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For every form of contagious infection, there is a readily available form of medication that can be purchased at any pharmacy. It is a commonly held belief among wrestlers, however, that these ointments do not treat symptoms Sometimes wrestlers who don't want to report an infection to their coach will resort to unusual and unhealthy treatments. Included among these ‘home remedies’ are nail polish remover, bleach, salt, and vinegar solutions, which are used to either suffocate or burn the infection, often leaving extensive scars. The remedies, while sometimes successful, are not guaranteed to actually kill the infection, often only eliminating visible symptoms temporarily. Even though the infection may no longer be symptomatic, it can still be easily transmitted to other individuals. Because of this, it is recommended that wrestlers attempting to treat skin infections use conventional medicine, as prescribed by a physician.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
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HSV-1 (July 1989) – An outbreak of Herpes Simplex was reported at a four-week high school wrestling camp in Minneapolis, which was attended by wrestlers from 26 states and 1 Canadian province. According to a report on the outbreak: “Wrestlers wore jerseys during practice sessions, but the use of headgear was optional. Wrestling mats were mopped twice each day with disinfectant. Epidemiologic and clinical data were collected during the final two days of the camp after officials alerted the Minnesota Department of Health, which, in turn, alerted the Centers for Disease Control. Results from 171 wrestlers (of 175 attendees) showed that 35 percent (60 boys) met the case definition for HSV-1 infection.”
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_infections_and_wrestling
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Frequency Specific Microcurrent (FSM) or frequency Specific Microcurrent Therapy (FSMT) is the practice of introducing a mild electrical current into an area of damaged soft tissue. Practitioners claim that the introduced current enhances the healing process underway in that same tissue. Critics, such as David Gorski, call proponent's claims of the technique altering body tissue's vibrational amplitude pseudoscience.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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Frequencies are simultaneously applied used on two channels so they intersect or cross in the area to be treated. Clinical experience shows that both frequencies need to accurately reflect the condition causing the problem (like inflammation or scarring) and the tissue being affected (like the nerve or spinal cord) in order for the treatment to be successful.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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All class II microcurrent devices are allowed to be marketed to physicians in the United States if they have applied for and obtained a 510(k) clearance through the FDA. The certificate means it can be used in a medical setting and is substantially equivalent to other devices. FDA has approved all microcurrent devices for sale in the category of TENS devices. 510(k) clearances for specific devices can be found on the FDA's website.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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In 1946, an osteopath named Harry Van Gelder bought a practice in Vancouver BC and found a machine in the back room that was made in 1922. Accompanying it were a list of frequencies. Van Gelder learned how to use the machine and combined it with other therapies to treat patients successfully. Dr. Carolyn McMakin discovered Van Gelder's list in 1995 and began to use a two-channel microcurrent machine to deliver the frequencies.McMakin has the earliest published papers on the topic: In 1998 "Microcurrent treatment of myofascial pain in the head neck and face".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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She claimed significant improvement for the 50 patients in the sample. In the paper McMakin notes limitations included in the study:A neither average nor random sample. No systematic control group or placebo condition.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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Patients, physicians, and third-party expected positive outcomes. FSM was not the only treatment given to the patients.In 2004 "Microcurrent therapy: a novel treatment for chronic low back myofascial pain". She claimed significant, immediate, and substantial results for the 22 patients in the sample.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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In the paper McMakin notes that the results should be analyzed with caution and that limitations are included in the study:Patients were not derived from a randomized group. The sample was refractory to other treatments and conditioned to expect positive outcomes. There was no control or placebo group. Other treatments were inconsistently used on the patients at the same time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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A 2009 narrative review of literature specific to applications for physical therapy recommends that the clinical evidence is strong enough to include the therapy in a clinician's repertoire. However, the authors advise caution due to what they call a "frustrating lack" of human trial evidence for the technique.A 2012 systematic review of physical therapies for Achilles tendinopathy found limited evidence from a single randomized clinical trial suggests FSM as an effective therapy. There is a textbook available for those who wish to learn how to use FSM to treat pain conditions. Frequency Specific Microcurrent in Pain Management is published by Elsevier Press.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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Skeptics note that FSM is another form of vibration medicine and that there is no good evidence that when a tissue is injured it takes on a “different vibrational characteristic”. In addition to the implausibility of the underlying mechanism, critics further argue that the treatment lacks a body or research neither establishing the phenomenon nor the clinical claims. A 1994 review of electronic devices as potential cancer treatments by the American Cancer Society found the methods to questionable, ineffective, and strongly advises against using them.Another criticism is that the champion of the modality is a discredited chiropractor. == References ==
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_specific_microcurrent
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The Health insurance premium index collects data on the evolution of premiums for compulsory and complementary health insurance and is the weighted average of the two sub-indices. By means of the Health insurance premium index, the effects of the evolution of premiums on the growth of households' disposable income can be calculated. In Switzerland, the Health insurance premium index is compiled by the Federal Social Insurance Office (for the basic health insurance) and by the Federal Statistical Office (for the field of supplementary insurances).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_premium_index
