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by Daniel Akkerman, A Crystalline Child from Holland, July 20, 2012, copyright 2012
www.stankovuniversallaw.com
As we will now ascend before the ID split, and become leaders of the revolution, it is time to create the revolution. We are creator gods, so even if we have not yet ascended, we can do this right now. This new situation gives many new things to think about.
While we will have the abilities of true ascended creator gods, there is one thing we cannot do: change the level of evolution of a being by force. We can only provide stimulation. This stimulation will be enormous and will succeed, but it creates a few pitfalls. Because humanity is so dumbed down, many will simply not get it. There will be total confusion for a big group, not only in the group going to earth B, but also in the group going to earth A/B.
Many humans have forgotten about their origin as sovereign creators. Our appearance as gods on the earth, which still has not experienced ID-split will be the biggest and most important event in history. From the human perspective, some will see us as just that: Gods. Untouchable and powerful. Many will pray to us, or worship us as ever supreme beings.
This is one of the first things we must stop. They must know, that worshipping and praying needs to be a thing of the past, and that with sufficient evolution, any soul can become as evolved as us. That we are here to guide and assist to ascend Gaia and humanity, and to be the Earth keepers. But, that we cannot do all the work for them. Despite our help, every human needs to work on the inner evolution, to restore the distorted image of reality. We provide the proper environment for humanity to evolve, but it’s still up to everyone to contribute as much as possible.
As many dark souls will still be around, because the ID-split will not have occurred yet, this is also a matter of concern. These souls, such as many of the current politicians, banks, corporations, cabal, and the like, will at some point be removed from power by us, and their destructive technologies eliminated.
No more chemtrails. No more Orion mass media. No more nuclear reactors and weapons, no more other types of weapons, no more genetic modification or engines of combustion, no more HAARP or LHC, and any efforts they make to stop us or harm anyone must be eliminated. But such technologies play a role in society, and need to be replaced with technology that cannot be abused by dark souls, or mistakenly wrongly used.
This situation is in a way similar to what was discussed earlier, but in this case the ID-split has not occurred. Thus I do not believe, that for example generators of infinite energy are usable yet, because they can be abused. Additionally, some outdated technologies might have to stay a little bit longer and should not be removed immediately if alternatives cannot be provided at the same time.
As an example, if someone lives isolated, to remove such a person’s car without providing an alternative is not a good idea. This all depends on how quickly and widely the new technology can be implemented, and on humanities ability to get used to it. Providing such technology before the ID-split may only be partially possible. In this case, we must do our best to provide an alternative method of satisfying these needs while eliminating the old ways, and the (full) implementation of these technologies is delayed until after the ID-split.
If humanity sees, how the old ways are no longer valid and that better alternatives exist, many will not be afraid anymore to do something. In this case we could demonstrate the technology, which cannot be widely spread yet before the ID-split, but will be available on earth A/B.
Technology I foresee as extremely useful for this time frame:
1. A communication/information device, which replaces computers, phones and Orion mass media. Through these devices detailed explanation of the situation, history, mistakes of humanity and future goals can be provided by us, essentially serving as “the news”, but this time with correct information instead of lies.
As an example it can contain contents of the PAT’s discussions, books about the Universal Law and more. Perhaps in these last few days, the PAT can write something directed at humanity, which will be the first message to read when one receives such a device. Everyone must be able to have access to such a device, and it may not be limited by language barriers. It could also function as a working translator from any language, to any language.
2. A device which can freely produce healthy food, drinks and medicine. Perhaps it can also provide something like tents and beds, chairs and blankets. This will eliminate dependence on the Orion idea of having a job to acquire money, to get what is needed to survive.
3. Travelling devices, such as portals and/or anti-gravity vehicles.
(Perhaps there could simply be one device, which can do all these things, but the list is more about the functions and less about the device itself)
These are the three most important things, which are required for humans to survive if their present counterparts are removed. I believe they must be accomplished quickly, in the furthest way possible. The PTW may not have control over what information humanity gets, what they eat and drink, whether or not they have shelter, and how they transport. Distribution of such devices could be done by making them self-replicating, by giving them away at central points or by other methods.
At this point the way to secure such devices, to prevent abuse or misuse fully is hard to discuss and will require much more technical knowledge on how these devices would and could work. This can only be done after ascension, when we have full access to much more advanced brains, abilities and information, but as long as the idea is there, it’s enough for now.
The same applies to the feasibility of implementing such devices on the earth which has not yet experienced the ID-split. If we cannot replace things as the mass media with new technology, we must block it’s usage by the dark, take over and allow honest journalists to publish. Correct information for everyone is essential in this revolution. Any technology we implement will stay on earth A/B after the ID-split and will not be present on earth B.
The revolution will grow to enormous proportions quickly under our lead. To establish it, starting out with groups which are already doing something, such as the “occupy movement” might be a good idea. The technology discussed above can help such movements greatly, and such movements will quickly gain momentum with our actions, because our appearance and that of new technologies will trigger many people who sympathize with such movements (but are not actively a part of it yet). They will realize that if they join and go out on the streets (again), they will have freedom and protection against the old matrix. They will realize, that something is actually happening this time, and they will collectively be able to support each other in the first steps of fully adjusting to the new reality, and obtaining the knowledge of what they truly are.
Furthermore, we will show our abilities often by performing various miracles, which will convince those who have the potential to align with the truth, but cannot because they are currently surrounded with too many distorting signals. This again must not result in worshipping, but we must firmly make it clear that what we do is to demonstrate the potential of every soul.
Our abilities and energies will make a quick cleansing work on “Obsolete thought patterns” (asdiscussed by Aegil). The revolution will present a huge change in collective consciousness, and when the people realize our status as creator gods many of them will be inclined to believe or openly approach everything we say. Thus, for example for those who deny the existence of the cabal that has enslaved humanity for so long, or for those who believe in money, seeing the truth and removing the obsolete though patterns suddenly becomes an option.
The same will apply to parts of the scientific community, which will be stunned by the unmasking and elimination of empiricism, determinism, Darwin’s “struggle for life” (survival of the fittest), modern “medicine” and much more. Not to forget, the religious people. When enough of these thought patterns are removed and replaced with new thought patterns by the A/B candidates, the ID-split will occur.
To accomplish all of this, events need to start unfolding. I am positive that ascension in the next few days will occur, before the Olympics, so we can finally “get this show on the road”. After experiencing humanity for 18 years now, I believe I can say that they do have the potential. Many humans really would learn to quickly create a better way of living with more harmony, if it were not for the constant bombardment with lies and dark energies, to keep them in the dark. So I am eager to see, what will happen when this factor is removed, and the environment becomes stimulating. Perhaps some of the most confused entities will even get to see a better way of living, and adjust to it. I certainly hope so. |
Recently, reinstalled Hardy in same partition and converted grub legacy
(in Hardy) to grub2 too. Of course the uuid for Hardy partition is
changed. Karmic is already in grub2, and when I update-grub (command in
grub2 is grub-mkconfig), to 'synchronize' grub.cfg (menu.lst in grub
legacy), the change in uuid number is not updated in Karmic. It does not
pose a problem to me as I had a 'first grub' partition to handle
booting. However, as in most cases where there is no 'first grub', it
may pose problems in booting up because grub, including grub legacy,
boots up using uuid numbers. I also wonder if grub legacy may have
similar issues. (I don't know now as I don't have any more grub legacy).
Thought you might want to watch out for it. Any comments on things I may
have missed before I send a bug report?
Regards,
Goh Lip |
Q:
Obfuscating email in Markdown
I want to include my email in the readme.md file in a github repository. Of course, I want to somehow obfuscate it in order to avoid spam.
From this tutorial I read the text below:
Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that
Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex
entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting
spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:
<address@example.com> into something like this:
<a href="mailto:addre
ss@example.co m">address@exa
mple.com</a>
I did what they said, but when I inspect the source code of the github page containing the readme file, I still can see this:
<a href="address@example.com">address@example.com</a>
Am I missing something ? It seems to me that a bot should be able to find that if it is in the source code of the web page.
A:
GitHub's Markdown engine does not have this feature.
It's not worth using anyway; it won't stop any modern crawlers.
|
Babu R, Van Dyke DL, Bhattacharya S, et al. A rapid and reliable chromosome analysis method for products of conception using interphase nuclei. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2018;6:370--381. <https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.381> 29573570
1. INTRODUCTION {#mgg3381-sec-0005}
===============
Karyotype determination has a central role in the genetic workup of pregnancy loss, as aneuploidy (trisomy and monosomy) and polyploidy (triploidy and tetraploidy) are the cause in at least 50% of first trimester losses, 25% of second trimester, and 11% of third trimester miscarriages (Van Dyke & Wiktor, [2002](#mgg3381-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}). The three primary methods used to obtain this information are conventional chromosome analysis, targeted FISH, and more recently chromosomal microarray (Wang et al., [2017](#mgg3381-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). Each of these techniques has their advantages and disadvantages. While the conventional approach covers the whole genome, the cell culture failure rate generally exceeds 20%, and 13%--20% of the successful cell cultures yield only maternal cells (Lathi et al., [2014](#mgg3381-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}; Murugappan, Gustinl, & Lathi, [2014](#mgg3381-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; Shearer, Thorland, Carlson, Jalal, & Ketterling, [2011](#mgg3381-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}). In addition, the time taken to release the chromosome analysis report is typically two‐four weeks. Targeted FISH analysis generally covers no more than chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, and Y, and therefore provides incomplete information. Also, reporting time for targeted FISH ranges from 5 to 14 days and it does not detect balanced or unbalanced chromosome rearrangements (Shearer et al., [2011](#mgg3381-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}). Chromosomal microarray (CMA), especially SNP‐based microarray, is more reliable than conventional chromosome analysis and more informative than targeted FISH, however, it cannot identify the chromosomal basis of deletions or duplications including Robertsonian translocations, it can be troubled by polyploidy, mosaicism, and maternal cell contamination, and CMA reporting time is typically a week or longer (Caramins et al., [2011](#mgg3381-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Wang et al., [2017](#mgg3381-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}).
We recently developed and validated a novel technology, Interphase Chromosome Profiling (ICP), for high resolution chromosome analysis of hematologic malignancies (Babu et al., [2018](#mgg3381-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}). Here, we describe development and validation of ICP and a Standard Resolution probe set variation of ICP that can be employed to karyotype products of conception (POC) samples. The major attributes of the ICP technology, including nearly 100% success rate, higher sensitivity than traditional karyotype and FISH, and fast reporting time, were validated and evaluated in a commercial clinical service laboratory setting.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS {#mgg3381-sec-0006}
========================
This study was determined to be exempt from IRB review by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board.
The High Resolution ICP design (InteGen, Orlando, FL) is based on the equidistant concept of placing FISH probes along the entire length of the chromosome (Figure [1](#mgg3381-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}), as originally developed for evaluation of hematologic malignancies (Babu et al., [2018](#mgg3381-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}). Briefly, each chromosome arm includes at least one (18p and Yp) and up to six (2q, 4q, and 5q) hybridization sites, each assigned to a specific chromosome band. Subtelomeric and pericentromeric sequences are assigned a pure color (aqua, yellow, and red for pter, centromere, and qter, respectively), and interstitial bands are assigned either a pure (far red or green) or a hybrid (fusion) color. Each chromosome is studied individually, with the results compiled into a composite karyotype. This configuration provides the equivalent of a 600‐band resolution karyotype (McGowan‐Jordan, Simons, & Schmid, [2016](#mgg3381-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}) and facilitates the identification of copy number changes of whole chromosomes as well as balanced and unbalanced chromosome rearrangements. A Standard Resolution ICP probe set (InteGen, Orlando FL) was developed (Figure [2](#mgg3381-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}) that targets only the subtelomere and pericentromeric regions, since the abnormalities commonly encountered in POC samples, such as trisomy and unbalanced translocations, can be easily detected with this simplified design. Chromosome breakpoints are typically shown as question‐marks because the High Resolution ICP was not employed for the POC study. An Acrocentric ICP probe set (InteGen, Orlando FL) was designed specifically to detect Robertsonian translocations (Figure [2](#mgg3381-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}), wherein each acrocentric chromosome\'s pericentromeric area is targeted, and a mixture of these five targets is used in a separate analysis.
{#mgg3381-fig-0001}
{#mgg3381-fig-0002}
Individual chromosome hybridizations were done on four microscope slides, with six areas of hybridization on each slide, following standard FISH protocols (Pinkel, Straume, & Gray, [1986](#mgg3381-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Trask & Pinkel, [1990](#mgg3381-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}) with minor adjustments. Roughly 20 ng of probe was used for each chromosomal target which were hybridized overnight in a 10 mm area under a round coverslip. Posthybridization washing conditions included two minutes in 0.4× SSC/0.3% NP‐40 at 69°C followed by one minute in 2× SSC/0.1% NP‐40 at room temperature. DAPI counterstaining was omitted. Appropriate filter sets from Semrock (Rochester NY) were used to detect fluorophores DEAC (aqua), Fluorescein‐12 (green), Cyanine555 (yellow), Cyanine647 (far red), and CF594 (red). Initial scanning to place cells in the correct plane was done using the filter for Cyanine555. A minimum of 20 interphase cells were analyzed for each chromosome, to mimic the usual guidelines of metaphase analysis to identify mosaicism; here, mosaicism is generally accepted if seen in at least four of 20 interphase cells.
Each autosome was analyzed separately, and the X and Y chromosomes were analyzed together. For the assessment of Robertsonian translocations, the Acrocentric ICP probe set was employed. Similar to typical FISH studies, a normal cut‐off was established for the study and should be set by each performing laboratory (Wiktor et al., [2006](#mgg3381-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}). For this study, the normal cut‐off was set at 20% for any two pericentromeric probes to colocalize by random chance or by satellite association. Any juxtaposition of two signals in \>20% of interphase nuclei was considered abnormal.
Following a familiarization step, the study consisted of two major stages. In stage 1, three separate laboratories, including two clinical laboratories and the laboratory that developed the technology, validated the Standard ICP protocol on POC samples that had been previously cultured, harvested, and analyzed using traditional cytogenetic methodology. Initially, four samples with a Robertsonian translocation were studied nonblindly to familiarize the signal patterns suggestive of a juxtaposition of two acrocentric chromosome pericentromeric regions. Several known abnormalities, including trisomy, monosomy, triploidy, and tetraploidy, were also studied to recognize signal patterns generated with the Standard design. Next, the laboratory that developed the technology received 43 samples of POC material from three participating laboratories for a blind study (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). Simultaneously, two commercial laboratories on two different continents validated the technology in a blind study. Laboratory 1 studied five samples (data not shown), since they had already validated High Resolution ICP for hematologic malignancies, and the second laboratory studied 40 samples (Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}).
######
Initial validation using standard resolution interphase chromosome profiling
Specimen no. Cytogenetic result ICP Result Concordant
------------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
1--10, 12, 18, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 38--41 Normal Normal Yes
11 Trisomy 16 Trisomy 16 Yes
13 Monosomy X Monosomy X,del(17q) Yes, and new changes
14 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 18 Yes
15 Triploid Triploid Yes
16 Normal female Normal male/female Discordant
17 Normal female Trisomy 22 (6 cells) Discordant
19, 21, 23, 25 +21,der t(14;21) +21,der t(14;21) Yes
20 +15,der(13;15) +15,der(13;15) Yes
22 +13,der(13;14) +13,der(13;14) Yes
24 +14,t(13;22) +14 Discordant
27, 31 Male trisomy 16 Normal female Discordant
29, 32 Trisomy 10 Trisomy 10 Yes
34 Tetraploid Tetraploid Yes
36, 42 Trisomy 21 Trisomy 21 Yes
37, 43 Culture Failure Normal New result
ICP, interphase chromosome profiling.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
######
Initial commercial laboratory validation using standard resolution interphase chromosome profiling
Specimen no. Cytogenetic result ICP result Concordant
------------------------------------ ------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------
1--10 Normal Normal Yes
11, 24, 27 Triploid Triploid Yes
12, 20, 21, 29, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40 Monosomy X Monosomy X Yes
13, 28 Trisomy 13 Trisomy 13 Yes
14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 26, 37, 38 Tetraploid Tetraploid Yes
15 Monosomy X Monosomy X,del(Xq) Concordant, new change
17 Tetraploid (mosaic 35%) Tetraploid (mosaic) Yes
19, 30 Trisomy 18 Trisomy 18 Yes
25, 33, 36 Trisomy 21 Trisomy 21 Yes
31 Trisomy 21 Trisomy 21, t(2;10) Concordant, new change
ICP, interphase chromosome profiling.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
In stage 2, each commercial laboratory tested clinical samples using the Standard Resolution ICP probe set. The ICP protocol followed by each laboratory was identical, and the analysis was done as discussed above. Cell culture time was limited to overnight, and there was no mitotic arrest. Standard hypotonic and fixation protocols were used. Laboratory 1 tested 41 samples (Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}), and Laboratory 2 tested 250 samples (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}). Laboratory 1 also employed G‐banded analysis concurrently on these 41 samples. Laboratory 2, having previously validated the ICP methods, did not undertake concurrent conventional chromosome analyses. A flow diagram depicting all the steps described above is shown in Figure [3](#mgg3381-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}.
######
Stage 2 clinical data from commercial laboratory 1 using standard resolution interphase chromosome profiling
Sp. no. Cytogenetic result ICP result Concordant
---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------
1 icp.46,XY,der(13;14)(q10;q10),+14 icp.46,XY,der(13;14)(q10;q10),+14 Yes
2, 3, 8, 24, 25 45,X icp.45,X Yes
4 46,XY,del(4)(p15.2p16.3) icp.46,XY,del(4)(pter) Yes
5 47,XX,+15 icp.47,XX,+15 Yes
6, 20 69,XXX icp.69,XXX Yes
7 47, XY, +13 icp.47, XY, +13 Yes
9, 16 47,XX,+22 icp.47,XX,+22 Yes
10, 12, 18, 26, 29--31, 33, 35, 37, 41 46, XX icp.46,XX Yes
11, 15, 17, 19, 22, 27, 28, 36 46,XY icp.46,XY Yes
13 46,XX,add(18)(q23) icp.46,XX,der(18)t(7;18)(p?;q?) Yes and identified change
14 47,XX,+18 icp.47,XX,+18 Yes
21, 34 47,XX,+21 icp.47,XX,+21 Yes
23 47,XY,+16 icp.47,XY,+16 Yes
32 47,XY,t(2;11)(q33;q13),+22 icp.47,XY,t(2;11)(q?;q?),+22 Yes
38 47, XY, +21 icp.47, XY, +21 Yes
39 69,XXY icp.69,XXY Yes
40 47,XY, +20 icp.47,XY, +20 Yes
ICP, interphase chromosome profiling; Sp., specimen.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
######
Stage 2 clinical data from commercial laboratory 2 using standard resolution interphase chromosome profiling
Specimen no. No. female samples No. male samples ICP result
-------------- -------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------
1--100 57 43 icp.46,XX or XY
101--107 7 0 icp.45,X
108--129 15 7 icp.47,XX or XY,+16
130--199 29 41 icp.47,XX or XY,+21
200, 201 2 0 icp.92,XXYY
202 1 0 icp.92,XXXX/46,XX
203--213 3 8 icp.47,XX or XY,+13
214--218 4 1 icp.47,XX or XY,+18
219 1 0 icp.45,XY,−16
220, 221 1 1 icp.47,XX or XY,+14
222, 223 2 0 icp.47,XX,+15
224, 225 2 0 icp.47,XX,+22
226 1 0 icp.47,XY,+4
227 1 0 icp.47,XX,+19
228 1 0 icp.47,XX,+20
229 1 0 icp.48,XX,+7,+16
230 1 0 icp.48,XX,+13,+16
231 1 0 icp.48,XXY,+15
232 1 0 icp.48,XXY,+16
233, 234 1 1 icp.47,XXX or XXY
235 1 0 icp.46,XX,t(2;18)(p?;q?)
