepted a position as Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. The research program on dogs that was initiated at Yale was expanded at Berkeley. Beach helped found the Field Station for Behavioral Research near the Berkeley campus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Beach was known for being an excellent mentor to graduate students while at Berkeley. Beach became professor emeritus in 1978, but still remained active in his work. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Beach was awarded the APA award for Distinguished Teaching in Biopsychology in 1986. Beach, along with anthropologist Clellan S. Ford, co-authored the book Patterns of Sexual Behavior (1951), considered a "classic" of its field. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1953 and a member o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
He also authored an edited version, Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives, in 1977. Beach's second wife, Anna, died in 1971, and he thereafter married Noel Gaustad. In the days prior to his death, Beach continued his work from a hospital bed, reading scientific literature and giving advice about a paper on reproductive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
He died on June 15, 1988.Beach's work in comparative psychology was expansive and influential. Beach studied behavior in rats, dogs, cats, quail, pigeons, dolphins, and hamsters. Beach was particularly interested in the role of endocrinology in behavior. He studied the effects of endocrines on behaviors through methods... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Beach is remembered as a serious scholar and researcher, who believed that "increasing knowledge, in and of itself, is a justifiable way to spend your life." However, he was also known for his sense of fun, and humorously coined the term "Coolidge effect" based on an old joke about U.S. President Calvin Coolidge. Beach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Throughout his professional career, his greatest interests remained in the field of behaviour, remarking that "Man's greatest problem today is not to understand and exploit his physical environment, but to understand and govern his own conduct. "Beach was regarded as an excellent graduate student mentor; however, he ve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
At age sixty-five, Beach wrote the following autobiographical statement, which was preceded by a list of goals he wished to achieve: Of course, I shall never accomplish all the goals just listed, but that is unimportant. What counts is to have aims, to be able to work hard toward them and to experience the satisfaction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
It's been one hell of a good race. Beach is considered the principal founder of the field of behavioral endocrinology. Donald Dewsbery, writing for the National Academy of Sciences, called Beach "arguably the premier psychobiologist of his generation, influencing the development of psychobiology in numerous, diverse wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Chairman of the Department of Animal Behavior at the American Museum of Natural History, 1942 Elected President of the American Psychological Association Division of Experimental Psychology, 1949 Sterling Professor of Psychology at Yale University, 1950 President of the Eastern Psychological Association, 1951 William J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Whereas for much of history, well into the 20th century, homosexuality had been considered a mental disorder, Beach conceptualized homosexuality as a natural human phenomenon. In Patterns of Sexual Behavior, Beach and his co-author, Clellan S. Ford, outlined their study of sexual practices—including dating rituals, fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
1937 - The Neural Basis of Innate Behavior, The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 53:1 (Dissertation) 1948 - Hormones and Behavior: A Survey of Interrelationship between Endocrine Secretions and Patterns of Overt Response, Oxford: England (First Book) 1950 - The Snark was a Boojum, American Psycho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Beach |
Hungarian Turanism (Hungarian: Turánizmus / Turanizmus) is a diverse Turanist phenomenon that revolves around an identification or association of Hungarian history and people with the histories and peoples of Central Asia, Inner Asia or the Ural region. It includes many different conceptions and served as the guiding p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
As a scientific movement, Turanism was concerned with research into Asian cultures in the context of Hungarian history and culture. It was embodied and represented by many scholars who had shared premises (i.e. the Asian origin of the Hungarians, and their kinship with Asian peoples), and arrived at the same or very si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
This political ideology originated in the work of the Finnish nationalist and linguist Matthias Alexander Castrén, who presented a belief in the racial unity and future greatness of the Ural-Altaic peoples. He concluded that the Finns originated in Central Asia and believed that far from being a small, isolated people,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
It began to carry anti-Jewish sentiments and tried to prove the "existence and superiority of a unified Hungarian race". Nonetheless, Andrew C. Janos, a Hungarian political scientist of the University of California, Berkeley, asserts that Turanism's role in the interwar development of far-right ideologies was negligibl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians were semi-nomadic and their culture was similar to other steppe peoples. Most scientists presume a Uralic homeland for the ancient Hungarian conquerors (mainly on genealogical linguistic grounds, and on the basis of genetic research carried out on a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
