text
stringlengths 9
3.55k
| source
stringlengths 31
280
|
|---|---|
At the election, Ardern's leadership increased her party's seats from 32 to 46, and formed a minority government in coalition with the Greens and NZ First. The Labour Party under Adern won a majority at the 2020 general election, becoming the first government of the mixed-member proportional representation era to gain enough seats to govern alone. The party won 65 out of 120 seats in the House of Representatives and over half of the popular vote.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
The party also won the party vote in 71 out of 72 electorates, an unprecedented occurrence in any election in New Zealand history.The popular approval of her government, and eventually her personal popularity, began to decisively wane in 2022. A Horizons research poll showed that of more than 1000 people polled 35% felt "disappointed" and 28% "angry" about Ardern, with her specifically being targeted rather than the government. A rise in anti-vaccine sentiment, encouraged and on occasion funded by external right-wing influences, caused online attacks on Ardern to rise near-exponentially.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
This resulted in the unprecedentedly aggressive occupation of Parliament Grounds in Wellington in 2022. The protests were unusually violent, with many participants advocating far-right politics such as Trumpism, white nationalism and Christian fundamentalism. Some protesters hung nooses from trees and made threats to lynch politicians, including Ardern, and also gay Finance minister Grant Robertson and pregnant MP Steph Lewis.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Antisemitism was reported to be "rife" within the protests, with the Parliamentary grounds vandalised with swastikas, protestors misappropriating yellow stars, and messages targeting Jews written on car windows. There were also several reports of sexual assault from within the protest grounds, and protestors were widely reported to be throwing their own faeces at police. The violent month-long occupation caused major disruption in Wellington, and The Guardian reported that threats against Ardern had almost tripled.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
The effects of the 2022 COVID-19 induced recession also contributed to an unfavourable perception of Labour, and Ardern personally was blamed by many anti-vaccine protestors in its wake. In August 2022, a 1 News/Kantar poll, taken as the cost of living soars in New Zealand, marked Ardern's worst result in the preferred prime minister stakes since her tenure as leader began. Despite falling three points as preferred prime minister, Ardern was still ahead of National's Christopher Luxon, at 30% to 22%; she never lost a preferred prime minister poll in her entire tenure.There was speculation among right-wing media columnists in November 2022 that Ardern was about to resign imminently. The idea was mocked by Toby Manhire, editor-at-large of the left-leaning online news site The Spinoff, for being baseless.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
On 19 January 2023, Ardern gave a speech at a routine press conference in Napier, the location of the annual Labour Party conference. It was there that, in addition to announcing the date of the upcoming election (14 October 2023), that she declared she would not lead Labour into it.I am entering now my sixth year in office. And for each of those years, I have given my absolute all. I believe that leading a country is the most privileged job anyone could ever have, but also one of the more challenging.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
You cannot, and should not do it unless you have a full tank, plus, a bit in reserve for those unexpected challenges. This summer, I had hoped to find a way to prepare for not just another year, but another term – because that is what this year requires. I have not been able to do that.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
And so today, I am announcing that I will not be seeking re-election and that my term as prime minister will conclude no later than the 7th of February... I know there will be much discussion in the aftermath of this decision as to what the so called "real" reason was. I can tell you, that what I am sharing today is it. The only interesting angle you will find is that after going on six years of some big challenges, that I am human.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Politicians are human. We give all that we can, for as long as we can, and then it's time.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
And for me, it's time. She also addressed her daughter, Neve, that she would be there for her when she started school in June. She also said to Clarke Gayford, her long-time fiancée, "let's finally get married." She also announced that she would leave Parliament in April, a date sufficiently close to the impending election so as not to trigger a by-election for her electorate of Mount Albert.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
The announcement caught domestic and international media by surprise. Although there had been some minor speculation she might resign a few months before, it had been largely dismissed. Ardern's legacy was immediately discussed.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Writing for The Guardian, commentator Henry Cooke wrote that while the human reasons for Ardern's resignation were understandable, the political consequences were "confounding", and imperiled her party and her personal legacy. "Labour MPs and supporters have every right to be furious.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Ardern was facing a very steep hill at the October election, which explains more than any other reason her decision to leave. Cooke pointed to Ardern's continued approval ratings, with her never having come second in the preferred prime minister polls. He concluded that she remained Labour’s "best weapon" against National Party leader Christopher Luxon, who he claimed drew largely apathetic responses from the public.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Cooke added that according to data from the New Zealand Election Study the majority of voters who switched from National to Labour between 2017 and 2020 (16% of the electorate in the latter) had "overwhelmingly strong feelings of adoration" for Ardern. He added that the swing voters had the strongest political capital in the country, adding "while some of them may have changed their mind, anyone who liked a leader this much remains persuadable. "Former Deputy Prime Minister Winston Peters, leader of the centrist and populist New Zealand First party, praised Ardern's first term, in which he served alongside her, but was more critical of her second term, stating "it is a difficult time to make an analysis".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Many on the political right criticised Ardern, with some welcoming and even celebrating her resignation. While he initially wished her well, National Party leader Christopher Luxon took the opportunity to critique her government. He claimed that the economic situation would only get worse under a new Labour prime minister.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