236 1 0 icp.46,XX,t(12;14)(p?;q?)
237 1 0 icp.46,XY,der(11)t(1;11)(q?;p?)
238, 239 2 0 icp.46,XY,del(9)(p?)
240, 241 2 0 icp.46,XY,del(16)(q?)
242 1 0 icp.47,XX,der(14;21),+21
243 1 0 icp.46,XX,der(4)t(4;21)(q?;q?)
244 1 0 icp.46,XX,del(10)(p?)
245--247 2 1 icp.69, or XXY
248 1 0 icp.47,XY,+8
249, 250 1 1 icp.92,XXXX or XXYY
ICP, interphase chromosome profiling.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
{#mgg3381-fig-0003}
Specimens fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) were not employed for this study, but ICP has been validated on FFPE material (unpublished data).
3. RESULTS {#mgg3381-sec-0007}
==========
The first stage in the clinical validation employed 83 blinded samples with known cytogenetic results identified by conventional cytogenetics, FISH, or both (Tables [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"} and [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}). These samples included trisomy, monosomy, triploid, tetraploid, and balanced and unbalanced Robertsonian translocations (Tables [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"} and [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}, Figure [4](#mgg3381-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}). There were successful ICP results for both of the failed cytogenetic cases (cases 37 and 43, Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}, Figure [4](#mgg3381-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}). In almost all cases, there was complete concordance with the conventional chromosome analysis.
{#mgg3381-fig-0004}
The second stage in the clinical validation tested the clinical utility of Standard Resolution ICP in another set of 291 clinical samples, which were referred for chromosome testing in the commercial reference laboratory setting in two different laboratories. Laboratory 1 tested 41 samples and all of the samples had an ICP result (100%) with a 54% abnormality rate. There was 100% concordance with conventional cytogenetics on these 41 samples (Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}). Laboratory 2 tested 250 samples with 100% successful ICP results and an abnormality rate of 63% (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}). The average turnaround time was \<48 hr in both commercial laboratories.
Aneuploidy that is generally not detected with commonly used FISH panels, but which was observed in the ICP studies, included 48 cases with trisomy 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 19, or 20. ICP found 21 structural abnormalities, including autosomal balanced translocations and Robertsonian translocations, some of which FISH or CMA would have failed to detect or correctly characterize. Three rearrangements discovered by ICP in the initial phase of the study were not identified by conventional chromosome analysis, and one abnormality found by conventional chromosome analysis was not recognized by ICP (see next paragraph). Application of the Acrocentric ICP probe set was used in the evaluation of acrocentric trisomies (Figures [2](#mgg3381-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"} and [5](#mgg3381-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}). ICP and Acrocentric ICP identified eight Robertsonian translocations, four apparently balanced reciprocal translocations, and nine unbalanced rearrangements including derivative chromosomes and terminal deletions.
{ref-type="fig"}), Figure [4](#mgg3381-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}(a) has two red, two aqua and two far red signals indicating normal pairs of chromosomes 15, 21, and 22. There is one free yellow signal and two free green signals for chromosomes 13 and 14. There is also one consistently fused yellow and green signal, representing the unbalanced 13;14 translocation in case 1 (Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}). Trisomy 14 is evident by the G‐banded chromosomes displayed to the right. Shown in the upper left of image Figure [4](#mgg3381-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}(b) is the consistent fusion of a green chromosome 14 signal and a third aqua chromosome 21 signal from case 242 (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}), indicating the translocation trisomy 21](MGG3-6-370-g005){#mgg3381-fig-0005}
The results of cases 32 (Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}), 235 (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}), and 236 (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}) in this study demonstrate detection of balanced rearrangements using ICP. One case in the validation study (case 31, Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}, Figure [6](#mgg3381-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}b--d) demonstrated that a subtelomeric balanced rearrangement is readily detected by ICP, while it can be missed by conventional chromosome analysis.
{ref-type="table"}: short arm deletion of one chromosome 9 illustrated by the absence of green signal on the chromosome on the top (left panel); (b) Case 15, Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}: deletion of the long arm telomere region on the only X chromosome by the absence of the red signal (middle panel); in the far right is a metaphase chromosome X from the same case presented in the middle panel. The deletion was not evident by G‐banding. (c and d). Case 31, Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}: a balanced translocation between chromosomes 2 and 10. Displacement of the red signals from the long arms of chromosomes 2 (c) and 10 (d) are indicated by the arrows. Partial karyotypes of chromosomes 2 and 10 from the same case in (c) and (d) are shown below. The translocation was not evident by G‐banding, and was likely inherited from a balanced carrier parent](MGG3-6-370-g006){#mgg3381-fig-0006}
In five cases, an abnormality was identified using ICP that was not described in the conventional chromosome analysis. Case 13 (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}, Figure [7](#mgg3381-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}) was mosaic (75%) monosomy X, and ICP detected a subtle distal 17q deletion in the monosomy X cell population. In case 15 (Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}, Figure [6](#mgg3381-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}a), monosomy X was classified by both methods, and ICP identified a distal Xq deletion. In case 31 (Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}, Figure [6](#mgg3381-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}b,c), trisomy 21 was found by both methods, and ICP recognized an apparently balanced 2;10 translocation. In case 17 (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}), the karyotype was uniformly normal female, whereas ICP identified a mixture of normal female and trisomy 22 male. Seven of the eight Robertsonian translocations were detected by both methods. Case 24 (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}) had trisomy 14 identified by both methods in addition to a balanced 13;22 Robertsonian translocation that was not identified in the initial ICP evaluation. However, it was confirmed on re‐evaluation. This discrepancy was likely a "learning curve" oversight during the early stages of the validation.
{ref-type="table"}), image (a) shows the monosomy X (compare with Figure [3](#mgg3381-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}a). Image (b) shows the 17q deletion with the constant dim red signal on one chromosome 17. Images (c) and (d) illustrate normal chromosome 17 pairs from a different case (c) and a different cell from case 13 (d). (e) Chromosome X and 17 hybridized together with unique tags on each chromosome showing monosomy X and 17q deletion. Green/yellow tag (at band 17q23.3) tracks chromosome 17 q telomere and red/yellow (at band Xq26.2) tag tracks X chromosome long arm telomere. (f) A normal cell with same tags as in (e). Tag locations are shown by solid arrows on the corresponding high‐resolution chromosome ideograms](MGG3-6-370-g007){#mgg3381-fig-0007}
Other structural abnormalities included two cases with 9p deletion (cases 238 and 239, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}, Figure [5](#mgg3381-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}), two cases with 16q deletion (cases 240 and 241, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}), one case with 10p deletion (case 244, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}), one case with 4p deletion (case 4, Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}) and three balanced translocations (case 32, Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"} and cases 235 and 236, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}). In case 13 (Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}, Figure [8](#mgg3381-fig-0008){ref-type="fig"}a,b), ICP characterized the "add" material as an unbalanced 7;18 translocation. In two other cases (case 243, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"} and case 237, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}, Figure [8](#mgg3381-fig-0008){ref-type="fig"}c), ICP identified the derivative chromosomes as an unbalanced 4;21 translocation and an unbalanced 1;11 translocation, respectively. A bone marrow sample from the previously published leukemia study (Babu et al., [2018](#mgg3381-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}) with an apparently balanced 12;18 translocation illustrates breakpoint assignment using the High Resolution ICP probe set (Figure [9](#mgg3381-fig-0009){ref-type="fig"}).
{ref-type="table"} was originally described as an add(18), and using ICP was further defined as an unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 7 and 18 with duplication 7p and deletion 18q. (a) Chromosome 7 showing the extra green band (b). Loss of one red signal on chromosome 18. (c). Case 237, Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}, here ICP characterized an unbalanced translocation between chromosomes 1 and 11 showing loss of red signal on chromosome 11 (left) and gain of green signal from chromosome 1 indicated by arrow (right)](MGG3-6-370-g008){#mgg3381-fig-0008}
{ref-type="ref"}): (a) Initial breakpoint assignment between centromere and the short arm telomere on chromosome 12. (b) Initial breakpoint assignment between centromere and the long arm telomere on chromosome 18. (c) and (d). Breakpoint clarification as 12p13 and 18q12, respectively, using the High Resolution ICP probe set. Arrows on the reference metaphase chromosomes in the middle point out the breakpoints](MGG3-6-370-g009){#mgg3381-fig-0009}
Maternal cell contamination (MCC) is a well‐recognized problem in POC cultures. Traditional chromosome studies detected only a normal female karyotype in case 16 (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}), however, a few normal male cells were observed by ICP. This testing was done on cell pellets from the conventional cytogenetics monolayer cell culture. Likewise, in case 17 (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}) conventional chromosome analysis found only a normal female karyotype (long‐term cell culture), whereas ICP identified trisomy 22. In two other instances (case 27 and 31, Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}), a male trisomy 16 karyotype was observed, whereas in ICP all cells showed an XX signal pattern -- an internal review left open the possibility of a specimen mix‐up error at the originating laboratory.
4. DISCUSSION {#mgg3381-sec-0008}
=============
The clinical management of patients with miscarriages, including genetic counseling regarding recurrence risk for next pregnancy, is often influenced by karyotype findings. Thus, obtaining such information in a fast, accurate, and highly reliable manner is critical. Although other molecular technologies (FISH, CMA, and sequencing) are useful in detecting numerical abnormalities such as trisomy and monosomy, specific detection of balanced and unbalanced structural abnormalities, aneuploidy, and tetraploidy may be problematic depending on the methods employed. In addition, detection of Robertsonian translocations can only be accomplished currently by conventional cytogenetics.
The overall abnormality rate for the clinical samples was 54% in Laboratory 1 and 63% in Laboratory 2, which is comparable with conventional cytogenetic studies when cell culture is successful. The culture failure and MCC rates for POC samples using conventional cytogenetics are high even in the best quality‐controlled laboratories. Culture failure occurs in 15%--20% of attempted studies, and another 20% or more represent maternal‐derived uterine contents, depending to some extent on the referral source (Shearer et al., [2011](#mgg3381-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}). For the culture failures, focused FISH studies using a limited number of probes, covering only 5--7 chromosomes, identify numerical abnormalities of those specific chromosomes but no structural abnormalities. Using the ICP method, two cases of cell culture failure (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}, cases 37 and 43) were identified as chromosomally normal. Thus, the Standard Resolution ICP probe set can be used to describe a molecular karyotype by analysis of interphase nuclei without dependence on monolayer cell culture or the use of mitotic arrest. In a typical clinical reference or academic laboratory setting, the ICP method can also yield a full karyotype result as quickly as a 5--7 probe FISH panel result.
There were 154 cases of numerical abnormalities and 21 cases of structural abnormalities. Trisomies observed for autosomes 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, and 22 would have been missed by most laboratories using the typical five‐probe (13, 18, 21, X, and Y) FISH assay. Some laboratories include probes for chromosomes 16 and 22, yet they still would have missed the other seven trisomies detected by ICP in this study. ICP also found balanced and unbalanced Robertsonian translocations that would not have been identified by FISH or CMA. Even though most "apparently" balanced translocations do not have any phenotype associated with them, some are associated with a submicroscopic imbalance that could lead to an abnormal phenotype (Baptista et al., [2008](#mgg3381-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}; Tabet et al., [2015](#mgg3381-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}). The ability to detect such rearrangements was, up until now, only possible by conventional chromosome analysis.
The discovery of deletion 7p and duplication 18q in case 13 (Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"} and Figure [8](#mgg3381-fig-0008){ref-type="fig"}a,b) that was previously described as add(18)(q23), illustrates the ability of ICP to better characterize abnormalities that are somewhat cryptic when using conventional chromosome analysis. Similarly, in case 237 (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"} and Figure [8](#mgg3381-fig-0008){ref-type="fig"}c) the 1p deletion and 11q duplication six was detected by ICP. The interstitial 4p deletion (case four, Table [3](#mgg3381-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}) illustrates that the Standard Resolution ICP probe set, with subtelomere and centromere probes, is sufficiently sensitive to detect most deletions. There were five cases with "terminal" deletions involving chromosomes 9 (two cases), 16 (two cases), and 10 (one case). Once a structural abnormality is identified using the Standard Resolution ICP method, precise breakpoint determination can be obtained using the High Resolution ICP probe set. Small subtelomeric deletions can also be detected by ICP as demonstrated in case 15 (Table [2](#mgg3381-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}, Figure [6](#mgg3381-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}b) where the X chromosome had lost the subtelomere region.
Recent studies of pregnancy loss using SNP‐based CMA show its utility in comparison with conventional cytogenetics (Dhillon et al., [2014](#mgg3381-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}; Rosenfeld et al., [2015](#mgg3381-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}; Sahoo et al., [2017](#mgg3381-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}). These studies found a higher success rate and an ability to detect regions of homozygosity suggestive of consanguinity, uniparental disomy, or molar pregnancy. However, challenges remain for CMA related to a failure rate of roughly 8%--10%, the inability to characterize rearrangements or distinguish between primary trisomy and unbalanced Robertsonian translocations, and difficulties with chromosomal mosaicism and interpretation of variants of unknown significance.
However, CMA can identify copy number changes, it does not describe the nature of the abnormality, such as an unbalanced translocation. Two such cases in this study include case 237 (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}), in which there was deletion of 11p and duplication of 1q as a result of an unbalanced translocation (Figure [7](#mgg3381-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}), and case 243 (Table [4](#mgg3381-tbl-0004){ref-type="table"}B), with deletion of 4q and duplication of 21q. These cases illustrate the ability of ICP to characterize "add" material on derivative chromosomes.
SNP‐based chromosomal microarray will detect whole genome homozygosity associated with a molar pregnancy as will microsatellite genotyping (Fisher et al., [2014](#mgg3381-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}; Furtado et al., [2013](#mgg3381-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}), however, when a complete mole is suspected on the basis of morphology, it should be evaluated for p57^KIP2^ immunostaining. Thus, cnLOH is not essential to the evaluation of molar pregnancy.
In comparison to SNP‐based microarray, ICP has a higher success rate and likely faster reporting time and lower cost of equipment, reagents, and personnel effort. In the future, a direct comparison between SNP‐based CMA and ICP would be of interest.
4.1. Limitations {#mgg3381-sec-0009}
----------------
Admixture of maternal and fetal cells is a common challenge in cytogenetic studies of pregnancy loss, and efforts to identify the fetal tissues are essential (Murugappan et al., [2014](#mgg3381-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; Shearer et al., [2011](#mgg3381-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}). There were instances where the fetal karyotype was identified only by the conventional chromosome analysis (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}, cases 27 and 31) and where the fetal karyotype was detected only by the direct ICP analysis (Table [1](#mgg3381-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}, cases 16 and 17). Thus, maternal cell contamination remains a preanalytic limitation to cytogenetic testing of products of conception.
Even though the Standard Resolution ICP design used in this study for POC investigation detects gross structural abnormalities including deletions and duplications, most microdeletions, microduplications, and balanced inversions cannot be identified by this technique. These kinds of abnormalities are typically not the cause for miscarriages.
4.2. Nomenclature {#mgg3381-sec-0010}
-----------------
Until enough experience is gained from studies utilizing this technology and the ISCN committee issues guidance, we propose to add a prefix icp to describe the results generated using the interphase chromosome profiling technology described here. We also use the "composite karyotype" abbreviation "cp" routinely, because the karyotype interpretation is assembled from multiple interphase cells. For example, a sample from a male with an unbalanced Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21 resulting in trisomy 21 could be described as icp.46,XY,der(14;21)(q10;q10),+21\[cp20\].
5. SUMMARY {#mgg3381-sec-0011}
==========
Standard Resolution ICP appears to be an appropriate tool for first line or reflex testing in the genetic workup of POC samples. Results of this study have confirmed that ICP is (1) highly reliable, (2) more sensitive than the traditional FISH approach using a limited number of probes, (3) capable of detecting both numerical and gross structural aberrations including characterization of "add" material in the derivative chromosomes, and (4) does not require cell culture, which allows a faster reporting time. As with microarray, karyotype analysis, and FISH panels, results of Standard Resolution ICP studies will assist in genetic counseling for recurrence risks of aneuploidy, polyploidy, and balanced and unbalanced chromosome rearrangements.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST {#mgg3381-sec-0013}
====================
R.B., E.F., S.F., S.P., and S.K. are employed by InteGen LLC. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.
Rhett Ketterling, MD (Mayo Clinic), Angelique Jermac (Mayo Clinic), and Yvonne Banol (InteGen LLC) for their constructive comments and technical support.
|
Q:
GameCenter reporting achievements Swift 3
I'm getting a bit frustrated. I'm implementing achievements using GameCenter and Swift 3
However I get the error.
no bundle for bundleID: (null)
I've been following tutorials such as those from raywenderlich.com but can't find any for Swift 3 with achievements (I have leaderboards working) so don't know if my code is incorrect, or how I can just return the bundle IDs programatically to confirm the achievement ID.
To try to get this working in ViewDidLoad I coded the following, and my ViewController is a GKGameCenterControllerDelegate
var achievements = [GKAchievement]()
let fullAchievement = GKAchievement(
identifier: "ReversedIDforMyApp.FullMarks")
achievements.append(fullAchievement)
GameKitHelper.sharedInstance.reportAchievements(achievements: achievements)
I created a helper to report the achievement
func reportAchievements(achievements: [GKAchievement],
errorHandler: ((NSError?)->Void)? = nil) {
guard gameCenterEnabled else {
return
}
GKAchievement.report(achievements,
withCompletionHandler: errorHandler as? (Error?) -> Void)
}
}
I can't work out why the error message would be displayed...
A:
It would appear that it can take a long time for Apple to set up Game Center achievements, and in the end the code was Ok. Go figure.
|
Fernando Brandão
Fernando Brandão (born 22 January 1983, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) is a Brazilian physicist and computer scientist working on quantum information and quantum computation. He is currently the Bren Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology and the Head of Quantum Algorithms at Amazon Web Services . Previously, he was a researcher at Microsoft and a reader in Computer Science at University College London.
He is an editor of the journal Physics Reports. He was awarded the 2013 European Quantum Information Young Investigator Award for "his highly appraised achievements in entanglement theory, quantum complexity theory, and quantum many-body physics, which combine dazzling mathematical ability and impressive physical insight". He was awarded the 2020 American Physical Society Rolf Landauer and Charles H. Bennett award for his contributions to entanglement theory.