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The legal basis of the Health Insurance Premium Index is the Federal Statistics Act of 9 October 1992 (BStatG) and the Ordinance of 30 June 1993 on the Conduct of Statistical Surveys by the Confederation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_premium_index
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The Health insurance premium index is calculated based on an online (email) sample survey. For the basic health insurance a full survey is conducted and for the supplementary insurance the biggest providers, which account for about 70% of the total market, are surveyed. Participation in the survey is compulsory.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_premium_index
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The survey covers health insurance premiums for the basic and supplementary insurance areas. The annual premium for new basic insurance policies and the supplementary hospital insurances are covered by canton and age category.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_premium_index
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The Health insurance premium index has been compiled every year from October to November since 1999.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_premium_index
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Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Health Insurance Premium Index, Factsheet (German)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance_premium_index
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Passengers per hour per direction (p/h/d), passengers per hour in peak direction (pphpd) or corridor capacity is a measure of the route capacity of a rapid transit or public transport system.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_capacity
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The corridor capacity in the passenger transport field refers to the maximum number of people which can be safely and comfortably transported per unit of time over a certain way with a defined width. The corridor capacity does not measure the number of vehicles which can be transported over such way, since the nuclear objective of passenger mobility is to transport passengers, not vehicles. In terms of quantities defined within the International System of Units, the corridor capacity may be measured in units of s − 1 ⋅ m − 1 {\displaystyle \mathrm {s} ^{-1}\cdot \mathrm {m} ^{-1}} , i.e., the maximum number of passengers per second per meter of the corridor's width. An approximately equivalent concept in physics is volumetric flux.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_capacity
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Many public transport systems handle a high directional flow of passengers— often traveling to work in a city in the morning rush hour and away from the said city in the late afternoon. To increase the passenger throughput, many systems can be reconfigured to change the direction of the optimized flow. A common example is a railway or metro station with more than two parallel escalators, where the majority of the escalators can be set to move in one direction. This gives rise to the measure of the peak-flow rather than a simple average of half of the total capacity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridor_capacity
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The meridian 143° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 143rd meridian west line forms a great circle with the 37th meridian east.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_meridian_west
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Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 143rd meridian west passes through:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_meridian_west
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Tail vibration is a common behavior in some snakes where the tail is vibrated rapidly as a defensive response to a potential predator. Tail vibration should not be confused with where the tail is twitched in order to attract prey. While rattlesnakes are perhaps the most famous group of snakes to exhibit tail vibration behavior, many other snake groups—particularly those in the Colubridae and Viperidae families—are known to vibrate tails when feeling threatened.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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Tail vibration involves the rapid shaking of the tail in response to a predatory threat. The behavior is particularly widespread among New World species of Viperidae and Colubridae. However, some Typhlopidae and Boidae species may also tail vibrate. At least one species of lizard—Takydromus tachydromoides—has been shown to tail vibrate in response to a potential predator.Tail vibration behavior in rattlesnakes is somewhat different from tail vibration in other snakes because rattlesnakes hold their tails vertically when tail vibrating, whereas other snakes hold the tail horizontally. Presumably, this is because the rattlesnake rattle produces its own noise, which would be diminished by the exterior of the rattle contacting the ground, and, conversely, snakes without rattles must vibrate the tail against the ground or some other object in order to make noise.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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The speed of tail vibration is directly correlated with temperature, at least for rattlesnakes. The warmer a rattlesnake, the faster it vibrates its tail. Rattlesnakes tail-vibrate faster than other snakes, with some individuals nearing or exceeding 90 rattles per second. This makes rattlesnake tail vibration one of the fastest sustained vertebrate movements—faster than the wingbeat of a hummingbird.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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The movement is possible thanks to specialized “shaker” muscles in the rattlesnake tail. Snakes more closely related to rattlesnakes vibrate more quickly than do more distant rattlesnake relatives. In one study that measured tail vibration in 155 snakes representing 56 species, vibratory speed ranged from 9 vibrations per second (Bothriopsis taeniata) to 91 rattles per second (Crotalus polystictus).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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In the study, only two rattlesnakes (of 33 individuals filmed) had a maximum vibratory rate slower than the fastest non-rattlesnakes. The fastest non-rattlesnakes examined were species of Agkistrodon and New World Colubrids, both of which could sustain vibratory speeds up to about 50 rattles per second.