When asked if he believed that female politicians face more threats than male ones, Luxon disagreed, sparking criticism.Many expressed their view that Ardern's resignation was caused in part by the abuse she had suffered, which reached levels unprecedented for a New Zealand prime minister. Former prime minister Helen Clark said that "the pressures on Prime Ministers are always great, but in this era of social media, clickbait, and 24/7 media cycles, Jacinda has faced a level of hatred and vitriol which in my experience is unprecedented in our country.. our society could now usefully reflect on whether it wants to continue to tolerate the excessive polarisation which is making politics an increasingly unattractive calling." This viewpoint was criticised by radio presenter Ryan Bridge, who claimed it was "melodramatic".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
He elaborated that the claim was "just bizarre because, one, it assumes that she's reading all of the online troll messages from the misogynists and whoever". Political commentator and former National Party ministerial advisor Brigitte Morten called Clark's remarks "naive" and "condescending", claiming that such comments would not be made of a male prime minister. Another politician who voiced concern at the misogyny directed towards Ardern was Debbie Ngarewa-Packer, female co-leader of the Māori Party.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
She said that "it is a sad day for politics where an outstanding leader has been driven from office for constant personalisation and vilification", expressing concern for Ardern's whānau and personal safety.Ardern's safety going forward has come under scrutiny. The New Zealand Herald reported that she would need "unprecedented" police protection "well beyond the end of her time as Prime Minister", even as new figures show the extent of the abuse she faced from the far-right. The Herald’s own investigation into the online targeting of Ardern discovered threats of rape and murder, her portrayal as demonic or "evil", and calls to execute her as a traitor or "war criminal".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Kate Hannah, director of the anti-misinformation Disinformation Project, claimed that the abuse was prolific on mainstream social media channels, particularly on Facebook. She stated that misogynistic online hatred of Ardern, which began after she condemned the far-right in the wake of the Christchurch mosque shootings, had become a dangerous threat for New Zealand's democracy. Intelligence analyst Dr Paul Buchanan argued that Ardern's response to the massacre "galvanised the most retrograde elements of the far right", before worsening as the pandemic response passed. He added that "being young, female and successful" was a "whole different level of vitriol." Buchanan expressed his belief that the Diplomatic Protection Service would increase efforts to protect her and her family, and that she "deserves to reclaim her life as a private citizen."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
United States: President Joe Biden honoured Ardern on Twitter, saying that "the U.S.-New Zealand partnership is stronger than ever, thanks in large part to your leadership. Your stewardship in advancing a free and open Indo-Pacific was crucial – I look forward to deepening our nations’ ties for generations to come." Vice President Kamala Harris said "Prime Minister Ardern is a forward-looking, global leader who has inspired millions around the world. Thank you, Madam Prime Minister, for your leadership and for strengthening the ties between the U.S.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
and New Zealand." Australia: Prime Minister Anthony Albanese said: "Jacinda Ardern has shown the world how to lead with intellect and strength. She has demonstrated that empathy and insight are powerful leadership qualities.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Jacinda has been a fierce advocate for New Zealand, an inspiration to so many and a great friend to me." Minister of Foreign Affairs Penny Wong said "Jacinda brought strength, compassion and kindness to leadership, gaining the admiration of so many around the world. a source of inspiration to me and many others."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
United Kingdom: Prime Minister Rishi Sunak thanked Ardern "for her kindness and strong leadership." He also tweeted: "she has shone a light on the unique opportunities and challenges faced in the Indo-Pacific, and has always been a great friend of the UK."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
William, Prince of Wales, also tweeted his support, thanking Ardern for her "friendship, leadership and support over the years, not least at the time of my grandmother’s death. Sending you, Clarke and Neve our best wishes. W & C".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Cook Islands: Prime Minister Mark Brown praised her response to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that "New Zealand's own response was held up as a shining example of how to protect your people. New Zealand working with our country enabled us really to protect our people from COVID but secondly allowed us to quickly get back on our feet due to the measures that we did take early on". He added that "her compassion and her strength of leadership is a legacy that I think she will leave as prime minister of New Zealand."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Canada: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau thanked her personally for "your partnership and your friendship — and for your empathic, compassionate, strong, and steady leadership over these past several years. The difference you have made is immeasurable. I’m wishing you and your family nothing but the best, my friend". Fiji: Deputy Prime Minister Biman Prasad said the Pacific would miss the "charismatic leader", telling RNZ Pacific he was happy to meet Ardern when she visited the country in 2020. In his own words Fiji had "benefitted immensely" under her leadership, with Ardern's government providing "urgent and timely help to the Fijian people during natural disasters and the COVID-19 pandemic."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd said Ardern "provided a masterclass in international public diplomacy" and 'rewrote the rulebook" for world leaders. On Twitter, former U.S. President Barack Obama praised Ardern's leadership, integrity and empathy.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton noted Ardern's significance as a woman leading a country, stating "he's shown the world a new model of powerful leadership. A true stateswoman."