References
External links
Academic page
Personal website
CV
Google Scholar page
Category:Brazilian physicists
Category:California Institute of Technology faculty
Category:Quantum physicists
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people |
With the full-blown revolt against high-stakes testing in Texas, the superintendents now have a chance to show their stuff.
At the last session, the Legislature gave permission for a small number of districts to development a new approach to accountability.
These 23 districts have a chance to change the national obsession with standardized testing.
A lot is at stake. Texas cut $5.4 billion from its public schools last year; but it was able to scrape up nearly $500 million for a five-year contract with Pearson for testing.
And, as you will see from the link, the business leaders of the state are bound and determined to shove testing on every school from now until the end of time, no matter how useless and harmful all that testing is. |
latest issue
Edith Bowman on the importance of holidays
It’s vital for children to experience family holidays – and if they have to be taken in term time then so be it, says Edith Bowman
June 12, 2017 | Edith Bowman
Time off is precious. It’s those days or, if you’re lucky, weeks when your only worry is how to keep the kids occupied for an hour or what to eat next. Getting time off when the children are on school holidays is not always easy, though, and it’s definitely not cheap – and that infuriates me.
Travel companies should be ashamed of how much they inflate their prices, sometimes to the point that families can’t get away at all.
Being with family is really important. When I was a child, my mum and dad worked so hard, day in day out, that we were often like ships passing at the breakfast table.
We had two holidays a year, where we would fly off, just the four of us – mum, dad, my brother Alex and I. It was special and, yes, it was a luxury and, yes, we were very lucky – but we didn’t get to spend much time together because of their work.
FAMILY FOCUS
My parents ran a hotel and their busiest times were during the school holidays. Thankfully, our local schools not only understood how impossible it was for them to have time off in the summer or over Christmas, but also how important our family time was. My parents were allowed to take us out of school for two weeks twice a year. We didn’t get off lightly, though, as we were given some pretty meaty homework to do while we were away.
There was a recent case where a family was fined for taking their daughter out of school to go on holiday. The family took it to court and won, but then the case went to the Supreme Court, where the ruling was overturned. The judge, Lady Hale, who undoubtedly earns enough to fly her children first class during the school holidays, said: ‘Unauthorised absences have a disruptive effect, not only on the education of the child, but also on the work of other pupils, and their teachers.’
SHARED MEMORIES
What about the effects of not having quality time with your parents? What about the Supreme Court using its time more constructively to stop travel firms hiking their prices up by as much as 50% in the holidays? At my kids’ school, there are a number of parents whose work means it’s not always possible to take breaks at peak times but, thankfully, the staff are incredibly understanding.
Spending time together as a family, in places where they are exposed to new languages, different cultures and making friends, has had a profound affect on my children. Through first-hand experience, they are learning new things, broadening their horizons and building shared memories. What can be more important than that?
Listen to Edith Bowman at Breakfast every weekday from 6am-10am on Virgin Radio, virginradio.co.uk |
Khalid’s attacker dropped his pistol while escaping on foot
Firing on JNU student #UmarKhalid: A CCTV grab of the suspect, caught yesterday on the CCTV camera installed at Vit… https://t.co/F4FzY8rYbR — ANI (@ANI) 1534213683000
I got scared as he had a gun:
Umar
Khalid
NEW DELHI: JNU research scholar Umar Khalid had a narrow escape when an unidentified assailant allegedly tried to shoot him from point-blank range at the Constitution Club of India on Monday. The pistol apparently jammed as the assailant pulled the trigger and no shot was fired. The assailant, described as a "dark, fat" man, escaped on foot, dropping the weapon across the road from the venue, barely 500 metres from Parliament .On Tuesday, the police also released a footage of the suspect.Khalid was one of the students arrested in the JNU sedition case of 2016, where controversial slogans were allegedly raised during a function to commemorate Parliament attack case convict Afzal Guru. He had come to attend a programme at the club.According to witnesses, at 2.42pm, the man wearing a cap, white shirt and brown trousers walked up to Khalid who was having tea with his friends, identified as Shariq and Banjyotsna Lahiri.The assailant had a scuffle with Khalid and pushed him to the ground. The attacker then allegedly aimed the pistol at Khalid from a close distance and fired. "I got scared because I noticed that the man had a gun. I knew that if he had a gun he would fire; but my plan was to keep his gun-toting hand away. While this was going on, three of my friends who were with me tried to overpower him and push him aside. The attacker got scared and started running away," said Khalid.One eyewitness claimed that the attacker also fired in the air while fleeing. But no spent cartridge was found. Some said the attacker deliberately dropped the gun, others said it fell out of his pocket. A shopkeeper said he saw two men running out of the main gate, suggesting that the assailant wasn't alone.Banojyotsna Lahiri, who was accompanying Khalid, said, "We had to get Umar away from the man as he was carrying a gun with him."The incident is being considered a major breach of security before Independence Day, given that a person managed to roam around with a weapon so close to Parliament.Police commissioner Amulya Patnaik has formed several teams and also asked the crime branch and special cell to probe the case. Police are scanning footage from all CCTV cameras around Constitution Club to identify and trace the assailant.Sources said the assailant has been captured in at least two of the cameras on the road leading to the club. In one of the clips, the man is seen running towards the Patel Chowk metro station.The pistol found at the spot has been sent for forensic examination to ascertain if a bullet was fired from it. The weapon is of 9mm caliber and sources said it looked like an improvised version of desi kattas which are made in Munger or Meerut. It was old and rusted. Six bullets were found in the magazine.Police said they had no information about the event as no permission had been sought from them."The road was fairly crowded at that time. Suddenly, I noticed these students running towards Constitution Club while a man crossed the road towards the INS building and ran towards the Patel Chowk metro station," said Ghanshyam Gupta, who owns the tea stall near which the incident took place. According to him, none of them saw the shot being fired, but heard people talking about a cracker like sound.Ashish Pandey, who was there for an event , said that the man who had fired at Umar was well-built and had managed to knock the research scholar down with a single blow.Locals say that there were a number of cops posted at the Constitution Club at the time because another programme, in which BJP MP Meenakshi Lekhi was participating, was being held at the adjacent hall.Khalid's statement was recorded and he was escorted out. Lekhi had also met Khalid and inquired about the incident. An FIR was lodged. |
Flames, Blue Jackets have chance to strike gold in deep NHL draft
While Columbus exceeded expectations and have a promising roster, Calgary is in ruins. (Photo by Jamie Sabau/NHLI via Getty Images)
Ryan Kennedy
2013-05-29 11:31:00
Calgary ended its season as a burnt-out husk of a team that wasn’t very good to begin with, while Columbus experienced the hollow, debilitating pain of missing the playoffs by less than a point. Long summers? Sure. But at least the draft is approaching and with the combine taking place in Toronto right now, the Flames and Blue Jackets can look forward to a magical night in Newark on June 30 where each franchise will hold three picks in the first round. The key now is to maximize that value.
Looking at recent history, there’s a mixed bag of success when it comes to big first rounds. Los Angeles had three selections back in 2003, netting them Dustin Brown, Brian Boyle and Jeff Tambellini. Brown was the first King ever to lift the Stanley Cup, as the team’s captain, but Boyle and Tambellini were traded for minimal return after having minimal impact in L.A.
Florida pulled the same trick in 2010, grabbing Erik Gudbranson, Nick Bjugstad and Quinton Howden. Gudbranson developed the quickest, with Bjugstad and Howden seeing their first NHL action this season. Ottawa is a year behind, with Mika Zibanejad, Matt Puempel and Stefan Noesen all culled from the 2011 first round.
The luxury of these multiple selections for Calgary is that the Flames need everything right now. Our annual Future Watch issue ranked the franchise 27th in terms of prospects, but I do like the team’s 2012 draft class. Was Mark Jankowski a reach in the first round? Sure, but GM Jay Feaster covered his bases by netting solid players such as Pat Sieloff, Jon Gillies and Matt DeBlouw after that. Max Reinhart and Sven Baertschi will be full-timers up front next season, while Tyler Wotherspoon can push for a spot on the blueline.
Calgary’s first selection in 2013 comes in at No. 6 and in a deep draft, they’ll get an elite prospect. My pick would be Sean Monahan, the big Ontario League center who has the smarts and skill to go straight to the NHL. Looking at the Flames depth chart, they have much more talent on the wings, so this would be a good situation. The next two selections come in the final 10 picks of the round, courtesy St. Louis and Pittsburgh. At that point, the board will be jumbled, but the depth of this draft class means a whole slew of solid defensemen and versatile forwards will be available – it's basically up to Feaster whether he's a fan of Steve Santini, Ian McCoshen, Ryan Hartman or Max Domi, among others.
As for the Blue Jackets, they (for once) find themselves in a more enviable position. They’ve got a top-flight goalie in Sergei Bobrovsky, a dangerous sniper in Marian Gaborik and a lot of stout, earnest players who want to be in Columbus. New GM Jarmo Kekalainen basically has a bunch of mid-round picks to play around with, the first coming in at No. 14. I can certainly envision a scenario where the Jackets package a couple selections to move higher, or even trade picks for a roster player. After all, this team has a nice pipeline set up with Ryan Murray on defense, a wealth of netminders (Anton Forsberg, Oscar Dansk, Martin Ouellette and Joonas Korpisalo) and emerging forwards such as Boone Jenner, Cam Atkinson and Ryan Johansen. Plus, the Jackets weren’t bad this year. In fact, had the season gone longer or Bobrovsky taken over for Steve Mason earlier, they would have been in the post-season. So this is a draft to augment and perhaps pick up some more scoring punch in the form of a player such as Bo Horvat, Anthony Mantha or Kerby Rychel.
Based on Kekalainen’s brief resume, it will be a productive draft for the Jackets and, for both Columbus and Calgary, it’s shaping up to be an important day. |
Q:
How not to extract text when using \includesvg?
When using the includesvg macro that is provided by the svg package to include an svg image, all "text components" of the image (see the manual) are separated into a pdf_tex file (which is basically a tex file), while the rest of the image is converted into a pdf file.
Then the includesvg macro somehow merges the pdf file and the pdf_tex file at the place where the svg is included in the document, but the result of this isn't always that great, since when the text components are extracted from the svg files, the different font sizes of the different text components are lost and they will all get the same font size in the document they are included in.
So my question is: Is there any way when using the includesvg macro not to extract the text components into a pdf_tex file, but put it in the pdf file that is generated, in order to preserve the original appearance of the text?
I do realize that it is possible to manually open the svg file in Inkscape and save it as a pdf without using the PDF+LaTeX option and then include the pdf using the graphicx package, but I was looking for a way in which includesvg could do this work for you.
A:
Use the inkscapelatex=false option.
Behind the scenes, includesvg uses Inkscape's --export-latex option, which causes inkscape to generate a PDF without texts, and a LaTex snippet containing all texts, to be included in the document. This allows to put formulae in the SVG, and have them rendered by LaTex on top of the graphics. inkscapelatex=false disables this, causing the texts (and fonts, if i remember correctly) to be included int the PDF export.
|
Q:
kill: not a pid or valid job spec
I have created an application that is basically a deamon written in C. It is stopped and started using a shell script. Specifically, to stop it, kill is used to send a SIGTERM signal. The PID of the daemon is stored in a file on the disc in the format:
1234\n
A user reports that they cannot stop the daemon, the shell script returns the error:
kill: `': not a pid or valid job spec
The PID is fetched and used in the shell script as follows:
if [ -f "${PID_FILE}" ]
then
FCPID=`head -n 1 $PID_FILE`
kill -n SIGTERM "${FCPID}"
RETVAL=$?
if [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ]
then
rm -f ${PID_FILE}
echo "OK"
else
echo "FAIL"
exit 1
fi
else
echo "Wasn't running"
exit 1
fi
It works fine on my machine (Ubuntu 10.04) and so far no one else has reported this problem. Does anyone recognise the error or is there a mistake in the shell script that could cause problems on some platforms?
A:
That error occurs when you pass kill an empty arg as a PID, i.e.
[me@home]$ kill -n SIGTERM ""
kill: `': not a pid or valid job spec
My guess is your script throws up that error when the PID_FILE exists but is empty, hence ${FCPID} ends up as an empty string.
Check that the start script is actually writing out the PID_FILE correctly on your user's machine.
|
# Contributing to Regenerator
Regenerator uses GitHub as its sole source of truth. Everything happens
here. Facebook employees who contribute to Regenerator are expected to do
so in the same way as everyone else. In other words, this document applies
equally to all contributors.
### `master` is unsafe
We will do our best to keep `master` in good shape, with tests passing at
all times. But in order to move fast, we will make API changes that your
application might not be compatible with. We will do our best to
communicate these changes and always version appropriately so you can lock
into a specific version if need be.
### Pull Requests
In case you've never submitted a pull request (PR) via GitHub before,
please read [this short
tutorial](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request). If
you've submitted a PR before, there should be nothing surprising about our
procedures for Regenerator.
*Before* submitting a pull request, please make sure the following is done…
1. Fork the repo and create your branch from `master`.
2. If you've added code that should be tested, add tests!
3. Ensure the test suite passes (`npm test`).
4. If you haven't already, complete the CLA.
5. Submit a pull request via GitHub.
6. Check that Travis CI tests pass (pull request turns green).
### Contributor License Agreement ("CLA")
In order to accept your pull request, we need you to submit a CLA. You
only need to do this once, so if you've done this for another Facebook
open source project, you're good to go. If you are submitting a pull
request for the first time, just let us know that you have completed the
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1/07/2013
Three customers at my restaurant made this documentary about Chang Chia-che (張嘉哲), a marathoner from Taiwan. There's some really good stuff here, for example, Chang's insights into competition: he feels a sense of achievement just from running. It's not necessary to win medals, etc. Chang lives in Yonghe (永和), so you'll probably recognize some of the scenery if you're Taipei-based.
I asked the film-makers how they expected to make any money. The doc is, after all, posted on YouTube. They said they didn't make this documentary with an expectation of making money.