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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It is unknown what benefit a snake derives from such fast speeds of tail vibration. One study did find that ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi, are able to ascertain the threat level posed by a rattlesnake based on its rattling speed. Thus, it is possible that fast rattling speeds could be driven by predator-mediated selection, whereby snake predators avoid faster-vibrating individuals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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It is also unknown what the specific function of tail vibration is. Many researchers have posited that it is primarily an auditory aposematic warning signal— like the growling of a wolf or the sound associated with African whistling thorn acacia (Acacia drepanolobium). Others have suggested it could serve as a distraction—particularly for nonvenomous species— meant to draw attention away from a snake’s head and towards its less vulnerable tail.It has also been suggested that tail-vibrating nonvenomous snakes sympatric with rattlesnakes may be Batesian mimics of rattlesnakes that gain protection from predators by mimicking the rattling sound produced by rattlesnakes (all of which are venomous). In support of this hypothesis, one study found that gophersnake (Pituophis catenifer) populations sympatric with rattlesnakes tail-vibrate for longer durations than island populations allopatric with rattlesnakes. The authors suggest this finding is consistent with the mimicry hypothesis because the behavior appears to be degrading in allopatry, where predators are not under selection to avoid rattlesnake-like behavior. The mimicry hypothesis does not explain why Old World nonvenomous snakes also tail-vibrate, since rattlesnakes are solely a New World taxa, though there are also Old World venomous snakes that tail-vibrate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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Tail vibration is widespread among Vipers and Colubrids, and the behavior may be deeply ancestral in both groups. Tail vibration behavior in rattlesnakes may have evolved from tail vibration in rattle-less ancestors. In support of this hypothesis are studies that show the similarity in specialized tail morphology and rate and duration of tail vibration between rattlesnakes are their closest relatives. The evolution of rattlesnake rattling from simple tail vibration behavior may, in fact, be an example of behavioral plasticity leading to the evolution of a novel phenotype.Other researchers have suggested that the rattle may have evolved originally to enhance caudal luring, and that caudal luring behavior therefore preceded defensive tail vibration in rattlesnakes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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In support of this hypothesis, researchers suggest that a “proto-rattle” would not have increased sound production since rattles require a certain threshold of complexity (at least two overlapping rings of keratin) in order to produce sound. Proponents of this hypothesis suggest that a proto-rattle may have enhanced caudal luring, a behavior common to rattlesnakes and their closest relatives, because such a structure might have looked similar to an arthropod head. Those in support of this hypothesis also point out that specialized keratinized structures have evolved in caudal luring species before, such as in the spider-tailed horned viper, Pseudocerastes urarachnoides.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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Opponents of the "caudal luring hypothesis" point out the lack of parsimony in such a process, since it would require the behavior to evolve from an offensive to a defensive context (extant rattlesnakes only use the rattle in defensive contexts). If rattlesnake rattling behavior evolved from tail vibration, it would require no such change in behavioral context. Additionally, some have suggested that a proto-rattle could have increased sound production if the modified tail tip increased noise production when vibrated against the substratum.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_vibration
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The Age of Sail is a period that lasted at the latest from the mid-16th (or mid-15th) to the mid-19th centuries, in which the dominance of sailing ships in global trade and warfare culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of naval artillery, and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of the analogue Age of Steam. Enabled by the advances of the related Age of Navigation, it is identified as a distinctive element of the early modern period and the Age of Discovery. Especially in context of the latter, it refers to a more particular Eurocentric Age of Sail, while generally the Age of Sail is the culminating period of a long intercontinental history of sailing.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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Like most periodic eras, defining the age is inexact and serves only as a general description. The term is used differently for warships and merchant vessels. Sailing ships are an ancient technology, making far-reaching trade like the ancient spice trade possible. With the Mongol invasion of Java, cannons started to be used in naval warfare (e.g. Cetbang by the Majapahit), and by the 14th century naval artillery was employed in Europe, documented at the Battle of Arnemuiden (1338). The 15th century, besides the established sea powers of the central Indian Ocean trade, such as the maritime kingdoms of Austronesia, saw a rise in the deployment of oceans voyaging fleets (including carrying naval artillery) from the extreme points of the trade, such as the Ming treasure voyages or the Iberian naval ventures all the way along the African Atlantic coast and across the Atlantic Ocean, starting the Age of Discovery. For warships, the age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the last significant engagement in which oar-propelled galleys played a major role, to the development of steam-powered warships.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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The period between the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, when sailing vessels reached their peak of size and complexity (e.g. clippers and windjammers), is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age of Sail".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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The second sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat Experiment, an ex-French lugger; she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth in July 1813. The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton Aaron Manby, built in 1821 by Aaron Manby at the Horseley Ironworks, and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the English Channel in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June. She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h). The first purpose-built steam battleship was the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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Multiple steam battleships saw action during the Crimean war, especially the Allied (British, French and Ottoman) fleet Bombardment of Sevastopol as part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). The first ironclad battleship, Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in November 1859. In the March 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads, the ironclad CSS Virginia fought USS Monitor, making this the first fight between ironclads.