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Nikolai, Boldixum)), which is now a district of Wyk auf Föhr. Similar objects are known from the neighbour island of Amrum. All such headstones made until 1870 are designated cultural heritage monuments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
Their inscriptions tell the biographies of the deceased including their private and professional lives, extraordinary events, and honorary appointments. With 265 monuments, the St. Johannis cemetery has the largest inventory of historical gravestones in Nordfriesland district. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
The best-known tombstone is the one of Matthias Petersen who was a very successful whaling captain and was therefore dubbed "Lucky Matthew" (der glückliche Matthias). The only ornamental decoration on this stone is a circular relief depicting the goddess of fortune upon a swimming whale in the style of a coat of arms. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
The oldest Talking Gravestones were made from slabs of red sandstone that originates from the Solling hills in northern Westphalia. Later tombstones measure roughly 160 by 70 centimetres (63 by 28 in). Most gravestones were made from sandstone quarried in Obernkirchen, Lower Saxony. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
Shipmasters used to take the stones on board as ballast. Only wealthy people from Föhr could afford totally new monuments while poor persons would have to grind off old slabs to add a new design. Sometimes also test objects from a stonemason's workshop may have been erected in the cemetery. This theory is supported by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
Apart from a few great tomb plates that were likely created by foreign, professional stonemasons, all Talking Gravestones were made locally by the island population. At first it may have been Dutch wood carvers from the mainland that were hired to decorate the gravestones, until ship carpenters had obtained the skills ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
The texts on most gravestones are exclusively written in the "noble" church language of Standard German (Hochdeutsch) although the island then used to belong to Denmark and the everyday-language was Fering, a local dialect of the North Frisian language which is still spoken today. A few stones exhibit texts in Low Germ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
= Ihren Seelen Gott gnädig sei D.S.G.G.S. = Deren Seelen Gott gnädig sei I.S.S.G.G. = Ihrer Seele sei Gott gnädig D.S.G.G.I. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
= Deren Seelen Gott gnädig ist G.S.S.S.G. = Gott sei seiner Seele gnädig .The relief decorations are kept in baroque and rococo style. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
They are often detailed and fantastic with unique forms that are not repeated. The images may show "angels as symbols of justice, happiness, and a sign of faith, love and hope, but also ships, windmills and the family tree are shown". Scenes from the Bible are often the main motive of the ornaments on a stone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
When a seafarer died on his ship, the ship is depicted with full sails while unrigged ships mean that the sailor died on land. Other popular motives are items from the deceased person's daily trade but also Lady Justice.A special iconographic tradition can be found in the floral motives: the husband and the sons of a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
The oldest gravestones were made of sandstone slabs. To put them up in a slanted position, a hole was drilled through the stone so a wooden staff or a whale bone could support the stone. In later times, largers stones became popular that were called 'Bremen stones' according to their origin. The oldest Talking Gravesto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
After 1700, the income of the population increased rapidly. because from the 17th to the 19th century, seafarers from Föhr including a number of captains pursued whaling and merchant shipping. In these times, upright tombstones were used more often. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
Steles were introduced in the 18th century. When they were erected, they were mostly decorated with a coloured ornament on top, the section below would relate the biography of the deceased, and at the bottom would often be a Biblical verse or another image. When old stones were grinded off, the original top decoration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
Classicist monuments became increasingly popular which refrained from displaying images and extended biographies. In the mid-19th century, this special form of burial culture had become totally uncommon. Nowadays, polished slabs of granite that only display the name and vital statistics of the deceased are usually foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Gravestones_of_Föhr |
The International Dental Show (IDS) in a trade fair in Cologne, Germany, for dental medicine and dental technology. It is the world's largest trade fair for the dental industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dental_Show |
The IDS is the world's largest trade fair for dental medicine and dental technology. The trade fair is organized by the GFDI (Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Dental-Industrie mbH), the commercial enterprise of the Association of German Dental Manufacturers (VDDI) and staged by Koelnmesse GmbH.At IDS 2011, 1,954 companie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dental_Show |
The 36th International Dental Show took place from 10 to 14 March 2015, on a total exhibition area of 157.000 m². There were a record number of visitors (138,500), and 2,201 companies from 56 countries participated. The 37th International Dental Show took place from 21 to 25 March 2017. A total of 2.236 exhibitors from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dental_Show |
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language or dialect that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period. In some countries, the term native language or mother tongue refers to the language or dialect of one's ethnic group rather than the indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
The first language of a child is part of that child's personal, social and cultural identity. Another impact of the first language is that it brings about the reflection and learning of successful social patterns of acting and speaking. Research suggests that while a non-native speaker may develop fluency in a targeted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
The person qualifies as a "native speaker" of a language by being born and immersed in the language during youth, in a family in which the adults shared a similar language experience to the child. Native speakers are considered to be an authority on their given language because of their natural acquisition process rega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