Great! I sure recognized the scenery when they were running in Maokong, as I guess you did too Patrick :) Thank you for posting this. Very inspirational. Kevin Lin is the real deal though. He's an international legend. |
NO. 1 NONESUCH Oklahoma City NO. 2 MAYDAN Washington, D.C. America’s Best New Restaurants 2018 What sets these ten establishments apart from this year’s bazillion openings? The ability to take a timeless concept and turn it on its head. To cook the dishes your parents grew up on but make them your own. To serve the food you believe in without compromise. To make anyone who stumbles into your restaurant feel instantly welcome. Those are (just a few of) the characteristics that blow us away year after year as we scour the country in search of the Hot 10: our annual list of the best new restaurants. Welcome to the most delicious, exciting, and just plain fun places to eat in America right now. By Andrew Knowlton Edited by Julia Kramer NO. 3 UGLY BABY Brooklyn NO. 4 FREEDMAN’S Los Angeles NO. 5 NYUM BAI Oakland, CA NO. 6 NIMBLEFISH Portland, OR NO. 7 CHE FICO San Francisco NO. 8 YUME GA ARUKARA Cambridge, MA NO. 9 DRIFTERS WIFE Portland, ME NO. 10 CALL Denver HOT TEN 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN
NO. 1 NONESUCH OKLAHOMA CITY Photographs by ALEX LAU There’s always a moment when it hits me. It’s usually a single bite and, boom, I fall in love with a restaurant. The pickle plate, starring (clockwise from top left) golden beets, jujubes, green strawberries, blueberries, a powder-dusted carrot, and a quail egg, alongside juniper utensils The view from the U-shaped dining room counter Custom-made ceramics from OKC-based Sage Eden Pottery I stumbled upon Nonesuch while swiping through Instagram during one of those late-night sessions I do after my wife falls asleep. The food on its feed looked beautiful and artistic and progressive, the kind of dishes you might find in Copenhagen or Tokyo or New York—but not necessarily the Great Plains. I googled it. The results were meager. No big write-ups. No national press. And definitely no press release about it in my in-box. I started to wonder whether my internal restaurant radar was broken. How could something that seemed so compelling have so little buzz? Should I really book an out- of-the-way plane trip to Oklahoma based off a few well-lit Instagram photos? It was Thursday, prime time, and the place was all but empty. Thankfully, curiosity got the better of me. And six weeks later, as I stepped out into the sticky OKC air after that first dinner at Nonesuch, I was ecstatic and grateful. I was also full of questions: How did food this challenging materialize in a town known more for its massive chicken-fried steaks? Who was in the kitchen, and how did they learn how to cook like this? And in a world where everyone knows everything about a restaurant the minute it opens, how had this place flown so under the radar? I had to find out. Colin Stringer, Jeremy Wolfe, and Paul Wang are the chefs behind Nonesuch. All are under 30, and none have much in the way of professional culinary training. A month after my first meal, I was back in OKC, but this time I was sitting with the three chefs at Pho Cuong, their favorite Vietnamese restaurant. It’s where you can usually find them eating bún riêu and finishing one another’s sentences. Stringer, who was “really bad at college,” began his career washing dishes and scattering hash browns at Waffle House. Wolfe got his start at a restaurant where his buddy worked when the dishwasher quit. Unlike Stringer and Wolfe, both OKC natives, Wang was born in Hong Kong, then raised in Seoul and Southern California. His first job was at John’s Incredible Pizza Company, a Chuck E. Cheese knockoff, where he was a guest-service rep and wore a bear costume. After watching them work and eating their food, I think the best analogy I can use to describe the trio, who jokingly call themselves the Mayflower Boys after their shared birth month, is three guys in a band, heads down, making incredibly beautiful music together—that they doubt anyone will ever hear. Tell me your names again? The best analogy I can use to describe the trio is three guys in a band, heads down, making incredibly beautiful music together—that they doubt anyone will ever hear. Nonesuch doesn’t have PR. As of press time it has only 5,000 Instagram followers. It has a small local fan base, many of whom work with Nonesuch in some capacity. The chefs didn’t spend years working for Boulud or Keller, although Wang did intern at Noma in Copenhagen. And it has a guy who makes waffle sandwiches. Stay with me. In 2014, Stringer and Wolfe (along with Andon Whitehorn) ran a pop-up called Nani in a creaky 100-year-old Victorian house in OKC. Nani became a local phenomenon, selling out months in advance—until the health department essentially shut it down for operating without a license. Chefs Colin Stringer, Paul Wang, and Jeremy Wolfe EAT LIKE THE CHEFS The Nonesuch chefs at Pho Cuong A round at Prairie Artisan Ales What Waffle Champion is made of The scene at Bar Arbolada One of Nani’s early guests was a guy named Todd Woodruff, a local restaurateur who had a runaway hit called Waffle Champion (think waffles wrapped around chicken tenders, crispy leeks, and Tabasco honey). He fell for the gutsy cooking at Nani and the DIY vibe of the venture. “I wanted to give them a new stage to keep doing what they love but also make a living doing it,” Woodruff told me. Eventually he contacted Stringer, who put much of the Nani band back together. Nonesuch, the name of the new project, opened in OKC’s Midtown district on October 4, 2017. Nonesuch is not ambitious for OKC; it’s ambitious, period. The trio’s inspiration is modern Nordic cooking—a style of cuisine defined by hyper-local, often foraged ingredients, minimal but artful plating, and a love of all things fermented, pickled, and cured. What that means at Nonesuch is that if there’s a protein, vegetable, piece of fruit, or dairy product on the plate, it comes from Oklahoma. For some cooks this would mean culinary suicide, but for Stringer, Wang, and Wolfe, it is the whole reason for the restaurant’s existence. Wang is super technical and can pickle and ferment anything— skills he picked up during his Noma stint. Stringer has a way with aging and cooking meats and knows more than anyone should about vinegars, a key component in many Nonesuch dishes. He’s also the kitchen general. Wolfe, the baby of the bunch at 25, is a bread and dessert Jedi who made even this dessert skeptic a fan. I’m not alone. Greg Elwell, the former restaurant critic for the Oklahoma Gazette, told me about Wolfe’s crème anglaise s’more: “It was legit one of my top desserts of the last decade. I ate it with my eyes closed,” he remembers. “The woman I was with decided then and there that nothing was going to happen between us, because who wants to date the guy who gets weird with food.” Grilled chicken hearts? Colostrum custard? Are you kidding? Nonesuch is not ambitious for OKC; it’s ambitious, period. All three chefs share a passion for Oklahoma ingredients. But the fact that everything is from in-state is not a narrative they want to shove in people’s faces. To them it’s just what responsible chefs do in 2018. Of course, it’s easier to abide by that philosophy when you live in, say, California or even Washington, D.C. But in a landlocked state like Oklahoma it can be difficult. The Nonesuch guys see these limitations as a positive. “I think it helps our creativity because if we could cook with anything we wanted, well, I’m not sure that we would know what to do,” Wolfe says. This connection to place is part of what makes Nonesuch so special. Take the tea course that usually arrives near the end of the tasting menu, the one that most people overlook until they take a sip. It’s not fresh chamomile or even some rare pu-erh. It’s made with as many as 12 ingredients that the chefs have foraged over the years, which they steep in hot water. “Not only was it utterly delicious, but I remember thinking that I was drinking an entire year of Oklahoma,” Elwell recalls. “Every season. Every storm. Every drought. That still blows my mind.” Time to sort the elderflowers Colostrum custard with peas On my second visit to the restaurant, Stringer asked if I was interested in trying a new dish and, of course, I was game. It involved barely poached double-shucked English peas (to remove any bitterness), strawberry vinegar, and coriander flowers. All of that was sitting atop the silkiest, most perfect custard I’ve ever eaten. The dairy used to make the custard is what sold me. It was cow’s colostrum. The glossy description of colostrum: “When cows give birth in the spring, the immediate milk they give is extremely high in protein.” (That’s how Stringer put it on the Nonesuch Instagram. ) The real-life, deal-with-it description: bovine breast milk. I defy anyone who likes dairy not to fall for it. It was the most intensely flavored dairy-based dish I’d ever tasted. It was grassy and needed no gelatin, just a bit of heat, to create a custard. I had never tasted a dish like it. “We have the freedom to cook whatever we want. So I think it’s very easy for us to be like, what do we have to lose, let’s put it on the menu,” Stringer says. Could Nonesuch be the restaurant to put OKC, which as far as I could tell was still heavy on steaks and onion burgers, on the national dining map? Of course, you can cook some of the best, most compelling personal food on the planet using hyper-local and foraged ingredients and have an amazing story to back it all up, but if it’s not delicious, does it really matter? I’ve been to plenty of well-known spots where the food looks incredible on the plate but fizzles when you taste it. I was worried during my first trip that this would be the case with Nonesuch’s beautiful dishes—all Instagram glam, no boom. Then Wang arrived with a delicate mushroom crepe filled with mint, lovage, sorrel, and nasturtium and dusted with smoked wild chive powder. It was like eating your way through an ethereal herb garden. And then there was a rich and deeply flavored steak tartare piled on a sablé cracker. God knows I’ve had my fair share of steak tartare in 2018, but this one was made from the dry-aged meat of a dairy cow and cut into slightly larger chunks, resulting in a beefy flavor times ten. What these guys lacked in confidence and oratory skills (a few dishes were described in a head-down mumble by the chefs), they more than made up for in technique and taste. These kids could really cook. THE TASTING MENU One night. Ten courses Compressed courgette and fava–stuffed squash blossom Bison tartare on pork fat sablé Turnip with duck-yolk sauce and kale “nori” Salty buttermilk sorbet with sorrel juice Grilled bison rib eye with grilled baby cabbage and peach glaze Soft scramble tart with black garlic Blueberry sorbet with lemongrass yogurt Mint and basil biscotti with herbal tea Chocolate mint ice cream, pizzelle, and chimichurri Sourdough baguette with cultured butter, shishito jam, and pickles Did other diners realize just how astonishing these dishes were? I was beginning to think not. On the two evenings I dined at Nonesuch, there were a combined total of ten guests. Including me. It got me thinking. What did I see in Nonesuch that others did not? What was keeping people away? Was it the price (around $75 for ten courses)? Was it the in-your-face dishes like grilled chicken hearts or aged duck? Did people find the tasting-menu format pretentious? Did OKC locals even know Nonesuch existed? When I got back to my hotel after that first thrilling dinner, I flipped through the local city magazine’s Best Of issue. Nonesuch wasn’t mentioned anywhere. The magazine’s favorite new restaurant was praised for its cozy environment and large portions. “What more could we want?” the last sentence read. Elwell told me about the time he was having dinner with a member of the OKC city council, and when he mentioned Nonesuch, the city official had never heard of the place. I fell for OKC. I dug the low-slung brick buildings and the neon signs advertising laundry services and dive bars. I loved the airy art-filled 21c Museum Hotel where I stayed. I saw the same creative energy I see in Houston or Nashville at a new spot called Bar Arbolada, which was bustling with cool kids sipping cucumber daiquiris and cans of rosé. There was a cultural and culinary buzz beginning to simmer. Could Nonesuch be the restaurant to put OKC, which as far as I could tell was still heavy on steaks and onion burgers, on the national dining map? I’d seen my share of ambitious, inexperienced chefs try to transform tradition-bound restaurant scenes and fail colossally. I had my doubts. You down with OKC? Welcome to Oklahoma City. The chefs acknowledge the lack of attention they’ve received, but it doesn’t change the way they operate. “It’s more respectful to a community if you’re not dumbing things down and making everything fried this or fried that,” Wolfe says. “You have to remember that our state dish is an extra side of ranch dressing.” All it takes is three people who believe in what they do and do it (well) with conviction. It also helps if you have someone who sells a lot of waffles to believe in you and back you. Nonesuch is challenging food for any city. The fact that these chefs have chosen to stay in OKC and not flee to a city like Austin, where many talented local chefs end up, makes it all the more impressive. Their job is to feed people, yes, but I get the sense that they really love changing people’s attitudes about food. “Some folks come in, cross their arms defensively, and want to hate everything,” Wolfe says. “And then halfway through the meal they are smiling and laughing with you and really loving it. That’s my favorite thing to witness.” When I asked Stringer about his motivation, he paused for a moment. “It’s the transformative power of it,” he said. “You serve a heart dish and a lot of folks roll their eyes or make a face. Then you look over ten minutes later, and they’ve eaten all of it, and they’re beaming. I like that food has that power over people. That’s why I cook.” Oklahoma City, home to the geodesic Gold Dome…and our No. 1 restaurant If there’s one thing I’ve learned after crisscrossing the country in search of memorable food for almost 20 years, it’s that greatness exists everywhere—it just needs risk-takers to make it happen. “I won’t pretend everyone here gets Nonesuch, but those guys have willed a Michelin-caliber restaurant into reality through passion,” explains Blair Humphreys, a local developer and Nonesuch regular. He’s right. All it takes is three people who believe in what they do and do it (well) with conviction. It also helps if you have someone who sells a lot of waffles to believe in you and back you. How demoralizing must it be to cook the wildly creative and compelling food they were knocking out nightly and still not be busy? In the food-media world we tend to cover the same spots. There’s a well-traveled circuit of usual-suspect cities. Each year certain restaurants pop up on everyone’s Best Of lists. And there’s nothing necessarily wrong with that. If a place is great, it’s great, right? Take last year’s No. 1 restaurant on our list, Turkey and the Wolf in New Orleans. We loved it. And so did everyone else. Yes, it was a sandwich place, a bold choice to name the best restaurant in America, but it was in one of the most food-obsessed cities in America. The chef, Mason Hereford, had worked at a standout NOLA spot, and there were already lines out the door by the time I checked it out. Nonesuch had none of that going for it. city of neon With signs like these, who wouldn’t fall in love with OKC’s retro charm? At the end of my visit, Stringer drove me around OKC on a 95 degree day in his blue 2001 Dodge Ram truck. The AC was busted and the humid air blew in the windows like a hair dryer. He pointed out local landmarks: the geodesic Gold Dome on Route 66, his favorite Chinese joint, Chow’s, and the old Victorian that housed Nani and started him on the road to Nonesuch, a restaurant whose future I openly worried about. Even more, I was worried about Stringer, Wang, and Wolfe. How demoralizing must it be to cook the wildly creative and compelling food they were knocking out nightly and still not be busy? How did they stay motivated? “Sometimes I do get frustrated and ask myself, ‘Why am I here at 8:30 a.m. when I’m cooking for five people tonight?’” Stringer replied. “But we have to remind ourselves that we’ve gotta make it great every single day.” He paused as we drove by S&B’s, a local chain where he used to flip burgers. “None of this really makes any sense,” he said. “We’ll just have to wait and see what happens.” How did a 22-seat tasting-menu spot from three chefs whom no one has ever heard of, in a city that no national critic has ever paid attention to, become America’s best new restaurant? This time it was a forkful of homemade dan dan noodles. They were tossed with minced fermented turnip greens in a tahini-like pecan sauce, dressed with chili oil, dusted with cucumber powder, and garnished with micro purple basil. It was spicy and cooling, confounding in its simplicity, and immensely satisfying—the type of dish that follows you around for years. The taste was unexpected and complex. Whoever made it was a genius. I was halfway through a ten-course tasting menu in a 22-seat restaurant in a city I’d never set foot in before. It was Thursday, prime time, and the place was all but empty. Dried wild spinach and juniper hung from the wood rafters. Pickles and other jarred kitchen experiments lined the shelves. Car Seat Headrest played on the speakers. There was a host, a server, three chefs, and no menu. I was head over heels but utterly confused. Who cooked this dish? And what the hell was this place? It had been three months since I’d set off on my annual cross-country search for the year’s best new restaurants. I’d checked out most of the places I was “supposed” to. You know, those buzzy spots run by pedigreed chefs or by cooks who used to work for those pedigreed chefs. I’d visited San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, and the other noted food cities. I’d checked out the vibrant restaurant scenes in smaller towns like Charleston, South Carolina, and Portland (both of them). But Oklahoma City? In two decades of covering restaurants, it had never popped onto my radar. And the chefs? Never heard of them. Ready to jump a flight to OKC? Read about the Nonesuch crew’s favorite spots in town. America’s best new restaurant? HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN by ANDREW KNOWLTON
Swiss Chard-Tahini Dip Seared Halloumi with Peanut Dukkah and Honey Freekeh Salad with Parsley and Cherry Tomatoes Lemony Cabbage with Mint Slow-Roast Spiced Lamb Shoulder with Sumac Onions Cinnamon-Tomato Jam Get the recipe If you love hummus or baba ghanoush, this dairy-free dip will become a new favorite. Just make sure you have plenty of warm flatbread to scoop it all up. Get the recipe Salty, lacy-edged Halloumi covered in warm honey and sprinkled with nutty dukkah—what’s not to love? Get the recipe The chefs at Maydan make this summer grain salad extra tart with lots of lemon juice. It can be served on its own or alongside creamy spreads or fatty pieces of meat. Get the recipe When all the flavors meld, the dried mint blooms and transforms this dish into an addictive slaw that pairs well with fatty cuts of meat. Get the recipe At Maydan the lamb shoulder is cooked sous vide until meltingly tender and then finished in the hearth until crisp and golden brown. We adapted their recipe for the oven to similar effect. Get the recipe Cinnamon lends additional sweetness to this savory jam, making it an excellent match with heavily spiced lamb or pork. RECIPES A giant hearth with a copper hood sits at the center of Maydan, which is housed in a former train facility. Maydan owner Rose Previte —ROSE PREVITE We want you to taste the food, to taste the vegetables just as they are. There’s fire on them, but the flavor of the white oak wood is not the component we want coming through. It’s not barbecue; it’s grilled. We don’t smoke anything. We could if we wanted to, but it wouldn’t be accurate for the regions we are representing. There’s not a lot of fusion, there’s not a lot of experimentation. It’s really dead-on. Certain things don’t work on the fire, like rice. People are always asking, “Why isn’t there rice with my kebab?” We’re like, “We can’t do rice!” What we can do is bread. It’s the most representative thing on the menu. In Georgia I discovered this clay-pot oven, known as a tone, that made it all the way there from India. We’ve built one into our hearth here at Maydan. We make a flatbread using recipes from all the cultures put together. It’s not naan, it’s not pita—our bread is unique; nobody else does it like we do. To me it’s the culmination. It’s symbolic, the breaking of bread, in this place where people can come together as equals. My mom is Lebanese-American, my dad is Italian-American, and I have been cooking and surrounded by food since I was born. My first restaurant, Compass Rose, is all about international street food. But for the second, I wanted a fire. All of those squares, those maydans, have fire. I wanted the restaurant to give you that feeling of winding through a market, like you’re in the medina in Fez, Morocco. It’s a little chaotic, but it’s happy chaos. So I linked up with Chris Morgan and Gerald Addison, my co-executive chefs, who’ve both worked extensively with fire cooking. As we were talking, we realized we had a love for Middle Eastern food above all else. This led to a five-country trip, which started in Morocco, went on to Tunisia, then Georgia, Lebanon, and Turkey. You come into the restaurant, and it’s really quiet, and you’re just in the vestibule covered with textiles. It feels a little like Alice in Wonderland. There are steps and doors and you’re like, Which way do I go? But then you open the main door, and there it is: the hearth. And you instantly feel something: surprise, shock, horror, happiness—it doesn’t matter, you feel something. It’s an experience. Everything in the restaurant is meaningful. Everything has a story. There’s no stove, no range. Everything is cooked on the hearth, which has a mammoth hood covered in copper. The fire is so big and so intense that these guys are sweating through their shirts in five minutes. I don’t think we want it to be tamed; it’s just about managing it. There is something primal in the fire. The way people are drawn to it is insane. They just stare for hours. It’s like installation art. I discovered the word in Ukraine. I kept hearing it: “Everyone is meeting at maydan,” and “The revolution is happening at maydan.” I found out this word is used throughout the Caucuses, Iran, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and India. And it always means the same thing: a central public meeting place. A space for people to come together as a community, to mourn, to celebrate, to rebel. People in these places have drastic income disparities, but there’s always street food that everybody loves and that’s representative of the culture. The poor people eat there and the rich people eat there. It’s an equalizer. A maydan brings everyone together over a common emotion. And that is powerful. Photographs by It took a trip halfway around the world to design the live-fire hearth at the center of this Middle Eastern restaurant. But it takes only one meal—and a couple hours staring longingly at the huge hearth and all the charred meats and puffy bread coming off it—to realize why it was so worth it. Owner Rose Previte tells the story of how it all got started WASHINGTON, D.C. MAYDAN NO. MICHAEL GRAYDON + NIKOLE HERRIOTT Maydan’s signature flatbread 2 Reported by Andy Baraghani maydan HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