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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The Suez Canal in the Middle East, which opened in 1869, was more practical for steamships than for sailing ships, achieving a much shorter European-Asian sea route, which coincided with more fuel-efficient steamships, starting with Agamemnon in 1865.By 1873, the Age of Sail for warships had ended, with HMS Devastation commissioned in 1871. Devastation was the first class of ocean-going battleships that did not carry sails. Sailing ships continued to be an economical way to transport bulk cargo on long voyages into the 1920s and 1930s, though steamships soon pushed them out of those trades as well.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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Sailing ships do not require fuel or complex engines to be powered; thus they tended to be more independent from sophisticated dedicated support bases on land. Crucially though, steam-powered ships held a speed advantage and were rarely hindered by adverse winds, freeing steam-powered vessels from the necessity of following trade winds. As a result, cargo and supplies could reach a foreign port in a fraction of the time it took a sailing ship.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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Sailing vessels were pushed into narrower and narrower economic niches and gradually disappeared from commercial trade. Today, sailing vessels are only economically viable for small-scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as yachting and passenger sail excursion ships. In recent decades, the commercial shipping industry has been reviving interest in wind assisted ships as a way to conserve fuel in the interest of sustainability.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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A New Age of Sail has been predicted by some experts to occur by 2030, driven by a revolution in energy technology and a desire to reduce carbon emissions from maritime shipping through wind-assisted propulsion. The book Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping discusses the potential of a return to wind propulsion through the firsthand experiences of Christiaan De Beukelaer, who spent five months aboard a sailing cargo ship in 2020.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail
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Mirfatyh Zakievich Zakiev (Russian: Мирфатых Закиевич Закиев; Tatar: Мирфатыйх Зәки улы Зәкиев, Mirfatıyx Zäki ulı Zäkiyev; 14 August 1928 – 18 August 2023) was a Soviet and Russian controversial academic in the domain of Turkology scholar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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Mirfatyh held a doctorate, and served in a number of higher schools and institutes as a rector, director and department head (KGPI 1967–1986, IJALI 1986–1997). A full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Tatarstan Republic, he was an ex-chairman of the Republican Parliament in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and had also headed the Scientific Commission of the Education Ministry of the Russian Federation for the philological sciences.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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For Zakiev's fundamental research in syntactic architecture of the Tatar language, academician B.A. Serebrennikov had commented: "This is the first most full and logically faultless monograph about the syntax of the Türkic languages". Zakiev claimed that "proto-Turkish is the starting point of the Indo-European languages", that Sumerian, Ancient Greek, Icelandic, Etruscan and Minoan are languages of Turkic origin, and that the Sumerians, Scythians and Sarmatians were of Turkic origin. These views are generally rejected by the vast majority of scholars (see Pseudo-Turkology) and he had been frequently described as an "alternative historian" and a "militant amateur".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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Mirfatyh Zakiev died on 18 August 2023, at the age of 95.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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"Hezerge Tatar edebi tele, Syntax", Kazan, 1958, in Tatar ("Хәзерге татар әдәби теле. Синтаксис", Казан, 1958) "Syntactic structure of the Tatar language", Kazan, 1963, in Russian ("Синтаксический строй татарского языка", Казань, 1963) School textbooks on Tatar language for upper grades of Tatar schools, republished from 1964 on. (Школьные учебники по татарскому языку для 8,9,10,11 классов татарских школ, начиная с 1964 года по наст. время выдержали по нескольку изданий) "Tatar halky telenen barlykka kilüe", Kazan, 1977 ("Татар халкы теленең барлыкка килүе", Казан, 1977, in Tatar).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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Examination of the Bulgarian Middle Age epitaphs found that contrary to the sanctioned doctrine, the first epitaph style belonged to the Bulgars of various local Turkic-speaking tribes which later developed into Tatar people, and the second epitaph style belonged to the Moslem Chuvashes who were assimilating Bulgarian language (Изучение булгарских сердневековых эпитафий показало что вопреки санкционированной доктрине, первый стиль эпитафий принадлежал булгарам различных местных тюрко-говорящих племен, которые позже развились в татарский народ, а второй стиль эпитафий принадлежал чувашам-мусульманам ассимилировавшим булгарский язык) "Volga Bulgars and their descendants", co-author Ya.F.Kuzmin-Yumanadi, Kazan, 1993, in Russian ("Волжские булгары и их потомки", соавт. Я.Ф.Кузьмин-Юманади, Казань, 1993, in Russian). Study established that Tatars are descendants of Bulgars, instead of Chuvashes, postulated by the sanctioned doctrine (Изучение доказывает что потомками булгар являются татары, а не чуваши, как это ошибочно утверждается в санкционированной доктрине).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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"Problems of language and origin of Volga Tatars", Kazan, 1986, in Russian ("Проблемы языка и происхождения волжских татар", Казань, 1986) "Tatars: Problems of a history and language", Kazan, 1995, in Russian ("Татары: Проблемы истории и языка", Казань, 1995) "Tatar grammar, Vol 3, Syntax", Kazan, 1992 and 1995 in Russian, Moscow – Kazan, 1999 in Tatar ("Татарская грамматика, Том 3, Синтаксис". Издания на русском: Казань, 1992 и 1995. Издание на татарском: – Москва-Казань, 1999) "Törki-Tatar ethnogenesis", Moscow-Kazan, 1998, in Tatar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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("Төрки-татар этногенезы", Мәскәü-Казан, 1998) Study discredits the sanctioned doctrine of Mongolo-Tatar origin of the modern Tatars. (В книге раскрыты древние местные этнические корни татар. На основе изучения имеющихся всевозможных источников доказывается несостоятельность мнения о монголо-татарском происхождении современных татар.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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"Origin of Türks and Tatars", Moscow, 2003, in Russian ("Происхождение тюрков и татар, Москва, 2003). Study of local ethnic roots of Türks and Tatars discredits the sanctioned doctrine of Türkic late migration in 4th-6th centuries AD from Altai to Central and Middle Asia, Near East, Asia Minor, Western Siberia, Ural-Itil region, Caucasus and Balkans; and migration of Tatar-Bulgar ancestors to Ural-Itil region in 7th century AD from N.Pontic.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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(Впервые излагается научная точка зрения о местных этнических корнях тюрков и татар, доказывается несостоятельность мнения о приходе тюрков лишь в 4-6 вв. н.э. из Алтая в Центральную, Среднюю, Переднюю, Малую Азию, Западную Сибирь, Урало-Поволжье, на Кавказ и Балканы; о приходе предковтатар-булгар в Урало-Поволжье лишь в 7 в. н.э. якобы из Северного Причерноморья)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirfatyh_Zakiev
