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Just before starting this article I decided to take a quick peek at my Twitter account, and this tweet popped up right at the top of my feed.
I was just attacked by Antifa down the street from the Trump rally in Lexington & the cops stood by & refused to arrest any of them. They let them walk free & go to the rally as it let out where they'll hurt more Trump supporters. @realDonaldTrump, declare Antifa a terrorist org. pic.twitter.com/TizP46mrqp
The young woman who got assaulted and had her microphone ripped out of her hand is Kaitlin Bennett, an outspoken conservative woman who has taken on the task of being a vocal Second Amendment supporter and firearm open-carry proponent.
She is the media director for Liberty Hangout, whose mission, according to their Twitter account, is Promoting the message of peace, prosperity, and property rights since February 11, 2015.
She was at President Trump’s rally Monday evening in Lexington, Kentucky when the thug rushed her and started grappling for her microphone. Police were on hand but made no arrests.
They downplayed the whole incident and in her words, they “made no arrests because their hands are tied & lying that they didn’t witness the assault. They also told me I have a responsibility to “turn & go the other way” if we see him again, but they dont have a responsibility to arrest him”
Here's video of the @lexkypolice admitting they made no arrests because their hands are tied & lying that they didn't witness the assault. They also told me I have a responsibility to "turn & go the other way" if we see him again, but they dont have a responsibility to arrest him pic.twitter.com/MOGpZka6og
So, here we have a woman exercising her First Amendment privileges while voicing her support in favor of the Second Amendment, and an Antifa thug is permitted to come up to her, violently assault her, deprive her of her personal property in full view of the police at the scene, and all they want her to do us RUN AWAY?? Are you KIDDING me??
It's time for the right-wing to reassess their support of the police. Time and time again they allow violent socialists to attack conservatives. They serve and protect Democratic politicians. And we have this same cop on video admitting he'd take people's guns if he was told to. https://t.co/L0rYUgcaSO
Speaking for myself, the more I see these Antifa thugs getting away with bodily assault as if it’s no big deal, the more I believe it’s time to officially declare them to be a domestic terror organization.
They are literally trying to frighten people into shunning President Trump and turn to the Dark Side of the Democrat party, but people are getting beyond fed up with them and are starting to resist.
At least we can give most of them credit for being smart enough to not attack a healthy and fit man, but instead, pick on senior citizens or women or those less physically capable of defending themselves.
That’s the height of cowardice. They wear their hoodies and masks to hide their faces from public view and only prey upon the weak. |
Q:
pager program like less, able to repeat top N lines
Is there any way to make less program repeat first line (or first 2 lines) on every displayed page?
Is there any other pager program which can do this?
This would be a killer-app for database table browsing, think mysql or psql or gqlplus...
See the screenshot in the bottom of this page. I want to repeat header line + horizontal ascii bar.
A:
There is a solution using Vim.
First, you need a Vim macro, which will do most of the work. Save it in ~/.vim/plugin/less.vim:
" :Less
" turn vim into a pager for psql aligned results
fun! Less()
set nocompatible
set nowrap
set scrollopt=hor
set scrollbind
set number
execute 'above split'
" resize upper window to one line; two lines are not needed because vim adds separating line
execute 'resize 1'
" switch to lower window and scroll 2 lines down
wincmd j
execute 'norm! 2^E'
" hide statusline in lower window
set laststatus=0
" hide contents of upper statusline. editor note: do not remove trailing spaces in next line!
set statusline=\
" arrows do scrolling instead of moving
nmap ^[OC zL
nmap ^[OB ^E
nmap ^[OD zH
nmap ^[OA ^Y
nmap <Space> <PageDown>
" faster quit (I tend to forget about the upper panel)
nmap q :qa^M
nmap Q :qa^M
endfun
command! -nargs=0 Less call Less()
Second, to emulate a pager, you need to invoke vim so that it will:
read standard input
but if argument is given on command line, read whatever comes there
work in read-only mode
skip all init scripts, but instead execute Less macro defined above
I put this together as helper script in ~/bin/vimpager:
#!/bin/bash
what=-
test "$@" && what="$@"
exec vim -u NONE -R -S ~/.vim/plugin/less.vim -c Less $what
Make the script executable with chmod +x ~/bin/vimpager.
Third, you need to override pager program for psql. Do not set variable PAGER globally, as it can affect other programs, not only psql. Instead, add this to your ~/.psqlrc file:
\setenv PAGER ~/bin/vimpager
Voila! After reloading your profile, you can enjoy the result, which should behave as expected (arrow keys browse both vertically and horizontally) and look like this: . Plus, all the power of Vim is right there if you need it.
A:
Have you tried SQL Mode in Emacs/XEmacs?
It's certainly not as simple to use as more or less, but it does what your asking for, leaving a header row while scrolling results vertically and horizontally.
A:
This borrows very heavily from the accepted answer, but adds...
Faster scrolling
Cannot accidentally scroll into the header
Syntax highlighting (some credit belongs here)
Positive/negative numbers, dates, times, NULL, True/False (and T/F, Y/N, Yes/No)
Row numbers, if you have them before a pipe char.
Help text
Support for the Vim that is included with Git for Windows
Do not threaten to update the view if the stdin buffer changes
Some portions may have to be tweaked for your specific output, since I do not use psql. I also have slightly different helper functions for my purposes, but they are similar to those in the accepted answer.
Sample input
| ID | First | Last | Member | Balance |
--+----+-----------+--------------+--------+---------+
1| 4 | Tom | Hanks | False | 0.00 |
2| 12 | Susan | Patterson | True | 10.00 |
3| 23 | Harriet | Langford-Wat | False | 0.00 |
4| 8 | Jerry | NULL | True | -382.94 |
[… More rows …]
10| 87 | Horace | Weaver | False | 47.52 |
Code
" :HeadPager
" Turn vim into a pager with a header row
" Adapted from https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/27840/143088
fun! HeadPager()
" If you didn't get three lines, shortcut out
if line('$') < 3
set nocompatible
nmap <silent> q :qa!<c-M>
nmap <silent> Q :qa!<c-M>
return
endif
set noswapfile
set nocompatible
set nowrap
set scrollopt=hor
set scrollbind
" Hide statusline in lower window
set laststatus=0
" Explain mapped chars in status line.
set statusline=\ \ \ Q\ to\ quit\.\ Arrows\ or\ mousewheel\ to\ scroll\.\ \(Vim\ commands\ work\,\ too\.\)
" Delete/copy header lines
silent execute '1,2d'
" Split screen with new buffer (opens at top)
execute 'new'
" Switch to upper split
wincmd k
" Paste the header over the blank line
execute 'norm! Vp'
" Header highlighting
syn match Pipe "|"
hi def Pipe ctermfg=blue
syn match Any /[^|]\+/
hi def Any ctermfg=yellow
" Switch back to lower split for scrolling
wincmd j
" Set lower split height to maximum
execute "norm! \<c-W>_"
" Syntax highlighting
syn cluster CellContents contains=None
syn match Pipe "|" contained nextgroup=@CellContents skipwhite
hi def Pipe ctermfg=blue
" Start with newline or |. End right before next | or EOL
syn region Cell start=/\v(^|\|)\s*/ end=/\v(\||$)\@=/ contains=LineNumber,Pipe
syn match NumPos /\v\+?\d+(,?\d{3})*\.?\d*\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
syn match NumNeg /\v-\d+(,?\d{3})*\.?\d*\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
syn match NumZero /\v[+-]?0+\.?0*\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
hi def NumPos ctermfg=cyan
hi def NumNeg ctermfg=red
hi def NumZero ctermfg=NONE
syn cluster CellContents add=NumPos,NumNeg,NumZero
syn match DateVal /\v\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}/ contained nextgroup=TimeVal skipwhite
syn match TimeVal /\v\d{1,2}:\d{2}(:\d{2})?(\.\d+)?(Z| ?\c[AP]M)?\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
hi def DateVal ctermfg=magenta
hi def TimeVal ctermfg=magenta
syn cluster CellContents add=DateVal,TimeVal
syn match TrueVal /\v\c(t(rue)?|y(es)?)\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
syn match FalseVal /\v\c(f(alse)?|no?)\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
hi def TrueVal ctermfg=green
hi def FalseVal ctermfg=red
syn match NullVal /\v\cnull?\ze *(\||$)\@=/ contained
hi def NullVal ctermbg=gray ctermfg=black
syn cluster CellContents add=TrueVal,FalseVal,NullVal
syn match LineNumber /^ *\d\+/ contained
hi def LineNumber ctermfg=yellow
" Arrows do scrolling instead of moving
nmap <silent> <Up> 3<c-Y>
nmap <silent> <Down> 3<c-E>
nmap <silent> <Left> zH
nmap <silent> <Right> zL
nmap <Space> <PageDown>
" Faster quit (I tend to forget about the upper panel)
nmap <silent> q :qa!<c-M>
nmap <silent> Q :qa!<c-M>
" Ignore external updates to the buffer
autocmd! FileChangedShell */fd/*
autocmd! FileChangedRO */fd/*
endfun
command! -nargs=0 HeadPager call HeadPager()
|
Q:
Problema con una variable en php
Estoy tratando de hacer una acción de edición con este código de php:
<?php
include 'includes/connect.php';
if(isset($_POST['hidden_id'])) {
$id = $_POST['hidden_id'];
$edit_post_query = "SELECT * FROM index_posts WHERE id =".$id;
$edit_post_result = mysqli_query($conn, $edit_post_query);
if (mysqli_num_rows($edit_post_result) == 1) {
$edit_post_row = mysqli_fetch_array($edit_post_result);
$hidden_id = $edit_post_row['hidden_id'];
$edit_post_title = $edit_post_row['post_title'];
$edit_post_text = $edit_post_row['post_text'];
}
}
?>
Pero tengo un error que me dice que las variables no son identificadas, al parecer esto es porque el método mysqli_num_rows no esta recibiendo ninguna fila de la base de datos, ya revisé el nombre de las columnas y si son correctos, traté de concatenar la variable del id a la consulta.
Este es mi formulario de HTML
<form action="past_entries.php" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="hidden_id" value="<?php echo
$_GET['hidden_id'];?>">
<input class="new-record-input" type="text" name="post_title"
value="<?php echo $edit_post_title['post_title']; ?>" style="border-
radius: 5px;width:100%;margin:5px auto;">
<textarea class="edit-index-text" name="post_text" style="border-radius:5px;"> <?php echo $edit_post_text['post_text']; ?> </textarea>
<a href="edit_past_entry.php?id=<?php echo $past_entry_row['id'];?>"> <button class="save-post-btn">Guardar</button> </a>
</form>
También trate de asignarles un valor de null y de 1 pero tampoco parece que funciona de esa manera
A:
Tu código no debería ser mudo en muchos aspectos. Hay al menos 4 posibles escenarios que no están cubiertos en él y deberías cubrirlos, emitiendo mensajes adecuados o cualquier otra cosa.
Pensando la programación como algo estrictamente controlado, todavía se puede apreciar un error de lógica. ¿Qué debería ocurrir cuando no se encuentran datos? El código que pide los datos debe recibir algún indicador de que no hay dato (un booleano u otra cosa) para saber lo que hay que hacer.
Aquí te dejo un ejemplo de código controlado, puedes implementar fácilmente lo que te decía al final del último párrafo, según el contexto que pide los datos y lo que haya que hacer en consecuencia.
<?php
$id=!empty($_POST['hidden_id']) ? $_POST['hidden_id'] : NULL;
if ($id)
{
include 'includes/connect.php';
if ($conn)
{
$edit_post_query = "SELECT * FROM index_posts WHERE id = $id";
if ($edit_post_result = mysqli_query($conn, $edit_post_query) )
{
if (mysqli_num_rows($edit_post_result) > 0)
{
$edit_post_row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($edit_post_result);
$hidden_id = $edit_post_row['hidden_id'];
$edit_post_title = $edit_post_row['post_title'];
$edit_post_text = $edit_post_row['post_text'];
} else {
echo "No se encontraron filas";
}
} else {
echo "Error en la consulta: {mysqli_error($conn)}";
}
} else {
echo "No hay conexión";
}
} else {
echo "No se envío dato para el id, revise el formulario";
}
?>
|
46 Cal.2d 121 (1956)
292 P.2d 881
Estate of MAE McMILLIN, Deceased.
E.A. WINSTANLEY, as Public Administrator, etc., Appellant,
v.
MORTON J. ROBINSON, Respondent. [And 82 other cases.][*]
Docket Nos. L.A. 23412-23446, 23573-23620.
Supreme Court of California. In Bank.
February 7, 1956.
*124 Harold W. Kennedy, County Counsel (Los Angeles), and Baldo M. Kristovich for Appellant.
S.V.O. Prichard for Respondent.
SPENCE, J.
The public administrator of the county of Los Angeles appeals from judgments entered in 83 cases sustaining the objections of respondent Robinson to the public administrator's final account in each decedent's estate and ordering him to pay Robinson a specified sum from the funds of the estate. There were two consolidated trials, one covering 35 estates and the other 48 estates. The 83 appeals have been submitted on one set of briefs. Identical questions are involved in these cases, and the 83 appeals may be decided in one opinion.
The main dispute concerns the validity of respondent's *125 employment. Appellant contends that since respondent was not hired pursuant to civil service regulations, his employment was illegal and he cannot recover for his services. On the other hand, respondent contends that civil service requirements had no application to his employment, that the contract of hiring in each estate was legally made, and he should be paid in accordance therewith. We have concluded that respondent's contentions must be sustained, and it is therefore unnecessary to consider respondent's alternative claim to a right of recovery upon quantum meruit. (Cf. Estate of Schnell, 82 Cal. App.2d 170, 174-175 [185 P.2d 854].)
Robinson is a tax consultant and a licensed public accountant. He was hired by the former public administrator to prepare and file tax returns in certain estates represented by the public administrator. It was agreed that on the completion of the work in each estate Robinson would be paid from the funds of that estate on submitting a statement to the public administrator for his approval and subject to the approval of the court. Pursuant to this arrangement made in 1942, Robinson examined every estate coming into the public administrator's office and did the tax work in those estates where it was required. Robinson personally hired and paid an assistant to work a full-time week in the public administrator's office. There they had free desk space, stationery and telephone service, as well as access to the entire office in the same manner as county civil service employees. Robinson also maintained a private office and staff to do general tax work. When Robinson completed his work in a particular estate, he submitted his statement to the public administrator showing the extent of his services and his fee. The latter then approved the amount; and it would be included in the final account and paid after approval by the court.
After the board of supervisors had created specific tax positions in the civil service system designed for the handling of tax matters in the public administrator's office, the county counsel advised the public administrator in September, 1953, that all tax work in his office should be done by civil service employees. Robinson has done no tax work for the public administrator since October, 1953. Appellant, the present public administrator, was appointed on November 7, 1953. Since that date he has had a tax division composed entirely of civil service employees, and they do all the tax work in the office.
Appellant filed a final account in each of the estates here *126 involved, and he failed to include therein an allowance for Robinson's tax work. Thereupon Robinson filed in each estate his "Objections To Final Account And Petition That Allowance Be Made To Objector," alleging: His employment by the predecessor of the present public administrator, who was the administrator of the estate, to perform, pursuant to the provisions of section 902 of the Probate Code, certain extraordinary services in connection with the estate, that is, necessary tax work; his performance of the services as detailed in an attached exhibit; and the reasonable value of the services. He prayed that the sum so specified be included in the charges against the estate and directed to be paid to him.
The court found that Robinson was a licensed public accountant; that the public administrator was a charter officer authorized to administer certain estates of decedents under the provisions of the Probate Code; that from 1943 to October 6, 1953, the former public administrator had employed Robinson to prepare and file individual and fiduciary income tax returns required by law in all estates represented by the public administrator; that it was agreed between Robinson and the public administrator that Robinson should be paid only from the funds of the respective estates in which such services were performed and in such amounts as might be allowed by the probate court as expenses of administration therein; and that the income tax services performed by Robinson and his employees for the public administrator "could at all times have been adequately and satisfactorily performed by persons selected under the provisions of the Civil Service System as established by the Charter of the County of Los Angeles." The court concluded that said public administrator "had the authority, by virtue of section 902 of the Probate Code, to employ tax accountants to perform income tax services of the nature of those performed by [Robinson] in estates wherein said Public Administrator is the fiduciary"; that the "provisions of the Charter of the County of Los Angeles establishing a comprehensive Civil Service System did not and do not apply to said Public Administrator in the employment of [Robinson] as a tax accountant for said estates"; and that Robinson's objections to the final account should be sustained. Accordingly, the judgment in each estate sustained Robinson's objections and ordered the public administrator to pay to Robinson a specified sum from the funds of the estate.
Preliminarily, there is the question of respondent's right to object to the final accounts. It is provided in section 927 *127 of the Probate Code that upon the filing of an account by an administrator "any person interested in the estate may appear and file written exceptions to the account, and contest the same." No statutory definition has been given to the words "person interested in the estate." [1] It has long been the rule in this state that a creditor is an interested person and entitled to except. (Tompkins v. Weeks, 26 Cal. 50, 57; Estate of Loshe, 62 Cal. 413, 415; Estate of McDougald, 143 Cal. 476, 479 [77 P. 443].) Appellant contends that this means a "creditor of the decedent by virtue of a contractual relationship created by the decedent during his lifetime." But he cites no case which so limits the term, and to so hold would appear contrary to the generally accepted meaning of the word "interested" as used in the statute. (See Estate of Reinicke, 44 Cal. App.2d 271, 274 [112 P.2d 311].) Rather, as respondent maintains, the pivotal question is whether the excepting party is a creditor of the estate as distinguished from a creditor of the personal representative, who, in turn, has a claim against the estate. [2] Thus, the attorney for the executor or administrator is recognized as one interested in the estate because he is now entitled to a statutory allowance "out of the estate." (Prob. Code, §§ 910, 911; Estate of Hite, 155 Cal. 448, 453 [101 P. 448]; Chapman v. Pitcher, 207 Cal. 63, 68 [276 P. 1008]; Estate of Pailhe, 114 Cal. App.2d 658, 665 [251 P.2d 76].) Before the law so provided, he was not so considered and he could not rightfully except. (Briggs v. Breen, 123 Cal. 657, 659-660 [56 P. 633, 886]; Estate of Kruger, 143 Cal. 141, 145 [76 P. 891].)
[3] Section 902 of the Probate Code provides for allowances for extraordinary services, such as the preparation of necessary tax returns: in the estate. Moreover, it authorizes the executor or administrator to employ a tax expert to do the tax work and to "pay [him] from the funds of the estate for [his] services." (As amended, Stats. 1951, ch. 1604, § 1.) It is therefore reasonable to regard the tax expert so employed as having a demand against the estate as contemplated by section 950 of the Probate Code. [4] In Garwood v. Garwood, 29 Cal. 514, at page 520, it was said that "any doubt as to the question of interest ought to be resolved in favor of the" party claiming an interest in the estate. (See also Estate of Brown, 24 Cal. App.2d 573, 575 [75 P.2d 658]; Estate of Reinicker, supra, 44 Cal. App.2d 271, 273-274; Estate of Harrison, 103 Cal. App.2d 12, 15 [228 P.2d 881].) *128 The court here, after taking evidence on the issue, recognized respondent as an interested person in these estates, which estates constitute the source of the funds out of which he seeks payment. Its decision appears to be in accord with the broad meaning of the statute. (See Eastwood v. Stewart, 64 Cal. App. 614, 617-618 [222 P. 369].)
[5] Nor is there merit to appellant's claim that the statute did not authorize the document filed by respondent in each of these estates setting forth his claim for payment. In each instance the document was entitled "Objections To Final Account And Petition That Allowance Be Made to Objector." As above noted, section 927 of the Probate Code provides that "a person interested in an estate" may file "written exceptions" to an account. "Objections" and `exceptions" are equivalent terms. (Estate of Pardue, 57 Cal. App.2d 918, 920 [135 P.2d 394].) [6] While the statute does not provide as to the form or contents of the "written exceptions," it would seem appropriate to give the term a broad scope. Thus the "written exceptions" may include exceptions not only to what is affirmatively stated in an account, but also to what is omitted therefrom (Estates of Boyes, 151 Cal. 143, 147-148 [90 P. 454]), and they may properly pray that the account be surcharged with what was omitted. (Eastwood v. Stewart, supra, 64 Cal. App. 614, 617.) This was the procedure followed by respondent. After appellant filed his account in each of these estates and omitted therefrom any reference to respondent's tax services, respondent filed his "exceptions" or "objections." As part thereof, he petitioned that an allowance for his services be included in the charges against the estate and that payment be directed. He did not purport to proceed by way of an independent petition without regard to whether the final account had been filed in the estate. The latter procedure is provided for attorneys pursuant to Probate Code, section 911; and appellant's cases to that effect are not in point. (Estate of Kafitz, 51 Cal. App. 325 [196 P. 790]; Chapman v. Pitcher, supra, 207 Cal. 63; Summ v. Superior Court, 29 Cal. App.2d 303 [84 P.2d 152].)
There now remains the main question of whether the former public administrator had the authority to employ respondent as a tax consultant on contract independently of the civil service requirements of the Los Angeles county charter. There is no dispute as to the reasonableness of the amounts allowed for respondent's services, but concededly respondent was not a civil service employee.
*129 [7] While undoubtedly the public administrator is "primarily a public officer performing essentially a governmental function" (Estate of Miller, 5 Cal.2d 588, 594 [55 P.2d 491]), he also acts in another capacity. When by virtue of his office, he is appointed the administrator of a particular estate, he becomes as to that estate the trustee of a private trust. (See Evans v. Superior Court, 14 Cal.2d 563, 574 [96 P.2d 107].) [8] While his official character is not changed in the sense that he remains a salaried county officer and he must comply with statutory provisions regulating his administration of estates by virtue of his office, such as paying into the county treasury all commissions allowed by the court for his services (County of Los Angeles v. Kellogg, 146 Cal. 590, 595-596 [80 P. 861]), at the same time his authority to administer a particular estate is derived from the issuance of letters of administration to him. [9] It is true that his powers and duties, because of his official character, differ in several respects from those of other persons who may be appointed administrators. (Prob. Code, §§ 1140-1155; County of Los Angeles v. Kellogg, supra, p. 594; Estate of Miller, supra, 5 Cal.2d 588, 593-594.) But where there is no statutory or charter provision specifically governing the public administrator in the discharge of his duties, then he has such powers and duties as would apply to administrators generally. (Prob. Code, § 1142.)
[10] Section 902 of the Probate Code authorizes every "executor or administrator" to make whatever contracts may be necessary for the performance of "extraordinary services" on behalf of the estate which he represents. It particularly permits the employment of "tax experts" and directs that they may be paid "from the funds of the estate for [their] services." That section, in the absence of statutory or charter provision declaring otherwise, would apply to the public administrator in his administration of a private trust as well as to any other administrator. In the making of such a contract, the public administrator acts not on behalf of the county, but on behalf of the estate which he is administering, and the tax expert's employment is with the particular estate. [11] Like any other administrator, the public administrator may arrange for the employment by independent contract for each estate where the services are needed; the employment is temporary in that it continues only for the life of the particular estate; the services are for the benefit of the estate *130 and the tax expert so employed is paid from the funds of the estate.
[12] Appellant's predecessor proceeded under this section in his contractual arrangements with respondent. He and respondent generally agreed that respondent was to do the tax work in those estates coming into the office where such services were required. Over the more than 10 years during which this arrangement prevailed, respondent examined about 15,000 estates and did tax work in 4,000 or 5,000. While his general work of reviewing the estates was continuous and permanent during that period, his compensation was dependent on his performance of tax services in each particular estate. In that sense his contract of employment was independently made with each estate, and the only charges he made were for services to be paid out of the funds of that estate. Such employment arrangements have no relation to civil service provisions, which normally serve only for the purpose of controlling public work by public employees.
Appellant argues that "where a governmental agency has a civil service system, all work which can be performed by persons employed pursuant thereto must be performed by such persons." (State Comp. Ins. Fund v. Riley, 9 Cal.2d 126 [69 P.2d 985, 111 A.L.R. 1503]; Stockburger v. Riley, 21 Cal. App.2d 165 [68 P.2d 741].) But the cited cases concerned contracts for services to be performed for the state or a state agency, acting in its governmental or proprietary capacity, wherein the state civil service structure was bypassed, and mandamus was unsuccessfully sought against the state controller for payment of such services. Also distinguishable is the case of Estate of Miller, supra, 5 Cal.2d 588, which involved a charter provision expressly requiring that "The County Counsel ... shall also act as attorney for the Public Administrator in the matter of all estates...." (P. 591.)
[13] While appellant may now have the authority to appoint civil service employees to the new positions created by the board of supervisors in his department, that fact does not militate against our conclusion that respondent's contracts with appellant's predecessor were valid. The authority for making such contracts rested on the provisions of section 902 of the Probate Code, and we find no provision in the Los Angeles County Charter or elsewhere expressly or impliedly denying that authority to the public administrator. Appellant concedes that "the charter may be silent as to the *131 powers and duties of the public administrator," but he seeks to base the claimed denial of that authority upon the provisions of the charter relating to civil service. Such provisions, however, relate solely to positions in the county service, and we find nothing therein which purports to affect the authority of the public administrator to make a contract on behalf of an estate with a person specially employed to perform necessary tax services and to be paid therefor "from the funds of the estate." (Prob. Code, § 902; see Evans v. Superior Court, supra, 14 Cal.2d 563, 579.)
If appellant's reasoning is carried to its logical conclusion, it would mean that every contract made by the public administrator for services to be performed for and paid out of the funds of any estate would be invalid if such services could be satisfactorily performed by persons selected from the civil service list. Thus all carpenters, painters, electricians, plumbers, janitors, and others required for the repair and maintenance of the property of any estate, and all persons, such as accountants and stenographers, required for the continuance of a going business of the deceased would have to be selected from the civil service list if such list covered such classifications; and any independent contract for the performance of such services would be invalid. [14] This cannot be the rule, for persons specially employed by a public officer in his capacity as the trustee of a private trust are not deemed to be public employees. (Evans v. Superior Court, supra, 14 Cal.2d 563, 574.) It is therefore immaterial that appellant and other public administrators may now have, and may now be exercising, the authority to appoint tax experts from the civil service list for the performance of such services or that such work can be satisfactorily performed by such civil service employees.
We conclude that until such time as the authority granted to every administrator by section 902 of the Probate Code may be clearly denied to the public administrator by some statutory or charter provision, such public administrator may validly contract thereunder for necessary tax services to be paid for from estate funds. We further conclude that the probate court properly determined that respondent's contract was valid in each of the estates involved, and that respondent was entitled to the allowance made for his services.
The judgments are affirmed.
Gibson, C.J., Shenk, J., Carter, J., Traynor, J., Schauer, J., and McComb, J., concurred.
NOTES
[*] Estate of Maude Evelyn Arnold, L.A. 23413; Estate of May L. Barrett, L.A. 23414; Estate of Joseph W. Biell, L.A. 23415; Estate of Anna L. Brandon, L.A. 23416; Estate of Gilbert M. Cruz, L.A. 23417; Estate of John Effland, L.A. 23418; Estate of Margaret Freedman, L.A. 23419; Estate of Idah Martino Grey, L.A. 23420; Estate of Albert Hayduk, L.A. 23421; Estate of Philip F. Havey, L.A. 23422; Estate of John Michael Heffernan, L.A. 23423; Estate of Shih Ching Lo, L.A. 23424; Estate of Emily F. McCartin, L.A. 23425; Estate of David C. Mendoza, L.A. 23426; Estate of Ramon Mendoza, L.A. 23427; Estate of Sam Miller, L.A. 23428; Estate of Emma Mohr, L.A. 23429; Estate of Harry F. Moore, L.A. 23430; Estate of Charles W. Morrison, L.A. 23431; Estate of Sidney Pitt, L.A. 23432; Estate of Byron H. Riess, L.A. 23433; Estate of Bessie B. Richardson, L.A. 23434; Estate of Bridget Rosenberg, L.A. 23435; Estate of James Robert Ryall, L.A. 23436; Estate of Jerry Steno, L.A. 23437; Estate of Arthur Roland Van Paemel, L.A. 23438; Estate of Joseph Francis Walsh, L.A. 23439; Estate of Clarence Charles Weaver, L.A. 23440; Estate of Edna L. Wells, L.A. 23441; Estate of Charles Le Roy White, L.A. 23442; Estate of Harry Wright, L.A. 23443; Estate of Heinrich Mann, L.A. 23444; Estate of Lillian M. Grimes, L.A. 23445; Estate of Louis Michael Buettner, L.A. 23446; Estate of Arthur Alfred Christof, L.A. 23573; Estate of Sadye M. Berg, L.A. 23574; Estate of Stefan Bisser, L.A. 23575; Estate of William Dante Bossi, L.A. 23576; Estate of Rollie Fred Braziel, L.A. 23577; Estate of Harold Guinn Burgess, L.A. 23578; Estate of Helen Rutherford Dick, L.A. 23579; Estate of Albert Henry Felske, L.A. 23580; Estate of Anthony Jones Ferdinand, L.A. 23581; Estate of Agnes I. Fontaine, L.A. 23582; Estate of Sam Foroi, L.A. 23583; Estate of Mildred A. Geller, L.A. 23584; Estate of Rose J. Good, L.A. 23585; Estate of James J. Grady, L.A. 23586; Estate of Frederick L. Hogan, L.A. 23587; Estate of Charles Roland Howarth, L.A. 23588; Estate of Carl Herbert Iman, L.A. 23589; Estate of Charles B. Jamieson, L.A. 23590; Estate of John Thomas Jenkins, L.A. 23591; Estate of John Peter Jones, L.A. 23592; Estate of Edna L. Kasdorf, L.A. 23593; Estate of George Daizalmo Kumagia, L.A. 23594; Estate of Fred Emil Kuntz, L.A. 23595; Estate of Aldon Victor Landry, L.A. 23596; Estate of Eulalia Landry, L.A. 23597; Estate of Gust Peter Lerch, L.A. 23598; Estate of Willis G. Long, L.A. 23599; Estate of Robert G. Loomis, L.A. 23600; Estate of Ralph L. Loveland, L.A. 23601; Estate of Tadoyoshi Matsubara, L.A. 23602; Estate of Fred Milton McKee, L.A. 23603; Estate of John Joseph McHugh, L.A. 23604; Estate of Edna Clark Sawyer Moffatt, L.A. 23605; Estate of Mary L. Moore, L.A. 23606; Estate of Laura Petlansky, L.A. 23607; Estate of Edward James Phillips, L.A. 23608; Estate of James Ray, L.A. 23609; Estate of Carlin W. Rowe, L.A. 23610; Estate of Hugo Schellinger, L.A. 23611; Estate of Max Scheige, L.A. 23612; Estate of Claude C. Smith, L.A. 23613; Estate of Theresa May Snowden, L.A. 23614; Estate of Edward Francis Spear, L.A. 23615; Estate of Martin M. Sullivan, L.A. 23616; Estate of Ann Symington, L.A. 23617; Estate of Ethel Lawson Trites, L.A. 23618; Estate of Mary Young, L.A. 23619; Estate of Jacob Zimmerman, L.A. 23620.
|
A left-wing activist who works for a charity called ‘Happy City’ called for Nigel Farage to be acid attacked before deleting the tweet.
The comment was made in response to the Brexit Party leader having a milkshake thrown over him yesterday in Newcastle.
“Bravo to Paul Crowther, good on you mate. Great that milkshakes have become a thing when it comes to racists in our midst,” tweeted Ruth Townsley, before adding, “I’d prefer acid but milkshakes will do for now I guess.”
Townsley deleted the tweet after it began to receive attention and subsequently deactivated her entire Twitter account.
She was previously captured on camera at a protest in 2017 shouting at activists who attended a ‘Gays Against Sharia’ march.
'Why are you shouting at us?' Part 1. So far no answer. pic.twitter.com/mE1hlvdU7Z — Lucy Brown (@lucyfrown) September 18, 2017
The Happy City charity subsequently issued a statement distancing themselves from Townsley’s tweet and said they were investigating the matter.
Happy City is aware that one of their employees posted a tweet yesterday from their personal account about the Nigel Farage protest. Our statement: pic.twitter.com/G5L3CMmk4U — Happy City UK (@HappyCityUK) May 21, 2019
The man who threw the milkshake at Farage was immediately arrested before doing a series of media interviews which largely lionized his act, with the BBC describing the assault as Crowther merely “expressing his views”.
“my poly partner said she would buy me mario maker 2 on the switch if i got a vasectomy and threw a milkshake at farage. 2 out of 2 complete, gamer achievement unlocked! haha” pic.twitter.com/5D3wTsx85y — Charlie Nash (@CharlieNash) May 20, 2019
The media has consistently endorsed political violence in the form of milkshake attacks, including this headline in the left-wing Independent yesterday titled ‘Nigel Farage getting hit by a milkshake isn’t funny, it’s absolutely hilarious’.
Nigel Farage drinking a big fat milkshake when he wins isn’t funny, it’s absolutely hilarious. pic.twitter.com/yTu6CRQo2l — Paul Joseph Watson (@PrisonPlanet) May 21, 2019
This differs from how the left and the press reacted to a man shouting mean words at pro-EU politician Anna Soubry, which was treated as some kind of hysterical moral panic.
As I document in the video below, such tactics are likely to backfire massively given that Farage’s Brexit Party is widely tipped to win by a wide margin in Thursday’s EU election.
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If you don't know much about Adebayo Akinfenwa, we'll sum him up in one word. POWER.
The AFC Wimbledon striker - aka The Beast - is the most famous player in League Two, largely because he is also the strongest player in League Two world football. That's not just opinion - that's what the stats in FIFA 16 say.
His absurd beefiness was why Akinfenwa was invited to take part in the FIFA Celebrity Cup at the game's official UK launch. As you can see in the video above, The Beast was asked what would happen if Diego Costa - football's most talked about troublemaker - tried to take him on.
His response? "If it came down to it, I'd have to snooze Diego Costa."
We're not necessarily cool enough to know exactly what that means… but we've got a pretty good idea. As Bayo goes on to say:
"There's only one winner if he comes up against me."
NO KIDDING:
We know what all Arsenal fans are currently thinking.
They're all praying AFC Wimbledon reach the FA Cup third round… and draw Chelsea. |
Q:
Undefined variable in actionblock template
This is my first SymfonyCMF application, so please bear with me, I might be fundamentally misunderstanding some concepts.
I have an ActionBlock (/cms/content/most-recent-psa) with an action of FooCmsBundle:Psa:embedPsa.
My embed function looks like this:
class PsaController extends Controller {
/**
* @Template()
*/
public function embedPsaAction() {
//... figure out which PSA needs to be displayed and set it to $psa
return array('page' => $psa);
}
}
I embed it in a Twig template with this: {{ sonata_block_render({"name": "/cms/content/most-recent-psa"}) }}
When I embed that template on a page, I get this exception: Variable "psa" does not exist in /var/www/peacefund-cms/src/Foo/CmsBundle/Resources/views/Psa/embedPsa.html.twig at line 6, which is just a simple output: <h2>{{ psa.title | raw }}</h2>.
So it looks like it's doing everything correctly. I've made sure that $psa is a valid value when it gets returned from the embedPsaAction function, and it seems like it loads the template exactly as it should, but the variable isn't being exposed.
A:
If you want to use a variable named "psa", you will have to give this exact name in the controller. Here you have the "page" variable for you twig page. And the page variable for twig equals to $psa for the controller.
In your controller, you have to do that :
array("variableNameForTwig1" => $variableController1, "variableNameForTwig2" => $variableController2 )
And then in your view, you can do that :
{{variableNameFortwig1.attribute}}
{{variableNameFortwig2.attribute}}
|
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Harbour Town Melbourne
South Yarra – Toorak and Chapel Street
Doncaster Westfield Shopping Centre
DFO South Warf – Docklands
Bridge Road – Richmond
High Street – Armadale
Puckle Street – Moonee Ponds
Main Street – Morningron Peninsula
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Shocking video from inside an Omaha, Nebraska, day care center has led to the arrest of 58-year-old woman on charges of child abuse.
The disturbing video shows a day care worker sitting across from a little girl at a table, when the worker suddenly gets angry and hits the child on the head a few times.
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"Quit messing with your hair," the worker says, before punching the girl’s left arm.
When the crying little girl says "that hurt me," the worker responds, "Good, I hope it hurt you," and then shakes her violently.
Police say the worker in the video is Lynn Rowe, who was taken into custody Thursday night in Missouri Valley, Iowa. She is currently awaiting extradition back to Nebraska, police said.
A former employee at the day care filmed the incident on March 28 and sent the video to the child's mother on April 2, officials said.
The parents reportedly confronted Rowe the next day, and went to police, who issued a warrant for her arrest on Wednesday.
"We are eternally grateful for Detective Flynn and the Omaha Police Department and all those involved in finding her," Kelley Meyers, the mother of the 4-year-old victim, said in a statement Friday. "And we are happy that she will have to take responsibility for her actions now."
Al Meyers, the child's father, told NBC News that his daughter has been going to Rowe's day care center since she was 2 or 3 months old and her 7-year-old brother went there before that, and that the couple knew Rowe very well. |
Q:
RegEx to allow only and only digits
I am writing a RegEx to use on input fields. The purpose of this is letting user enter only digits and nothing else (even dot and comma are disallowed).
Here is my code so far:
RegExp = new RegExp(/^[0-9]$/);
This however still lets the user type in dots and commas.
Which change I should make to get only digits?
A:
You can use type = "number" to allow only digits and onkeypress event to filter dot sign for your input control:
<input type="number"
(onkeypress)="return (event.charCode == 8 || event.charCode == 0 ||
event.charCode == 13) ? null : event.charCode >= 48 && event.charCode <= 57">
As MDN says:
elements of type number are used to let the user enter a
number. They include built-in validation to reject non-numerical
entries. The browser may opt to provide stepper arrows to let the user
increase and decrease the value using their mouse or by simply tapping
with a fingertip.
|
More than 3mn women swarmed the Kerala capital yesterday to offer ‘pongala’ to a Hindu goddess in what’s billed as the largest congregation of female devotees in the world.
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, 2.5mn had participated in the women-only event in 2009. Authorities put this year’s figure at around 3mn.
Devotees from the southern districts of Kerala as well as the bordering districts of Thirunelveli and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu visit the city on the culmination of the 10-day annual festival at the Attukal Bhagavathi temple and cook the ‘pongala’ offering for goddess Kannagi.
The offering is prepared using rice, jaggery and coconut on makeshift hearths along the city roads. Then priests sprinkle sacred water on the cooked rice, and the women begin their return journey.
Yesterday’s festivities began around 11am when the chief priest of the temple lit an earthenware pot from the fire of the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.
It was then passed on to the women devotees, who were lined up across the main roads of the capital city, occupying a staggering 13sq km of area.
Cricketer Sreeshant’s mother Savitri Devi, who came from the port city of Kochi, was among those who made the offering along with several film and television stars.
“I prayed not for my son but the whole Indian team who are playing against Bangladesh in Dhaka today and other matches in the World Cup. They had all come to our home and they are like my son,” Devi said. “I used to come and offer pongala every year and I believe it’s because the goddess’s grace that Sreeshant is in the team.”
The temple is dedicated to Attukal Bhagavathi who is believed to be an incarnation of Kannaki, the central character of the Tamil epic Silappadhikaram.
“I’m here for the first time. I am really excited to see such huge crowds of women,” said 43-year-old Retnamma Kumar, who came from Kottayam.
*************************************************
It's hard for me to wrap my brain around 3,000,000 women converging on one spot. That's like five times the population of my home city! Well, more power to them, and I hope their prayers and offerings bring positive results. We sure as hell need it these days. Perhaps if we had more worship of the Goddess and less worship of Mammon, particularly in the USA, we'd all be better off.
Play was a central element of people’s lives as far back as 4,000 years ago. This has been revealed by an archaeology thesis from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, which investigates the social significance of the phenomenon of play and games in the Bronze Age Indus Valley in present-day Pakistan.
It is not uncommon for archaeologists excavating old settlements to come across play and game-related finds, but within established archaeology these types of finds have often been disregarded. [That sure is right!]
“They have been regarded, for example, as signs of harmless pastimes and thus considered less important for research, or have been reinterpreted based on ritual aspects or as symbols of social status,” explains author of the thesis Elke Rogersdotter.
She has studied play-related artefacts found at excavations in the ruins of the ancient city of Mohenjo-daro in present-day Pakistan. The remains constitute the largest urban settlement from the Bronze Age in the Indus Valley, a cultural complex of the same era as ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The settlement is difficult to interpret; for example, archaeologists have not found any remains of temples or palaces. It has therefore been tough to offer an opinion on how the settlement was managed or how any elite class marked itself out.
Elke Rogersdotter’s study shows some surprising results. Almost every tenth find from the ruined city is play-related. They include, for instance, different forms of dice and gaming pieces. In addition, the examined finds have not been scattered all over. Repetitive patterns have been discerned in the spatial distribution, which may indicate specific locations where games were played.
“The marked quantity of play-related finds and the structured distribution shows that playing was already an important part of people’s everyday lives more than 4,000 years ago,” says Elke.
This is the caption from the article:
Chess pieces from Mohenjo-daro.
Photo: bennylin0724, Flickr
Are these chess pieces? As far as I know, there is no concrete evidence that chess was played 4,000 years ago by the people living in the Indus valley city-states/settlements. But, it has to be admitted that the pieces are suggestive of the Staunton-designed pawns from the 19th century which, perhaps, own their inspiration to just such ancient game pieces.* But to call them chess pieces? Blasphemy! Then again, "if it looks like a duck, and walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck..."
* It is known, for instance, that Staunton modeled his knight pieces on the horses in the Elgin Marbles ensconced in the British Museum.
Unfortunately, we don't know exactly where the pieces in the photograph were excavated, or how old they are. The use of the photo in the article suggests that they are all from Mohenjo-daro, but it doesn't really say so, does it? These could be a collection of gaming pieces from any museum in the world, which often seem to lump together without distinguishing ivory Islamic chess pieces together with 4,000 year old Egyptian faience senet pieces, 900 year old hnefatafl pieces and 400 year old bone chess pieces from Russia!
This article is mostly propaganda - it hints at special finds but doesn't describe anything in detail -- and yet still manages to give away the location of the tomb complex sufficiently clear enough that I'm sure looters have already found it. The article was published by the national mouthpiece of the People's Republic of China on February 16. By now they have already bribed the guards to join in the looting of what ever the local government officials haven't already appropriated for themselves from the items recovered by the archaeologists. I don't give a hoot where the complex is located, okay? Just tell me what's in it and quit the bullshit! You'll see what I mean.
Published at globaltimes.cn as reported in the Peoples Daily Online, which is geared specifically toward English-speaking people like me, whom the Chinese government (and most Chinese citizens, evidently) assume are stupid and ignorant, and easily duped. Hmmm, sounds familiar...
The Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology reported on Feb. 14 that it discovered an ancient tomb group covering an area of more than 10,000 square meters 100 kilometers south of Hami City in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. This is the first time that a tomb group dating back 3,000 years has been found in Hami region.
Chinanews reported that the tombs group has a large scale and a dense distribution. It was also the first time that a tomb with a sacrificial altar was found in the Xinjiang region. Most burial objects were made of pottery and wood, but some objects made from stones, bones, horns, bronze and iron were also found here.
The director of Hami's Cultural Relics Bureau said archaeologists had already excavated more than 150 ancient tombs in the last two months.
At the excavation site, archaeologists found something special, including some materials never before discovered, special construction styles and some unique burial customs. In addition, they also found various precious cultural relics under unique cultural background.
Judging from the current situation of the group, archaeologist said it might be remains of an early Iron Age settlement dating back about 3,000 years ago.
The tomb group was located at the southern margin of ancient Silk Road. From those unearthed cultural relics, archaeologists were able to ascertain that the ecological environment, including the amount of water and plants, was much more favorable at the time than they are currently.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
The following report takes a look at climate change in the Middle East some 4200 years ago, focusing on one city in particular, and how it managed to survive when so many of its neighbors did not.
What's the old saying - I've not got it absolutely correct, I'm sure, but it is something like "those who do not know history are doomed to repeat it." An apt lesson that applies not only to what is occurrring today in the politics of the Middle East -- with recent overthrows of established authoritarian regimes in Tunisia and Egypt, and unrest in Yemen, Bahrain, Algeria, Jordan, Syria, etc. One has to wonder what that old "revolutionary" is thinking about these days, holed up within his massive tent-enclave in Libya...ahem.
As I was saying, not just a lesson that applies to politics but, perhaps more importantly in the long run, climate change. And what, exactly, what any one civilization do about climate change? Not a whole lot, when it comes down ot it. Mother Earth has her own cycles, and Her own way of dealing with shit.
But while Mother Nature is doing her thing now, as She did then, there are billions of people living on this world today. Billions. So, what do you do when you've got - millions - of people "knocking on your door" - so to speak, wanting to come in and use up your scarce resources, that are withering away at an alarming rate. Those millions are there because the lands that they lived in are now desserts - but you're in not such good shape, either. What do you do? Do you let those millions pounding on your doors die off, like their cattle died off in the desserts? What do you do? What do you do...
About 4,200 years ago a series of disasters struck cities and civilizations throughout the Middle East.
In Egypt the central government collapsed. The same state that had built the great pyramids, and kept pharaoh as the supreme authority, could no longer keep the country united. This ushered in an era of powerful provincial leaders (known as nomarchs) and rival claimants to the Egyptian throne.
A similar scenario happened in Mesopotamia where the Akkadian Empire, an entity whose power stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean, also went under. This led to local rulers stepping in and taking up power.
There is also evidence of social upheaval in the Levant. The city of Khirbet ez-Zeiraqoun in northern Jordan, whose inhabitants burrowed out hundreds of meters of water tunnels into the ground, was abandoned.
Climate change is believed to be a major reason for this upheaval. Research in the Middle East suggests that the environment became increasingly arid – making it difficult to support the intensive farming that is required to feed large cities.
“Paleoclimactic data from numerous sites, document changes in the Mediterranean westerlies and monsoon rainfall during this event with precipitation reductions of up to 30%, that diminished agricultural production from the Aegean to the Indus,” wrote scientists Harvey Weiss and Raymond Bradley in a paper they published.
...
Goddesschess has funded prizes for female players since Challenge VIII. For Challenge XIII, we have a new prize structure.
For every female player in the Open, $40 for each win by a femme and $20 for each draw. There are no prizes for the Reserve Section. In addition, Goddesschess will continue its tradition of paying the entry fee for the top-finishing female player in the Open and the Reserve for the next Challenge, should they choose to play.
We hope to see a great chess femme turn-out for Challenge XIII. Take a chance, play in the Open - have some fun and maybe win some nice money, too. Good luck!
Registration from 6:20 to 6:50 pm. It is important to arrive during the registration period as individuals will be assigned to quads based on their ratings. Players in the quad will have similar ratings. If you arrive after the registration period we cannot guarantee that you will be placed in a quad. If you know that you will be arriving late this Thursday, but want to be paired for the first round, PLEASE contact me in advance to let me know so that we can include you in the proper quad. If you know you will be late and do not inform me, it increases your odds of having no game this week. [Tom Fogec: PHONE: 414-405-4207. EMAIL.]
EXTRA: "David's Endgame Prize" There will be a $5.00 "Endgame" prize for this tournament, which will be awarded by David Dathe. This prize will be awarded for the most interesting endgame played in the tournament. Mr. Dathe will be the judge of any games submitted, and he may annotate the endgame for the Southwest Chess Club Blog. Mr. Dathe plans to continue this for all our longer time control tournaments this year (not rapid or blitz games). All tournament players are encouraged to submit a game. Please submit the game to the TD. The game needs to be legible (readable) so the endgame can be properly analyzed. An interesting endgame is the key, not a perfectly played opening or middle game.
The Pick 'n Save was doing landmark business in last-minute bouquets and cards tonight, LOL! It was absolutely hilarious, although standing in a line three times as long as normal wasn't much fun since I only had a few items and wanted to get out of there, but boy oh boy, that store is raking in the cash today! EVERY MAN IN LINE - young, old, tall, short, black, brown, white, dressed up and grunge - ALL HAD FLOWERS AND/OR CARD IN HAND. Some guys were going for the gusto and having BIG arrangements made up by a clerk who was stationed at the florist's desk (there is rarely anybody there, normally).
I happened to catch this article today that was originally published in the weekend edition of The Wall Street Journal. Enjoy!
Iran Bans Valentine's Day The regime's posture turns the smallest gestures into thrilling acts of subversion.
By MELIK KAYLAN
February 11, 2011
In another sign of its ever more improvisational approach to governance, the Iranian regime has outlawed Valentine's Day. "Symbols of hearts, half-hearts, red roses, and any activities promoting this day are banned," announced state media last month. "Authorities will take legal action against those who ignore the ban."
Some 70% of Iran's population is said to be under the age of 30, so it seems natural that Valentine's Day has caught on in a country where the young keep trying to find non-state-mandated rituals to call their own. The state, for its part, continues to respond with a Whack-a-Mole approach to any social ripple not dreamt of in its philosophy.
Theocratic regimes invariably suffer from the same besetting sin: As the world evolves, they must either revise their antiquated doctrines or try to hold the world rigidly in stasis. Iran's ruling mullahs keep choosing the latter option. And with mosque and state firmly conjoined, there's no stray detail of daily life so arcane that the scriptures can't be mobilized to rein it in.
The Iranian state has pronounced against unauthorized mingling of the sexes, rap music, rock music, Western music, women playing in bands, too-bright nail polish, laughter in hospital corridors, ancient Persian rites-of-spring celebrations (Nowrooz), and even the mention of foreign food recipes in state media. This last may sound comically implausible, but it was officially announced by a state-run website on Feb. 6. So now the true nature of pasta as an instrument of Western subversion has been revealed.
The regime's posture turns the smallest garden-variety gestures into thrilling acts of subversion. Slipping a Valentine card to a girlfriend takes on the significance of samizdat. Every firecracker set off during Nowrooz diminishes the police state's claims to omniscience. The mullahs have appointed themselves the enemy of fun; as a result, wherever fun herniates into view, it is a politicized irruption of defiance.
In "Rock 'n' Roll," the playwright Tom Stoppard proposes that rock music more than anything else—the arms race, dissident intellectuals, economic decay—brought down the communist system because it came from an unanticipated source for which the politburo theorists had no answer. Their enforcers could counter explicit resistance, but their ideologues never prepared defenses against the onslaught of pure fun. No one in charge knew how to neutralize this entirely new category of opting out through the delirium of music. In the play, the rigid communist edifice crumbles in the face of a mysteriously apolitical impulse to freedom embodied by young folk who simply "don't care about anything but the music."
The mullahs can offer no specific dogma against the widespread underground rock scene in the suburbs of Tehran and elsewhere. They often arrest those at basement shows or garage performances with improvised expedients—for the blasphemous nature of their gyrations, or for illicit socializing between the sexes. In being able to justify their prohibitions on religious grounds they have an advantage over their communist counterparts of old.
But under what rationale could the consumption of foreign dishes constitute an offense? Nationalism, we are told. Yet the regime expends considerable energy suppressing the Persian, as opposed to Islamic, identity by discouraging Nowrooz and other elements of the culture that date from the pre-Muslim era of jahiliyya, the so-called time of ignorance. [Frigging arrogant bastards - some day they will be hoisted on their own petards - preferable driven through their groins.]
In the end, Iran's rulers face an impossible task. Their genesis myth of a society based on a codified schema of sacred laws looks neither codified nor sacred. It convinces no one. Instead, the regime seems dedicated above all to stamping out joy wherever it may accidentally arise—a sour, paranoid struggle against irrepressible forces of nature, change, the seasons, music, romance and laughter. The Iranian people can take comfort: No earthly authority has won that particular contest for long.
CAIRO – A full inventory of the Egyptian Museum has found that looters escaped with 18 items during the anti-government unrest, including two gilded wooden statues of famed boy king, Tutankhamun, the antiquities chief said Sunday.
The 18-day uprising that forced out President Hosni Mubarak engulfed the areas around the famed museum, on the edge of Cairo's Tahrir Square. On Jan. 28, as protesters clashed with police early on in the turmoil and burned down the adjacent headquarters of Mubarak's ruling party, a handful of looters climbed a fire escape to the museum roof and lowered themselves on ropes from a glass-paneled ceiling onto the museum's top floor.
Around 70 objects — many of them small statues — were damaged, but until Sunday's announcement, it was not known whether anything was missing.
Antiquities Minister Zahi Hawass said the museum's database department determined 18 objects were gone. Investigators searching for those behind the thefts were questioning dozens of people arrested over several days after last month's break-in.
The most important of the missing objects is a limestone statue of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, the so-called heretic king that tried to introduce monotheism to Egypt, standing and holding an offering table.
"It's the most important one from an artistic point of view," said museum director Tarek el-Awady. "The position of the king is unique and it's a beautiful piece of art." During Akhenaten's so-called Amarna period, named after his capital, artists experimented with new styles.
Also gone is a gilded wooden statue of the 18th Dynasty King Tutankhamun, Akhenaten's son, being carried by a goddess. Pieces are also missing from another statue of the boy king wielding a fishing harpoon from a boat.
"We have the boat and the legs of the king, but we are missing other parts of the body," el-Awady said. "We are looking everywhere for them — around the museum, outside, on the roof, from where the thieves got into the museum."
He said none of the missing objects was from the gated room containing the gold funerary mask of King Tutankhamun and other stunning items from his tomb in the Valley of the Kings — the museum's chief attractions. The looters did not break into the room, he said.
The other missing items are a statue of Nefertiti, Akhenaten's wife, making offerings, a sandstone head of a princess and a stone statuette of a scribe from Amarna, and a heart scarab and 11 wooden funerary statuettes of the nobleman Yuya.
Antiquities authorities also announced Sunday that thieves broke into a storage site at the royal necropolis of Dahshur, south of Cairo, on Feb. 11. They had no information yet on whether items were missing.
The Egyptian Museum remains closed and guarded by an army unit, but workers are cleaning the vast building and the garden around it. Efforts are being made to improve security.
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I'm one of the founders of Goddesschess, which went online May 6, 1999. I earned an under-graduate degree in history and economics going to college part-time nights, weekends and summer school while working full-time, and went on to earn a post-graduate degree (J.D.) I love the challenge of research, and spend my spare time reading and writing about my favorite subjects, travelling and working in my gardens. My family and my friends are most important in my life. For the second half of my life, I'm focusing on "doable" things to help local chess initiatives, starting in my own home town. And I'm experiencing a sort of personal "Renaissance" that is leaving me rather breathless... |
Sunday, January 24, 2010
How many times have you heard that “Vlaams Belang is a fascist party”?
How many times have you read that “Filip Dewinter is a neo-Nazi”?
It’s a persistent and pernicious meme. It has no basis either in history or current events, but it became the “dominant narrative” back when Vlaams Belang was still Vlaams Blok, and it is a lie that simply will not die.
I bring all of this up because of a piece that appeared a couple of days ago in The New York Times Magazine. The article is part of the “strange new respect” accorded to Charles Johnson by the Leftist media since he repudiated the last of his erstwhile friends on the Right.
Most of the article covers the same old ground, recounting the Great Blog War of 2007 from a distinctly Johnsonian perspective. But that’s not what interests me. As a part of his research, the author interviewed Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer about what happened back then. Here’s where the relevant portion begins:
IN OCTOBER 2007, Johnson was asked to take part in what was billed as a Counter-Jihad Conference in Brussels, a gathering of fewer than a hundred politicians and opinion leaders from around the world who convened to share ideas and strategies for combating the spread of militant Islam. Johnson was not the only writer invited — Geller was there, as well as Robert Spencer of jihadwatch.org (a Web site Johnson himself designed), to name two — but he did not go. “I’m just not a joiner of these things,” he says.
A couple of points here: I was one of the organizers of the Brussels event, and I was the person who wrote to Charles Johnson to invite him. No one else communicated with him about the conference ahead of time. Although he normally responded to my emails back in those days, he never replied to any of the several that I sent him about Brussels.
We went ahead without him, and Mr. Johnson’s first response was the broadside attack he launched against us the same evening the conference concluded.
The article continues:
The conference finished up in Brussels, and “the next day,” Johnson remembers, “people were e-mailing me saying, ‘You might want to cover this.’ So I started looking into it.”