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
The announcement triggered an imminent leadership election, scheduled by an emergency caucus meeting for 22 January. The election spawned much press attention, as Ardern's abrupt resignation was seen as endangering an already unpopular Labour Party's chances at reelection later that year. Several members of Ardern's Cabinet were considered. The following were the most commonly named options: Chris Hipkins, the Leader of the House, Minister for Police, Education and the Public Service Kiritapu Allan, the Minister of Justice Grant Robertson, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of FinanceMinisters Michael Wood and Megan Woods were also named as potential candidates by some news outlets.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Robertson was quick to rule himself out, but indicated he wished to continue as finance minister. Labour deputy leader Kelvin Davis also advised he would not be running. As nominations closed on 21 January, Hipkins emerged as the only nominee.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
His nominators included Michael Wood and Kiritapu Allan, both of whom were considered by media as prospective leaders. The lack of a direct vote was seen as evidence of Labour's intention to have an orderly transition, as opposed to the multiple changes to the National Party leadership since their loss of power. There have been a total of five National Party leadership elections (2016, 2018, May 2020, July 2020, and 2021) since the resignation of John Key, the last National prime minister to win a general election, and six leaders (including interim leader Shane Reti) over the past six years.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Labour MPs told media they had agreed they would identify a "consensus candidate" who had the support of the whole caucus. In his first media appearance as the presumptive leader, on 21 January Hipkins told media he found out he had his party's unanimous support as "the door to the plane was closing," leaving him unable to respond to his messages for 40 minutes. A caucus meeting, where Hipkins was formally confirmed as Labour leader, occurred on 22 January at 1 pm.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Minister for Social Development Carmel Sepuloni was chosen to become deputy prime minister (though not deputy leader of the Labour Party), becoming the country's first Pasifika person to hold the title. The ticket was welcomed by many, with Hipkins and Sepuloni being recognised for both being working-class in background. The Māori Party voiced criticism that a Māori candidate was not chosen to be prime minister.Ardern's last public event as prime minister was Rātana Day at Rātana Pā in the Manawatū on 24 January, which she attended with Hipkins.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
Hipkins spoke of Labour's longstanding political alliance with the Rātana Church. In her last public speech, Ardern said leading the country was "the greatest privilege of my life", and that she " with a greater love and affection for Aotearoa New Zealand and its people than when I started.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
"The following morning, Ardern left the Beehive for Government House, Wellington, where she privately tendered her resignation to the Governor-General, Dame Cindy Kiro. Hipkins and Sepuloni were jointly sworn in in a televised ceremony shortly before noon as prime minister and deputy prime minister. == References ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern
|
The European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) was founded in 1995 in order to facilitate dialogue among the forensic science practitioners of Europe, as well as improving the quality of forensic science delivery. It has close cooperation with European police forces. In addition to quality, research, and education, different forensic disciplines address domain-relevant issues within expert working groups (EWGs) to the highest degree such that ENFSI is recognized as the monopoly organization for forensics science by the European Commission.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
ENFSI functions as a non-profit organization.The number of member laboratories has increased since ENFSI's inception from 11 member laboratories in 1993 to 71 in 2019. As of May 2020, membership comes from 39 countries spread across Europe. Non-European laboratories are also permitted to be involved in ENFSI as 'Associate' member laboratories under a specific Expert Working Group.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
Representatives from 11 governmental forensic laboratories in Western Europe attended a preliminary meeting in 1993 in Rijswijk, Netherlands. The official founding meeting occurred on October 20, 1995 in Rijswijk and was open to all European countries. A memorandum of understanding was signed which governed its operation. The first constitution for ENFSI was accepted by the membership in 1999, and the ENFSI website was created. A new constitution was approved in 2004 when personal membership was discontinued in favour of an institutional membership, and membership fees were enacted. The European Commission recognised ENFSI in 2009 and in 2015 at the decision was made to move the secretariat from the Netherlands to Germany.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
ENFSI is governed by an executive branch consisting of a five-member Board and a Secretariat. There are also two standing committees or advisory groups; one for Quality & Competency, and another for Research & Development. Individual forensic disciplines are represented by various Expert Working Groups.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