Native speakers will not necessarily be knowledgeable about every grammatical rule of the language, but they will have good "intuition" of the rules through their experience with the language.The designation "native language", in its general usage, is thought to be imprecise and subject to various interpretations that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
Based on origin: the language(s) or dialect one learned first (the language(s) or dialect in which one has established the first long-lasting verbal contacts). Based on internal identification: the language(s) one identifies with/as a speaker of; Based on external identification: the language(s) one is identified with/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
Also, in Singapore, "mother tongue" refers to the language of one's ethnic group regardless of actual proficiency, and the "first language" refers to English, which was established on the island under the British Empire, and is the lingua franca for most post-independence Singaporeans because of its use as the language... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
That includes young immigrant children whose families have moved to a new linguistic environment as well as people who learned their mother tongue as a young child at home (rather than the language of the majority of the community), who may have lost, in part or in totality, the language they first acquired (see langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
J. R. R. Tolkien, in his 1955 lecture "English and Welsh", distinguishes the "native tongue" from the "cradle tongue". The latter is the language one learns during early childhood, and one's true "native tongue" may be different, possibly determined by an inherited linguistic taste and may later in life be discovered b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
A related concept is bilingualism. One definition is that a person is bilingual if they are equally proficient in two languages. Someone who grows up speaking Spanish and then learns English for four years is bilingual only if they speak the two languages with equal fluency. Pearl and Lambert were the first to test onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
One can have two or more native languages, thus being a native bilingual or indeed multilingual. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the order of proficiency. For instance, if a French-speaking couple have a child who learned French first but then grew up in an English-speaking country, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
Defining what constitutes a native speaker is difficult, and there is no test which can identify one. It is not known whether native speakers are a defined group of people, or if the concept should be thought of as a perfect prototype to which actual speakers may or may not conform.An article titled "The Native Speaker... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
A native speaker is defined according to the following guidelines: The individual acquired the language in early childhood and maintains the use of the language. The individual has intuitive knowledge of the language. The individual is able to produce fluent, spontaneous discourse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
The individual is communicatively competent in different social contexts. The individual identifies with or is identified by a language community. The individual does not have a foreign accent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
Translanguaging connects languages to help learners build an understanding of new languages. In multilingual settings, learners can benefit from using what they already know, such as grammar, and spelling pronunciation, to support understanding of new words. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language |
Gunter Schmidt (born 22 November 1938) is a German sexologist, psychotherapist and social psychologist. He was born in Berlin. Schmidt was the director of the centre for sexual research in the clinic of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Eppendorf). He started many projects for research over sexuality and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter_Schmidt |
He was a director of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sexualforschung (DGfS) and president of International Academy of Sex Research (IASR). He is the director of a research project Pregnancy and Abortion by Young Women and a member of the board of directors for the organisation pro familia, an NGO for sexual and reproduct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter_Schmidt |
Studenten-Sexualität (with Hans Giese), 1968 Arbeiter-Sexualität (with Volkmar Sigusch), 1971 Jugendsexualität (with Volkmar Sigusch), 1973 Das große Der Die Das, 1986. Das Verschwinden der Sexualmoral, 1996. Sexuelle Verhältnisse, Gießen, Psychosozial-Verlag, 1998. Die Kinder der sexuellen Revolution (editor), Gießen,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter_Schmidt |
Sexualität und Spätmoderne (editor), Gießen, Psychosozial-Verlag, 2002. Das neue Der Die Das, Gießen, Psychosozial-Verlag, 2004. Spätmoderne Beziehungswelten, (with Silja Matthiesen, Arne Dekker, Kurt Starke), 2006. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter_Schmidt |
The epidemiology of depression has been studied across the world. Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as the epidemiology has shown. Lifetime prevalence estimates vary widely, from 3% in Japan to 17% in India. Epidemiological data shows higher rates of depression in the Middle East, North ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_depression |
Population studies have consistently shown major depression to be about twice as common in women as in men, although it is not yet clear why this is so. The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18, and appears a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_depression |
Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the elderly, but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age group. Depressive disorders are most common in urban than in rural population and, in general, the prevalence is higher in groups with adverse socio-economic factors (for example in homeless people).D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_depression |
Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates per 10,000 inhabitants in 2017. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_depression |
In international relations, a middle power is a sovereign state that is not a great power nor a superpower, but still has large or moderate influence and international recognition. The concept of the "middle power" dates back to the origins of the European state system. In the late 16th century, Italian political think... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