Yet another suggested correction for Charles Johnson: his attack on Vlaams Belang began the same day, just hours after the conference concluded, and almost as soon as my wife sent him the press release about it.
He discovered that among the conference’s 90 or so participants — though not among the speakers — was a man named Filip Dewinter, a leader of a Belgian-nationalist political party called Vlaams Belang, or “Flemish Interest.”
[…]
Johnson first hinted, and eventually demanded, that [Pamela Geller and Robert Spencer] publicly distance themselves from both Vlaams Belang and the conference itself, and when they demurred, he publicly distanced himself from them.
“Filip Dewinter has said some things I deplore,” Spencer says. “But I don’t consider myself responsible for him just because I was at this conference and he was, too. That’s an outrageous kind of guilt by association. Let me ask you this: a few years ago I spoke at a Yom Kippur service, and one of the other speakers was Hillary Clinton. Does that make me a supporter or her work, or her of mine?”
It pains me to say this, but Robert Spencer has inadvertently done a great disservice to the Counterjihad movement with his words.
First of all, Filip Dewinter was indeed a speaker at the conference in Brussels: he gave the country report for Belgium. I sat on the podium with him while he spoke.
Secondly, to assert that there is some “guilt by association” with Filip Dewinter is to give credence to the idea that the Vlaams Belang leader deserves the “fascist” smears that have been so frequently aimed at him.
Of what, exactly, is Filip Dewinter “guilty”?
Any association with Filip Dewinter is actually an honor, for the man is a hero. He belongs in the same class as Geert Wilders or Pia Kjærsgaard. To imply an equivalence with even Hillary Clinton is an insult to the man.
There is nothing that Filip Dewinter has said that I would “deplore”, and the fact that he keeps a Celtic Cross on his bookshelf bothers me not in the slightest.
If the world were a fair place, Vlaams Belang would be held in the same esteem as the Partij Voor de Vrijheid, and Filip Dewinter would be standing shoulder-to-shoulder with Geert Wilders. But, unlike the PVV, Vlaams Belang grew out of Vlaams Blok, which gives it a pedigree that can be traced far enough back that the Left can cry, “Ha! Gotcha, you Nazi!”
The equivalent in American terms would be the Democratic Party, which has its roots in Reconstruction and Jim Crow and racial segregation. The Democrats have a pedigree that can be traced far enough back — say, to 1960 — that we can cry, “Ha! Gotcha, you RACIST!”
However, I subscribe to the principle of “By their fruits ye shall know them.” And Vlaams Belang is the only political party in Belgium that has strongly and officially and consistently supported the state of Israel.
Filip Dewinter was the only national Belgian political leader to speak out publicly in Parliament on behalf of Belgian Jews this time last year, when the Left marched with Hamas supporters on the streets of Antwerp chanting “Jews to the gas”.
Vlaams Belang is the only political party in Belgium that takes a libertarian stance and supports a free market economy.
To refer to them as “fascist” or “neo-Nazi” is not just inaccurate, it is a travesty of the truth.
The uncomfortable fact of the matter is that anti-Semitism is indeed alive and well in Belgium, but 99.5% of it is confined to the hallowed halls of the Socialist Left. To assert otherwise is to ignore the plain truth that can be easily discerned by reading the copious public record.
It’s time to stop ducking for cover every time the topic of Vlaams Belang comes up. Just because thousands of others believe the same lie doesn’t mean that we have to support their statements or give them cover when they promote falsehoods.
It’s better to be a lone dissenter speaking the truth than to join a crowd of people who are screaming lies.
For those who want to acquaint (or re-acquaint) themselves with what occurred at Counterjihad Brussels 2007, the official report is here, and my more anecdotal account of the occasion is here.
29
comments:
I had wondered what Charles Johnsons 180 was all about. Thanks for clearing a few things up. I can hardly recognize LGF anymmore. The articles now focus on "The Tea-Baggers" and "wingnuts". Hardly a peep about islamofascists unless there is a level of enormity that cant be ignored. And the commenters are now on some liberal PC kick. Very bizarre.
Lequarius: Generally speaking, there are not many possible explanations for why a person betrays his own side like this. Number one is that he has been bribed and/or blackmailed into doing so by hostile third parties. Number two is that he has suffered some kind of personal or emotional trauma, and number three is that he never really was a believer in the cause in the first place. Let's just say that CJ was a liberal who had been "mugged by reality" on 9/11 but later reverted to his old ways and leave speculations for later.
While I greatly disliked yet another unfair stab at the VB, perhaps the other most noteworthy aspect of this article was that it said that LGF today is a weird, online personality cult and compared it to George Orwell's Animal Farm. When that comes from a liberal newspaper such as the NYT then CJ truly is finished, as we have pointed out before.
The article is part of the “strange new respect” accorded to Charles Johnson by the Leftist media since he repudiated the last of his erstwhile friends on the Right.
It may be that a little patience is in order. Give the MSM plenty of time to ally itself with Johnson's false front. Then sit back and wait for their own "Dan Rather Moment", whereby the patently unsupportable nature of LGF becomes apparent.
Due to the MSM's overwhelming influence there is little else to do but wait for these talking heads to shoot themselves in the foot. Fortunately, both the ammunition and arms they use are quite prone to misfiring and it is simply a matter of time before some podiatric surgery will become necessary.
Reading between the lines (or just reading the lines themselves) it's clear the author of the article wasn't particularly impressed with Johnson. In fact a large portion of the article is openly mocking, in a subdued sort of way. Not really the ego stroke he was expecting. in fact, far from allying with him, I get the feeling they're setting him up as an object of ridicule, perhaps as revenge for his role in bringing down Rather.
And last but not least, thank you for highlighting the travesty that is the Wilders trial FROM AMERICA, at a time when such an important election took place in MA. I wrote nothing up to now 'bout the trial. You make me feel ashamed.
The leftist political parties in Europe hate Vlaams Belang for very doctrinal reasons. If you wanted to transplant VB to the US, they would fit in our political spectrum as right-of-center. Given the lengths to which the Lefties in this country go in their efforts to smear anyone on the right, the reception for VB would be about the same as it is for, say, Sarah Palin (eeewwww. She's dumb. She's a hick. She's a Christian extremist. She has no experience., etc., ad nauseam. But above all, she's not a powerful member of the Political Class which makes her forever an Untouchable, even for some of the Republican Political Class).
The woman could walk on water, raise the dead (like maybe our dead & dying crime-plagued cities) and she'd still be an Untouchable.
IOW, it's not what you do, it's what the chattering class says you are and Palin is a leper. So is Vlaams Belang in Europe.
However, VB remains popular in Flanders. The Flemish have been forced to carry the much-less productive Walloons. The latter will fight to the death any idea of Flemish secession. What would they do without Flemish money to support their welfare system.
The boots on the ground that you see in the photo at the top of the page are Walloon boots called in especially by the thug mayor, Freddy Thielemans to handle VB.
====================
@ Archonix:
I get the feeling they're setting him up as an object of ridicule, perhaps as revenge for his role in bringing down Rather...
You're probably right. The LA Times article earlier in the month was less ambiguous, so Chazzer probably thought this would be the same.
It may well turn out to be that he was set up. He's already fighting them on his blog. I wouldn't have known except I was trying to find a further link to Richard Miniter's essay re his misapprehension of VB, but the PJM link has aged out & the only other one was to Chaz.
The boy is in for some hard times as he tries to cement his place in the leftosphere.
Conservative Swede: ... you mean why CJ betrayed his liberal stance during a few years after 2001?.
I'm going to go out on a limb here and suggest that Con Swede may have nailed this one quite precisely. Is there any record of Chaz being conservative or anti-Islamic prior to 9-11?
If not then perhaps, as Con Swede notes, this may be more a case of reversion than conversion. Certain personality traits and hobbies of Chaz point towards a strong possibility of leftist leanings prior to 9-11.
Having once been thrall to Liberalism, its siren song−not to mention current popularity−may just as well have drawn him back into the Leftist fold as opposed to somehow converting him away from what may have merely been erstwhile conservatism.
I think Chaz yearns for the altitudes of the Olympians like Daily Kos, up there where the air is rare and mere mortals get nose bleeds. It's not for nothing that green is the color of envy.
And yeh, Con Swede nailed it.
=======================
All of y'all, listen up:
Mike, who appears in the comments here, is a rare visitor. You should have some background on a very unusual fellow:
If you want to meet just a regular citizen from Belgium who is very pro-American and very pro-VB, let me introduce Michael, the proprietor of Downeast blog.
Home base for Downeast is Brussels where Michael is a businessman, husband, father, and member of Vlaams Belang. I can no longer remember how it is that he ended up with a blog which has a state of Maine nickname for its title. Maybe he'll tell us sometime.
I know he frets that he doesn't have time to keep up the blog as much as he'd like but I think someday it will be a small chunk of Belgian history, especially some of the wonderful photos he has of Belgian military stuff (hey, I'm a gurrl. It's "stuff")
Here's a gem of a post, which wanders about, window shopping French customs and culture. Mike includes the accumulative stats for that favorite past time of French youth, car burnings. In the last five years they've managed to (pay attention here, blogagog) make toast of 217,055 vehicles --give or take a few police vans.
Mike is one of my favorite people. If you read his blog (dead links in the sidebar. He doesn't have the time) you'll see why Americans would find him congenial.
Baron - As soon as you mentioned the dreaded "Celtic Cross" I thought "Oh boy, here we go..." I clicked on D's link to Downeast and the footage of Christmas Day in Paris. I wonder what would have happened if women were to have joined in?
Not to spoil a Vlaams Belang lovefest, but this article sheds a different light on Vlaams Belang. I would argue that "fascism" is much more than just anti-semitism. Do you deny this, Baron and Dymphna?
Anyway, here are two quotes from the article:
During the 1980s, the party carved a niche for itself on the right of the political spectrum by championing the cause of Flemish nationalism, anticommunism, anti-abortion, pro-apartheid and pro-amnesty for the Nazi collaborators. With the end of the Cold War, the party discovered immigration as a new issue. This gave the party a new dynamic that continues to this very day. In June 1992, the new star of the party, Filip Dewinter, published a ‘programme of 70 points’ aiming to combat immigration. The 70 points included the forced repatriation of all immigrants up to the third generation, educational apartheid, and the division of social security.
In a recent newspaper article, Filip Dewinter explains the changes in the party in the following way: ‘The changes in the name of the party, the modernisation of the statutes and the structure of the party, the remodelling of the style and use of language . . . and the updating of a twenty-five year old declaration of principle have nothing to do with content but everything to do with tactic.’
Any thoughts, Baron and Dymphna, on this article? The two quotes I have taken seemed to be based on fact, unless the author is outright lying about the Filip DeWinter's 1992 publication and 2004 direct quote.
Johnson's sin was not betrayal of either leftwingism or rightwingism. A man can honestly change his mind... as a matter of fact that is the purpose of opinionating, to change the opinions of others... and what is good for the goose is good for the gander. Finding him changed might have been cause for disappointment, but without any of the feeling of dirt and insult to intelligence.
His sin was dishonesty, self-centeredness and self-worship, despotism, a total lack of integrity. Had he (with the help of his followers) not banned people, but agreed to allow others to disagree, (requiring only a standard level of comity), then LGF would have profited.
I can separate a man from his current opinions and cut enough slack to maintain respect. Opinion blogs don't need to be comfort zones. But he banned brilliant minds, good writers, keen thinkers. He went through the trouble of checking other people's links and banning them if he found one he didn't like.
Johnson's problem really wasn't political, but moral and perhaps psychological. His was the behavior of a cult leader or a sort of cyber Howard Hughes afraid of a speck of dirt. Frigging Islam-on-line is more liberal (old European sense) and certainly more hospitable.
Frankly I would ignore his opinion shifts. He was entitled to them. That's the game being played, and only a true ideologue would allow disappointment to become utter disgust and visceral contempt.
Libertarians can become NeoCons and vice versa. The voters of Massachusetts can give Obama a 26% percent advantage over McCain and then one year later vote in a Scott Brown to sink Obama's policies. Certainly it is our own ardent hope that people will come around concerning Islam. But who needs the sickness of a personality cult? The sticky, gummy, grimy feeling of total control with no slack whatsoever?!
It's all very well to discuss yet again the foolishness and foibles of Charles Johnson, but that was not the point of this post. As far as I'm concerned, that vein has been mined out. The motherlode is exhausted. It's a spent scene, man.
No, my major point concerns what Robert Spencer said. By "deploring" Filip Dewinter's words, he implicitly confirms and supports the meme that VB are "fascist".
Coming from someone of Mr. Spencer's stature, this is a devastating quote.
Conservative Swede, you do not understand what I was trying to say and I don't blame you because my statements are usually in the manner of the shadows... or as the people say it here: "The colour of a runned away donkey". I may (most likely) have not been explicit. Let me try again:
In America: What good is it to say that American courts usually favour minorities against white Americans even though it's true? What good does it make to continue to present OJ Simpson as an example of that? Let's not press this more! Let's move on, even though there was a legitimate case and, "it hurts".
In Europe: The Treaty of Versailles in 1918 was a shame, but let's forget about it and not talk more about it because everyone who points that out is a crypto-Nazi.
Here where I am: Let's forget we lost the Euro 2004 in Lisbon, in Benfica's stadium to the Greeks (who think that the ball is a square) because we were never so close to win it. Even though we never throw away something like that. / Let's stop justifying our poverty with the accounts of centuries past, even though the cause is there...
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Mosto of the time you have to think strategically and give a step back in order to advance two the following morning. You know that better than everybody.
With "truth" is the same. We ought not to stay stick in the past over some point in which we are right because we may be losing the chance of "advancing" in the present.
P.S. - Patriot, when the crowd is the only thing that exists, I'd advise you to be silent, just that.
I don't think you can help making snarky comments when you post here. Your behavior is so predictable and tedious by now that surely even you must be a bit tired of it?
I looked at the CV of the fellow who wrote the essay you cited. Can you say "extreme left wing socialist academic"? The man has never held a job outside the field of "Social Sciences".
Then I looked at his bibliography. It left me wondering, as those kinds of papers always do, why academics of his persuasion cannot simply say "right wing parties". They are always labeled extreme right wing parties.
So I take issue with your sources, nodrog. I'll stick with Diana West's personal investigations. I'll stick with looking at who it is in Belgium that stands to profit from the destruction of Vlaams Belang.
And I'll stand by James Lewis' original assessment of Vlaams Belang's accusers: Belgian black psyops.
People of integrity, Belgian people whose opinion I respect, are members of Vlaams Belang and vote for them.
Go over to Brussels Journal and give that quote to Paul Belien. His wife is a member of Parliament for VB. Ask him what he thinks of your source from Budapest.
Jan Erk has lived off the government dole his whole life. In exchange, he writes papers like that one. I have little respect for the left wing academics in this country and even less for those in Budapest. The latter really ought to know better by now.
I'm not interested in your definition of fascism and I don't trust your good faith intentions enough to share mine with you. I base this distrust on a history of unpleasant remarks you've dropped here over the course of the last several years.
You know, the more I think about it, that preface you wrote to the body of your comment is so ungracious that I may yet remove the whole thing.
For the moment, however, I'll leave it up for a bit so readers have the opportunity to peruse your source and decide what they think of Erk's credibility.
"The 70 points included the forced repatriation of all immigrants up to the third generation, educational apartheid, and the division of social security."
You see, in essence, you are right. They are a little bit less radical but I hope, the base is still there. Let's see what's so wrong about it:
Flemish Nationalism: Good.Anti Communism: Good.Anti Abortion: Good, even if debatable.Pro Apartheid: ui!Pro Amnesty for the Nazi collaborators: You have to drop your ethnocentrist, mythological American worldview and embrace that of Flanders. I bet there were lots of collaborators with the Nazis and I bet many Nationalists helped the Nazis in the hope of get rid of Belgium? Is it wrong? No. What is wrong is to persecute old people just because they acted in some anti-Belgian (phony state that should have little respect) way when murderers and tanks where appointed at them. This policy, is good for Flemish Nationalists.
Deportation of 3 generation immigrants: While I'm against this as it is, I think those immigrants could, if not should, have another legal status than the Flemish. It is only normal in "Nationalist" States. So it's not that bad. The principle is actually good from a Nationalist perspective.
Educational Apertheid: This surely means to prevent immigrants to take over schools and teach Flemish or Dutch over French. This is good.
Division of Social Security: That's their problem.
In the end, only the pro-Apertheid thing is somewhat not okay. And I am not sure of what it means. So Gordon, what is really your problem with Vlaams Belang?
You probabily are against Nationalism, I reckon that. But why this dirty war against Vlaams Belang? Anyway, with the Lisbon Treaty, Brussels rules supreme, so...
If VB were pro-apartheid due to the Cold War then how is that any different from the British Conservative Party's stance? Of course, a lot of liberal denunciations rest on 'proving' (through bald assertion) that the guilty party feels burning hatred towards a minority in their secret thoughts.
What else: anti-Communism, anti-abortionism, immigration restrictionism. This is standard meat and potatoes for conservatives. That isn't fascism except maybe by the standards of the paranoid Homeland Security domestic terrorism report.
The argument that VB are fascists seems to rest on a dispute over Flemish nationalism and an amnesty for WWII-era collaborationists. So basically we're back into esoteric (to non-Belgians) local disputes which we cannot have any first-hand grasp of and which Mr. Johnson struggled with in vain.
We're essentially going around in circles here. Didn't the Walloon Nazi collaborators all get amnesty years ago? I seem to remember reading that somewhere. Also, I don't see why the position taken by Filip DeWinter's leftist enemies should be the default to be disproved. Let them present some real evidence.
It's unfortunate that Robert Spencer "deplored" Filip DeWinter. As good as it would be, one can't just be a detached Islam scholar: when you enter the political arena you're entering it all the way whether you like it or not. So Mr. Spencer should have been long ago disabused of the notions put about by DeWinter's leftist enemies, before he even left for Brussels. Just my 2c.
Dymphna, I acknowledge that the author of the piece I quoted from may indeed be an "extreme left-wing socialist academic," although I would counter that not everyone within the universitariat, at least in the United States, is an "extreme left-wing socialist academic" (perhaps you should ask that question of the law professors who make up the Volokh Conspiracy, for instance).
I am particularly interested in the two actual quotes. In the first, Filip deWinter proposes (in 1992)
the forced repatriation of all immigrants up to the third generation
This seems to me to be an extreme position. Now I am going to assume the deWinter did not want to deport Belgian immigrants such as my brother, a white American who has taught in an International School in Belgium for a couple of decades (and his children) and has attained Belgian citizenship, but rather non-white immigrants. Do you really think that deporting all non-white immigrants, regardless of how well they have fit into Belgian society, back three generations, is a "moderate" policy, acceptable in any nation?
educational apartheid and the division of social security
Now the first of these is clearly a loaded term, and I'm going to assume that deWinter was talking about dividing up Flemish and Wallonian school systems and pension systems, which is certainly not an extreme position.
And as for the alleged quote from DeWinter, allegedly made in 2003 or so, it would indicate that the Vlaams Belang is the same as the Vlams Blok in terms of policy, and that all of the Vlaams Blok policies from the past are being carried over, including the forced repatriation of immigrants back to the third generation, the exculpation of remaining Nazi war criminals in Belgium, etc.
I will take your advice and send along a link to this article and the quotes to Mr. Belien at Brussels Journal.
Again, get out of that infantile, over protected, ethno centrist, mythological American cage!
The expulsion of immigrants up to the third generation is not that bad. You have to let it in in your mind that Belgium *is not* America or Australia. Belgium/Flanders, despite having had many immigrants during its history was not constructed and built by "immigrants" for "immigrants".
You see. Here in Portugal and Spain, not only did we expelled the muslims whose presence was felt here since the VIII century as we expelled the Jews who were present among us even before we have built our own Hispanic Nations. Gypsies faced similar programs and laws that, while not so widespread were, in my view more agressive.
Pakistan and India expelled populations in that fashion that we all know of.After WWII many Germans were expelled from Poland while East Prussia was German as long as... it existed!
To expell immigrants in America is one thing. But in the old World, is usual business. The North Africans had lots of Jews. Their population vanished in the 60s. Jews in North Africa were present for long but the majority of them were Sephardim Jews expelled from Portugal and Spain in the end of the XV century.
Really Gordon, get out of that cage! I don't mind that you don't agree with VB, but please, stop this dirty war you're directing at them.
P.S. - I think it is obvious an extreme position and I don't agree with it. However, I aknowledge them the right to do that. And in 1980s I think the most undesired immigrants were Southern Europeans: Mainly Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians. At least in France it was so in the 50s and 60s, where their presence was greater than the extra Europeans.Guess what? They have the right to do it.
The Amazon link is to an expensive used edition but if you look around, I'm sure you can find a paperback much more cheaply. I didn't have the time to research it further, but I remember that a paperback edition did come out.
You, above all, would enjoy this book, Afonso. Its theme is suited to your interests. It would be worth your while to try to find it.
BTW, Paul Belien has suffered for his allegiance to VB. He can no longer work as a journalist. The police have persecuted him for home schooling his children, and to top it off, know-nothing Charles J.savaged him repeatedly. It was awful to watch the dishonest and unjust smear attack on Paul. He is a man of integrity.
Dymphna, this will be my last comment in this post and I only comment because I feel it would be unfair to leave you without a reply.
You know, I kind of live in Morocco so I do not have an internet account (with money and that). And that's just a book that is not sold here in Portugal. So, I gave my parents a list in which A Throne in Brussels appear. They sometimes sent an english language book of that type, but a Throne in Brussels did not appear yet. I've read Clash of Civilisations (and borrow a friend who kind of stole me the book) and I'm currently reading An Unnecessary War by Buchannan. Very thought provoking.
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I just want to say one thing, regarding "serious stuff". Of course Gordon's cage is principally a liberal cage. But there is a trans Atlantic barrier as well. Both Northern and Southern Americans have a wold view that differs significantly from Europeans. I did not count on that but I realised that the mythologies (deep inside our minds, and the ideals are different). I discovered this talking more with South Americans - mainly Brazilians - and interacting variously with North American culture.
It's like, while we descend from the poors who wanted to be Royal blooded, Americans descend from the poors who stood up and created their own destiny, diverging from the European ideal. Both Euros and TransAtlantics, influence each other imaginary, let's say so.
So, it is more shocking for an American to see someone defend the VB and it is more shocking for an European to see social differences like those that are more intensified in the Americas (or Russia). And it's not necessarily leftism from both parts. |
"Florida has a lot going for it," Kerrigan says. "Its big edge comes from having no personal, capital gain or death taxes." In recent years Florida's growing consumer base has drawn hordes of startups and other small firms. "From a policy perspective the state has dealt with its growth very well," Kerrigan adds. Florida has seen one of the largest percentage increase in government spending of any state over the past five years. Yet unemployment taxes remain among the lowest in the country, and there are no personal income or capital gains taxes. |
Q:
asp.net Login database
Hi im having a problem when trying to get my website to log in. I want it to display the appropriate message when I log in but I keep getting the same message "Email is not correct "
Would anyone be able to help me this ?
protected void loginbutton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["RegConnectionString"].ConnectionString);
con.Open();
string checkuser = "select count(*) from Users where email =' " + loginemail.Text + "'";
SqlCommand com = new SqlCommand(checkuser, con);
int temp = Convert.ToInt32(com.ExecuteScalar().ToString());
con.Close();
if (temp == 1)
{
con.Open();
string checkPasswordQuery = "select password from Users where email = '" + loginemail.Text + "'";
SqlCommand pass = new SqlCommand(checkPasswordQuery, con);
string password = pass.ExecuteScalar().ToString();
if (password == loginpassword.Text)
{
Session["New"] = loginemail.Text;
Response.Write("Password is Correct");
Response.Redirect("Admin.aspx");
}
else
{
Response.Write("Password is not correct");
}
}
else
{
Response.Write("Email is not Correct");
}
}
A:
There is an space next to your email:
where email =' " + log...
To highlight it:
where email ='[here there is an empty space] " + log...
I think this is what needs to change:
string checkuser = "select count(*) from Users where email ='" + loginemail.Text + "'";
|
Q:
Necesito ir acumulando los totales de compra por NIT de un archivo csv
Al final, se deberá imprimir en pantalla los
totales acumulados por NIT
la sumatoria de totales por NIT
la media
el valor mínimo y máximo,
la cuenta de NITs
En este codigo ya tengo separados los nit y totales del, el problema es que en el archivo hay varios nit que se repiten y otros que no se repiten cada nit tiene un valor y el valor de los nit que se repiten se tiene que ir acumulando en uno solo de manera que en la salida cada nit contenga el valor correspondiente sin repetidos
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
vector<int> numero1;
vector<int> numero2;
vector<int> A;
vector<int> B;
vector<int> C;
// std::vector<std::string> fechas;
int CANTIDAD = 0;
int NUMERO1=0;
int NUMERO2=0;
int a=0;
int b=0;
int c=0;
char linea[1024];
FILE *fich = fopen("proye.csv", "r");
while(fgets(linea, 1024, (FILE*) fich)) {
sscanf(linea, "%d,%d/%d/%d,%i", &NUMERO1, &a,&b,&c, &NUMERO2);
// fflush(stdin);
numero1.push_back(NUMERO1);
numero2.push_back(NUMERO2);
}
for (int i = 0; i < 1000 ; ++i)
{
// std::cout << numero1[i] << ", " << std::endl;
printf(" %d %d \n",numero1[i], numero2[i] );
CANTIDAD++;
}
cout << "Cantidad de lineas: " << CANTIDAD << endl;
fclose(fich);
}
esta es mi salida
si se pueden dar cuenta hay nits repetidos
asi deberia de ser mi salida
A:
De todas formas te digo: presta atención a los tipos de datos que utilizas: por ej.
vector<int> numero1;
vector<int> numero2;
vector<int> A;
vector<int> B;
vector<int> C;
Estás utilizando int y los NIT podrian superar el numero maximo de un int: 2147483647 podrias utilizar unsigned int cuyo número máximo es 4294967295 y ningún NIT es negativo.
revisa aqui para saber más.
También presta atención al total. es un número con coma, para esos debes usar float o double que manejan números decimales. Si lo lees del archivo y lo muestras en pantalla lo ves bien pero si lo almacenas en una variable de tipo int lo que esté después de la coma queda truncado.
Bueno pues revisa la otra respuesta y espero te ayude
|
Paddy Doherty (activist)
Patrick Laurence Doherty (23 June 1926 – 7 January 2016), better known as Paddy 'Bogside' Doherty, was a Northern Irish activist from Derry, known for his activism in rebuilding the city after The Troubles.
As vice-chairman of the Derry Citizens Defence Association Doherty played a major role in the events of August 1969 which culminated in the Battle of the Bogside, and was a leading figure in Free Derry in the years following its establishment.
A carpenter and builder by trade, he later worked with the Irish Foundation for Human Development in Derry and founded the Inner City Trust.
He and Peter Hegarty authored Paddy Bogside in 2001.
References
External links
Review of Paddy Bogside, by Paddy Doherty & Peter Hegarty, irishresistancebooks.com; accessed 27 May 2017.
Category:1926 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Activists from Northern Ireland
Category:Irish activists
Category:People from Derry (city)
Category:People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland) |
Q:
How to fetch the second column of a file using `for` loop in linux?
How to fetch the second column of a file using for loop in linux?
ATTACHMENT vol-f66 i-26048111 /dev/sda1 attached 2013-11-20T06:42:49+0000 true
ATTACHMENT vol-3db i-e1c443d6 /dev/sda1 attached 2013-11-21T12:38:09+0000 true
i want to implement something like this-
for /f "tokens=2" %%s in (%EC2_HOME%\Volumes.txt) do call ec2-create-snapshot %%s
A:
Feed it to awk '{print $2}'. You may edit the delimiter which is \n right now, and do away with the for loop too.
Example-
echo "ATTACHMENT vol-f66 i-26048111 /dev/sda1 attached 2013-11-20T06:42:49+0000 true
ATTACHMENT vol-3db i-e1c443d6 /dev/sda1 attached 2013-11-21T12:38:09+0000 true
ATTACHMENT vol-sdb i-e1c443d6 /dev/sda1 attached 2013-11-21T12:38:09+0000 true
ATTACHMENT vol-3ss i-e1c443d6 /dev/sda1 attached 2013-11-21T12:38:09+0000 true" | awk '{print $2}'
Returns-
vol-f66
vol-3db
vol-sdb
vol-3ss
|
A provocative legal drama from David E. Kelley about young associates at a bare-bones Boston firm and their scrappy boss, Bobby Donnell. The show's forte is its storylines about `people who walk a moral tightrope.' `The Practice' won numerous Emmys during (more…)A provocative legal drama from David E. Kelley about young associates at a bare-bones Boston firm and their scrappy boss, Bobby Donnell. The show's forte is its storylines about `people who walk a moral tightrope.' `The Practice' won numerous Emmys during its run, as well as a Peabody and Humanitas Prize in 2002 and 2003. In its eighth and final season, six regulars were cast off and James Spader came aboard as a brash lawyer, breathing new life---at least temporarily---into the sagging series. |
SonicFox first got fame by winning EVO's[2]Mortal Kombat and Injustice: Gods Among Us tournaments in 2014. He, since then, never got defeated and remained to be the world best Mortal Kombat player since then, also ranking first in 2015 and 2016.[3]
On Sunday September 17, 2017, SonicFox won the Injustice 2 Pro Series Grand Finals in Los Angeles, taking home prize money of US$120,000.[4]
He always attends tournaments by wearing a blue fox tail and a hat with blue fox ears.
His eSports team used to be "Critical Reaction", and is now "Echo Fox" since 2017. |
21 Jump Street
In high school, Schmidt (Jonah Hill) was a dork and Jenko (Channing Tatum) was the popular jock. After graduation, both of them joined the police force and ended up as partners riding bicycles in the city park. Since they are young and look like high school students, they are assigned to an undercover unit to infiltrate a drug ring that is supplying high school students synthetic drugs. |
More Images
Sugarloaf students tackle bird feeders project
Sugarloaf Elementary School student Nathan Hoerz, with the guidance of Home Depot employees, builds bird feeders Thursday at the school.
Patrick Sullivan/Times-News
By Leigh KelleyTimes-News Staff Writer
Published: Friday, March 29, 2013 at 4:30 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, March 28, 2013 at 5:59 p.m.
Nathan Hoerz was the picture of concentration Thursday afternoon as he slid a piece of Plexiglas into the bird feeder he helped construct at Sugarloaf Elementary.
Looking pleased with himself, the third-grader announced that he enjoyed construction work.
“I've never built a bird feeder in my life,” he said. “Yeah, I feel like a real construction man. I want to have a construction party at my house.”
He was part of a group of special needs students who spent time working with Home Depot employees on the project. The Hendersonville business adopted Sugarloaf Elementary nearly a year ago, said Teresa Spoonholtz, store manager.
“We come out here about once a month,” she said, adding that the business helps with the school's backpack program to feed hungry students, and adopted the family of a student at Christmas. “The kids love to see us coming. They know what Home Depot is.”
The dozen students from grades three to five built birdhouses last year, Spoonholtz said. The birdhouses were placed throughout the school grounds so everyone could enjoy watching the birds.
Home Depot employees then decided it was time to build bird feeders so students could watch the birds eat, she said. The feeders will be mounted on shepherd hooks and placed around the school grounds.
Fifth-grader Trey Miller said he knew where he gets his construction ability, as he hammered nails into the sides of his bird feeder.
“My dad's a builder, so I probably got that from his side,” he said proudly.
The Home Depot projects provide a wonderful way for students to interact with people through a hands-on activity, said teacher Katrina Cook.
“I'm really excited that they have an opportunity to do something like this,” she added. “I think they will feel a real sense of pride seeing the bird feeders hanging around the school. It's good for them to have a hands-on project to do because it develops their motor skills and gives them a sense of accomplishment.”
<p>Nathan Hoerz was the picture of concentration Thursday afternoon as he slid a piece of Plexiglas into the bird feeder he helped construct at Sugarloaf Elementary. </p><p>Looking pleased with himself, the third-grader announced that he enjoyed construction work. </p><p>“I've never built a bird feeder in my life,” he said. “Yeah, I feel like a real construction man. I want to have a construction party at my house.”</p><p>He was part of a group of special needs students who spent time working with Home Depot employees on the project. The Hendersonville business adopted Sugarloaf Elementary nearly a year ago, said Teresa Spoonholtz, store manager.</p><p>“We come out here about once a month,” she said, adding that the business helps with the school's backpack program to feed hungry students, and adopted the family of a student at Christmas. “The kids love to see us coming. They know what Home Depot is.” </p><p>The dozen students from grades three to five built birdhouses last year, Spoonholtz said. The birdhouses were placed throughout the school grounds so everyone could enjoy watching the birds.</p><p>Home Depot employees then decided it was time to build bird feeders so students could watch the birds eat, she said. The feeders will be mounted on shepherd hooks and placed around the school grounds.</p><p>Fifth-grader Trey Miller said he knew where he gets his construction ability, as he hammered nails into the sides of his bird feeder.</p><p>“My dad's a builder, so I probably got that from his side,” he said proudly.</p><p>The Home Depot projects provide a wonderful way for students to interact with people through a hands-on activity, said teacher Katrina Cook.</p><p>“I'm really excited that they have an opportunity to do something like this,” she added. “I think they will feel a real sense of pride seeing the bird feeders hanging around the school. It's good for them to have a hands-on project to do because it develops their motor skills and gives them a sense of accomplishment.”</p><p>Reach Kelley at 828-694-7871 or leigh.kelley@blueridgenow.com.</p> |
/**
* Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
* <p>
* This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
* </p>
*/
package versioned.host.exp.exponent.modules.api.components.datetimepicker;
/**
* Date picker display options.
*/
public enum RNTimePickerDisplay {
CLOCK,
SPINNER,
DEFAULT
}
|
Category Archives: Military Tribunals
Brigadier General Thomas Hartmann is one pissed off mutha today…which makes me happy. From Jurist:
The military judge presiding over the military commission trial of Guantanamo detainee Omar Khadr on Wednesday barred US Air Force Brig. Gen. Thomas Hartmann [official profile] from acting as a legal advisor to the commission in Khadr’s trial. In addition to his position as legal advisor to the Department of Defense authority in charge of the commissions, Hartmann is also the supervisor of the Office of Military Commissions-Prosecution (OMC-P). The ruling[PDF] by Colonel Patrick Parrish, the judge in Khadr’s commission trial, grants a motion by Khadr’s defense lawyers to exclude Hartmann from the commission because his “extremely active approach” to his role as supervisor of the OMC-P “raises an issue about his ability to remain neutral and impartial during his post trial duties” as legal advisor to the Convening Authority. Parrish’s ruling also denied a motion brought by Khadr’s defense lawyers to dismiss the charges in the case. The Miami Herald has more. The Canadian Press has additional coverage.
Hartmann has previously been accused of bias towards prosecutors. At a Wednesday hearing, US Army Gen. Gregory Zanetti, deputy commander at Guantanamo Bay, testified [JURIST report] that Hartmann routinely bullied his counterparts and was inappropriately aggressive in seeking indictments against detainees. In May, lawyers for detainee Khalid Sheikh Mohammed [BBC profile; JURIST news archive] unsuccessfully moved to have charges against their client dropped because of similar allegations against Hartmann. Earlier that month, Hartman wasdisqualified from participating in the military commission trial of detainee Salim Ahmed Hamdan, but he has refused to resign from his post.
The Pentagon has said that an additional 108 military lawyers and paralegals will be assigned to work on the cases of prisoners detained at Guantanamo Bay, twice the current number. Air Force Brig. Gen. Thomas Hartmann, legal advisor to the Office of Military Commissions, made the announcement last Thursday, the same day as five men charged with plotting the Sept. 11 attacks were arraigned. Before a military commission at Guantanamo bay, a critical move in the legal proceedings against some of the 19 detainees awaiting trial.
I have shuddered at the thought that most, if not all, of the individuals to be tried in BushCo’s kangaroo court known as the military tribunals would be found guilty. That they would be found guilty on shoddy or non-existing evidence coerced out of them by torture and certainly without any decent representation.
Great gnashing of teeth and wringing of hands has occurred on this topic for me. This might cause some folks to see me as a loony lefty, among other things. As if that matters to me what people think of me.
I want the guilty to be found guilty…but I doubt that even a third of the people still being held in Gitmo are guilty of anything, even though they are considered ‘high value’ detainees by the people in charge.
Recently, one of those high-value guys saw the case against him dismissed. The alleged 20th hijacker, Mohammed al-Qahtani’s case came to an abrupt end. The reason? He was tortured and tortured…and tortured some more. As Slate’s Dahlia Lithwick notes:
The decision not to try him comes from the convening authority for the commissions, Susan Crawford. She didn’t give an explanation for halting the prosecution, but, then, we don’t really need one.
Lithwick’s column states the reason that we might never see any of the ‘high value’ detainees tried and automatically convicted is because of the military itself. In her and Emily Bazelon’s mind, there are honorable men and women involved in the Gitmo military commission hierarchy. While I have no doubt that some of the people involved are honorable and have a conscience, I still don’t trust the majority of them to do the ‘right thing’ and end the Gitmo madness.
Dahlia and Emily start with Charles Swift, the defense lawyer from the Navy’s Judge Advocate General Corps who was appointed in 2002 to represent Salim Hamdan. Mr. Swift was a good and honorable man, to be sure. He has even publicly voiced his opposition to the military commissions. His opposition most likely cost him his military career.
Next, they lay out the case for Col. Morris Davis, former chief prosecutor for the tribunals. He is an honorable man only because when it came time for him to actually prosecute detainees, which he had completely backed, he was stunned to learn which cases he was given. Cases without merit…but plenty of torture. From the Slate write up:
He resigned last October and went on an op-ed tear, writing that “full, fair and open trials were not possible under the current system” because it “had become deeply politicized.” Davis, who still maintains that the charges against Mr. Hamdan are “warranted by the evidence,” was called to testify in Hamdan’s case last month by the defense because of his indictment of the system.
Keith Allred is a military judge. That is pretty high up the food chain if you ask me. Allred bounced a biggie from Hamdan’s trial. Brig. Gen. Thomas Hartmann has been removed from any further participation in Hamdan’s prosecution by Allred because he determined that Hartmann directed prosecutors “to use evidence that the Chief Prosecutor considered tainted and unreliable, or perhaps obtained as the result of torture or coercion.” (Allred also made a finding of fact that while interviewing Davis for the chief-prosecutor position, Department of Defense Gen. Jim Haynes told him, “We can’t have acquittals. We’ve got to have convictions.” So now that’s the official account. Good to know.).
As I read further, I relax a bit. I realize that all might not be lost, that inherently good, honest people will not throw away their conscience just because their boss tells them to…they believe in the rule of law. The article rattles off four more names of individuals whose conscience trumped their bosses orders in BushCo’s kangaroo court in Gitmo:
Four others—Maj. Robert Preston, Capt. John Carr, Capt. Carrie Wolf, and Lt. Col. Stuart Couch—have also left, apparently because of micromanagement and the interference of which Davis complained, including the demand that they use what they deemed to be unreliable coerced testimony.
That these individuals have sacrificed their careers in order to hold onto their belief system makes me feel that much better. It takes a lot for someone who is a career military officer to say fuck it and go very public with their opposition to the bullshit that is the Gitmo military commission.
We can only hope more of them are waiting in the wings. Beause there is still too much time left before January 21st gets here and the next Democratic President can put an end to the madness down in Guantanamo and shut the doors forever. |
William Henry Rattigan
Sir William Henry Rattigan (4 September 1842 Delhi – 4 July 1904 London) was a British judge and Liberal Unionist MP for North East Lanarkshire.
Background and education
Rattigan was born in Delhi, India, in September 1842, the son of Bartholomew Rattigan, of Athy, Co. Kildare. He was educated at the High School, Agra, and King's College London, and was admitted to bar as a member of Lincoln's Inn in 1873. He later received a doctorate (LL.D) from the University of Göttingen.
Legal and political career
Most of his legal career took place in India. He served as judge in the Chief Court of the Punjab on four occasions, was knighted in 1895, took silk in 1897 and practiced in the High court of the North Western Provinces. He was also an additional member of the supreme legislative council of India 1892-93, and member of the Punjab legislative council 1898-99.
In 1887 he was Vice-Chancellor of Punjab University, from which he later received an honorary doctorate (LL.D). An honorary doctorate (LL.D) from the University of Glasgow followed in June 1901.
After moving back to the United Kingdom, Rattigan contested the North East Lanarkshire constituency in the general election 1900, but lost to the incumbent, John Colville. When the latter died the following year, Rattigan contested and won a by-election in for the same constituency in September 1901, and held it until his death.
Family
Rattigan married, in 1878, Evelyn Higgins, daughter of Colonel A. Higgins, CIE. His son Sir Henry Adolphus Rattigan later achieved note as the Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court.
Publications
The Roman Law of Persons, 1873
The Science of Jurisprudence, 1892
Private International Law, 1895
Digest of Customary Law for Punjab, 1895
Notes
References
This source gives his date of death as 1905.
External links
Category:1842 births
Category:1904 deaths
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Scottish constituencies
Category:UK MPs 1900–1906
Category:Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies
Category:Vice-Chancellors of the University of the Punjab |
import React from "react"
import * as renderer from "react-test-renderer"
import Toggle from "../Toggle"
import { Theme } from "@artsy/palette"
it("has the expected tree", () => {
const component = renderer
.create(
<Theme>
<Toggle selected={true} left="L" right="R" />
</Theme>
)
.toJSON()
expect(component).toMatchSnapshot()
})
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<!-- NewPage -->
<html lang="en">
<head>
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<title>Uses of Class com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectWriter (jackson-databind 2.3.0 API)</title>
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<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Package</th>
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<tbody>
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<td class="colFirst"><a href="#com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">com.fasterxml.jackson.databind</a></td>
<td class="colLast">
<div class="block">Contains basic mapper (conversion) functionality that
allows for converting between regular streaming json content and
Java objects (beans or Tree Model: support for both is via
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectMapper</code></a> class, as well
as convenience methods included in
<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/JsonParser.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core"><code>JsonParser</code></a></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing methods, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Methods in <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/package-summary.html">com.fasterxml.jackson.databind</a> that return <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
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<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
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<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.Base64Variant)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/Base64Variant.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">Base64Variant</a> b64variant)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that uses specified default
<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/Base64Variant.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core"><code>Base64Variant</code></a> for base64 encoding</div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.io.CharacterEscapes)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/io/CharacterEscapes.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.io">CharacterEscapes</a> escapes)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.cfg.ContextAttributes)">with</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/cfg/ContextAttributes.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.cfg">ContextAttributes</a> attrs)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(java.text.DateFormat)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/text/DateFormat.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.text">DateFormat</a> df)</code>
<div class="block">Fluent factory method that will construct a new writer instance that will
use specified date format for serializing dates; or if null passed, one
that will serialize dates as numeric timestamps.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser.FilterProvider)">with</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ser/FilterProvider.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser">FilterProvider</a> filterProvider)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that uses specified
provider for resolving filter instances by id.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactory)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/JsonFactory.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">JsonFactory</a> f)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(java.util.Locale)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Locale.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.util">Locale</a> l)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.PrettyPrinter)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/PrettyPrinter.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">PrettyPrinter</a> pp)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that will use specified pretty
printer (or, if null, will not do any pretty-printing)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature)">with</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a> feature)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance that is configured
with specified feature enabled.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature...)">with</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a> first,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a>... other)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance that is configured
with specified features enabled.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#with(java.util.TimeZone)">with</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/TimeZone.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.util">TimeZone</a> tz)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withAttribute(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)">withAttribute</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a> key,
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a> value)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withAttributes(java.util.Map)">withAttributes</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Map.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.util">Map</a><<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a>,<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a>> attrs)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withDefaultPrettyPrinter()">withDefaultPrettyPrinter</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that will use the default
pretty printer for serialization.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withFeatures(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature...)">withFeatures</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a>... features)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance that is configured
with specified features enabled.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#without(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature)">without</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a> feature)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance that is configured
with specified feature enabled.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#without(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature...)">without</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a> first,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a>... other)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance that is configured
with specified features enabled.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withoutAttribute(java.lang.Object)">withoutAttribute</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a> key)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withoutFeatures(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature...)">withoutFeatures</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a>... features)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance that is configured
with specified features enabled.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withRootName(java.lang.String)">withRootName</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">String</a> rootName)</code>
<div class="block">Method for constructing a new instance with configuration that
specifies what root name to use for "root element wrapping".</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withSchema(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.FormatSchema)">withSchema</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/FormatSchema.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">FormatSchema</a> schema)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that uses specific format schema
for serialization.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withType(java.lang.Class)">withType</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Class</a><?> rootType)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that uses specific type
as the root type for serialization, instead of runtime dynamic
type of the root object itself.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withType(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JavaType)">withType</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/JavaType.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">JavaType</a> rootType)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that uses specific type
as the root type for serialization, instead of runtime dynamic
type of the root object itself.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withType(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference)">withType</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/type/TypeReference.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type">TypeReference</a><?> rootType)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectWriter.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#withView(java.lang.Class)">withView</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Class</a><?> view)</code>
<div class="block">Method that will construct a new instance that uses specified
serialization view for serialization (with null basically disables
view processing)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer()">writer</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Convenience method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a>
with default settings.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.Base64Variant)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/Base64Variant.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">Base64Variant</a> defaultBase64)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
use specified Base64 encoding variant for Base64-encoded binary data.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.io.CharacterEscapes)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/io/CharacterEscapes.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.io">CharacterEscapes</a> escapes)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectReader.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectReader</code></a> that will
use specified character escaping details for output.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.cfg.ContextAttributes)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/cfg/ContextAttributes.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.cfg">ContextAttributes</a> attrs)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
use specified default attributes.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(java.text.DateFormat)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/text/DateFormat.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.text">DateFormat</a> df)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/text/DateFormat.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.text"><code>DateFormat</code></a>; or, if
null passed, using timestamp (64-bit number.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser.FilterProvider)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ser/FilterProvider.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser">FilterProvider</a> filterProvider)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified filter provider.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.FormatSchema)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/FormatSchema.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">FormatSchema</a> schema)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
pass specific schema object to <a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/JsonGenerator.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core"><code>JsonGenerator</code></a> used for
writing content.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.PrettyPrinter)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/PrettyPrinter.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">PrettyPrinter</a> pp)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified pretty printer for indentation
(or if null, no pretty printer)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a> feature)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> with
specified feature enabled (compared to settings that this
mapper instance has).</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writer(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationFeature...)">writer</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a> first,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationFeature.html" title="enum in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationFeature</a>... other)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> with
specified features enabled (compared to settings that this
mapper instance has).</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter()">writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter</a></strong>()</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using the default pretty printer for indentation</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writerWithType(java.lang.Class)">writerWithType</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Class</a><?> rootType)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified root type, instead of actual
runtime type of value.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writerWithType(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JavaType)">writerWithType</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/JavaType.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">JavaType</a> rootType)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified root type, instead of actual
runtime type of value.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writerWithType(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference)">writerWithType</a></strong>(<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/type/TypeReference.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type">TypeReference</a><?> rootType)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified root type, instead of actual
runtime type of value.</div>
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<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="strong">ObjectMapper.</span><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectMapper.html#writerWithView(java.lang.Class)">writerWithView</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Class</a><?> serializationView)</code>
<div class="block">Factory method for constructing <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind"><code>ObjectWriter</code></a> that will
serialize objects using specified JSON View (filter).</div>
</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing constructors, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Constructors in <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/package-summary.html">com.fasterxml.jackson.databind</a> with parameters of type <a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colOne" scope="col">Constructor and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#ObjectWriter(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectWriter, com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactory)">ObjectWriter</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a> base,
<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/JsonFactory.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">JsonFactory</a> f)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#ObjectWriter(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectWriter, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationConfig)">ObjectWriter</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a> base,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationConfig.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationConfig</a> config)</code>
<div class="block">Copy constructor used for building variations.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colLast"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html#ObjectWriter(com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectWriter, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializationConfig, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JavaType, com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonSerializer, com.fasterxml.jackson.core.PrettyPrinter, com.fasterxml.jackson.core.FormatSchema, com.fasterxml.jackson.core.io.CharacterEscapes)">ObjectWriter</a></strong>(<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/ObjectWriter.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">ObjectWriter</a> base,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/SerializationConfig.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">SerializationConfig</a> config,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/JavaType.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">JavaType</a> rootType,
<a href="../../../../../com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/JsonSerializer.html" title="class in com.fasterxml.jackson.databind">JsonSerializer</a><<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a>> rootSer,
<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/PrettyPrinter.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">PrettyPrinter</a> pp,
<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/FormatSchema.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core">FormatSchema</a> s,
<a href="http://fasterxml.github.com/jackson-core/javadoc/2.3.0/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/io/CharacterEscapes.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in com.fasterxml.jackson.core.io">CharacterEscapes</a> escapes)</code>
<div class="block">Copy constructor used for building variations.</div>
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[Association of TP53 gene polymorphisms with genetic susceptibility to liver metastases of colorectal cancer].
To investigate the possible association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (C-8343G, C-1863T and R72P) in TP53 gene and susceptibility to liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) in a Chinese population. The genotypes of each SNP in TP53 gene were determined by either TaqMan assays or PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 121 colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases and sex-, age-matched 280 cases with nonmetastatic CRC as a control. Immunohistochemical staining for P53 was performed on paraffin-embedded sections. Odds ratios (ORs) for colorectal liver metastases and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from unconditional logistic regression models were used to evaluate relative risks. No significant association of C-8343G or C-1863T with colorectal liver metastases risk was observed. However, the R allele of the TP53 R72P polymorphism was more frequently found in metastatic cases than in nonmetastatic cases (P= 0.037). When compared with PP homozygotes, the ORs of metastases for RP heterozygotes was 2.21 (95% CI: 1.13-4.33), for RR homozygotes was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.03-4.94), and for carriers of the 72R allele (RP or RR genotype) was 2.22 (95% CI: 1.16-4.26). Stratified analysis indicated that carrying the 72R allele had a more pronounced increase in colorectal liver metastases risk among patients with positive P53 expression tumors (OR= 3.28, 95% CI: 1.21-8.88), whereas no significantly increased metastases risk was found in patients with negative P53 expression tumors (OR= 1.37, 95% CI: 0.52-3.62). The R allele of the TP53 R72P polymorphism may contribute to the etiology of liver metastases in CRC patients, particularly among those with positive P53 expression tumors. Both TP53 C-8343G and C-1863T may be not associated with colorectal liver metastases risk. |
Used Conveyors for Sale
Conveyor systems are available including overland conveyors, radial stackers, screw conveyors, bucket elevators, and truss frame and channel frame belt conveyors.Conveyors are used to transport bulk materials over short or long distances and for stockpiling and controlling stockpile segregation. |
[Anesthesiologic aspects of electroconvulsive therapy ].
The peculiarity of premedication and general anesthesia used in electroconvulsive therapy was presented. We also described drugs and their therapeutic effectiveness. Our particular attention was paid to the possibilities of use of alternative agents in different clinical situations. |
Richard Thompson (sprinter)
Richard "Torpedo" Thompson (born 7 June 1985) is a sprinter from Cascade, Trinidad and Tobago who specializes in the 100 metres. He is the 9th best 100 meters runner of all time and the Trinidad and Tobago record holder with a personal best of 9.82. He occasionally runs the 200 meters and he has the fourth fastest time ever run by a Trinidad and Tobago athlete behind Ato Boldon (19.77-13 July 1997- Germany), Jereem Richards (19.97- Lexington, U.S.A.), Kyle Greaux (19.97- CAC Games, Colombia-2018), and Rondel Sorillo (20.16) and the 127th best of all-time from all countries in a best time of 20.18, 0.99 seconds slower than the World Record holder Usain Bolt. He was formerly for four years (June, 2014- August 31, 2018) ranked as the ninth fastest athlete in history over the 100m distance with his national record of 9.82 seconds.
Thompson studied at Louisiana State University (LSU) and broke the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) indoor 60 metres record in 2008, his final season of collegiate athletics.
At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Thompson was the silver medalist in the 100 meters, running a then personal best of 9.89 seconds, and the 4x100 meters relay along with Emmanuel Callender, Keston Bledman and Marc Burns. He also won the silver medal in the 4x100 meters at the 2012 Olympics with the same team he competed in the 2008 Olympics with. Also in the 2012 Olympics, he finished 6th following the disqualification of Tyson Gay in the final of the 100 meters. Thompson is a five time Trinidad and Tobago national champion. His current personal best of 9.82 was set at the 2014 Trinidad and Tobago national championships.
In 2017, it was revealed that Nesta Carter had tested positive for a banned substance which he took in 2008. This means the Trinidad and Tobago 4 × 100 m relay team which included Thompson will receive the Olympic Gold.
Early life
Born on 7 June 1985 in Cascade, Port of Spain, Thompson is the last of four children of Ruthven and Judith Thompson. He attended Queen's Royal College in Port of Spain where he was coached by Ashwin Creed. He competed at the 2004 Hampton Games running a time of 10.65 in the 100 meters.
Amateur career
He ran for Louisiana State University as a member of the LSU Tigers track and field team and set NCAA Indoor record in the 60 metres in 2008. That year he won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track Athlete of the Year Award and the SEC Men's Outdoor Track Athlete of the Year award.
Professional career
In his first World Championships in Athletics in Osaka in 2007, Thompson reached the second round but finished eighth in a time of 10.44 seconds. His personal best time is 9.89 seconds, achieved in August 2008 in Beijing, China, during the Olympic 100 m final where he won silver. Thompson's personal best for the 200 metres is 20.18 s which ran in Fayetteville for LSU. His 60 metres best is 6.51 s, achieved in March 2008 in Fayetteville. He won the relay gold medal at the 2008 Central American and Caribbean Championships with Trinidad and Tobago.
In the 2008 Summer Olympics he competed in the 100 m sprint and placed first in his heat ahead of Martial Mbandjock with a time of 10.24 s. He qualified for the second round, beating Tyson Gay and Mbandjock, with a winning time of 9.99 s. He qualified in the semi-finals with a time of 9.93 s, finishing second to Asafa Powell. In the final he finished in second place; he was far behind winner Usain Bolt (9.69 s) but his time of 9.89 s was enough to win the silver medal and set a new personal best. His new best time made him the second fastest Trinidadian 100 m sprinter ever, after Ato Boldon.
Together with Keston Bledman, Aaron Armstrong and Marc Burns he also competed at the 4 x 100 metres relay. In their qualification heat they placed first in front of Japan, the Netherlands and Brazil. Their time of 38.26 s was the fastest of all sixteen teams participating in the first round and they qualified for the final. Armstrong was replaced by Emmanuel Callender for the final race and they sprinted to a time of 38.06 s, the second time after the Jamaican team, winning the silver medal.
Thompson was involved in a car accident on 1 January 2009, resulting in minor injuries which caused him to miss the indoor athletics season. He competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and reached the 100 m final, finishing in fifth place with a season's best of 9.93 seconds in fastest ever race at that point in time. He teamed up with fellow finalist Marc Burns for the relay and ran a national record time of 37.62 seconds to finish as runners-up behind the Jamaican team.
He achieved a 100/200 m double at the 2010 national championships. His season was highlighted by a win on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit, taking the 100 m at the Prefontaine Classic with a wind-assisted time of 9.89 seconds. In August Thompson broke the national record with a run of 9.85 s at the 2011 national championships. The achievement, which ranked him ninth fastest in all-time lists, eclipsed Ato Boldon's record by 0.01 seconds. Despite this form, he failed to make the 100 m final at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, being eliminated in the semis, although he did anchor the relay team to fifth place in the final.
At the 2012 national championships he had his win streak beaten by Keston Bledman and had to settle for second with his time of 9.96 seconds.
In the 2012 100m Olympic final, he gained the distinction of becoming the first man to break ten seconds and finish in seventh place. However, upon the disqualification of Tyson Gay due to doping, Thompson was promoted to sixth place.
During the 2014 national championships he won the finals, improving the national record with a run of 9.82 s, becoming one of the 10 fastest 100 m runners ever.