The ENFSI Board governs the activities of the organization and consists of five members elected from, and accountable to, the general membership. The Board consists of a chairperson, a treasurer, and various members. The ENFSI Secretariat is accountable to and operates under the supervision of the Board to provide support for ENFSI activities. It is hosted by the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) in Wiesbaden, Germany, with two persons serving in that capacity.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
ENFSI has two Standing Committees. These are the Quality & Competence Committee (QCC), and the Research & Development Committee (R&D).The QCC is responsible for policy development relating to Quality Assurance and Competence Assurance, the provision of advise to Expert Working Groups as well as ENFSI members, and assisting member laboratories. The RDSC is responsible for ENFSI’s Research and Development Strategy, the provision of advice to Expert Working Groups and ENFSI members, facilitation of joint research between laboratories, and facilitation of education and training courses in specialised areas.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
General membership in ENFSI is open to European forensic science institutes and agencies that meet specific criteria. Membership is not based on the individual practitioner but rather by institution or agency. There are, however, a limited number of honorary memberships that have been granted to individuals deemed noteworthy.Membership with ENFSI (in a non-voting capacity) is also available to non-ENFSI institutions, in Europe or elsewhere, through Associate Membership with a given Expert Working Group, so long as the institution meets specific criteria. Permanent and Associate member agencies pay annual dues to ENFSI.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
ENFSI has seventeen Expert Working Groups (EWGs) actively collaborating on furthering their respective disciplines: Animal, Plant and Soil Traces (APST) Digital Imaging (DIWG) DNA - Advances in DNA profiling techniques are disseminated to each country with the European DNA Profiling Group (EDNAP), which was set up in 1988. Documents (EDEWG) Drugs (DWG) Explosives (FINEX) Fingerprint (EFP-WG) Firearms/Gunshot residue (FAID/GSR) Fire and Explosions Investigation (FEIWG) Forensic Information Technology (FIT) Forensic Speech and Audio Analysis (FSAAWG) Handwriting (ENFHEX) Marks Paint & Glass (EPGWG) Road Accident Analysis (RAAEWG) Scene of Crime Textile and Hair (ETHG)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
ENFSI collaborates with many institutions and agencies (both national and international in scope), including the following: ENFSI collaborated with the French Institut National de Police Scientifique (INPS) in 2011 to establish a European database of ink dyes and stained banknotes. Another joint project with the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the Customs Laboratories European Network (CLEN) is a database for controlled substances using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMW) imaging. In 2015, ENFSI concluded a memorandum of understanding with Europol, the European Union’s law enforcement agency, which permits the "exchange of knowledge and expertise, underpinning the need for enhanced cooperation in the area of forensic science in the fight against crime." In 2020, the European Commission awarded funding to the ENFSI Secretariat in support of, among other things, ENFSI activities and initiatives with that funding administered by the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs.Another key activity involves competency assessment and quality assurance.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
Each of the working groups develops and implements annual tests, usually called collaborative exercises or proficiency tests.ENFSI also “urges all its members to seek accreditation.” The organization's official policy states “All ENFSI member laboratories should have achieved or should be taking steps towards ISO/IEC 17025 compliant accreditation for their laboratory testing activities.” In 2007 around 40% of the laboratories affiliated with the ENFSI were accredited and the figure was nearly 70% in 2011.Many of the above activities are integral to the Council of the European Union's attempts to standardize the practise of forensic science throughout Europe. This falls under the European Forensic Science Area program (aka, EFSA 2020).It works with the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL). It organises events and conferences, and promotes collaboration between research across Europe and internationally. The European Document Experts Working Group (EDEWG) is actively investigating the use of artificial intelligence in document examination problems.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
One of the activities that the working groups perform is to devise best practice manuals (BMPs) to carry out detailed analyses by each discipline. On 2018-01-18, the Digital Imaging Working Group published the Best Practice Manual for Facial Image Comparison which discusses Human-based 1:1, or 1:many, facial image comparisons. On 2022-12-22, the Firearms/GSR Working Group released the first version of the Best Practice Manual for the Forensic Examination of Inorganic Gunshot Residue by SEM/EDS which discusses the analysis of inorganic gunshot residue (GSR) using scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
ENFSI has published various guidelines intended for laboratories and practitioners., including the following: On 2015-03-08, ENFSI published their Guideline For Evaluative Reporting aiming to “... to standardise and improve evaluative reporting in ENFSI laboratories.” To that end, the guideline “... provides all reporting forensic practitioners with a recommended framework for formulating evaluative reports and related requirements for the case file.” On 2023-02-02, the Digital Imaging Working Group published the Guideline for Facial Recognition System End Users which discusses the examination of face images through automated facial recognition systems with the scope being "...specific to retrospective 1:N identification searches for law enforcement, investigatory and forensic applications." As such, the document does not address such things as "...live (real time) FR, border control and access to secure sites...", or "Human 1:1 facial image comparison...".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