6 “When someone is struggling with the heat, we give them a fresh chilled cucumber. Warm water, beer, and milk help too.” When All Else Fails, Eat a Cucumber “Thai food is about cooking with patience. My best memory of my dad cooking is him pounding curry paste because nobody else could make it the way he wanted. He pounded all day, for hours and hours. Here at Ugly Baby, we make our curry paste the way my dad did: with a mortar and pestle.” 5 A Mortar and Pestle Takes Time, and That’s the Point 4 “Not only is the heat from different chiles different, but each ingredient in a dish— cumin, pepper, garlic, turmeric, galangal—complements the spiciness and adds flavor little by little. When they are combined, it’s like a bomb.” Heat and Flavor Go Hand in Hand 3 “Thai food stands out because of how generous we are with flavor. I don’t hold back. If it’s too spicy, add more sugar. If it’s too sweet, add more fish sauce or chile. Cool, crunchy herbs and veggies balance heat. It’s never a matter of too much flavor; it’s about adding more to balance everything.” More Is More “We use bird chiles because we follow the rules of the great-grandmothers and -grandfathers. We already know what is good. I don’t see anything that can replace them. Fresh, ripe red Thai bird chiles release the best aroma and flavor. We also sometimes use the bigger cayenne chile pepper for texture and color but not really for flavor.” 2 Bird Chiles Are the Only Fresh Chiles That Matter 1 GET THE RECIPE “It’s my belief that curry paste is the key to Thai cooking. It is the base of almost all my dishes. Thai cooking has adopted so many methods from so many different cuisines from China, from Myanmar, from Thai Muslims, today from Koreans, from the Japanese. But the key to Thai cuisine, if we strip all that off, is the paste. That is the real Thailand to me.” Curry Paste Is the Foundation of Everything Hot tips Making curry paste with a mortar and pestle Seats fill up the moment Ugly Baby opens every night. Tu ka ko (fried coconut milk cakes) Kua kling (beef eye round curry) Chef Sirichai Sreparplarn Born and raised in Bangkok, Sreparplarn learned to cook from his parents. “As a Thai kid you are always in the kitchen,” he says. His father would spend hours at home pounding curry paste, and his mother worked as a chef at a hotel. “My mom was the one who taught me to never stop learning,” he recalls. “That’s why I always question myself, like, is this good enough? Am I in a comfort zone already? I have to dare to do more.” “The only way to tone down the heat is to dilute it,” the chef says, “which I refuse to do.” Walk into Ugly Baby on a Saturday night and you’ll find the tiny Brooklyn restaurant packed with diners sweating and crying (literally) from the profusion of chiles found in each dish. But the atmosphere is pure fun. “I believe heat is like a drug,” Sreparplarn says with a sly smile. “It’s painful, but you want more, more, more.” Tum kanoon (red curry with jackfruit) Sirichai Sreparplarn (back row center in orange hat) with his staff, who coordinate their colorful costumes every Saturday (this was Bowie night) The hottest restaurant in New York? It’s quite literally the hottest. The chef, Sirichai Sreparplarn, is a chile whisperer who doesn’t care if you can’t stand the heat. And the food he cooks is habit-forming: You’ll crave the fiery but purposeful heat of his Technicolor Thai dishes BROOKLYN UGLY BABY 3 NO. Photographs by ALEX LAU Sirichai Sreparplarn doesn’t compromise. At 28, Sreparplarn moved to New York City to study journalism and help his aunt with her Thai restaurant in the East Village. Later he helped lead the kitchen at the short-lived but critically acclaimed Kao Soy in Red Hook, then a pop-up down the street called Chiang Mai. His goal from the start has been to introduce New Yorkers to what he calls “real Thai cooking.” “Thai food is not about doing it fast,” he says. “It’s about low heat and spending time stirring and stirring, sometimes for hours.” The process of opening his own restaurant wasn’t easy; the chef spent a year searching for a space and looking for a loan. When he finally succeeded, he named the place Ugly Baby after an old Thai superstition: calling newborns unattractive so that the evil spirits will leave them alone. “This restaurant is my ugly baby,” says Sreparplarn. “It’s everything to me, but I’m always afraid I’m going to lose it.” Reported by HILARY CADIGAN chris morocco How Ugly Baby chef Sirichai Sreparplarn handles the heat Ingredients for red curry paste Fresh bird chiles and HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
NO. 4 FREEDMAN’S LOS ANGELES Genius is when you take a timeless concept, turn it on its head, and redefine it. That’s what sibling restaurateurs Jonah and Amanda Freedman have done for the classic Jewish deli: They improved an already perfect thing. Here, Jonah breaks down every careful detail, from the latkes to the lavatory Photographs by ALEX LAU Because we’re not really a deli. We don’t do stuff by the pound, we have liquor, and we’re open a little later. Other modern delis have popped up, but a lot of them were just changing the deli aesthetic, going light and bright—minimalist design with subway tile. They weren’t looking at the food and saying, “Where can we innovate? Where can we bring this idea of Jewish food to another level?” That’s where we got excited. We didn’t want the food to become sentimental or nostalgic. I grew up going to delis with my grandfather in Toronto. Sour pickles are staples of Jewish cooking, but I find them boring. Thus, the half-sour salad was born. It’s avocado, fennel, and green goddess dressing. Our latkes are done in a waffle iron. Our brisket is served with bone marrow—which just pushes it in a more French direction. We have a lot of French customers, actually. I think it’s because they realize that we’re secretly a French restaurant masquerading as a Jewish deli. We’re the black sheep of Jewish delis. CO-OWNER JONAH FREEDMAN There’s a culture of delis in L.A. In the summer of 2016 I was at Langer’s with my sister. We were sitting there, looking around, realizing that this place was about to close and it was four o’clock in the afternoon. We said to each other, “What if this place were a little younger, a little cooler, had some great music playing, and a menu geared toward a more modern customer? And what if we could access it at ten o’clock at night? What would that look like?” And that’s kind of where everything started from. The brass, the French sconces from 1910 Paris, the Morris & Co. wallpaper, the tank on the toilet that’s decorated with 24-karat gold-leaf trim…it’s a little f*#% you to restaurants that were clean and spare with pure white walls. I wanted to fill everything. Our bar is made from an old hearth we found. A local tattoo artist, Aron Dubois, did our logo. Our napkins have an illustration of a flamingo drinking a martini; it’s a little bit Miami. The idea is: Okay, what if young people took over a grandma’s house and made it cool? —JONAH FREEDMAN IT’S ALL IN THE DETAILS There’s a story behind every plate, pickle, and pipe (yes, pipe) at Freedman’s. Jonah Freedman tells us a few of them THE MATZO BALLS “We wanted them superlight and airy. I think [former L.A. Times critic] Jonathan Gold called them quenelles. Rather than one hulking thing, there’s a dozen or so. It’s a nicer, more palatable soup experience. We serve them in Luminarc Amberline cookware we found in Koreatown.” THE ROTARY TELEPHONE “It has a dial tone. The idea is, if you don’t have your phone, you can make a call. Similar to Cheers, you can receive a call at the bar. I would love if one of the employees answered the phone and went into the dining room and called out to someone. It’ll happen one day.” THE CHAIRS “We have wicker chairs and Modernica chairs; we’re mixing different eras throughout the restaurant. Because your grandparents, as they go through time, they collect things. And all of these eras exist at once.” THE ELECTRIC KNIFE “This is our super-strange version of high-low. The brisket is sliced tableside, but it’s not a particularly nice cut of meat. Not only that, but it’s cut with our ‘dad knife,’ which is just a battery-operated Waring.” IF THESE WALLPAPERS COULD TALK... “Rather than selecting one single wallpaper to cover the entire restaurant, the aim was to create different spaces and dining experiences with each new wall,” says Freedman. For example: THE REUBEN “We hired Liz Johnson as our opening chef. We were like, Hey, you’re super non-Jewish, and we’re going to have you make briskets and Reubens. We swap the traditional corned beef for our pastrami, which is brined and smoked in-house.” “The color, the light stitching of the leather— it’s inspired by Hermès watches. We had them custom made.” THE BATHROOM “The porcelain is hand-painted in 24-karat gold-leaf trim. As for the gold plumbing on the urinal, that was incredibly hard to get our hands on. That was deep web.” THE BAR “Delis were a place to sit and talk. That’s a huge part of our bar. It’s made from an old 1940s fireplace mantel that we found in L.A. I know it’s cheesy and everyone talks about the hearth, but that’s where people meet.” THE PICKLES “The pickles are made in-house, the sauerkraut is made in-house, the pumpernickel bread for the happy hour toast is made in-house. All the bagels are hand rolled and made in-house.” THE BRISKET “Our brisket is done like Jewish-Texas barbecue, with loads of tarragon on top, braised for hours. You get rye bread, you get pickles, and the idea is that you create this massive sandwich out of everything.” The Bathroom “The wall opposite the bathrooms is left blank. This is meant to kind of clear your visual palette for the moment before you enter the bathroom and see the amazing It’s vibrant, fun, confusing. It’s like Boca Raton meets M.C. Escher.” The Banquettes “The wallpaper along the banquet is a It seemed like a nice everyday wallpaper: not too dark, but had enough patterning to feel cozy and intimate at night, like a well-worn British country home. The many browns, tans, and oranges play off the saddle-like cognac leather cushions.” The Bar The bar area is filled with richer, darker tones: browns and burnt orange. It feels a little more like a speakeasy: dimmer, boozier. The wallpaper used along the bar to create that kind of Prohibition-esque atmosphere is a The Dividing Wall “The wall that separates the kitchen from the dining room is clad in . This took double the time to install than all the newly manufactured wallpaper did. It was like trying to put up newspaper. It was thin and delicate and had to be done with a very gentle hand. The background is a kind of burgundy color, and the flowers are grayish-white, which play off the marble counter below.” The Hallway “Reinforcing the bird theme that’s present through the restaurant, we selected the . It depicts perched birds with strawberries in their mouths. It’s a relatively light scene but has dark greens and browns that complement the dark green wainscoting below. The color scheme seems kind of country club to me.” THE LATKES “We shred the potatoes, put them in the waffle iron, freeze them, then fry them. The outside gets crispy and renders the inside soft and mashed potato-y. It’s like molten chocolate cake.” THE BANQUETTES Cole & Son print called Miami Morris & Co. print called Golden Lily Morris & Co. print called Compton. 1940s deadstock floral wallpaper Morris & Co. wallpaper called Strawberry Thief Reported by MICKEY RAPKIN . . HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
Things may get messy, but Nyum Bai is prepared. Nyum Bai’s tables are laden with condiments like sugar and chili sauce for adding extra flavor—if you need it. THE FISH-PASTE-FILLED DIP THAT TASTES (AND SMELLS!) LIKE MY CHILDHOOD THE PORK CHOP THAT BRINGS BACK A GOLDEN ERA —ROSE PREVITE I was born in a refugee camp in Thailand after my parents fled the genocide in Cambodia in the 1970s. I was two years old when I came to the States. But even though I had never been to Cambodia, I was still connected to the country because of the stories I heard growing up. I always had this longing to go—well, I want to say go “back” to Cambodia since it felt so familiar to me. The first time I went back, I had just dropped out of nursing school after realizing it wasn’t for me. I was 23 or 24. It was so trippy. Everywhere I went I was like, Wow, these are all the foods I grew up eating. This noodle soup dish, listed on the menu as kuy teav Phnom Penh, is what inspired me to start Nyum Bai. It’s the soup my mom would prepare for me THE NOODLE SOUP THAT STARTED IT ALL Photographs by At her deeply personal restaurant in the East Bay, Nite Yun reimagines the Cambodian food of her childhood, from soulful bowls of Cambodian noodle soup to flavorful marinated pork chops, all set to a psychedelic Khmer playlist. Here are three dishes that transport Yun back in time OAKLAND NYUM BAI NO. 5 ALEX LAU Reported by HILARY CADIGAN and my brothers on weekends. There are three main parts: rich broth, rice noodles, and meat toppings. Then the garnishes: crispy garlic, black pepper, cilantro, green onions, and lime. When I was in Phnom Penh, I started my mornings eating it at my favorite noodle stall. That’s where I had my epiphany. Halfway through eating the soup, I started thinking, Oh my gosh, this is so good, but no one in America knows about it. If people know anything about Cambodia, it’s the genocide. But in Phnom Penh life was just happening all around me. People had moved on from the war; they were living, celebrating, having a good time. Cambodia has such a rich and beautiful history. And I thought people needed to know more about Cambodian food because it is so damn good. This simple marinated pork chop with rice, bai sach chrouk, reminds me of my childhood. My mom would marinate the pork overnight in coconut milk, soy sauce, and garlic, and then my brothers and I would come home from school, pan-fry it ourselves, and eat it with rice. If we wanted, we could put an egg on top. As far as I can remember, back to five or six years old, I was always in the kitchen with my mom. I didn’t realize I was learning how to cook, but I helped her cut vegetables or pound lemongrass because I really didn’t have anywhere to go. Growing up, we were isolated from the community. I think my parents were just shocked when they arrived in America. They didn’t know what to do; they didn’t speak the language. It was very difficult for them to assimilate. After the refugee camp in Thailand, we moved to Texas for a few months and then to Stockton, California, where there was a bigger Cambodian community. We lived in an apartment complex with a lot of other Cambodian families, but we kind of stayed to ourselves. My parents don’t talk much about Cambodia; the memories are just too painful. But the time they talk about most is the carefree ’60s and early ’70s, the golden era, when Cambodia was a happening country and all of the artists and the musicians would go to Phnom Penh to make music, to be part of the scene. All that was taken away from them by the regime. I wanted to bring that back—the scene, the music, the color palette, even the name Nyum Bai (which means “eat rice”). I wanted to have my parents’ generation and the younger generations celebrate this time and hopefully heal as well. When I was young, my house always smelled like prahok, a really flavorful fermented fish paste that’s the base for a lot of classic Cambodian dishes. But I was so used to it that I didn’t know until people would come over and be like, “Damn, your house really smells.” My mom would take the fermented fish and chop it up with a cleaver until it was really minced. I remember the smell of cutting lemongrass, mixing it in with the garlic and shallots and lime leaves. To make prahok ktiss, she would stir-fry the paste with pork belly and let it simmer so the fat would incorporate with all the other flavors and create this thick creamy dip for raw veggies. It’s time-consuming, so my mom would make it only for special occasions: birthdays, celebrations, temple visits. I was hesitant to put this on the menu at first because it was so different and weird, but all the customers who have tried it have come back just to order it. –NITE YUN a compilation of Khmer rock music from the ’60s and ’70s, curated and remastered by Rattanak Oudam of the Cambodian Vintage Music Archive. Listen to more recordings from Cambodia’s golden age of rock and roll: GET THE SOUNDTRACK The best tracks we heard all year were on the Nyum Bai playlist, Diners flock from near and far to eat at Nyum Bai, located in Oakland’s Fruitvale neighborhood. Nyum Bai started as a pop-up but opened a brick-and-mortar location in February 2018. The restaurant’s walls are lined with vintage record covers from Cambodia’s golden age of rock and roll. Nyum Bai chef-owner Nite Yun a glimpse Inside Nyum bai CAMBODIA VIA CALIFORNIA HOT TEN 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
“We do a salt and sugar cure on the salmon, then we put it through a session in a smoker with applewood burning at 175 degrees for five minutes. We’ll chill it, do another five-minute session, then cool it once more. We’ll serve it a little colder than room temperature.” “We heavily salt the fish’s skin and use a torch to heat the salt, which solidifies and cooks the skin. Afterward, we drop the fish into an ice bath and the salt falls off. We do this to preserve a layer of fat between the skin and the flesh. That fat adds a major boost to the flavor.” “Gizzard shad is one of the oldest sushi being made today in the Edomae style of sushi (a 200-year-old tradition of curing or cooking fish before serving). The shad is heavily salted for 30 minutes, then rinsed with vinegar, then rested in a vinegar marinade for another 30 minutes.” “The menu starts with freshly boiled octopus from a market in Fukuoka, Japan, which we wrap in nori and serve atop vinegar-washed Calrose rice. Our rice is a little bit saltier and more robust in flavor, so we don’t have to rely on too many condiments for seasoning the fish.” TREVALLY JACK MACKEREL SHIMA-AJI SOY-MARINATED TUNA MAGURO ZUKE YELLOW-STRIPED BUTTERFISH TAKABE SMOKED KING SALMON SMOKED SAKE ROLLED OMELET TAMAGO GIZZARD SHAD KOHADA STAR SNAPPER FUEFUKI-DAI SHORT-SPINED SEA URCHIN BAFUN UNI ATLANTIC SALMON SAKE OREGON DUNGENESS CRAB KANI SCALLOP HOTATE OCTOPUS TAKO Impeccably sourced fish, perfectly seasoned rice, and relentless attention to detail define every bite at this transcendent sushi bar. Chef Cody Auger takes us through a few pieces of his ethereal Edomae-style sushi Portland, OR NIMBLEFISH NO. 6 “An egg crepe with a bunch of dashi that’s been folded and flipped a number of times is a super-traditional piece of sushi eaten at the end of the meal. It takes us about 45 minutes per day to make the omelets.” “Scallops will always be better the fresher and better quality you can get. We source scallops from Hokkaido, Japan, through a relationship I built with a fish purveyor while working at previous restaurants.” “We get a live, local Dungeness crab. We boil it, clean it, and shell it, then we take the crab innards, or the kani-miso, and toss that in with the crabmeat. We wrap all of that meat in nori and serve it.” “This is a sustainably farmed Atlantic salmon from Victoria, B.C. Because we want the sourcing to really shine, we keep the preparation minimal. We’ll only do a traditional 30-minute salt-and-vinegar cure on the salmon. We’ll dress it with a finishing clump of grated daikon.” “People are falling in love with uni all over, not just in sushi. Like most sushi, the secret to uni lies in who your source is. I have a great source for this in Japan. We wrap it in nori and serve it. The result is a briny piece of sushi that ends very sweet.” “Fuefuki-dai is a really prized shiromi, or whitefish: It’s one of the nicest whitefish you can possibly get. We lightly salt everything on the skin side and let it sweat a little bit. By pulling out the water, we’re also concentrating the flavor. We’ll age the fish for eight to ten days, serve it cool, and top it with wasabi.” “This is a very classic Edomae preservation of tuna. We cook the outside of the fish with hot water and marinate it in a soy-based marinade for 20 to 30 minutes. It will continue to marinate after we pull it out, so we don’t want to do it for too long.” “This fish is fairly rare to see in the wild. Most restaurants source theirs from year-round aquaculture farms in Japan, but we prefer ours wild-caught and in-season. We wash it with salt and top it with grated ginger.” Photographs by ALEX LAU Reported by Jesse Sparks ANY WAY YOU SLICE IT More scenes from Nimblefish Hanging at the table before the sushi arrives at Nimblefish, a joint collaboration of chefs Cody Auger and Dwight Rosendahl and wine guru Kurt Heilemann. Chef Cody Auger preps short-grain Calrose rice for service in a hangiri, a rounded, flat-bottomed wooden tub used for rice-making. Want a chance to watch Auger’s agile knifework in action? The bar seats are the best in the house. Auger slices through yet another gleaming piece of fish. HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
NO. 7 CHE FICO SAN FRANCISCO Does America need another Italian restaurant? If that restaurant is Che Fico, the answer is a definitive yes. From practically the moment it opened, this place has been humming like a restaurant in its second decade. Every employee wears a smile, the servers know the menu back to front, and the exacting chefs have mastered pizza, pasta, and the world’s most flawless rustic desserts Photographs by ALEX LAU Che Fico Chopped Salad “I wanted to do a chopped salad, but I asked myself, How does this work with the ethos of our restaurant? My idea was: Keep the essence of the chopped salad—the chickpeas, the salami, the cheese, the dressing—but have everything else rotate around whatever’s growing locally.” GET THE RECIPE Spaghetti with Lobster Pomodoro “I put a version of this dish—with nduja that we make in-house—on the menu, and it was my favorite pasta, but I think people were scared of ordering it because of the word nduja. So I looked at one of my sous-chefs, and I was like, I’ll put lobster on it. The next day we sold 40 of them. It’s now one of our signature dishes.” GET THE RECIPE —David Nayfeld, chef “This dough is almost 50 percent butter. We try to be really hands-off when rolling it to keep it extra flaky. The citrus version came out of desperation, to be honest. It was January, and there was really nothing else to use, so I thought, Heck, let’s try baking grapefruit and see what happens. I loved it.” —Angela Pinkerton, pastry chef GET THE RECIPE Chocolate Budino with Candied Walnuts “Probably 75 percent of Italian restaurants in America have a chocolate budino on the menu. I wanted to make ours really silky and smooth, so I use a little less egg and I add some very grassy olive oil for richness. I like a savory touch in the sweet dishes, so I dust the candied walnuts with salt.” GET THE RECIPE —Angela Pinkerton, pastry chef —Ben jackson, CHEF —David Nayfeld, chef Of course the charcuterie is cured in-house. Wood-fired pies fresh from the oven Pastry pro Angela Pinkerton (in back) gets in on the tasting with chef David Nayfeld (in blue shirt). JD Herrera rolls out sheets of pasta using a mattarello (rolling pin) for Che Fico’s handmade tagliatelle and pappardelle. Pastry powerhouse Angela Pinkerton Grapefruit- Orange Crostatas Reported by and Julia kramer chris morocco HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