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The International Council for Children's Play (ICCP) is an international, non-governmental organization founded in Ulm, Germany in 1959, with a focus on the promotion of research, practice and policies focused in and around the area of play.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Children's_Play
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ICCP was founded by a number of professors, early childhood educators and child development professionals from France, Germany and Switzerland. The organization now has members in 30 countries and is governed by a nine-member Board.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Children's_Play
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ICCP is affiliated with The Association for the Study of Play, Alliance for Childhood, and the International Play Association.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_for_Children's_Play
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Slieve Gullion (from Irish: Sliabh gCuillinn, meaning 'hill of the steep slope' or Sliabh Cuilinn, "Culann's mountain") is a mountain in the south of County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The mountain is the heart of the Ring of Gullion and is the highest point in the county, with an elevation of 573 metres (1,880 ft). At the summit is a small lake and two ancient burial cairns, one of which is the highest surviving passage grave in Ireland. Slieve Gullion appears in Irish mythology, where it is associated with the Cailleach and the heroes Fionn mac Cumhaill and Cú Chulainn.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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It dominates the countryside around it, offering views as far away as Antrim, Dublin Bay and Wicklow on a clear day. Slieve Gullion Forest Park is on its eastern slope. Villages around Slieve Gullion include Meigh, Drumintee, Forkhill, Mullaghbawn and Lislea. The mountain gives its name to the surrounding countryside, and is the name of an electoral area within Newry, Mourne and Down District Council.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Slieve Gullion is a steep-sided mountain with a flat top and a height of 573 metres (1,880 ft). It is the eroded remains of a Paleocene volcanic complex. It is surrounded by a ring dike known as the Ring of Gullion, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Slieve Gullion has been shaped by glaciation and exhibits a classic 'crag and tail' glacial feature. The 'tail', made up of glacial deposits, points south, ending at Drumintee. The geological formation was the first ring dike to be mapped, although its significance was not understood until similar structures had been described from Scotland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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The rocks of the area are complex and have featured in international geological debate since the 1950s. The site has attracted geologists from all over the world and featured in theories to explain the unusual rock relationships. Some of these theories have now become an accepted part of geological science.Much of Slieve Gullion is covered with forest, heather, or raw stone, while 612 hectares of dry heath on the mountain has been designated a Special Area of Conservation, an Environmentally Sensitive Area, and an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In July 2006, some areas of gorse were destroyed by a wildfire which may have been started deliberately.Traces of fields on the mountain's poor soil from farming in earlier times can still be seen. There is also evidence of past quarrying.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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There are two burial cairns on top of the hill, on either side of a small lake. The southern one is a large passage tomb, the highest surviving passage tomb in Ireland. In 1961, a team of archaeologists explored the site and set up a 30-person camp near the summit. The tomb's cairn is 30 m (98 ft) wide and 5 m (16 ft) high.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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The chamber inside is 3.6 m (12 ft) wide, with a corbelled roof up to 4.3 m (14 ft) high. It contained three large blocks of stone seemingly used as basins, and fragments of human bone.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Some bits of worked flint and a barbed-end arrowhead were also found, "the meager remnants that survived the centuries of tomb raiding". The entrance is aligned with the setting sun on the winter solstice. Radiocarbon dating suggests it was built c.3500–2900 BCE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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The smaller cairn to the north of the lake was built later, perhaps during the Bronze Age. It contains two cist burials, with one containing bits of burnt bone; likely the remains of a single adult.The two cairns were disturbed by American soldiers training there during World War II. Irish folklore holds that it is bad luck to damage or disrespect such tombs and that doing so could bring a curse. Today they are historic monuments protected by law. In recent years, volunteers have helped to repair the burial cairns under the supervision of an archaeologist.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Around 1680, religious persecution of local Irish Catholics heated up in reaction to Titus Oates' claims of a non-existent Catholic conspiracy aimed at assassinating King Charles II of England and massacring the Protestants of the British Isles. As a result, a Catholic priest named Fr. Mac Aidghalle was murdered while saying mass at a mass rock that still stands atop Slieve Gullion. The perpetrators were a company of redcoats under the command of a priest hunter named Turner. Redmond O'Hanlon, the outlawed but de facto Chief of the Name of Clan O'Hanlon and leading local rapparee, is said in local oral tradition to have avenged the murdered priest and in so doing to have sealed his own fate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Slieve Gullion is popular with hillwalkers, with about 20,000 people climbing the hill every year. A road leads to a small car park about halfway up the western side of the mountain. From there a trail leads to the summit. There is also a waymarked trail from the northern side of the mountain. As there is no security on the mountainside, cars parked there are often broken into by thieves, and police have asked visitors not to leave valuables in cars.On the eastern side of the mountain is Slieve Gullion Forest Park, which includes a visitors' centre, café, playground, and the Giant's Lair Story Trail.