Major competition record
1Disqualified in the final
Personal bests
60 m and 200 m taken from IAAF profile
100 m taken from NAAA TT Website
Notes
References
External links
Richard Thompson medal in the greatest race over 100 metres from Trinibeat.com
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Trinidad and Tobago male sprinters
Category:Olympic athletes of Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Trinidad and Tobago
Category:World Athletics Championships medalists
Category:Pan American Games competitors for Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Category:LSU Tigers track and field athletes
Category:Alumni of Queen's Royal College, Trinidad
Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Olympic gold medalists for Trinidad and Tobago |
Paul Manera
Paul Manera (born 15 February 1967) is an Australian former American football offensive tackle who played for the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Paul is now currently coaching in Sydney, Australia and running his own company, Bring It On Sports with his wife Elissa.
Early life
Paul grew up playing rugby union, and as a junior, represented Parramatta Rugby Union Club. At the age of 12, Paul developed an interest in American Football and started watching it on late night television. At a chance meeting, he heard that the sport was starting up in Sydney.
PauI's Gridiron career started in 1984, at the age of 17, when he began playing for the Fairfield Argonauts as a Tight End and Inside Linebacker. In 1987, Paul moved to the Bondi Raiders Gridiron Club where he started playing on the Defensive Line. During this year, Paul introduced himself to Paul Johnson (Former Offensive Coordinator University Of Hawaii and former Head Coach of Georgia Tech) and expressed his desire to play College Football in the USA. Coach Johnson suggested that Paul enroll into a Junior College.
Playing career
Itawamba College
In August 1987, Paul enrolled into Itawamba Community College in Fulton, Mississippi. At the time, Paul was 6 ft 3, weighed in at 215 pounds and played as a Defensive End. He was an undersized player for this position but played with high intensity.
In January 1988, Paul was awarded a scholarship at Itawamba Community College and later that spring he was moved to Offensive Tackle, where he started every snap at only 235 pounds and was awarded with an Honorable Mention for All-State Mississippi Junior College.
University of Hawaii
In 1989, Paul was awarded with a full scholarship to play Gridiron at the University of Hawaii. At Hawaii, Paul played Offensive Tackle at 255 pounds. He was a 3-year letter-man and in his senior year he was selected as an Academic All Western Athletic Conference Player. Paul's last game for UH was against Notre Dame on 30 November 1991, narrowly losing 48-42. In May 1992, Paul graduated from the University of Hawaii with a bachelor's degree in Business Administration majoring in Finance.
Coaching career
Paul’s coaching career began in 1992, where he served as a Student Assistant Coach at the University of Hawaii. He assisted on the offensive line and worked with Mike Sewak, (Current Offensive Line Coach at Georgia Tech) and Ken Niumatalolo (Current Head Coach at US Naval Academy).
Paul returned home to Australia in 1992 and continued to coach American Football. He currently coaches at the UNSW Raiders Gridiron Youth Academy. He also worked as a part-time lecturer at the Australian College of Physical Education teaching the basics of the sport to undergraduate physical education teachers.
AGCA (Australian Gridiron Coaches Association)
Paul established the Australian Gridiron Coaches Association (AGCA) in 1994 where he served as the President until 2007.
In 2000, as the President of the Australian Gridiron Coaches Association, Paul was instrumental in setting up the Coaching Accreditation Program for Gridiron Coaches in Australia. In 2003 this program was formally recognized by the Australian Sports Commission and accepted into their National Coaching Accreditation Scheme. Paul conducted coaching accreditation courses in major cities across Australia and in Auckland, New Zealand.
Australian Cyclones (1999)
Paul was the Offensive Line coach for the Australian Cyclones National Gridiron Team which competed at the 1st ever World Cup of American Football in Palermo, Sicily.
In the same year, he coached professionally as the Offensive Line coach for the Recruit Seagulls (Obic Seagulls) who play in the X-League in Tokyo, Japan.
NSW (New South Wales) Wolfpack & Australian Outback Gridiron National Team
During 2000, Paul returned to Australia to become the Head Coach of the NSW Wolfpack State Team, While he was head coach, the Wolfpack were runners up at the Gridiron Australia National Championships in 2001, and won the championship in 2003, 2005, 2006.
He then became the Head Coach of the Australian Outback National Gridiron Team which beat New Zealand in 2001. In 2003, Paul was also inducted into the Gridiron NSW Hall of fame for his achievements as a coach. In 2005, Paul was selected once again as the Head Coach of the Australian National Team that competed in the world games against Germany and France. In 2007, he was the Head Coach of the Australian National Team which played against South Korea in a World Cup Qualification game.
Paul has previously coached for the Bondi Raiders as well as serving as the Offensive Coordinator for the Australian Outback Gridiron National Team which competed in Sweden in 2015 at the World Cup of American Football.
Currently Paul is not coaching in NSW. He is serving a one-year ban for multiple accounts of accosting referees in an attempt to intimidate. After a probation period and rehabilitation, he may be eligible in 2019.
IFAF (International Federation for American Football)
In 2006, Paul was selected to be on the Technical Committee for the International Federation for American Football (IFAF) where he served until 2012 providing advice and assistance in developmental programs for coaches and players.
In 2011, he was selected to be the Offensive Coordinator of the IFAF world Under 19 World Championship team which narrowly lost to the USA in the International Bowl 21-14.
In 2012, he was the Offensive Line coach on the World Under 19’s Team which beat the USA 35 - 29 in a historical victory.
Southern Cross All-Stars
In 2012, Paul established the Southern Cross All-Stars which played against a HGL team in Oahu, Hawaii.
Future Stars (Australian Junior Development Program)
In 2013, Paul was consulted by the Australian Future Stars program to organize a high level developmental camp to compete in the Down Under Bowl, which is a tournament played every year on the Gold Coast in Australia between visiting USA high school all-star teams. The Australian Future Stars won their 1st ever game beating the USA Cougars 40 - 36.
Bring It On Sports
During 2007, Paul and his wife, Elissa, established Bring it on Sports, a sports marketing & recreation company that specializes in sports programs for kids, USA scholarships services, and sports related travel.
Paul now helps the game of American Football in Australia by teaching flag football in schools. He also helps Aussies get scholarships to the USA. Paul also brings out USA American Football coaches to teach at camps and clinics in Australia.
In 2012 Paul was the Head Coach of The Southern Cross All-Stars which played in Oahu, Hawaii in 2012 vs a Hawaii Gridiron League team.
Category:People from Broken Hill, New South Wales
Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Hawaii Rainbow Warriors football players
Category:Australian players of American football |
Transcript for Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov heckles reporters asking about Comey
The wild brawl for the State Department. Fred offers. Our job we'll. They did it Bob. About all of you those good old bird brought right.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate. |
Scott Pruitt asked aide to set up call with Chick-fil-A about wife opening franchise
Jessica Estepa | USA TODAY
EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt's latest ethical debacle: He reportedly had an aide contact Chick-fil-A to set up a phone call with the company's CEO to discuss a "potential business opportunity."
That opportunity, per the Washington Post: How could his wife, Marlyn, become a franchisee for the fast food restaurant?
Pruitt, who has faced questions about whether he is leveraging his position for personal gain since becoming the head of EPA, never ended up speaking with CEO Dan Cathy about it. But Chick-fil-A confirmed to the Post that the EPA administrator had eventually spoken with its legal department.
"The subject of that phone call was an expression of interest in his wife becoming a Chick-fil-A franchisee," the company told the Post. It also noted that Marlyn Pruitt started a franchisee application but didn't finish it.
Additionally, Scott Pruitt reportedly approached the nonprofit organization Concordia on his wife's behalf, the Post reported. The organization said it paid Marlyn Pruitt to help organize its annual conference.
Scott Pruitt's efforts were revealed in emails released under the Freedom of Information Act request from the Sierra Club, the environmental group.
"Scott Pruitt's abuse of the public trust and his corrupt attempts to leverage his position for personal gain have reached a disgraceful new low," Sierra Club executive director Michael Brune said in a statement. "This is the clearest example yet of Pruitt unethically and illegally seeking personal benefits because of the job Donald Trump has entrusted him with." |
Skill List, Effects & Recommendation
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What is Shadow of The Tomb Raider?
Explore Deadly Tombs in Thrilling Action-Adventure
Follow Lare Croft's journey and see the defining moments that made her the eponymous Tomb Raider in the final installment of Lara's origin story. Learn different techniques, solve puzzles, and get into blood pumping action as you explore the dark and brutal tombs in Shadow of the Tomb Raider.
Explore the Jungles of South America and the Mayan Ruins
Survive against enemies waiting in the jungles of South America and traverse through deadly Mayan Tombs in a race against time to prevent an Ancient Mayan apocalypse from taking place!
Shadow of the Tomb Raider Gameplay
Control Lara Croft From A Third Person Perspective
Lara is controlled in third person perspective. This allows players to see the beautiful scenery of jungles and tombs beyond what Lara sees.
Develop Skills and Use Weapons to Survive
To become the Tomb Raider she was destined to be, Lara must hone her survival and combat skills to win against her enemies.
Discover Dark And Brutal Tombs with Traversal Techniques
Unlock and explore deadly tombs with Lara's advanced traversal skills. Once inside, your will be tested as you complete lethal puzzles to complete them.
Season Pass Delivers New Adventures
The Season Pass delivers seven new adventures called "Paths", each including new narratives, new missions, Challenge Tombs, and costumes and weapons. These Paths are scheduled to be released every month after the release.
Who are the Characters in the Shadow of the Tomb Raider?
Lara Croft - Tomb Raider
Lara is the main protagonist and player character of the Tomb Raider series. Starting off her journey as a scared civilian who evolved to a hardened survivor, she completes her journey to be the Tomb Raider in the Shadow of the Tomb Raider. |
We did not evolve to sit in chairs all day
Take a minute to read this great little article via The New York Times regarding the research of Dr. Lieberman on the human head, feet and why we were meant to move, not sit in chairs all day. The human body is a truly amazing beast. Click here for the article.
Meta
ELLWOOD THOMPSON’S
The success of Ellwood Thompson’s is determined by customer connection, steward happiness and local community engagement. We intend to grow our business by offering clean, high-quality products at fair prices with friendly, knowledgeable customer assistance. Ellwood’s is a mission first driven business. |
Sen. Marco Rubio’s (R-Fla.) response to the president suggesting China “should start an investigation into the Bidens” is largely a Beltway story, but it’s worth dwelling on briefly for broader reasons. In correctly questioning whether the remark constituted “a real request,” Rubio disrupted the day-plus punditry cycle with an obvious point.
To be crystal clear, Trump’s statement was categorically stupid and indefensible. But Rubio, hardly a friend to China, added a critical observation that seemed to be lost entirely on the breathless pundit class.
“I don’t know if that’s a real request or him just needling the press, knowing that you guys are going to get outraged by it. He’s pretty good at getting everybody fired up, and he’s been doing that for a while, and the media responded right on task,” the senator said Friday.
Pressed further, Rubio continued, “I don’t think it’s a real request. Again, I think he did it to get you guys. I think he did it to provoke you to ask me and others and get outraged by it. He plays it like a violin, and everybody falls right into it. That’s not a real request.”
Whether or not Trump’s remark was indeed intended deliberately to “provoke” the press, Rubio had room to also affirm the rhetoric is unacceptable. That said, if even you believe the senator’s reaction was a dodge (I do not), it still doesn’t undermine the validity of his point.
That gets to the broader relevance of Rubio’s remarks, which were largely dismissed and denounced by the insular blue-check brigade. Nearly three years after his election, the press still struggles daily with responding to Trump, knowing full well that much of what he says—and tweets—is purposefully designed to manipulate the media.
Two things can be true: A Trump line can be both out of bounds and an unserious diversion meant to stir media outrage. Media reaction to such lines can be critical while also acknowledging there’s a high possibility the president is unserious. But that’s not where the incentives are in anti-Trump newsrooms.
I fully agree there could, of course, plausibly be serious implications to Trump flippantly suggesting the Chinese government investigate a political opponent. But the media will better serve its consumers by at least acknowledging the president may be more interested in manipulating the press than prompting action from China, even if it deflates some of the ratings-friendly hysteria. It’s more nuanced than pure condemnation, but it’s also much more helpful to the audience.
In short, Trump was wrong, Rubio could have been clearer about that, but he’s right to question the president’s motives—and the press should act accordingly. |
The role of seed implantation in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma after relief of obstructive jaundice using ERCP.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of iodine-125 seed implantation, guided by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and/or percutanous ultrasound, in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma after relief of obstructive jaundice using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). A total of 101 patients with obstructive jaundice due to unresectable pancreatic carcinoma were enrolled between January 2010 and December 2017 in this retrospective study. Of these patients, 50 underwent implantation of iodine-125 seeds under EUS and/or percutaneous ultrasound guidance after receiving a stent via ERCP (treatment group), and 51 received a stent via ERCP without undergoing seed implantation (control group). The clinical data and therapeutic outcomes of these patients were analyzed. Compared with the control group, the treatment group obtained significant relief of abdominal pain at the 1-week, 1-month, and 3-month followup (p < 0.05), with a significantly lower visual analog scale pain score (p < 0.05). The treatment group obtained a longer median survival (8.8 vs. 6.5 months, p = 0.02), longer median duration of stent patency (10.8 ± 1.4 vs. 6.9 ± 0.8 months, p = 0.02), and prolonged average time to gastric outlet obstruction (6.8 ± 1.6 vs. 5.3 ± 1.3 months, p = 0.02). Differences between liver function and appetite for the two groups were not significant (p > 0.05 and p = 0.59, respectively). Iodine-125 seed implantation after relief of obstructive jaundice via ERCP prolongs survival, biliary stent patency, and time to gastric outlet obstruction and improves patient quality of life by relieving pancreatic pain in patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. |
DOOCY: We'd like to clarify a story we told you about yesterday during our program. The story was about a possible apology from President Obama to Japan for the U.S. dropping atomic bombs on that country during World War II. We want to be very clear. There was never a plan for President Obama to apologize to Japan. We should have been clear about that, and we're sorry for the confusion.
ABOUT THE VIDEOS
In addition to reviewing print and online media, Media Matters monitors at least 150 hours of television and radio each week. This section features highlights (or low-lights) from our monitoring efforts, other noteworthy clips as well as original videos.
The New York Times was forced to issue two corrections after relying on Capitol Hill anonymous sourcing for its flawed report on emails from former Secretary of State and Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. The Clinton debacle is the latest example of why the media should be careful when relying on leaks from partisan congressional sources -- this is far from the first time journalists who did have been burned.
Several Fox News figures are attempting to shift partial blame onto Samuel DuBose for his own death at the hands of a Cincinnati police officer during a traffic stop, arguing DuBose should have cooperated with the officer's instructions if he wanted to avoid "danger."
Iowa radio host Steve Deace is frequently interviewed as a political analyst by mainstream media outlets like NPR, MSNBC, and The Hill when they need an insider's perspective on the GOP primary and Iowa political landscape. However, these outlets may not all be aware that Deace gained his insider status in conservative circles by broadcasting full-throated endorsements of extreme right-wing positions on his radio show and writing online columns filled with intolerant views that he never reveals during main stream media appearances. |
2017 AFC East Breakdown by Position: The Offense
During the month of August, Last Word on Pro Football will be breaking down the top positional units in each division. For this article, the best players on offense in the AFC East is the focus. This breakdown will consist of the “best” at each position followed by the “rest” in descending order.
2017 AFC East Breakdown by Position: The Offense
Quarterback
The Best: New England Patriots
The Rest: Buffalo Bills, Miami Dolphins, New York Jets
When it comes to quarterback in the AFC East, there’s no doubting that the undisputed king is Tom Brady. In Super Bowl LI, he further cemented his legacy as one of the greatest to play the position by leading the Pats to a historic come-from-behind victory over the Atlanta Falcons. Brady has more Super Bowl rings, Super Bowl MVPs and playoff wins (among other things) than any other quarterback in NFL history. Though he’s now in his 40s, Brady shows no signs of letting up. “Father time” may be undefeated, but in Brady’s case that victory seems like it will come via a 65-yard field goal in the dying seconds of overtime.
There are myriad questions surrounding the Bills receiving corps after losing Sammy Watkins to the Rams and Anquan Boldin to retirement. But don’t let that take anything away from Tyrod Taylor. Compared to Jay Cutler, who recently signed with the Dolphins, Taylor’s put up more impressive numbers over their past two full seasons (Cutler only played in five games last year). He has twice as many wins (14) and 17 fewer interceptions (12) than Cutler over that span. Regarding the other team in the division, let’s just say that their quarterback situation is uncertain at best and a hulking grease fire at worst.
Running Back
The Best: Buffalo Bills
The Rest: Miami Dolphins, New York Jets, New England Patriots
There have been rumors circulating recently about LeSean McCoy‘s future in Buffalo. Those rumors circle around him possibly being on the trading block as the Bills look to stockpile draft picks in building for the future. But as of right now, he’s a part of this team moving forward and is clearly the best running back in the division. Last season, he spearheaded the Bills league-best rushing attack, gaining 1,267 yards on the ground and adding 13 touchdowns. Though he’s approaching 30 and will likely eclipse 2,000 career carries in 2017, all indications are that he reprises his role as the bell cow back this year.
McCoy may have some competition in Miami for top dog, though. Jay Ajayi enjoyed a breakout campaign last season and will be out to prove it wasn’t a fluke. Though his three games of 200+ rushing yards were impressive (only four other running backs in NFL history achieved the feat), he needs to show more consistency this coming season. Running back is about the only bright spot for the Jets on offense with two relatively proven players in Matt Forte and Bilal Powell. It’s why they slightly beat out the Pats whose returning running backs (Dion Lewis, James White and D.J. Foster) combined for 473 yards last year. New additions Mike Gillislee and Rex Burkhead are intriguing, but questions remain as to whether they can fill the void left by LeGarrette Blount.
Wide Receiver
The Best: Miami Dolphins
The Rest: New England Patriots, Buffalo Bills, New York Jets
Ryan Tannehill‘s season came to a premature end (well, it never even started to be honest) when the Dolphins announced he’ll undergo surgery to repair the knee injury he re-aggravated in training camp practice. His replacement in Cutler won’t be worse for wear when it comes to targets to throw to. Jarvis Landry is a quintessential PPR darling who finished top ten in receptions the past two seasons. DeVante Parker and Kenny Stills combined for 1,470 receiving yards and 13 touchdowns last year. If Cutler can lay off on the poor decision-making that’s defined his career, this receiving corps really has a chance to shine.
Any time you’re catching passes from a player of Brady’s caliber, it elevates your game. But in Julian Edelman, the Pats have a true talent who, even at 31, continues to be one of the NFL’s most dangerous slot receivers. Adding Brandin Cooks, who had a career high 1,173 receiving yards for the Saints in 2016, should also help. The Bills receiving corps is in complete disarray with the departure of Watkins, Boldin’s retirement and Jordan Matthews‘ sternum injury. But they do have a promising rookie in second-round pick Zay Jones. Buffalo’s situation at the position is much more certain than the Jets, that’s for sure. With Quincy Enunwadone for the year, Robby Anderson is the new number one. He totaled 587 receiving yards and two touchdowns last year.
Tight End
The Best: New England Patriots
The Rest: Miami Dolphins, Buffalo Bills, New York Jets
It’s fairly easy to have the Patriots at number one both at quarterback and tight end. For the latter position, however, it comes with a bit of a caveat. Yes, there are few tight ends in the NFL with the total package skill set Rob Gronkowski possesses. But heading into the eighth year of his pro career, the biggest question mark surrounds his ability to stay healthy. Gronk has missed at least five games due to injury in three of his previous seven seasons in the league. It included playing in just half the Pats’ games last year.
Heading into the 2017 season, Gronkowski is undertaking a new approach he hopes will consistently keep him on the field. It includes trying to follow the example of his quarterback from a dietary standpoint. Though he was absent from the Patriots’ Super Bowl run last year, he’s shown how much of a weapon he can be in January. Gronk has a total of nine touchdown receptions in the postseason. If him and new arrival Dwayne Allen can gel within the framework of the Pats pass game, it only enhances their hopes of making it to Minneapolis for Super Bowl LII.
Elsewhere in the division, the Dolphins’ acquisition of Julius Thomas vaults them into second. Though Thomas had two lean years in Jacksonville, he isn’t too far removed from consecutive years of double-digit touchdown catches while with the Broncos. In his first two seasons with the Bills, Charles Clay has averaged 530 yards receiving and totaled just seven touchdowns. That’s hardly the production expected out of the seventh highest paid tight end in the league. But bringing up the rear at this position is the Jets, who got 173 receiving yards from tight ends last year. And their only free agency acquisition, Chris Gragg, is on a one-year, $690,000 deal.
Offensive Line
The Best: New England Patriots
The Rest: Miami Dolphins, Buffalo Bills, New York Jets
Keeping the pressure from opposing pass rushers away from Brady will garner ever-increasing importance now that he’s hit the big 40. Bill Belichick knows this and has assembled a formidable collection of offensive linemen in front of him. With the exception of left guard Joe Thuney, every starter on the line (Nate Solder, David Andrews, Shaq Mason, and Marcus Cannon) received a top-30 grade from Pro Football Focus last year. In a division where all three opposing teams boast plenty of talent on their respective front sevens, this unit needs to continue performing at a high level.
The Dolphins O-line showed massive improvement in keeping Tannehill upright last year. They’ll have to do the same with Cutler under center in 2017. And of course, providing clean gaps for Ajayi in run blocking is another key component to a repeat playoff appearance. In contrast to the Dolphins, Buffalo’s line regressed in pass protection. They allowed 46 sacks which ranked as the league’s fourth worst total last season. Still, the unit is partly responsible for the Bills leading the league in rushing. For the Jets, they have two decent guards in James Carpenter and Brian Winters. But their other expected starters (Kelvin Beachum, Wesley Johnson and Ben Ijalana) received an average grade at their respective position of 48 from Pro Football Focus in 2016. |
/******************************************************************************
* SOFA, Simulation Open-Framework Architecture *
* (c) 2006 INRIA, USTL, UJF, CNRS, MGH *
* *
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it *
* under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by *
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at *
* your option) any later version. *
* *
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT *
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or *
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License *
* for more details. *
* *
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License *
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. *
*******************************************************************************
* Authors: The SOFA Team and external contributors (see Authors.txt) *
* *
* Contact information: contact@sofa-framework.org *
******************************************************************************/
#ifndef SOFA_CORE_BEHAVIOR_CONSTRAINTCORRECTION_H
#define SOFA_CORE_BEHAVIOR_CONSTRAINTCORRECTION_H
#include <sofa/core/behavior/BaseConstraintCorrection.h>
#include <sofa/core/behavior/MechanicalState.h>
namespace sofa
{
namespace core
{
namespace behavior
{
/**
* Component computing constraint forces within a simulated body using the compliance method.
*/
template<class TDataTypes>
class ConstraintCorrection : public BaseConstraintCorrection
{
public:
SOFA_ABSTRACT_CLASS(SOFA_TEMPLATE(ConstraintCorrection, TDataTypes), BaseConstraintCorrection);
typedef TDataTypes DataTypes;
typedef typename DataTypes::Real Real;
typedef typename DataTypes::VecCoord VecCoord;
typedef typename DataTypes::VecDeriv VecDeriv;
typedef typename DataTypes::Coord Coord;
typedef typename DataTypes::Deriv Deriv;
typedef typename DataTypes::MatrixDeriv MatrixDeriv;
typedef typename DataTypes::MatrixDeriv::RowConstIterator MatrixDerivRowConstIterator;
typedef typename DataTypes::MatrixDeriv::ColConstIterator MatrixDerivColConstIterator;
typedef typename DataTypes::MatrixDeriv::RowIterator MatrixDerivRowIterator;
typedef typename DataTypes::MatrixDeriv::ColIterator MatrixDerivColIterator;
protected:
/// Default Constructor
ConstraintCorrection(MechanicalState< DataTypes > *ms = nullptr)
: mstate(ms)
{
};
/// Default Destructor
~ConstraintCorrection() override
{
};
public:
void init() override;
void cleanup() override;
void addConstraintSolver(core::behavior::ConstraintSolver *s) override;
void removeConstraintSolver(core::behavior::ConstraintSolver *s) override;
private:
std::list<core::behavior::ConstraintSolver*> constraintsolvers;
public:
/// Compute the motion coming from the contact space lambda
/// dx = A^-1 x J^t x lambda
/// where :
/// - J is the constraint jacobian matrix ( ^t denotes the transposition operator )
/// - A is the dynamic matrix. Usually for implicit integration A = M - h^2 x K with
/// -- M the mass matrix
/// -- K the stiffness matrix
/// -- h the step size.
/// Usually this computation will be delegated to a LinearSolver instance
///
/// @param cparams the ConstraintParams relative to the constraint solver
/// @param dx the VecId where to store the corrective motion
/// @param lambda is the constraint space force vector
void computeMotionCorrectionFromLambda(const core::ConstraintParams* cparams, core::MultiVecDerivId dx, const defaulttype::BaseVector * lambda) override;
/// Compute the corrective motion coming from the motion space force
/// @param cparams the ConstraintParams relative to the constraint solver
/// @param dx the VecId where to store the corrective motion
/// @param f is the VecId where the motion space force : f = J^t x lambda
virtual void computeMotionCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams* cparams, core::MultiVecDerivId dx, core::MultiVecDerivId f) = 0;
/// Compute motion correction from the constraint resolution (LCP) calculated force
///
/// @param cparams
/// @param x is the position result VecId
/// @param v is the velocity result VecId
/// @param dx if the corrective motion result VecId
/// @param f is the motion space force vector
void applyMotionCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, core::MultiVecCoordId x, core::MultiVecDerivId v, core::MultiVecDerivId dx, core::ConstMultiVecDerivId correction) override;
virtual void applyMotionCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, Data< VecCoord > &x, Data< VecDeriv > &v, Data< VecDeriv > &dx, const Data< VecDeriv > & correction) = 0;
/// Compute position correction from the constraint resolution (LCP) calculated force
///
/// @param cparams
/// @param x is the position result VecId
/// @param dx id the corrective position result VecId
/// @param f is the motion space force vector
void applyPositionCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, core::MultiVecCoordId x, core::MultiVecDerivId dx, core::ConstMultiVecDerivId correction) override;
virtual void applyPositionCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, Data< VecCoord > &x, Data<VecDeriv>& dx, const Data< VecDeriv > &correction) = 0;
/// Compute velocity correction from the constraint resolution (LCP) calculated force
///
/// @param cparams
/// @param v is the velocity result VecId
/// @param dv is the corrective velocity result VecId
/// @param f is the motion space force vector
void applyVelocityCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, core::MultiVecDerivId v, core::MultiVecDerivId dv, core::ConstMultiVecDerivId correction) override;
virtual void applyVelocityCorrection(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, Data< VecDeriv > &v, Data<VecDeriv>& dv , const Data< VecDeriv > &correction) = 0;
/// Apply predictive constraint force
///
/// @param cparams
/// @param f is the motion space force vector
/// @param lambda is the constraint space force vector
void applyPredictiveConstraintForce(const core::ConstraintParams * cparams, core::MultiVecDerivId f, const defaulttype::BaseVector *lambda) override;
/// Pre-construction check method called by ObjectFactory.
template< class T >
static bool canCreate(T*& obj, objectmodel::BaseContext* context, objectmodel::BaseObjectDescription* arg)
{
if (dynamic_cast< MechanicalState<DataTypes>* >(context->getMechanicalState()) == nullptr) {
arg->logError("No mechanical state with the datatype '" + std::string(DataTypes::Name()) + "' found in the context node.");
return false;
}
return BaseObject::canCreate(obj, context, arg);
}
MechanicalState<DataTypes> *getMState() const
{
return mstate;
}
void setMState(MechanicalState<DataTypes> *_mstate)
{
mstate = _mstate;
}
protected:
MechanicalState<DataTypes> *mstate;
private:
/// Converts constraint force from the constraints space to the motion space and accumulates it in f vector
///
/// @param f is the motion space force vector
/// @param lambda is the constraint space force vector
void addConstraintForceInMotionSpace(const core::ConstraintParams* cparams, core::MultiVecDerivId f, core::ConstMultiMatrixDerivId j, const defaulttype::BaseVector * lambda);
void addConstraintForceInMotionSpace(const core::ConstraintParams* cparams, Data< VecDeriv > &f, const Data<MatrixDeriv>& j, const defaulttype::BaseVector * lambda);
};
#if !defined(SOFA_CORE_BEHAVIOR_CONSTRAINTCORRECTION_CPP)
extern template class SOFA_CORE_API ConstraintCorrection< sofa::defaulttype::Vec3Types >;
extern template class SOFA_CORE_API ConstraintCorrection< sofa::defaulttype::Vec2Types >;
extern template class SOFA_CORE_API ConstraintCorrection< sofa::defaulttype::Vec1Types >;
extern template class SOFA_CORE_API ConstraintCorrection< sofa::defaulttype::Rigid3Types >;
#endif
} // namespace behavior
} // namespace core
} // namespace sofa
#endif // SOFA_CORE_BEHAVIOR_CONSTRAINTCORRECTION_H
|
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner detection of LCROSS impact
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner team just released some preliminary views of their data taken during the LCROSS impact, which clearly shows the thermal signature from the crash into the Moon. I'm too tired for analysis so will lazily repost what they said on their blog. Also note that DIVINER is very, very similar to the Mars Climate Sounder instrument on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Diviner operates in nadir mode more than Mars Climate Sounder.
What they said:
The LRO Diviner instrument obtained infrared observations of the LCROSS impact this morning. LRO flew by the LCROSS Centaur impact site 90 seconds after impact at a distance of ~80 km. Diviner was commanded to observe the impact site on eight successive orbits, and obtained a series of thermal maps before and after the impact at approximately two hour intervals at an angle of approximately 48 degrees off nadir. In this viewing geometry, the spatial footprint of each Diviner detector was roughly 300 by 700 meters.
NASA / GSFC / UCLA
DIVINER image of LCROSS impact site on the Moon
[The figure above] shows the locations of the Diviner LCROSS impact swaths overlain on a grayscale daytime thermal map of the Moon's south polar region. Diviner data were used to help select the final LCROSS impact site inside Cabeus Crater, which sampled an extremely cold region in permanent shadow that can serve as an effective cold trap for water ice and other frozen volatiles.
NASA / GSFC / UCLA
Uncalibrated Diviner thermal maps of the LCROSS impact region
[The figure above] shows preliminary, uncalibrated Diviner thermal maps of the impact site acquired two hours before the impact, and 90 seconds after the impact. The thermal signature of the impact was clearly detected in all four Diviner thermal mapping channels. Since the LCROSS impact feature is predicted to be significantly smaller than a Diviner footprint, its detection is consistent with the notion that the LCROSS impact resulted in significant local heating of the lunar surface. |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
<HTML>
<!-- Generated by Harlequin WebMaker 3.0.2 ( 8-May-1977) -->
<HEAD>
<LINK REL=TOP HREF="RM_1.HTM">
<LINK REL=UP HREF="RM_326.HTM">
<LINK REL=PREV HREF="RM_348.HTM">
<LINK REL=NEXT HREF="RM_350.HTM">
<TITLE> message_box_style</TITLE>
<META NAME=GENERATOR CONTENT="Harlequin WebMaker 3.0.2 ( 8-May-1977)">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">
<DIV>
<A NAME=HEADING349></A>
<DIV>
<P><A HREF="RM_350.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=next.gif ALT=Next BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_348.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=prev.gif ALT=Previous BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_326.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=up.gif ALT=Up BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_1.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=top.gif ALT=Top BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_2.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=content.gif ALT=Contents BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_418.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=index.gif ALT=Index BORDER=0></A></P>
<P>6.7 Identifier reference </P>
</DIV>
<A NAME=HEADING349-0></A>
<H1> <A NAME=MARKER-2-668></A>message_box_style</H1>
<P><I>Function</I></P>
<PRE>
datatype message_box_style =
MB_ABORTRETRYIGNORE |
MB_APPLMODAL |
MB_ICONASTERISK |
MB_ICONEXCLAMATION |
MB_ICONHAND |
MB_ICONINFORMATION |
MB_ICONQUESTION |
MB_ICONSTOP |
MB_OK |
MB_OKCANCEL |
MB_RETRYCANCEL |
MB_YESNO |
MB_YESNOCANCEL
</PRE>
<TABLE BORDER=1><CAPTION>Table 6.12 ML dialog box functions</CAPTION><TR VALIGN=TOP><TH><P>ML function</P>
</TH><TH><P>C function</P>
</TH><TH><P>Notes</P>
</TH></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP><TD><P><CODE>messageBox</CODE></P>
</TD><TD><P><CODE>MessageBox</CODE></P>
</TD><TD>
</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP><TD><P><CODE>endDialog</CODE></P>
</TD><TD><P><CODE>EndDialog</CODE></P>
</TD><TD><P>§</P>
</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP><TD><P><CODE>getDlgItem</CODE></P>
</TD><TD><P><CODE>GetDlgItem</CODE></P>
</TD><TD>
</TD></TR><TR VALIGN=TOP><TD><P><CODE>getDialogBaseUnits</CODE></P>
</TD><TD><P><CODE>GetDialogBaseUnits</CODE></P>
</TD><TD>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<!-- TOC -->
</DIV>
<HR>
<ADDRESS>MLWorks Reference Manual version 2.0 - 29 Jul 1998</ADDRESS>
<P><A HREF="RM_350.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=next.gif ALT=Next BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_348.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=prev.gif ALT=Previous BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_326.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=up.gif ALT=Up BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_1.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=top.gif ALT=Top BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_2.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=content.gif ALT=Contents BORDER=0></A> <A HREF="RM_418.HTM"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM SRC=index.gif ALT=Index BORDER=0></A></P>
<P>Generated with <A HREF="http://www.harlequin.com/webmaker/">Harlequin WebMaker</A></P>
</DIV>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
Nine years ago, Dennis Aabo Sørensen severely wounded his left arm in a fireworks accident, and had to have it amputated. Now, a bionic hand has restored his ability to feel, the first time this has been reported in a scientific journal.
Researchers embedded electrodes in Sørensen's arm, and touch sensors in a prosthetic hand to stimulate his remaining nerves. With the hand, Sørensen was able to recognize different objects by their feel, and grasp them appropriately, according to the study detailed online today (Feb. 5) in the journal Science Translational Medicine.
"I could feel things that I hadn't been able to feel in over nine years," Sørensen, who lives in Denmark, said in a statement.
So far, Sørensen is the only person to test the prosthesis, and he's had it for only a short time, but if proven to work over the long term in more people, the system could vastly improve the function of current prosthetic limbs and the quality of life for their users. [See Video of Prosthetic Hand Than Can Feel]
Restoring touch
The ability to feel is critical for the dexterity humans need to perform basic tasks with their hands. Tactile information tells a person how much force to use when grasping objects as rigid as a coffee mug or as delicate as a grape.
"Without sensory feedback from our hands, we would have difficulties performing even the most basic activities of daily living," said Sliman Bensmaia, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago, who was not involved in the research.
Many researchers are developing prosthetic systems aimed at restoring people's ability to control their arms or legs after amputation, spinal cord injury or disease. And increasingly, scientists are also working on incorporating touch-sensitive feedback. This is first scientific paper to report such feedback successfully in a human patient.
Silvestro Micera, a neural engineer at the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Italy and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne in Switzerland, led the team that developed the feeling bionic hand. Micera and his team connected touch sensors in the artificial hand to electrodes surgically embedded in the remains of nerves in Sørensen's upper arm. Computer algorithms converted the signals from the sensors into a form the nerves could detect.
In a month-long clinical trial, Sørensen tested the hand, sometimes wearing a blindfold and earplugs so he could rely only on his sense of touch when using the hand. Sørensen was able to control how forcefully he grasped objects, and feel their shape and stiffness. He could tell the differences among hard, medium and soft objects, and identify the shapes of specific objects such as a cylindrical bottle or round baseball. [Images: Bionic Hand That Can Feel]
Sørensen told researchers that the artificial sense of touch was similar to the natural feeling he experienced in his other hand.
Better prostheses
In contrast with previous approaches to replace a lost sense of touch by, for example, vibrating the skin, the new approach provides "anatomically appropriate feedback," researchers said.
"By directly stimulating the nerves, it's possible that you can appropriately restore that sensory feedback," said Levi Hargrove, an electrical engineer at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, who was not involved in the research.
Both Hargrove and Bensmaia noted that the study is preliminary, because it involved only a single person. Furthermore, in order to be a safe and useful device, the system would need to be fully implantable under the skin, and would need to keep working over a long time, they said.
Although it will probably be years before a system like the one Micera and colleagues developed is ready for clinical use, it is "certainly a major step in the right direction," Hargrove told Live Science.
Editor's Note: This article was updated at 3:20 p.m. ET Feb. 6, 2014 to clarify that this was the first study in a scientific journal to report that touch has been restored to a human patient via a prosthetic hand.
Follow Tanya Lewis on Twitter and Google+. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science. |
Betelgeuse is a red supergiant of spectral type M1-2Ia-lab located on the right shoulder of the constellation Orion. It is about 10,000 times as bright as the Sun. It is about 400 to 600 light years away. "Why bother about something so far away?",you may ask. Well, there are reports that Betelgeuse has shrunk by 15% lately. These changes may indicate that an explosion is about to happen. I'm not really familiar with the paradoxes of physics of red giants. You might think that if something is shrinking it means that it will simply burn out and disappear. But with a red giant a contraction could signal an explosive expansion. Could the gamma rays from this reach Earth? I can't say for sure. Keep watching and following reports.
It may have exploded already, because it is 400-600 light years away what we see is it 400-600 years ago. If we are viewing it through a telescope we'd see it a little closer to as it is now. The Gamma rays wouldn't reach earth until we can see the explosion, preferably unaided.
I highly doubt it could be dangerous, first of all the beams have been travelling for 400-600 years and spread out, what does hit us probably will be a minuscule compared to what the sun hits us with everyday.
Native: English (NW American)Advanced: Spanish Intermediate: French Beginning: Arabic (MSA/Egyptian) Some day: German |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the process of fabricating semiconductor chips. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for using a suggested solution to speed up an iterative process, such as optical proximity correction, for simulating and correcting a layout on a semiconductor chip.
2. Related Art
Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have largely been accomplished by decreasing the feature size of circuit elements on a semiconductor chip. As the feature size of these circuit elements continues to decrease, circuit designers are forced to deal with problems that arise as a consequence of the optical lithography process that is typically used to manufacture integrated circuits. This optical lithography process begins with the formation of a photoresist layer on the surface of a semiconductor wafer. A mask composed of opaque regions, which are formed of chrome, and light-transmissive clear regions, which are generally formed of quartz, is then positioned over this photo resist layer coated wafer. (Note that the term xe2x80x9cmaskxe2x80x9d as used in this specification is meant to include the term xe2x80x9creticle.xe2x80x9d) Light is then shone on the mask from a visible light source, an ultraviolet light source, or more generally some other type of electromagnetic radiation together with suitably adapted masks and lithography equipment.
This light is reduced and focused through an optical system that contains a number of lenses, filters and mirrors. The light passes through the clear regions of the mask and exposes the underlying photoresist layer. At the same time, the light is blocked by opaque regions of the mask, leaving underlying portions of the photoresist layer unexposed.
The exposed photoresist layer is then developed, through chemical removal of either the exposed or non-exposed regions of the photoresist layer. The end result is a semiconductor wafer with a photoresist layer having a desired pattern. This pattern can then be used for etching underlying regions of the wafer.
One problem that arises during the optical lithography process is xe2x80x9cline end shorteningxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cpullbackxe2x80x9d. For example, the upper portion of FIG. 1 illustrates a design of a transistor with a polysilicon line 102, running from left to right, that forms a gate region used to electrically couple an upper diffusion region with a lower diffusion region. The lower portion of FIG. 1 illustrates a printed image that results from the design. Note that polysilicon line 102 has been narrowed using optical phase shifting in order to improve the performance of the transistor by reducing the resistance through the gate region.
Also note that because of optical effects and resist pullback there is a significant amount of line end shortening. This line end shortening is due to optical effects that cause the light to expose more of the resist under a line end than under other portions of the line.
In order to compensate for line end shortening, designers often add additional features, such as xe2x80x9chammer heads,xe2x80x9d onto line ends (see top portion of FIG. 2). The upper portion of FIG. 2 illustrates a transistor with a polysilicon line 202, running from left to right, which forms a gate region used to electrically couple an upper diffusion region with a lower diffusion region. A hammer head 204 is included on the end of polysilicon line 202 to compensate for the line end shortening. As is illustrated in the bottom portion of FIG. 2, these additional features can effectively compensate for line end shortening in some situations.
These additional features are typically added to a layout automatically during a process known as optical proximity correction (OPC). For example, FIG. 3 illustrates line end geometry 302 (solid line) prior to OPC and the resulting corrected line end geometry 304 after OPC (dashed line). Note that the corrected line end geometry 304 includes regions with a positive edge bias in which the size of the original geometry 302 is increased, as well as regions of negative edge bias in which the size of the original geometry 302 is decreased.
Performing an operation, such as OPC, can be extremely time-consuming, because the operation typically involves numerous iterations of a time-consuming modeling and correction process. Furthermore, the operation must be applied to all of the cells that comprise a layout of an integrated circuit.
In order to speed up operations such as OPC, existing systems often perform hierarchical processing on a layout to identify identical cells that have the same surrounding environment. (Within this specification and the associated claims, the term xe2x80x9ccellxe2x80x9d refers to a unit of design, such as an arbitrary geometric region or potion of the layout.) If such identical instances of cells are identified, the existing systems can use a solution computed for one cell as a solution for all other identical instances of the cell. This saves a great deal of time for layouts that contain many instances of the same cell.
Unfortunately, existing systems cannot reuse solutions in cases where identical cells have different surrounding environments, or when a layout of a given cell differs only slightly from the layout of another cell.
Moreover, existing systems do a poor job of distributing the workload involved in computing solutions for cells across multiple processing nodes that are typically available in high-performance computing systems.
What is needed is a method and an apparatus that reuses a solution for a given cell in computing a solution for a cell with a different environment and/or a slightly different layout.
One embodiment of the invention provides a system for speeding up an iterative process that simulates and corrects a layout of a target cell within an integrated circuit so that a simulated layout of the target cell matches a desired layout for the target cell. The system operates by determining if the target cell is similar to a preceding cell for which there exists a previously calculated solution. If so, the system uses the previously calculated solution as an initial input to the iterative process that produces the solution for the target cell.
In a variation on this embodiment, the target cell is similar to the preceding cell if the layout of the target cell matches the layout of the preceding cell but the environment surrounding the target cell differs from the environment surrounding the preceding cell.
In a variation on this embodiment, if the previously calculated solution for the preceding cell is used as the initial input to the iterative process, the iterative process only operates on features within a border region located just inside the outside edge of the target cell that can be affected by the environment surrounding the target cell, and ignores features within the target cell that are not located within the border region.
In a variation on this embodiment, the target cell is similar to the preceding cell if the layout of the target cell differs from the layout of the preceding cell by less than a pre-specified amount. For example, in one embodiment of the present invention, the target cell is similar to the preceding cell if a specific percentage (say 95%) of the layout of the target cell is identical to the layout of the preceding cell.
In a variation on this embodiment, if the previously calculated solution for the preceding cell is used as the initial input for the iterative process, and if the iterative process produces a simulation result that differs significantly from the desired layout, the system restarts the iterative process using the desired layout instead of the previously calculated solution as the initial input to the iterative process.
In a variation on this embodiment, while performing the iterative process the system repeatedly simulates a current solution for the target cell to produce a current simulated layout. If the current manufactured result as determined by simulation (or xe2x80x9csimulated layoutxe2x80x9d) differs from the desired layout by less than a pre-specified amount, the system accepts the current solution as a final solution for the target cell. Otherwise, the system corrects the current solution to compensate for differences between the current simulated layout and the desired layout.
Note that the term xe2x80x9csimulatesxe2x80x9d as used in this specification and the associated claims refers to both simulation of optical effects as well as modeling of mask writing (e.g. E-Beam), resist and/or etch effects.
Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, there are three primary outcomes from using the suggested solution approach: (1) further simulation and correction time are saved because the previous solution is accepted, additionally data volume can be significantly reduced; (2) the previous solution is further modified, but simulation and correction times are still significantly reduced since generally fewer edges are simulated and corrected; or (3) the previous simulation results are discarded and there is only a minor overall time penalty relative to the vast savings. Moreover, there are often significant data volume reductions.
In a variation on this embodiment, prior to considering the target cell, the system receives a specification for the layout of the integrated circuit, and divides the layout into a plurality of cells, whereby each cell can be independently subjected to the iterative process.
In a variation on this embodiment, the iterative process performs model-based optical proximity correction (OPC).
One embodiment of the invention provides a system for speeding up processing of a layout of an integrated circuit that has been divided into cells. The system operates by determining if a target cell in the layout is identical to a preceding cell for which there exists a previously calculated solution by comparing an identifier created from the target cell with an identifier created from the preceding cell. Note that the identifiers, which are also referred to as hash codes, hash keys or message digests, are computed from properties and/or descriptions of the respective cells. Hence, the terms xe2x80x9chash codexe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cidentifierxe2x80x9d are used interchangeably throughout this specification and associated claims, and are meant to refer to values computed from properties and/or descriptions of cells.
If the target cell is identical to a preceding cell, the system uses the previously calculated solution as a solution for the target cell. Otherwise, if the target cell is not identical to the preceding cell, the system processes the target cell to produce the solution for the target cell. Note that this approach can also be used for a number of different processes, such as distributed fracturing or optical proximity correction.
In a variation on this embodiment, if the hash code created from the target cell matches the hash code created from the preceding cell, the system compares the complete layout of the target cell with the complete layout of the preceding cell to ensure that the target cell is identical to the preceding cell. This is useful because it may be possible for two different cells to have identical identifiers even though the cells are not the same. If the relative cost of comparing the layouts (geometrical boolean operations) is less than the cost of detecting the error after doing the other processing, this is usually a desirable option.
In a variation on this embodiment, determining if the target cell is identical to a preceding cell involves determining whether an area surrounding the target cell is identical to an area surrounding the preceding cell.
In a variation on this embodiment, prior to determining if the target cell is identical to the preceding cell, the system performs an overlap removal operation on the target cell and the preceding cell.
In a variation on this embodiment, the system distributes the plurality of cells to a set of parallel processors so that plurality of cells can be processed in parallel.
In a variation on this embodiment, processing the target cell involves performing, data fracturing, model-based optical proximity correction (OPC), rule-based optical proximity correction, or phase shifter assignment for the target cell. |
This has been a major hassle for me as those sites are otherwise constantly revisited stations on my daily internet wanderings. To post entries to my blog from China, I've had to e-mail them, which has led to formatting problems and precluded pictures. In order to read blogs on Blogger.com, I have had to use
In Hanoi I didn't have this kind of problem at all. Despite the Vietnamese government being similar to the Chinese one (non-elected, anti-free-speech, nominally Communist, practically Capitalist), I could access the sites I wanted from our hosts' home computer. According to our hostess, Vietnamese internet censorship occurs somewhat haphazardly at the ISP level, which means that some bandwidth providers will let you do whatever you want.
This squares well with our impression that Hanoi, though a much grubbier and less affluent city, is far more aware of the West than skyscraper-studded Hangzhou, where non-salespeople in the street sometimes excitedly yell "Look at the foreigner! HELLO!" when they see me. It very likely has to do with Vietnamese history: a century of French colonial rule, friendly exchange with Soviet Russia, the American occupation, foreign aid in recent decades.
But there may be a scarier explanation. The broadband connection we used in Hanoi is registered to a person working as a consultant for the Swedish foreign aid agency, SIDA. It's entirely possible that this connection has had the censorship machinery selectively turned off. And replaced with a wiretap. |
config BR2_PACKAGE_LZ4
bool "lz4"
depends on BR2_LARGEFILE
help
LZ4 is a very fast lossless compression algorithm, providing
compression speed at 400 MB/s per core, scalable with multi-cores
CPU. It also features an extremely fast decoder, with speed
in multiple GB/s per core, typically reaching RAM speed limits
on multi-core systems.
https://code.google.com/p/lz4/
comment "lz4 needs a toolchain w/ largefile"
depends on !BR2_LARGEFILE
|
set -e
## (Re)generate NeuroML 2 & LEMS files from the python scripts
python c302_IClamp.py A
python c302_Syns.py A
python c302_Social.py A
python c302_Pharyngeal.py A
python c302_Full.py A
python c302_Muscles.py A
python c302_Oscillator.py A
python c302_IClamp.py B
python c302_Syns.py B
python c302_Social.py B
python c302_Pharyngeal.py B
python c302_Full.py B
python c302_Muscles.py B
python c302_Oscillator.py B
python c302_IClamp.py C
python c302_Syns.py C
python c302_Social.py C
python c302_Pharyngeal.py C
python c302_Full.py C
python c302_Muscles.py C
python c302_Oscillator.py C
python c302_IClamp.py C0
python c302_Syns.py C0
python c302_Social.py C0
python c302_Pharyngeal.py C0
python c302_Full.py C0
python c302_Muscles.py C0
python c302_Oscillator.py C0
python c302_IClamp.py C1
python c302_Syns.py C1
python c302_Social.py C1
python c302_Pharyngeal.py C1
python c302_Full.py C1
python c302_Muscles.py C1
python c302_Oscillator.py C1
python c302_IClamp.py C2
python c302_Syns.py C2
python c302_Social.py C2
python c302_Pharyngeal.py C2
python c302_Full.py C2
python c302_Muscles.py C2
python c302_Oscillator.py C2
python c302_IClamp.py D
python c302_Syns.py D
python c302_Social.py D
python c302_Pharyngeal.py D
python c302_Full.py D
python c302_Muscles.py D
python c302_Oscillator.py D
python c302_IClamp.py D1
python c302_Syns.py D1
python c302_Social.py D1
python c302_Pharyngeal.py D1
python c302_Full.py D1
python c302_Muscles.py D1
python c302_Oscillator.py D1
cd examples
## Validate generated NeuroML 2
jnml -validate c302_A_Full.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_A_Pharyngeal.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_A_Syns.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_A_Social.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_A_Muscles.net.nml
# Not validating B files as they use non NeuroML 2 compliant IaFCell model with activity...
jnml -validate c302_C_Full.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_C_Pharyngeal.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_C1_Full.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_C1_Pharyngeal.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_D_Full.net.nml
jnml -validate c302_D_Pharyngeal.net.nml
#jnml -validate c302_D1_Full.net.nml
#jnml -validate c302_D1_Pharyngeal.net.nml
## Try running these in jNeuroML with no GUI
#jnml LEMS_c302_A_Full.xml -nogui # Takes 2 mins to run!
jnml LEMS_c302_A_Pharyngeal.xml -nogui
jnml LEMS_c302_A_Syns.xml -nogui
jnml LEMS_c302_A_Social.xml -nogui
#jnml LEMS_c302_B_Full.xml -nogui # Takes 2 mins to run!
jnml LEMS_c302_B_Pharyngeal.xml -nogui
jnml LEMS_c302_B_Syns.xml -nogui
jnml LEMS_c302_B_Social.xml -nogui
## Try regenerating using command line options
cd ..
python c302.py c302_A_Syns2 parameters_A -cells ["ADAL","AIBL","RIVR","RMEV"] -cellstostimulate ["ADAL","RIVR"] -duration 500 -dt 0.1 -vmin -72 -vmax -48
python c302.py c302_A_Weights parameters_A -cells ["ADAL","AIBL","I1L","I3","DB5","PVCR"] -cellstostimulate ["ADAL","I1L","PVCR"] -connnumberoverride=["I1L-I3":2.5] -connnumberscaling=["PVCR-DB5":5] -duration 500 -dt 0.1 -vmin -72 -vmax -48
python c302.py c302_C1_Test parameters_C1 -cellstostimulate AFDL -connnumberscaling {"I1L-I3":2}
mkdir -p cells
python c302.py c302_D1_Weights parameters_D1 -cells ["ADAL","AIBL","I1L","I3","DB5","PVCR"] -cellstostimulate ["ADAL","I1L","PVCR"] -connnumberoverride=["I1L-I3":2.5] -connnumberscaling=["PVCR-DB5":5] -duration 500 -dt 0.1
cd examples
## Try converting some to NEURON
jnml LEMS_c302_A_Full.xml -neuron
jnml LEMS_c302_B_Pharyngeal.xml -neuron
jnml LEMS_c302_C_Syns.xml -neuron
nrnivmodl
cd -
## Try helper scripts
python runAndPlot.py -test
python c302_utils.py -nogui
echo
echo " Successfully completed all c302 tests!"
echo
|
Live match information for : Ospreys Gloucester Rugby League World Cup Live Game Streaming on 26 January.
This Rugby League match up featuring Gloucester vs Ospreys is scheduled to commence at 19:45 GMT – 01:15 IST.
You can follow this match inbetween Ospreys and Gloucester Right Here.
In fact you can watch the Gloucester vs Ospreys Rugby League game & all other Sporting events (including all the popular TV sports & entertainment channels) when you Sign Up NOW.
Live streams for this Gloucester Ospreys game will start 15 minutes before the scheduled start time – 19:45 GMT – 01:15 IST, 26 January, live from this Rugby League tournament’s – Rugby League World Cup – designated stadium – Kingsholm. Kingsholm Stadium is a rugby union stadium located in the Kingsholm area of Gloucester, England, and is the home stadium of Gloucester Rugby. The stadium has a capacity of 16,115.. Gloucester is the favourite in this match and they also play with the home crowd advantage & however Ospreys cannot be taken for granted. An entertaining quarter final Anglo-Welsh Cup Round 3 game is in store for sure! |
Activity and diversity of methanotrophs in the soil-water interface and rhizospheric soil from a flooded temperate rice field.
To combine molecular and cultivation techniques to characterize the methanotrophic community in the soil-water interface (SWI) and rhizospheric soil from flooded rice fields in Uruguay, a temperate region in South America. A novel type I, related to the genus Methylococcus, and three type II methanotrophs were isolated from the highest positive dilution steps from the most probable number (MPN) counts. Potential methane oxidation activities measured in slurried samples were higher in the rhizospheric soil compared to the SWI and were stimulated by N-fertilization. PmoA (particulate methane monooxygenase) clone libraries were constructed for both rice microsites. SWI clones clustered in six groups related to cultivated and uncultivated members from different ecosystems of the genera Methylobacter, Methylomonas, Methylococcus and a novel type I sublineage while cultivation and T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis confirmed the presence of type II methanotrophs. Cultivation techniques, cloning analysis and T-RFLP fingerprinting of the pmoA gene revealed a diverse methanotrophic community in the rice rhizospheric soil and SWI. This study reports, for the first time, the analysis of the methanotrophic diversity in rice SWI and this diversity may be exploited in reducing methane emissions. |
Juniper is a native Oregon species. But decades of fire suppression and grazing have allowed the tree to spread voraciously over Eastern and Central Oregon. That’s a problem because juniper consumes sage grouse habitat and sucks up a lot of water.
The Oregon Legislature passed two bills at the end of the session to help boost juniper harvest, HB 2997 and HB 2998… |
Q:
Is it possible to get a TFS workitem snapshot for a specific date using TFS query?
I require to get all "Bug" entities from a TFS Team Project, for a specific date, it means that entities atributes should have values they had the date I specify. Kind of all bugs snapshot for a specific day.
Is it posible to do via a TFS query?
Thanks for your attention.
A:
Probably you can not do this via standart tools provided by TFS portal.
But there is TFS API for you. Look at WorkItemStore class. It has many methods including GetWorkItem(Int32, DateTime) Gets the previous state of a work item that is specified by ID and date. https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.teamfoundation.workitemtracking.client.workitemstore.aspx
|
DA: Officials ‘Intentionally Concealed’ Hefty Bell Salaries
LOS ANGELES (CBS) — Prosecutors on Monday revealed e-mails in which a former official for the city of Bell said “we have crafted our agreements carefully so we do not draw attention to our pay” and another saying “we will all get fat together.”
In the court filing, Deputy District Attorneys Sean Hassett and Juliet Schmidt argued there is “substantial evidence” that former city manager Robert Rizzo and former assistant city manager Angela Spaccia “intentionally concealed their actions that were designed to grant themselves exorbitant pay.”