No agreed standard method defines which states are middle powers, aside from the broad idea that middle powers are states that have a 'moderate' ability to influence the behaviour of other states, in contrast to small power, which have 'little' ability to influence. Some researchers use Gross National Product (GNP) sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
Under the original sense of the term, a middle power was one that had some degree of influence globally, but did not dominate in any one area. However, this usage is not universal, and some define middle power to include nations that can be regarded as regional powers. According to academics at the University of Leices... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
The traditional and most common way is to aggregate critical physical and material criteria to rank states according to their relative capabilities. Because countries' capabilities differ, they are categorized as superpowers (or great powers), middle powers or small powers. More recently, it is possible to discern a se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
This posits that middle powers can be distinguished from superpowers and smaller powers because of their foreign policy behaviour – middle powers carve out a niche for themselves by pursuing a narrow range and particular types of foreign policy interest. In this way middle powers are countries that use their relative d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
However, emerging and traditional middle powers can be distinguished in terms of their mutually-influencing constitutive and behavioural differences. Constitutively, traditional middle powers are wealthy, stable, egalitarian, social democratic and not regionally influential. Behaviourally, they exhibit a weak and ambiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
Emerging middle powers by contrast are semi-peripheral, materially inegalitarian and recently democratised states that demonstrate much regional influence and self-association. Behaviourally, they opt for reformist and not radical global change, exhibit a strong regional orientation favouring regional integration but s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
According to Laura Neak of the International Studies Association: Although there is some conceptual ambiguity surrounding the term middle power, middle powers are identified most often by their international behavior–called 'middle power diplomacy'—the tendency to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
The imperative is that the middle powers have a moral responsibility and collective ability to protect the international order from those who would threaten it, including, at times, the great or principal powers. This imperative was particularly profound during the most intense periods of the Cold War. According to int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
According to Soeya Yoshihide, "Middle Power does not just mean a state's size or military or economic power. Rather, 'middle power diplomacy' is defined by the issue area where a state invests its resources and knowledge. Middle Power States avoid a direct confrontation with great powers, but they see themselves as 'mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
Middle powers are the driving force in the process of transnational institutional-building. "Characteristics of middle power diplomacy include: Commitment to multilateralism through global institutions and allying with other middle powers. High degree of civil society penetration in the country's foreign policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
A country that reflects and forms its national identity through a 'novel foreign policy': Peacekeeping, Human Security, the International Criminal Court, and the Kyoto ProtocolThe Middle Powers Initiative highlights the importance of middle powers diplomacy. Through MPI, eight international non-governmental organizatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
The term first entered Canadian political discourse after World War II. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, for example, called Canada "a power of the middle rank" and helped to lay out the classical definition of Canadian middle power diplomacy. When he was advocating for Canada's election to the United Nations Security... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
Canadian leaders believed Canada was a middle power because it was a junior partner in larger alliances (e.g. NATO, NORAD), was actively involved in resolving disputes outside its own region (e.g. Suez Crisis), was not a former colonial power and therefore neutral in anti-colonial struggles, worked actively in the Unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
American political analyst Cliff Kupchan describes middle powers as "countries with significant leverage in geopolitics" but that are "less powerful than the world’s two superpowers—the United States and China." Nevertheless, Kupchan argues that middle powers—particularly in the Global South—have more power, agency, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
and China (as opposed to the stricter allegiances of the Cold War and the subsequent U.S. hegemony following the collapse of the Soviet Union) and the gradual trend of deglobalization, which has fostered regionalized geopolitical and geoeconomic relationships wherein middle powers have comparatively greater influence; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
The overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities.Nations such as China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are generally considered to be great powers due to their economic, military or strategic importance, their status a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
Although broad academic support for India as a great power is uncommon, some in the field of political science, such as Malik Mohan and Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, consider India to be a great power as well. Likewise, Brazil is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence, with Italy at time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
As with the great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers. Lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries (e.g. Argentina) alongside relatively small ones (e.g. Norway). Clearly not all middle powers are of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power |
Peri-urban regions can be defined as 'superficial' rural areas that are within the orbit of immediate urban hubs, in other words, areas that surround large population centers. These regions can also be referred to as 'exurban areas', 'the rural-urban fringe' or the 'fringe', they include the transition zones between th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
There is no universally agreed definition, and usage of the term generally depends on context and operational variables. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines peri-urban agriculture as "agriculture practices within and around cities which compete for resources (land, water, energy, labour)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