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Slieve Gullion appears in Irish mythology.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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In the tale known as The Hunt of Slieve Gullion, Áine and her sister Milucra both seek after the legendary hero Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool). Knowing that Áine vowed never to marry a man with grey hair, Milucra secretly puts a spell on the lake atop Slieve Gullion, so that anyone who swam in it would become elderly. She tricks Fionn by asking him to fetch her golden ring from the lake, and he emerges as an old man with grey-white hair. His men, the Fianna, force her to give him a restorative potion from her cornucopia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Fionn's youth returns, but his hair does not return to its true colour. This is said to be the origin of his name, Fionn, meaning 'white'. In some versions of the tale, Milucra is revealed to be the Cailleach Bhéara (Calliagh Birra), an ancient goddess.The names of several features on the mountain refer to the Cailleach Bhéara.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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The passage grave is known as Calliagh Birra's House and the small lake is called Calliagh Birra's Lough. Lower down, on a hillock called Spellick, is a rock feature called the Calliagh Birra's Chair. Locals would visit it at Lughnasadh and take turns sitting on the chair.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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Slieve Gullion is said to be where the legendary hero Cú Chulainn (Cuhullin) received his name and where he spent his childhood as Sétanta. According to myth, the mountain is named after Culann the metalsmith. Culann invites Conchobhar mac Neasa, king of Ulster, to a feast at his house on the slopes of Slieve Gullion. On his way, Conchobhar stops at the playing field to watch the boys play hurling.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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He is so impressed by Sétanta's performance that he asks him to join him at the feast. Sétanta promises to join him after he finishes his game. Conchobhar goes ahead, but he forgets about Sétanta, and Culann lets loose his ferocious hound to guard his house.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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When Sétanta arrives, the hound attacks him, but he kills it; in one version by smashing it against a standing stone, in another by driving a sliotar (hurling ball) down its throat with his hurley. Culann is devastated by the loss of his hound, so Sétanta promises to rear him a replacement, and until it was old enough to do the job, he himself would guard Culann's house. The druid Cathbhadh announces that his name henceforth would be Cú Chulainn, "Culann's Hound". In the Táin Bó Cuailnge, the nearby Gap of the North is where Cú Chulainn single-handedly fends-off the army of queen Méabh.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slieve_Gullion
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The first version of the Enterprise Collaboration Architecture (ECA) has been published by the Object Management Group (OMG) in 2001. The vision of the (ECA) is to simplify the development of component based and services oriented systems by providing a modeling framework aligned with the model-driven architecture (MDA) of the Object Management Group (OMG). The ECA thus provides a modeling framework for technology neutral business process design followed by implementation mappings onto the chosen architecture and technologies. It requires bi-directional traceability across the specification, implementation and operation. The ECA specifies a set of UML models used to model different aspects (e.g. static and dynamic aspects) of the system and a set of viewpoints addressing different concerns (e.g. business, engineering, technology, ...).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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The ECA comprises four UML models: the Component Collaboration Architecture, the Business Process Model, the Events Model, and the Entities Model.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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The Component Collaboration Architecture (CCA) provides a recursive decomposition and assembly of logical parts or process roles. These represent abstract role players which are ultimately mapped onto physical system components. ECA thus separates process roles from the physical process components realizing these roles.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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The business process model defines the business processes across levels of granularity using compound task diagrams. A compound task coordinates lower level activities to perform a higher level activity. Process roles can be defined for activities. ECA defines the following three process roles Responsible party Performer ArtifactThe ECA does not require the formal specification of services contracts for performers, but in most cases this would be encouraged.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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The events model aims to support the specification of loosely coupled, event-driven applications. It defines processes with events in-flow and action out-flow, as well as entities with action in-flow and events out-flow.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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The entities model defines the structure of and relationships between business entities.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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The ECA views are directly taken from the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing RM-ODP: the Enterprise view: The enterprise view specifies the CCA, the processes, business entities and their relationships, the events leading to actions in a technology neutral way. the Computational view: The computations specification gets as inputs the enterprise specification and a set of mapping patterns and produces the computational specification. the Information view: The information view gets as inputs the entity specifications, relationships and a set of mapping patterns and generates the information specification. the Engineering view: The engineering view specifies abstract technology decisions like which components are to be network accessible, where messaging is to be used as integration channel and how entities are to be mapped onto persistent storage without specifying the concrete technologies to be used. the Technology view: The technology view specifies the mapping onto technologies like the component hosts (e.g. JavaEE, SOA/JBI, CORBA-CCM, Microsoft.Net, ...), concrete middleware providers, concrete persistence providers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Collaboration_Architecture