The filing documents e-mails sent in 2009 by Spaccia to Randy Adams as the city was preparing to hire him as its police chief.
“The word pay period is used and not defined in order to protect you from someone taking the time to add up your salary,” Spaccia wrote in one e-mail cited in the prosecution’s filing.
The prosecutors said Adams wrote in a separate e-mail, “I am looking forward to seeing you and taking all of Bell’s money?! Okay…just a share of it,” and that Spaccia responded, “LOL…well you can take your share of the pie…just like us. We will all get fat together.”
“Bob has an expression he likes to use on occasion…pigs get fat…hogs get slaughtered!!! So as long as we’re not hogs…all is well,” the document quotes Spaccia as e-mailing.
Rizzo, 57, and Spaccia, 52, are awaiting a hearing — which could begin this week — to determine if there is enough evidence to require them to stand trial on felony charges alleging they misappropriated public funds.
Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Henry G. Hall is expected to first determine if six current and former Bell City Council members should proceed to trial on similar charges.
Last week, the only current City Council member not criminally charged as a result of the public corruption probe testified that Rizzo virtually ruled the small blue-collar city in southeast Los Angeles County.
After finishing the preliminary hearing for the six defendants, Hall is expected to hear evidence against Rizzo and Spaccia, as well as additional charges against Hernandez and Artiga.
Rizzo is also charged with conflict of interest and misappropriation of records in a separate case that is expected to be heard last and to take about a day.
The eight were arrested Sept. 21 on allegations that they bilked taxpayers out of roughly $5.5 million through hefty salaries, benefits and illicit loans of public money.
Rizzo and other top city officials stepped down last July after the salary scandal broke.
The City Council members, who were earning almost $100,000 a year, significantly slashed their pay, but most balked at calls for their resignations. Artiga announced last October that he was leaving his post, saying “it’s in the best interest for the city of Bell that I resign.”
Lawyers for the six current and former Bell City Council members said their clients rejected plea deals that would have brought them two-year prison terms in exchange for admitting guilt and paying back all the money they allegedly looted from the city treasury.
Cooley and Adams are BFFs – The real scorcher is that during his short reign of terror in Bell – all he did was preach “Ethics” to the troops whole looting the people of Bell and firing the good officers. If Cooley wont prosecute Adams – then Cooley has to go. |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Soda lakes are strongly alkaline lakes, typically with a pH between 9 to 11, high concentrations of carbonate ions and with salinities ranging from brackish to hypersaline [@pone.0072577-Grant1]. Although relatively rare, these lakes constitute a large part of inland water by volume in certain regions, particularly arid or semi-arid areas connected to tectonic rifts such as the East African Rift Valley. In spite of their basicity, many soda lakes show unusually high primary productivity, including the highest photosynthesis rates measured in any aquatic habitat (above 7 g C m^−2^ day^−1^) [@pone.0072577-Melack1]. Thus, they rank not only as the most productive but also among the most extreme aquatic ecosystems. Not all soda lakes are highly productive, however, and the mechanisms controlling primary production may involve many factors such as nutrient limitations, toxicity, or trophic interactions [@pone.0072577-Zavarzin1]. Salinity, however, may be the strongest stress factor limiting microbial diversity [@pone.0072577-Oren1], [@pone.0072577-Zhilina1]. In spite of this, high morphological diversity comparable to neutral freshwater systems has been observed, even in hypersaline soda lakes [@pone.0072577-Zavarzin1].
In this study, we address the diversity of these fascinating ecosystems, challenging the notion that extreme habitats generally harbor lower biodiversity. Further, we investigate whether a relationship between salinity and taxonomic richness exists in the investigated soda lakes. The underlying question we attempt to answer is to what extent salinity, pH and other parameters influence the microbial community structure. We also address whether lakes located closer together generally harbored more similar communities.
A number of alkaliphilic microorganisms with key metabolic roles in soda lakes have previously been studied using both cultivation dependent and independent techniques. Such studies have uncovered a diversity of various functional and phylogenetic groups including cyanobacteria (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Ballot1]), anoxygenic phototrophs (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Asao1], [@pone.0072577-Milford1], [@pone.0072577-Medov1], [@pone.0072577-Rees1]), aerobic heterotrophs (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Rees1]), sulfur reducers and other anaerobic organotrophs (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Zavarzin1]), sulfur oxidizers (reviewed in [@pone.0072577-Sorokin1]), acetogens (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Zhilina1]), methanogens (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Antony1]), methylotrophs (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Surakasi1], [@pone.0072577-Antony2], [@pone.0072577-Lin1]) or eukaryotic microorganisms (e.g. [@pone.0072577-Wu1]). Others addressed planktonic community composition and diversity of individual lakes [@pone.0072577-Humayoun1], [@pone.0072577-Dimitriu1] or across several lakes, including soda lakes [@pone.0072577-Wang1], [@pone.0072577-Mesbah1], by using molecular fingerprinting or SSU rRNA clone libraries. However, such techniques are limited in terms of their resolution or ability to determine the phylogenetic diversity and community structure at high resolution [@pone.0072577-King1].
This study is the first to use high throughput sequencing to analyze the structure of soda lake microbial plankton communities. Using a combination of traditional marker gene profiling and PCR-independent shotgun sequencing of reverse transcribed rRNA, we target both the active (RNA) and present (DNA) diversity and composition in these intriguing ecosystems. This approach has been shown to provide a more holistic view [@pone.0072577-Lanzn1], [@pone.0072577-Urich1], enabling quantitative analysis of taxonomic groups from all domains of life simultaneously as well as a snapshot of abundant mRNA transcripts.
Results {#s2}
=======
Characteristics of Investigated Lakes {#s2a}
-------------------------------------
Five soda lakes were selected based on contrasting characteristics such as salinity, size and location. Lakes Abijata, Chitu and Shalla are located more centrally within the East African Rift and share higher salinities compared to Beseka and Arenguadi, located in the Upper Awash Basin and Central Ethiopian Highlands, respectively. While Arenguadi and Chitu are relatively small crater lakes (the former a maar), Shalla is the largest studied and represent the only deep lake, with maximum and average depths of 266 and 87 m, respectively [@pone.0072577-Baxter1]. While Abijata is retracting due to water diversion and soda ash extraction [@pone.0072577-Ayenew1], Beseka is expanding [@pone.0072577-Gloaguen1], resulting in changing salinities and phytoplankton communities [@pone.0072577-GebreMariam1]. [Tables 1](#pone-0072577-t001){ref-type="table"} and [S1](#pone.0072577.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"} list the sampling sites, collected samples and physicochemical parameters measured.
10.1371/journal.pone.0072577.t001
###### Overview of the soda lakes, samples and sequence datasets studied.
{#pone-0072577-t001-1}
*Sampling* *Physical parameters* *Number of datasets*
----------- ----------------- ------------- ----------------------- ---------------------- -------- ------- ------------ --------- --- --- --- ---
Abijata 3 1 (0 m) 176 9.9 11,460 457 3.4 -- 3 0 0 0
Arenguadi 1 5 (0--30 m) 0.54 9.7--9.9 1,254 227 0.21--0.28 3.5 m 5 5 0 1
Beseka 1 3 (0--13 m) 44 9.6 1,605 60 0.29--0.31 -- 3 3 1 1
Chitu 3 3 (0--15 m) 0.8 10.4 18,430 1,136 5.8 \<0.5 m 6 0 1 0
Shalla 1 3 (0--30 m) 329 9.8 7,623 253 1.8 -- 3 0 0 0
***Total*** *:* *20* *8* *2* *2*
GPS coordinates measurements for individual depths and other details are listed in [Table S1](#pone.0072577.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
DNA Amplicon library prepared from 5 µm "pre-filter" at 0 m depth.
Significant stratification was only encountered in Lake Arenguadi, saturated in oxygen until a depth of 3 m, followed by a narrow oxycline and then anoxia below 4 m. Subtle changes in salinity and pH were also encountered between limnia ([Table S1](#pone.0072577.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The holomictic lake Chitu appeared recently mixed during sampling. Only low levels of oxygen were measured at water surface until about 10 cm depth with no discernible salinity or pH gradients.
Composition and Diversity of the Microbial Communities {#s2b}
------------------------------------------------------
In total 458,813 sequence reads representing SSU rRNA were obtained from DNA amplicon- (n = 22), cDNA amplicon- (n = 8) and shotgun sequence (n = 2) datasets, in addition to 6,745 putative mRNA reads ([Tables 1](#pone-0072577-t001){ref-type="table"} and [S2](#pone.0072577.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The "prefilter" samples from lakes Beseka and Chitu, yielded disproportionately large and small numbers of sequence reads, respectively.
Total OTU richness amounted to 2,704 (3% distance), excluding 1,286 singletons. OTUs per dataset varied between 169 and 1,519 ([Table S2](#pone.0072577.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). As indicated by rarefaction analysis ([Fig. S1](#pone.0072577.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), sequencing depth was far from being exhaustive even in the largest dataset. Estimated Shannon diversity (*H*′) varied between 2.3 and 4.7, showing no correlation to the number of reads, as opposed to OTU richness ([Table S2](#pone.0072577.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, the substantial variance of *H′* between spatial replicates inside of Abijata and Chitu was similar to variance between lakes, indicating that differences in *H'* between lakes were not significant, at least lacking better replication. Instead, Bayesian parametric estimation of total richness [@pone.0072577-Quince1] was used to compare diversity between datasets in a more accurate manner. The Sichel distribution fit best to the observed prokaryotic OTU-abundance distributions in most datasets (28 of 30) and was used to calculate confidence intervals of total sample richness, illustrated in [Figure 1](#pone-0072577-g001){ref-type="fig"}. Medians of estimated richness ranges generally followed the same trend as rarefied OTU richness, but the later varied more across spatial replicates, consistent with the variance of *H′*.
{#pone-0072577-g001}
The highest median richness was estimated in the surface of Beseka and the lowest at 30 m depth in Shalla. Significantly higher richness (α = 0.05) was estimated from several datasets compared to the later. From means of estimated richness in DNA datasets (excluding prefilters; [Fig. 1](#pone-0072577-g001){ref-type="fig"}), Chitu appears to be the most diverse lake, closely followed by Abijata. The RNA-derived datasets showed similar richness estimates as their corresponding DNA datasets and followed the same trend, except in two cases ([Fig. 1](#pone-0072577-g001){ref-type="fig"}). Firstly, estimated RNA richness was significantly lower in the Beseka surface sample. Secondly, in Arenguadi at 2 m, significantly higher richness was predicted in RNA. Predicted richness in the stratified Lake Arenguadi followed a trend remarkably similar to that of cell density, as estimated using DAPI staining ([Fig. S2](#pone.0072577.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Comparisons of Community Structure and Influence of Physicochemical Parameters {#s2c}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Figure 2](#pone-0072577-g002){ref-type="fig"} shows the distribution of OTUs across lakes (excluding prefilter- and cDNA-derived plus adjusted for contrasting sequencing depths). Abijata and Shalla showed a relatively larger overlap than other lakes, while Beseka harbored most OTUs unique to one lake. Larger proportions of OTUs were shared between different depths in the same lake, compared to those shared between lakes, particularly for RNA-derived datasets ([Fig. S3](#pone.0072577.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#pone-0072577-g002}
Hierarchical clustering ([Fig. S4](#pone.0072577.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) and Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS; [Fig. 3](#pone-0072577-g003){ref-type="fig"}) based on OTU composition (Bray-Curtis dissimilarities) showed that all datasets formed lake-specific clusters, except for Arenguadi where the anoxic hypolimnion (10 and 30 m, "Arenguadi deep") formed a separate cluster from the oxic epilimnion (0--3 m, "Arenguadi shallow"). The former appeared more similar to Chitu, representing the other anoxic environment; and the later to Beseka, representing the other low-salinity lake. The same clustering pattern was obtained using taxonomical distributions rather than OTUs, with the two shotgun-sequenced datasets clustering with their respective lakes ([Fig. S5](#pone.0072577.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Based on the observed clustering pattern, six "habitat" clusters were defined.
{#pone-0072577-g003}
As indicated by NMDS, community samples within lakes were more similar than those from different lakes, with the exception of the two layers found in Arenguadi. This pattern was confirmed comparing dissimilarities (Bray-Curtis) between shallow samples inside the same lakes (for Arenguadi and Chitu), to those between different lakes (using average compositions for replicate samples). According to a Welch t-test the difference in similarity was significant (p\<10^−15^).
In order to evaluate the influence of lake water composition and other measured physicochemical parameters, a separate NMDS was constructed from pooled habitat datasets. Out of the parameters, four showed significant correlation to this NMDS: dissolved oxygen (presence or absence), pH, sodium- (Na^+^) and potassium (K^+^) concentrations. These parameters also correlated significantly to the NMDS made from un-merged datasets and their fitted vectors have been added in [Fig. 3](#pone-0072577-g003){ref-type="fig"}. Variation partioning analysis suggested that taken together, these parameters explained 29% of the variation in community composition between habitats and 31% between individual datasets ([Fig. S6](#pone.0072577.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The influence of distance between lakes on community dissimilarity was also investigated using linear regression ([Fig. S7](#pone.0072577.s007){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). A weak correlation may exist, but was not significant among the lakes studied. Comparisons between Chitu and nearby lakes formed obvious outliers.
Most Abundant Taxa and mRNA Transcripts {#s2d}
---------------------------------------
[Figure 4](#pone-0072577-g004){ref-type="fig"} shows the distribution across habitats of abundant taxa at family rank or below, based on amplicon sequencing (prokaryotes and plastids only). It also lists RNA/DNA abundance ratios indicating the relative metabolic activity, number of OTUs and rRNA contigs. Together these cover 46--75% of total reads retrieved from each habitat. [Table S3](#pone.0072577.s010){ref-type="supplementary-material"} lists the complete taxonomical composition for each rank and dataset. Few taxa were abundant in all six habitats, the deep-branching RF3 being an exception (min. abundance 0.8%). This phylum-level clade includes uncultured sequences from soda lakes, deep-sea sediments and enterosymbionts, with similarity to the prokaryotic genus incertae sedis *Gemella* [@pone.0072577-Lanzn2]. *Methanocalculus* had the second highest average abundance, while Marine Group 1 *Thaumarchaeota* had the highest RNA/DNA-ratio and *Rhodobacteraceae* the highest diversity with 64 OTUs.
{#pone-0072577-g004}
[Table 2](#pone-0072577-t002){ref-type="table"} lists all environmental datasets containing sequences most similar to amplicon or rRNA contigs from the abundant taxa included in [Figure 4](#pone-0072577-g004){ref-type="fig"}. This included datasets from seven alkaline lakes, eight saline or brackish-, and six non-saline bodies of water with unknown or neutral pH. It also included three datasets from soil and two cultured isolates: *Rhodobaca bogoriensis* [@pone.0072577-Milford1] and a symbiont of *Hydra magnipapillata* [@pone.0072577-Chapman1]. Sequences derived from Mono Lake, California were the most commonly encountered amongst those most similar to abundant taxa.
10.1371/journal.pone.0072577.t002
###### Sequences from environmental samples and cultured isolates similar to abundant taxonomic groups.
{#pone-0072577-t002-2}
Habitat Description Region Reference Similarity to taxa[\*](#nt103){ref-type="table-fn"}
-------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mono Lake Meriomictic and saline soda lake.Water and sediments sampled. California [@pone.0072577-Humayoun1] and AF448167--AF448198[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} RF3 (99*%), Balneolales,* ML635J-40 aquatic group (*Bacteroidales)*, *Thioalkalivibrio*, *Marinicella* (100%), *Nitriliruptoraceae* (99%), *Acidimicrobiaceae*
Lonar Lake Meriomictic and saline crater sodalake. Sediments sampled. India [@pone.0072577-Wani1] and JQ738919--JQ739136[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} ML635J-40 aquatic group (99%), *Rhodobacteraceae* (99%), *Rhodocyclaceae*, *Thioalkalivibrio*, *Oceanospirillaceae*
Soap Lake Meriomictic and saline soda lake. Washington State, USA [@pone.0072577-Asao1], [@pone.0072577-Dimitriu1] RF3
Kulunda Steppe lake S-reducing, plus methano-genicsoda lake isolates Altai, Russia [@pone.0072577-Sorokin3] and JQ837890--5[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Desulfohalobiaceae* (99%), *Methanocalculus*
Xiarinur Lake Sediment samples from salinesoda lake. Inner Mongolia GU083676--88, GQ848203--9[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Thioalkalivibrio*
Qinghai Lake Brackish soda lake Tibet HM127307--HM127858[\*](#nt103){ref-type="table-fn"} [\*](#nt103){ref-type="table-fn"} RF3, *Balneolales*, *Oceanospirillaceae*, *Acidimicrobiaceae*
Mahoney Lake Stratified lake with alkaline epilimnion British Columbia [@pone.0072577-KlepacCeraj1] RF3 (99%)
Lake Bonney Permanently ice-covered saline lake Antarctica [@pone.0072577-Glatz1] *Balneolales*
Lake Zabuye Hypersaline soda lake Tibet [@pone.0072577-Zhang1] *Cryomorphaceae*, *Rhodobacteraceae* (99%)
Salton sea Moderately alkaline, hypersaline lake. California [@pone.0072577-Dillon1] *Flavobacteriaceae*
Salt marsh sediments Archaeal clone library from Barn Island tidal marshes Connecticut [@pone.0072577-Nelson1] VC2.1 Arc6 (*Thermoplasmatales*)
Coastal water Beaufort Inlet N Carolina JN233293[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Cryomorphaceae*
Hypersaline biofilm Hypersaline microbial mat Guerrere Negro [@pone.0072577-Kunin1] *Thioalkalivibrio*
Chesapeake Bay Brackish estuary NE USA [@pone.0072577-Shaw1] *Acidimicrobiaceae*
Dongping Lake Freshwater lake China FJ612110-- FJ612447[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Cryomorphaceae* (99%), NS11-12 marine group (99%)
Anderson Lake Shallow freshwater lake(part of Warner Lakes) Oregon EU283511[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} NS11-12 marine group,
Lake Kauhako Meromictic, moderatelysaline crater lake Hawaii AY344367-- AY344440[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Rhodobacteraceae* (99%), *Phycisphaerales*
Wuliangsuhai Lake Shallow freshwater lake Inner Mongolia FJ820362--FJ820488[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} Alcaligenaceae (99%), *Comamonadaceae* (99%)
Contaminated groundwater High levels of nitric acid-bearinguranium waste USA AY661997[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Moraxellaceae* (99%)
Hydrothermal vent Deep-sea vent chimneys Juan de FucaRidge EU559823[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} VC2.1 Arc6 (*Thermoplasmatales*)
Gold mine 1 Geothermal water Japan [@pone.0072577-Nunoura1] MG I *Thaumarchaea* (99%)
Gold mine 2 Soil from mine shaft USA [@pone.0072577-Rastogi1] MG I *Thaumarchaea* (100%)
Saline soil Saline, coastal soil India [@pone.0072577-Yousuf1] *Cytophagaceae*
Contaminated soil Petroleum-contaminated alkalineand saline soil China JF421131[\*\*](#nt104){ref-type="table-fn"} *Oceanospirillaceae*
Swamp/lab strain Putative symbiont of *Hydra magnipapillata* Japan [@pone.0072577-Chapman1] *Acholeplasmataceae*
Lake Bogoria Isolate from soda lake Kenya [@pone.0072577-Milford1] *Rhodobacteraceae* (99%)
Abundant taxa from this study for which highest-scoring alignments match sequences from the environmental dataset or isolate. Similarity given in brackets when above 98%.
Accession numbers to rRNA sequences without published manuscripts.
Our complementary cDNA shotgun sequencing approach allowed insights into the most abundant eukaryotic taxa in lakes Beseka and Arenguadi ([Table 3](#pone-0072577-t003){ref-type="table"}). The primers used also amplified chloroplast rRNA for all photosynthetic eukaryotes encountered, in some cases improving the insight into their distributions. For example, the most abundant eukaryotic family encountered in Arenguadi, *Pavlovaceae*, appeared more abundant at 2 m than at the surface of the lake and was also encountered in Chitu.
10.1371/journal.pone.0072577.t003
###### Ten most abundant eukaryotic taxa.
{#pone-0072577-t003-3}
Taxon Arenguadi[\*](#nt105){ref-type="table-fn"} Beseka[\*](#nt105){ref-type="table-fn"} Other lakes[\*](#nt105){ref-type="table-fn"}
----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
*Pavlovaceae* 4.83% (19.4%) 0.00% Shalla: 0.2%, Chitu: 0.1%, Abijata: 0.1%
*Geminigeraceae* 0.33% (0.19%) 2.74% (3.32%) Shalla: 1.6%, Abijata: 0.4%
*Chroomonadaceae* 0.00% 2.71% (1.14%) --
*Chlorophyceae* [\*\*](#nt106){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.01% 2.33% (1.17%) --
*Thalassiosiraceae* 0.00% 0.14% (4.20%) --
*Placididea* [\*\*](#nt106){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.15% 0.51% --
*Bicosoecidae* 0.76% 0.01% --
*Dysteriida* [\*\*](#nt106){ref-type="table-fn"} 2.80% 0.00% --
*Cyclidiidae* 0.76% 0.01% --
*Didiniidae* 0.45% 0.11% --
Highest relative abundance out of lake-specific datasets given (sample from 2 m for *Pavlovaceae* and prefilter at 0 m for *Thalassiosiraceae*).
Classification beyond this taxonomic rank uncertain.
Further, diatoms from the family *Thalassiosiraceae* showing low abundance in the shotgun dataset were the most abundant eukaryotic taxon in the prefilter-derived dataset. Beseka appeared to harbor a contrasting eukaryotic community compared to Arenguadi, with phototrophs instead dominated by the mentioned diatoms, cryptophytes and *Chlorophyceae.* Non-phototrophic flagellates were present in both datasets, but with *Placididea* dominating in Beseka and *Bicosoecidae* in Arenguadi. Ciliates from different families were present in both lakes but more abundant in Arenguadi with *Dysteriida* constituting 2.8% of the sequences (see [Table 3](#pone-0072577-t003){ref-type="table"}).
UniRef protein sequence clusters matching abundant putative mRNA-transcripts are listed in [Table S4](#pone.0072577.s011){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Transcripts of Photosystems I and II were the most abundant of the genes with known functions (n = 39 in Arenguadi, n = 49 in Beseka). Various flagellar gene transcripts were also abundant in both lakes (n = {29, 12}). In addition, Arenguadi contained many transcripts from particulate methane monooxygenase (n = 26), others similar to a gene involved in calcium binding (A0L9Q4; n = 10), Chaperone DnaK (n = 7), and viral genes such as RNA-directed DNA polymerase (n = 10), RNA-directed RNA polymerase (n = 5), capsid and structural proteins (n = 4). Beseka instead contained transcripts from ammonia monooxygenase (*amoA*, n = 11) and nitrite reductase (n*irK*, n = 4).
Effect of Filtering {#s2e}
-------------------
It is possible that the pre-filtering of water samples biased the community structure in collected biomass. Most OTUs encountered from collection-filters of the surface samples from Beseka were also encountered from the prefilters ([Fig. S3](#pone.0072577.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), but often at contrasting abundances. In order to assess this "prefilter-bias", taxon abundances were compared between the datasets derived from prefilters and corresponding collection-filters. A comparison was also made between the dataset derived from centrifugation (*LAb C*) and those from collection-filters. All consistent and significant outcomes of these comparisons are presented in [Table 4](#pone-0072577-t004){ref-type="table"}. Eight of ten affected taxa showed decreased abundances, i.e. were more likely to pass through the prefilter. Seven of these were also less abundant in *LAb C*, at ratios indicating a more severe bias than from pre-filtering. Two taxa showed the opposite influence, i.e. increased abundance on prefilters, both from the phylum *Planctomycetes*.
10.1371/journal.pone.0072577.t004
###### Families with relative abundance consistently influenced by filtering in lakes Arenguadi and Beseka.
{#pone-0072577-t004-4}
Name RP~1~ Significance[\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} RP~2~
---------------------------------------- ------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------
VC2.1 Arc6 0.02 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Beseka N/A
*Desulfuromonadaceae* 0.16 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Beseka 0.2
Unknown *Sphingobacteriales* family 0.2 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Chitu 0.03[\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"}
*Cryomorphaceae* 0.22 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Chitu 0.1
RF3[\*\*](#nt110){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.22 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in both lakes 0.01
Unknown *Flavobacteriales* family 0.3 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Chitu 0.02[\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"}
*Ectothiorhodospiraceae* 0.31 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in both lakes 0.2
*Rhodobacteraceae* 0.59 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Chitu 36[\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"}
Unknown *Phycisphaerales* family 2.2 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Chitu 0.4
*Planctomycetaceae* 2.9 [\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"} in Chitu 6[\*](#nt109){ref-type="table-fn"}
RP~1~: Average ratio of proportions for taxon abundance derived from prefilters compared to collection-filters.
RP~2~: Ratio of proportions for comparison of abundances in *LAb C* (centrifugation harvested) relative LAb A and B.
Significant change (p\<0.05, after Bonferroni correction).
Taxonomy at family rank not available.
Several abundant taxa in prefilter-derived datasets were completely missing or uncommon in datasets from collection-filters. An example is *Arthrospira platensis* constituting 28% of the prefilter sequences in Chitu ([Fig. 4](#pone-0072577-g004){ref-type="fig"}, fam. *Phormidiaceae*; [Table S3](#pone.0072577.s010){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), indicating that most cells from these taxa could not pass the prefilters.
Discussion {#s3}
==========
Phylogenetic Diversity {#s3a}
----------------------
All soda lakes studied harbored remarkably diverse microbial communities, considering their high pH. This also applied to pre-filter samples including filamentous or particle-associated organisms mostly missing from downstream collection filters. Surprisingly, the lake with the most extreme conditions (anoxic Lake Chitu) yielded the highest OTU richness, followed by the lake with the second highest pH and salinity (Abijata). The two anoxic samples from the stratified Lake Arenguadi also yielded relatively higher richness than surface samples. This is clearly a blatant transgression of the common notion that more extreme habitats should be less diverse. It even indicates the opposite: a positive correlation between phylogenetic richness and salinity or pH. To test this intriguing, counter-intuitive hypothesis properly, however, a larger number of replicates and lakes would be needed, evenly distributed along salinity and pH gradients.
In addition, cell density appeared correlated with diversity across depths in Arenguadi and when comparing to Lake Shalla, whose cell density was one order of magnitude lower ([Figures 1](#pone-0072577-g001){ref-type="fig"}, [S2](#pone.0072577.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Although our estimates were limited to these two lakes, a previous study estimated similar values of bacterial cells per volume in Arenguadi, placing Chitu and Abijata at about half its cell density, Shalla and Beseka about one order of magnitude below [@pone.0072577-Zinabu1]. This agrees with the hypothesis that pH and salinity also increases richness. The effect these parameters have on productivity and prokaryotic cell density is challenging to disentangle and may involve complex trophic interactions, as grazers are generally more sensitive to salinity and pH. Although not measured in this study, the primary productivity rate is also expected to play an important role in these interactions.
The parametric richness estimation used compensates for contrasting sequencing depth, but relies on an assumption that sequence datasets constitute a representative subsample of the underlying biological community [@pone.0072577-Quince1]. There are several problems with this assumption, including bias introduced from sampling, rRNA gene copy number [@pone.0072577-Kembel1], nucleic acid extraction [@pone.0072577-Terrat1] and PCR [@pone.0072577-Suzuki1]. While these are expected to bias all amplicon datasets in a similar manner, cell density might not. However, concentrations of extracted nucleic acid did not follow the same trend as cell densities ([Table S2](#pone.0072577.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), Further, template concentrations were adjusted prior to PCR, to avoid such bias. Thus, the correlation between diversity and cell density was likely not artificial.
The implicit richness definition used here was OTUs per volume unit, since the same sample volume was collected from each lake and mixed before filtering. Similar sample volumes were also filtered ([Table S1](#pone.0072577.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). With larger cell density, we thus sampled more cells, more likely to represent higher richness. Rather than a sampling bias, this is arguably a general issue with comparing richness between habitats of contrasting biomass, area or volume [@pone.0072577-Gotelli1].
Although no published studies utilised cloning-free high throughput sequencing to estimate the diversity of soda lake water samples, Xiong *et al.* [@pone.0072577-Xiong1] used it to analyze lake sediments, identifying a negative correlation between pH and richness. This disagrees with our hypothesis for planktonic diversity, but it is clearly possible that benthic communities show different correlations to these factors. Studies of Tibetan lakes [@pone.0072577-Wu2] and the Baltic Sea [@pone.0072577-Herlemann1] have examined similar salinity ranges as that studied here. Both identified a strong influence of salinity on community composition, but not richness. As opposed to pH and salinity, previous findings support the finding of anoxic hypolimnia being more diverse than corresponding epilimnia [@pone.0072577-Humayoun1], [@pone.0072577-KlepacCeraj1], [@pone.0072577-Peura1]. The cause of this is equally intriguing and possibly due to a high degree of endemism [@pone.0072577-Barbern1], challenging another common notion, namely that "everything is everywhere" [@pone.0072577-OMalley1].
OTU richness in surface [@pone.0072577-Logue1] and hypolimnion [@pone.0072577-Peura1] samples of neutral freshwater lakes has previously been studied using the same sequencing platform and noise-filtering as employed here (AmpliconNoise) [@pone.0072577-Quince2]. The range of rarefied OTU richness from our soda lake datasets ([Fig. S1](#pone.0072577.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) is approximately half of that obtained in these studies (300--600 at 5,000 reads in the former and 74--392 in the later). However, these studies targeted the V3--V4 regions of SSU rRNA instead of V5--V6, possibly resulting in higher richness estimates, not comparable to ours [@pone.0072577-Jeraldo1], [@pone.0072577-Youssef1]. It also appears that the pre-filtering used here prevented detection of several taxa. The observation of taxonomic richness comparable to neutral freshwater lakes agrees well with previous observations of morphological [@pone.0072577-Zavarzin1] and molecular diversity [@pone.0072577-Mesbah1].
Richness of RNA-derived datasets was comparable to that of DNA-derived datasets in most samples, indicating that the majority of diversity originated from the active community, rather than an inactive "seed bank". Although total active richness of RNA cannot theoretically be higher than that of available DNA, richness estimates suggested this in one of the samples (Arenguadi 2 m; [Fig. 1](#pone-0072577-g001){ref-type="fig"}). This may be explained by PCR bias affecting RNA-derived (cDNA) template in a different manner than the relatively longer DNA template. This was supported by RNA-derived datasets from Arenguadi having significantly higher rates of detected chimeras than DNA counterparts ([Table S2](#pone.0072577.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Artifacts introduced during reverse transcription may also have caused it.
Community Composition and Correlation to Physicochemical Parameters {#s3b}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Clustering and NMDS analyses supported both by OTU- and taxonomic composition, divide the datasets into six well-separated groups or habitats: one for each lake except Arenguadi, where epi- and hypolimnion were separated. Most of the dominant taxa show sharp abundance differences across habitats ([Fig. 4](#pone-0072577-g004){ref-type="fig"}) and shallow samples inside the same lake were significantly more similar to each other than those from different lakes. Likewise, relatively few OTUs were shared between more than one or two habitats ([Fig. 2](#pone-0072577-g002){ref-type="fig"}), compared to those shared between depths ([Fig. S3](#pone.0072577.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) or spatial replicates. This difference was more pronounced in RNA-derived datasets. This is expected in an ecosystem where the activities of taxa (RNA) are more strongly influenced by local conditions than the DNA pool, also containing a "seed bank" of inactive and sporulating organisms and thus expected be more randomly distributed, spatially [@pone.0072577-Jones1].
Out of OTUs shared between lakes ([Fig. 2](#pone-0072577-g002){ref-type="fig"}), two pairs: Abijata and Shalla; as well as Arenguadi and Chitu, showed larger overlaps between them than other lakes. The former overlap may be explained by the fact that Shalla and Abijata are located close together and were connected as recently as 2,000 years ago [@pone.0072577-Benvenuti1]. As for Arenguadi and Chitu, these were the only two lakes to contain samples from anoxic environments. Thus, obligate anaerobes were only shared between them out of the lakes studied. Except for Chitu, there is some support for the notion that sampled lakes located closer together harbored more similar communities than those far apart ([Fig. S7](#pone.0072577.s007){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Although not significant, this could indicate distance-dependent dispersal limitations.
Out of the measured parameters, oxygen (presence or absence), pH, Na^+^ and K^+^ concentrations were significantly correlated to the OTU composition in the studied habitats. Although oxygen appeared to have the largest influence when partitioning the compositional variation in pooled habitat-datasets, Na^+^ was equally important when including individual datasets ([Fig. S6](#pone.0072577.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The relative contributions of pH and K^+^ were equally hard to disentangle. Regardless of model used, these parameters explain about 30% of community variation. As mentioned, salinity and oxygen have previously been established as important factors for shaping the microbial composition in aquatic habitats [@pone.0072577-Wu1], [@pone.0072577-Herlemann1], [@pone.0072577-Barbern1]. Na^+^ and pH have also been indicated as important influences for OTU composition in soda lake sediments [@pone.0072577-Xiong1].
Taxa Encountered and Possible Ecological Roles {#s3c}
----------------------------------------------
We expect that the amplicon datasets obtained were representative for the majority of taxa in the underlying community of bacterial and archaeal plankton. This was confirmed using complementary shotgun sequencing, alternative DNA extraction- and harvesting protocols, for the pre-filter- and *LAb C* samples. Resulting datasets conformed to habitat-specific clustering patterns and shared similar abundances for most taxa, compared to corresponding amplicon datasets from default protocols. Exceptions include *Arthrospira*, *Thalassiosiraceae* and *Planctomycetes*, whose abundances were dramatically decreased by pre-filtering. This is expected, considering these taxa have filamentous growth, large rigid cells and attach to surfaces or other cells, respectively. Correspondingly, underrepresented taxa are good candidates for having smaller than average cells and it appears these were not successfully collected using centrifugation.
Due to filtering bias, it was challenging to identify the main primary producers in the lakes studied. *Arthrospira platensis* appeared to dominate the surface of Chitu. This was also the only lake with large flocks of Lesser Flamingos present during sampling. These birds are typically found together with *Arthrospira*, which is their main diet [@pone.0072577-Owino1]. This genus was only present in trace amounts in Arenguadi, consistent with earlier reports that it is disappearing from the lake [@pone.0072577-Girma1]. Instead, abundance of photosynthetic taxa was dominated by the Cyanobacterial genera *Leptolyngbya* and *Anabaenopsis*, but mainly by the eukaryotic haptophyte *Pavlovaceae*. The later family is a flagellated unicellular algae commonly found in brackish littoral costal waters [@pone.0072577-Bendif1]. Chloroplastic 16S from *Pavlovaceae* was also present in other lakes, but two orders of magnitude less abundant. At genus rank, most reads of this family were classified as *Pavlova,* while the only full-length 18S rRNA contig obtained from the taxon was more similar (99%) to *Diacronema* (AF106056). However, these two genera appear polyphyletic and a merger has been suggested [@pone.0072577-Bendif1].
No cyanobacteria were detected in Abijata, Shalla or Beseka, probably due to filtering bias. Given the lack of cyanobacterial reads, it is probable that photosynthesis in Beseka was dominated by eukaryotes. Compared to Arenguadi, a different and more diverse community of photosynthetic eukaryotes was present, dominated by cryptophytes in the families *Geminigeraceae* and *Chroomonadaceae*. Mostly studied as model organisms for secondary endosymbiosis, these are flagellated and unicellular, like the *Pavlovaceae.* Also abundant were *Chlorophyceae*, mainly unclassified at higher ranks, and diatoms of the family *Thalassiosiraceae*.
Anoxygenic photosynthesis also appeared to contribute to primary production in several lakes. A diversity of non-sulfur purple bacteria from the family *Rhodobaceraceae* (genera *Rhodobaca*, *Rhodobacter*, *Pseudorhodobacter* and *Roseibacter*) dominated in Abijata and Shalla, while purple sulfur bacteria from the genus *Ectothiorhodospira* dominated in the anoxic lake Chitu and also occurred in Abijata. The non-phototrophic genus *Thioalkalivibrio* in the same family (*Ectothiorhodospiraceae*) was abundant in lakes Chitu and Arenguadi. An internal sulfur cycle is suggested by the presence of sulfate reducers from the families *Desulfohalobiaceae* (mainly *Desulfonatronovibrio*), as previously observed in soda lakes [@pone.0072577-Zavarzin1]. Both *Thioalkalivibrio* and *Desulfonatronovibrio* are known as widespread and diverse groups commonly found in soda lakes [@pone.0072577-Sorokin1]. Most similar environmental sequences from other studies were also from soda lakes. No obvious sulfate reducers could be identified in Arenguadi. It is possible that hydrothermal springs feeding some of the lakes studied contain sulfide of geological origin, although no studies supporting this could be identified.
Methanogens, mainly from the genera *Methanocalculus Methanolobus* and *Methanoseata* were found, with the highest relative abundance in Arenguadi (at 30 m) and Chitu. A single OTU classified as *Methanocalculus* dominated among these, most similar to isolates from a soda lake on the Kulunda Steppe ([Table 2](#pone-0072577-t002){ref-type="table"}). The most similar (98%) validly described isolate was *M. halotolerans*, a hydrogenotrophic and methylotrophic species isolated from an oilfield [@pone.0072577-Ollivier1]. Aerobic methane oxidation in the surface of Arenguadi was evident from mRNA transcripts and presence of *Methylomicrobium*, previously encountered in soda lakes [@pone.0072577-Surakasi1].
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) from Marine Group I *Thaumarchaeota* [@pone.0072577-Pester1] were found in high abundance in lakes Shalla and Beseka, constituting as much as half of the RNA-derived reads at 13 m depth in Beseka while also abundant at the surface. Although sequences from AOA inhabiting soda lakes exist [@pone.0072577-Carini1], those encountered here were more similar to environmental sequences from two different gold mines [@pone.0072577-Rastogi1], [@pone.0072577-Nunoura1] ([Table 2](#pone-0072577-t002){ref-type="table"}), belonging to the terrestrial subgroup Lambda I [@pone.0072577-Jrgensen1]. Active ammonia oxidation was confirmed by active transcription of archaeal *amoA*, as well as *nirK*. The later observation is particularly interesting as it supports the suggested role of AOA in 'nitrifier denitrification' [@pone.0072577-Francis1], recently demonstrated in soil [@pone.0072577-Bartossek1], marine habitats [@pone.0072577-Lscher1] and enrichment cultures [@pone.0072577-Santoro1] including estuaries with similar salinity to Lake Beseka [@pone.0072577-Mosier1].
It is possible that *Planctomycetes* were involved in anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), although none of the known anammox taxa [@pone.0072577-Fuchsman1] were encountered. The type species of the most common order found (*Phycisphaerales*) is instead a heterotrophic algae symbiont [@pone.0072577-Fukunaga1]. It is possible that nitrogen fixation is carried out by *Rhodobacter* in Lake Shalla, *Azoarcus (*fam. *Rhodocyclaceae*) in Arenguadi and *Derxia* in Beseka (as well as other taxa in fam. *Alcaligenaceae*). Putative denitrifiers include *Rhodobacteraceae*.
Other taxa encountered at high abundance include aerobic heterotrophs (e.g. *Bacteroidetes*, *Moraxellaceae*, *Marinicella*) and fermentative anaerobes (e.g. *Thermoplasmatales*). Taxa typical for highly specialized metabolisms were also encountered such as *Oceanospirillaceae* and *Nitriliiruptor,* the later known for being able to catabolize nitriles or cyanides [@pone.0072577-Sorokin2]. Others, like RF3, remain poorly studied and with unknown function. Many in both categories showed high similarity to sequences found previously in saline or soda lakes ([Table 2](#pone-0072577-t002){ref-type="table"}).
A diversity of putatively bacterivorous eukaryotes was present including ciliates (*Dysteriida*, *Cyclidiidae, Didiniidae* etc.), flagellates (*Bicosoecidae*, *Placididea*, *Colpodella* etc.), rotifers (*Polyarthra*, *Brachionus*), *Simocephalus, Cercozoa* and *Heterolobosea*, the most abundant listed in [Table 3](#pone-0072577-t003){ref-type="table"}. Considering their abundance and diversity, it is probable that these exert a considerable top-down control on the prokaryotic community. To what extent viruses control the diversity and structure of the microbial community can only be guessed. A few putative bacteriophage transcripts were found among the limited mRNA reads from Lake Arenguadi. Transcripts from information processing genes were found in higher abundance, however, from (+)ssRNA- and retrovirus, groups known to only infect eukaryotes.
Materials and Methods {#s4}
=====================
Sample Collection, Filtering and Storage {#s4a}
----------------------------------------
Sampling in Abijata-Shalla National Park was carried out with permission and supervision from the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority. No permission was required for the other two lakes (Beseka and Arenguadi), located in publicly accessible areas.
Water samples (excluding Abijata sample C; "*LAb C*") were collected in March 2011 using a 2.5L Niskin bottle (Ocean Scientific International Ltd.), kept in sealed containers and pre-filtered using 5 µm polycarbonate filters (Poretics Ø47 mm, Osmonics Inc. USA.) in order to avoid immediate clogging of more narrow collection filters suitable for prokaryotic cells. The filtrate was then passed through 0.2 µm Sterivex™ columns (Millipore) until clogging occurred, in order to maximize cell yield. Site names, coordinates, depths and filtered volumes are listed in [Table S1](#pone.0072577.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. While prefilters were deposited in 15 mL Falcon tubes filled with RNALater, Sterivex columns were filled with RNALater and sealed. All samples were stored at 4°C until further processing.
Sample *LAb C* was collected in December 2011 and processed using a different, more rapid protocol, mainly for evaluation purposes. Surface water was collected using sterile 50 ml Falcon tubes, transported on ice to Addis Ababa University, then preserved at 4°C for less than a week. Isohaline PBS (pH 11) was added to the sample and biomass harvested by centrifugation at 3700 RPM for 30 min at 4°C from 200 ml water by repeatedly removing supernatant and adding new water using a Consul 21R centrifuge (Orto Alresa). Finally, cell pellets were washed with PBS and centrifuged twice to remove salt particles. Pure cell pellets were preserved at −20°C until DNA extraction.
Measurements of Physicochemical Parameters {#s4b}
------------------------------------------
Concentrations of Na^+^ and K^+^ and a number of other ions were measured from native surface water samples (stored at 4°C in 15 mL Falcon tubes), using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Elemental IRIS, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) was measured on site during sampling: total salinity with a standard refractometer (0--100‰, ATAGO Co. Ltd.); pH with a portable pH-meter (Oakton pH 110, Eutech Instruments Pty. Ltd.) and confirmed with indicator strips (Merck, range 5--10); and DO using a portable dissolved oxygen meter (Hi9143, Hanna Instruments). Due to equipment failure, the oxygen level could not be measured properly in lakes Abijata, Beseka or Shalla. To compensate, DO was instead treated as a binary variable in future analysis (presence or absence), based on read-outs and earlier measurements. All sampled depths in the problematic lakes were determined as nearly saturated (presence).
Cell Enumeration {#s4c}
----------------
Unfiltered water samples were collected in 15 ml Falcon tubes and filled with formaldehyde to a concentration of 2%. DAPI staining was used for enumeration of total prokaryotic cells. Formaldehyde-fixed water samples were thoroughly mixed by vortexing, 1 ml aliquots dried on 0.2 µm filters, incubated with 2% DAPI solution for 15 min in the dark, then rinsed with sterile distilled water (2×10 ml). Filters mounted on microscope slides were inspected using a Zeiss Axioplan fluorescent microscope and manually counted in diagonal squares of an overlaid grid. Mean and standard errors of cell densities were calculated using a minimum of 12 squares per sample.
Nucleic Acid Extractions {#s4d}
------------------------
DNA and RNA was simultaneously extracted directly from Sterivex columns using the AllPrep DNA/RNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Prior to extraction, columns were opened, RNALater removed and replaced with lysis buffer (RLT Plus). The columns were then re-sealed, rotated gently and incubated for 1 minute before lysate was passed through the filter by manual air pressure application using a syringe. Subsequent extraction steps were carried out according to the manufacturer's protocol and extracts stored at −80°C. From *LAb C* and prefilters, community DNA was extracted using CTAB as described previously [@pone.0072577-Bengtsson1]. Extracted DNA pellets were dried and resuspended in 50 µl of TE buffer (pH 8) and stored at −20°C. Nucleic acid concentrations were determined using NanoDrop™ spectrometry.
cDNA Synthesis {#s4e}
--------------
Total RNA was quality assessed using gel electrophoresis. Extracts where RNA was detected, while lacking well-contrasted bands corresponding to the two ribosomal subunits were discarded, retaining only those from Arenguadi and Beseka. From these lakes, single-strand reverse transcription was carried out to provide template for amplicon libraries. Superscript III (Invitrogen) was used according to the manufacturer's protocol, random hexamer primed and with subsequent RNAse H digestion. In addition, the two surface samples were subjected to double-stranded cDNA synthesis as described previously [@pone.0072577-Urich1].
Amplicon Library Preparation {#s4f}
----------------------------
PCR amplification of the V5--V8 region of prokaryotic SSU rRNA (16S) was carried out from extracted DNA and single-stranded cDNA using the primers Uni787F (5′-ATTAGATACCCNGGTAG-3′) and Uni1492R (50-GNTACCTTGTTACGACTT-30) [@pone.0072577-Roesch1] using a two-step (nested) PCR protocol described previously [@pone.0072577-Bengtsson2]. Template concentrations and number of PCR cycles ([Table S2](#pone.0072577.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) were adjusted to achieve equal concentrations of final products. Triplicate PCR reactions were pooled and purified using GenElute PCR Clean-Up kit (Sigma) prior to the second PCR step, instead using primers with attached sample-specific, error-correcting barcodes ("multiplex identifiers") and GS-FLX adaptors (Lib-L). Resulting amplicons were cleaned using AMPure XP (Beckman Coulter) following the manufacturer's protocol (bead-to-sample ratio 9∶10). Amplicon DNA was analyzed using gel electrophoresis to ensure complete removal of primers and negligible amounts of non-barcoded product. Concentrations were measured using Qubit and amplicons stored at −80°C until pooling in equimolar amounts and sequencing.
Sequencing and Data Submission {#s4g}
------------------------------
Pyrosequencing, ds-cDNA synthesis and shotgun library preparation was carried out at the Norwegian High-Throughput Sequencing Centre. Amplicons were sequenced using GS-FLX Titanium chemistry (Lib-L) and cDNA shotgun libraries using GS-FLX+. No fragmentation was carried out since sequences longer than 3000 bp (DNA-contamination) were rare. Resulting flowgrams were submitted to the NCBI Sequence Read Archive with study accession number SRA061754.
Sequencing Processing, Including Filtering and Noise-removal {#s4h}
------------------------------------------------------------
In amplicon datasets, filtering, removal of noise and chimeric sequences was carried out using AmpliconNoise (AN) [@pone.0072577-Quince2]. This method shows the most complete removal of PCR and sequencing artifacts, while not obfuscating real, OTUs [@pone.0072577-Lee1]. Barcode and primer sequences were removed and resulting sequences annotated with read-abundance. In addition to the chimera filtering carried in AN (Perseus), UCHIME [@pone.0072577-Edgar1] was used to remove any remaining chimeric sequences (min. score 0.1) and SilvaMod106 as reference database [@pone.0072577-Lanzn2]. The resulting "cleaned" sequences were clustered into OTUs using maximum linkage based on pairwise Needleman-Wunsch alignment distances at a 3% distance cutoff using AN [@pone.0072577-Quince2]. Diversity indices (1-D and *H'*) were calculated from resulting OTUs using the *OTUDist.sh* script distributed with AN (v1.26 alpha) and rarefaction carried out using the program E-Rarefaction [@pone.0072577-Quince1]. Rarefied richness was based on the smallest dataset, excluding the Chitu prefilter (2,967 reads). Shotgun cDNA reads were filtered by removing reads shorter than 150 bp, with degenerate bases ('Ns') or average quality below 25.
Cleaned amplicon sequences and filtered shotgun reads were subjected to taxonomic classification using CREST [@pone.0072577-Lanzn2]. Assembly of full-length rRNA contigs was carried out independently using shotgun reads from taxonomic groups as described previously [@pone.0072577-Radax1]. Shotgun reads with an alignment bitscore below 50 were screened and cleaned for ncRNAs using Infernal and Rfam [@pone.0072577-Gardner1], [@pone.0072577-Nawrocki1], then aligned to UniRef90 [@pone.0072577-Suzek1] using BLASTX to identify putative mRNA transcripts (min. bitscore 45).
Ordination, Variation Partitioning and Other Statistical Analyses {#s4i}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Calculation of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between datasets as well as hierarchical clustering, NMDS, parameter correlation and variation partitioning based on these, were carried out using the R programming language [@pone.0072577-R1] and the Vegan package [@pone.0072577-Oksanen1]. To support OTU-based analysis, taxonomic groups were derived from the number of reads assigned to each taxon at all ranks from domain to genus using the composite *All_Composition.txt* output from CREST [@pone.0072577-Lanzn2]. Taxonomic comparison of datasets derived from prefilters vs. collection filters, as well as shotgun sequencing vs. amplicons, was carried out as described previously [@pone.0072577-Lanzn1].
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
**Rarefaction curves of OTUs from amplicon samples.** The number of encountered OTUs (perceived richness) is plotted relative to sub-sampled sequence datasets size, i.e. number of reads. For Chitu and Abijata, samples of same depth pooled *in silico* are plotted in addition to individual ones.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Cell density at different depths of Lake Arenguadi estimated using DAPI staining.** Grey squares indicate averages between counts and the solid lines 95% confidence intervals.
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Venn diagrams showing the distributions of shared OTUs within lakes.** Diagrams are annotated with the number of OTUs shared for each possible subset within (A) all amplicon datasets from a depths of 0 m in Lake Beseka; (B) all DNA amplicon datasets (excluding prefilter sample) and (C) all cDNA amplicon datasets across depths in Lake Beseka; (D) all DNA- and (E) all cDNA amplicon datasets in Lake Arenguadi between 0 to 3 meters.
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Average linkage clustering dendogram of amplicon sequence datasets using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity.**
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**NMDS based on Bray Curtis dissimilarities between relative abundances of taxonomic groups.**
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Venn-diagrams illustrating partitioning of variation of selected physicochemical variables.** Partitioning of total community. As response variable, OTU abundance across individual sequence datasets was used in (A) and OTU abundance across habitats (pooled datasets) in (B).
(EPS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Bray-Curtis community dissimilarity between surface samples from different lakes plotted vs. the physical distance between lakes.** Where replicate surface samples existed, the average composition was used. Minimum distances between lakes were measured using Google Maps.
(PDF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Full list of sampling sites and environmental parameters measured during sampling.**
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Overview of sequence datasets.**
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Taxonomic composition of all sequence datasets.**
(XLS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**UniRef90 protein clusters.** Accession, name and length of representative protein sequence for UniRef with number of putative mRNA reads sharing best alignments to each cluster, mean read length and coverage (total read length/protein sequence length in bp). Only clusters \>2 mRNA reads and aligning with a bitscore \>45 included.
(XLSX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
We would like to thank Baye Sitotaw, Ingrid Mørkeseth, Yemisirach Mulugeta and all of the rest of the team from Addis Ababa University for sampling, driving and planning during sample collection, in particular for an unexpected and brave dive head-first into the murky waters of Abijata. Thanks to Ingunn H. Thorseth for performing the ICP analyses, and also to Mia Bengtsson and Hallgjerd Eydal for expertise and discussions. Ave Tooming Klunderud and others at the Norwegian Sequencing Centre are acknowledged for invaluable help with sequencing and library preparation.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: AL LØ AS AG. Performed the experiments: AL AS DC. Analyzed the data: AL AS IJ LØ. Wrote the paper: AL.
[^3]: Current address: Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Derio, Spain
|
Q:
jQuery conditional addClass not working
Having a little hang up with jQuery addClass. I have a #story div in my markup that shrinks down when it acquires the "away" class, and then pops back up when it looses that class.
Here's the snag:
$('#story div.x').on('click', function () {
if (!$('#story').hasClass('away')) {
$('#story').addClass('away');
}
});
The code above simply adds a blank class="" to my story element, but...
$('#story div.x').on('click', function () {
if (!$('#story').hasClass('away')) {
setTimeout(function () {
$('#story').addClass('away');
}, 1000);
}
});
That code adds the appropriate class="away" attribute.
What gives?
A:
It sounds like there is another event updating the class, or perhaps the element is not yet ready but becomes available after 1 second, perhaps after an ajax call or when the DOM is ready.
Could that be it?
|
Grandiose History of Fort Kochi: A Local’s Guide
This blog is written by Thushara, a resident of South India. (Read about her at the bottom of the blog). She writes lucidly about destinations close to her heart and home. This is her detailed coverage of the History of Fort Kochi, as well as a local’s guide to the area.
Fort Kochi: A Fascinating History
Watch closely and you can see the centuries spin past in these very unique fishing islands that boast an enchanting burst of old-world Europe reminiscent of the days of Portuguese rule only a stone’s throw away from the city of Cochin.
Fort Kochi, a keeper of History’s secrets
Portuguese Rule
Fort Kochi gains the first part of its name from Fort Immanuel which was built on its waterfront by the Portuguese in the early 16th century. Granted to the Portuguese in 1503, Fort Kochi was under their rule for 160 years. The legacy of Portuguese rule in the region can be seen in its art and architecture. Christian art from the period in particular can be studied at the Indo-Portuguese Museum, which houses a small but fascinating collection and is located on the grounds of The Bishop’s House in Fort Kochi.
Local Tip: Schedule your visit to the museum from Tuesday through Sunday and avoid lunch hour – they’re closed on Mondays and from 1-2 pm on all other days. Don’t miss a tour curated by Mr.Joseph – the manager and caretaker – for the wealth of knowledge he can offer on the subject.
Read about more places to visit in Kerala here, as suggested by a local, Thushara.
Dutch Possession
Moving on, the Dutch captured Fort Kochi in 1683 and destroyed much of its Portuguese architectural legacy – including Fort Immanuel, and held it in its possession for 112 years before the British took over in 1795 and ruled over it until India gained its independence from them in 1947, thus ending 444years of European rule over Fort Kochi.
The most important surviving Dutch legacy on the island is seen in the form the Dutch Palace at Mattancherry. Built to appease the then Rajah of Cochin after the destruction of a nearby temple, some of the best exhibits of Hindu temple art in the country, in the form of murals, are to be found here. The palace is built in the traditional Hindu “Nalukettu” style, with a courtyard in the middle.
Jew Town & The Jewish Synagogue
It is told that the Jewish settlement in Kerala dates back to over 2500 years when Jewish sailors and exiles found refuge on the Arabian coast of India. The Jews here, as in other parts of the world, were enterprising and built close relationships with the then Indian rulers. They sealed a deal with the then Hindu king to allow them to live freely on the land “until the sun and moon exist”, acquire property, build synagogues etc. They lived principally in Crangannore, an ancient port near Cochin. A disastrous flood in 1341forced most of them to move to Mattancherry, where they quickly set up their community and the famous Jewish Synagogue – the oldest synagogue in all the Commonwealth Nations.
The Synagogue stands adjacent to Jew Town – a charming street filled with age-old stores selling curios and antiques . The colonial style buildings lining the street add magic to this part of town. Jew Town is a crowd-puller and a must-visit if in the locale. The Synagogue itself was built in the year 1568 and shares a wall with the Fort Kochi.
Belgian chandeliers, hand-painted tiles and brass pillar welcome you as you enter this place of worship known for its architectural beauty.The clock tower stands tall at 45 ft with numerals inscribed in Malayalam, Latin, Hebrew and Arabic, displayed on four different dials. The synagogue also houses articles of value such as dazzling Torah crowns and scrolls of the Old Testament.
Local Tip: Owing to the influence of Hindu culture, one is required to leaves one’s shoes at the entrance. The Synagogue also calls for a strict dress code – trousers and full-sleeved shirts for men and skirts below knee length for women – and remains open from 5:00 am till 1:00 pm and then it opens again by 5:00 pm in the evening till 7:00 pm
This blog is written by Thushara, a traveller and writer who believes that the ability to express oneself lucidly is among the greatest pleasures available to mankind. She seeks to find and make her voice heard, and maybe even find some kindred souls along the way! |
A BUS driver who was sacked after losing his way lost a claim for unpaid wages from Travel West Midlands - as his partner was left holding the baby at a register office.