NO. 8 YUME GA ARUKARA CAMBRIDGE, MA Behind a small, spare counter hidden in a college food court, Tsuyoshi Nishioka prepares a single dish: the best niku (beef) udon you’ll ever eat, made with the silkiest noodles you’ll ever slurp. Here’s what goes into this profound bowl Photographs by Elizabeth Cecil it was because that was the only thing I craved. Then I went to Setouchi Seimen in Osaka, one of the more famous udon restaurants in Japan, and that really changed it for me. I only wanted to eat udon. Specifically niku [beef] udon. Udon is very simple—flour, water, and salt—but it requires so much technique and talent to make so that the noodle isn’t too hard or too soft. It should be bouncy. A few years ago, I asked the owner of Setouchi Seimen to teach me. I worked from early morning to late at night, mixing the dough, stomping it with my feet to flatten it out, and then stretching and pressing it to make it smoother. It’s not easy to find this classroom-like setup inside Lesley University, but Nishioka has developed a loyal following of college students, local families, and noodle obsessives. Once I got back, I considered closing Yume Wo Katare temporarily one summer and starting an udon shop. I love udon that much. If I want to eat something else, I’ll just stop making it and move on. I only serve what I want to eat. Then I found this space—and got a $35,000 udon noodle-making machine straight from Japan. It’s the same one I used at Setouchi Seimen. Whenever I make udon, I get this feeling, like when you find the person you like. It’s hard to say, but it just gives me goose bumps. Every day I eat about four bowls of niku udon. Minimum. I’m always thinking about how to create the best tasting version. And every day it gets better, so I never get tired of it.” —Tsuyoshi Nishioka Lead cook Tomohiro Shinoda examines each strand carefully. He hopes to open his own noodle shop in Seattle some day. Chef-owner Tsuyoshi Nishioka takes his niku udon seriously—but himself less so. THE PERFECT BOWL Chef Tsuyoshi Nishioka breaks down his unforgettable niku udon Noodles Nori Scallions Broth Beef Lemon Grated Daikon Noodles Nori Scallions Broth Beef Lemon Grated Daikon Come right when the restaurant opens and you’ll get a glimpse of Nishioka churning out noodles with a $35,000 machine from Japan. He’s constantly tweaking the dough to mimic the one at Setouchi Seimen in Osaka. Right now it’s made with Australian udon flour, Japanese sea salt, and local Cambridge tap water, which, once softened, is similar to Japan’s supply. Nishioka scatters crisp slivers of nori over the bowl; they cling to the noodles and balance out the soy-slicked meat. “Scallions just make things taste better,” Nishioka says, plus they’re nutritious (fiber! vitamin A!), which is why he heaps them on. The secret to this umami-rich chilled broth? Two types of bonito flakes—katsuobushi (skipjack) and sababushi (mackerel). Thinly sliced rib eye, similar to shabu-shabu, is simmered in a bit of soy sauce, water, and sugar. Then the beefy cooking liquid is reduced and the beef is dunked into it a second time to reheat before going on top of the cold noodles. Squeeze it over the beef, Nishioka instructs, to balance out the savoriness of the meat with some acidity. Nishioka thinks about his udon in layers, and this cooling pile of grated daikon complements the fishy broth, meaty beef, and bracing scallion and lemon to make the perfect bowl. Reported by Elyse Inamine “When I first opened my ramen shop, Yume Wo Katare, HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN
NO. 9 DRIFTERS WIFE PORTLAND, ME There’s no better place on the planet to drink natural wine than right here. How did Brooklyn transplants Orenda and Peter Hale go from running a little bottle shop to transforming their town, glass by glass and dish by dish? Photographs by ELIZABETH CECIL Natural Progression The very winding road to Drifters Wife August 2014 After working at New York City restaurants —including and —for a decade, Orenda and Peter Hale decide to get out of town. They dream of doing their own thing: a little café. On a whim they head to Portland, Maine, new and unfamiliar turf for both of them. Reynard, Diner, Marlow & Sons January 2015 As they settle into the community, the Hales run into a problem: They fell in love with natural wine back in New York, so they decide to go into retail instead. They convince their favorite importers (SelectioNaturel, Louis/Dressner) to sell them bottles previously unavailable in the state. The Hales open their wine shop, Maine & Loire. There are no natural wine shops in Portland! Herb-Rubbed Cast-Iron Chicken with Pan Sauce “Adding a weight [on top of the bird] renders more fat and produces an extremely crisp skin. People have been cooking chicken this way forever, so it’s not as if I’m doing anything new. I use what I have [to weigh it down], and that just so happens to be a beautiful rock I found while snorkeling off the Maine coast.” GET THE RECIPE September 2015 Funky, pricier natural wines prove to be a hard sell in Portland. So the Hales figure the only way to get locals into it is by popping open the bottles to try with a few snacks. , installing an eight-seat counter, a few tables, and a tiny kitchen outfitted with two induction burners, an electric oven, and a lowboy fridge. The Hales call Ben Jackson, a former sous-chef at Reynard, and his wife, Alexis, a front-of-house veteran, with a proposition: “Move to Portland and work for us.” They move the wine racks to the back of the shop and open Drifters Wife up front Eggplant with Cashew Butter and Pickled Peppers “I love lamb shawarma, and this eggplant dish is inspired by it, flavor-wise. We hard-roast the eggplant to replicate the char on the outside of the meat, and the cashew butter is the ‘white sauce.’” —Ben jackson, CHEF GET THE RECIPE January 2016 After one whirlwind visit the Jacksons fall in love with Portland and soon start working at Drifters Wife, with Alexis as a server and Ben as chef. December 2017 Ben conjures up a new menu every day at Drifters Wife based on what he gets from his farmers and what won’t fit in his fridge (though the crisp-skinned half chicken shows up on the menu most nights). And the Hales change the by-the-glass list nearly as often. Their landlord offers them the vacant restaurant next door to the shop and construction begins on Drifters Wife 2.0. Napa Cabbage Salad with Parmesan and Pistachios “I spend a lot of time staring at produce in the walk-in. One time, I ordered way too much cabbage and spent all morning pacing, trying to figure out how to make it go away. So, I made this fresh salad out of it, with vinegars I made myself from leftover wine, which isn’t hard to pull off and just superior as a product.” GET THE RECIPE February 2018 After a winter renovation by local wood shop Joiya Studios, the Hales and Jacksons debut the new Drifters Wife. It houses both the wine shop, located at the entrance and sectioned off by black-paneled walls, and the new restaurant, with 60 seats, a bottle list in addition to the by-the-glass one, a six-burner range with a convection oven, a real walk-in fridge, and a Spanish-style plancha for Ben to experiment with. But he still uses the old induction burners, and the team works the same: Ben cooks whatever he likes and the Hales pour whatever they like. Bon Appétit’s best new restaurants of 2018. August 2018 Well, here we are. Drifters Wife is named one of —Ben jackson, CHEF —Ben jackson, CHEF Checking the crowd-fave chicken Inside the breezy new space Flowers greet you at Drifters Wife. The Drifters Wife crew, from left: owners Peter and Orenda Hale, head chef Ben Jackson, cook Alex Morgan Reported by and Molly baz elyse inamine HOT TEN 2018 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL 1 – NONESUCH 2 – MAYDAN 3 – UGLY BABY 4 – FREEDMAN’S 5 – NYUM BAI 6 – NIMBLEFISH 7 – CHE FICO 8 – YUME GA ARUKARA 9 – DRIFTERS WIFE 10 – CALL HOT TEN HOT TEN |
In ScrapSMART's American Flag History Collection CD, we've included images of every official American flag since the Continental Colors. (Did you know that historically, the United States has had over thirty flags?) You'll also find full-color posters celebrating the Pledge of Allegiance and the National Anthem, as well as a five-page resource guide listing facts and history about our beloved Old Glory. The next time you're put in charge of school history unit or fundraiser, print out the featured craft projects-they're perfect for decorating classrooms, hallways, display tables, or any place you want to show your American pride!
Print this collection of posters, clip art, and historical resources on paper to make homemade cards, organize educational presentations, or add a little patriotic flair to your scrapbook. Teachers, history buffs, government offices, and genealogical societies will find endless uses for them. |
Improved accuracy of low affinity protein-ligand equilibrium dissociation constants directly determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
There is continued interest in the determination by ESI-MS of equilibrium dissociation constants (K(D)) that accurately reflect the affinity of a protein-ligand complex in solution. Issues in the measurement of K(D) are compounded in the case of low affinity complexes. Here we present a K(D) measurement method and corresponding mathematical model dealing with both gas-phase dissociation (GPD) and aggregation. To this end, a rational mathematical correction of GPD (f(sat)) is combined with the development of an experimental protocol to deal with gas-phase aggregation. A guide to apply the method to noncovalent protein-ligand systems according to their kinetic behavior is provided. The approach is validated by comparing the K(D) values determined by this method with in-solution K(D) literature values. The influence of the type of molecular interactions and instrumental setup on f(sat) is examined as a first step towards a fine dissection of factors affecting GPD. The method can be reliably applied to a wide array of low affinity systems without the need for a reference ligand or protein. |
Q:
Filter square brackets on Kibana
I'm struggling to filter square brackets on my log messages in Kibana.
Suppose I have the messages:
[BOOK] The Book 32 was sold
Exception on buying BOOK
And I want to filter only messages having exactly [BOOK] (so I should get only the first one).
I have tried filtering free text with all kinds of escaping I could think of:
[BOOK]
"[BOOK]"
\[BOOK\]
"\[BOOK\]"
\\[BOOK\\]
And also tried filtering by the message field:
message: [BOOK]*
message: "[BOOK]*"
message: \[BOOK\]*
message: "\[BOOK\]*"
But Kibana seems to simply ignore the square brackets and always brings both messages, highlighting only the BOOK word.
How can I force it search for the []?
A:
if your message field is an analysed text, then the brackets are dropped by the analyzer. You should run your query against a keyword data type. More precisely, you will need to run a regexp against a keyword data type, such as a prefix or a wildcard query.
Let's assume that the mapping of message is keyword. If [BOOK] is always at the beginning of your log message, then a valid query is the following:
{ "query": {
"prefix": {
"message": "[BOOK]"
}
}}
If instead you would like to search for [BOOK] in any part of the message value, then you would need something like:
{ "query": {
"wildcard": {
"message": "*[BOOK]*"
}
}}
|
This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.
MEMPHIS, Tenn. — A mother is charged after her son was shot following an argument in the Highland Heights area early Saturday morning.
Police said Debra Hall got into a fight with her son Saturday morning on Gordon Street in Highland Heights and ended up pulling a gun out. Now her son is recovering at Regional One Hospital.
When the son was brought to the hospital around 3 a.m., he was in critical condition.
Neighbors said they heard a gunshot and then saw the girlfriend of the man who was shot in the street yelling for someone to go back inside the house to get her three young children.
Other occupants of the house said the victim got into an argument with his mother, Hall. Then Hall pulled a gun out of her purse, came at the son, and the gun went off.
Neighbors said there have never been any problems at the house before, and they were surprised to hear who was responsible.
“Yeah, mother and son. I don’t understand why you shoot your son. I don’t understand that,” one neighbor said.
Hall was taken to Methodist Hospital and released, but police have not said what she was being treated for. She is being held on a $25,000 bond.
35.163322 -89.942565 |
Key Summary Points {#FPar1}
==================
A rare case of a certolizumab-induced dermatosis with clinical features of overlapping pustular psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum with alopecia and nail involvement is described.A review of the literature on paradoxical skin reactions to anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha drugs was performed, with a special focus on the reactions provoked by certolizumab.The clinical strategy involved cessation of treatment with certolizumab and a switch to a new biologic treatment with secukinumab combined with methotrexate.Further research on the pathomechanisms and optimal treatment of paradoxical skin reactions is required.
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
A new class of side effects known as paradoxical reactions is an emerging threat arising from the increasing use of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) drugs in treatment regimens. TNfα drugs are now highly accessible and known to be highly effective. Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases are complex clinical entities that can be both improved and induced by interference in the dynamics of the inflammatory cytokine response. We present a rare variant of a paradoxical skin reaction induced by the anti-TNFα drug certolizumab that manifested in multiple locations with overlapping features of pyoderma gangrenosum and psoriasis.
This case report was written after receiving oral and written consent from the patient and is compliant with the University Hospital ethical guidelines. Written consent was also obtained from the patient for the publication of clinical photographs.
Case Report {#Sec2}
===========
A 34-year old Caucasian woman treated for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with certolizumab for 6 months was admitted to our department with symptoms of palmoplantar pustulosis of 2 months duration accompanied by painful abscesses on the arc of the feet, painless abcesses on the breast and pubic mount and hair loss and severe desquamation in the frontoparietal area.
The patient was diagnosed with AS in 2006 with positive HLB27 antigen and a family history of AS. Due to its progressive course complicated by recurrent uveitis, the patient was being treated with certolizumab 200 mg injected subcutaneously (s.c.) every 2 weeks, with good clinical response. No side effects had been reported until the onset of skin lesions. During month 6 of treatment with certolizumab, pustules on an erythematous base with desquamation developed symmetrically on the patient's palms and feet. Enhanced sweating of the palms and soles was noted. A layer of thick yellowish scale on the scalp appeared simultaneously. Initially the patient was suspected of acquiring a Coxsackievirus infection. No improvement was noted with either topical treatment with hydrocortisone, natamycin and neomycin cream and salicylic oil or following treatment with more potent steroids, including clobetasol propionate. The lesions kept exacerbating despite discontinuation of the anti-TNFα treatment. Extensive scaling of the scalp with hair loss, painful abscesses on the lower surface of the right breast and pubic area, abscesses on a violaceous base that excreted pus and blood and several tiny pustules on the back and left calf were noted. There was no personal or family history of psoriasis or other skin diseases. The patient has been an active smoker for 15 years and denied abuse of other substances.
One week prior to admission the patient had received an empiric treatment with oral clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily due to an upper respiratory tract infection. Following treatment initiation, the respiratory symptoms subsided but the skin lesions persisted, causing a significant decline in the patient's quality of life due to severe pain and disability. Smaller pustules on a violaceous basis appeared a few days prior to the admission, on the left calf.
On admission the patient presented symptoms of pustular psoriasis of the palms and soles accompanied by abscesses on a violaceous basis with a clinical resemblance to pyoderma gangrenosum (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Two smaller abscesses were found on the right breast, in the pubic area and on the left calf. Plaque with silver scale developed on the occipital area of the scalp, with an alopecia, that was positive for the pull test.Fig. 1Plantar lesions on the foot of the patient on admission
Swabs for bacteriological and mycological cultures were performed, and both were negative. The only deviations in the laboratory test results were slightly elevated inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (10.9 mg/l) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (50 mm/h), minor leucocytosis (10.62 × 10^3^/ul) and neutrophilia (6.88 × x10^3^/ul). Chest X-ray showed no obvious pathology.
Treatment was initiated with a once-daily dose of hydrocortisone 200 mg administered intravenously. Additional therapy was implemented with an oral antibiotic treatment comprising doxycycline 200 mg daily combined with nonsteroidal non-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen) and a topical treatment with a boric acid solution and betamethasone with gentamycin cream. However, there was only a mild improvement in the condition and only a mild reduction in pain intensity. Secukinumab (anti-interleukin \[IL\] 17A) was then added as a new biologic treatment of both the AS and the reaction to certolizumab, at a dose regimen of 150 mg at weeks 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, followed by a dose of 150 mg every 4 weeks. After two doses of secukinumab, a new lesion developed on the patient's right thigh which subsequently developed into an abscess from which there was a constant purulent discharge that appeared on the lateral surface of the right thigh (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}); there was increased desquamation on the scalp and feet; and there was an enlargement of the plantar and breast lesions, with a purulent discharge (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The pain was severe (numeric rating scale 10/10), and the patient required opioid analgesics. A pathergy phenomenon was observed at the site of venipuncture (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}c). Onychomadesis and onycholysis of the fingernails became visible (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). A surgical skin biopsy was taken from the patient's left calf for histopathologic examination. It showed an erosion filled with neutrophils, epidermis with irregular acantholysis and abundant underlying neutrophilic infiltration in the dermis, with a tendency to perivascular accumulation and leukocytoclasis. This clinical picture was interpreted by the pathologist to be indicative of pustular psoriasis (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 2Lesion on the right thigh.**a** Ulceration that developed from a pustule before treatment with methotrexate (MTX), **b** ulceration after 1 month of treatment with once-weekly MTX 20 mg administered subcutaneouslyFig. 3**a**Multiple locations of the certolizumab-induced dermatosis on scalp, an exacerbation, prior to initiation of treatment with MTX, showing psoriatic scalp lesions with hair loss,**b** multiple pustules on a violaceous basis on the right breast,**c** pathergy on the left forearm at site of venipuncture,**d** abscesses and pustules on the feet with desquamationFig. 4Fingernail onychomadesisFig. 5Histopathology of a pustular lesion from the left lower extremity (staining: hematoxylin and eosin). **a** Magnification ×40, **b** magnification ×100
Having taken into consideration the clinical and histological picture, a diagnosis of overlapping palmoplantar pustular psoriasis, scalp psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum as a paradoxical skin reaction to the anti-TNFα drug was made.
A decision was taken to add once-weekly methotrexate (MTX) 20 mg s.c to the treatment with secukinumab. Follow-up after 2 months of combined therapy with secukinumab and MTX showed a regrowth of hair and less undermined lesions with less inflammatory borders, as well as ulcerations that were healing, with cribriform scars on the previously pustular lesions (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 6Lesions after 4 months on therapy with secukinumab followed by 2 months on combined therapy of secukinumab + once-weekly MTX 20 mg subcutaneously. **a** Right breast, **b** scalp, **c** feet, **d** right thigh
Discussion {#Sec3}
==========
The development and introduction of biologic drugs into the clinical setting was a breakthrough in the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases in the fields of rheumatology, dermatology and gastroenterology. The advantages of biologic drugs compared with classic disease-modifying drugs are well documented and include high effectiveness, good patient tolerance and relatively low risk of adverse effects \[[@CR1]\].
TNFα inhibitors, such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab and certolizumab, are effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropaties, Crohn's disease, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. These biological drugs can also be useful to treat patients with refractory pyoderma gangrenosum or hidradenitis suppurativa as well as Behçet disease, Sweet's syndrome, subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon--Wilkinson syndrome) and sarcoidosis \[[@CR2]\].
The documented adverse effects of TNFα inhibitors include increased risk of severe infections (especially mycobacterial), neoplasms (lymphomas, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers) and auto-immune disorders (i.e. lupus-like reactions, vasculitis, urticaria) and adverse effects referred to as paradoxical reactions \[[@CR1], [@CR3]\]. The latter are usually diagnosed during the course of a biological treatment; especially during the first year of treatment, novel skin lesions can appear or there can be exacerbation or changes in the phenotype of an already existing skin condition. A new inflammatory-mediated skin disease that develops as an adverse effect is also one that usually responds well to treatment with the same biologic agent. For example, infliximab has been recognized for its efficacy in psoriasis \[[@CR4]\], but it can also induce de novo psoriasis \[[@CR3]\] as well as the evolution of plaque psoriasis to different morphological forms, such as palmoplantar pustular psoriasis \[[@CR1], [@CR3]--[@CR5]\].
Paradoxical cutaneous reactions are considered by the medical community to be rather uncommon, with a prevalence that varies from 0.6 to 5.3% in the general population \[[@CR1]\]. The risk of developing this reaction is the highest during the first year of the treatment \[[@CR6]\]. Genetic polymorphism is considered to be one of the etiological factors \[[@CR7]\]. On a molecular level, such reactions develop as a result of an imbalance in cytokine activities. One of the mechanisms underlying paradoxical psoriatic reactions involves increased INFγ production by activated plasmocytoid dendritic cells as a consequence of diminished TNFα levels because TNFα has a suppressive effect on INFγ. Other possibilities include enhanced expression of CXCR3 chemokine, which induces the migration of auto-reactive T cells to the skin, and increased production of INFγ, TNFα and IL-17 \[[@CR1], [@CR4]\]. These proposed mechanisms formed the basis of our decision to initiate our patient on a treatment regimen that included secukinumab.