According to Chronica Hungarorum, the Hungarians are descendants of the Huns, and came from the Asian parts of Scythia, and Turks share this Scythian origin with them. This tradition eventually served as starting point for the scientific research of the ethnogenesis of Hungarian people, which began in the 18th century,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
It is a well-known fact that the marked interest in the genetic classification of languages prevailing in the last century and at the beginning of the present one has its roots in European nationalisms. The exact knowledge of dialects and languages was supposed to strengthen the national individuality and to align nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
But linguists theorizing about ancestor languages had to deal with the common belief of the era, that, according to the Bible, Hebrew was the original language of all humans. Leibniz published material countering the Biblical theory, and supported Boxhorn's notion of a Scythian ancestor language behind most of the lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
"Information about hither-to unknown peoples and languages of Asia and the Americas came into the hands of scholars such as Gottfried Leibniz, who recognized that there was no better method “for specifying the relationship and origin of the various peoples of the earth, than the comparison of their languages”. In order... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
The word list included numerals, kinship terms, body parts, necessitates (food, drink, weapons,domestic animals), naturalia (God, celestial and weather phenomena, topographic features, wild animals) and a dozen verbs (eat, drink, speak, see ...). Leibniz took a particular interest in the expansion of the Russian Empire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Kevin Tuite: The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis. 2008. in: Historiographia Linguistica, 35 #1; p. 23-82. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
The Finnish-Hungarian connection was further developed by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg (in his work: "An historico-geographical description of the north and east parts of Europe and Asia") and Johann Eberhard Fischer, a German historian and language researcher, who participated in the Great Northern Expedition of 1733... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
By the early 19th century, connections with further languages were perceived by Rasmus Christian Rask, Wilhelm Schott and Matthias Castrén, who included the Finno-Ugric languages as a part of a larger hypothesis today known as Ural-Altaic. The German linguist and Orientalist Schott was a proponent of Finn-Turk-Hungaria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian", he called these languages "Turanian". The Hungarian language was classed by Müller as a member of a Northern Division (Ural-Altaic), in the Finnic Class (Finno-Ugric), in the Ugric Branch, with the Voguls (Mansi) and Ugro-Ostiakes (Khanty) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
His theory was well known and widely discussed in international scientific circles, and was known to Hungarian scientists as well. He became an associate member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His public lectures received wide attention. His terms "Turan" and "Turanian" were originally borrowed from Persian texts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
In Hungary, discourse on the prehistory of the Hungarians generally lacked the political meanings up until the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the 1848-49 War of Independence, but after the bitter experiences of the war and the defeat, many phenomena received new political overtones. "… the Sun went down into a sea of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Magyarországra a mérhetetlen gyásznak éjszakája borult; legnemesebb erői törve voltak. Még a tudományos intézetek kapui is bezárultak…" (Herman Ottó: Petényi J. S. a magyar tudományos madártan megalapítója. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
p. 39.) Hungary's constitution and her territorial integrity were abolished, and her territory was partitioned into crown lands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
This signalled the start of a long era of absolutist rule. The Habsburgs introduced dictatorial rule, and every aspect of Hungarian life was put under close scrutiny and governmental control. Press and theatrical/public performances were censored.German became the official language of public administration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
The edict issued on 1849.X.9. (Grundsätze für die provisorische Organisation des Unterrichtswesens in dem Kronlande Ungarn), placed education under state control, the curriculum was prescribed and controlled by the state, the education of national history was confined, and history was educated from a Habsburg viewpoint... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Hungarians responded with passive resistance. Questions of nation, language, national origin became politically sensitive matters. Anti-Habsburg and anti-German sentiments were strong. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
A large number of freedom fighters took refuge in the Ottoman Empire. This resulted in renewed cultural exchange, and mutual sympathy. Turks were seen by many as good allies of the Hungarian cause. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Such was the atmosphere, when Vámbéry traveled to Constantinople in 1857 for the first time. "It should happen and it will happen - I encouraged myself with this, and did not hurt me other problems, just this one: how could I get a passport from the strict and suspicious Austrian authorities, and exactly to Turkey, whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