A BUS driver who was sacked after losing his way lost a claim for unpaid wages from Travel West Midlands - as his partner was left holding the baby at a register office.
Trevor Chapman, of Brook Crescent, Wollescote, Stourbridge, told a Birmingham employment tribunal he needed the compensation claim hearing over by 2pm because he had to be with his partner at Stourbridge Register Office to register their baby's name.
When tribunal chairman Charles Rostant told him the hearing would not finish in time, Mr Chapman said he would not bother turning up at the register office.
The hearing was told Mr Chapman worked for Travel West Midlands for seven months until September last year when he walked out after complaining he was owed #595 in wages.
He rejoined TWM in October, but was dismissed for misconduct in December after getting lost and failing to stop at a bus stop.
Mr Rostant dismissed Mr Chapman's claim because his tribunal application had not been received within the three-month deadline. Mr Rostant ordered Mr Chapman to pay #50 costs.
Jobless Mr Chapman said after the hearing that the name of his baby was Joshua. |
Rigid internal fixation of the jaws in an adult patient with facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy: report of a case.
This study shows the advantages of rigid internal fixation in the surgical management of a facial deformity in a 29-year-old patient with facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy (FSHD). After presurgical orthodontic treatment, surgery consisted of a Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy, with 5 mm of anterior movement, and fixation with miniplates. After mandibular sagittal split set-back osteotomy, internal fixation was applied on each side using two bicortical screws; no postoperative intermaxillary fixation was utilized. At the 2-year follow-up, the patient was satisfied with the surgical results; lip competence and occlusion were good. The advantages of using internal rigid fixation are: immediate osseous stability which does not require intermaxillary fixation, improved perioperative airway management (no preoperative tracheostomy) and earlier functional recovery. |
"This USDA website will not be updated during a lapse in federal funding. Content on this website will not
be current or maintained until funding issues have been resolved. However, if there is information that affects
security, life, and property, this website will continue to update that information during a funding lapse."
Genetic Variation in Basal Area Increment Phenology and its Correlation with Growth
Stand development is the result of complex interactions between genotypes and the environment
in which they grow. Research into loblolly and slash pine plantations has shown that diameter
growth rates differ between species, and among families within species when planted under
common plantation conditions (Jackson 1952, Harkin 1962, Langdon 1963, McCrady and Jokela
1996, Jayawickrama et al. 1998). The time of the year during which the cambium is active varies
with climate, species, crown class, seasonal development of leaf area in trees, and different parts
of stems and branches (Kozlowski and Pallardy 1997). Throughout the entire life span of a tree,
cambial growth is sensitive to available water in the soil (Bouriaud et al. 2005). This study
contains the results of 2-years basal area increment phenology study conducted on lands
managed by Rayonier located in Bradford County, Florida. The objectives of the study were to
assess genetic variation between species, families and clones in basal area growth increment,
phenology traits and to estimate genetic parameters. |
Perfect party make-up with Elizabeth Arden
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Get the glow with Elizabeth Arden this Christmas!
As the festive season approaches, it is time to update our make-up bags with the most coveted and complexion-enhancing products; ready for that Christmas party! Elizabeth Arden has a wonderful beauty selection which will get you and your face into the party spirit!
Pre-Party!
While make-up has the ability to cover tired eyes, mask imperfections and improve skin clarity, there is no better canvas to work with than clean and healthy skin. Taking extra time and care to prep your skin before applying make-up can make a huge difference, and ensure that you are enhancing rather than covering your own skin. The Elizabeth Arden Eight Hour Beauty Cream SPF Set contains everything you need for a radiant glow! With both a daytime and night-time moisturiser included, as well as a lip protectant stick; your skin will be the vision of health and luminosity in no time! For something extra-special, the Ceramide Gold Eye Capsules are perfect for reducing tired and puffy eyes, to reveal a more youthful and brighter look. Suitable for even the most sensitive of eyes, they make a wonderful addition to your skincare routine.
Party party party!
With your skin prepped and ready, you can now apply your make-up to that wonderfully glowing canvas! The Elizabeth Arden Flawless Finish Perfectly Nude Makeup is a lightweight foundation which is light and breathable, whilst covering any imperfections to leave a smooth and even-toned complexion behind. Enriched with vitamins and antioxidants, it ensures that your skin is well looked after even after your cleansing routine! No Christmas make-up look is complete without added sparkle, and the Golden Opulence Beautiful Colour Highlighter is a limited edition highlighter which delivers a wonderful glow to the contours of your cheeks. The formulation is made up of optical diffusers and pearlized mica mineral, alongside vitamins and environmental protectants to leave your skin soothed and well looked-after, whilst radiant and luminous! (Our secret favourite product!) Finally, the Elizabeth Arden Golden Opulence Beautiful Colour Luminous Lip Gloss finishes the look off beautifully. Infused with Shea and mango butters for added hydration and long-lasting moisturisation, the lip gloss delivers a gorgeous wash of colour whilst keeping your lips soft and smooth.
Post Party!
Remembering to remove your make-up, cleanse your skin and keep it hydrated is extremely important to keeping it healthy. The Flawless Future Holiday Set contains a Serum, Eye Gel and SPF 30 Moisture Cream to deliver intense hydration to skin, whilst keeping it radiant and healthy. With a promise to combat signs of ageing, whilst revealing a brighter complexion, the set is perfect for the Christmas season when we can become tired due to stress and late nights. The Caplet Serum is enriched with ceramides to rejuvenate tired skin and prevent the formation of fine lines and wrinkles, while the Eye Gel reduces dark circles and puffiness, and the Moisture Cream replenishes lost hydration to transform dull skin into radiant skin. Together, they are skincare saviours and make a perfect gift for someone (or yourself!) this Christmas!
To see the full range of Elizabeth Arden, please click here. Remember to tag your #LFHaul on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter!
Go beyond the traditional Father’s Day gift of a tie and chocolate with the lookfantastic Father’s Day Collection. Containing 6 grooming essentials for the everyday man, discover an exclusive reveal on the lookfantastic blog.
Find your perfect moisturiser with our edit of the best moisturisers for combination skin. Lightweight and non-greasy, these innovative formulas balance yet hydrate the skin in one step to promote a fresh and healthy-looking appearance. |
Q:
$(\mathbb Z/p \mathbb Z \rtimes \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z) \times \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z \cong\mathbb Z/p \mathbb Z \rtimes (\mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z)^2$?
Given:
Let $p$ and $q$ be prime numbers such that $q$ divides $p-1$.
It is well-know that there is a monomorphism $\varphi: \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z \to Aut(\mathbb Z/p \mathbb Z)$.
Define homomorphisms $\varsigma: (\mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z)^2 \to \mathbb Z/ q \mathbb Z$ where $(a,b) \mapsto a-b$ and $\vartheta: (\mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z)^2 \to Aut(\mathbb Z/p \mathbb Z)$ via $\vartheta = \varphi \circ \varsigma$.
Note that composition of maps is evaluated from right to left.
Question:
If we consider the semi-direct products $G := (\mathbb Z/p \mathbb Z \rtimes_\varphi \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z) \times \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z$ and $H := \mathbb Z/p \mathbb Z \rtimes_\vartheta (\mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z)^2$, are these groups isomorphic?
Thoughts:
My intuition says: No, $G$ and $H$ are not isomorphic. But I am unsure how to prove this hypothesis. I tried to evaluate the centers $Z(G)$ and $Z(H)$ of $G$ and $H$, respectively, which gave me $Z(G) = \{(0,0)\} \times \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z$ and $\{(0,r,r): r \in \mathbb Z/q \mathbb Z\} \subseteq Z(H)$.
Makes this line of attack sense? Or is the required argument quite obvious?
Thank you very much for your insights!
Context:
I stumbled upon this question while reading a collection of problems about group theory which interested me as a layperson.
A:
I think that your groups are isomorphic. You can prove it in two ways. The first one is to show an explicit isomorphism, which is not hard to do, but kind of boring.
The second way is to show that $H$ "has the same structure as $G$".
Namely you have to find two commuting normal subgroups of H, whose intersection is trivial, one isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z} \rtimes_\varphi \mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$ and the other isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z}$. It's not hard to find the former. As for the latter, you have already found it!
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A friend at church has gotten the itch to buy some lake property so she and Southern Man headed a few hours west to the lake to check it out. It's about thirty years old but sprawls across four lake lots,...
"Lindsey German from Stop the War Coalition says it is not one mentally-unbalanced US soldier on a rampage that killed 16 civilians, including nine children. The US and its allies have been on a rampage i...
Dalrok has a post up that every married man, or every man considering marriage, should read concerning the ease with which women will destroy their families out of nothing more than "feeling unfulfilled." ...
When the Alliance party collapsed in the late nineties its activists headed in two directions: into the Greens to turn the environmentalists red, and into the unions to rebuild them*. We know how succes...
The students who refuse to be silenced and their banned books: Students from the Mexican American Studies classes in Tucson, now forbidden by Tucson public schools, with the banned books by Chicano and Nativ...
Infections with the influenza virus A (H1N1) recorded an increase in Guatemala, with 55 confirmed cases and four deaths. In addition to the deaths of two adults in hospitals in the capital, the Ministry o...
When will Rick Santorum drop out of the race (or at least concede it's over): After Tuesday (Mississippi/Alabama/Hawaii)? After March 20 (Illinois)? After April 3 (Maryland/Wisconsin/DC)? After April 24...
President Barack Obama has called an incident in which an American soldier killed 16 Afghan civilians, including nine children, "tragic and shocking". In a written statement, Mr Obama said: "I offer my c...
I've fucking had it up to here with Facebook. And so have countless tens of thousands, at least. Since Zuckerberg's IPO took Facebook public, a lot of funky shit's been going down. I've managed to keep m...
Two Palestinian parties say Egypt is playing a major role in efforts to end violence between terrorists, IDF; Hamas says its working with Palestinian factions to broker ceasefire. While Hamas and the Pal...
Police negotiators are trying to save an elderly woman trapped inside a property with a knife-wielding man. Officers were called to the house in Sandwell, West Midlands, on Sunday morning after concerns ...
*One site of the shooting incident in Kandahar province, March 11, 2012. Credit: REUTERS/Ahmad Nadeem. * *On 11 March 2012, a GROUP of American soldiers murdered 16 civilians, including nine children, in s...
Protect children from the effects of poverty Sent to the New York Daily News, March 11, 2012 Paul Peterson says we should “Fix public schools before child poverty,” (March 11), arguing that low parental in...
My response emailed to Mr Nocera concerning the New York Times article titled "The Phony Settlement" found at this link: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/10/opinion/nocera-the-phony-settlement.html?_r=1 Dea...
How we remember an event shapes how we act in the present and future. Memories of 3/11 are being carefully engineered in the mainstream media. On March 10 *The New York Times* offered an editorial by Sp...
A magnitude 5.2 earthquake has struck the Carlsberg Ridge at a depth of 10.1 km (6.3 miles), the quake hit at 18:11:09 UTC Sunday 11th March 2012 The epicenter was 935 km (581 miles) West from MALE, Maldiv...
"This world government, being openly set up now, and the butchering of our basic freedoms in front of everybody right now, is the beginning of the end. Once the globalists have their world government, they...
Britain's leading banks are facing new allegations of mis-selling complex financial products to hundreds of small businesses despite them having little knowledge of what they were buying, a Sunday Telegra...
PARIS — President Nicolas Sarkozy threatened in a key election rally Sunday to pull France out of Europe's 25-nation visa free zone unless the EU does more to keep out illegal immigrants. Sarkozy, who th...
UN-Arab League peace envoy Kofi Annan has said he is "optimistic" following a second round of talks with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. He said he had handed over "concrete proposals" to end the bloods...
TORNADOES...HAIL TO 1.5 INCHES IN DIAMETER...THUNDERSTORM WIND GUSTS TO 70 MPH...AND DANGEROUS LIGHTNING ARE POSSIBLE IN THESE AREAS. THE TORNADO WATCH AREA IS APPROXIMATELY ALONG AND 75 STATUTE MILES EAST...
(Reuters) - The U.S. embassy in Kabul warned on Sunday that anti-American reprisals are possible after Western forces went on a rampage in southern Kandahar province, killing at least 15 civilians. (9 Chil...
(Reuters) - Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has launched a fresh tirade against the West, saying the Islamic Republic does not fear military action, Iranian media reported on Sunday. "The Iranian n...
(Reuters) - Families cried and held handkerchiefs over their faces to fight the smell of death as Congo Republic held a mass funeral for more than a hundred victims from last week's explosions at a weapon...
*Tenor José Cura as Samson in Karlsruhe, 2010. We're going to hear him later (perhaps not all that happily). For now, let's recall from Friday night's preview how Saint-Saëns' opera begins.* *CHORUS OF HE...
*“In the not too distant future, we anticipate that the cyber threat will pose the #1 threat to our country,” said Mueller at a conference. “We need to take lessons learned from terrorism and apply them to...
(Reuters) - Western forces shot dead 16 civilians including nine children in southern Kandahar province on Sunday, Afghan officials said, in a rampage that witnesses said was carried out by American soldi...
*Saskatchewan New Democrats will choose a new leader early in 2013. The decision to hold a leadership convention in February/March 2013 in Saskatoon was made at a party provincial council meeting this we...
I'm just way behind in reading things that I'm not going to write about immediately, but I better get this up now rather than wait until I get caught up. So here goes, but I probably need more help than us...
(CNN) -- At least five people died and three were wounded when an apparent car bomb exploded near a church in central Nigeria, a witness told CNN. The attack hit St. Finbar's Catholic Church in Jos, a ci...
Perhaps I should call them "beautiful events" because they involve the beauty quark and not just ordinary strange quarks. ;-) On Friday, Antoine Marzin of Oklahoma gave a Moriond talk about the ATLAS se...
I once was able to walk, upriver to roam in glorious solitude through an extraordinarily pretty state park, called Hacklebarney, from my friend's pond. Over many years he had stocked it with an incredibl...
So much for my plans of a once-in-a-lifetime motorcycle trip from Panama to Vancouver Island. That route, it seems, has become Murder Alley. While we're all becoming aware of violent crime in Mexico, it'...
A curry house that Home Secretary Theresa May officially opened has been raided by her very own immigration officers. Five suspected illegal workers from Bangladesh were detained at her local restaurant ...
Remember the film Sleeper by Woody Allen and the part where information about the benefits of hot fudge sundaes and chocolate are discussed? Well Woody Allen was right. Chocolate is good for you. So I a...
To hear Big Oil and its political minions tell it, the Athabasca Tar Sands will be restored to their pristine state once the black sludge is finally gone. This stands right up there with their promise, l...
Internet spies triggered a security scare at Nato and in Britain after creating a fake Facebook account of its most senior commander to harvest personal details from his high-level friends. Chinese hacke...
Local resident Kristyn Dominy risked her life to save that of another driver on W. Ozello Trail — even though the other driver had made a rude gesture at her just moments before. According to the Tampa Ba...
The Iron Dome system has intercepted 90 percent of missile attacks on urban centers during the latest rocket bombardment from Gaza. The expensive systems were inaugurated last year amid controversy over it...
Federal Legislation Poised to Take On Affects from the 2010 BP Deepwater Drilling Disaster by Cherri Foytlin on Sunday, March 11, 2012 The search for justice for the communities of the Gulf Coast affected...
Afghan president Hamid Karzai is accusing a US serviceman of gunning down 16-people including 9-children and 3-women. Another 5 Afghans were said to have been wounded. A report in *The Guardian* claims t...
The war against Mexicans and Mexican Americans in Arizona is not hyperbole. The man who ran a campaign to "Stop La Raza" explains the military strategy waged against the Mexican American Studies Department...
The End of Japanese Illusions~NYT ~Photograph: Yuriko Nakao, Reuters "Real existence"~Library Chronicles ~Brees had no knowledge about the "real existence" of the bounty program. From this we can reasonabl...
(a) I have written four books on writers: Barbara Kingsolver, Kurt Vonnegut, Margaret Atwood, and Ralph Ellison. Much of my time as a teacher of writing has also been spent searching for and listening to w...
I inherited a new companion a few months ago in the form of a cat. A neighborhood stray kept showing up at the back door late last November and has slowly become a member of the household. I'm not really s...
We've been talking a lot lately about the Republican War Against Women, the Republican War Against Education, the Republican War Against Science, and the Republican War Against the 99%. Today's Republica...
If you're in the GTA, here are the details. Rallies are being held across Canada. Check this Facebook page or do the Google to find an event near you. Demand a full public investigation. Demand a new elec...
A rogue US soldier has shot dead 16 Afghan civilians - including nine children - in their homes after leaving a base in the middle of the night, Sky sources have said. The Afghan victims also included wo...
The roof of an under-construction pump house at a proposed power plant site in Rajshahi collapsed yesterday afternoon, leaving at least nine workers injured. Fire service officials said they did not find ...
VANCOUVER - One person is dead and five others have been injured following two avalanches in British Columbia's backcountry. Coroner Barb McLintock said the fatality occurred Friday afternoon near Sparwo...
It seems that the swine flu menace has hit Jaipur with 6 cases being reported in the last 10 days. An eight year old was the latest victim who tested positive for the influenza on Saturday. Out of the six...
Drive to clean Dhaka's kitchen markets has not started yet, despite health experts' serious call to disinfect those after H5N1 avian influenza lurched from poultry farms to slaughterhouses. The Institut...
One of the worst live export tragedies is finally over leaving 2,750 cattle dead out of 5,600 on board a Brazilian ship headed to Egypt. The remaining animals are on land, after being stranded in the Red ...
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) – Experts have been trying to determine why seemingly healthy Hawks have been found dead throughout New York City parks. Several hawks have died in the past couple of weeks alone, in...
Like something out of science fiction, a deadly, alien fish virus is set to invade Quebec waterways, threatening the province’s multi-billion-dollar recreational fishing industry. The highly contagious a...
One dose of the hallucinogenic drug LSD could help alcoholics give up drinking, according to an analysis of studies performed in the 1960s. A study, presented in the Journal of Psychopharmacology, looked ...
The populations of almost half of the world's seabirds are thought to be in decline, according to a study published in Bird Conservation International. It found that 28 per cent of species are in the hig...
BRUSSELS: The dark clouds hanging over the eurozone have receded along with the threat of a Greek default, but the latest bailout for Athens may not be the last. After nine long months of negotiations, ...
A 14th-century castle in Slovakia has been gutted by a fire which broke out shortly after a group of tourists had left the historic building. Local media has reported that the blaze at Krasna Horka castl...
(Reuters) - President Barack Obama's administration is exploring options to halt the bloodshed in Syria but is deeply skeptical of military intervention out of fear it could worsen the humanitarian crisis...
I was going to give this BBC report on the latest Israeli/Palestinian violence but what's the point? I know it's biased crap, people who have the brains to think for themselves know this to be true and as ...
Nairobi, Kenya (CNN) -- The death toll has risen to six following an attack on a Kenyan bus station that left dozens wounded, the Red Cross said Sunday. At least 68 people are undergoing treatment at a N...
(CNN) -- Authorities have found the remains of 167 people, believed to be at least 50 years old, in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, officials said. The remains were discovered inside a cave on the...
Gaza City (CNN) -- An Israeli airstrike killed a 13-year-old boy in Gaza on Sunday, Palestinian medical sources said, bringing the number of dead there to 17 in three days of strikes. At least 35 have be...
The Teacher and Visionary Peter Deunov 1864 to 1944The Good *All of you can do good, because there is good in the hearts of all of you.* *Love gives birth to the good.* *The good is the foundation of life...
A magnitude 5.0 earthquake has struck South of the Fiji Islands at a depth of 103.6 km (64.4 miles), the quake hit at 11:10:54 UTC Sunday 11th March 2012 The epicenter was 431 km (268 miles) SSW from NUKU...
(CNN) -- After laying out plans aimed at halting the bloodshed in Syria, Kofi Annan, the special U.N. envoy to the country, will meet again with President Bashar al-Assad on Sunday in hopes of getting an...
(CNN) -- One year ago, a series of events began with an earthquake off the cost of Japan that culminated in the largest accidental release of radioactivity into the ocean in history. We have to be carefu...
KABUL — A U.S. soldier was taken into custody in southern Afghanistan on Sunday, a few hours after he opened fire on Afghan civilians, killing 10, U.S. and Afghan officials said. The shooting took place a...
TAIPEI, Taiwan (AP) -- About 2,000 people have staged an anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital as they observed a moment of silence to mourn the victims of the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit J...
IITATE, Fukushima -- Before the outbreak of the crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant in March last year, the residents of this village rich in natural resources used to live in harmony. Now,...
TOKYO (Kyodo) -- The weather agency warned Sunday of heavy snowfall and strong winds mainly in eastern Japan and coastal areas along the Sea of Japan through Monday, while also warning of lightning strike...
VIENNA (Kyodo) -- The head of the International Atomic Energy Agency said Saturday that human errors were among the factors that exacerbated the nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. "Ther...
TOKYO (Kyodo) -- The sum of compensation paid so far by Tokyo Electric Power Co. to people affected by the nuclear crisis at its Fukushima Daiichi power plant is equivalent to only a quarter of the around...
TOKYO (Kyodo) -- The central government on Saturday asked three towns in Fukushima Prefecture to host temporary storage sites for contaminated soil and waste resulting from the nuclear crisis at the Fukus...
There's no such thing as bad publicity - or so Harold Camping would have you believe. The radio preacher was ridiculed last year after he claimed the world would end on May 21, and then again on October 2...
Barack Obama called Vladimir Putin yesterday to congratulate him on winning the election as Russia's next president. Obama and Putin spoke on Friday, five days after Putin won a return to the presidentia...
At one end of the value chain we have ebook pricing, which today is in need of a sustainable model that is in the consumer interest. After all, they are the final arbitrator and the only one who actually ...
A man accused of stabbing a judge and shooting a detective in a Washington courthouse before getting his mother to pick him up has been arrested. Steven Daniel Kravetz is suspected of shooting and stabbin...
A man has been arrested and charged with posting more than 100 threatening letters containing white powder to members of Congress. Investigators said Christopher Lee Carlson, 39, of Portland Oregon was i...
MTA Police Seeking Public's Help to Identify Man Wanted For Assaulting and Possibly Abducting Woman at Ronkonkoma Station The MTA Police Department is asking the public for help identifying a man witness...
A 12-year-old girl is suing her school district after staff at Minnesota middle school searched her Facebook and e-mail accounts. The sixth-grade Minnewaska Area Middle School student, named in court doc...
A twisted thug who decapitated a beloved pet cat is being hunted by police. The cat's headless body was found by a horrified homeowner in Dorset. The owner is said to be distraught after being informed of...
You probably didn’t notice but, at the end of February, Oldbury nuclear power plant, on the banks of the River Severn in Gloucestershire, shut after 45 years of operation. If it were any other variety of...
The last decade has seen the number of foreign offenders locked up every year in English prisons more than double, with only a few actually completing their full sentences. With the majority of them guil...
Perth is sweltering through the eighth heatwave of the summer and autumn seasons, the first time such an event has happened since records started being kept in 1897. The Bureau of Meteorology defines a h...
Image: A neutron star, the closest thing to a black hole that astronomers can observe directly, shown to scale against a satellite snap of Manhattan. At first glance it may look like a scene from the lates...
More than 100 people yesterday demonstrated against a planned cull of wild geese on Lake Windermere in the Lake District. Protesters waved placards saying ‘Kill the Cull’ and chanted slogans such as ‘Giv...
The BBC has re-hired six members of staff less than two years after they were given lucrative redundancy pay-offs. The six are among more than 1,000 employees who received severance packages worth up to ...
David Cameron is being ‘forced’ to pay a personal visit to a feared Central Asian dictator as part of a deal to secure the return of Britain’s military equipment when our forces pull out of Afghanistan. ...
The families of British construction worker Chris McManus and an Italian hostage had paid £1million to secure their release, it was claimed last night. Reports in the Italian media claimed the money was ...
Image: Iraqi activists said this unnamed teenager was brutally killed by religious police for having an 'emo' hairstyle Youngsters in Iraq are being stoned to death for having haircuts and wearing clothe...
A magnitude 4.8 earthquake has struck South of the Fiji Islands at a depth of 507.2 km (315.2 miles), the quake hit at 07:45:12 UTC Sunday 11th March 2012 The epicenter was 426 km (264 miles) South of Ndo...
A magnitude 4.5 earthquake has struck the Ryukyu Islands, Japan at a depth of 72.6 km (45.1 miles), the quake hit at 07:25:45 UTC Sunday 11th March 2012 The epicenter was 64 km (40 miles) West from Naha, ...
"Don't run around this world looking for a hole to hide in." - *Rumi*, (Translated by Coleman Barks). "Even more emphatically than Aeschylus, Herodotus respects the Persians and considers them capabl...
A woman and her partner have appeared in court charged with the murder of her four-year-old son in Coventry. Daniel Pelka died of a head wound after being found unconscious at his home in the Holbrooks a...
Peshawar: At least 10 people were killed and several other injured when a blast hit funeral ceremony near Peshawar city of Pakistan;s Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa province on Sunday. Police and rescue teams rushe...
Police divers are continuing to search for body parts belonging to former EastEnders actress Gemma McCluskie after her brother is charged with her murder. Tony McCluskie, 35, was formally charged on Sat...
A US soldier in Afghanistan is reported to have killed at least three Afghan civilians after walking off his base in Kandahar province. The soldier then surrendered to the US military authorities, the BBC...
[image: pic.twitter.com/1pcTiKzi] Featured here is Cecil Rhodes who helped the British Empire literally conquer a massive swath of Africa from the north all the way to the south, the portion over which R...
Smoke from controlled burning at Portland in Victoria has spread across south-eastern South Australia to Adelaide, prompting numerous calls from members of the public to fire services. A 230-hectare burn...
Two people have been killed on WA roads and another two have been seriously injured in a busy night for Perth police. A 33-year-old man was killed when his car hit a tree in the Bunbury suburb of Usher a...
Memorial services will be held around Japan today to mark a year since 19,000 people were killed in the country's largest recorded earthquake and tsunami. People in Fukushima and throughout the tsunami z...
A NSW Riverina hamlet has been evacuated and residents of another area have been given the all-clear to return home after six days. The 1000-strong town of Darlington Point was cleared as the swollen Mur...
A magnitude 4.3 earthquake has struck Northwest of the Kuril Islands, Russia at a depth of 441.3 km (274.2 miles), the quake hit at 05:40:11 UTC Sunday 11th March 2012 The epicenter was 311 km (193 miles)...
A magnitude 4.3 earthquake has struck Chukotka, Russia at a depth of 15.9 km (9.9 miles), the quake hit at 04:42:36 UTC Sunday 11th March 2012 The epicenter was 139 km (86 miles) North of Provideniya, Chuk...
A magnitude 4.9 earthquake has struck off the East Coast of Honshu, Japan at a depth of 40.3 km (25 miles), the quake hit at 23:25:43 UTC Saturday 10th March 2012 The epicenter was 246 km (152 miles) ESE ...
A magnitude 4.4 earthquake has struck the Iran-Iraq Border Region at a depth of 44.2 km (27.5 miles), the quake hit at 21:41:10 UTC Saturday 10th March 2012 The epicenter was 73 km (45 miles) North of Al ...
While his show doesn't sound quite like an NPR station yet, almost 100 advertisers have pulled the plug on sponsoring Limbaugh since he went on his latest deranged tirade, part of his never-ending misogyn...
My son came home from school just this week, and he said to me that his entire class had been made aware of a viral Youtube video about a LRA rebel named Joseph Kony, and an organization called "Invisible ...
"Big beautiful spiral galaxy M66 lies a mere 35 million light-years away. About 100 thousand light-years across, the gorgeous island universe is well known to astronomers as a member of the Leo Triplet of ...
The original chart was comes from a document that was released by White House economic advisors Christina Romer and Jared Bernstein on January 10, 2009. Based on these predictions, Dear Leader easily conv...
Anonymous gathered near the Pompidou Center in Paris on Saturday with the objective of attract ordinary citizens' attention to the violation of rights and freedoms. In particular, the group is protesting...
Authorities have found the remains of 167 people, believed to be at least 50 years old, in the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, officials said. The remains were discovered inside a cave on the Nuevo Ojo ...
*"Daylight Saving Time 2012: Change Your Clocks!" * by National Institute of Standards and Technology “As if you weren't already sleep deprived, you'll get an hour less shuteye Saturday night no matter wh...
Tomorrow officially marks the one year solemn anniversary of the greatest nuclear disaster in human history. One year ago, tomorrow, an earthquake, and resultant tsunami, occurred off the coast of Japan ...
*A survey taken at the initiative of City Council Speaker Christine Quinn found that 66 percent of restaurateurs who aced the city's new "sanitary grading system" rated it "poor."* *"I think the fact is ...
What are *Time Magazine* and CNN going to do now? They can't sell to America and the West a catastrophic war against Iran on the idea that war will liberate the women of Iran from Islamic despotism. Irania...
Written in response to a very nice article in the local newspaper. A suggestion for the Book Swap: Don’t include incentives Sent to the Cañon City Daily Record, March 10, 2012 I was very pleased to read th...
*“Pitching One's Mansion In The Place Of Excrement”* by Chet Raymo Stephan Pastis's comic Pearls Before Swine had a couple of strips recently about Donny the Dung Beetle. The gist of which was: If you thin...
California's 25th CD has been, politically speaking, one of the sleepiest in the state. A humongous district, it stretched from the northeast corner of L.A. (Santa Clarita) east and north through the Ante...
*"Have You Ever Tried to Enter the Long Black Branches?"* "Have you ever tried to enter the long black branches of other lives- tried to imagine what the crisp fringes, full of honey, hanging from the bran...
No further comment is really needed here when the decision next November is between the policies of somewhat-progressive-seeming (but not really) Obama and the Rethuglican Clown Parade of the moment. (But ...
*Major Eric Joyce* Eric Joyce became a UK Labour Party Member of Parliament in 2000. In November 2011, Joyce brought attention to shady deals in the Congo. "Elements of the DRC government, in particular t...
It has been reported that whales are still being seen floating at the San Francisco Bay. At the beginning of this week, about two gray whales were spotted at the Golden Gate. Since then, the bay is bein...
Nguyen Van Binh, Head of the Department of Preventive Health under the Ministry of Health, stated on March 9 that Vietnam had recorded four cases of bird flu since the beginning of this year, two of which...
As my laptop flashes warnings to ‘Solve PC 4 issues’ while rhythmically activating pixels to march in command, I sit here weathering news of new days bringing a calm before the storm and grimace as my tens...
Britain could be facing another 18 months of potentially disrupted power grids, satellites and flights during a “few rough years of space weather”, according to a leading expert. Space scientist Maggie ...
If religion represents the beginnings of philosophical thought, then mythology is the means by which this early, primitive form of philosophical thought is portrayed. But not all mythology is equal. As...
VIENNA (AP) — Nine years ago, the United States invaded Iraq after telling the world that Saddam Hussein had covert weapons programs that could build nuclear arms. In the end, nothing was found. Today, ac...
Police have charged the brother of former EastEnders actress Gemma McCluskie with murder after her headless torso was found in a London canal. The 29-year-old woman was last seen alive at a hospital openi...
*Contributor: "YYC"* In keeping with my newly-acquired aversion to popular combinations of red and black, I have decided to go with the colour of LIFE for my blog. Of Spring. Of new beginnings. Of sympathy...
*"Drones in Texas and Tanks in Tampa: * *Inside the Out-Of-Control Weaponized Homeland Security State"* By Stephan Salisbury "At the height of the Occupy Wall Street evictions, it seemed as though some di...
ROME — The crew of an Italian tanker was evacuated by helicopter Saturday after the ship ran aground off Sicily in storm-tossed seas, and took on water in its engine room. The Italian coastguard said all...
(Reuters) - Imperial Oil said on Friday that it had an oil leak at its 121,000 barrel per day in Sarnia, Ontario, according to a notice on a community alert system. "The site emergency warning sirens wer...
Bird flu has been detected in a government owned poultry farm at Gandhigram, about 18km from here, official sources said today. Director of Animal Resource department, Manoranjan Sarkar said following de...
A magnitude 5.2 earthquake has struck the Kuril Islands, Japan Region at a depth of 2 km (1.2 miles), the quake hit at 18:33:20 UTC Saturday 10th March 2012 The epicenter was 194 km (120.2 miles) East of ...
OSLO, Norway (AP) – Authorities say a container ship has run aground off Norway's southwestern coast, leaving a film of oil in the surrounding waters. Rescue service spokesman Nils-Ole Sunde said Saturda...
A magnitude 4.8 earthquake has struck off the East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand at a depth of 188.1 km (116.9 miles), the quake hit at 18:26:24 UTC Saturday 10th March 2012 The epicenter was 381...
The storm produced a water spout that turned into a tornado when it came ashore in Lanikai. It damaged several homes. The damage ranges from downed trees to blown roofs, to even holes in the sides of h...
Thirteen people in the Otuzco province of the La Libertad region of Peru have contracted the bacterial infection, anthrax according to a report in La Republica. The form of anthrax, cutaneous anthrax wa...
Code Definitions YELLOW: Volcano is exhibiting signs of elevated unrest above known background level or, after a change from a higher level, volcanic activity has decreased significantly but continues to b...
State wildlife officials say 10 wild turkeys near the town of Olive in Powder River County have died of the avian pox virus. Fish, Wildlife and Parks officials say the virus is most commonly contracted f...
Cristian Lopez a contractor for the Institute of Seismology has reported an increase in Activity of the volcano. He added that this does not mean increasing the alert level, which has been yellow since Oc...
This is how Krásna Hôrka, a castle in Eastern Slovakia, was known to the world for nearly 7 centuries: The castle (whose literal name is "beautiful little hill") has survived conflicts between Turks and...
*Contributor: "YYC"* In keeping with my new aversion to white, red and black, I am in the process of changing my blog colours. Unfortunately, when I changed the link colour the whole link disappeared. S...
Friday Paul Krugman had everyone buzzing with a wake-up call: Ignorance Is Strength, in the *NY Times*. The best anyone can say about the Republican Party's attitude about education is that they'll get be...
[image: Contaminated surface soil removed from an elementary school yard is buried in Minami-Soma, Fukushima Prefecture, on 6 September 2011. Kengo Hiyoshi] By arevamirpal::laprimavera 9 March 2012 Wh...
(CNN) -- Authorities continued their search Saturday for a suspect who allegedly shot a female officer, stabbed a judge and fled a Washington state courthouse. Undersheriff Rick Scott said the man gave h...
Washington (CNN) -- North Korea's agreement to halt portions of its nuclear and missile programs and accept the return of nuclear inspectors is a "modest step in the right direction," U.S. Secretary of S...
Gaza City (CNN) -- Hamas' armed wing threatened Israel on Saturday after airstrikes over the past two days killed at least 15 Palestinians across Gaza. Israel "will pay the price" for its actions in Gaza...
*"Two secret meetings in the prime minister’s office this month should become chapters in any crisis communications manual. One is the wrong way to handle major problem files. The other highlights the c...
(CNN) -- A top diplomat came face to face Saturday with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in an attempt to stop the carnage while on the streets, security forces continued to kill with impunity. Former U...
ERIE, Pennsylvania (AP) -- An elderly gorilla that lives at a U.S. zoo has a new companion: a bunny named Panda. The Erie Zoo's gorilla, Samantha, has been without a full-time friend since the death of R...
BEIRUT (AP) -- A high-profile international mission to end the Syrian crisis stumbled Friday before it began as the opposition rejected calls by U.N. envoy Kofi Annan for dialogue with President Bashar As...
In the course of reading the newspaper clippings from July 1947, I have made a couple of interesting discoveries. None of them really affect the Roswell research as we’re carrying it out. From the *Roswel...
HIROSAKI, Aomori -- Radioactive iodine levels exceeding international limits were detected in the thyroid glands of five people who lived near the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant during the meltdowns there,...
This article marks, not a further advance in the general understanding, per se, but a correction in my own. I hope it will allow those who have previously rejected my attempted correction of climate scienc...
[image: Brown bears in Europe. Photo courtesy European Wildlife]VIENNA, Austria, 7 March 2012 (ENS) – There are no more brown bears to be found in Austria, say European wildlife conservationists, despite...
*... if she won't fire Harper? * *Contributor: "YYC"* From LaPresse (original in French) Google translation to English: The Queen refuses to dismiss Harper's role as PM *A Montreal woman who was fed up ...
TOKYO (AP) -- Just four hours after a tsunami swept into the Fukushima nuclear power plant, Japan's leaders knew the damage was so severe that the reactors could melt down, but they kept their knowledge s...
FUKUSHIMA -- The 12 municipalities situated wholly or partly in the no-go zone around the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant are faced with an agonizing decision: hold out as refugee communities in hopes of on...
[image: Tropical areas that will experience more than a 5% reduction in length of growing period (LGP) by the year 2050. ccafs.cgiar.org] Areas that will experience more than a 5% reduction in length of ...
**The* “primary role of the parents in the upbringing of their children is now established beyond debate as an American tradition.”* *--Wisconsin v. Yoder* (406 U.S. 205, 215) In Texas, Colorado, New Yor...
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About Me
I've been 'around' for a few years now, pursuing the shifting goal of a sharable home-made surfers resource site focused on ease of use and variety of mostly adult ( whoa : I didn't say prurient ) content. |
#priority 4100
/*
Dev environment only stuff
*/
// This should be changed on release. As this sets a debug message to show in chat to users using the Beta updates.
global isDevelopment as bool = false;
//Enable container output to console
if (isDevelopment) {
mods.recipestages.Recipes.setPrintContainers(true);
}
|
Q:
yii2 rbac phpManager defaultRole not working after update yii2 to 2.0.21
Environment:
os: mac mojave
php: 7.2.9
yii2: 2.0.21 -basic template
firstly my yii2 app 2.0.5 and everything work ok.
then php updated to 7.2.9.
but application goes error
Fatal error: Cannot use 'Object' as class name as it is reserved
then yii2 updated to 2.0.21
then yii2 app run normally but all user can access all permission or role
this is my RbacController.php
<?php
namespace app\commands;
use Yii;
use yii\console\Controller;
class RbacController extends Controller
{
public function actionInit()
{
$permissions = [
/* template permission
'nama_permission' => 'deskripsi',
*/
'kelolaCuti' => 'Kelola Cuti',
'kelolaStaff' => 'Kelola data staff',
];
$roles = [
/* template role
'nama_role' => ['permission/role', ...],
*/
'staff' => [
'kelolaCuti'
],
'admin' => [
'staff',
'kelolaStaff',
],
'supervisor' => [
'admin',
],
'direksi'=>[
'supervisor'
],
'administrator' => [
'direksi'
],
'superuser' => [
'administrator'
]
];
// Siapkan authManager
$auth = Yii::$app->authManager;
$auth->removeAll();
$rule = new \app\rbac\UserGroupRule;
$auth->add($rule);
// Tambahkan permission
foreach($permissions as $name => $description) {
$permission = $auth->createPermission($name);
$permission->description = $description;
$auth->add($permission);
}
// Tambahkan role
foreach($roles as $name => $children) {
$role = $auth->createRole($name);
$auth->add($role);
foreach($children as $child) {
$auth->addChild($role, $auth->getItem($child));
}
}
}
}
this is my rule
<?php
namespace app\rbac;
use Yii;
use yii\rbac\Rule;
class UserGroupRule extends Rule
{
public $name = 'userGroup';
public function execute($user, $item, $params)
{
/* kode ROLES dari app\models\Staff
const ROLES = [
1 => 'Super User',
2 => 'Administrator',
3 => 'Direksi',
4 => 'Supervisor',
5 => 'Admin',
6 => 'Staff',
];
*/
if(!Yii::$app->user->isGuest) {
$group = Yii::$app->user->identity->role;
if($item->name === 'superuser') {
return $group == 1;
} elseif($item->name === 'administrator') {
return in_array($group, [1, 2]);
} elseif($item->name === 'direksi') {
return in_array($group, [1, 2, 3]);
} elseif($item->name === 'supervisor') {
return in_array($group, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
} elseif($item->name === 'admin') {
return in_array($group, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
} elseif($item->name === 'staff') {
return in_array($group, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
}
}
return false;
}
}
this is my config/web.php
...
'authManager' => [
'class' => 'yii\rbac\PhpManager',
'defaultRoles' => ['superuser', 'administrator', 'direksi', 'supervisor', 'admin', 'staff'],
],
...
there is role field in user table as group in rbac
like describe in code
that role staff has no grant to access kelolaStaff
but when user with role staff loggedin and checked with Yii::$app->user->can('kelolaStaff') return TRUE
Edited
as addviced by @Bizley below:
while to get my App work:
1. set defaultRole just staff
...
'authManager' => [
'class' => 'yii\rbac\PhpManager',
'supervisor', 'admin', 'staff'],
'defaultRoles' => ['staff'],
],
...
assign role manually after login
$auth = \Yii::$app->authManager;
$auth->revokeAll($this->_user->id);
switch ($this->_user->role) {
case Staff::ROLE_SUPERUSER :
if (!Yii::$app->user->can('superuser')){
$grantRole = $auth->getRole('superuser');
$auth->assign($grantRole, $this->_user->id);
}
break;
case Staff::ROLE_ADMINISTRATOR :
if (!Yii::$app->user->can('administrator')){
$grantRole = $auth->getRole('administrator');
$auth->assign($grantRole, $this->_user->id);
}
break;
case Staff::ROLE_STAFF :
if (!Yii::$app->user->can('staff')){
$grantRole = $auth->getRole('staff');
$auth->assign($grantRole, $this->_user->id);
}
break;
}
A:
The first part of your question has been answered by @Sfili_81 in comment but you took care of it by updating the Yii.
As for the second part:
Don't set all your roles in defaultRoles in config for authManager.
As described in Guide:
A default role is a role that is implicitly assigned to all users
So every user (including guests) has got all these roles by default with your config.
Remove this config option and assign roles to users that should get them (details how to do it are described in linked Guide's section).
|
The #5540 is the first and most affordable electric winch offered to the poultry industry for feeders. Beesley International exclusively held the original patent on the design for 19 years. The H-4800 is the most reliable winch Beesley has ever sold, with fewer than 50 to have ever had trouble in over 30 years.
Automate your feed and nest lines with Beesley's motor ready worm gear winch. The worm gear design eliminates the need for brake washers and prevents the line from slipping under light loads.
Beesley recommends a 2:1 breakdown on feed lines that weigh in excess of 1/2 the capacity of the winch. |
Abbaye Peninsula
The Abbaye Peninsula is a peninsula located within Baraga County on the northern shore of the Upper Peninsula within the U.S. state of Michigan. It is bounded by Keweenaw Bay on the west and Huron Bay on the east.
Description
The peninsula remained undisturbed in the hands of the Chippewa until 1877, when the Hebard and Thurberg Lumber Company leased the peninsula from a local clan leader and his band. Timbering operations rapidly commenced, with the old growth forests of the peninsula axed down and carried to the sawmills at Pequaming. Efforts, starting in 1914, to turn the cut-over real estate into arable farmland were not successful. The post office at Aura, Michigan, which opened in 1921, was downgraded to a CPO in 1974 and closed entirely in 1982.
Today, the second-growth forests of the Abbaye Peninsula are managed for the production of pulpwood. The thickly wooded peninsula is almost uninhabited, with no paved roads offering access to any point within the rocky promontory. Gravel roads allow extraction of pulp logs; the graded pathways can be driven by four-wheel-drive vehicles and, in winter, by snowmobiles. Parcels of land within the peninsula are located within the Copper Country State Forest.
The rare visitor to the Abbaye Peninsula enters a boreal ecosystem dominated by Lake Superior, which surrounds Point Abbaye, the promontory's northeastern tip. The Huron Island Light flashes a warning to mariners from a rocky freshwater archipelago located beyond the end of the peninsula. Peninsula boaters are able to fish for lake trout.
References
Category:Landforms of Baraga County, Michigan
Category:Peninsulas of Michigan
Category:Upper Peninsula of Michigan |
Q:
"perf" - count instructions per method
I would like to the dynamic instruction count for each function call in my code, so that I can view that counter as something like:
name of function | instructions
foo() | 3533
bar() | 1234
So following subquestions:
Is this possible using perf?
If yes: what kind of perf flags should I use to get (at least) those informations?
If no: what other program could I use to do so?
A:
Are you trying to get the static instruction count, i.e., the number of instructions each function has been compiled into in the final binary?
If that's the case, this is a static property of the binary, so you don't need perf (which works at runtime) to determine this - you can just disassemble the binary with objdump -d a.out and count the number of instructions. If you want to automate it, use the scripting language of your choice or awk or whatever (probably looking for the next blank line).
As an example, you can take something like:
int foo(int a, int b) {
return a << (10 + b);
}
And the objdump output will look something like this (you can see the exact contents depend on the compiler and flags):
foo(int, int): # @foo(int, int)
lea ecx, [rsi + 10]
shl edi, cl
mov eax, edi
ret
So a total of 4 instructions, including the ret.
Maybe, however, you are talking about the dynamic instruction count - i.e., the number of instructions executed in total inside each method in a particular run of your application? In this case, you can get an approximate answer pretty quickly with perf record -e instructions followed by perf report -n --stdio which should list functions along with their sample count. You can scale the same count up to an instruction count by multiplying by the ratio of total samples and "Event count" shown at the top of the report.
A typical report might look like:
#
# Total Lost Samples: 0
#
# Samples: 51K of event 'instructions:p'
# Event count (approx.): 27502612549
#
# Overhead Samples Command Shared Object Symbol
# ........ ............ ........... ................... .................................................................................................
#
22.01% 4824 uarch-bench uarch-bench [.] add_calibration
1.92% 2480 uarch-bench uarch-bench [.] prefetcht2_bench2048_inner.top
1.92% 2477 uarch-bench uarch-bench [.] prefetcht1_bench2048_inner.top
1.91% 222 uarch-bench uarch-bench [.] prefetcht0_bench16_inner.top
1.91% 2021 uarch-bench uarch-bench [.] load_loop512_inner.top
Under reasonable assumptions, you can expect these statistical results to be fairly close the true results. However, if you want an exact count, solutions are available, such as using Intel's Processor Trace, which can reconstruct the entire execution history of a process. These are also mentioned in Peter's answer.
|
Why Am I Doing This?
I love my family; I love my friends; and I love all the hard working, honest and decent people in the world who, no matter how wrongheaded they can be sometimes, care about someone other than themselves and have something POSITIVE to contribute to this world.
I believe that there is more kindness and generosity in this world than there is selfish greed, but that selfish greed has the upper hand right now.
That upper hand is INTEREST, and it is subjugating the rest of us to its will.
I believe that knowledge can help good people make the right choices--choices that will enable us all to live in harmony and enjoy the blessings of this world.
I believe in miracles.
But, I believe that God helps those who help themselves and I cannot do it alone. |
Hydrogenaudio Forum Rules
- No Warez. This includes warez links, cracks and/or requests for help in getting illegal software or copyrighted music tracks! - No Spamming or Trolling on the boards, this includes useless posts, trying to only increase post count or trying to deliberately create a flame war. - No Hateful or Disrespectful posts. This includes: bashing, name-calling or insults directed at a board member. - Click here for complete Hydrogenaudio Terms of Service
im a proud windows user but my adventure instinc told me i have to move to linux i just have installed some distros in the past on my PC, but that was in the past when my audio hungry was not that big like in the present. im posting this just because im afraid to lose the advantages of having windows for encoding M4a files on linux. is just ┐could i do that on linux? how? can anybody tell me? im a little concerned about the change too because there is not a FB2k port for linux, is there any other good (like foobar) for linux?well, that is all.apologies for my english, it is not good.
Hydrogenaudio is probably not the right place to be asking these questions. You might want to find a community which focuses on Linux, rather than audio.
Having said that - if I were you I would keep Windows on my system and dual boot between Linux and Windows. That way you can learn Linux without losing productivity. I use Debian myself, but would recommend Mandrake or Suse as good first distros. There are many alternatives to Foobar on Linux. You might want to try XMMS, ZINF, JuK or search Freshmeat.net and see what you find.
for beginners, i'd strongly suggest that u try mandrake as it is both simple to install/use and also support many languages. u might wanna check linuxquestions.org; u'll find lots of info there.
about audio and encoding, u can use grip, an excellent frontend for cdparanoia. it's probably as good as eac though no real tests have been conducted between eac/win - cdpara/linux! i use both and cant see any real difference.
If you want out-of-the-box MP4/AAC support take a look at Connectiva, which is the only distribution shipping with FAAD/FAAC binary packages. All other distibutions depend on 3rd party repositories like freshRPMs (Fedora/Redhat) or Rarewares (or building from source, which is not recommended for a GNU/Linux newbie).
dev0
--------------------
"To understand me, you'll have to swallow a world." Or maybe your words.
Initially I had heard bad reports about Fedora being incomplete, broken, and unstable. I tried Fedora Core 2 Test 1 and it wasn't too complete (though obviously it is a test version for finding bugs). But I recently installed Fedora Core 2 Test 2 and it's been enjoyable to use. Nearly all the bugginess I found in Test 1 had disappeared. I can't wait till the release version of Fedora Core 2 comes out in mid-May
It seems AAC is lacking a top notch encoder for Linux. FAAC did quite in the listening tests but is still a bit below iTunes. Conversely, MPC, lame, Vorbis, flac, etc. all have linux versions that are more or less equivalent to their Windows versions. The FAAD plugin for xmms is in my view, compared with mp3, MPC, Vorbis, etc. a bit too minimalistic.
As for CD ripping, I use the built-in ripping in KDE which, by default, uses cdparanoia. And in KDE 3.2, they've finally updated the Ogg Vorbis settings to use quality settings rather than ABR
If you want to give Linux a go without any hassle, try Knoppix. It's a fully operational distro that boots from CD.
QUOTE
If you want to give Linux a go without any hassle, try Knoppix. It's a fully operational distro that boots from CD.
Excellent advice. Knoppix (and it's kin) are the best way of trying out Linux and finding out if it's the right thing for you. Consider using one of these live disks for a couple days then install a good beginner's distro (Debian and Gentoo, while great distributions are not suitable for a first distribution in most cases) like Mandrake or Fedora. Suse is also very good.
I use a very simple ripping script called abcde (A Better CD Encoder) which uses CDParanoia to rip to Vorbis, MP3 or FLAC and handles tagging from CDDB automatically. While not as feature packed as EAC, it does everything I use EAC to do.
I also highly advocate Debian, but for a new-to-Linux user looking for a desktop Linux distro, you may want to consider a distrobution which is Debian based - best of both worlds. From my own experience, I highly recommend Mepis Linux. It's a live-cd install which means you'll boot to a live, linux desktop and from there you can install to your hard disk if you like.As for it's audio capabilities, I can't really comment as I haven't spent a lot of time testing it. However, as with any other Debian based distro, getting the right packages installed using apt-get should make this a breeze.
If you are interested in learning the ins and outs of Linux, then my suggestion would be Gentoo. I learnt more installing that than I ever did playing around with Suse or Mandrake.
Agreed. You learn ALOT of the need-to-know basics when installing/setting up Gentoo, and its not difficult if you follow the documentation. And you get a perfectly setup system according to your own personal preference. Also you can choose to optimize the compiler flags according to your system specs, which will make the system much faster (atleast in my case).
I played around with Redhat, Suse and Mandrake, and didnt really learn much of them.. then tried Gentoo, and suddenly learned a whole lot!.. The Gentoo community is also very helpful (both on irc and web-forum).
I would also recommend Knoppix. It's a live CD distribution that you don't have to install to your hard drive...just boot off the CD. A great way to try Linux without committing to anything. I use both Linux and Windows myself. I do all my ripping in Windows as I prefer EAC to cdparanoia (no secure mode ripping).
If you're going with Debian I recommend you make an initial choice between Stable or Unstable. I started my Linux experience with Debian Testing, and that shuuure was a mess.... (broken packages all over the place). For a newbie I think Mandrake would be a good place to start. I would say only start out with Debian as first distro if you have close friend(s) that knows it in and out....
--------------------
"ONLY THOSE WHO ATTEMPT THE IMPOSSIBLE WILL ACHIEVE THE ABSURD" - Oceania Association of Autonomous Astronauts
If you're going with Debian I recommend you make an initial choice between Stable or Unstable. I started my Linux experience with Debian Testing, and that shuuure was a mess.... (broken packages all over the place). For a newbie I think Mandrake would be a good place to start. I would say only start out with Debian as first distro if you have close friend(s) that knows it in and out....
If you're a beginner, Fedora Core1 or Mandrake or other Redhat based distros would be my recommendation. Easy to install and use.... you surely don't want to get frustrated with your first experience with Linux, do you? Once you're more familiar with the OS, and feel more confident of doing a customised install, you could try one of the other distros out there. like Debian or Slakware....
Not that you _have_ to move to Debian or Slakware or one of those source based linux distros like Gentoo to get a customised install.... Fedora Core 1 or Mandrake is as equally customisable and configurable as any of the aforesaid distros, if you know how to do it.
As an alternative to mulit-booting Windows and Linux, you could stay with Windows as your host OS and install VMWare, which emulates a PC through software, and then install a Linux distribution in the emulated PC. I've used VMWare for about four years now, professionally and personally. I've run Windows as the host with RedHat Linux as the guest OS, and vice versa. I would have to say I consider VMWare to be the single most significant piece of software I've come across in the last few years.
thanks a lot for the advices... i guess ill try Gentoo or Debian distro (mepis i guess)
im more inclined to debian because the debian section on rarewares and i like a lot the jigdo system to download the Images, but i was wondering if gentoo or mepis could have a similar system.
thanks again for the advices
juan -
if you decide to go debian i'd vote most any debian distro based on sarge/unstable.
Libranet is a great choice, and i have a thread there that sorta outlines how to use the distro with unofficial and custom sources (sorta like what i think any distro should be like in the first place...)
well there are also the bsd's to consider which are quite nice to use, especially if you want to do lots of systems programming and messing with source based installs etc...
edit - i know its not linux (as the original poster discusses about), and its probably not too good for most beginners, but i think the bsds are neatly put together and are pretty solid in general and are worth mentioning
'As I'm also contemplating switching from Win to Linux I need a software recommendation.I use the great localized newsserver called Hamster and would like of a likely alternative for linux. Any recommendations? |
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!--
license:CC0
-->
<mamelayout version="2">
<element name="redled" defstate="0">
<disk state="1">
<color red="0.75" green="0.0" blue="0.0" />
</disk>
<disk state="0">
<color red="0.20" green="0.0" blue="0.0" />
</disk>
</element>
<element name="yellowled" defstate="0">
<disk state="1">
<color red="0.75" green="0.75" blue="0.0" />
</disk>
<disk state="0">
<color red="0.20" green="0.20" blue="0.0" />
</disk>
</element>
<element name="blueled" defstate="0">
<disk state="1">
<color red="0" green="0.0" blue="0.75" />
</disk>
<disk state="0">
<color red="0.0" green="0.0" blue="0.20" />
</disk>
</element>
<element name="greenled" defstate="0">
<disk state="1">
<color red="0.0" green="0.75" blue="0.0" />
</disk>
<disk state="0">
<color red="0.0" green="0.20" blue="0.0" />
</disk>
</element>
<view name="Screen with Controller LEDs">
<screen index="0">
<bounds x="0" y="0" width="320" height="240" />
</screen>
<collection name="Controller LEDs" visible="no">
<element name="redled1" ref="redled">
<bounds x="5" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="yellowled1" ref="yellowled">
<bounds x="20" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="blueled1" ref="blueled">
<bounds x="35" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="greenled1" ref="greenled">
<bounds x="50" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="redled2" ref="redled">
<bounds x="260" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="yellowled2" ref="yellowled">
<bounds x="275" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="blueled2" ref="blueled">
<bounds x="290" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
<element name="greenled2" ref="greenled">
<bounds x="305" y="245" width="10" height="10" />
</element>
</collection>
</view>
</mamelayout>
|
[Determination of formaldehyde concentration in a low-pressure sterilizer].