A classification of paradoxical cutaneous reactions has been proposed that combines both the clinical and pathologic aspects of these adverse cutaneous eruptions \[[@CR1]\]. Most cases are of the psoriasiform type \[[@CR1]\], with the most common variant of paradoxical psoriasis reported to be palmoplantar pustulosis \[[@CR3]\], being diagnosed in 42.9% of cases. Less common variants are plaque (14.7%) and guttate psoriasis (10.9%) \[[@CR8]\]. Scalp involvement has been observed in 7% of all cases of anti-TNFα drug-induced psoriasis \[[@CR8]\]. Some patients may develop psoriatic alopecia, which has been described as a new phenotype of an anti-TNFα cutaneous reaction with histological presentation of overlapping features of psoriasis and alopecia areata \[[@CR9]\]. There is also a possibility of inducing a pure form of patchy or universalis alopecia areata \[[@CR4]\]. Other, rare presentations include lichenoid-pattern reactions, eczematous, hidradenitis suppurativa-like reactions and granulomatous (sarcoidosis, granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica) or neutrophilic reactions, including pyoderma gangrenosum or Sweet's syndrome \[[@CR1], [@CR10]\]. A presentation can be typical or overlapping and be vague both clinically and histologically, thereby posing a diagnostic challenge \[[@CR1]\]. There is also a possibility of inducing a paradoxical systemic reaction. Cases of Crohn's disease in patients treated for psoriasis with TNFα inhibitors or of a mediastinal and pulmonary sarcoidosis have been reported \[[@CR4]\].
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis with a clinical presentation that in most cases follows a pattern of an evolution from a nodule or a pustule to a usually painful ulceration with undermined, violaceous borders \[[@CR11]\]. Other variants are possible, including vegetative, bullous and pustular forms \[[@CR12]\]. In about 30% of cases the pathergy phenomenon is observed (as also in our case) \[[@CR11]\], which is considered to be a pathognomonic feature as histology is not considered to be the best diagnostic tool. The most common sites are the lower extremities, but it can affect other locations as well. The lesions can be disseminated. There is a female predilection \[[@CR11], [@CR12]\]. The disease may begin after a focal skin traumatism, such as surgery, or in association with inflammatory bowel disease, myeloproliferative disorders or rheumatoid arthritis. On rare occasions, patients can also be diagnosed with AS \[[@CR11]\]. Topical treatment with steroids and calcineurin inhibitors is rarely successful as a monotherapy, and systemic treatment with cyclosporine in combination with systemic steroids is frequently required. Alternative options are azathioprine, dapsone, cyclophosphamide, MTX and intravenous immunoglobulin \[[@CR12]\]. Anti-TNFα drugs, mostly infliximab and adalimumab, have an established efficacy in the treatment of refractory PG \[[@CR1], [@CR12]\]. However, both biologics have been associated with inducing PG as a paradoxical skin reaction \[[@CR1], [@CR13]\]. One of the first reports on PG in a patient treated with anti-TNFα was published in 2009, in which the authors described a case of disseminated and peristomal PG after 6 months of treatment with infliximab for Crohn's disease. It was not certain whether the severity of the inflammatory bowel disease or a colostomy could have been an inducing factor regardless of anti-TNFα or whether all mechanisms were equally involved. The patient remained on infliximab with added prednisolone and died of sepsis 7 months later \[[@CR14]\]. Golimumab and etanercept have also been reported as possible inductors of PG \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\].
In the PubMed database, we found only two cases of refractory disseminated PG successfully treated with certolizumab: one was associated with Crohn's disease and the other with rheumatoid arthritis \[[@CR17], [@CR18]\]. Certolizumab is a recombinant antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of humanized monoclonal antibody enhanced with polypropylene glycol (PEG) to prolong the biological half-life of the medication. Its pegylation and lack of Fc fraction makes certolizumab unique in comparison with other anti-TNFα drugs, yet it retains a potential of inducing paradoxical reactions. The risk has been reported to be relatively low and not to increase when the number of patients being treated with certolizumab for Crohn's disease increased \[[@CR19]\]; yet these adverse effects remain class-specific. Most cases found in the literature are also of the psoriasiform type: de novo palmoplantar pustulosis followed by pustular psoriasis \[[@CR20]\], de novo plaque psoriasis \[[@CR21]\] or even one case of psoriatic alopecia that developed 6 months after certolizumab had been introduced into the treatment regimen of a patient with prior diagnosed psoriasis \[[@CR8]\]. The histopathology of this latter case showed combined features of alopecia areata and psoriasis, with a subsidence of lesions following the switch to treatment with ustekinumab \[[@CR8]\]. One case of a rare folliculitis-like lichenoid sarcoidosis has also been reported in a patient after 3 months of rheumatoid arthritis treatment, with the patient showing a good response after cessation of treatment with certolizumab \[[@CR22]\]. To the best of our knowledge, our case report is the first report of a patient with overlapping pyoderma gangrenosum, palmoplantar psoriasis and psoriatic alopecia. All reports of certolizumab-induced paradoxical skin reactions to date, including our case, are given in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} \[[@CR8], [@CR21]--[@CR29]\].Table 1All paradoxical reactions to certolizumab reported to dateFirst author of study (year of publication)GenderAge of patient (years)Primary conditionDuration of therapyType of reactionSakai (2017) \[[@CR22]\]Male63Rheumatoid arthritis3 monthsFolliculitis-like lichenoid sarcoidosisKoizumi (2017) \[[@CR20]\]Female71Rheumatoid arthritis10 daysPalmoplantar pustulosis, generalized pustular psoriasisAragón-Miguel (2019) \[[@CR8]\]Female45Sacroilitis, palmoplantar psoriasis6 monthsPsoriatic alopeciaKobaner (2018) \[[@CR21]\]Female46Ankylosing spondylitis2 monthsPsoriasiformVillalobos-Sánchez (2019) \[[@CR23]\]Male57Rheumatoid arthritis3 monthsPalmoplantar pustulosisMocciaro (2009) \[[@CR24]\]Female42Crohn's disease7 monthsPlaque psoriasis, palmoplantar pustular psoriasisKlein (2010) \[[@CR25]\]Female26Crohn's disease7 monthsPlaque psoriasis, pustular psoriasisShelling (2012) \[[@CR26]\]Male78Rheumatoid arthritis, palmoplantar pustular psoriasis1,5 monthPustular psoriasisFischer (2017) \[[@CR27]\]Male38Plaque psoriasis1 weekGuttatte psoriasiform dermatitisProtic (2016) \[[@CR28]\]NDNDCrohn's diseaseNDPsoriasisEickstaedt (2017) \[[@CR29]\]Male14Crohn's disease3 monthsPsoriasisFemale17Crohn's diseaseNDPsoriasisFemale18Crohn's disease6 monthsPsoriasisOur case (2020)Female34Ankylosing spondylitis6 monthsPG, palmoplantar pustular psoriasis, scalp psoriasis*ND* No data available, *PG* pyoderma gangrenosum,
Most cases of paradoxical skin reactions respond well to topical agents, including steroids, calcineurin inhibitors and vitamin D analogues. At a body surface area (BSA) of 5 to 10% they are mild enough not to require discontinuation of the biologic treatment. In moderate to severe cases with more than 10% of BSA involvement, with pain or pruritus, it is still possible to continue treatment with anti-TNFα with added phototherapy, systemic steroids, MTX, acitretin or cyclosporine. Discontinuation of anti-TNFα therapy is recommended when the cutaneous symptoms are severe and cause a significant impairment of the quality of life, \[[@CR1]\]. However, as there is only a 50% chance of spontaneous improvement, the introduction of a different biologic agent should be seriously considered, preferably one with a different mechanism of action. The most effective biologial agents for treating paradoxical skin reactions are ustekinumab (anti-IL-12/23) and tocilizumab (anti-IL-6R) \[[@CR1]\]. In our case, due to a lack of access to these two biologic agents, we withdrew our patient from treatment with the triggering anti-TNFα drug (certolizumab) and then initiated combined treatment with secukinumab and MTX and topical treatment with corticosteroids. The latter treatment regimen resulted in significant clinical improvement.
In conclusions, paradoxical skin reactions have to be considered when new cutaneous lesions appear in a patient with no previous immuno-mediated chronic skin condition or as an exacerbation or changed morphology of an already existing skin disease. We present here a case of a paradoxical skin reaction as an adverse effect to certolizumab, with clinical manifestations of both pyoderma gangrenosum and psoriasis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of certolizumab-induced pyoderma gangrenosum. Moreover, atypical, complex, overlapping cases are extremely rare and constitute a therapeutic challenge. The pathophysiology of such cases remain hypothetical, but as more indications and new classes of biologic drugs are emerging, clinicians are likely to experience and investigate other similar cases. Further research is needed to be able to predict which patients are prone to these types of reactions.
**Digital Features**
To view digital features for this article go to 10.6084/m9.figshare.12301748.
Funding {#FPar2}
=======
No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article.
Authorship {#FPar3}
==========
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.
Authorship Contributions {#FPar4}
========================
Anna Gawdzik wrote the manuscript. Małgorzata Ponikowska and Jacek C. Szepietowski contributed to the medical care and interpretation of the results. Zdzisław Woźniak was responsible for histological assessment. All authors commented on and approved the manuscript.
Disclosures {#FPar5}
===========
Anna Gawdzik, Małgorzata Ponikowska, Alina Jankowska-Konsur, Zdzisław Woźniak and Joanna Maj have nothing to disclose. Jacek C. Szepietowski is a member of the journal's Editorial Board.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines {#FPar6}
=================================
This case report was written after receiving oral and written consent from the patient and was compliant with the University Hospital ethical guidelines. Written consent was also obtained from the patient and for the publication of the patient's clinical photographs.
Data Availability {#FPar7}
=================
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an automotive seat with a walk-in device, of the type having a memory device, in which the seat may be moved forwardly for walk-in operation and positively returned to its predetermined home position, and in particular, relates to the walk-in device for effecting the walk-in operation of the seat so that the forward inclination of the seat back releases the locked state of a slide device of the seat and causes the seat back to move forwardly.
2. Description of the Prior Art
For use in a walk-in seat, there has been available various kinds of walk-in devices which, in most cases, are provided with a memory device, whereby the seat may be moved forwardly for allowing the entry of a passenger into a rear seat and returned to its predetermined home position. A conventional example of such walk-in device is shown in FIGS. 1(A) and 1(B) of the accompanying drawings. Referring to the prior art shown, a walk-in device (3') is provided laterally of a slide rail device (2') which consists of an upper rail (22') and a lower rail (21'). The upper rail (22') is slidably fitted to the lower rail (21') and may be brought to a locked or unlocked state via a locking mechanism (51') by operation of an operation lever (54'). The locking mechanism (51') has plural holes into which engaged are some of plural teeth (52') formed at the lower rail (21') and is actuated by rotation of the operation lever (54') so as to bring the holes into engagement with or disengagement from the teeth (52'), thereby locking or unlocking the sliding movement of the upper rail (22') along the lower rail (21'). To that operation lever (54'), operatively connected is the walk-in device (3') which comprises a release wire (34'), an arcuate rotatable plate (32') rotatably mounted at the lower rail (21') and a plate-like piece (30'). The release wire (34') is connected to a seat back (not shown) of the seat, and, according to this prior art, when the seat back is forwardly inclined, the release wire (34') is pulled, causing the movable plate (32') to rotate about a pivot point (32'a) to contact and push the plate-like piece (30') welded to the lever (54'). Thus, with rotation of the rotatable plate (32'), the lever (54') is caused to rotate via the plate-like piece (30') in a direction to release the engagement of the holes of the locking mechanism (51') with the teeth (52'), and then, the locked state of the slide rail device (2') is released, and by means of a spring (not shown), the seat is caused to move forwardly via the sliding movement of the upper rail (22') upon the lower rail (21').
The above-mentioned prior art, however, has been found defective in a great likelihood of the rotatable plate (32') being worn or abraded, due to the fact that in operation, the rotatable plate (32) is initally at its side edges in a full contact with the plate-like piece (32'), but with further rotation, such contact of the plate (32'), because of its side edges being inclined relative to the plate-like piece (30) and only contacted with one side edge of the same, is transformed into a small localized or point contact with respect to the plate-like piece (30'). As a result, the contact area of the rotatable plate (32') against the plate-like piece (30') will be gradually abraded and recessed, with the result that the rotation amount of the plate-like piece (30') will become so reduced that the lever (54') is not rotated sufficiently to effect the diesengagement of the holes of the locking mechanism (51') and the walk-in device (3') is not worked. Additionally, in case that the operative stroke of the release wire (34') is relatively small, there is need to reduce the length (l) of the rotatable plate (30') in order to attain a sufficient rotation amount of the plate-like piece (30'), in which case, the load of the rotatable plate (32') against the plate-like piece (30') is increased in excess, which makes it more easily for the plate-like piece (30') to be worn or abraded, thus resulting in the failure of the walk-in device (3').
The above-described prior art is provided also with a memory device (4'), which comprises a base plate (31'), a memory plate (41') which is rotatably mounted via a pin (41'c) on the base plate (31') and a guide plate (41'e). In brief, according to this conventional memory device (4'), when the plate-like piece (30') is rotated in the operation of the walk-in device (3'), the projection (32'a) formed on the rotatable plate (32') is engaged into the recessed part (41'd) of the memory plate (41'), then keeping unlocked the locking mechanism (51'), and with the movement of the upper rail (22), the hook part (41'b) of the memory plate (41') is displaced beyond the end (41'e-1) of the guide plate (41'e), whereas when the upper rail (22) is moved back, the hook part (41'b) is also moved back and rides over the end (41'e-1), thereby rotating the memory plate (41') to disengage the projection (32'a) from the recessed part (41'd) and allowing the locking mechanism ((51') to effect its locking at the previously locked area of the teeth (52), whereupon the seat is returned to its normal set position. However, the defective aspect of this memory device (4') is that the provision of the guide plate (41'e) under the lower rail (21) forms a downward protrusion, which results in an unfavorable increased height of the slide rail (2'), thus increasing the height of the seat and taking up much of the interior space of automobile, and that the guide plate (41'i e) is easily subjected to damage, due to its projecting nature, during transfer or assemlage thereof, and further becomes a cause of giving flaw to a carpet on the floor of automobile. |
Q:
What is the correct place for Partial Views in ASP.NET MVC?
Would someone confirm the best place for a partial view in ASP.NET MVC?
My thinkings are if it's a global view that's going to be used in many places then SHARED.
If it's part of a view that's been wrapped up into a partial view to make code reading easier, then it should go into the Views/Controller directory
Am I correct or am I missing something?
A:
I believe you are correct. Here is an example of something I do, general navigation partial views in my Shared directory. and then a partial views for a specific Controller in the Views/[ControllerName] Directory.
A:
I think, you're absolutely right!
Views in the "Views/Shared" folder you can access from all controllers and actions. Views in the "Views/[ControllerName]" folder are for controller specific views only (even if there are possibilities to access them from other controllers).
|
[Evaluation of marble burying behavior: induced alteration of monoamine metabolism in mouse brain].
Evaluation of marble burying behavior (MBB) housing-induced alteration of monoamine metabolism in mouse brain was performed by measuring metabolite levels with HPLC-ECD. Isolated housing of mice, each in a cage (22 x 32 x 14 cm; sawdust, 1-mm diameter; 5 cm in thickness) with 15 evenly spaced glass marbles on the floor (2.5-cm diameter; control, without marbles) for 24-168 hr, 5-HIAA contents were decreased in three regions: the midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus. 5-HT turnover was not inhibited except for in the hypothalamus due to the decreases of 5-HT in the other two regions. On the other hand, DOPAC content and DA turnover were decreased in four regions: striatum, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus. The decrease in hypothalamic monoamine neurons was observed notably after 72 hr of MBB housing. No alterations were observed in feeding, water-drinking, spontaneous locomotor activity, number of buried marbles, serum corticosterone and serum glucose concentrations during MBB keeping compared with the control mice. These results suggested that the isolated mouse housed in a cage with evenly spaced glass marbles for a long period may be a model animal for alteration of monoamine metabolism in brain regions without physical infringement. |
Biomarkers in cardiovascular medicine: towards precision medicine.
Biomarkers are noninvasive, inexpensive, highly reproducible tools that allow clinicians to quantify pathophysiological processes relevant to a specific disease. Although the concept of biomarker-guided precision medicine is still in its infancy once a specific cardiovascular diagnosis is established, biomarker guidance has become the standard of care in the early diagnosis of acute cardiovascular disease in patients presenting to the emergency department with common symptoms such as acute chest pain or acute dyspnoea. This review highlights recent advances and remaining uncertainties regarding the use of the most relevant cardiovascular biomarkers, namely high-sensitivity cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptides in established indications such as the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. In addition, we address emerging indications such as the screening for perioperative myocardial infarction. |
Sensitivity of ERG components from dark-adapted goldfish retinas treated with APB.
The electroretinogram (ERG) of the dark-adapted goldfish was examined before and after intravitreal injection of DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB). APB abolished the b-wave and decreased absolute sensitivity of the remaining waveform, which was composed of a vitreal-negative component followed by a vitreal-positive component. The sensitivity, time course and amplitude of these components differed from ERGs obtained from animals treated with sodium aspartate. Spectral sensitivity of both post-APB components closely resembled that of the normal dark-adapted b-wave. The results suggest that APB does not act selectively on any particular class of photoreceptors or photoreceptor pathways in the dark-adapted goldfish retina. |
Falange Militia
The Blueshirts (Spanish: Camisas Azules) was the Falangist paramilitary militia in Spain. The name refers to the blue uniform worn by members of the militia. The colour blue was chosen for the uniforms in 1934 by the FE de las JONS because it was, according to José Antonio Primo de Rivera, "clear, whole, and proletarian," and is the colour typically worn by mechanics, as the Falange sought to gain support among the Spanish working class. In Francoist Spain the Blueshirts were officially reorganized and officially renamed the Falange Militia of the FET y de las JONS in 1940.
References
Category:Fascist organizations
Category:Anti-communist organizations
Category:Government paramilitary forces
Category:Military wings of political parties
Category:Military units and formations of the Cold War
Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Spain
Category:Political repression in Spain
Category:Clothing in politics
Category:Francoist Spain
Category:Falangism
Category:Political organisations based in Spain |
Pheromones For Men – To Attract Women
One major function of pheromones is sexual attraction. And Pherone’s Formulas for Men to Attract Women are designed to give you the edge in magnetically attracting the women you want, the way you want.
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At one extreme is our Formula D-17X, which we call SuperMacho: the most powerful dominance formula we know of. D-17X produces an alpha-male aura which demands attention.
On the other end of the spectrum is our Formula V-5, which we call Lover because it creates a cozy, warm feeling, even with women you’ve just met.
In between are Formulas M-15 and M-11, which have both the attention-getting pheromones of D-17X and the cozy pheromones of V-5, in different proportions: M-15 has more emphasis on an attention-getting alpha-male aura, while M-11 has more emphasis on attraction.