Every three years, the European Academy of Forensic Science (EAFS) Conference is held under the patronage of ENFSI. The 2022 conference was held in Stockholm, Sweden on May 30 – June 3, 2022.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
In 2018, the Distinguished Forensic Scientist Award was given to the first female recipient, Niamh Nic Daéid.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Network_of_Forensic_Science_Institutes
|
Donald Hunter CBE FRCP (11 February 1898 – 11 December 1978) was a British physician and writer of a text on occupational medicine, The Diseases of Occupations.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
Hunter was born in the East End of London. His father was George Hunter, a deputy engineer in the General Post Office. He entered The London Hospital in 1915 but left in World War I to become a surgeon probationer RNVR in HMS Faulkner in the Dover Patrol. After the war, he returned to The London Hospital and qualified in 1920.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
Following a series of house appointments, he became first assistant to Lord Dawson of Penn (1864–1945) and then was appointed Assistant Physician to The London Hospital in 1927. He completed his MD degree in 1922 and FRCP in 1929. Hunter became curator to the Medical School Museum in 1933, and during his 30 years in office collected specimens representing all of morbid anatomy.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
He later became Director of the Medical Research Council’s Department for Research in Industrial Medicine at The London Hospital. In 1925 he married Mathilda Bugnion, a graduate from Somerville College, Oxford and daughter of a Lutheran Pastor from Lausanne, Switzerland.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
They had four children, two of whom became doctors. In 1935 he gave a series of lectures to the Derby Medical Society on occupational diseases.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
These lectures were followed by other publications, often jointly with colleagues. These all culminated in his 1955 book The Diseases of Occupations. It has been criticized as lacking in balance and being sometimes irrelevant, but being entertaining and readabile. There followed a Penguin Book Health in Industry published in 1959. Hunter was founder Editor of the British Journal of Industrial Medicine.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
Hunter's memory is preserved not only by his book but also by a Donald Hunter Room at the Royal College of Physicians. There is also a Donald Hunter House in London which provides accommodation for students.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hunter_(physician)
|
In human dentistry, the maxillary canine is the tooth located laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both maxillary lateral incisors of the mouth but mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both maxillary first premolars. Both the maxillary and mandibular canines are called the "cornerstone" of the mouth because they are all located three teeth away from the midline, and separate the premolars from the incisors. The location of the canines reflects their dual function as they complement both the premolars and incisors during mastication, commonly known as chewing. Nonetheless, the most common action of the canines is tearing of food.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_canine
|
The canines often erupt in the upper gums several millimeters above the gum line. The canine teeth are able to withstand the tremendous lateral pressure caused by chewing. There is a single cusp on canines, and they resemble the prehensile teeth found in carnivorous animals such as the extinct saber-toothed cat.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_canine
|
Though relatively the same, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) maxillary canine and that of the permanent maxillary canine. It is the longest tooth in total length (from the root to the incisal edge) in the mouth. Canines are also the only anterior teeth with a cusp.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_canine
|
Maxillary canines begin to calcify by 4 months of age. The enamel of the tooth is completely formed by around 6 to 7 years of age and the permanent maxillary canines erupt at around 11 to 12 years of age. The root is completely formed by 13 to 15 years of age. The maxillary canine teeth are slightly wider than the mandibular canine teeth. The maxillary canines have one root, usually the longest root of any tooth in the mouth.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_canine
|
In the universal system of notation, the deciduous maxillary canines are designated by a letter written in uppercase. The right deciduous maxillary canine is known as "C" and the left one "H". In international notation, the right deciduous maxillary canine is known as "53" and the left one "63". In the universal system of notation, the permanent maxillary canines are referred to by numbers.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_canine
|
The right permanent maxillary canine is known as "6" and the left "11". In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right canines would have the same number, "3", but the right is designated with the symbol "┘" under the number, and the left one likewise with "└". The international notation has a different numbering system from the other two, and the right permanent maxillary canine is known as "13" and the left "23".