Two methods are described in determining the concentration of Formaldehyde in the sterilisation chamber of a regular commercial sterilizer. The measurement and flow of the concentration is ascertained during a routine sterilization procedure. With regard to the biological efficiency test of the examined apparatus the stability of the active Formaldehyde concentration is controlled. The difficulty in the determination of the Formaldehyde in such sterilizers is due to the fact that samples must be taken at a reduced pressure of 200 mbar. We have developed two different sampling methods. By employing the first continual collection method Formaldehyde gas is drawn out of the sterilization chamber with a high vacuum pump and conveyed with hydrogen into a nickel catalysator, whereby Methane is formed. The determination of Methane is carried out with a flame ionisation detector (F.I.D.). The results of the F.I.D. method are between 10.1-10.8 mg Formaldehyde per litre of gas. It is possible to detect a slight, even reduction in the Formaldehyde concentration throughout a period of 90 min. With the second discontinual method of determination vacuum tubes are employed which are furnished with external magnetic valves for control. By opening the magnetic valves briefly during the pre-vacuum therewith causing loss of pressure, Formaldehyde gas can be collected in the vacuum tubes throughout the sterilization procedure. The determination of the samples extracted by the discontinual method is carried out spectrophotometrically using the p-Rosanilin method after Miksch et al. The second method of determination shows values of 9.0-9.8 mg/l (Sx = 0.8 mg/l). These results lie somewhat lower than those of the F.I.D. determination. The flow of the concentration during 90 min. shows an average reduction of 7.4% and matches exactly the curve which was obtained by the F.I.D. method. By measuring the Formaldehyde concentrations which goods are subjected to in normal sterilization procedure it is possible to examine the efficacy of Formaldehyde sterilizers under regular conditions. Only by quotation of the Formaldehyde concentration present is it possible to reproduce details on sterilization times of treated articles. |
package ai.verta.modeldb.entities;
import ai.verta.modeldb.GitSnapshot;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence.CollectionTable;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.ElementCollection;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.Table;
@Entity
@Table(name = "git_snapshot")
public class GitSnapshotEntity {
public GitSnapshotEntity() {}
public GitSnapshotEntity(String fieldType, GitSnapshot gitSnapshot) {
setFilepaths(gitSnapshot.getFilepathsList());
setRepo(gitSnapshot.getRepo());
setHash(gitSnapshot.getHash());
setIs_dirty(gitSnapshot.getIsDirtyValue());
this.field_type = fieldType;
}
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
@Column(name = "id", updatable = false, nullable = false)
private Long id;
@ElementCollection
@CollectionTable(
name = "git_snapshot_file_paths",
joinColumns = @JoinColumn(name = "git_snapshot_id"))
@Column(name = "file_paths")
private List<String> filepaths = Collections.emptyList(); // paths to relevant source code
@Column(name = "repo")
private String repo; // URL to remote repository
@Column(name = "hash")
private String hash; // commit hash
@Column(name = "is_dirty")
private Integer is_dirty = 0;
@Column(name = "field_type", length = 50)
private String field_type;
public Long getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Long id) {
this.id = id;
}
public List<String> getFilepaths() {
return filepaths;
}
public void setFilepaths(List<String> filepaths) {
this.filepaths = filepaths;
}
public String getRepo() {
return repo;
}
public void setRepo(String repo) {
this.repo = repo;
}
public String getHash() {
return hash;
}
public void setHash(String hash) {
this.hash = hash;
}
public Integer getIs_dirty() {
return is_dirty;
}
public void setIs_dirty(Integer is_dirty) {
this.is_dirty = is_dirty;
}
public GitSnapshot getProtoObject() {
return GitSnapshot.newBuilder()
.addAllFilepaths(filepaths)
.setRepo(repo)
.setHash(hash)
.setIsDirtyValue(is_dirty)
.build();
}
}
|
Q:
Attaching the PDF file to Outlook Email sent by VBA Excel
I would like to add the .pdf file in my outlook email, which is to be sent via VBA Excel.
My full outlook code looks pretty much like this:
Sub Confirmationemail()
MsgBox ("The confirmation email will be sent now")
Dim OutlookApp As Outlook.Application
Dim OutlookMail As Outlook.MailItem
Dim fs As Worksheet, bs As Worksheet
Dim Filename As String, Name As String, Name2 As String, Name3 As String, Reason As String
Dim Cost As String, PathFileName As String
Dim linecount2 As Long
ChDir ThisWorkbook.Path & "\"
Set fs = Sheets("Frontsheet")
Set bs = Sheets("BoM")
linecount2 = 1
Name = fs.Range("D10")
Name2 = fs.Range("D18")
Name3 = fs.Range("D38")
If fs.Range("D38").Value = 3 Then
Reason = fs.Range("K8")
ElseIf fs.Range("D38").Value = 4 Then
Reason = fs.Range("P4")
Else
Reason = fs.Range("K4")
End If
Filename = Name & "_" & Name2
Set OutlookApp = New Outlook.Application
Set OutlookMail = OutlookApp.CreateItem(olMailItem)
With OutlookMail
.BodyFormat = olFormatHTML
.Display
.HTMLBody = "The job is ready. See the PDF version in the attachment"
.To = "xxx@xxx.co.uk; yyy@yyy-is.co.uk "
PathFileName = ThisWorkbook.Path & "\" & Filename & ".pdf"
.CC = "zzz@z-is.co.uk; www@wx-c.co.uk;"
.BCC = "yxks@ug.co.uk"
.Subject = Filename & "- Audit"
'.Attachments.Add PDFFile
myattachments.Add PathFileName
'.Attachments.Add Application.ActiveWorkbook.FullName
'.Send
End With
End Sub
I think the best hint, I found was here:
How to attach exported pdf file to Outlook mail using Excel VBA?
but it refers to attach the already exported PDF document. The incorporation some pieces of code was unsuccessful in my case.
Some solution here:
Attach PDF and send email via Outlook
but it refers to the specified cells only
Other hints, which I found are here:
Excel VBA attaching print area as PDF
Attach both pdf and excel files to an email on single click in VBA
https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/msoffice_excel-mso_winother-mso_2010/attaching-a-pdf-file-in-vba-generated-email-in/527de6b4-66e6-4aa5-85b8-267a59ea6a7f
how can I upload PDF file along with Outlook email generated by VBA?
A:
It’s not myattachments.Add PathFileName it should be .Attachments.Add PathFileName
See Attachments.Add method (Outlook)
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HAYWARD, Calif. (AP) – Police say a Northern California family didn’t call 911 for more than five hours after a 10-year-old girl was shot because they thought she had started menstruating.
The girl was sleeping in her Hayward home early Thursday when a stray bullet from a nearby shooting wounded her in the buttocks.
Sgt. Mark Ormsby says when the girl woke up in pain, she thought she had started her period. Her parents found no indication she had been shot when they took her to the bathroom.
Ormsby said when she woke up for school and was still in pain, her parents inspected her bed and saw bullet holes.
The girl’s doctor told investigators the bullet’s entry wound was small and could have been easily overlooked if the family thought she was menstruating.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press.
More top stories on CBSSacramento.com: |
Wednesday, December 19, 2012
1,000 million. That is the figure that cost the social network Facebook acquire successful mobile photo application 'Instagram'. So, we can not say that that "Instagram is a start-up": the application and has become a potential source of revenue and the company of the young Mark Zuckerberg studying how to recover the money from the investment and start to generate income.
A Facebook this monetization not been given anything right. The Californian company has not yet managed to find the "magic key" that will fill the pockets and advertising models using now will not bring the expected benefit. There are many actions that Facebook is trying to do to get economic performance, for example, the new option of sending gifts to your contacts. But for now the social network is not having much success in this field.
The vice president of marketing for the company already warned us a few days ago that they intended to monetize the app Instagram, but preferred not to give more details about it and now understand why. Today internet has exploded into a controversy to unravel the new Terms and Conditions of Use Instagram with the following clause:
"To help expand or promotions sponsored paid content, you agree with a company or other entity will pay us to display your user name, your likes, photos (and any information associated with them) and / or actions that you perform , in connection with US-sponsored content or actions without you to receive any compensation for it. "
Does this mean I can use Instagram photos to sell to businesses? No, even though the internet is being reported otherwise.'s Not true that the overnight you can lift and you've suddenly become the protagonist of the last campaign of Coca-Cola without your consent.
Instagram and Facebook are playing the dismissal, for some reason, because of time have refused to pronounce officially deny this report that has spread like wildfire. But keep in mind that as we are Facebook users with similar terms and conditions and to this day no one has had to sue the social network to use their images.
Instagram's legal team should have specified further at the time of writing this clause in its web. What the leaders of the application will surely be implemented advertising models similar to those found on Facebook at the moment. That is, if a friend has given "on page like Coca-Cola", the image of this friend will go to our News Feed indicating that she has to like the product page. Something like Instagram implemented from 16 January.
Do not panic. Nor do you need to unsubscribe from Instagram, because in the next few days surely the company will proceed to explain this mess. |
Saturday, August 28, 2010
Here they come -- I think. The first Android OS-based tablets appear to be on the horizon, though with the track record of many of the manufacturers one still needs to be cautious.
Following up on the Samsung Galaxy Tab news, ViewSonic is now rumored to be ready to introduce its own tablet at IFA 2010 in Berlin next week. This one, too, will supposedly be a seven model running the Android OS, and with 3G, WiFi, Bluetooth and both front and rear facing cameras (this will be standard with all new tablets I'm guessing). It will also boot Windows 7 supposedly, though I haven't a clue why someone would want this (unless they don't really want a tablet but want a keyboardless PC).
The tablet, if real, is certainly a knock-off of the iPad, only thicker and with more buttons that will make it a bit less comfortable to use.
But no matter, the key is that Android-based tablets will soon be on the market, meaning those publishers who have wisely developed for the iPhone and iPad, and have entered the Android phone app market as well will have their efforts rewarded. For everyone else it will be catch-up time.
Friday, August 27, 2010
Announced as a "radical" overhaul of its newsroom staffing, USA Today said that it would begin to focus more on mobile and tablet publishing, while de-emphasizing its print edition. Oh, and it will eliminate 130 positions effecting both its newsroom and business functions.
USA Today Publisher David Hunke, who was named to the post in April of last year, said that "This gets us ready for our next quarter century," according to the AP report.
Hunke said that the focus will be on producing content for all platforms, including mobile and tablet.
(While this has been reported widely and without comment, the statement makes no sense whatsoever. Were reporters stories previously considered print-only? Was a story developed for one product prevented from being used on another? Of course not.)
Hunke is a Gannett veteran brought to USA Today, the chain's premiere position, after serving as chief executive officer of the Detroit Media Partnership and publisher of the Detroit Free Press. The company press release announcing his promotion to USAT stated that Hunke "is a highly talented, multi-faceted leader, who drives excellence throughout his organization while making the tough business decisions. At the same time, he has the courage to be innovative and take chances," the release quotes Craig Dubow, Gannett chairman, president and chief executive officer.
The new USA Today? →
Less reporters, more Glenn Beck?
"Tough decisions" is usually newspaper talk for layoffs, rarely for radical rethinking of the products. But in this case, I do not doubt Hunke's commitment to electronic formats. But it does present a chicken or egg type of questions -- were the layoffs the result of a move away from print, or was the reorganization the result of the layoffs.
Most likely cuts had to be made to control costs and simultaneously there had to be a rethinking of strategy -- continuing the paper's current direction simply was not going to be acceptable. This April, pretty much coinciding with the one year anniversary of getting a new publisher, ABC reported that USAT circ had fallen a dramatic 13.58 percent. Hunke's most famous move in Detroit was to cut back on home delivery, giving you a clue as to whether the solution here would be innovation or slashing. Today we got the slashing.
If, and it is a big if, this move leads to USAT becoming a more aggressive player in mobile and tablet then it might be a good thing. But USAT is already one of the most popular news apps in iTunes and was one of the first to release an app for the iPad -- an app I've had since day one but never reviewed, why? Because while attractive, it is still USA Today -- and that, in the end, is where the paper's problems originate.
Imagine all print publications are gone, all that remains are mobile and online versions of the newspaper. What app do I open up to read the day's news? The New York Times, The Guardian, the Financial Times? or USA Today?
Back in the mid-nineties when publishing a monthly trade magazine for a Chicago area media firm I seemed to be on the road all the time, going to trade shows and seeing customers with my reps and editors. Every morning USA Today would be at my hotel room door, the only paper available most of the time. It was, for all intents and purposes, a monopoly -- much the way Gannett papers are in many towns. To read a Gannett newspaper is to read the Cliffs Notes version of the news.
But in a time when many people can get their news online or through their devices, every paper competes with every other -- location becomes less important for much of the news.
Mobile media and tablet publishing make it possible for almost anyone to publish, but it makes it nearly impossible for a company to sustain a dominate positions. The WSJ continues to show good numbers but it would be a mistake to automatically assume that it is doing everything right. Its unique position as the leader in financial information makes it an automatic read for many.
But if I want to know what is going on in Congress, or in Pakistan, I have a number of good choices -- and I will pick the publication that I think will do the best job. I suppose there will always be a place for someone who can give me a quick read, but is anything quicker that Google News? And that is who USA Today finds itself up against now, in addition to its traditional print competitors. On top of that every RSS reader out there has duplicated the USAT look and feel -- small boxes containing small snippets of news brought in by the wire services, or other newspapers. An RSS reader can look and feel like USA Todayand contain some content from the New York Times -- even USAT can't do that.
Gannett owns more than old newspaper titles, so this company is not going away. But look at the corporate website -- it had to be designed in the nineties. But let's try and not be too cynical, maybe Hunke and crew are serious about their move to mobile and tablet publishing, but not too good at articulating it in a way that doesn't scream reengineering. Right now all the mobile apps inside iTunes are from individual properties, typing "Gannett" into iTunes doesn't bring up an impressive array of apps. When the day comes when it does, then we will know they were serious about their commitment to modernizing.
Last week AOL-owned Patch announced that it had launched its 100th local news site and said it would expand quickly to reach more than 500 neighborhoods by the end of the year.
"We believe Patch is a revolutionary and efficient approach to producing relevant, quality local journalism at scale, and we couldn't be more excited about expanding into hundreds of new communities across America this year," said Warren Webster, President, Patch Media.
Patch also bragged that it would be "the largest hirer of full-time journalists in the U.S. this year" -- an easy claim to make seeing that most news organizations continue to cut back its news staffs, not grow them.
For those intimately involved with the growth of Internet publishing, there is nothing terribly revolutionary about the Patch approach. I suppose we have now reached a point where a new generation of Internet publishers are entering the scene, and to them everything is new and revolutionary.
Patch's approach is simple enough: each new local news site gets a full time editor, local reps are hired and a regional manager keeps an eye on things. [At least that is the way I understand it based on the recruitment ads popping up on job boards.] Many of the editors being hired are quite young and inexperienced but they will report into four regionally based editorial directors, who themselves will report into Patch's editor-in-chief Brian Farnham.
Patch's money comes from AOL, of course, who purchased the firm back in June of 2009 and promised to spend a significant amount of money to build out the network of local news sites.
But back to the concept. The reason I don't consider Patch isn't revolutionary is simply that it has all been done before -- though I will admit that it was done in a different segment, at a different time, and, of course, with different players.
Substitute "B2B" for "local" and you get VerticalNet, a company that was well funded with investor money, went on a major hiring spree, made a lot of noise and then imploded. For many in the B2B media industry, VerticalNet is more a curse word than a name of a real company.
VerticalNet was a company of another era -- the late nineties -- and its approach was to hire editors from industry trade publications, launch an industry site, and then sell the ads with teams representing multiple sites.
Back then the money came from VCs, and the lure to join VerticalNet was the opportunity to get shares of the company and cash out at some point after an IPO. Everyone would be rich (some actually did cash out in time). Because of this VerticalNet attracted some pretty good talent -- experienced editors who knew their industries. The edit teams were certainly thin compared to their print counterparts, but since this was the early days of the web updating a site once or twice a day seemed like a miracle of technology.
The VerticalNet business model depended on sales reps quickly learning to sell these new sites, and for national advertisers to get excited about advertising on the network of industry sites. The ad staffs may have worked hard but the business model -- rapid expansion, IPO, repeat -- made little sense long term. In 2000 the company reported that it revenue had grown to $112.5 million from $53.5 million the previous year. Unfortunately, the company also reported a loss of $311.3 million.
When VerticalNet finally went public, and its stock price soared to silly heights, the company became a poster child for "irrational exuberance".
Today, Patch's lure to media people is the down economy: come in and get a job, we're the only ones hiring. If the economy were booming, and media companies were hiring, Patch would be seen as the hire of last resort. But the economy is not booming, and media companies continue to downsize, so Patch is taking advantage. Besides, working for a local news site has to be far more attractive than an alternative such as Demand Media, right?
Looking at some of the Patch websites (I won't get too specific here) one sees a mix of veterans and recent grads. (One editor's picture looks like it is from high school -- it's not).
Many of the site biographies try really hard to show that the editor has the credentials to do the job. One rather troubling element of these biographies, though, is the sections on politics and religion, as if this sort of disclosure will give readers assurance that the editor is fully open about their biases. As someone who grew up in media management in California, with its strict employment regulations, this just seems like a bad approach. Credibility as an editor must be earned, not quickly gained through a spiffy bio.
But I'm not posting this story to really talk about the editorial strategy of Patch, I'll leave that for the content sites,
Like VerticalNet, Patch has its own ideas about how to generate revenue, and Patch management appears to be just as convinced they are on the right track as VerticalNet was. Time will tell, of course, and I am wise enough (I believe) to not judge business models too early on.
I like the concept creating independent local news site and building a network, such as those being created by Patch or Main Street Connect. But the reading habits of consumers may prove to be an obstacle.
Back in January I reported on the talk given by Hal Varian, Google's chief economist. Varian said that his data showed that news consumption on Google was a work day activity -- going up during the day, down during the evening, and way down over the weekend. "What that says to me is that reading the news online is a work time activity . . . Most people aren't paid to sit at a computer and read newspapers. They're snatching things throughout the day," Varian said.
This is where mobile media and tablets come in. Most news apps on smartphones are simple RSS readers that have failed to incorporate local merchant information, maps, shopping tools, and the like. Local news and local merchants seems to me to be a match made in heaven.
Additionally, the tablet best reproduces the leisure time experience of reading the (hyper) local paper. One can do it on the weekends without feeling out of touch (where as news generated by the major publishers feels immediate). Certainly one can use the browser on an iPad to access a Patch site, for instance, but there may be room for developers to create local news apps, as well. I hope we see some VC money invested in this area to provide an alternative approach to web-only news products. (Remember, you can't have content everywhere if you are either print-only, or web-only.)
Patch and the other local news ventures are not creating a revolution -- despite their PR -- but it they are filling a real need. VerticalNet, which was founded in 1995 and really did lead a revolution, grew fast and burnt out fast. Sadly, today B2B media companies are some of the most backward on the web, and almost nonexistent in mobile media.
The newspaper industry, in contrast, is firmly committed to web publishing, and many of the nation's leading papers are also leading efforts to experiment with mobile and tablets, as well. If these new local news businesses can find a way to succeed at being a pure play that would be a real revolution. Otherwise, they would be wise to look a diversifying their media offerings rather than depending on the web alone.
Thursday, August 26, 2010
The Placer Herald reports that the October issue of Glamour is available -- all over Interstate 80 in Rocklin, California -- thanks to an accident involving two big rigs. Both drivers were uninjured, though the magazines appear a bit abused.
Lauren Gibbs of the local paper wrote the story and took the photographs, though she failed to mention the cover story of the issue. Newspaper people!
The ABCi showed off its new standalone mobile audit report today.
The report allows publishers to report on their audiences by mobile device type, by day and day part, by audience access points such as mobile apps, mobile browsers, and e-readers/tablets, as well as the traditional page views and unique users.
ABCi is working with both Verve Wireless and Handmark on the project.
More fun from PCWorld. Today the PC magazine's website has two stories that seem to say the opposite thing.
There's this one from Barbara Hernandez who reports that research firm iSuppli says there will be "no iPad killer coming until 2012" -- or that's the headline anyway.
Then we have this one from Ian Paul which says there will be a "flood" of new e-readers coming soon.
Of course, the two stories are not necessarily contradictory, I suppose. While the Hernandez story talks about hardware makers fighting Apple's iPad, the Paul story is really talking about devices that would compete more with the Kindle.
Nonetheless, it is interesting to see the stories the ol' PC magazine thinks are important -- everything is about mobile media, apps, tablets, e-readers, hardly anything about traditional computers.
Netflix released an update to its very popular mobile apps of iOS today in iTunes. The updated app now supports iPhones and iPod touch products.
In my household this is big news. You see the other day I finally bought the cord necessary to connect my iPad to the flatscreen in the family room allowing my youngest to view her YouTube videos and Netflix Internet streamed movies on the big screen. She was thrilled. Now she'll be able to watch use those same apps to watch videos through her iPhone (as well as watching directly on her phone). (It looks like the app is limited to watching on the iPhone only, not through video-out to a big screen -- we'll see if this changes.)
The point for media: another move towards content everywhere. Build an app using the iOS (or soon Android) and be able to have content available on phones, tablets, televisions -- a publisher now has access to many devices when it develops mobile media products.
The reaction and ratings are a good lesson for developers: the number of five-star reviews far outnumber the number of one-star review -- but there are still one star-reviews from users who think the new app is buggy. The reality is that many users do not reboot their phones at all and hence new apps tend to crash occasionally. But any app that has five times the number of five-star reviews to one-star reviews is a huge success.
Apple has announced that it will hold an event next week, September 1. It is expected that the company will introduce a new iPod touch (it's amazing how many media folk want to capitalize the word "touch") that will have a front-facing camera, new iTunes TV rentals, and a new iOS-based Apple TV product (priced at $99 supposedly).
While Apple is currently underplaying its TV products, the new iPod could push forward the company's FaceTime video chat platform, as well as be another push towards non-carrier phone calling (see Google phone story below).
The one thing not expected to be unveiled, and the one thing I'm most eager to see, is the updated iOS for the iPad. Currently iPhone users have limited multi-tasking and folders for apps -- both things are missing from the iPad right now. It looks like these features, and possibly some surprise features, will have to wait for a different update later in the fall.
Reading the review one is struck by the decisions that some of these competitors to Apple seem to make. For instance, despite is bulk -- it has a five inch screen -- Dell is selling the device as a phone. Metz writes: "The Streak's enormity is inescapable. It's a little less than 6 inches long and 3 inches across, so it looked mammoth in my petite hands. I felt like a little kid holding her father's smart phone."
The problem is that the product, according to the reviewer, doesn't seem like a complete product. For instance, the Dell Streak comes with an older version of Android, which makes zero sense to me. It also comes with a front-facing camera but the camera is promoted for videos, not video chat. It is also sold through AT&T at a price point of $299 (the 16GB model of the iPhone is priced at $199).
Late yesterday Google pulled a little surprise by rather quietly adding Google Voice services to its Gmail product. Now users of Gmail can make outgoing calls within the U.S. and Canada for free -- even to landlines -- and to international numbers for an additional fee.
The new service was introduced without the usual big special event and has led to speculation about Google's ultimate motivation. Some think the move is a direct attack on Skype, the hugely popular (especially in Europe) service that offers free Skype to Skype phone calls, but charges for calls to landlines. The new service is also strong competition for long distance carriers. A call to a landline in France, for instance, is only two cents per minute.
The service is easy enough to use: Gmail subscribers download a software package and once they have restarted their browser they sign into their Gmail accounts and will find that they can no make calls directly from the dialogue window (see above right).
If you are a Google Voice users, another free service, a call from your computer will show your Google Voice phone number when received on the other side of the call.
This move is another step towards services that are able to drive the price down to zero.
This is an area publishers must pay attention to. While there is increasing talk of the need to drive revenue through subscription models, the fact remains that new digital technologies -- and that old one, the Internet -- have driven prices for some services, including news and information, down to zero.
(Although it must be added that many, too many B2B media firms have degraded the quality of their content themselves that it is hard to say if the price of industry information is zero, or whether it is just true that the price of the information they provide is without value. How much, for instance, is a reader willing to spend for a service that essentially edits press releases for easy consumption?)
While many media commentators remain convinced that the new model for media is a return to subscription pricing, Google seems very content to continue to pursue their advertising strategies. As the world's foremost advocate for advertising, Google has been able to prove that users don't mind the introduction of ads into their services so long as the services themselves remain free.
Tuesday, August 24, 2010
Finally, a new tablet that doesn't appear to just be more vapor ware. Samsung today posted a video that teases the release of a new Android tablet that promises to do for tablet publishing what Android phones have done for smartphones -- expand the market to non-Apple product consumers.
The Samsung Galaxy Tab will feature a seven inch screen (versus the iPad's 9.7 inch screen), will run Android 2.2, and will offer Flash support and video calling.
The new tablet is expected to be unveiled at IFA, a consumer electronics show in Berlin, on September 2.
The question, of course, is will it be released fairly quickly after its debut, or will it another much hyped, never launched tablet?
Just as many people say people who buy Apple products will buy anything from the company, there is a built up demand for an Android based alternative to the iPad. Publishers who have developed for both Apple's iOS and Google's Android platform will certainly feel their efforts justified once new Android tablets are released.
Although I do not like the smaller screen size -- not as good for newspaper and magazine content -- Apple has left a huge opportunity for competitors when it comes to other specs. For instance, features such as a front facing camera for video chat, HDMI out for video, SD card or USB ports, and built-in printing capabilities, these are the major spec complaints about the iPad.
The director of Poynter Online, Julie Moos, posted a story that links to the organization's new prototype website and invites reader comments and input. The new site is scheduled to debut in November, the 35th anniversary of Poynter.
Moos reveals that the new site will use WordPress, and that the theme, designed by Chris Bavota. His Magazine Premium theme, the one being considered by Poynter will set you back $39.97 if you want to copy Poynter.
Earlier this year I interviewed Laura Fisher who helped design the Ann Arbor Chronicle website using WordPress was originally written for the CitizenPublishing.net website but was crossed posted to TNM here.
The key to using a WordPress theme (and I suppose it applies to Blogger, as well) is the ability to make custom changes to the template and to update the look and feel of the site periodically. If you can do this, small to medium publishers may find that using an open source solution can bring new flexibility to their websites (as well as cost savings).
This was a nice catch by AppleInsider:
Since Bluetooth keyboards must broadcast their presence in order to be recognized, the devices must file with the FCC. This is where new devices often get discovered for the first time. One such device is a good looking iPad case with built in Bluetooth keyboard.
Speaking of AppleInsider: the site often breaks interesting news about Apple and their mobile products, which is why I link to it. In comparison, MacRumors grabs news from elsewhere, then prevents others from adding to the information or linking to their own sites that contain any additional news.
I ran afoul of MacRumors a few months ago when I linked back to TNM a few times with reviews of media apps. One of the moderators over there then proceeded to ban me -- a first! I suppose this should be a badge of honor -- that guy was definitely evil, probably a newer member of the team because my own experience over there were mostly positive. In any case, my advice would be bookmark AppleInsider and leave MacRumors to the Tea Party crown running the place.
paidContent spoke to the CEO co-founder of Exact Editions yesterday and reported on his views about Google Ads his company's flipbook editions.
According to the story, Adam Hodgkin, the co-founder of Exact Editions, says that publishers should charge for digital subscriptions rather than go with an ad model.
“But it would be fair to say that our experience is that magazines that charge will make much more from selling digital subs than they will from running ads in the margin of ‘open’ pages. Like two or three orders of magnitude more," Hodgkin is quoted in the story.
Well, rarely have I heard a better argument against replica editions. What the CEO has said ehre is that these kinds of products do not engage the reader and therefore, can not drive response to advertising. Thank you.
But I don't think this is exactly what Hodgkin was saying. After all, what is the business model of these replica edition makers? Cheap and easy Flash (and increasingly HTML5) editions, sold to publishers who are not very enthusiastic about electronic publishing to begin with, don't believe in the long term success changes of e-publishing, and don't want their ad sales teams wasting time selling low cost ads.
Here is a little exercise for you to do: open up your iPad (if you don't own an iPad you can stop here -- but then again, why are you reading TNM?) and look at the advertising in the People magazine iPad app edition. Now I have to say that I do not read People, ever. But look at those ads, see the ways the reader can interact with them, respond to them. Now compare that to either a Google ad or an ad in a replica edition of a magazine. If you are lucky the replica edition ad will have a live link in it -- most do not -- that at least will put it on a level playing field with the Google ad.
But there is no real comparison. The iPad will be better both for branding and for direct response. I have no data to back up that claim, so you can disagree all you want. But once tablets get more traction we'll start seeing a ton of data on ad response levels -- maybe not from Apple, but certainly from the agencies buying space.
The problem of advertising within mobile media products for small consumer and B2B publishers is a serious issue. What pricing models really work when readership is initially zero and then grows over time.
But this issue is no different from what happened when the web first beckoned many publishers. It is almost gospel that it was a mistake to give away web ads early on as it lowered the value of Internet advertising long term.
But that is not the way I remember it -- I was there in the trenches. The way I remember it is that agencies demanded the advertising be part of print ad schedules as 'added-value". The choice, then was to go out and hard sell the web advertising, risking your print schedules, or else give in to the agencies.
So why did we end up giving in? Because in the end we knew that in order to actually sell the true value of the web we needed to know what that value was. And we didn't.
We didn't know because, of the most part, those put in charge of the web were there for reasons quite separate from their abilities to manage the web -- often politics, connections, nepotism, you name it.
Sadly, at many publishing companies the electronic publishing side of the business still lacks professionalism and an honest-to-goodness dedicated team. But past practice aside, publishers need to understand that building an advertising model for mobile and tablet products will require transparent reporting, level-headed expectations, and honesty.
That is why the whole question of tablets or mobile media "saving" newspapers or magazines is totally absurd. Right now we don't even know if many of these products can break even. Most of us involved believe that they can, in fact, be very profitable. But one needs to build the models first and then implement them in a professional manner. Taking the easy way out, say through creating replica editions is no way to test out the platforms.
This morning Tribune Interactive released their first non-media property iPhone app since the rather buggy Mobile Zodiac app, released during the early days of iPhone app development. LAT Star Walk is a paid app that gives out-of-towners a tour of the Hollywood Walk of Fame -- it will cost you $2.99 to download.
The app immediately brought a smile to my face: it was good to see the company branching out from their rather stale RSS readers apps. Will this be the first of many localized consumer apps?
* * *
When I looked at the L.A. Times iPhone app when it was released back in June I was already getting tired of the format. These RSS reader apps are, for the most part, unimaginative. They are simple apps that repurpose web content for distribution on smartphones. A few add interactive features like weather and traffic (though most don't) and none seem to have been developed with the cooperation of the advertising departments.
As someone who served as a classified advertising manager in the industry, I am always amazed how far down the food chain the classified folks have fallen. I suppose I should be glad that I was a CAM back in the days when classified advertising revenue paid the bills.
But what has been most discouraging to see is that newspapers seldom do a decent job of promoting and marketing their modest moves into mobile media. That is why it was also nice to see that The Tribune Company appears to be supporting these early efforts. A link for the iPhone app is built right into the L.A. Times and Chicago Tribune website navigation bars, and can be found on some (but not all) of the radio websites, as well). Today the Trib has a promotional spot on the home page, as well.
(Disclosure: I used to compete against the Times when I was with Hearst in Los Angeles.)
The new Chicago Tribune app, a paid one, is still an RSS reader, however -- completely a product of the newsroom and the app development team. The potential of local shopping, attractions, entertainment and more are completely missing. (They even left out a sports link in the main navigation tool -- it is under "Sections", but come on, this is Chicago! At this time of year you would think they would have a dedicated Bears area.)
And where is the mobile app for RedEye, the only Tribune product read by anyone under the age of 50? (OK, that was snarky.) I would get the app developers in a small conference room with the RedEye team and grill them on what they would like to see in an app specifically designed for their readership. That could be fun -- I'd like an invitation to that meeting.
Monday, August 23, 2010
Their Apple TV has been one of the company's few bombs, but now Apple appears ready to try to go after the TV market again, this time with a less powerful product, but one that has a much better chance at success.
Now more rumors are floating out there that Apple will introduce a new tv box that will run iOS and hence can run the apps previously built for the iPhone and iPad, as well as any new ones developers want to create.
This is basically the same plan as Google's, but with Apple still ahead of Android in the number of apps -- particularly paid apps -- Apple has a very good chance to succeed. Also, and maybe most importantly, Apple can move quickly because they should already have a product ready to go -- the iPad, sort of.
By creating a new box that is essentially a striped down iPad, Apple will have its killer TV product. Imagine an iPad without the screen, with an HTML out, and no battery. There you go, a device that will run iOS and all those apps, send a video signal to your TV, has WiFi for content downloading and transferring (using such apps as AirVideo), and doesn't been a battery because it will be tied to entertainment center.
Of course, all this is yet more rumors, including the ones about the device costing $99 and being released some time in September. We'll see soon, right?
But for publishers who have dawdled, the number of bets against mobile and tablets are adding up, and those making those bets look more and more like dinosaurs. Publishers can continue to listen to these same gurus, and attend their conferences, but the world is moving on -- and at an increasingly quick pace, apparently.
Of course, in the end, all this emphasis on the TV has everything to do with advertising, and who will be able to bite into the giant pie that is television advertising. Google and Apple want in. Apple may have an advantage creating an attractive hardware device that runs apps, but Google has the more advertising sales oriented corporate culture. Apple will have to change its thinking in this area of succeed, and Google will have to improve its hardware track record to get in the game.
An app that got quite a bit of press last week was ShopKick, a shopping rewards app that claims to offer discounts at several major retails, as well as a rewards points scheme.
USA Today wrote a fluff piece last week that, as usual, did not actually include the author trying out the app for themselves. Sadly, this is pretty much to norm for mobile media reporting. Whether any of these reporters actually own a smartphone or know how to create a screenshot is always a question lurking in the back of my mind.
I didn't write about the app for the simple reason that the app really only worked New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, with Chicago promised within the week. This weekend then was my first opportunity to fire up ShopKick for myself.
The app currently works with Best Buy, Macy's, American Eagle, Sports Authority and Simon shopping malls, so off to Best Buy I went.
The free app is easy enough to understand: fire up the app, create an account and begin earning points for visiting the stores that are currently part of the program. The concept is easy to understand, but the success of the scheme is completely reliant on the developer selling more retailers on the idea. Additionally, the app won't work, of course, if it isn't on.
Ah, and there is the rub: if the app isn't on you simply can not earn points or get discounts. It is the achilles heal of all rewards programs -- if the user fails to make a habit of using the program on an on-going then eventually the program is forgotten.
For me, though, the interesting thing here is that developers are seeing huge opportunities in local shopping applications -- unlike local newspapers who continue to take the easy way out with their mobile apps by sticking with RSS feeds and the occasional traffic map. Driving readers into local stores was always the main sales point when selling ad space. As ADVO and local shoppers began to offer local merchants traffic driving alternatives to display space, newspaper ad teams began to back off direct response promises. Mobile media is precisely where the local ad teams, if working with their mobile developers, could gain an edge.
The one thought in the back of my mind is this: would ShopKick be open to partnering with the local papers, integrating their services into local media apps?
Near the end of a short post today at The Wrap which discussed the announced departure of Caroline Little from Guardian America a sentence stood out that forced me to reread it again and again.
The story explained that the advertising environment had hit the properties run by Little hard and that the staffing level had fallen to as close to zero as you would want to consider. Then, in what could have been a throw away sentence, the story speculates on Little's successor:
Little said Guardian had not chosen a successor, but were likely to choose someone with more advertising experience.
I found this startling: did Little not have advertising experience? what exactly was the background of someone who had previously been Chief Executive Officer of Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive?
Little's resume is certainly impressive: graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Wesleyan University with a degree in English; received a J.D., with honors, from New York University School of Law in 1986; as General Counsel for Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive and Deputy General Counsel for U.S. News & World Report; then named Chief Executive Officer of Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive.
It used to be that it was hard to get promoted in the media business if you didn't come from the advertising side. I used to hear many journalists complain that their products were completely dominated by the ad folk, journalists simply couldn't get promoted into leadership positions outside of the newsroom.
But now there are dozens of media conferences created on the future of media that do not even include ad people, as if the future of media will be an ad-free zone. (The same seems to be true for mobile media, as well: Digiday Daily's John Gaffney swooned last week over the mobile media rants of American Media CEO Kevin Hyson -- these guys don't even do mobile media, why should I care what he has to say?!)
If the media world wants to get serious about digital and the future of the media business it will have to understand that there is no such things as "build it and they will come" -- someone has to go out and sell it. To do this you will need to build world-class publishing teams -- and world-class publishing teams include revenue generators, not just content creators. Isn't this obvious?
New website location for TNM
If you are reading this it is no doubt because you are reading an archive story from Talking New Media. You should be made aware that the site has moved to a new, permanent address: TalkingNewMedia.com |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a rotor and a motor including the rotor.
2. Discussion of Background
There are conventional motors that include a so-called embedded magnet-type rotor in which permanent magnets are embedded and fixed in a rotor core. In a motor including the embedded magnet type rotor, reluctance torque is produced in addition to magnet torque produced by the permanent magnets. Therefore, this motor has an advantage of being able to produce higher torque than a motor that includes a so-called surface magnet type rotor in which permanent magnets are fixed to a surface of a rotor core.
There is known an embedded magnet type rotor that uses, for example, V-shaped permanent magnets that protrude toward a rotating shaft-side (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2011-214086 (JP 2011-214086 A)). In the rotor described in JP 2011-214086 A, the surface area of the permanent magnets can be made large, as compared to a rotor in which flat plate-shaped permanent magnets are disposed to be orthogonal to radial directions (e.g., US2011/0148246 A1). Therefore, in the rotor described in JP 2011-214086 A, it is possible to secure a sufficient number of magnetic fluxes even if permanent magnets whose maximum energy product is small are used.
If permanent magnets of a rotor are subjected to a strong external magnetic field whose direction is opposite to the magnetization direction of the permanent magnets of the rotor, for example, in the case where a coil of a stator is supplied with overcurrent, there is a possibility that a part of the permanent magnets may be magnetized in the opposite direction and demagnetization (irreversible demagnetization) may occur. In the rotor including V-shaped permanent magnets as in JP 2011-214086 A, two circumferential end portions of each permanent magnet are located more radially outward than its circumferential center portion. Therefore, there is a problem that the two circumferential end portions (radially outer portions) of each permanent magnet are likely to be demagnetized.
This problem is not limited to the rotors including the V-shaped permanent magnets, and may similarly occur in any rotor as long as the permanent magnets have magnetic pole-facing portions that radially extend. For example, the problem may occur in a rotor including U-shaped permanent magnets, or a rotor including permanent magnets each of which is formed of a pair of permanent magnet pieces arranged in a V shape (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2012-23804 (JP 2012-23804 A)). |
Yeah, sweet sixteen, how could we forget. But what I recall the most is the feel of freedom and independence that I had…
Don’t worry, this isn’t a story about me and my MTV-like Sweet Sixteen Party. But guess, who else is 16 this month? Bingo, the following lines will be all celebrating Resco.
The freedom, the independence – some of the few things that are sweet about that age. This is exactly what happened to Resco… We are now 16, we are free, we are strong, powerful and happy about the way things worked out.
You may think, it is not that much, but do you know what 16 years in terms of mobility or CRM mean? Well, more than a lot.
1 That moment when Resco was born
Do you remember the year when Salesforce was born? So do we. And not because of Salesforce, but because this is when we introduced Resco to the world.
What about the day when Microsoft Dynamics first appeared? At that time, we were already intensively growing as a 4 year old child.
When the first iPhone bombed the market, our company was already celebrating its 8th anniversary.
Let’s take a short walk down the history lane of Resco.net…
2 That moment when IT started getting serious
Back in 1999, we started with consumer mobile apps, targeting Windows Mobile and Palm OS mobile platforms. It was a great experience for us because this is how we learned how to develop software for mobile devices and how to do mobile business.
3 That moment when we were helping 4000 companies all of the sudden
2003. Another big milestone for us. Resco became a provider of a suite of components for mobile app development. This product became the top-of-its-class helping more than 4,000 companies, such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi, GE, Motorola, Sybase, etc., and has been used by 10,000s of mobile app developers around the world. Game on, Resco!
4 Moment when the new era of Mobile CRM started for us
It was 2009. The year of new era. The era of Mobile CRM. With around 1,000 corporate customers, such as Heineken, Merial, Bridgestone, AutoZone, and the top-notch technology, Resco Mobile CRM is now one of the leading mobile solutions across the whole CRM industry.
If you watched the evolution of Resco Mobile CRM, you must remember how we were putting together the ingredients to cook the successful product throughout these years…
5 That big moment when we crossed the Ocean
Because think local, go global! In 2013, we realized it was about the right time get even closer to our customers. And we opened the office in Boston, Massachusetts. Since then, managing Resco’s operations in Americas region goes as smoothly as silk.
7 Or when we released the first version of Woodford – customization tool
Woodford is not always about the Whiskey. Or at least – not only about it. CRM world met Woodford ,our smart master of administration & customization in 2011. It is now the main part of our product Resco Mobile CRM.
8 That moment when we introduced a new feature to our Resco Mobile CRM
Wait a second. That is almost like an every moment. I am not just saying that. We truly introduce around 70 new features & improvements to our product every year.
9 That moment when we simply just couldn’t stop spreading around the world
It was like yesterday, when we started partnership with our first 3 European partners and 2 customers. Except, it was 5 years ago. In only a year, we extended our partner channel and the customer base to other regions all around the world. And here we are now in 2015 – 16 years, more than 100 countries, more than 5 thousand customers and more than million users!
10 That moment when Resco CRM came to life
Mobile CRM for Dynamics CRM is important part of our business and will remain important. But with such a powerful Mobile CRM app with advanced customization possibilities we saw a huge potential also outside the Dynamics CRM ecosystem. Resco CRM is now a fully functional system with strong support for mobility.
11 That one when Resco became an IT company of the year
I bet you had no idea. Well, indeed we brought a little IT Oscar home in 2014. Rocking at prestigious Slovak awards was another neat surprise. There were several mentions in local media about Resco as a “a great example of a small company with big achievements”.
Sounds awesome, but trademark what? The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has granted the company trademark protection for the Resco Mobile CRM® software solution and company brand Resco.net — technology on the move®.
13 And when we came up with our own resco.next conference in Vienna
The.best.idea.ever. I dare to say one of our best projects. The first edition of the resco.next conference happened in Vienna in June 2015 and proved that personal communication, a lot of networking and learning was definitely a way to go. Read more about how this kickass event can take any CRM to the next level: resco.next Vienna
14 Or that moment when we brought resco.next to America’s
The European version of resco.next 2015, done. The American one, just ahead of us. As I mentioned earlier, we like to be close to our partners and customers. And what’s the better way to get to know each other? Don’t just sit there, join us now! Register to resco.next Boston
15 That big moment when we killed an annoying wasp…
I mean THAT moment. The moment that changed everything for Resco. See it for yourself:
16 That moment even bigger when we sent you all a big fat THANK YOU
And that moment is now. That moment was always here and we will continue to be thankful. So once again, thanks to all our partners and customers for sticking with us for all those years, because they make Resco so powerful.
P.S. Big and special thanks goes to our CEO Rado Vozar whose insights are a big part of this article.
Now, I’m not quite sure, if we can wish something to ourselves, but I would just simply cheer for another adventurous 16 years of awesomeness! But, if you have some wishes for Resco, drop us a line! |
Background
==========
Dioxygenases, which include pterin- and 2-OG-dependent, Rieske di-hydroxylases and extradiol dioxygenases, have a conserved triad (His-Asp/Glu-His) of amino acids that are responsible for product formation \[[@B1]\]. The 2-OG dependent subgroup comprises members that are non-haem in character, require iron (II), and 2-oxoglutarate as a co-substrate for catalysis. Members of this superfamily are ubiquitous in nature, possess a DSBH fold (Double Stranded Beta-Helical), and the major coordinating amino acids are (HX\[DE\]X~n~H). Iron interacts with the pair of histidine residues and aspartate/glutamate along one face of a distorted octahedral sphere, whilst, the other face is normally coordinated by three molecular waters. In the presence of 2-oxoglutarate (bi-dentate), the last dative covalent bond is with the substrate. The accepted general route to α-KG dependent catalytic conversion, requires, an increase in the oxidation state of iron (Fe^II^ → Fe^III^-superoxo → Fe^IV^-peroxo) to a high-spin reactive ferryl intermediate (Fe^1V^ = O) \[[@B2]\], proton abstraction, and substrate radical formation. The transformation itself could be an oxidative- introduction of a hydroxyl group, simultaneous removal of adjacent hydrogen atoms (desaturase activity), sulfate cleavage, and cyclopentane-, stereoisomer-, chlorinated adduct- formation \[[@B3]-[@B8]\]. These enzymes participate in hypoxic signaling, DNA repair, stress response mechanisms, lipid and growth factor metabolism, and biodegradation of herbicides \[[@B9]-[@B15]\].
Existent, publically accessible computational tools and databases use homology studies to cluster proteins with 2-OG dependent function. These, provide information on sequences with evidence of common ancestry (pairwise sequence identity \> 30%). Hidden Markov Models, are theoretically sound formulations of stochastic processes, being used with increasing frequency in computational biology. The output of a HMM is, a markov chain of likely consecutive states, along with their associated transitional probabilities. This class of machine learning methods is well suited to comparing divergently evolved sequences (pairwise sequence identity \~ 10-25%). InterPro is a database of protein signatures that combines information from several sources, and is used as an automatic annotation tool for new sequences. There are a number of Hidden Markov Model based predictors of protein function and classification. Pfam is a repository of protein families formed by sequence and structural similarity, and organization of distant domain architectures; SMART searches protein sequences for pre-defined regulatory domain architectures using Pfam, signal peptides, trans-membrane helices, regions of low complexity, and internal repeats; SUPERFAMILY and Gene3D integrate fold and domain data with genomic and taxonomic information to provide a comprehensive resource for proteins of interest \[[@B16]-[@B20]\]. These algorithms, despite providing initial pointers to the reaction chemistry of novel 2-OG dependent sequences, are unable to segregate closely related proteins with reference to their substrate preferences. Other tools focus on factors that influence intra-cellular location, propensity for protein-protein interaction, organelle targeting, and sequence patterns, rather than active-site composition and catalysis (SMART, PROSITE) \[[@B18],[@B21]\].
The utilities *vide supra*, are protein sequence/structure specific. In this work, I have used a reverse look-up strategy to infer function of related proteins from the nature and similarity of the substrates catalyzed. The prediction protocol uses, in-house coded PERL scripts in conjunction with existing protein analysis tools, to create a profile database. This, is then compared with user-defined sequences, and the presence/ absence of alpha-KG dependent function and a suitable catalytic profile are suggested.
Methods
=======
Computational Tools used in this work
-------------------------------------
Structural data was downloaded from the RCSB PDB server (Research Consortium for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank) \[[@B22]\]. Pair wise analysis of structures was done using DaliLite \[[@B23]\]. Analysis of active site residues was done with the SPDBV (Swiss PDB viewer), alignments and cladograms were generated with the STRAP suite of programs (Structural Alignment of Proteins), and HMMER 3.0 was used for model building, analysis, database construction, and similarity studies with user defined input sequences \[[@B24]-[@B26]\]. All the above software was downloaded and installed locally. Sequence ids and information on predicted domains and were from UniProtKB in association with InterPro, Pfam, SMART, and PROSITE \[[@B16]-[@B18],[@B21],[@B27]\].
I coded the PERL scripts needed to interface the front- and back- ends of the server with HMMER-3.0 and perform other miscellaneous tasks. The GUI (Graphical User Interface) for input and the results page were coded and designed by me using HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). A concise workflow, along with salient features of H2OGpred is presented (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F1}
Dataset creation and initial analysis
-------------------------------------
Several alpha-ketoglutarate enzymes have associated empirical data present in medical literature. This constitutes: demonstration of activity *in vitro* and *in vivo* (EC 1.14.11.x), transcript data with biochemical and/or physiological function, and the presence of a structure. These sequences (N = 223), were collated and comprised the template set (S~0~; Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1). This was divided into a training- (S~1T~, N = 81) and a validation- (S~1V~, N = 142) set of sequences. Early work to assess the catalytic profile of each member of S~0~, was done by searching for suitable domains in publically available databases (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2). The feasibility of a substrate centric classification of αKG-dependent enzyme members was investigated subsequently. This was done by analyzing proteins with considerable structural similarity (Z score ≥ 20.0, Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S3), and in complex with dissimilar preferred substrates and/or analogs. Differences in the amino acids that lined the substrate pocket were tabulated.
Construction of profile database and server
-------------------------------------------
The 2-OG dependent enzymes are multi-functional catalysts. Clavaminate synthase (EC 1.14.11.21) transforms proclavaminate and/or analogs by introducing a hydroxyl group, double bond, and effecting a ring closure reaction \[[@B3]\]. The 2 S-flavanones, are similarly desaturated and hydroxylated by flavone-, flavonol-, and anthocyanidin- synthases (EC 1.14.11.x, x = 19, 22, 23) and flavanone 3-dioxygenase (EC 1.14.11. 9) \[[@B4]\]. Integrating prior information for each of the above enzymes (S~0~), such as reaction chemistry, participating macromolecules, simple organic compounds which include endogenous (amino acids, acyl-CoA molecules) and exogenous (herbicides, pesticides, detergents), and molecular and atomic level detail (transferred element or functional group), a secondary filter was set up. The resultant sub-clusters constituted overlapping members, were descriptively annotated, profiled as HMMs, and a sequence signature pattern composed of alignment specific identical amino acids, was assigned to each (Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S4). In addition, class specific consensus sequences were generated and aligned. This data was used to create an unrooted cladogram (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
The complete list of HMMs (N = 28), comprised, a superfamily (S~1T~) and group (S~2~; by analogy) specific models. The selection of sequences for the generic, αKG-profile (ALKG) was done to ensure adequate coverage and even sampling of S~0~. Classes with single enzyme members were excluded (ATSK; PTLH). The profile database created is available as (Additional file [5](#S5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S5; aKG-profile-database.hmm). Interface to this repository is through H2OGpred, a server that accepts user defined protein sequences, and predict domains specific to a particular substrate.
Findings
========
This study highlights and discusses the following characteristics of the 2-OG dependent superfamily. There are observable differences in the reaction mechanisms and/or substrates transformed in structurally related enzymes (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). These variations are with reference to the amino acids that border the substrate binding pocket, interact with 2-OG, Fe(II), and participate in alpha-KG specific domain formation. A detailed analysis of predicted domains in previously collated sequences (S~0~, Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2), using publically accessible tools, revealed that, the TauD family (PF02668, sequences = 4205, non-redundant PDB ids = 8), consists of enzymes such as: taurine dioxygenase, alkylsulfataseK, asparagine oxygenase, carbapenem synthase C, L-arginine-beta-hydroxylase, and gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase among others. Similarly, the PhyH family (PF05721, sequences = 2319, non-redundant PDB ids = 3) encompasses activities of phytanoyl-CoA-dioxygenase, ectoine hydroxylase, and pentalenolactone synthase. Interestingly, all the above catalyze different substrates, clearly demonstrating the lack of discriminatory indices in current literature to delineate function in similar proteins.
######
Comparison between structurally similar 2-OG dependent proteins
**Taurine dioxygenase (TauD)** **Alkylsulfatase (AtsK)**
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
**Organism** *Escherichia coli* *Pseudomonas putida*
**alpha/beta content**
DSBH (core) β (5--8,14-17) β (1--7;13--16)
Extended β (9--10), α (1--6) β (8--12), α (3--5)
**PDB id** 1GQW (Ref. \[[@B229]\]) 1OIK (Ref. \[[@B227]\])
**Sequence identity (%)** 41-42
**Z score (rmsd)** 31.8-34.4 (1.2-1.3)
**Active site geometry (amino acid nos.)**
Sphere of radius 5 A^0^ (Fe/2-OG/Substrate) 18 17
Identical residues 13
**Reaction catalyzed** sulfate cleaving activity
**Substrate profile** taurine (sulfonic acids) aliphatic sulfate esters
**Phytanoyl -CoA hydroxylase(PAHX)** **Pentalenolactone hydrolase(PtlH)**
**Organism** *Homo sapiens* *Streptomyces avermitilis*
**alpha/beta content**
DSBH (core) β (6,8-13) β (2-4, 7-10)
Extended β (1--2,5,15) β (1), a (1-6)
**PDB id** 2A1X (Ref. \[[@B220]\]) 2RDN (Ref. \[[@B226]\])
**Sequence identity (%)** 20
**Z score (rmsd)** 17.1 (2.9)
**Amino acids within sphere of radius 5 A**^**0**^**(Fe/2-OG/Substrate)** 12 18
**Reaction catalyzed** hydroxylation ring closure
**Substrate profile** phytanoyl CoA (medium chain) 1-deoxypentalenic acid
{#F2}
As an alternate approach to this problem, I, hypothesized that substrate interacting amino acids in the active site might be used to further classify structurally similar enzymes. To test this rationale, select pairs of the 2-OG dependent superfamily were analyzed and compared. The results indicate, that despite similarities in the composition of the active site, subtle differences exist in the nature of these additional substrate-modifying residues (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}), which, in turn could correlate to differential catalytic behavior. The sub-classes formed by utilizing substrates as clustering parameters are evolutionarily diverse (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Nevertheless, the frequency of identical amino acids (iaa) in the signature patterns of the profiles (iaa = 0, N = 4; iaa = 1 -- 2, N = 3; iaa \> 2, N = 20), suggests, the existence of a conserved domain architecture for each group (Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S4). These functional profiles compare favorably with classically annotated protein specific domains using as criteria: prediction of function, redundancy, and segregation of structurally related proteins (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). A catalytic domain, in this work is defined, hereafter, as a HMM of a group of sequences with similar substrate preferences and/ or reaction chemistry.