These are places with dynamic landscape and social change and are often invoked in conversations about growth of cities. Peri-urban agriculture is first and foremost "the production and distribution of food, fiber and fuel in and around cities". Nevertheless the leading "feature of urban and agriculture which distingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
The concept of peri-urban has become prevalent as a result of limitations in the dichotomy between rural areas and urban areas. Historically, rural and urban land have been viewed as two separate economic systems with few interactions. Often, these arguments refer to the disappearance and urbanization of rural land. Pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Urban and peri-urban agriculture is expected to become increasingly important for food security and nutrition as rural land is built up. It is predicted to be particularly key for growing perishable produce accessible to the approximately 700 million urban residents already living in developing countries, especially be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Peri-urban agriculture provides environmental benefits by preserving or creating urban open space in city edges where green space may be threatened by expanding urbanization. In addition to aesthetics, preservation and creation of green space has positive climatic effects including augmenting carbon sequestration, redu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Urban and peri-urban agricultural systems can improve urban environments through provisioning, regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are "the benefits human populations derive from ecosystems". Through the use of vacant lots and open spaces in urban and man-made environments, urban ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Also, the increase of food production capacity in urban and peri-urban areas allows the decrease of the conversions of non-agricultural land to farmland. Moreover, the level of degradation or revitalization of ecosystem services depends on whether an agricultural system is being managed in a sustainable way. For agricu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Urban and peri-urban agriculture zones are key drivers for sustainability and urban biodiversity. Biodiversity favors resilience by supporting and mitigating the negative impacts of the built environment by hosting a diversity of fauna and flora. Also, small urban and peri-urban managed systems have higher quality soil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
High levels of air pollution are present in urban centers which can have negative effects on human health, therefore urban and peri-urban agriculture can help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) through carbon storage and carbon sequestration. Furthermore, urban and peri-urban systems contribute to regulating tempe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
The production of local food contributes to food security and food safety, by shortening the supply chain and reducing transportation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Alongside supporting and regulating ecosystem services, urban and peri-urban systems have a cultural and traditional value, some consider urban and peri-urban agriculture as a form of leisure, whereas other as a way of maintaining and perpetuating cultural and traditional agricultural practices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Peri-urban agriculture is multifunctional. "Multifunctional agriculture" refers to agriculture beyond its primary role of producing food and fibre, but as also having other functions. The key elements of multifunctionality are commodity and non-commodity outputs. Commodity outputs are food and fiber, as well as marketa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
In developing countries, besides the question of food security, one significant social dimension of peri-urban agriculture, specifically around production sites, is the rebuilding of communities and civil society.Studies have shown that urban gardening and farming, particularly when done in a community setting, have po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Indeed, peri-urban agriculture can be advantageous because of the proximity of production to the consumer. Particularly, the fresh fruits, vegetables and local foods that are available for communities and neighborhoods that live in food deserts.In addition, residents who share a plot of land may benefit from social int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
In many urban areas peri-urban agriculture reduces the environmental impacts of urban expansion by serving as an ecological buffer. Unlike traditional farmers, peri-urban professionals have greater conscious of the ecological value of the environment.Moreover, local production and consumption of foods reduces the consu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
The new business opportunities generated by peri-urban agriculture allow the creation of jobs and the generation of revenue, as well as improving local infrastructure and services, such as the construction of roads, schools, and restaurants. It also furthers agricultural training and education. Indeed, beyond providing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
In addition to farming jobs, peri-urban agriculture can spark a need for traders, input suppliers, processors, marketers, and others. Peri-urban agriculture gives women and other non-heads of household a low-barrier occupation through which to support their families, adding to household productivity and giving women an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Challenges for peri-urban agriculture, like its benefits, arise from its proximity to densely built urban areas. Competition for resources with other urban sectors, aspects of agriculture that may be unpleasant for city dwellers, and quality of inputs must all be monitored. Wise resource allocation is a quintessential ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Peri-urban agriculture produces some aspects that may be unpleasant for urban residents, including smells, noises, pollution, and disease. Management of animal waste can be challenging, since manure may contain chemicals and heavy metals unsuitable for use as fertilizer – and may even be hazardous. Runoff from faciliti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
If not treated properly before application, this wastewater can contaminate crops or surrounding vegetation with pathogens that make them unsafe for human consumption. This is a food safety concern especially in markets with unlicensed vendors and missing enforcement of safety regulations, which are common venues for s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Animal production is not allowed in some city centers – for example, in Beijing it is not allowed within the borders of a certain road that delineates the city center, but on the outskirts of cities it is growing as an industrial production system particularly as diets change to demand more meat. This has been a major ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Due to its competition for resources and pressure to shift to industrial systems that will meet urban demand, inappropriate or excessive use of agricultural inputs including pesticides, nitrogen, phosphorus, and raw organic matter containing undesirable residues such as heavy metals, is a concern. The nature of the env... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