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxillary_canine
|
The lowest bridging point (or lowest crossing point) is the location on a river which is crossed by a bridge at its closest point to the sea.Historically - that is, before the development of engineering technology that allowed the construction of tunnels and high-level road bridges - the lowest bridging point of a river was frequently the point at which an important town or city grew up, and particularly where trade and commerce took place. The place could be served by roads on either side of the river, allowing access from a wide hinterland; had river transport available upstream; and often was at a location that allowed seagoing traffic to approach it from a downstream direction. Examples of historic lowest bridging points in Britain include London (London Bridge), the lowest bridging point on the Thames; Lancaster, the lowest bridging point on the Lune; York, the lowest bridging point on the Ouse; Exeter (the Old Exe Bridge) on the river Exe; and Gloucester, the lowest bridging point on the Severn.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_bridging_point
|
Glasgow grew up at the lowest bridging point on the Clyde, which was about 12 miles (19 km) upstream from its lowest fording point at Dumbuck. Mathew Paris’s map of 1247 appears to show only one bridge in the whole of Britain: at Stirling, the lowest bridging point on the River Forth. == References ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest_bridging_point
|
A skill is the learned ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation and others, whereas domain-specific skills would be used only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used.A skill may be called an art when it represents a body of knowledge or branch of learning, as in the art of medicine or the art of war.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Although the arts are also skills, there are many skills that form an art but have no connection to the fine arts. People need a broad range of skills to contribute to the modern economy. A joint ASTD and U.S.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Department of Labor study showed that through technology, the workplace is changing, and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it. Three broad categories of skills are suggested and these are technical, human, and conceptual. The first two can be substituted with hard and soft skills, respectively.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Hard skills, also called technical skills, are any skills relating to a specific task or situation. It involves both understanding and proficiency in such specific activity that involves methods, processes, procedures, or techniques. These skills are easily quantifiable unlike soft skills, which are related to one's personality. These are also skills that can be or have been tested and may entail some professional, technical, or academic qualification.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Holistic competencies is an umbrella term for different types of generic skills (e.g. critical thinking, problem-solving skills, positive values, and attitudes (e.g. resilience, appreciation for others) which are essential for life-long learning and whole-person development.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Skilled workers have long had historical import (see Division of labor) as electricians, masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, bakers, brewers, coopers, printers and other occupations that are economically productive. Skilled workers were often politically active through their craft guilds.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carry out complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
According to the Portland Business Journal, people skills are described as: understanding ourselves and moderating our responses talking effectively and empathizing accurately building relationships of trust, respect and productive interactions.A British definition is "the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business." The term is already listed in major US dictionaries.The term people skills is used to include both psychological skills and social skills but is less inclusive than life skills.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Social skills are any skills facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning such skills is called socialization. : 5
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Soft skills are a combination of interpersonal people skills, social skills, communication skills, character traits, attitudes, career attributes and emotional intelligence quotient (EQ) among others.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill
|
Age of acquisition (AOA or AoA), is a psycholinguistic variable referring to the age at which a word is typically learned. For example, the word 'penguin' is typically learned at a younger age than the word 'albatross'. Studies in psycholinguistics suggest that age of acquisition has an effect on the speed of reading words.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
The findings have demonstrated that early-acquired words are processed more quickly than later-acquired words. It is a particularly strong variable in predicting the speed of picture naming. It has been generally found that words that are more frequent, shorter, more familiar and refer to concrete concepts are learned earlier than the counterparts in simple words and compound words, together with their respective lexemes. In addition, the AoA effect has been demonstrated in several languages and in bilingual speakers.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
Sets of normative values for age of acquisition for large sets of words have been developed. Kuperman, Stadthagen-Gonzalez, and Brysbaert Gilhooly and Logie. Morrison et al. Juhasz et al. Sereno et al.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