######
Classification of 2-OG dependent dioxygenases
**Family (This work)\***
------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------
**REACTION**
Demethylation ALKB, COLY
Chlorinating CHLO
Ring closure (cyclization) CYCL
Desaturation CLAS, CYCL, FLAV
Sulfate cleavage TDLP
Ring expansion DACS
Ether bond cleavage TFDA
Hydroxylation NUHY(THYD,THYE,XANT), CP3H,CP4H,HP4H,ARGI,ASPA,ECTO,PHYT,GBBH,HYOS, PTLH
**SUBSTRATE**
**Amino acid/protein/derivative**
Arginine ARGI
Aspartyl; Asparagine ASPA
Lysine COLY, HILY
Proline CP3H,CP4H,HP4H
Sulfonic acids (taurine), isethionate, taurocholate SULF (TDLP)
gamma-butyrobetaine GBBH
Collagen CP3H,CP4H,COLY
**Nucleotide/ nucleoside**
Thymidine THYD
Thymine THYE
Xanthine XANT
**Misc. organic**
Pro-clavaminate CLAS
Deacetoxycephalosporin DACS
Ectoine ECTO
2 S-flavanones FLAV
Gibberellins GIAC
Hyoscyamine HYOS
Phytanoyl-CoA PHYT
PAA based pesticides/ herbicides TFDA
Cyclopentane PTLH
Aliphatic sulfate esters ATSK
Translation in eukaryotes (eIF2α) OGFD
**(\*) Note: Details of protein sequences used in this analysis (uniprot & PDB ids, references) are included as Additional file**[1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**: Table S1.**
######
Comparative analysis of catalytic domains of template sequences \*
**InterPro** **PFAM** **SMART** **PROSITE**
------------- ------------------------------- --------------- ----------- -------------
**Group 1**
**FLAV** Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase 2OG-FeII_Oxy FE2OG_OXY
Isopenicillin-N_synthase
**GIAC** Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase 2OG-FeII_Oxy FE2OG_OXY
Isopenicillin-N_synthase
**HYOS** Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase 2OG-FeII_Oxy FE2OG_OXY
Isopenicillin-N_synthase
**DACS** Isopenicillin-N_synth_CS 2OG-FeII_Oxy FE2OG_OXY
Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase IPNS_1
IPNS_2
**THYE** Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase 2OG-FeII_Oxy FE2OG_OXY
**Group 2**
**TDLP** Taurine_dOase TauD
**ATSK** Taurine_dOase TauD
**TFDA** Taurine_dOase TauD
**XANT** Taurine_dOase TauD
**Group 3**
**PHYT** Phytyl_CoA_dOase PhyH
**PTLH** Phytyl_CoA_dOase PhyH
**CP4H** Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase 2-OG-FeII_Oxy P4Hc FE2OG_OXY
Pro_4\_hyd_alph P4Ha_N ShKT TPR
Pro_4\_hyd_alph_N ShK TPR_REGION
ShK_toxin
TPR-contain
TPR-like_helical
TPR_repeat
**HP4H** Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_oxygenase 2OG-FeII_Oxy P4Hc FE2OG_OXY
Pro_4\_hyd_alph Cupin_4 ZF_MYND_1
Cupin_JmjC zf-MYND ZF_MYND_2
Znf_MYND Ofd1_CTDD
Oxoglutarate/Fe-dep_Oase_C
(\*) Note: Complete domain analysis of template dataset is included as Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}**: Table S2.**
Discussion
==========
A fundamental detail of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent catalysis is the range of substrates transformed, and the distinct reaction mechanisms deployed. This remarkable feature is, despite the presence of several common structural features such as the presence of the jellyroll fold, active site composition, and the presence of the facial-triad of residues (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Several attempts to classify these enzymes have been made previously \[[@B28],[@B29]\]. Both, sequence-based studies: location of the facial triad (central; C-terminal, flavanol synthase), number of amino acids between His-X-\[Asp/Glu\] and the terminal His (125 a. a, taurine dioxygenase, alkylsulfatase; 57 a. a, anthocyanidin synthase; 85 a. a, phytanoyl-CoA- hydroxylase), and reaction specific structural features such as the presence, location, composition, and conformational arrangements of conserved active site residues. These approaches, albeit informative are unable to account for the catalytic spectrum observed within sub-groups of the superfamily. This is attributed to subtle modifications in the distribution patterns of a few amino acids, and may, constitute an extended active site. Thus, the presence of small hydrophobic residues in alkylsulfatase K (V84, A104), as opposed to the corresponding charged residues in the related enzymes, i.e., taurine dioxygenase (Y73, D94, N95), ensure that sulfonic acids, modified amino and bile acids, are preferred over aliphatic sulfur esters (pair 1, Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Clavaminic acid synthase 1 and asparagine oxygenase share remarkable structural similarity. The presence of a glutamic acid residue (HEH, facial triad), and high Z score, notwithstanding, CAS1 is a tri-functional catalyst with a completely different set of preferred compounds (pair 2, Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, use of 2 S-flavanones (FLAV profile) in preference to isopenicillin N (deacetoxycephalosporin synthase, EC 1.14.11.26) is a function of a few specialized residues (pair 3, Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Characterizing these residues by homology alignments and subsequent mutagenesis experiments are currently the only known means to ascribe function.
2 -- OG dependent enzymes catalyze the hydroxylation of their substrates. However, this step may also occur concomitantly with other reactions. In these cases, an intermediate substrate radical is the precursor for a subsequent catalytic event. Clearly, the notion of a substrate molecule as a passive transformant is *passé*, with increasing evidence of its role in modulating catalysis. Prediction, by existing tools, of product forming domains in an enzyme specific to a particular substrate is generic, with no information on substrate specificity for a number of families (Group 1, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}), whilst, the same catalytic domain for a reference sequence is assigned to a number of other enzymes (Groups −2 and 3, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). However, by integrating the profiles it is possible to infer the function of an unknown protein. The HP4H (hypoxia inducible prolyl 4-hydroxylase, EC 1.14.11.29) domain in a protein, is an important indicator of a role in regulating downstream genes in response to hypoxic conditions, the same may be inferred from the ensemble of predicted domains (Pro_4\_hyd_alph; Znf_MYND; Cupin_JmjC). Similarly, CP4H (collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase, EC 1.14.11.2) function may be postulated by integrating its domain profile (Pro_4\_hyd_alph; TPR_helical; TPR-contain).
These latter examples (Group 4, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}) suggest that absence of prior information will limit the utility of this substrate centric, profile assignment process. A sequence with no suitable profile matches might require a comparison by homology studies to existing/ computationally annotated protein sequences. Despite these constraints, this novel schema is able to categorize closely related protein sequences. As biochemical details of a greater number of enzymes emerge, it will be possible to develop improved docking algorithms and statistical models of the chemical signature of a substrate molecule. This could then predict active site conformers of a particular enzyme for an individual substrate.
Description of H2OGpred
-----------------------
The web server works by comparing sequences with each of these pre-defined HMM profiles (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). There is a brief introduction to the salient features of α-KG dependent enzymes, and general instructions of use. Users can paste their sequences of interest, select a threshold parameter and value and search the profile database. Output files comprise a tabular summary of suitably matched profiles, and detailed statistics with pair wise alignments. Details of the profiles are present as a hyperlink and combined with the result as a separate file. New users may utilize the examples option to analyze and view preliminary results. The server has been tested with approximately 250 sequences, pasted at once.
Validation of H2OGpred as a predictor 2-OG dependent catalysis
--------------------------------------------------------------
To verify functionality of the server, proteins that were not used to construct the generic profile (S~1V~), were analyzed further. The server was correctly able to predict the presence of a single 2-OG domain in all test sequences (N = 142). Further, two novel sequences, have been experimentally validated (unpublished data) with demonstration of catalytic activity towards their preferred substrates in concurrence with the top scoring profiles assigned by the server.
Conclusions
===========
The 2-oxoglutarate dependent enzymes are amongst the largest group of non-haem dioxygenases, rivaling the more established mediators of xenobiotic metabolism, the cytochrome P450 family of haem monooxygenases. Current information on novel non-haem 2-OG dependent iron (II) enzymes is sparse, and relies on sequence/structure-based homology studies. In addition, complete biochemical characterization often necessitates prior knowledge of potential substrates. Here, I, have compiled a list of enzymes previously validated by several workers \[[@B30]-[@B236]\], and categorized them on the similarity of the reactions they catalyze, and/or, of the compounds they modify. The resulting HMMs are then used to construct a map of putative catalytic domains, thereby suggesting, a list of potential molecules that new, uncharacterized sequences might transform.
Enzyme members of the αKG-dependent superfamily are downstream mediators of a stimulus-induced-compensatory stress response in several organisms. This includes cycles of, cellular hypoxia and altered expression patterns of regulatory and effector genes, exposure to herbicides and arsenic with activation of catabolic pathways, and high salinity and thermal stress with overproduction of compatible solutes. Thus, an insight into the reaction chemistry of these proteins has the potential to aid development of newer classes of antimicrobials, bio-degradable compounds, and efficacious metabolic regulators.
Availability
------------
Project URL: <http://comp-biol.theacms.in/H2OGpred.html>.
Usage: Free and no login required.
Abbreviations
=============
2-OG, 2-oxoglutarate; HMM, Hidden Markov model; GUI, Graphical user interface.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author's contribution
=====================
SK manually collated all the sequences and their references, carried out the computational analysis, constructed the server, designed the GUI, wrote all the code, and the manuscript.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Additional file 1
**Table S1.** Uniprot and PDB ids of sequences used in this work.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 2
**Table S2.** Comparative domain analysis of template sequences.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 3
**Table S3.** Pair wise structural alignment of selected proteins.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 4
**Table S4.** Analysis of HMM profiles with highlighted active site residues. (PDF 29 kb)
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 5
**Table S5.** Link to HMM profile database "profile-DB\\aKG-profile-database.hmm".
######
Click here for file
Acknowledgements
================
I wish to thank the editorial board and anonymous reviewers for suggestions on revising the manuscript.
I wish to thank Rajesh. S. Gokhale (Ph. D, Director -- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, INDIA), for introducing me to the scientific problem and providing several helpful suggestions during the course of this work.
|
Sort By
I want to make two short by options for the users to be able to check out the most recent uploads and the ones with the most views. The query works fine but i dont know how to make the link (<a href="") work.
I made this change on the .htaccess file
Not really, choosing a PHP framework is up to you and will require a learning curve. I would say codeigniter but I'm biased to say that having used it now for a few months. Laravel might be a better option.
Otherwise you'll have to write your own rewrite rules for you web app. It is fraught with pitfalls. |
Q:
How to group by an expression in TSQL and capture the result?
How can I include the results of an expression in a GROUP BY clause and also select the output of the expression ?
Say I have this table:
╔════════════════════════╦═══════════╦═══════╗
║ Forest ║ Animal ║ Count ║
╠════════════════════════╬═══════════╬═══════╣
║ Tongass ║ Hyena ║ 600 ║
║ Tongass ║ Bear ║ 1200 ║
║ Mount Baker-Snoqualmie ║ Wolf ║ 30 ║
║ Mount Baker-Snoqualmie ║ Bunny ║ 2 ║
║ Ozark-St. Francis ║ Pigeon ║ 100 ║
║ Ozark-St. Francis ║ Ostrich ║ 1 ║
║ Bitterroot ║ Tarantula ║ 9001 ║
╚════════════════════════╩═══════════╩═══════╝
I need a row with the count of carnivores in each forest and a row for the count of non-carnivores (if there are any). This is the output I'm looking for in this example:
╔════════════════════════╦═══════════════╦═══════════════╗
║ Forest ║ AnimalsOfType ║ AreCarnivores ║
╠════════════════════════╬═══════════════╬═══════════════╣
║ Tongass ║ 1800 ║ 1 ║
║ Mount Baker-Snoqualmie ║ 2 ║ 0 ║
║ Mount Baker-Snoqualmie ║ 30 ║ 1 ║
║ Ozark-St. Francis ║ 101 ║ 0 ║
║ Bitterroot ║ 9001 ║ 1 ║
╚════════════════════════╩═══════════════╩═══════════════╝
The information for whether or not an animal is carnivorous is encoded in the expression.
What I'd like to do is include the expression in the group-by and reference its result in the select clause:
SELECT TOP (1000)
[Forest],
SUM([COUNT]) AS AnimalsOfType,
AreCarnivores
FROM [Tinker].[dbo].[ForestAnimals]
GROUP BY
Forest,
CASE WHEN ForestAnimals.Animal IN ('Pigeon', 'Ostrich', 'Bunny') THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS AreCarnivores
However, this is not valid TSQL syntax.
If I include the Animal column in the GROUP BY clause to allow me to rerun the function in the SELECT, I'll get one row per animal type, which is not the desired behavior.
Doing separate selects into temp tables and unioning the results is undesirable because the real version of this query features a large number of expressions which need this behavior in the same result set, which would make for an extremely awkward stored procedure.
A:
Use a CTE:
WITH X AS (
SELECT Forest, Animal, Count,
CASE WHEN ForestAnimals.Animal IN ('Pigeon', 'Ostrich', 'Bunny')
THEN 0
ELSE 1 END AS AreCarnivores
FROM [Tinker].[dbo].[ForestAnimals]
)
SELECT Forest, SUM(Count) AS AnimalsOfType, AreCarnivores
FROM X
Group by Forest, AreCarnivores;
Or be more verbose about it and repeat yourself:
SELECT Forest, SUM(Count) AS AnimalsOfType,
CASE WHEN ForestAnimals.Animal IN ('Pigeon', 'Ostrich', 'Bunny')
THEN 0
ELSE 1 END AS AreCarnivores
FROM [Tinker].[dbo].[ForestAnimals]
GROUP BY Forest, CASE WHEN ForestAnimals.Animal IN ('Pigeon', 'Ostrich', 'Bunny')
THEN 0
ELSE 1 END;
They're equivalent queries to the optimizer.
|
Qatar's former deputy prime minister accused the United Arab Emirates of plotting to invade Doha with an army of mercenaries, according to a report.
Abdullah bin Hamad al-Attiyah levelled the charges on Wednesday in a report published by Spanish daily ABC.
The UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Egypt imposed a blockade and economic sanctions on Qatar in June, accusing it of supporting "extremism" and being too close to Iran, charges Doha has denied.
Attiyah said that the UAE hired a "Blackwater-linked" private security contractor to train thousands of mercenaries to invade Qatar with the aim of overthrowing the emir and replacing him with a ruler subservient to the Saudi-led bloc that is boycotting the gas-rich state, the New Arab website reported.
Attiyah said the plan, which was prepared ahead of the diplomatic spat, was never carried out because US President Donald Trump failed to green-light the assault, the NewArab said.
An unidentified official source told the daily that the soldiers for hire were trained at an Emirati military base in Liwa in the west of the country by Academi, a US security service company formerly known as Blackwater.
Blackwater military contractors killed 17 unarmed Iraqi civilians and wounded 20 in a notorious 2007 massacre in Baghdad that prompted the firm to change its name.
"We estimate that Blackwater trained about 15,000 employees, most of them Colombian and South American," the source told the New Arab.
The New York Times reported as far back as 2011 that Colombians were entering the UAE posing as construction workers to become part of a secret mercenary army being built by Blackwater founder Erik Prince with more than $500m in financing from the oil-rich sheikdom.
The Colombians, along with South African and other foreign troops, were being trained by retired American soldiers and veterans of German and British special operations units and the French Foreign Legion, former employees and American officials told the New York Times.
According to a recent email purportedly sent by the Emirati ambassador to the US, Yousef al-Otaiba, Saudi Arabia came close to "conquering" Qatar before the start of the blockade.
People close to Trump told Bloomberg in September that the Saudi-led bloc considered taking military action against Qatar at the start of the crisis, before the US president urged for calm. |
Q:
Regular expression to match 10-14 digits
I am using regular expressions for matching only digits, minimum 10 digits, maximum 14. I tried:
^[0-9]
A:
I'd give:
^\d{10,14}$
a shot.
I also like to offer extra solutions for RE engines that don't support all that PCRE stuff so, in a pinch, you could use:
^[0-9]{10,14}$
If you're RE engine is so primitive that it doesn't even allow specific repetitions, you'd have to revert to either some ugly hack like fully specifying the number of digits with alternate REs for 10 to 14 or, easier, just checking for:
^[0-9]*$
and ensuring the length was between 10 and 14.
But that won't be needed for this case (ASP.NET).
A:
^\d{10,14}$
regular-expressions.info
Character Classes or Character Sets
\d is short for [0-9]
Limiting Repetition
The syntax is {min,max}, where min is a positive integer number indicating the minimum number of matches, and max is an integer equal to or greater than min indicating the maximum number of matches.
The limited repetition syntax also allows these:
^\d{10,}$ // match at least 10 digits
^\d{13}$ // match exactly 13 digits
A:
try this
@"^\d{10,14}$"
\d - matches a character that is a digit
This will help you
|
Cyclone Enawo: Five dead in Madagascar Published duration 9 March 2017
image copyright AP image caption Trees were lashed by strong winds in Sambava
Five people are now known to have died in Madagascar from a cyclone that made landfall in the north-east of the island on Tuesday, officials say.
About 10,000 people have had to leave their homes because of damage from Cyclone Enawo.
Power supplies are also down in some areas, according to local media.
The emergency services are warning of the threat of flooding, including in the capital, Antananarivo, although the storm has now diminished in strength.
Weather stations say the rain has weakened to drizzle although there are still strong winds.
Parts of Antananarivo were evacuated overnight and aid agencies are providing shelter, water and other basic needs to those affected.
image copyright IFRC Africa/Twitter
image copyright Care International
image copyright Care International
The city's government schools have been closed as a precaution and Prime Minister Olivier Mahafaly told employers to allow workers to stay at home.
Asked about emergency help for those outside the capital, Mr Mahafaly said: "We will do our best with our own resources but we will make an emergency declaration if necessary, if the damage will be significant."
Enawo dumped 12 inches of rain across north-east Madagascar in 12 hours on Tuesday, with winds reaching up to 300km/h (185mph).
media caption BBC Weather's Philip Avery has the latest forecast for Cyclone Enawo.
image copyright AFP image caption Malagasy firefighters were responding to emergency calls in Antananarivo
image copyright AFP image caption Their work included removing fallen trees |
New stock of shorts and kitbags are now available from the shop.Large kitbag £25Small kitbag £15Shorts £15
Name: niall
26/4/2012
would just like to say well done to the hurlers last night after a good win against cloughmills,keep it going definetely good enough for that league!!
Name: lmiemr
25/4/2012
Hi, great job with the 2 new schedules added to the website, but can someone explain what is the difference between All Football & Football Only nights and All Hurling & Hurling Only nights. I get the football and hurling bits obviously, but not the 'all' and 'only' bit. Are they not the same thing really?
I think "Only" would be the footballers on there own, with no players that play hurling. Then "All" means everyone as far as i know. We will get a look at it and let you know Eunan. Thanks for the query
Name: member
20/4/2012
how did we do tonight i couldnt make it.
Won by a point I think!
Name: PRO
17/4/2012
All the Club fixtures either home or away can be seen on the club Administration page under fixtures!
Name: Sean Mc Auley
14/4/2012
Thanks to all who supported our Table Quiz in aid of the poor families in Dorohoi, Romania last night. £755 from the night and donations. Very generous.
Name: creggan ladies
13/4/2012
senior and minor training for everybody on saturday at 6:30, div 3 game at home v st brigids (u16,minor and non graded seniors) up at pitch for 5, monday night div 1 away to moneyglass meeting there at 6:15.
Sunday at 11 -12 under age training u14+12 on pitch, u10,8+6 on 3g all new players welcome!!
Name: EK
11/4/2012
i want to register my son (P1) with the club for football training, can you give me the details please?
Yes they train on Thursday evenings 7 to 8 go along and talk to any of the coaches
Name: Club member
7/4/2012
Who do you contact to get a new creggan kit bag or any other creggan gear?
Ask Tony McCollum, he knows the ins and outs of club gear
Name: RK
2/4/2012
Congrats to the ladies div 3 team who got a win on sunday evening against Ardoyne scoring 4:12 to ardoynes 2:3 Well done girls :)
Name: senior player
24/3/2012
Big thanks to sean and louise mc cann for the well organised poker night last night! craic was had by all!
Name: roisin keenan
23/3/2012
There is an u12 girls football blitz on saturday at the MUSA in Cookstown! contact me on 07738051534 if your daughter is going!
Name: bazabhoy
20/3/2012
gud luck tommorrow night to all the antrim u21's espeacially the creggan lads. all the best.
Name: lmiemr
20/3/2012
Good luck to Ricky, Marty, Hugh, Murtagh, David & Teddy in the U21 Championship against Down on Wednesday night. Good to see the lads getting the recognition for all the hard work over the past number of years!
Good luck lads!
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14/3/2018Jackpot£2700 - NOT WON
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Just a quick word of thanks to all who gave up their time on Friday ni...
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Saturday, October 13, 2007
Everybody's talking and no one says a wordEverybody's making love and no one really cares
Everybody's runnin' and no one makes a move Everyone's a winner and nothing left to lose
Nobody told me there'd be days like theseStrange days indeed -- strange days indeed--Strange Days, John Lennon__________
I just received the following response from my local congressman, Allen Boyd. Generally speaking, I am in agreement with the representative on most issues. He is a Vietnam vet, and has helped Ranger as a constituent in the past.
"Thank you for this opportunity to address H.R. 1416, the Habeas Corpus Restoration Act, with you. Your views, as a member of the North Florida family, are important to me. I appreciate the thoughts you have communicated.
Please know that I agree with you that the United States should protect the right of all citizens to Habeas Corpus. Since the founding of our nation, we have always fought for the goals and ideals that our founding fathers laid out for us in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. We have championed democracy and individual freedom around the world and have served as the model for representative government and individual freedom for over 200 years. It is important that our nation continue this course and keep protecting the rights of all people.
H.R. 1416 repeals provisions of the Military Commissions Act that eliminated the jurisdiction of any court to hear or consider applications for a writ of habeas corpus filed by aliens who have been determined [sic] by the United States. This legislation is currently in the House Judiciary Committee. While I do not sit on this committee, I will continue to monitor this bill and keep your thoughts in mind.
Thank you again for bringing your views to my attention and adding your voice to the ongoing debate. Please continue to write to me, and I encourage you to sign up for my e-newsletter by visiting my website at www.house.gov/boyd."
Sincerely,
F. Allen Boyd, Jr.Member of Congress
How can you deny or restore a right which is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights? Are we not a nation which abides by the rule of law? Am I alone in my outrage, that a right guaranteed to us in our Constitution has been effectively rescinded?
Even the good representative doesn't have it quite right when he talks about "protect[ing] the right of all citizens to Habeas Corpus." We live by the motto, "All men are created equal"-- writ large. Not just our men; not just RNC members. The rights of habeas corpus accrue to all individuals incacerated within our system.
Why have my rights now become antiquated? What has superannuated them? Some sort of rheostat on my freedoms, operated at the whim of the president? He is not elected to tinker with the foundations of my government (even though he has stated he thinks the power of the legislative branch is invested in him.) Maybe his getting two branches combined in one makes up for V.P. Cheney not belonging to any (?)
What happened to checks and balances?
I guess checks are what this administration writes to float the war, and balances are something to be avoided at all costs.
10 Comments:
That Habeas Corpus thing is fer Merkins, not no furriners. That's what that Magnum Carter paper said. Them Congresspeople gotta protect us from those little people who hate our freedom. Maybe by makin' sure certain Merkins don't have too much freedom.
So watch yourself, Ranger. You'll be on some of those lists along with me!
Silly me, always looking back to those yellowed documents, as though they really meant something. Yes, I must get into my Full Orwell Jacket: They are truncating my freedoms to protect my freedom. Repeat.
Don't get me started on the form letter replies I get from my GOP and oh-so-Christian legislator; he has more time to answer than my Democratic Senators, but it is pure propaganda and very patronizing: don't I know my government is doing what is good for me? Especially as a woman. Grrr.
This was actually a reply to a letter which I sent voicing my concern. So this one does try.
Far as women's rights go, I don't need to tell you that you need only go to your local gyn to find out how much value you merit once you are no longer a viable baby-making machine.
"Are you gonna have a bab with that uterus? No? Well, we'll just yank it out. We won't have to concern ourselves with such frivolities anymore, will we? After all, you don't need hormones, b/c it's all an act anyway to please us [men] anyway, isn't it?"
I offer a small but I think significant correction. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus is actually guaranteed by the original Constitution! This fact I think tells us how important this right is in that the founding fathers managed to agree on putting it in the original document. |
Bone infarcts: Unsuspected gray areas?
There is agreement to label as bone infarcts avascular necrosis (AVN) occurring in the metaphyses or diaphyses of long bones, the terms AVN or osteonecrosis being used at the epiphyses. One might expect bone infarction to hold no mysteries. Oddly enough, however, scientific evidence about bone infarcts is extraordinarily scant. The prevalence of bone infarcts is unknown. The main sites of involvement are the distal femur, proximal tibia, and distal tibia. In patients without sickle cell disease or Gaucher's disease, involvement of the upper limbs and lesions confined to the diaphysis are so rare as to warrant a reappraisal of the diagnosis. Although widely viewed as a generally silent event, bone infarcts causes symptoms in half the cases. Standard radiographs are normal initially then show typical high-density lesions in the center of the marrow cavity. A periosteal reaction is common and may be the first and only radiographic change. Magnetic resonance imaging consistently shows typical features and therefore, in principle, obviates the need for other investigations. Bone infarcts are multifocal in over half the cases and, when multifocal, are usually accompanied with multiple foci of epiphyseal avascular necrosis. Thus, bone infarcts, whose prognosis is good per se (with the exception of the very low risk of malignant transformation), are usually a marker for systemic avascular necrosis. Consequently, patients with bone infarcts must be investigated both for known risk factors and for other foci of avascular necrosis, which may, in contrast, have function-threatening effects. |
Early Morning Tsunami Warning Routs Unalaskans
A major earthquake near the Aleutian Islands meant a rude awakening Friday morning but no damage for some Alaska residents.
For the second time this summer, residents of the Aleutian Islands evacuated for a tsunami warning. A 6.8 magnitude earthquake hit just before 3:00 AM near Amutka Pass, about 200 miles from Unalaska. The wave was supposed to hit the community shortly after 4:00 AM.
Jorel Burkholder and his fiancée Alyssa Sensky were among those woken from their beds.
Residents were able to return home when an all-clear was given at 4:12. According to the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, no destructive wave was recorded and the region is no longer in danger. That’s because the quake hit at a depth of 24 miles. It’s also because the quake turned out to be smaller than expected – initial readings had the quake at a
magnitude of 7.1, and the number was later revised down to 6.8. A representative with the United States Geological Survey says that the water level only rose about two centimeters in Atka, which was also evacuated.
While this morning’s earthquake was significant in its own right, it was actually an aftershock of another quake that had hit the region in June. Natasha Rupert is a seismologist with the Alaska Earthquake Information Center, and she says that it’s unusual to have an aftershock that big come so long after the original earthquake.
Meanwhile, that aftershock has had plenty of its own aftershocks. There have been 10 tremors with a magnitude of 3.5 or higher in the Fox Islands region in the past 9 hours, but none of those have been powerful enough to trigger their own tsunami warning. The most recent one was a magnitude 5.2-aftershock that hit at about 10:30. Rupert says that it’s likely that the region will experience more aftershocks in the immediate future. |
[Cite as New Riegel Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Buehrer Group Architecture & Eng. Inc., 2017-
Ohio-8523.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
SENECA COUNTY
NEW RIEGEL LOCAL SCHOOL
DISTRICT, BOARD OF EDUCATION,
CASE NO. 13-17-05
PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
-and-
STATE OF OHIO,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,
v.
OPINION
THE BUEHRER GROUP
ARCHITECTURE & ENGINEERING,
INC., ET AL.,
DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
Appeal from Seneca County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 15 CV 0115
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: November 13, 2017
APPEARANCES:
Christopher L. McCloskey and Tarik Kershah for Appellant
Lee Ann Rabe and James Rook for Appellee, The State of Ohio
Case No. 13-17-05
WILLAMOWKSI, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant New Riegel Local School District Board of
Education (“the School”) brings this appeal from the judgment of the Court of
Common Pleas of Seneca County dismissing the State of Ohio (“the State”) as an
involuntary plaintiff in this lawsuit. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment
is affirmed.
{¶2} This case arises from the construction of a new Kindergarten through
12th Grade School Facility Project (“the Project”) built as part of the Ohio Classroom
Facilities Assistance Program. Doc. 2. As a result of the Project, the School entered
into contracts with multiple contractors starting in February of 2000. Id. The
contracts were all entered between the individual contractor, the School, the State,
through the president and treasurer of the School, and the Ohio School Facilities
Commission (“OSFC”) as parties. Id. The general trade and roofing contracts were
standard form contracts prepared by OSFC. Id. The date of occupancy of the
Project was December 19, 2002. Doc. 88, Ex. K. A Certificate of Completion of
the Project Agreement was issued by OSFC on March 3, 2004. Doc. 24. This
certificate stated that OSFC’s interest “is considered transferred to the School
District, * * *.” Id. at Ex. A. The certificate also provided that the School had sole
responsibility for all facilities management, including the enforcement of warranties
and guarantees. Id.
-2-
Case No. 13-17-05
{¶3} Over time, the School had issues with the facilities, including but not
limited to condensation and moisture intrusion allegedly caused by design and
construction errors. Doc. 2. A complaint was filed by the School on April 30, 2015.
Id. The complaint was brought in the name of the School with the State of Ohio
and OSFC as involuntary plaintiffs. Id. The complaint named the Buehrer Group
Architecture & Engineering, Inc., the Estate of Huber H. Buehrer (collectively
known as “the Buehrer Group”), Studer-Obringer, Inc. (“SOI”), Charles
Construction Services (“CCS”), and American Buildings Company as defendants.
Id. On June 5, 2015, the State and OSFC filed a motion to dismiss them as
involuntary plaintiffs to the action. Doc. 24. The School filed a response to this
motion on June 15, 2015. Doc. 27. The State and OSFC responded to that response
on June 26, 2015. Doc. 30.
{¶4} On February 10, 2016, the School filed an amended complaint in its
own name and that of the State. Doc. 62. The amended complaint indicated that
OSFC had been voluntarily dismissed as an involuntary plaintiff that was not
necessary. Id. On March 1, 2016, the State filed a motion to be dismissed from the
amended complaint as an involuntary plaintiff. Doc. 72. The School filed its
memorandum in opposition to the motion on March 10, 2016. Doc. 74. The School
then filed a second amended complaint on June 10, 2016. Doc. 88. This complaint
added Ohio Farmers Insurance Co. (“OFIC”) as a defendant. The State then filed a
motion to be dismissed as an involuntary plaintiff from the second amended
-3-
Case No. 13-17-05
complaint. Doc. 91. The School again filed a memorandum in opposition. Doc.
97. On July 1, 2016, the State filed its reply to the school’s memorandum. On
August 17, 2016, the State’s motion to be dismissed was granted. Doc. 114. On
January 25, 2017, the School filed its notice of appeal from the judgment granting
the State’s motion to dismiss as well as other judgments in the case. Doc. 140. This
judgment was assigned appellate case number 13-17-05. The other judgments were
assigned case numbers 13-17-03 (dismissal of case against SOI), 13-17-04
(dismissal of case against the Buehrer Group), and 13-17-06 (dismissal of case
against CCS and OFIC). On appeal, the School raises the following assignments of
error.
First Assignment of Error
The trial court erred in dismissing [the School’s] breach of
contract claims against [SOI], [CCS], and [The Buehrer Group],
by finding that the Ohio Statute of Repose, R.C. 2305.131, barred
[the School’s] claims for breach of contract.
Second Assignment of Error
The trial court erred in dismissing the claims against [SOI] and
[CCS] as those contracts were entered with [the State] and
general limitations periods do not apply to the State of Ohio.
Third Assignment of Error
The trial court erred in finding that [the School] does not have
authority to bring its action in the name of [the State].
-4-
Case No. 13-17-05
Fourth Assignment of Error
The trial court erred in dismissing [the School’s] claims against
[OFIC], as surety for [SOI], on the basis that [the School’s] surety
bond claim against [OFIC] was barred by the virtue of the
dismissal of the claims against [SOI].
As only the third assignment of error deals with the State, which is the only party in
the judgment appealed from in appellate case number 13-17-05, we need not address
the other assignments of error in this opinion. They will be addressed in their
respective cases.
{¶5} In the third assignment of error, the School claims that it had the
authority to bring the case in the name of the State. The School argues that the State
is a real party in interest and thus is a necessary party to the case.
Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in
interest. An executor, administrator, guardian, bailee, trustee of
an express trust, a party with whom or in whose name a contract
has been made for the benefit of another, or a party authorized
by statute may sue in his name as such representative without
joining with him the party for whose benefit the action is brought.
When a statute of this state so provides, an action for the use or
benefit of another shall be brought in the name of this state. No
action shall be dismissed on the ground that it is not prosecuted
in the name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time
has been allowed after objection for ratification of
commencement of the action by, or joinder or substitution of, the
real party in interest. Such ratification, joinder, or substation
shall have the same effect as if the action had been commenced in
the name of the real party in interest.
Civ.R. 17(A). In this case there is no question that the School is a real party in
interest and has the authority to bring the suit in its own name. The Certificate of
-5-
Case No. 13-17-05
Completion issued by OSFC specifically transferred the interest of OSFC, a state
entity, to the School. The Certificate specified that the School was solely
responsible for the ownership and management of the property, specifically any
enforcement of warranties and guarantees associated with the project. The State
does not claim that it has a continuing interest in the facilities once the project was
completed.
{¶6} The School claims that it can require the State to be an involuntary
plaintiff because one clause in the General Conditions form stated that the School
could “maintain an action in the name of the State for violations of any law relating
to the Project or for any injury to persons or property pertaining to the Work, or for
any other cause which is necessary in the performance of the School District Board’s
and Commission’s duties.” This contract was entered between the School and the
OSFC and basically granted the School the temporary right to act as a limited agent
of the State, through the OSFC, and bind the State to the necessary contracts to build
the new facility. As stated above, the involvement of the OSFC, and thus the State,
terminated upon the issuance of the Certificate of Completion which transferred all
rights and responsibilities to the School. The Certificate of Completion was issued
after the General Conditions form and essentially terminated the School’s ability to
act as a limited agent of the State. Additionally, the only party which can represent
the State in a court of law is the Office of the Attorney General. R.C. 109.02.
“Except as provided in division (E) of section 120.06 and in sections 3517.152 to
-6-
Case No. 13-17-05
3517.157 of the Revised Code, no state officer or board, or head of a department or
institution of the state shall employ, or be represented by, other counsel or attorneys
at law [other than the attorney general].” Id. None of the exceptions listed in the
statute apply in this situation.1
{¶7} As the Certificate of Completion ended the interest of OSFC, and thus
the State, in the Project, the State was no longer a real party in interest. The trial
court correctly dismissed the State as a party to the case. Thus, the third assignment
of error is overruled.
{¶8} Having found no error in the particulars assigned and argued that are
relevant to this appeal, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Seneca
County is affirmed.
Judgment Affirmed
ZIMMERMAN and SHAW, J.J., concur.
/hls
1
This court also notes that the School filed a mandamus action against OSFC based upon the same facts
raised in this case. See Doc. 91 and State ex rel. New Riegel Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Ohio School
Facilities Comm., 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-16-22, 2017-Ohio-875. In that case, the School brought suit to
compel OSFC to provide funding to repair the alleged construction defects in the Project. Id. at ¶ 4. This
court held that upon the issuance of the Certificate of Completion, the interest of OSFC in the Project
terminated. Id. at ¶29. The basis of the claims in this case are also to get damages for the alleged construction
defects in the Project. This court notes that the attorney representing the School in the mandamus action
which brought suit against an entity of the State has also now filed suit in the name of the State.
-7-
|
Africa Media Review for November 28, 2017
Kenyan Election: Kenyatta Sworn in amid High Security and Opposition Rally
President Uhuru Kenyatta begins his second term as leader of Kenya. But contested elections and months of political violence have cast doubt on his legitimacy and raised tensions in the capital. Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta has been sworn in for a second five-year term on Tuesday, bringing an end to a bitterly contested election season marred by street protests and police violence. Supporters of the 56-year-old Kenyatta arrived in their tens of thousands at a Nairobi sports stadium, where the ceremony took place, wearing the colors of the ruling Jubilee party and waving Kenyan flags. A military band in blue and gold uniforms serenaded heads of state from several African nations, including neighboring Ethiopia, South Sudan and Uganda. Deutsche Welle
Zimbabwe Cabinet Pick to Show If Mnangagwa Is Breaking with the Past
New Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa is expected to form a new cabinet this week, with all eyes on whether he breaks with the past and names a broad-based government or selects old guard figures from Robert Mugabe’s era. Of particular interest is his choice of finance minister to replace Ignatius Chombo, who was among members of a group allied to Mugabe and his wife, Grace, who were detained and expelled from the ruling party. Chombo is facing corruption charges and is due to appear in court for a bail hearing on Monday. In a tentative sign that he might do things differently, ZANU-PF cut the budget for a special congress to be held next month and also slashed the duration by half from six days, the state-owned Herald newspaper reported on Monday. Reuters
Zimbabwe Officially Declares Mugabe National Holiday
Zimbabwe has officially declared 21 February to be Robert Gabriel Mugabe National Youth Day, thereby making the former president’s birthday a public holiday, the Herald newspaper reports. New President Emmerson Mnangagwa is expected to form a cabinet this week. Mr Mugabe resigned last week after a military intervention and days of mass protests. The police and army are to stage joint patrols as the country returns to normal, the authorities have said. They have already received reports of looting and illegal occupation of properties, particularly farms and houses. BBC
After Mugabe, Africa’s Other Longtime Leaders Feel a Chill
After the stunning fall of Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe, attention has turned to other longtime African leaders accused of trying to extend their rule. Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni’s sudden move last week to decorate over 300 army officers in a rare mass promotion suggested the jolt of realization across the continent: If Mugabe, who ruled for 37 years, could be forced from power by the military, perhaps anyone can. With Mugabe’s departure, Museveni is one of just four African leaders in power who have ruled for more than three decades. The group also includes Cameroon’s Paul Biya, who has been head of government or president for 42 years; Equatorial Guinea’s Teodoro Obiang Nguema, who has ruled since 1979; and Republic of Congo’s Denis Sassou Nguesso, who during two spells in office has ruled for 33 years. Museveni, a key U.S. security ally, is the most visible of the four. He has ruled this East African nation for three decades and now seeks to extend his rule by removing a presidential age limit from the constitution. The opposition has loudly objected. AP
US Targets IS in Somalia Airstrike
One terrorist was killed in a targeted airstrike in Somalia conducted by U.S. forces in coordination with Somalia’s government, the U.S. military said Monday. The strike against Islamic State fighters was carried out around 3pm local time on Monday in northeastern Somalia, U.S. Africa Command said in a statement. “U.S. forces will continue to use all authorized and appropriate measures to protect U.S. citizens and to disable terrorist threats. This includes partnering with AMISOM and Somali National Security Forces (SNSF) in combined counterterrorism operations and targeting terrorists, their training camps, and their safe havens throughout Somalia and the region,” the statement read. VOA
Somali Al-Shabaab Jihadists Flee US Airstrikes
Militants loyal to the Al-Qaeda linked Al-Shabaab have reportedly fled to the central region following the US airstrikes on their bases in southern Somalia. The commander of Somali National Army (SNA) in Hiran region, Gen Mohamed Ahmed Tredishe, stated that they had received reports of the Al-Shabaab militants vacating parts of Hiran. “Villagers and pastoralists have been reporting that militants who appeared to have abandoned their bases in southern Somalia have reached some areas in the central region,” said Gen Tredishe at a press conference in Beledweyne town, the capital of Hiran region. Beledweyne town lies some 335km north of Mogadishu. The East African
Egypt’s Sufis Will Stay Indoors to Mark Birth of Prophet Muhammad
Egypt’s Sufi worshippers have said they will go ahead with celebrations to commemorate the birth of the Prophet Muhammad despite an attack on a mosque in the Sinai peninsula that left 305 dead and 128 injured. The attack on al-Rawda Mosque in the northern Sinai town of Bir al-Abed on Friday was the most deadly in modern Egyptian history. A bomb tore through the house of worship just after Friday prayers, killing many of those inside including 27 children. Egypt’s public prosecutor, Nabil Sadeq, said that up to 30 militants then surrounded the main entrances to the mosque and 12 of its windows with four-wheel-drive vehicles before opening fire on those inside. The militants reportedly then walked among the dead shooting those they believed were still breathing. The Guardian
Macron’s Africa Tour: Security, Business and New French-African Ties?
Emmanuel Macron begins a three-day tour of Africa Tuesday which will take him to Burkina Faso, the Ivory Coast and Ghana. The French leader wants to redefine his country’s waning relationship with the continent. Will he succeed? Emmanuel Macron promised a fresh start. On Tuesday, he will begin his November 28-30th Africa tour not in Senegal like his predecessors, but in Burkina Faso, a country with a proud tradition of independence. During his first speech, he will lay out his Africa policy not to the country’s politicians or intelligentsia but its youth: 800 students at the University of Ougadougou, from whom he will take questions afterwards. France 24
Ten Soldiers Standing Trial for Allegedly Plotting to Overthrow the Government of Adama Barrow
A military court in Gambia on Monday accused ten soldiers of treason and mutiny in a plot to overthrow the country’s new government, while two others are also being tried for aiding a sergeant to escape. Some elements of the armed forces remain loyal to former president Yahya Jammeh, who was overthrown in January after 22 years in power. But the evidence of a coup plot against the new government has only just emerged. The ten soldiers are alleged to have “prepared or attempted to overthrow the democratically elected government of The Gambia by illegal means which is a violation of the law”, according to a court document seen by AFP. Africa News
AU/EU Summit: Libya’s Modern Slavery, Western Sahara Tensions under Scrutiny in Abidjan
The theme of the three-yearly African Union-European Union summit which starts in Abidjan on Wednesday is “Investing in youth for a sustainable future”. A lot of good work will be done to increase youth employment, for example. Much of the curiosity though is on what the expected 83 leaders representing 55 African and 28 European countries will do about slavery. And will Zimbabwe’s new President Emmerson Mnangagwa, who was only sworn into office last Friday – after a de facto coup – attend? Also, will there be a rumpus between the “Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic” (SADR) and Morocco? SADR is one of the 55 official member states of the AU, though its territory, the Western Sahara, is claimed and occupied by Morocco. Morocco stormed out of the AU’s predecessor, the OAU, in 1984, because the SADR was admitted as a member. Rabat returned to the AU fold this year but it has been creating scenes at previous AU meetings over the SADR’s presence. There was talk a few weeks ago that Cote d’Ivoire has not invited SADR to this week’s summit because of Morocco’s concerns. Eventually it was invited and said it would attend. But will Morocco again create a scene? Daily Maverick
Sudan Says Militia Leader Musa Hilal Arrested
Sudanese authorities have arrested a powerful militia leader suspected of human rights abuses in the Darfur region. Musa Hilal was detained after fighting with Sudanese forces near his hometown in North Darfur, state media reports. He is a former ally of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and led the government-allied Janjaweed militia. Musa Hilal is subject to UN sanctions for his suspected involvement in the Darfur conflict of the mid-2000s. His son Habeeb was also detained in the clashes in North Darfur, Sudan’s defence minister, Lt Gen Ali Mohamed Salem, said. BBC
Sudan General, Nine Soldiers Killed in Darfur Clashes-SUNA
A Sudanese general and nine soldiers were killed in clashes in the war-damaged region of Darfur on Sunday after their vehicles were ambushed by militants, state news SUNA reported on Monday. Conflict in Darfur erupted in 2003 when mainly non-Arab tribes took up arms against Sudan’s Arab-led government and has led to intermittent clashes ever since, though the government announced a unilateral ceasefire last year. Fresh clashes erupted on Sunday following a military effort by government forces in the southern Darfur region to collect weapons from militants, SUNA reported. Reuters
Turkish, Sudanese Intelligence Agencies Catch and Return Alleged Coup Suspect: Anadolu
Turkish and Sudanese intelligence agencies have captured and returned to Turkey a man believed to be a financier for the U.S.-based cleric accused of orchestrating a failed coup in Turkey, the state-run Anadolu news agency said on Monday. Citing security sources, Anadolu said Turkey’s MIT and Sudan’s NISS intelligence agencies carried out a joint operation targeting Memduh Cikmaz in Sudan and returned him to Turkey early on Monday. Cikmaz, labeled by Turkish media a “money safe” for the network of U.S.-based cleric Fethullah Gulen, is believed to have transferred millions of dollars to Gulen’s network from Sudan since he fled there in January 2016, Anadolu said. Reuters
Fake Coastguards and Taxi Cabs Fuel Libya’s Migrant Trade
When uniformed men boarded the overloaded rubber dingy carrying Christelle Timdi and her boyfriend to a new life in Europe she thought the Italian coastguard had come to rescue them. But the men took out guns and began to shoot. “Many people fell in the sea,” the 32-year-old Cameroonian said as she described seeing her boyfriend, Douglas, falling in the water and disappearing into the darkness. The gunmen took Timdi and her fellow passengers back to Libya where they were locked up, raped, beaten and forced to make calls to their families back home for ransom payments to secure their freedom. Timdi, who flew back to Cameroon last week, told her story as international outcry escalated over a video which appeared to show African migrants being traded as slaves in Libya. Reuters
Chad: The Unexpected Migration Debate
Many Chadians are surprised: Since France’s President Emmanuel Macron has been planning to set up asylum centers in Chad, the country has been the focus of a migration debate. But on the ground, it’s not really an issue. Marie Larlem sits in her office near the US Embassy in the heart of the Chadian capital N’Djamena. She runs the Association for the Promotion of Fundamental Liberties in Chad (APLFT) and, together with her 118 employees, deals with numerous socio-political issues such as education and poverty reduction. The organization also provides legal assistance. However, migration is not part of their portfolio. “Europe deals with it a lot. But it’s not much of an issue here,” says Larlem. Chad, with a population of about 14 million, has suddenly become a hot topic in international discourse on migration. Deutsche Welle
President Koroma’s Sacking of Vice President Sam Sumana Was Illegal – Says Ecowas Court
Reports from Abuja, Nigeria, says that the West African Regional Court of Justice – the ECOWAS Court, has today ruled that president Koroma’s sacking of the country’s vice president Sam Sumana in 2015, after accusing Sam Sumana of “abandoning” his duties by seeking political asylum in the US embassy, was illegal. Koroma must now pay restitution damages. This court ruling comes against the earlier decision of the Sierra Leone Supreme Court Judges, who said that president koroma as Supreme ruler of Sierra Leone, has the right to sack the vice president. But the ECOWAS Court of Justice disagrees, and has ordered the government of Sierra Leone to pay the former vice president Sam Sumana his full salary along with other emoluments lost since his dismissal in 2015. The Sierra Leone Telegraph
8 Ugandan Media Workers Charged over Rwanda Attack Report
Eight Ugandan media workers have been criminally charged over a report saying Uganda’s government is planning to overthrow the president of neighbouring Rwanda. The charge sheet against the employees of local tabloid The Red Pepper doesn’t include the more serious charge of treason that police cited last week. They instead are charged with libel, offensive communication and publishing information prejudicial to security. The suspects include five managers and three editors. The story was published November 20. News 24
Guinea Cracks down on Media as Education Strike Grinds on
Guinea suspended broadcasting by a radio station on Monday after it attempted to interview the leader of a teachers’ strike which has drawn thousands of pupils onto the streets in support. Several teachers have been arrested and two teenage protesters killed since the walkout was called on November 13 over salary increases, with President Alpha Conde taking a hard line this weekend on media he described as aiding an “illegal” movement. Alpha Fady Diallo, director of BTA FM in Guinea’s second city, Labe, said that broadcasting was interrupted on Monday morning just as an interview began with key union official Aboubacar Soumah. News 24
Egypt-Ethiopia Tensions over New Dam Rise Again
Ethiopia is pushing on with construction of its massive new dam, despite growing objections from Egypt. The controversial project has strained relations between the two nations, because Egypt, which lies downstream, sees it as a risk to its water supply from the Blue Nile. Al Jazeera’s Mohammed Vall has visited the site of the $5bn project, which will one day be Africa’s biggest hydroelectric dam. Al Jazeera
Are West Africa’s Gunsmiths Making Violence Cheap?
The trafficking and illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons are often discussed in the context of fuelling instability and insecurity in West Africa. Rarely, however, is the issue of locally manufactured weapons given appropriate attention in these conversations. The production of firearms by local artisans is not new to the region. It has existed in many countries – including Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo – for decades, and in Ghana for centuries. Over time, local manufacturers’ knowledge has improved and the level of activity seems to have increased. Firearm production, and the dynamics that shape it, vary considerably from one country to another. The little empirical research available provides a glimpse into it in some countries – for example Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Togo and Nigeria. Studies describe an artisanal, informal and mainly clandestine industry, animated by blacksmiths whose knowledge is passed on to the next generation, and occasionally to apprentices. ISS |
Autoimmunity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A study of 53 long-term-surviving patients.
Various autoantibodies were screened in 53 long-term survivors after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Among them, 40 displayed chronic graft-versus-host disease, with clinical features reminiscent of collagen diseases, especially scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, and autoimmune hepatitis. Antinuclear, anti-smooth muscle, antimitochondria, anti-liver kidney microsome, and antiepidermal antibodies were found at a frequency of 62.2%, 49.0%, 11.3%, 5.6%, and 11.3%, respectively. The screening for native anti-DNA, anti-extractable nuclear antigen, anticentromere, and anti-salivary gland duct antibodies was negative. The presence or absence of acute GVHD made no difference in the frequency of autoantibodies. No correlation between cutaneous hepatic involvement, sicca syndrome, scleroderma status, and autoantibodies could be established. Despite clinical features mimicking collagen vascular diseases, the biological autoimmune profile of GVHD was different. The precise role of autoimmunity in chronic GVHD remains to be defined. |
MetaFilter posts tagged with Space and spaceflighthttp://www.metafilter.com/tags/Space+spaceflight
Posts tagged with 'Space' and 'spaceflight' at MetaFilter.Sun, 27 Nov 2016 05:55:00 -0800Sun, 27 Nov 2016 05:55:00 -0800en-ushttp://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss60Ride the tides of Titan!http://www.metafilter.com/163630/Ride%2Dthe%2Dtides%2Dof%2DTitan
<a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/lets-colonize-titan/">"Saturn's largest moon might be the only place beyond Earth where humans could live"</a> Charles Wohlforth and Amanda R. Hendrix urge some of us to consider becoming Titanians. (<a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13048652">via</a>) <a href="http://www.metafilter.com/147473/Titan-awash-in-oceans-of-liquid-methane-and-full-of-azotosomes">P</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/59490/Titanic-Pirates-of-Methane-Seas">r</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/146112/We-said-this-is-something-strange-and-we-need-your-telescope-badly">e</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/140375/Tax-dollars-hard-at-work-around-Saturn">v</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/123878/Landing-on-Titan-now-in-full-color">i</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/107544/Fly-me-to-the-moons-of-Saturn">o</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/98667/Volcanos-on-Titan-and-Oceans-on-Pluto">u</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/92547/Hey-Whos-been-eating-my-hydrogen">s</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/87605/Visit-Scenic-Titan">l</a><a href="http://www.metafilter.com/69063/AKA-The-Creature-1985">y</a>.
<a href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/visions-of-the-future/images/titan.jpg">Source of post title</a>. tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.163630Sun, 27 Nov 2016 05:55:00 -0800doctornemo6.25 gigabytes from 3 billion miles awayhttp://www.metafilter.com/163215/625%2Dgigabytes%2Dfrom%2D3%2Dbillion%2Dmiles%2Daway
<a href="https://www.wired.com/2016/10/15-months-new-horizons-finally-transmitted-6-25-gigs-pluto-data/">How NASA Got Every Last Piece of Pluto Data Down From New Horizons</a> tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.163215Tue, 01 Nov 2016 16:32:37 -0800Brandon BlatcherPainting the Race to Spacehttp://www.metafilter.com/162071/Painting%2Dthe%2DRace%2Dto%2DSpace
Norman Rockwell, Walt Disney, Wernher von Braun, space habitats and moon landings - <a href="https://howwegettonext.com/the-improbable-bold-history-of-space-concept-art-42c1fb1b6035#.j8tg0jywp">the improbable, bold history of space concept art</a>. tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.162071Mon, 05 Sep 2016 10:28:53 -0800ArtwSoviet ingenuity at its finest!http://www.metafilter.com/160622/Soviet%2Dingenuity%2Dat%2Dits%2Dfinest
<a href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a19966/russia-actually-lights-it-rockets-with-a-giant-match/">Did you know that the Russians ignite Soyuz rockets with giant wooden matches?</a> tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.160622Tue, 28 Jun 2016 10:14:08 -0800Small DollarSpace X nails it againhttp://www.metafilter.com/159986/Space%2DX%2Dnails%2Dit%2Dagain
<a href="http://jalopnik.com/watch-another-unbelievable-spacex-landing-from-the-rock-1779262330">The latest video of a Falcon 9 rocket returning from the upper atmosphere.</a> To be clear, it's just the first stage of the rocket and the video is a time lapse. But this was the most complicated landing yet, as the rocket was launching <a href="http://www.thaicom.net/satellites/future/thaicom8.aspx">a commercial communications satellite</a>, into <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHnhYxOKSoE">geostationary orbit</a>. So the first stage was coming back much faster than before and even SpaceX wasn't sure it could do it. tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.159986Sat, 28 May 2016 08:27:57 -0800Brandon BlatcherThe Curious Link Between the Fly-By Anomaly and the "Impossible" EmDrivehttp://www.metafilter.com/158806/The%2DCurious%2DLink%2DBetween%2Dthe%2DFly%2DBy%2DAnomaly%2Dand%2Dthe%2DImpossible%2DEmDrive
The EmDrive (previously <a href="http://www.metafilter.com/149273/Space-time-and-microwave-ovens">1</a>, <a href="http://www.metafilter.com/141548/NASA-claims-to-have-tested-a-reactionless-space-drive-and-it-works">2</a>) is still getting attention from the scientific community. MIT Technology Review sums it up: <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601299/the-curious-link-between-the-fly-by-anomaly-and-the-impossible-emdrive-thruster/"><em>The Curious Link Between the Fly-By Anomaly and the "Impossible" EmDrive Thruster</em></a> tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.158806Thu, 21 Apr 2016 02:26:33 -0800Harald74The Dragon has landedhttp://www.metafilter.com/158460/The%2DDragon%2Dhas%2Dlanded
Space X has successfully returned the first stage from their Dragon rocket! <a href="https://youtu.be/7pUAydjne5M?t=2154">This is link to the video clip of the landing</a>, here's a link <a href="https://youtu.be/7pUAydjne5M?t=1636">to the launch</a>. It was the eighth mission to the International Space Station for Space X and their fifth attempt to return a first stage back to Earth. This main objective, putting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_(spacecraft)">the Dragon Spacecraft</a> into orbit was successful and it'll dock with the ISS on Sunday.
Returning the stage back to Earth is part of a plan to bring the cost of spaceflight down in price, making it more economical. tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.158460Fri, 08 Apr 2016 14:09:00 -0800Brandon BlatcherCut it out NASA, you don't have the money or a plan for Marshttp://www.metafilter.com/156860/Cut%2Dit%2Dout%2DNASA%2Dyou%2Ddont%2Dhave%2Dthe%2Dmoney%2Dor%2Da%2Dplan%2Dfor%2DMars
"<a href="http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/3/10908408/congress-nasa-journey-to-mars-no-plan-or-money">Members of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology tore apart NASA's Journey to Mars initiative,</a> claiming the program needs a much more defined plan and clear, achievable milestones to work. Those in attendance <a href="http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/02/space-experts-warn-congress-that-nasas-journey-to-mars-is-illusory/">also doubted the feasibility of a long-term Mars mission</a>; they cited the massive amount of money needed for the trip — much more than NASA currently receives year to year — as well as a significant leap in technological development. Because of these enormous challenges, a few witnesses at the hearing suggested that NASA either rethink its approach or <a href="http://www.examiner.com/article/nasa-is-planning-cis-lunar-missions-the-2020s-including-a-moon-landing">divert its attention to a Moon mission instead</a>." tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.156860Fri, 05 Feb 2016 07:52:26 -0800Brandon BlatcherSpace X nails it, except for this one parthttp://www.metafilter.com/156359/Space%2DX%2Dnails%2Dit%2Dexcept%2Dfor%2Dthis%2Done%2Dpart
<a href="http://gizmodo.com/heres-the-behind-the-scenes-story-of-spacexs-rocket-lau-1753482110">On Sunday, Space X launched</a> the <a href="http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/jason3/">JASON-3</a> satellite and also tried to land the first stage of the Falcon 9 rocket on a droneship barge. The satellite reached orbit successfully and the first stage landed perfectly. <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/18/463461790/watch-spacex-rocket-explodes-trying-to-land-on-a-barge">That's when a problem latched on to the mission</a> (video in link). According to Elon Musk, head of Space X:
"Falcon lands on droneship, but the lockout collet doesn't latch on one [of] the four legs, causing it to tip over post-landing. [The] root cause may have been ice buildup due to condensation from heavy fog at liftoff." tag:metafilter.com,2016:site.156359Mon, 18 Jan 2016 13:31:17 -0800Brandon BlatcherYou did not go into space that dayhttp://www.metafilter.com/154469/You%2Ddid%2Dnot%2Dgo%2Dinto%2Dspace%2Dthat%2Dday
Remember that Antares rocket that <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCWunnJXdm0">blew up</a> shorty after launch in October of 2014? <a href="http://gizmodo.com/nasa-releases-harrowing-new-photos-of-last-year-s-antar-1740741248">NASA just released several startling gorgeous photos of it exploding.</a> Added, vaguely similar bonus: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvSBIYbfMIQ">The Kerbal Space Program version of the failed launch</a> tag:metafilter.com,2015:site.154469Thu, 05 Nov 2015 10:41:30 -0800Brandon BlatcherFly To Space!http://www.metafilter.com/153932/Fly%2DTo%2DSpace
<a href="http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2015/02/space-race-dogs-monkeys-fruit-flies/">On 20 February 1947, the first animal made it into space aboard a captured Nazi V-2 rocket.</a> That animal was a fruit fly, accompanied by several compatriots from the same species. Their rocket reached an altitude of 108 kilometers and then parachuted safely back to Earth after completing their 3 minute and 10 second mission. All hail Earth's <a href="http://www.doyourownpestcontrol.com/images/fruitfly.jpg">pioneering space travellers</a>! tag:metafilter.com,2015:site.153932Sun, 18 Oct 2015 07:23:09 -0800fairmettleWhat to expect when you're zipping by Plutohttp://www.metafilter.com/150459/What%2Dto%2Dexpect%2Dwhen%2Dyoure%2Dzipping%2Dby%2DPluto
In about a month, on July 14th at roughly 7:50am EST,the <a href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/news/pictures/20120210_lg.jpg">New Horizons spacecraft</a> will make humanity's closest approach to Pluto. This will produce the best images we've ever seen of the <a href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/pluto.html">dwarf planet</a>, <a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/weird-orbital-behaviors-offer-clues-origins-plutos-moons-180955490/?no-ist">its odd system</a> and <a href="http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-pluto-moons-study-20150603-story.html">bizarre collection of moons</a>. In anticipation of this historic event, <a href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/03101637-pluto-image-expectations.html">Emily Lakdawalla of Planetary.org has written a blog post describing exactly what and when to expect photos and other science data from the encounter.</a> Because New Horizons c<a href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/01300800-talking-to-pluto-is-hard.html">an't communicate with Earth and take photos at the same time</a> (keeping things simple for long deep space travel), we won't be getting any information for the 24 hours surrounding that flyby. We will have some photos and data from Monday June 13, though it won't be high resolution. On Tuesday night, New Horizons will send a short message, taking the 4 and half hours to reach Earth, essentially saying "Survived encounter, will talk to you tomorrow". Then on Thursday and Friday we'll get a series of "First Look" data, along with more data downloads through the weekend pf July 20th. There's pause until September 14, when all the images will be downloaded, but with lossy compression and it'll take 10 weeks to receive all that data. Finally in mid-November, all of the data and images will be downloaded again, but without compression. This'll take about a year.