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Curriculum theory (CT) is an academic discipline devoted to examining and shaping educational curricula. There are many interpretations of CT, being as narrow as the dynamics of the learning process of one child in a classroom to the lifelong learning path an individual takes. CT can be approached from the educational, philosophical, psychological and sociological perspectives. James MacDonald states "one central concern of theorists is identifying the fundamental unit of curriculum with which to build conceptual systems.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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Whether this be rational decisions, action processes, language patterns, or any other potential unit has not been agreed upon by the theorists." Curriculum theory is fundamentally concerned with values, the historical analysis of curriculum, ways of viewing current educational curriculum and policy decisions, and theorizing about the curricula of the future.Pinar defines the contemporary field of curriculum theory as "the effort to understand curriculum as a symbolic representation".The first mention of the word "curriculum" in university records was in 1582, at the University of Leiden, Holland: "having completed the curriculum of his studies". However, curriculum theory as a field of study is thought to have been initiated with the publication of The Yale Report on the Defense of the Classics in 1828, which promoted the study of a classical curriculum, including Latin and Greek, by rote memorization.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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The school of faculty psychology, dominating the field from 1860-1890 in the United States, believed that the brain was a muscle that could be improved by the exercise of memorization (with comprehension a secondary consideration). This supports the classical theory, which previously emphasized a method of teaching school subjects using memorization and recitation as primary instructional tools. The theory itself claims three constituent faculties or power: the presence of will or volition, which enables human beings to act; the emotions, which pertains to the affections and passions that enable human beings to experience pleasure, pain, love, and hate; and, the intellect or understanding, which is the foundation of human rationality that enables him to make judgments and comprehend meanings.The idea is that education should expand the faculty of the mind and this is achieved through the key concepts of discipline and furniture. The faculty theory, which steered curriculum policy for elementary, secondary, and high schools, was institutionalized by three committees appointed by the National Education Association (NEA) in the 1890s to follow faculty psychology principles: the Committee of Ten on Secondary School Studies (1893), the Committee of Fifteen on Elementary Education (1895) and the Committee on College Entrance Requirements.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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Different schools of Curriculum Theory developed as a reaction to the classicism of faculty psychology, including the Herbartians, who organized the Herbart Club in 1892, and later the National Herbart Society (1895-1899). Their philosophy was based on the thoughts of Johann Frederich Herbart, a German philosopher, psychologist and educator, who believed that "the mere memorizing of isolated facts, which had characterized school instruction for ages, had little value of either educational or moral ends".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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The publication of John Bobbitt's The Curricula in 1918 took the prevalent industrial revolutionary concepts of experimental science and social efficiency and applied them to the classroom. He believed that "curriculum must directly and specifically prepare students for tasks in the adult world". He also believed that "human life...consists in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares definitely and adequately for these specific activities."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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From this idea, he suggested that curriculum was a series of experiences that children have in order to meet "objectives," or abilities and habits that people need for particular activities. Other famous theorists of this movement included Edward L. Thorndyke (1874-1949), the father of experimental psychology in education, Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), with his theory of scientific management, David Snedden, an educational sociologist who promoted social efficiency and vocational education, and W.W. Charters (1875-1952), a teacher educator who felt that "curriculum was comprised of those methods by which objectives are determined".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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By using education as an efficiency tool, these theorists believed that society could be controlled. Students were scientifically evaluated by testing (such as IQ tests), and educated towards their predicted role in society. This involved the introduction of vocational and junior high schools to address the curriculum designed around specific life activities that correlated with each student's determined societal future. The socially efficient curriculum consisted of minute parts or tasks that together formed a bigger concept.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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The progressive reform movement began in the late 1870s with the work of Colonel Francis Parker, but is most identified with John Dewey, and also John Mayer Rice and Lester Frank Ward. Dewey's 1899 book The School and Society is often credited with starting the movement. These reformers felt that curriculum should be child driven and at the child's present capacity level. To aid in understanding the relationship of curriculum and child, Dewey described curriculum as, "a map, a summary, an arranged and orderly view of previous experiences, serves as a guide to future experience; it gives direction; it facilitates control; it economizes effort, preventing useless wandering, and pointing out the paths which lead most quickly and most certainly to a desired result".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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He envisioned "the child and the curriculum are simply two limits which define a single process".The Social Efficiency and Progressive Reform movements were rivals throughout the 1920s in the United States, with the 1930s belonging to the Progressives, or a curriculum combining aspects of both. Ralph W. Tyler's Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction (1949) swung the pendulum of curriculum theory away from child centeredness toward more generalized behaviors.Tyler's theory was based on four fundamental questions which became known as the Tyler Rationale: What educational purposes should the school seek to attain? What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purposes? How can these educational experiences be effectively organized? How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained?