It has been disputed whether age of acquisition has an effect on word tasks on its own or by virtue of its covariance with other variables such as word frequency. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the age of acquisition is related to the fact that an earlier learned word has been encountered more often. These issues were partially resolved in an article by Ghyselinck, Lewis and Brysbaert.Alternatively there have been discussions of the effect that the age of acquisition has on memory. The influence of AoA on recognition memory is likely to be present, using a pure and mixed lists.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
However, the AoA effect is not likely to be present in free recall tasks. However, there is evidence indicating that the AoA is present in free recall in compound words. One explanation for this is that disyllabic words such as compound words have more irregular spelling-to-sound correspondence, thus semantics is more likely to take place, while monomorphemic items have a more regular spelling-to-sound correspondence, thus semantics is less likely to take place.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
The AoA effects could be attributed to incremental construction of semantic representations. Early-acquired words develop stronger connections with other words as they have richer semantic representations, and are thus more resistant to cognitive impairment.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
The AoA effects result from reduced neuroplasticity during the learning of mappings between representations over time. Early-acquired words use the rich resources available in the system, while late-acquired words need to fitted into the system already tuned to early-acquired words. Consequently, there is a processing cost for late-acquired words, especially for those having mapping structures that are different to early-acquired words. Opaque or deep languages such as English are more likely to show AoA effects, as a result of this mapping between letter and sound being irregular in opaque languages, leading to a larger AoA effects, whereas transparent or shallow languages such as Spanish are more likely to demonstrate small or no AoA effects, as the mapping between letter and sound is regular and late-acquired words can benefit from the structure created by early-acquired words.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
This theory argued that the AoA effect could be explained by both the representation theory and mapping theory such that the AoA effect is observed as a consequence of incremental learning, resulting from both the construction of representations and changing plasticity in the learning system. Early-acquired words use the rich resources available in the system to develop stronger connections with newer words, thus developing richer semantic representations, while late-acquired words have to tune to early-acquired words and thus have fewer connections to other words. In turn, the late-acquired word not only has a different mapping structure but also a processing cost. However, within opaque languages, the AoA can differ depending on the level of imageability (i.e. how imageable an item is).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
If the item has high imageability, the AoA effect is more likely to be small or non-existent, whereas if the item has low imageability, the AoA effect is more likely to be large. In transparent languages such as Spanish, if the item has low imageability, the AoA effect will not be evident, whereas if the item has high imageability, the AoA will be demonstrated. == References ==
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_acquisition
|
Skin infections and wrestling is the role of skin infections in wrestling. This is an important topic in wrestling since breaks in the skin are easily invaded by bacteria or fungi and wrestling involves constant physical contact that can cause transmission of viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. These infections can also be spread through indirect contact, for example, from the skin flora of an infected individual to a wrestling mat, to another wrestler. According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System, ten percent of all time-loss injuries in wrestling are due to skin infections.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Bacterial infections, or pathogens, make up the largest category of include Furuncles, Carbuncles, Folliculitis, Impetigo, Cellulitis or Erysipelas, and Staphylococcal disease. These range in severity, but most are quickly identified by irritated and blotchy patches of skin. Bacterial infections, of all skin infections, are typically the easiest to treat, using a prescribed anti-bacterial lotion or crème. Molluscum Contagiosum is caused a DNA pox virus called the molluscum contagiosum virus.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
For adults, molluscum infections are often sexually transmitted, but in wrestling, it is spread either through direct contact or through contact with shared items such as gear or towels. Molluscum Contagiosum can be identified by pink bulbous growths that contain the virus. These typically grow to be 1–5 millimeters in diameter, and last from 6 to 12 months without treatment and without leaving scars.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Some growths may remain for up to 4 years. Treatment for Molluscun Contagiosum must be designated by a healthcare professional because they can be dangerous.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Usually for treatment liquid nitrogen can be used to freeze the molluscum off but other methods include other creams that burn the warts off, or oral medications.The herpes simplex virus comes in two different strains, though only one is spread among wrestlers. Type 1 (HSV-1) can be transmitted through contact with an infected individual, and usually associated with sores on the lips, mouth, and face. HSV-1 can also cause infection of the eye, or even infection of the lining of the brain, known as meningoencephalitis.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