<a href="http://io9.com/heres-why-the-new-horizons-spacecraft-wont-be-stopping-1710069685">Why isn't New Horizons going to orbit Pluto?</a> Because in order to get there in a reasonable amount of time for us humans, we <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNJNaIoa5Hk">launched</a> the probe at <a href="http://www.spaceanswers.com/solar-system/five-amazing-facts-about-the-new-horizons-probe/">ridiculous speed</a>. We don't have rockets powerful enough to send New Horizons to Pluto in a short amount of time <em>and</em> have enough fuel to slow down enough to achieve orbit. But after zipping by Pluto at 14 miles a second, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons#Kuiper_belt_object_mission">it'll move on to explore the Kuiper belt</a>. tag:metafilter.com,2015:site.150459Sun, 14 Jun 2015 10:11:41 -0800Brandon BlatcherCarpe Atmospherumhttp://www.metafilter.com/149717/Carpe%2DAtmospherum
<a href="http://www.howwegettonext.com/Article/VT-evSgAACorGuP4/how-spaceships-die#.VVjKQ9m9Kc3">How spaceships die</a> tag:metafilter.com,2015:site.149717Sun, 17 May 2015 10:09:29 -0800ArtwLooking out the window, returning to Earthhttp://www.metafilter.com/145538/Looking%2Dout%2Dthe%2Dwindow%2Dreturning%2Dto%2DEarth
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtWzuZ6WZ8E#t=13">This is what it's like to plummet through the atmosphere from space.</a> tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.145538Mon, 22 Dec 2014 08:47:53 -0800Brandon BlatcherThe Cloud Colonies of Venushttp://www.metafilter.com/144786/The%2DCloud%2DColonies%2Dof%2DVenus
While talk of a moonbase or terraforming Mars has tended to dominate the discussion for the first step in human colonization of the solar system, another possibility exists: <a href="http://www.science20.com/robert_inventor/will_we_build_colonies_that_float_over_venus_like_buckminster_fullers_cloud_nine-127573">floating habitats above the cloud tops of Venus</a>. <em>"Our air is a lifting gas on Venus with about half the lifting power of helium on Eath. A habitat filled with normal air will float high in the dense Venus atmosphere, The atmospheric pressure there is the same as Earth sea level (1 bar). Temperatures are perfect for Earth life too, just over 0°C.
Also, just as weather balloons naturally rise to their operating level high in our atmosphere - and don't need to be engineered to hold in high pressures, so it works in the same way for our habitats on Venus. They float at a level where the pressure is equal inside and out, and can be of light construction. It is arguably the most hospitable region for humanity in our solar system, outside of Earth itself."</em> tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.144786Mon, 24 Nov 2014 03:09:22 -0800fairmettleAntares rocket explodes at the Wallops Flight Facilityhttp://www.metafilter.com/144001/Antares%2Drocket%2Dexplodes%2Dat%2Dthe%2DWallops%2DFlight%2DFacility
An Antares rocket with the Orbital Sciences Corporation <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_CRS_Orb-3">Cygnus CRS Orb-3</a> spacecraft bound for the International Space Station <a href="http://youtu.be/RypXOIr5x3Q">exploded</a> today shortly after liftoff from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. <a href="http://www.cnet.com/news/antares-rocket-carrying-unmanned-cygnus-spacecraft-explodes-at-nasa-launchpad/">Reports</a> are that a first stage engine failed to ignite. Orbital Sciences Corporation has issued a <a href="http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/MissionUpdates/Orb-3/">statement</a> about the mishap. tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.144001Tue, 28 Oct 2014 17:28:51 -0800Rob RocketsNASA orders up a couple of space taxishttp://www.metafilter.com/142808/NASA%2Dorders%2Dup%2Da%2Dcouple%2Dof%2Dspace%2Dtaxis
It's official, Boeing's <a href="http://www.boeing.com/boeing/defense-space/space/ccts/index.page">CST-100</a> and Space X's <a href="http://www.spacex.com/dragon">Dragon</a> have been <a href="http://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/boeing-spacex-win-nasa-commercial-crew-award-180952722/?no-ist">chosen to launch astronauts to the International Space Station by 2017</a>, ending Russia's dominance as the sole provider of rides to the ISS, <a href="http://behindtheblack.com/behind-the-black/points-of-information/the-russian-takeover-of-crimea-once-again-threatens-american-access-to-space/">which they haven't been shy about using for leverage</a>.
Meanwhile, <a href="http://www.al.com/business/index.ssf/2014/09/nasa_names_budget_schedule_man.html">develop of the Space Launch System, designed for travel beyond low earth orbit, continues for its maiden launch in 2018</a>. After competition between those two companies and Sierra Nevada's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Chaser">Dream Chaser</a>, NASA has awarded 4.2 billion to Boeing and 2.6 billion to Space X to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Development">develop, test and fly spacecraft from American soil to the ISS</a>. tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.142808Tue, 16 Sep 2014 19:11:07 -0800Brandon BlatcherPsst, Venus. What's up with those holes in your atmosphere?http://www.metafilter.com/142680/Psst%2DVenus%2DWhats%2Dup%2Dwith%2Dthose%2Dholes%2Din%2Dyour%2Datmosphere
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Express">Venus Express</a>, <a href="https://www.metafilter.com/46631/Road-trip-to-venus">ESA's first spacecraft to the planet</a>, has been having a good ol' time <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkjiF7c26mE">skimming the surface at an altitude of 81 miles <a href="http://www.universetoday.com/12690/venus-express-detects-water-vapour-in-low-altitude-clouds/"></a>, <a href="http://www.universetoday.com/110222/rainbow-on-venus-seen-for-first-time/">finding rainbows</a> and <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-research-helps-unravel-mysteries-of-the-venusian-atmosphere/index.html#.VBMQLPldV8H">investigating those holes in the planet's atmosphere</a>.</a> tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.142680Fri, 12 Sep 2014 08:42:54 -0800Brandon BlatcherBut can it core a apple?http://www.metafilter.com/142157/But%2Dcan%2Dit%2Dcore%2Da%2Dapple
On Thursday, NASA <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/august/nasa-and-commercial-partners-review-summer-of-advancements/#.U_iS0Bb7_Bp">released</a> the names and designs of t<a href="http://www.vox.com/2014/8/23/6056873/commercial-crew-nasa-spacex-boeing">hree vehicles that could replace the space shuttle as means of sending our astronauts into space.</a> <a href="http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/05/30/dragon-v2-spacexs-next-generation-manned-spacecraft">SpaceX's Dragon V2</a> was <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEQrmDoIRO8">unveiled</a> in May 2014.
<a href="http://www.beyondearth.com/space-systems/commercial-crew-transportation-system">Boeing's CST-100</a>, released <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdQfdKkr46U">last summer.</a>. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVzzHlOCDxk">Drop test.</a>
<a href="http://www.sncspace.com/ss_space_exploration.php">Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPSJLqwljKA&list=UUtwO156POAv4Hnso14OwyMA">Highlights video</a>
Bloomberg News: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0i1pdHJmzM">Star Wars: The Battle to Build the Next Shuttle</a>
This past June, a review of NASA's human spaceflight program concluded that the agency has an <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nrc-human-spaceflight-report-says-nasa-strategy-cant-get-humans-to-mars/2014/06/04/e6e6060c-ebd6-11e3-9f5c-9075d5508f0a_story.html">"unsustainable and unsafe strategy that will prevent the United States from achieving a human landing on Mars in the foreseeable future."</a> tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.142157Sat, 23 Aug 2014 06:35:22 -0800roomthreeseventeenRendezvous with a comethttp://www.metafilter.com/141695/Rendezvous%2Dwith%2Da%2Dcomet
<a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination">Today at approximately 08:45am GMT</a>, the <a href="http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/47366-fact-sheet/">Rosetta spacecraft</a> entered orbit of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko after a 10 year journey. Now in orbit 100km above the surface, Rosetta is already sending back <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Highlights/Postcards_from_Rosetta">amazing images</a> of a <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/spacecraft-rosetta-arrives-at-comet-67p-after-decadelong-journey-20140806-100gux.html">rocky, rough</a> <a href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/rubber-ducky-space-07172014/">rubber duck</a> shaped comet. Rosetta will now begin a series of orbital passes of the comet, moving closer and closer while selecting a landing site for the Philae Lander. Both Rosetta and Philae will stay with the comet as it approaches the <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/rosetta-spacecraft-reaches-comet-67p-churyumov-gerasimenko-1.2728228">inner solar system at 55,000 km/hr, becoming more active.</a>
The arrival prompted an exchange via Twitter with <a href="https://twitter.com/ESA_Rosetta/status/497030376268001280">Captain Kirk</a> about the mission and the planned away team.
A replay of the <a href="http://www.livestream.com/eurospaceagency">livestream</a> of the arrival is available from the ESA.
Rosetta previously (<a href="http://www.metafilter.com/135865/One-small-alarm-for-a-spacecraft-one-giant-mission-for-mankind">1</a>, <a href="http://www.metafilter.com/93724/We-know-you-youll-never-be-just-a-speck-of-light-again">2</a>, <a href="http://www.metafilter.com/59004/Rosetta-Mars-Flyby-Pics">3</a>) on Metafilter tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.141695Wed, 06 Aug 2014 09:28:12 -0800nubsTax dollars hard at work around Saturnhttp://www.metafilter.com/140375/Tax%2Ddollars%2Dhard%2Dat%2Dwork%2Daround%2DSaturn
<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/cassini/10-years-20140625/">Ten years ago</a>, the <a href="http://www.weirdwarp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/The-components-of-the-Cassini-spacecraft.jpg">Cassini–Huygens spacecraft</a> became the first to orbit the <a href="http://vimeo.com/33933151">planet Saturn</a>. After <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZC4u0clEc0">dropping off Huygens on the moon Titan</a>, Cassini proceeded to spend its time exploring the Saturn system, <a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/04/15/saturn_cassini_may_have_photographed_the_birth_of_a_moon.html">watching the birth of a new moon</a>, <a href="http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cassinifeatures/10thannivdiscoveries/"> photographing water vents on Enceladus, discovering methane lakes on Titan, spotting hurricanes on Saturn</a>, <a href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2003/sep/24/general-relativity-passes-cassini-test">confirming aspects of general relativity</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDNP_GIFuqM">all sorts of other stuff</a>. Enjoy these <a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/06/30/cassini_s_10th_anniversary_the_mission_s_greatest_images_of_saturn.html">stunning</a> <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/12/images-of-saturn-from-the-cassini-mission/100653/">photographs</a>, explore the <a href="http://www.universetoday.com/98008/timeline-15-years-of-cassini/">timeline of its exploration</a> and <a href="http://marvel.wikia.com/Saturn">marvel</a> at <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/04/20/science/space/20cassini_graphic.html?ref=space">the complex orbital mechanics</a> that <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/science/space/20cassini.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">keep Cassini flying</a> in Saturn's system with a tiny fuel supply. tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.140375Tue, 01 Jul 2014 06:58:29 -0800Brandon BlatcherThe Apollo 11 flight planhttp://www.metafilter.com/140330/The%2DApollo%2D11%2Dflight%2Dplan
Presented for your enjoyment and perusal: <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11final-fltpln.pdf">the Apollo 11 Flight Plan</a>, and other fun reading material. The <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/">Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal</a> appears to have bitrotted somewhat, but hidden highlights include the <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/A11CSD.pdf">Apollo 11 Post-Flight Report on Suits, PLSSs, etc.</a>, which describes how well equipment actually worked (worth it for reports in "earth pounds"), and the <a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/nasa58040.pdf">Apollo Lunar Descent and Ascent Trajectories</a>, which documents "Planning and post-flight analysis for Apollo 11". tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.140330Sun, 29 Jun 2014 12:40:25 -0800TheNewWazooOne small alarm for a spacecraft, one giant mission for mankindhttp://www.metafilter.com/135865/One%2Dsmall%2Dalarm%2Dfor%2Da%2Dspacecraft%2Done%2Dgiant%2Dmission%2Dfor%2Dmankind
The <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/The_Rosetta_orbiter">Rosetta spacecraft</a> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqcDtRmJbKY">just woke up</a> after a 32 month nap, some 500 million miles from Earth (<a href="http://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2014/01/19/where-in-heck-is-rosetta/">interactive location tool</a>) in preparation for its encounter with <a href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Comet_67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko">comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko</a>. Rosetta will enter orbit around the comet in May of this year, map it and <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzfJlXHiagw">then drop off a little lander</a> named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)">Philae</a> in November, which will be the first manmade craft to soft land on a comet. Once anchored, the Philae will study how the composition of a comment changes as it approaches the Sun.
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siu2sxQ4YWI">An animation of the mission can be seen here.</a> tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.135865Tue, 21 Jan 2014 11:09:12 -0800Brandon BlatcherWe've planned too many wonders for one little starhttp://www.metafilter.com/135377/Weve%2Dplanned%2Dtoo%2Dmany%2Dwonders%2Dfor%2Done%2Dlittle%2Dstar
<blockquote>
"In '<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_ZBwXsIrkU#t=0m41s">Somebody Will</a>' I wanted to get across why I see sci-fi and fantasy fandom as a more positive, productive world than many of the hobbies and communities common in our culture. [...] The hardest part of <a href="http://www.sassafrassmusic.com/songs/sci-fi-fantasy-fandom/somebody-will/">the piece</a> is <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCfRHtf-vPI">singing it to the end</a> without crying."
</blockquote> <a href="http://www.sassafrassmusic.com">Sassafrass</a> is an a capella <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filk_music">filk</a> group that performs <a href="http://sassafrass.bandcamp.com/album/sundown-preview">ambitious, nerdy choral music</a>. tag:metafilter.com,2014:site.135377Mon, 06 Jan 2014 08:34:47 -0800Sokka shot firstLooking out the window while landing on the moonhttp://www.metafilter.com/133083/Looking%2Dout%2Dthe%2Dwindow%2Dwhile%2Dlanding%2Don%2Dthe%2Dmoon
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrKHtXxYlkk&noredirect=1">Simultaneous video and selectively played audio of every Apollo lunar landing on one screen</a>. (<a href="http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum29/HTML/001515.html">via Collect Space</a>) The video was captured by the <a href="http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19720962000">Data Acquisition Camera (DAC)</a>, which was pointed out of the <a href="http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum29/HTML/001102.html">Lunar Module Pilot's</a> window. It was one of <a href="http://www.myspacemuseum.com/apollocams.htm">several cameras</a> used to capture <a href="http://www.apolloarchive.com/apollo_gallery.html">images of the Apollo program</a> tag:metafilter.com,2013:site.133083Tue, 22 Oct 2013 06:42:22 -0800Brandon Blatcher |
Q:
Apache reverse proxy configuration from port 80 to port 8000
Basically I want to forward all the traffic from port 80 to port 8000.
Here is my config file:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ProxyPass / http://rentauto-sofia.com:8000/
ProxyPassReverse / http://rentauto-sofia.com:8000/
</VirtualHost>
A:
Enable the following which are required modules for running apache proxy server
sudo a2enmod ssl
sudo a2enmod proxy
sudo a2enmod proxy_balancer
sudo a2enmod proxy_http
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// DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE - it is machine generated -*- c++ -*-
#ifndef __javax_management_MBeanParameterInfo__
#define __javax_management_MBeanParameterInfo__
#pragma interface
#include <javax/management/MBeanFeatureInfo.h>
extern "Java"
{
namespace javax
{
namespace management
{
class MBeanParameterInfo;
}
}
}
class javax::management::MBeanParameterInfo : public ::javax::management::MBeanFeatureInfo
{
public:
MBeanParameterInfo(::java::lang::String *, ::java::lang::String *, ::java::lang::String *);
virtual ::java::lang::Object * clone();
virtual jboolean equals(::java::lang::Object *);
virtual ::java::lang::String * getType();
virtual jint hashCode();
virtual ::java::lang::String * toString();
private:
static const jlong serialVersionUID = 7432616882776782338LL;
::java::lang::String * __attribute__((aligned(__alignof__( ::javax::management::MBeanFeatureInfo)))) type;
public:
static ::java::lang::Class class$;
};
#endif // __javax_management_MBeanParameterInfo__
|
Are you a passionate Ravens fan that has always dreamed about writing about the team you love? Well Purple Reign is looking to add some new contributors this season to join our talented team of writers. This is an unpaid position, but we do have a lot to offer in return for your time. You’ll join a respected staff of contributors and be a part of a passionate group of Ravens fans. Over the years, our writers have been able to interview various Ravens players, be weekly guests on 105.7 The Fan, or sit in the pressbox during a Ravens preseason game.
We like folks that can think “outside the box” and have their own unique opinion they want to share.
If you are interested in joining our team at P/R, send me an email: purplereignshow@gmail.com
In that email please include your:
Name
Twitter handle
Links to your previous work (not a requirement)
NFL Draft? Fantasy Football? Salary Cap? Film Study? What voice do you hope to add to P/R this season? |
package datastore
import (
"log"
"os"
"sync"
"github.com/jmoiron/modl"
"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
_ "github.com/lib/pq"
)
// DB is the global database.
var DB = &modl.DbMap{Dialect: modl.PostgresDialect{}}
// DBH is a modl.SqlExecutor interface to DB, the global database. It is better
// to use DBH instead of DB because it prevents you from calling methods that
// could not later be wrapped in a transaction.
var DBH modl.SqlExecutor = DB
var connectOnce sync.Once
// Connect connects to the PostgreSQL database specified by the PG* environment
// variables. It calls log.Fatal if it encounters an error.
func Connect() {
connectOnce.Do(func() {
setDBCredentialsFromRDSEnv()
var err error
DB.Dbx, err = sqlx.Open("postgres", "")
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error connecting to PostgreSQL database (using PG* environment variables): ", err)
}
DB.Db = DB.Dbx.DB
})
}
var createSQL []string
// Create the database schema. It calls log.Fatal if it encounters an error.
func Create() {
if err := DB.CreateTablesIfNotExists(); err != nil {
log.Fatal("Error creating tables: ", err)
}
for _, query := range createSQL {
if _, err := DB.Exec(query); err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Error running query %q: %s", query, err)
}
}
}
// Drop the database schema.
func Drop() {
// TODO(sqs): raise errors?
DB.DropTables()
}
// transact calls fn in a DB transaction. If dbh is a transaction, then it just
// calls the function. Otherwise, it begins a transaction, rolling back on
// failure and committing on success.
func transact(dbh modl.SqlExecutor, fn func(dbh modl.SqlExecutor) error) error {
var sharedTx bool
tx, sharedTx := dbh.(*modl.Transaction)
if !sharedTx {
var err error
tx, err = dbh.(*modl.DbMap).Begin()
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer func() {
if err != nil {
tx.Rollback()
}
}()
}
if err := fn(tx); err != nil {
return err
}
if !sharedTx {
if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
// setDBCredentialsFromRDSEnv copies RDS env vars (RDS_*) to PostgreSQL env vars
// (PG*) for use when deploying to AWS.
func setDBCredentialsFromRDSEnv() {
m := map[string]string{
"PGUSER": "RDS_USERNAME",
"PGPASSWORD": "RDS_PASSWORD",
"PGDATABASE": "RDS_DB_NAME",
"PGHOST": "RDS_HOSTNAME",
"PGPORT": "RDS_PORT",
}
for pgName, rdsName := range m {
if rdsVal := os.Getenv(rdsName); rdsVal == "" {
continue
}
if err := os.Setenv(pgName, os.Getenv(rdsName)); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
}
|
You can wear the beverage on your ear with the earclip or earring option, accessorise your bag with the keychain, or simply just have the 'kosong' option! |
[ Altona ] { size: 3,2; }
[ Hamburg ] { size: 2,2; }
[ Hamburg ] --> [ Altona ]
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Key MessagesAssessing the organization networks for service delivery can provide vital information upon which to benchmark health system developments in post-conflict settings.Taking organization networks (diversity, size and function) as an infrastructure for service delivery, the study findings illustrate differences in this resource across post-conflict districts, vital services (HIV treatment, maternal delivery) and health system strengthening (health workforce) roles.The methods and findings illustrated here can help decision makers to track and steer health system developments by leveraging and adjusting the organization networks (membership size, connections and roles) to optimize their distribution and increase the integration of service delivery systems and platforms in post-conflict settings.
Introduction
============
As social and political conflicts continue to emerge or remain unresolved, the health status of populations caught up in these situations remains a major public health challenge. Estimates show that about one-sixth of the world population is resident in conflict-affected situations ([@czx071-B14]). There is also a growing interest from the scientific community and policy makers to generate new knowledge about how best to safeguard and reconstruct the systems that provide health and other social goods and services to these communities ([@czx071-B8]). In this quest for evidence, many research communities have focused rightly on the needs, rights and obligations to preserve dignity and welfare needs of vulnerable communities. Yet, much of the published literature has focused on the short-term health and social needs of the communities, often emphasizing the humanitarian response to crises [@czx071-B4]. There is still relatively little research about how to re-construct systems for the sustainable provision of health services in post-conflict situations ([@czx071-B40]; [@czx071-B36]).
Restoring health services is an essential component of any recovery program that follows prolonged periods of conflict ([@czx071-B21]; [@czx071-B23]). The period following conflict manifests the interim nature of political, social and health systems in these settings, also reflecting the transitional shift between emergency, recovery and reconstruction phases ([@czx071-B15]; [@czx071-B18]; [@czx071-B46]). The transition from recovery to reconstruction phase forms the context for this study. This transition is characterized by changes in the mix of organizations or a shift in their missions from short-term to longer-term development objectives ([@czx071-B47]).
Increasingly referred to as 'fragile states', post-conflict health systems are characterized by high poverty levels, negligible public service provision and weak structures for governance. These settings present unique challenges especially for those concerned with health system strengthening and long-term assurance of other programs that form the social safety net for these communities. The main challenges include (1) the levels of capacity and trust enjoyed by the state, (2) multiplicity of health-related actors, (3) short-term focus of funding organizations, (4) drifting objectives and commitment of humanitarian organizations and (5) dynamic shifts in resources and capacity of the social safety nets that support the communities in these situations ([@czx071-B23]; [@czx071-B36]).
Background
==========
The Acholi region in Northern Uganda experienced 20 years of armed conflict (1986--2006) between the Government of Uganda (GoU) and insurgents associated with the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), which left a legacy of destroyed infrastructure, insufficient workforce and limited state financing for meeting social sector needs ([@czx071-B45]). During the conflict, the displaced population was concentrated in internally displaced people's Internally Displaced People camps where basic health services were provided by a mix of government and humanitarian organizations. The workforce was made up of many expatriates and the financing provided by external donors. Some estimates show that, towards the end of the conflict, between 2004 and 2006, there were over 300 health-related organizations in the region, largely concentrated in the Gulu district ([@czx071-B20]). Despite the absence of a formal peace agreement between the GoU and the LRA, since 2006 there has been a cessation of hostilities that has allowed programs for reconstruction to take root.
Where the state has been a major party to the conflict, as in Northern Uganda, the commitment, capacity and trust it garner to offer programs may be limited early in the post-conflict period. This is often exacerbated by early recovery conditions ([@czx071-B47]; [@czx071-B23]) characterized by transitioning from well-financed humanitarian objectives and expatriate workforce to new circumstances and require different programming approaches for re-establishing state capacity and sustainable programs. To build sustainability and resilience in health system reconstruction, the [@czx071-B33] proposed principles that include, among others, the rebuilding of state institutions and their legitimacy, local ownership of development programs, prioritization and appropriate sequencing, and coherence in both aid instruments and policy. [@czx071-B23] identified structural dilemmas during the transition from short-term humanitarian objectives to sustainable and resilient health systems ([@czx071-B23]). These include reduced financing of social services after the active phase of conflicts and the exodus of humanitarian organizations early in the post-conflict period. In northern Uganda, as the conflict waned in 2006, many providers of humanitarian services were phased out, a situation that created a depletion of service availability and capacity and generated discontinuities in health system functioning ([@czx071-B29]). Nonetheless, evidence in Uganda and elsewhere shows that a multiplicity of development oriented organizations become mobilized and ~~proceeded to~~ initiate programs to fill the gaps created by the departure of humanitarian agencies ([@czx071-B12]; [@czx071-B36]).
These studies also illustrate the opportunities and challenges centred on how to steer the proliferation of organizations and development agendas in post-conflict settings. Although standard protocols for health service delivery have been developed to guide humanitarian providers ([@czx071-B42]), humanitarian agencies have often inadequately supported indigenous capacity during either the emergency or rehabilitation periods thus increasing the risk of little being left behind when they exit ([@czx071-B47]; [@czx071-B31]; [@czx071-B17]) leaving a deficit of capacity and experience. Effective stewardship of health systems requires that the capacity of domestic institutions be strengthened to lead the transition from short-term humanitarian response to long-term reconstruction and development stages. Among the central elements in building state capacity for steering health systems development is access to information about the means and outcomes of development programs ([@czx071-B16]), including, as noted by the [@czx071-B33]:69), 'local aid information management systems \[which\] should be charged with mapping resource flows against priorities'.
Although strong evidence exists about short-term outcomes, the evidence about the means---the underlying systems and processes (i.e. the infrastructure) that support and sustain program implementation---is scanty ([@czx071-B20]; [@czx071-B9]). Strategic steering of health systems development in the post-conflict phase would benefit from greater attention to the means---particularly the process of how organizations create and cultivate networks across public and private sectors to address public health goals ([@czx071-B34]) and the contribution they make to re-establishing the wider health system during the post conflict period.
Inadequate management of a dynamic and 'congested' set of actors, however, is not unique to post-conflict settings ([@czx071-B7]; [@czx071-B39]), for example, highlight the 'severe fragmentation' of HIV services in New York, which 'render crucial the capacity to develop, modify, and maintain rich inter-organizational and inter-system linkages'([@czx071-B39]). While innovations such as establishing inter-organization partnerships and coalitions to deliver coordinated health services across many actors have been evaluated outside post-conflict settings ([@czx071-B39]; [@czx071-B3]; [@czx071-B48])~~,~~ the main challenge in post-conflict settings is that state institutions operate with weaker stewardship capabilities. State capacity to steer these partnerships remains essential ([@czx071-B2]; [@czx071-B16]; [@czx071-B25]). [@czx071-B21] recommend that programs aimed at rebuilding the health system should invest in state-led coordination of health actors as a means to achieving stronger ownership by the government or local authorities. Affected post-conflict states, therefore, need to rapidly acquire capacity to coordinate the multitude of organizations engaged in reconstruction programs. This becomes particularly complex with multiple organizations entering and exiting post-conflict settings, affecting the composition, function and performance of the health system. Information about these dynamics and their impacts on the health system developments is rarely available to decision makers. With a few exceptions ([@czx071-B3]), diagnostic tools to aid decision makers in assessing the organizational infrastructure and function for service delivery are scanty. Given the rapidly changing organizational dynamics in post-conflict health systems, designing and deploying diagnostic tools to fill this information gap is vital for the overall purpose of building capacity for system stewardship for local and national governments.
In this study, we investigated the organizational infrastructure supporting the provision of selected priority health services in three post-conflict districts in northern Uganda. A more thorough understanding of the organizational architecture may lead to strengthened collaboration as well as contribute to wider benefits. As emphasized by [@czx071-B48], p. 542), 'cooperation in inter-organizational networks can generate benefits through sharing resources, knowledge and core competencies of involved actors, which may lead to accomplishment of common goals, increased performance and innovative behaviour' ([@czx071-B48]). Our aim in this paper is to examine, through social network analysis, the type, size and relational networks among state and non-state organizations involved in the provision of services for HIV treatment, maternal delivery and workforce strengthening functions at a district level. This research was led by the following research questions: Which organizations support the three selected services---i.e. maternal delivery, HIV treatment and workforce strengthening functions?How are the inter-organization relationships structured (centrality and integration) in each district to support the selected services?What service roles and objectives are played by the most central organizations in these networks?
This study draws on social capital and social network theories to understand the inter-organizational relationships and dependencies in providing health services at a district level. [@czx071-B26] defines social capital as 'resources embedded in one's social networks, resources that can be accessed or mobilized through ties in the networks' ([@czx071-B37]; [@czx071-B26]). Social network theory uses the structure and density of relational connections to explain variation in capacity and performance of member organization and the network as a whole ([@czx071-B38]). This study is based on the positive notion of organizational networks---where more connection with other organizations is perceived to generate superior collaborative capital for the provision of health services to the communities ([@czx071-B19]).
Methods
=======
This is a 3-district case study using the social network approach to data collection and analysis. Data collection sought to establish the relational architecture or networks among organizations supporting the provision of HIV treatment, maternal delivery services and organizations contributing to strengthening the health workforce in post-conflict northern Uganda. In this study, a relationship was defined as any linkage \[support/activity/engagement\] between the respondent organization and another external organization for any of the three services above. Four types of relationship were defined; administrative, fund holder, service delivery, community mobilization see [Figure 1](#czx071-F1){ref-type="fig"}. The districts of Gulu, Kitgum and Amuru were purposively selected from the Acholi sub-region, the epicenter of the armed and social conflict in northern Uganda ([@czx071-B29]). Among the three districts, Amuru is a relatively 'young' district having been split off from Gulu district in 2006 ([@czx071-B29]), while the other districts are older and better established. Data were collected from January to March 2013---a period that can be characterized as the recovery or reconstruction phase in the post-conflict discourse in Acholi sub-region ([@czx071-B45]).
{#czx071-F1}
[Table 1](#czx071-T1){ref-type="table"} provides a comparative picture about key indices across the three study districts. Table 1.Descriptive information of the study districts - 2012--2013 (Source [@czx071-B27])GuluKitgumAmuruPopulation (est. mid year 2012)385 600238 300174 000Number of estimated annual pregnancies20 05112 3929048Percent pregnant women covered by HIV testing81%44%42%Percent of pregnant women delivering in a health facility66%41%29%Number of eligible persons for HIV treatment (include children)16,04699167240Percent coverage for HIV treatment programs175%73%7%Proportion of filled Health Workforce posts compare to approved posts77%67%77%Number of health centres513535
The services selected for this study were (1) treatment for HIV; (2) Maternal delivery, and (3) health workforce strengthening. These services were selected on the basis of their prominence in post-conflict health system reconstruction in Uganda and the expected integration among them that is necessary to ensure optimal system effectiveness. Programs for the treatment of HIV were highly visible, enjoying relatively high donor financing and participation of many state and non-state organizations in Uganda ([@czx071-B20]). Relative to the national average of 7.3, the HIV prevalence in study areas was 10.1% ([@czx071-B28])---thus providing opportunities to leverage HIV funds for broader systems improvements ([@czx071-B1]). Concerns for improving maternal delivery services in the study region were high among national stakeholders especially because the population was moving away from a refugee camp model of service provision to a rural settlement model where service delivery systems had collapsed ([@czx071-B45]). Given the enormous health workforce shortage in post conflict areas, insights about recruitment, re-skilling and retention of the health workforce in the rural settings was considered vital to re-establishing the health system for the transition from camps of internally displaced population to rural resettlement in the Acholi sub-region ([@czx071-B29])
Sampling of organizations
-------------------------
The findings are based on 87 organizations, which were identified from 48 interviews using a 2-step snowball approach ([@czx071-B10]; [@czx071-B49]). The purpose of the 2-step snowball was to generate a fairly complete set of organizational relationships (network) in each district. A complete set of organization relationships is a requirement for the socio-metric approach to the data analysis (square matrices) used in this study. The step-1 interviews involved the District Health Offices (DHOs) and service provider organizations (SPOs) such as hospitals and level III and IV health centres. The list of organizations generated from step-1 (first order) interviews was used to identify the respondent organizations for step-2 interviews. Most organizations interviewed in step-2 (second order) were those involved in supporting the DHOs and SPOs. Broadly, step-2 interviews involved fund-holder, civil society, and administrative organizations that were providing finances, community mobilization and coordination activities respectively. If not already interviewed in steps 1 and 2, organizations generated from step-2 interviews (third order) were not followed up for interviews but information about the roles they play in supporting the respondent organizations was collected and analyzed. Most of the third-order organizations were located outside of the study area and many were located outside Uganda.
Senior staff member in respondent organizations were interviewed after securing their informed consent and permission from the organization. In a few instances, the required information about the organization was generated by interviewing 2--3 different people. At each stage, respondents were asked to list separately, all organizations that supported (1) HIV treatment, (2) maternal delivery and (3) workforce strengthening functions in the previous financial year (2011--12). For workforce strengthening, actions such as recruitment, salary payment, in-service training, and provision of incentives were used to list organization. A standard set of questions (Likert-scale 1--10 lowest to highest) was used to generate information about how vital each relationship was to the performance of the respondent organization. Finally, alongside the socio-metric interviews above, open-ended questions were asked to establish the main objectives at the centre of the relationship between the respondent agency (ego) and each listed partner (alter). For respondent organizations that had many partner organizations, the interviews were conducted in two separate appointments each lasting about hour.
Data transformations, analysis and visualization
------------------------------------------------
For this paper, the relational (socio-metric) data were organized in symmetrized and dichotomized square matrices and analyzed using UCINET analytical software for social network analysis ([@czx071-B6]). Separate matrices for HIV treatment, maternal delivery and for district workforce strengthening were created for each district. Two data transformations were made to facilitate the comparative analysis of the service networks (matrices). First, the data for each service network (matrix) was converted to a square matrix (a matrix with the same number of rows and columns.) that had a full list (87) of organizations found across the three districts. This was aimed at generating comparable matrices for analysis. Secondly, a fourth matrix (network) was created by adding all the three (HIV, Maternal and Workforce) matrices in each study district. This created an aggregated matrix in each district (composed of all the three services) and enabled the comparison of organization structure across the three study districts. Structural differences in the district-level and service-level networks were explored using correlations matrices in UCINET analytical software ([@czx071-B6]). The extent the network ties were addressing each of the three selected services was explored by the proportion of ties in each service network compared with the overall (aggregate network for each district (see [Figure 4](#czx071-F4){ref-type="fig"}). For visualization and applied interpretations, the matrices are displayed as networks made up of nodes and ties that respectively represent each organization and the inter-organizational relationship. The core-periphery algorithm in UCINET analytical software ([@czx071-B5]) was used to identify organizations that were more highly connected (core) from those that were less connected (periphery)
Also analyzed was the qualitative data generated from the open questions regarding the purpose served by the listed organization (alter) with regard to HIV treatment, maternal delivery and strengthening the health workforce in the respondent's organization (ego). Instead of covering all the 87 organizations, the qualitative analysis focused on 38 organizations that were identified as core (high degree of connections) within the district networks. Transcripts about organization with a centrality measure of 3 (and above) were used for the qualitative analysis. For the purpose of identifying the main functional areas supported within each relationship (dyad), manual coding and categorizing the data was done separately for each service. Organizations were categorized into four functional types according to the most prevalent functions they served in the network. As shown in [Table 3](#czx071-T3){ref-type="table"}, these functional categories are (1) Service providers, (2) Fund holders, (3) Community-based Civil society organizations (CSOs) and (4) Administrative organizations. Table 3.Relational objectives by core network organizations in Gulu and KitgumRelational objectivesService providersFund holdersCommunity CSOsAdmin. organizations*Maternal Health*1. Service provision for family planning ++ ++++--2. Support logistics---drugs, transfusion ++ ++ ++++3. Funds for support supervision+ +++++4. Support maternal delivery services ++ ++++ ++5. Provides Funds for operational expenses-- ++++6. Support PMTCT services ++ ++ ++ ++++7. Provide transport/communication+ ++++*HIV Treatment*1. Support service provision in HIV ++ ++ ++ +++ ++2. Provide tech assistance to the district-- ++ +++ ++3. Supports logistics, ARVs and guidelines+ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++4. Health information and records +++ ++ +++ ++5. Coordinate district health programs++ +++6. Supports infrastructure/building-- ++ ++ ++7. Support laboratories e.g. CD4 Machines-- ++ +++ ++8. Provide food for HIV infected persons-- ++ ++--*Support to Health Workforce*1. Support recruitment of laboratory staff-- +++++2. Support capacity building/training ++ ++++3. Pay Salary/incentives for retention ++ ++ ++++ +++4. Training of workers in HIV/Maternal ++ +++ ++ ++5. Recruitment of Midwives ++ +++ ++[^1]
Findings
--------
[Table 2](#czx071-T2){ref-type="table"} provides the total number of organizations that were participating in the provision of HIV treatment, maternal delivery and contributing to health workforce strengthening services across the three study districts. The table also provides the mean number of organizations relating with the respondent unit (Degree), the density of the interconnections in the network and the total inter-organizational ties that existed for each service in the study districts. Table 2.Number, density, degree and network ties in study districtsNo. active organizationsMean degree[^a^](#tblfn2){ref-type="table-fn"} (StdDev)Total network ties[^b^](#tblfn3){ref-type="table-fn"}Maternal Services---Gulu523.5 (5.0)260Maternal Services---Kitgum342.5 (4.5)192Maternal Service---Amuru241.0 (2.0)64HIV Treatment Services---Gulu544.0 (6.2)300HIV Treatment Services---Kitgum392.7 (4.4)198HIV Treatment Services---Amuru241.0 (2.0)64Workforce Functions---Gulu231.0 (2.0)70Workforce Functions---Kitgum241.0 (1.9)90Workforce Functions---Amuru180.5 (1.2)40[^2][^3]
Gulu district had the highest number of organizations participating in maternal delivery and HIV treatment services. In contrast, Amuru district had the least. The network size for HIV treatment and that of maternal delivery services involved a large set of organizations compared to the network supporting health workforce strengthening services. The density of a network here refers to the total number of ties divided by the total number of possible ties in the network. To enable comparison for network density, a square matrix for each service and workforce consisted of all the 87 organizations found in the three districts. The number of ties and density of the collaborating organizations in Gulu was about four times higher than the ones in Amuru. The ties and densities in Kitgum district lay in between the measures in Gulu and Amuru.
### Network structure and membership
The visual graphs of the network ([Figure 1](#czx071-F1){ref-type="fig"}) illustrate the relational structure of the organizations supporting HIV treatment in the three study districts, while [Figure 2](#czx071-F2){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the structure for organizations that were supporting each service in Gulu district. Different colours are used for different organization categories and their position in the network. For instance, the Gulu district graph shows more organizations in the HIV service network compared with other districts. Gulu also has relatively more fund-holders both at the centre and at the periphery of the service networks. [Figure 2](#czx071-F2){ref-type="fig"} shows that the service network structure for strengthening workforce activities is more sparse compared with the networks supporting HIV treatment and Maternal services in Gulu district. Similar patterns of network structure were observed from the perspective of the three districts and the three services. (Other network graphs are available from the authors on request).
{#czx071-F2}
To further explore which organizations are central to the networks for service delivery in each of the three districts, we present below the results of a core-periphery analysis ([@czx071-B6]). In theory, the organizations with high index (core) are those that are potentially most efficient in terms of mobilizing the district network for the delivery of the selected services. [Figure 3](#czx071-F3){ref-type="fig"} shows the list of organizations and the extent to which they are contribute to the core set of organizations in the network providing the three focal services in Gulu and Kitgum districts. For Amuru district, the density connections were too low to form a core and peripheral structure. For Gulu district, there are more fund-holder organizations among the core organizations compared with Kitgum district. Unlike Gulu district, where the District Health Office is the most highly connected organization, AVSI, a community-based civil society organization, is most core in Kitgum district. The presence of more fund-holder organizations in Gulu district suggests a higher potential for financial resource mobilization for health programs in that district compared to Kitgum and Amuru. Among the core organizations, 9 out of 19 in Gulu district and 7 out of 17 in Kitgum district were international organizations with perceived short-term (1--2 year) commitments to the roles they were serving in these districts.
{#czx071-F3}
### Differences in network structure
[Figure 4](#czx071-F4){ref-type="fig"} shows that inter-organization networks are mostly focused on HIV treatment in Gulu and Kitgum and least for workforce strengthening functions. In these two districts, the network ties contributing to workforce strengthening functions were 6--10% while ties contributing to HIV treatment activities ranged from 69 to 80%. Despite sparse organizations and interconnections in Amuru district, the three services were fairly covered. This indicates that the few service organizations in this district were able to support a more integrated service programs across the three services compared to Gulu and Kitgum districts with a lot more organizations.
{#czx071-F4}
### Functional roles and objectives in networks
From the qualitative findings ([Table 3](#czx071-T3){ref-type="table"}), most central (Core) organizations (in [Figure 3](#czx071-F3){ref-type="fig"}) served various roles and functions for each of the services in the study. The pattern of these roles and functions indicates that fund-holder organizations played more diverse roles than other organization categories. In particular, fund-holders were perceived to play prominent roles especially in supporting logistic functions, medicines, laboratories, technical assistance and information systems. Service providers and administrative organizations were perceived to focus mostly on service delivery and logistics functions, respectively. Community level CSOs were perceived to play a wide range of roles but with little consistency across the networks. Although this study did not assess the funding directly, in districts with more fund-holding agencies like Gulu, opportunities exist for more financing of service delivery platforms.
Discussion
==========
Strategic stewardship of development in post-conflict health systems requires attention to the process of how organizations inter-relate in re-establishing the wider health system functionality for service provision at national and sub-national levels ([@czx071-B22]; [@czx071-B24]). From this perspective, this study empirically demonstrates the existence and pattern of organizational relationships for service delivery in post-conflict northern Uganda ([@czx071-B29]). In general terms, the findings show that the three study districts have different organizational infrastructure to support service delivery. If viewed from the social capital lens, Gulu and Kitgum districts have a rich organizational 'capital' to support service delivery relative to Amuru district. Earlier post-conflict studies ([@czx071-B29]; [@czx071-B30]) in the ReBUILD Consortium (<https://rebuildconsortium.com>) show a similar pattern---especially the limited investments in the workforce for health and the underlying incentives for their retention and motivation. They also show the dominance of HIV programs of international aid agencies especially in the reconstruction phase after the conflict ([@czx071-B32]; [@czx071-B50]).
The study approach provides a diagnosis of density of organization networks across three key health service domains---HIV treatment, maternal delivery and strengthening the health workforce. These three are among global and national health priorities that formed part of the millennium development goals and Uganda's health sector plan ([@czx071-B27]). In the post-conflict setting where this study was done, there is clear difference in composition of the inter-organization networks that supported health workforce strengthening compared with those supporting HIV treatment and maternal delivery as well as significant disparity in inter-organizational ties across all services in the two older districts, Gulu and Kitgum, and the younger Amuru district. This is despite Amuru district's greater development needs for service delivery and system strengthening if the objectives of decentralized service delivery and post-conflict reconstructions are to be achieved ([Table 1](#czx071-T1){ref-type="table"}). Nonetheless, the few organizations in Amuru demonstrated more comprehensive ties to all the three services compared to Gulu and Kitgum districts with a lot more organizations. As [Figure 4](#czx071-F4){ref-type="fig"} illustrates, 70--80% of the organizational ties in Gulu and Kitgum were focused on HIV treatment services. This may be interpreted as duplication or inefficient allocation of organisations in one service area. This finding may also suggests that fewer organizations such as in Amuru district, with a broader and comprehensive program may be more effective than having many agencies with a narrow focus at district level.
Networks for HIV treatment are generally more 'congested' in the study districts relative to the maternal delivery and workforce strengthening. Although this case study is limited to three districts, our proposition is that districts that serve as hubs for humanitarian programs at the peak of the conflict (e.g. Gulu) may attract/retain a dense network of organizations during the post-conflict phase. Gulu town is also the most economically established trading centre in the Acholi sub-region. The inequality reflected in network size and roles calls for purposive approaches for the distribution of organizations to uphold fair health system developments. In particular, these findings show the relative neglect of workforce strengthening despite the urgent demand to build human resource capacity in post-conflict settings as well as the need to redirect state and non-state health organizations towards geographic or administrative zones (districts) that may not be prioritized through voluntary choice. In Uganda, like many developing countries, the allocation of health development organizations to different roles in the health system and to different geographical zones/districts is done without sufficient evidence to inform these decisions. In many situations, the allocation of new grants (and affiliated organizations) is driven by criteria such as 'good performing districts' and availability of capable organizations---a situation that is bound to institutionalize and fuel inequalities in the organizational architecture and development of the health systems at the sub-national level. This is also partly a result of prioritizing HIV service provision by heavily funded development and humanitarian NGOs---while workforce investments are usually seen as the responsibility of the national government in both conflict and non-conflict situations ([@czx071-B43])
Studies by [@czx071-B35], [@czx071-B34] and by Health System 20/20 (2008) report coverage and sustainability dilemmas that arise from building health systems on temporary and inconsistent capacity of organizations([@czx071-B35]). Although this study does not cover issues of sustainability, it indicates the vulnerability of service delivery networks in the event that the core organizations with more dense connection have short-term or temporary commitments in the districts, a model that continues from the conflict period ([@czx071-B41]).
We demonstrate that profiling of core organizations can aid in understanding why some organizations occupy central positions in the network. By profiling these organizations, their contribution to system capacity can be clarified for synergistic developments. Role mapping ([@czx071-B44]) if added to the diagnostic tools used in this study can aid the steering of service implementation processes by adjusting the roles where required. As reflected in [Figure 3](#czx071-F3){ref-type="fig"}, some organizations are central to the network and may provide opportunity for leveraging the rest of the network as well as providing opportunity for strategic information and channelling of resources to the rest of the members. Collaborative interventions to link users and providers of HIV services, to control of tobacco in the USA, to reduce fragmentation of government bodies in United Kingdom, to implement primary health care programs in Australia and to provide eye care services in Ghana - have all applied similar social network methods to generate information for steering these developments. Given the more dynamic and complex reconstitution of health system actors in post-conflict settings, prospective approach to generating such information can enable the monitoring of trends and patterns in health systems strengthening.
One major gap that this paper sought to fill is the inadequate focus on the inter-organization networks that in reality form the 'organization' that implements social programs in a given community or district. [@czx071-B19] also recommend an empirical construction of 'organization pools' or networks that are responsible for implementing programs ([@czx071-B19]). Among other methods, snowballing among members working collaboratively is widely used along with social network analysis techniques to undertake this task ([@czx071-B49]). This approach avoids pre-determining the organizational structure within which services are provided. Instead of using the formal script about the constituent organizations in a particular district, this study empirically generated the organizational networks from the perspective of delivering HIV treatment, maternal delivery and health workforce strengthening. Most importantly, this approach provides an opportunity to assess membership and structure of the collaborating organizations. The intention is to repeat this study in the near future and compare with the baseline findings reported here. This variation over time will be used to assess how organizational networks change in post-conflict northern Uganda. Generating panel data from repeated surveys, if linked to decision making, can help to redirect the organizations (number size, roles and capacity) in a manner that strengthen district-level health systems. Many analyses of health systems present the formal structure of service delivery systems as prescribed by formal design in government documents. When faced with the objectives of building health systems in highly dynamic settings such as post-conflict setting, decision makers need to find information that is able to reflect the organizational structure and the collaborative capital that different organizations bring in terms of connections and functions.
Like any study of relationships, the limitations related to recall of organizations or biases about the roles and functions can arise from study respondents. This was mitigated to some extent by a validation meeting in the study districts and by symmetrizing the matrices---an approach that allowed a connection to be established if one respondent indicated an existence of a relationship. The assumption that more dense networks are more able to raise social capital to deliver services was made in this work ([@czx071-B19]). This assumption may require empirical testing in the study districts. Likewise, the assumption of efficiency with increasing size of the network may not be realistic in all situations.
Conclusion
==========
In post-conflict health systems, like other situations characterized by congested system actors and very dynamic patterns of organization-level participation, an empirical method like the one used here can be applied to assist governments and humanitarian organizations in establishing an information system for making a 'diagnosis' of the organizational infrastructure to support effective decision making for health system developments. Effective health system stewardship in complex and dynamic settings will benefit from tools that are able to monitor the density, relational structure and roles of health system actors to support more equitable health system developments especially in highly dynamic setting similar to post-conflict settings. Decision makers can commission and use findings similar to what is presented in this paper to redirect the organization infrastructure and architecture to address priority health goals especially among communities underserved by inter-organization networks and the social/resource capital that these represent. By recognizing the more central organizations in the service networks, decision makers can gain strategic leverage of these for more effective influence of other network members and boost sub-national health system development and performance.
Funding for this study was provided by the Department for International Development (DFID), UK Government. This study is supported by the ReBUILD Consortium, <http://www.rebuildconsortium.com> hosted at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Queen Margaret University, UK, and Makerere University, Uganda. Ethical approval was granted from Uganda National Council of Science and Technology, Makerere University School of Public Health and Liverpool School of Public Health.
*Conflict of interest statement*. None declared.
[^1]: Key: ( ++ ++) highly addressed tasks; ( +++) moderately address tasks; ( ++ and +) less addressed tasks and (−) tasks not addressed at all.
[^2]: Mean degree is the average number of organizations connected to each in the network.
[^3]: These are reciprocal ties created by dichotomization.
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Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Ulcerative colitis, is a risk factor for recurrent thromboembolic events: a case report
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a member of the family of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), occurs worldwide. It has an incidence which in recent years has been rising in areas such as Southern Europe and Asia, while remaining relatively constant in Northern Europe and North America.
Complications associated with UC include toxic dilatation, perforation, carcinoma and massive haemorrhage. Extra-intestinal complications also occur and these include Thromboemboli (TE).
Thromboembolic disease has a greater incidence and recurrence rate among patients with IBD than the general population.
Introduction
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a member of the family of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), occurs worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the incidence of UC is approximately 10/100,000 with a point prevalence of 200/250,000 [1]. Presentation can occur at any age; however the typical age is in the third to fourth decade. Men and women tend to be equally affected. The incidence rates for UC have remained relatively constant in many regions such as Northern Europe and North America; however areas where there was previously a low incidence, such as Southern Europe and Asia, are showing an increase [1].
Patients with UC can suffer typically from diarrhoea, rectal bleeding and colicky abdominal pain. Symptoms most frequently present insidiously but may also present acutely, mimicking an infective aetiology. Its diagnosis is principally based on clinical, endoscopic and histological examinations [2].
Increasing data provide evidence of a complex interplay between components of the innate immune system and environmental factors, notably the microflora of the intestinal mucosa, in the healthy gut. Unusually smoking appears to be a protective in both development and exacerbations [3].
Complications associated with UC include toxic dilatation, perforation, carcinoma and massive haemorrhage. These are more common than in Crohn's disease. Extra-intestinal complications also occur and these include Thromboemboli (TE). The association between TE and IBD was first described by Bargen and Barker in 1936 [4].
Here we present the case of a patient with UC who has had recurrent TE.
Case Report
A 61 year old gentleman presented to our Accident and Emergency department, via General Practitioner referral, complaining of a left below knee swelling, pain and superficial thrombophlebitis. The superficial thrombophlebitis had been present for seven days while the swelling and pain was of one day duration. The thrombophlebitis was unsuccessfully treated with amoxicillin 250 mg PO TDS daily along with diclofenac sodium 75 mg PO BD for pain relief.
In the week prior to this presentation he suffered an exacerbation of UC.
The pulmonary emboli experienced in 2005 were diagnosed one week following an exacerbation on UC. At that presentation the C Reactive protein (CRP) was 102 mg/l, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 119 mm/h and D-dimer 2044 ng/ml. All other blood tests, which included a Factor V Leiden screen, were normal. Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram demonstrated multiple emboli in both lungs.
On examination at his most recent presentation, he had a hot, swollen and tender left below knee swelling which was painful to touch on the medial aspect and in the popliteal fossa. The remainder of his examination was normal.
After a period of four days he was discharged on warfarin sodium, the dosage as per International normalized ratio (INR), along with all his medications at admission. The target INR was between 2 and 3. Follow up in out-patients clinic for INR level monitoring was arranged.
Discussion
Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of thromboembolic complications by approximately three-fold [5], and both venous and arterial systems can be involved [6]. Studies using different approaches have revealed conflicting data on the prevalence of TE in IBD, varying between 1.2% and 6.7% in clinical studies and rising to 39% in postmortem studies [7]. In UC the incidence rate of DVT has been recorded as 30.0/10,000 person-years and for Pulmonary Emboli the value is 19.8/10,000. These values give an incident rate ratio to the general population of 2.8 (95% CI, 2.1 - 3.7) for DVT and 3.6 (95% CI, 2.5 - 5.2) for PE in patients with UC [8].
Despite the risk of thromboembolic disease (TED) in UC being recognised in adults, for over seventy years [4], and also in children [9], the exact pathogenetic mechanisms are unclear. Fluctuations in the levels of fibrinogen [10], factor II, V, and VIII [10], and fibrinopeptide A [10] have all been linked with active IBD. Active IBD has been recorded concurrently in up to 89% of cases [11]. Thrombosis, vasculitis, and tissue infarction have been proposed as contributing factors in UC and its exacerbations [10]. Furthermore, patients with haemophilia and Von Willebrand's disease have been shown to have a lower risk of IBD [11].
With an over all TE prevalence reported in the region of 3% [12], identification and prevention of such events is highly desirable as they are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in IBD patients. Among those with IBD who have a TE the mortality rate is up to 22% at a 1.8 year follow up [13]. The risk of death for UC patients is highest in the first months after a TE and then returns toward the rate for the general population [14]. This is compounded by the literature stating that the risk of recurrence of a TE is in the region of 13% [11]. Also of note 11% of TE in patients with IBD occur in unusual sites such as inominate veins, intracardiac sites and cerebral sites [11].
The published literature also states that 60% of TEs in UC occur in those under 50 years of age, which is younger than the general population [11] and females are more likely to suffer from TE events than males [14].
For those IBD patients with a TED history the long-term treatments are: 1. Anticoagulation alone, 2. Anticoagulation with an IVC filter and 3. IVC filter alone. However before a TE can be treated it must first be identified and imaging plays a major role in this process. In patients with UC, imaging for PE involves two modalities: Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram and ventilation perfusion scanning. Regards imaging for DVT in patients with UC, venography and Doppler ultrasound are the predominant modalities. Figures 1, 2 &3 show radiological imaging on this patient.
Conclusion
TED has a greater incidence among patients with IBD than the general population.
There is a 13% recurrence risk of a TE in the IBD population, while 11% experience their TE in an unusual site such as an intracardiac site.
A period of exacerbation of IBD is the time of greatest risk for a TE in a patient with an IBD such as UC.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MOC interviewed and managed the patient care, reviewed the radiology and prepared the manuscript. NOD reviewed the radiology. MJP prepared the manuscript. MJR interviewed and managed the patient care, and prepared the manuscript.
Authors’ original submitted files for images
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Rights and permissions
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
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