(Vámbéry Ármin: Küzdelmeim. Ch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
IV. p. 42.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
And this atmosphere granted public interest for the then new theory of Max Müller. The Habsburg government saw this "Turkism" as dangerous to the empire, but had no means to suppress it. (The Habsburg Empire lost large territories in the early 19th century /Flanders and Luxembourg/, and lost most of its Italian holding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
As a consequence of the Franco-Austrian War and the Austro-Prussian War, the Habsburg Empire was on the verge of collapse in 1866, because these misfortunate military endeavours resulted in increased state spending, speeding inflation, towering state debts and financial crisis.The Habsburgs were forced to reconcile wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
This caused deep and lasting cracks in Hungarian society. Academic science remained under state scrutiny and pressure, and press remained under (albeit more permissive) censorship. Matters of nation, language, national origin remained politically sensitive themes, and Turkism remained popular. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
"However, to get the Compromise accepted within the society posed serious difficulties. Many counties (for example Heves, Pest, Szatmár) rejected the Compromise and stood up for Kossuth, the opposition organized a network of Democratic circles, on the Great Hungarian Plain anti-government and anti-Compromise demonstrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
According to the Habsburg conspiracy theory, the Habsburgs promoted "Finno-Ugrianism" in order to deprive the nation of its historical past and thus break the national pride and resistance of the Hungarians. This speculation seems to be contradicted by the fact that compulsory education in Hungarian history was introdu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
The Orientalist and Turkologist Ármin Vámbéry was a key figure in the development of Turanism. Since the late 1850s, proposed connections to the Finno-Ugric, Turkic and other Asiatic peoples and languages motivated him to travel to Asia and the Ottoman Empire. "…from this came my hope, that with the help of comparative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
62. Vámbéry started his second journey into Asia in July 1861 with the approval and monetary help of the Akadémia and its president, Emil Dessewffy. After a long and perilous journey he arrived at Pest in May 1864. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
He went to London to arrange the English language publication of his book about the travels. "Travels in Central Asia" and its Hungarian counterpart "Közép-ázsiai utazás" were published in 1865. Thanks to his travels Vámbéry became an internationally renowned writer and celebrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
He became acquainted with members of British upper class. The Ambassador of Austria in London gave him a letter of recommendation to the Emperor, who received him in an audience and rewarded Vámbéry's international success by granting him professorship in the Royal University of Pest.In a work from 1868, Vámbéry may ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Hungarian scientists shared his definition. But in common parlance these terms were used in many (and often different) meanings and senses. Vámbéry was a talented writer of popular science, who presented serious scientific matters in an interesting, readable manner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
His books and other writings, presenting customs, traditions and culture of far-flung peoples and faraway places were key in raising wide public interest in ethnography, ethnology and history. Coupled with widespread disillusionment about the political elite, Vámbéry's work turned public attention to the lower classes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Vámbéry was also the first to put forward a significant alternative origin theory of the Hungarian people and language. His'first large linguistic work, entitled "Magyar és török-tatár nyelvekbeli szóegyezések" and published in 1869–70, was the casus belli of the "Ugric-Turkic War" (Ugor-török háború), which started as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Vámbéry's "Ugric-Turkic War" was never closed properly. This forced scientists to try to harmonize and synthesize the differing theories somehow. This resulted in the development of a complex national mythology. This combined the Asian roots and origins of Magyars with their European present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
Turanism got a new meaning: it became the given name of a variant of Orientalism, which researched Asia and its culture in context of Hungarian history and culture. Turanism was a driving force in the development of Hungarian social sciences, especially linguistics, ethnography, history, archaeology, and Orientalism, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
This is a short list of Turkist/Turanist scientists and artists, who have left a lasting legacy in Hungarian culture: Ármin Vámbéry (1832-1913) was the founding father of Hungarian Turkology. He founded Europe's first Turcology department at the Royal University of Pest (present day Eötvös Loránd University). He was a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
János Arany (1817-1882), poet, writer of a large corpus of poems about Hungarian historical past. He supported Vámbéry in the "Ugric-Turkic War". He was a member and secretary general of the MTA. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism |
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