The lesions will heal on their own in 7 to 10 days, unless the infected individual has a condition that weakens the immune system. Once an infection occurs, the virus will spread to nerve cells, where it remains for the rest of the person's life. Occasionally, the virus will suddenly display recurring symptoms, or flares.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
There is no complete treatment for Herpes Simplex 1 but there is prescription medication to help ease and relieve the symptoms of the virus. Antiviral oral medication and topic medication can be prescribed to relieve the pain and soreness of the herpes virus.Verrucae are small skin lesions which can be found on the bottom surface of the foot. They vary in length, from one centimeter in diameter upwards.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Verrucae are caused by the human papilloma virus, which is common in all environments but does often attack the skin. The color of the lesion is usually paler then the normal tone of the skin, and is surrounded by a thick layer of calloused skin. Depending on the development of the Verrucae, the surface may show signs of blood vessels, which feed the infection.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Tinea infections, more commonly known as Ringworm, are the most common skin infections transmitted through wrestling. It is caused by parasitic fungi that survive on keratin, an organic material that is found in skin, hair, and nails. There are several varieties of Tinea, which are classified depending on their location.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Tinea corporis is found on the body, tinea cruris (jock itch) on the groin, tinea capitis on the scalp, and tinea pedis (athlete's foot) on the foot. Although they are not harmful, they are highly contagious and difficult to treat.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
The symptoms of ringworm include patches of skin that are red, swollen, and irritated, forming the shape of a ring. Ringworm will last between two and four weeks with treatment. Tinea infections can be combatted orally or topically with numerous different medications. Some topical treatments include Mentax 1%, Lamisil 1%, Naftin 1% and Spectazole and these creams should be applied two times a day until the infection is gone. Oral treatments for Tinea include Lamisil, Sporanox, and Diflucan.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
At the start of each wrestling meet, trained referees examine the skin of all wrestlers before any participation. During this examination, male wrestlers are to wear shorts; female wrestlers are only permitted to wear shorts and a sports bra. Open wounds and infectious skin conditions that cannot be adequately protected are considered grounds for disqualification from both practice and competition. This essentially means that the skin condition has been deemed as non-infectious and adequately medicated, covered with a tight wrapping and proper ointment.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
In addition, the wrestler must have developed no new lesions in the 72 hours before the examination. Wrestlers who are undergoing treatment for a communicable skin disease at the time of the meet or tournament shall provide written documentation to that effect from a physician. This documentation should include the wrestler's diagnosis, culture results (if possible), date and time therapy began, and the exact names of medication for treatment. These measures aren't always successful, and the infection is sometimes spread regardless.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
According to the NCAA Wrestling Rules and Interpretations and NFHS Sports Medicine Advisory Committee, used by all high schools in the United States: Infection control measures, or measures that seek to prevent the spread of disease, should be utilized to reduce the risks of disease transmission. Efforts should be made to improve wrestler hygiene practices, to utilize recommended procedures for cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, and to handle blood and other bodily fluids appropriately. Suggested measures include: promotion of hand hygiene practices; educating athletes not to pick, squeeze, or scratch skin lesions; encouraging athletes to shower after activity; educating athletes not to share protective gear, towels, razors or water bottles; ensuring recommended procedures for cleaning and disinfection of wrestling mats, all athletic equipment, locker rooms, and whirlpool tubs are closely followed; and verifying clean up of blood and other potentially infectious materials. More ways of prevention include wearing long sleeve shirts and sweatpants to limit the amount of skin to skin contact.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
A wrestler should also not share their equipment with other teammates. Body wipes are also common to see coaches must also enforce the disinfecting and sanitary cleansing of the wrestling mats and other practice areas. This can greatly limit the spread of skin infections that can infect an individual indirectly.One high school wrestling coach from Southern California described his methods of prevention using three procedures: Keep the mats ... you've got to bleach and mop them every day before practice.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Along the same lines, gear should also be washed regularly, especially headgear…Most importantly, the wrestlers need to shower immediately after practices. If one kid doesn’t, and he gets , it can spread to everyone else on the team within a week.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
I’ve had it happen before, to the point where some schools won’t allow any of our guys to wrestle in a meet. When this happens, it’s a huge blow to the school’s record and reputation. In the future, we are less likely to be invited to exclusive tournaments in the coming year.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.