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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There is a racial crisis in America, which is exacerbated by the widening gap between the rich and the poor. In order to address this gap within the multicultural education movement there is a body of knowledge which argues for the need to reconceptualise, re-envision, and rethink American schooling. Numerous authors advocate the need for fundamental changes in the educational system which acknowledges that there is a plurality within teaching and learning for students of diversity. Current research suggests that educational structure is oppressive to students of diversity and is an obstacle to integration into society and student achievement.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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Current multicultural education theory suggests that curriculum and institutional change is required to support the development of students from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. This is a controversial view but multicultural education argues that traditional curriculum does not adequately represent the history of the non dominant group. Nieto (1999) supports this concern for students who do not belong to the dominant group and seem to have challenging curriculum experiences that conflict with their personal cultural identity and their wider community reference groups.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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The launch of Sputnik in 1957 created a focus on science and math in the United States curriculum. Admiral Hyman Rickover accused the American public of indifference to intellectual achievement. "Our schools must return to the tradition of formal education in Western civilization-transmission of cultural heritage, and preparation for life through rigorous intellectual training of young minds to think clearly, logically, and independently". The result was a return to curricula similar to the classicists of the 1890s and the modern birth of the traditionalists, with massive federal funding for curriculum development provided by the National Defense Act of 1958.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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Joseph J. Schwab was instrumental in provoking curriculum developers to think beyond the traditionalist approach. In his 1969 paper "The Practical: A Language for Curriculum" he declared the curriculum field "moribund". This, plus the social unrest of the 1960s and '70s stirred a new movement of "reconceptualization" of curricula. A group of theorists, including James Macdonald, Dwayne Huebner, Ross Mooney, Herbert M. Kliebard, Paul Klohr, Michael Apple, W.F. Pinar, and others, created ways of thinking about curriculum and its role in the academy, in schools, and in society in general. Their approach included perspectives from the social, racial, gender, phenomenological, political, autobiographical and theological points of view.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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W.F. Pinar describes the present field "balkanized...divided into relatively separate fiefdoms or sectors of scholarship, each usually ignoring the other except for occasional criticism." The top-down governmental control of educational curriculum in the Anglophone world, including the United States, has been criticized as being "ahistorical and atheoretical, and as a result prone to difficult problems in its implementation". But there are theorists who are looking beyond curriculum as "simply as a collection of study plans, syllabi, and teaching subjects. Instead, the curriculum becomes the outcome of a process reflecting a political and societal agreement about the what, why, and how of education for the desired society of the future."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_theory
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A service flag or service banner is a banner that family members of those serving in the United States Armed Forces can display. The flag or banner is officially defined as a white field with a red border, with a blue star for each family member serving in the Armed Forces of the United States during any period of war or hostilities. A gold star (with a blue edge) represents a family member who died during military operations, including those who died during World War I, World War II, or any subsequent period of armed hostilities in which the United States was engaged before July 1, 1958, and those who lost or lose their lives after June 30, 1958: while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States; while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict in which the United States is not a belligerent party against an opposing armed force;or those who lost or lose their lives after March 28, 1973, as a result of: an international terrorist attack against the United States or a foreign nation friendly to the United States, recognized as such an attack by the Secretary of Defense; or military operations while serving outside the United States (including the commonwealths, territories, and possessions of the United States) as part of a peacekeeping force.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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Based on the star symbols used on the service flag, the term "Blue Star" has come into use in the United States as a reference to having a family member in active military service, while the term "Gold Star" has come to refer to the loss of a family member in military service. For example, the mother of a person who died in service is referred to as a "Gold Star mother", and the wife of an active service member is referred to as a "Blue Star wife". Charitable support organizations have been established for Gold Star mothers, Gold Star wives, Blue Star mothers, and Blue Star wives. The last Sunday in September is observed as Gold Star Mother's Day, Gold Star family members are entitled to wear a Gold Star Lapel Button, and all 50 U.S.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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states and Guam offer some form of a specialty license plate for motor vehicles owned by Gold Star family members. The use of the terms has sometimes been restricted to refer to service during specific armed conflicts. For example, the service banner originally applied only to World War I, and it was later expanded to include service in World War II, then the Korean War, then other specific conflicts, and then "any period of war or hostilities".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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In some current uses of the "star" terminology, there is no longer any distinction made about the place or time or degree of hostility involved in the military service. For Gold Stars, the Department of Defense also makes a distinction about the manner and place of death, but some other organizations do not. The Gold Star term is also sometimes interpreted to apply to those missing in action and those who did not die during active service but died later as a result of an in-service injury.A lesser-known practice of using a silver star to indicate a service member that has been disabled is sometimes also followed, although this practice is not recognized in federal law.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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The banner was designed in 1917 by U.S. Army Captain Robert L. Queisser of the Fifth Ohio Infantry, in honor of his two sons who were serving in World War I. It was quickly adopted by the public and by government officials. On September 24, 1917, an Ohio congressman read into the Congressional Record: The mayor of Cleveland, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Governor of Ohio have adopted this service flag. The world should know of those who give so much for liberty.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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The dearest thing in all the world to a father and mother—their children. The United Service Flag Company in Cleveland, Ohio ran an advertisement in the October 1917 issue of National Geographic Magazine for service flags and pins, reading: THE AUTHORIZED SERVICE FLAG SHOULD BE FLOWN FROM EVERY HOME Do as Col. Roosevelt does at Oyster Bay - fly the "Badge of Honor" from your home, telling all the world that some one from your family is serving the country in army, navy, marines, or other service.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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This is the original flag so crudely imitated. Approved by War Secretary Baker.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_flag
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