Another major challenge to the viability of both urban and peri-urban agriculture is land availability due to changing land rights, uses, and values. High population densities lead to competition and conflicts over land and natural resources as land is converted from agricultural to residential and business uses, and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture |
The Assur ostracon and tablets are a series of Aramaic or Phoenician inscriptions found during the 1903-13 excavations of Assur by the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft. They are currently in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin (ostracon is V. A. 8384). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_ostracon_and_tablets |
The ostracon was found in six fragments. It is thought to be a letter addressed by an Assyrian official to one of his colleagues. It is one of the earliest known examples of Aramaic cursive script, including ligatures. It is the longest known Aramaic letter written on an ostracon.It is also known as KAI 233. Although d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_ostracon_and_tablets |
Nine Phoenician inscribed tablets were found during the same expedition. They are also known as KAI 234-236. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_ostracon_and_tablets |
Job crafting is an individually-driven work design process which refers to self-initiated, proactive strategies to change the characteristics of one's job to better align the job with personal needs, goals, and skills. Individuals engage in job crafting as a means to experience greater meaning at work, a positive work ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
Classic job design theory typically focuses on the ways in which managers design jobs for their employees. As a work design strategy, job crafting represents a departure from this thinking in that the redesign is driven by employees, is not negotiated with the employer and may not even be noticed by the manager. This i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
The term 'job crafting' was originally coined by Amy Wrzesniewski and Jane E. Dutton in 2001, however the idea that employees may redesign their jobs without the involvement of management has been present in job design literature since 1987. Wrzesniewski and Dutton's (2001) initial definition limited job crafting to th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
Task crafting — This involves changing the type, scope, sequence, and number of tasks that make up one's job. Employees may take initiative to change the tasks they carry out, change the way they work, or change the timing of their tasks. In doing so, employees exert a level of control over their work, which has been s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
For example, employees may choose to what extent and how they approach colleagues, or to what extent they get involved in work group social activities. Cognitive crafting — This involves an modifying one's perceptions about their job to ascribe more meaning to the work. For example, an employee might continuously re-ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
If enacted properly, job crafting is a method for employees to improve their quality of life at work in several important ways, as well as make valuable contributions to the workplace. The uniqueness of individual workers makes it exceptionally difficult for organizations to create 'one size fits all' work designs. Job... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
Job crafting has the potential to positively influence both individual and organizational performance, meaning it is in the interest of managers to create a context that facilitates resourceful job crafting. Highly prescribed, restrictive job designs may limit employees from making positive changes in the way they perf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
Therefore, in addition to allowing room for crafting, managers must build a shared understanding with employees that job crafting is encouraged so long as it aligns with the organizations overall strategy. Maintaining open lines of communication between managers and employees and building trust may promote positive job... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting |
The Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science (Swedish: Skytteanska priset) was established in 1995 by the Johan Skytte Foundation at Uppsala University. The foundation itself goes back to the donation in 1622 from Johan Skytte (1577–1645), politician and chancellor of the university, which established the Skyttean profe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Skytte_Prize_in_Political_Science |
Wolfgang Wickler is a German zoologist, behavioral researcher and author. He led the ethological department of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology from 1974, and he took over as director of the institute in 1975. Even after he was given emeritus status, he remained closely associated to the institute in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler |
After finishing secondary school in 1951, he studied biology and then received a grant to go to the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, where he was a student of Konrad Lorenz and Erich von Holst. After he completed his doctoral work on the behavior of fish, he was scientific assistant in Seewiesen as of 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler |
Wickler's area of specialisation was the reconstruction of racial history of animal communities and the analysis of communication of animals. Among other areas, he investigated the "dialects" of birds and he also wrote a book about mimicry in 1968 which was the only book on the subject in the German language until 2002... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler |
He received great attention in the broad public in 1981 with the sociobiologically shaped book, "Das Prinzip Eigennutz" (The Principle of Self-Interest), which Wickler wrote with Ute Seibt, as well as the book, "Männlich – weiblich. Ein Naturgesetz und seine Folgen" (Male - Female, a Natural Law and its Consequences), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler |
The central question was formulated as, "How must the behavior of living things have been formed, if the theory of evolution is correct?" (from the foreword to "Das Prinzip Eigennutz"). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler |
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