You can order with confidence, knowing that Pherone products are research-based, use the highest quality ingredients, and are backed by our unconditional 30-day money-back guarantee. |
[Socioeconomic relevance of osteoarthritis in Germany].
The aim of this study was to summarise the impact of medical care and related costs due to the treatment of osteoarthritis in Germany. Data from different health care institutions, government authorities and public health insurances for the year 2002 were analysed. Amount and cost of acute and rehabilitation treatments (in-patient as well as out-patient), sickness leave and early retirement related to osteoarthritis were estimated. Advanced hip and knee osteoarthritis have a high socioeconomic impact in Germany. The number of people affected is growing, as is the overall incidence of joint replacement, especially knee arthroplasties and the percentage of in-patient rehabilitation for osteoarthritis. Our study confirms that the direct and indirect costs attributable to osteoarthritis are substantial and the resulting socioeconomic burden is significant. Since age is a major risk factor for osteoarthritis, the demographic changes will lead to an increased need for medical treatment of osteoarthritis patients in the future. |
More St. Thomas Athletics
MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) – It’s probably been a very, very long time since St. Thomas had to look up at Gustavus in the MIAC football standings, but that’s exactly the case as the two teams square off Saturday afternoon in St. Peter.
The Gusties have made quite a turnaround in the last year and are 3-1 entering Saturday’s contest. That mark matches the Gustavus win total for all of last year, when the Gusties won once in the non-conference and got MIAC victories over Hamline and Carleton. The Tommies hosted Gustavus in St. Paul last year and came away with a rather ugly 28-14 victory.
But for as early as it is in the season still, this weekend’s match-up has a lot on the line for both teams. Gustavus is looking to keep the momentum going on a 2-1 start to conference play. The Gusties handled Hamline and Gustavus in the last two weeks, and took Augsburg down to the wire in a 19-16 loss. That’s the same Auggies squad that nearly beat Bethel last week.
St. Thomas, ranked No. 6 in Division III, has a renewed sense of confidence after mostly using reserves in a 65-6 win over Carleton last week for homecoming. Quarterback Matt O’Connell missed the game due to illness, but reportedly is back at practice this week and will play Saturday. Even without him, the Tommies piled up nearly 700 yards of offense against the Knights.
It’s a pivotal game in many ways for St. Thomas. The Tommies need to be virtually flawless the rest of the season if they want to get back into the postseason picture. It’s their first true road Saturday game of the season, and a convincing win over Gustavus would go a long way towards building confidence the rest of the season.
It’s even bigger when you consider the Tommies travel to Bethel, a top-10 team, next week. And after this weekend’s action, there will only be one unbeaten team left in the MIAC. Bethel and Concordia, the only unbeatens left in the league, face each other in Moorhead Saturday for Concordia’s homecoming. That winner has the immediate inside track for a MIAC title. St. Thomas will face Concordia, assuming it has only still one loss, in the second-to-last game of the regular season.
Of course, none of these scenarios matter if St. Thomas doesn’t beat Gustavus on Saturday. It will be no easy task as the Gusties are much-improved from last year in every phase of the game.
Gustavus on average is outscoring its opponents through four games by a 35-16 margin. The Gusties have a balanced offensive attack that averages about 193 yards per game on the ground and about 213 yards through the air. With 15 rushing touchdowns, they clearly want to establish the run and keep defenses off balance from there.
That will be a tough task against St. Thomas, which features one of the top run defenses in the MIAC and nation. The Gusties have two key players that St. Thomas will have to key on: Quarterback Mitch Hendricks and running back Jeffrey Dubose. Hendricks is averaging about 200 yards per game passing with only three passing touchdowns in four games. Dubose runs for about 150 yards per game and has 11 rushing touchdowns.
It also appears that the Gusties feature an opportunistic defense that can turn the ball over. Through four games, Gustavus has eight interceptions and three of them are by Zach Dilger. Five other players have one interception, and there are three players in the defensive corps that have at least 20 tackles. Gustavus has 10 of its 11 defensive starters back from last year. Their top tacklers are Joe Haas and Matt Keller, who have 22 each.
While the Gusties are off to a much-improved start, they feature one of the toughest second-half schedules in the MIAC. After Saturday’s game, they still have games at Bethel, home against St. John’s and at Concordia in the regular season finale.
This is a game the Tommies cannot afford to look past with Bethel on the schedule next. They’ll have to be firing on all cylinders and execute in all three phases to leave St. Peter Saturday with a victory. Caruso has been able to do just that with his teams throughout his five-plus seasons: Focus on what’s it front and let the rest take care of itself. After all, the Bethel game isn’t relevant without a win this weekend.
If you can’t make it to the game, tune into WCCO Radio 830 AM for a live broadcast as Dave Lee will have the play-by-play and Eric Nelson will provide color commentary. |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2017-2019 AshamaneProject <https://github.com/AshamaneProject>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
* Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
* option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
* more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
* with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include "ScriptMgr.h"
#include "GameObject.h"
#include "emerald_nightmare.h"
enum Spells
{
SPELL_CREEPING_NIGHTMARES = 210279,
SPELL_AURA_OF_DREAD_THORNS = 210346,
SPELL_FORCES_OF_NIGHTMARE = 212726,
SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BLAST = 213162,
SPELL_SPEAR_OF_NIGHTMARES = 214529,
SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES = 210290,
SPELL_BRAMBLE_SWARM = 210302,
SPELL_BEASTS_OF_NIGHTMARE = 214876,
SPELL_ENTANGLING_NIGHTMARES = 214505,
SPELL_OVERWHELMING_NIGHTMARE = 217368,
//Malfurion
SPELL_CLEANSING_GROUND = 214249, //start 30s every 77s
//Forces of Nightmare
SPELL_SCORNED_TOUCH = 211471, //start 5s every 21s
SPELL_TWISTED_TOUCH_OF_LIFE = 211368, //start 10s every 15s
SPELL_ROTTEN_BREATH = 211192, //start 18s every 24s
SPELL_DESICCATING_STOMP = 211073, //start 29s every 32s
//
NPC_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES = 106167,
NPC_ENTANGLING_ROOTS = 108040,
NPC_TORMENTED_SOULS = 106895,
NPC_CORRUPTED_EMERALD_EGG = 106898,
NPC_CORRUPTED_NATURE = 106899,
NPC_NIGHTMARE_SAPLING = 106427,
NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP = 106304,
NPC_ROTTEN_DRAKE = 105494,
NPC_TWISTED_SISTER = 105495,
NPC_NIGHTMARE_ANCIENT = 105468,
};
enum Events
{
// Intro
EVENT_1 = 1,
EVENT_2,
EVENT_3,
EVENT_4,
EVENT_5,
EVENT_6
};
enum Phases
{
PHASE_1, //Phase 1: Forces of Nightmare!
PHASE_2, //Phase 2: Your Nightmare Ends!
PHASE_NORMAL,
PHASE_INTRO
};
std::vector<TalkData> const talkData =
{
{ EVENT_ON_ENTERCOMBAT, EVENT_TYPE_TALK, 0 },
{ SPELL_FORCES_OF_NIGHTMARE, EVENT_TYPE_TALK, 1 },
{ EVENT_ON_JUSTDIED, EVENT_TYPE_TALK, 4 },
};
Position northeast = { 11405.299805f,-12723.7f,487.224f,2.23775f };
Position northwest = { 11391.2f,-12670.0f,487.1889f,4.21162f };
Position southwest = { 11343.0332f,-12663.058f,487.26428f,5.03789f };
Position southeast = { 11339.5f,-12719.2f,487.334f,0.842365f };
struct SpawnData
{
uint32 event, npcId;
Position pos;
};
SpawnData const spawnData[] =
{
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_ROTTEN_DRAKE, northwest },
{ EVENT_1, NPC_NIGHTMARE_ANCIENT, southeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_ROTTEN_DRAKE, northwest },
{ EVENT_2, NPC_TWISTED_SISTER, southwest },
{ EVENT_3, NPC_NIGHTMARE_ANCIENT, southeast },
{ EVENT_3, NPC_TWISTED_SISTER, southwest },
{ EVENT_3, NPC_TWISTED_SISTER, southwest },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_ROTTEN_DRAKE, northwest },
{ EVENT_4, NPC_ROTTEN_DRAKE, northwest },
{ EVENT_5, NPC_NIGHTMARE_ANCIENT, southeast },
{ EVENT_5, NPC_NIGHTMARE_ANCIENT, southeast },
{ EVENT_5, NPC_TWISTED_SISTER, southwest },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP, northeast },
{ EVENT_6, NPC_TWISTED_SISTER, southwest },
};
struct boss_cenarius_1 : public BossAI
{
boss_cenarius_1(Creature* creature) : BossAI(creature, DATA_CENARIUS) { Initialize(); }
void Initialize()
{
PhaseStatus = Phases::PHASE_INTRO;
//SetDungeonEncounterID(1877);
LoadTalkData(&talkData);
addsCount = 0;
sisterCount = 0;
wave = 0;
}
void LoadNPC(uint32 event, const SpawnData* data)
{
while (data->event)
{
if (data->event == event)
me->SummonCreature(data->npcId, Position(data->pos), TEMPSUMMON_MANUAL_DESPAWN, WEEK);
++data;
}
}
void JustDied(Unit* /*killer*/) override
{
_JustDied();
if (Creature* target = me->FindNearestCreature(106482, 500.0f, true))
target->AI()->DoAction(2);
if (GameObject* box = me->SummonGameObject(254168, Position(11364.23f, -12743.16f, 488.074585f), QuaternionData(), WEEK))
box->SetLootState(GO_READY);;
}
void DamageTaken(Unit* /*attacker*/, uint32& damage) override
{
if (me->HealthWillBeBelowPctDamaged(35, damage))
{
PhaseStatus = Phases::PHASE_2;
events.Reset();
DoCast(SPELL_OVERWHELMING_NIGHTMARE);
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_CREEPING_NIGHTMARES, 2s);//all phase
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_BEASTS_OF_NIGHTMARE, 30s);
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_SPEAR_OF_NIGHTMARES, 20s);//33
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_ENTANGLING_NIGHTMARES, 35s);
if (IsMythic())
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BLAST, 13s);
}
}
void ScheduleTasks() override
{
PhaseStatus = Phases::PHASE_1;
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_CREEPING_NIGHTMARES, 2s);//all phase
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_FORCES_OF_NIGHTMARE, 7s, 8s);
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_AURA_OF_DREAD_THORNS, 14s);
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES, 28s);
if(IsMythic())
events.ScheduleEvent(SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BLAST, 30s);
}
void ExecuteEvent(uint32 eventId) override
{
switch (eventId)
{
case SPELL_CREEPING_NIGHTMARES:
{
instance->DoCastSpellOnPlayers(SPELL_CREEPING_NIGHTMARES);
events.Repeat(2s);
break;
}
case SPELL_AURA_OF_DREAD_THORNS:
{
DoCast(SPELL_AURA_OF_DREAD_THORNS);
events.Repeat(34s);
break;
}
case SPELL_FORCES_OF_NIGHTMARE:
{
GetTalkData(SPELL_FORCES_OF_NIGHTMARE);
DoCast(SPELL_FORCES_OF_NIGHTMARE);
wave++;
LoadNPC(wave, spawnData);
events.Repeat(77s);
break;
}
case SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BLAST:
{
DoCast(SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BLAST);
events.Repeat(32s);
break;
}
case SPELL_SPEAR_OF_NIGHTMARES:
{
DoCast(SPELL_SPEAR_OF_NIGHTMARES);
events.Repeat(33s);
break;
}
case SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES:
{
DoCast(SPELL_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES);
AddTimedDelayedOperation(2500, [this]() -> void
{
if (Unit* target = SelectTarget(SELECT_TARGET_RANDOM, 0, 0.f, true))
me->SummonCreature(NPC_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES, target->GetPosition(), TEMPSUMMON_MANUAL_DESPAWN, WEEK);
});
events.Repeat(30s);
break;
}
case SPELL_BEASTS_OF_NIGHTMARE:
{
DoCast(SPELL_BEASTS_OF_NIGHTMARE);
events.Repeat(30s);
break;
}
case SPELL_ENTANGLING_NIGHTMARES:
{
DoCast(SPELL_ENTANGLING_NIGHTMARES);
events.Repeat(51s);
break;
}
default:
break;
}
}
void MoveInLineOfSight(Unit* who) override
{
if (who->IsPlayer() && me->IsWithinDist(who, 55.0f, false) && PhaseStatus == Phases::PHASE_INTRO)
{
PhaseStatus = Phases::PHASE_1;
me->RemoveUnitFlag(UnitFlags(UNIT_FLAG_NOT_SELECTABLE | UNIT_FLAG_NON_ATTACKABLE | UNIT_FLAG_IMMUNE_TO_PC));
}
}
void JustSummoned(Creature* summon) override
{
BossAI::JustSummoned(summon);
switch (summon->GetEntry())
{
case NPC_NIGHTMARE_BRAMBLES:
case NPC_ENTANGLING_ROOTS:
case NPC_TORMENTED_SOULS:
case NPC_CORRUPTED_EMERALD_EGG:
case NPC_CORRUPTED_NATURE:
case NPC_NIGHTMARE_SAPLING:
case NPC_CORRUPTED_WISP:
case NPC_ROTTEN_DRAKE:
case NPC_TWISTED_SISTER:
case NPC_NIGHTMARE_ANCIENT:
{
summon->SetFaction(me->GetFaction());
break;
}
}
}
uint8 PhaseStatus;
uint8 addsCount = 0;
uint8 sisterCount = 0;
uint8 wave = 0;
};
// boss_cenarius_1
void AddSC_boss_cenarius()
{
RegisterCreatureAI(boss_cenarius_1);
}
|
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# External Project: OpenAL-Soft
#
# Website: http://kcat.strangesoft.net/openal.html
# Downloads: http://kcat.strangesoft.net/openal.html#download
#
# Alternative Downloads: http://kcat.strangesoft.net/openal-binaries/
# http://kcat.strangesoft.net/openal-releases/
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INCLUDE(ExternalProject)
set(OPENALSOFT_VERSION "1.18.2")
# For win32 it's faster to download the pre-compiled development binaries.
if (WIN32)
ExternalProject_Add(
openalsoft
PREFIX ${DEPENDENCY_EXTRACT_DIR}
DOWNLOAD_DIR ${DEPENDENCY_DOWNLOAD_DIR}
URL http://kcat.strangesoft.net/openal-binaries/openal-soft-${OPENALSOFT_VERSION}-bin.zip
URL_MD5 03cf7160ca84c36c2e6560fb278308fc
INSTALL_DIR ${DEPENDENCY_INSTALL_DIR}
CONFIGURE_COMMAND ""
BUILD_COMMAND ""
INSTALL_COMMAND
COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy ${DEPENDENCY_EXTRACT_DIR}/src/openalsoft/bin/Win32/soft_oal.dll ${DEPENDENCY_INSTALL_DIR}/bin/OpenAL32.dll
COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_directory ${DEPENDENCY_EXTRACT_DIR}/src/openalsoft/libs/Win32 ${DEPENDENCY_INSTALL_DIR}/lib
COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_directory ${DEPENDENCY_EXTRACT_DIR}/src/openalsoft/include/AL ${DEPENDENCY_INSTALL_DIR}/include/AL
)
else() # build from source
SET(OPENALSOFT_PREFIX ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/openal)
SET(OPENALSOFT_CMAKE_ARGS ${COMMON_CMAKE_ARGS}
-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS}
-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=<INSTALL_DIR>
-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE}
-DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE}
-DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES=${CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES}
-DCMAKE_DEBUG_POSTFIX=d
-DALSOFT_CONFIG=OFF
-DALSOFT_EXAMPLES=OFF
-DALSOFT_NO_CONFIG_UTIL=ON
-DALSOFT_UTILS=OFF
#-DLIBTYPE=STATIC
)
ExternalProject_Add(
openalsoft
PREFIX ${DEPENDENCY_EXTRACT_DIR}
DOWNLOAD_DIR ${DEPENDENCY_DOWNLOAD_DIR}
URL http://kcat.strangesoft.net/openal-releases/openal-soft-${OPENALSOFT_VERSION}.tar.bz2
URL_MD5 d4eeb0889812e2fdeaa1843523d76190
INSTALL_DIR ${DEPENDENCY_INSTALL_DIR}
CMAKE_ARGS ${OPENALSOFT_CMAKE_ARGS}
)
endif()
|
Regulations
New classification for formaldehyde and styrene
Make sure that your classification, label and safety data sheet (SDS) are correct!
Following the publication of the 6th Adaptation to Technical Progress (ATP) to the classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) Regulation on 6th June 2014 (Regulation 605/2014), the existing GHS harmonized classification has been modified for several substances, including styrene and formaldehyde: - Styrene is reclassified to toxic for reproduction category 2 and specific target organ toxicity — single exposure, category 1; - Formaldehyde is reclassified to carcinogenic category 1B and mutagen category 2. This new classification will enter into force on 1 April 2015. This means new labelling and Safety Data Sheet requirements, as well as new REACH obligations for formaldehyde (see details hereafter) have to be applied. However, the Regulation 1297/2014 published on the 6th December 2014 specifies that the substances and mixtures placed on the marked before 1 June 2015 shall not be required to be relabeled and repackaged until 31 December 2015. Do not forget that CLP will apply to mixtures from 1 June 2015, when the basic requirements for substances and mixtures will be the same (there will be a two-year grace period for mixtures already in the EU supply chain on that date to be consumed).
Agenda
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About EuCIA
EuCIA is the Brussels - based leading Association of the European Composites Industry,
representing European National composite Associations as well as industry specific
Sector Groups, such as those targeting end segments like automotive or those
promoting particular product groups or processes. |
It's a little bit terrifying how close Ashley Madison came to an IPO
The details of more than 30 million people who were registered to the site, which is meant to facilitate extramarital affairs, were released after a data breach in July.
That’s obviously terrible, but part of what’s unbelievable when you sift through the wreckage of this disaster is how close the site was to breaking into the mainstream, at least as a major online company.
That’s amazing and scary — not from a moral point of view, but from a business one.
As recently as four months ago, Ashley Madison’s CEO was talking up the prospect of listing the company on a stock exchange — pretty much the pinnacle of mainstream business success.
That now looks like a laughable ambition. Since the leak, huge holes in the business have become apparent. The confidentiality of its (understandably secretive) users has been breached by the hack. But part of the reason some have been compromised is because even the “full delete” option offered by the site seems to have been enough to easily identify users — they were sold a pup.
What’s more — and perhaps even worse from a business perspective — it looks like it was almost entirely men using the service. With 31 million male and 5 million female accounts, the odds were already stacked against men looking to cheat, but research by Annalee Newitz of Gizmodo suggests only 1,492 of those female accounts had ever opened their message inboxes.
Fortress Investments, the New York-based hedge fund with nearly $US54 billion in assets, recently signalled its preliminary intent to loan Ashley Madison’s privately held parent, Avid Life Media — $US50 million over two years, according to persons briefed on the matter. (Biderman and Fortress declined to discuss this.) And last June, a partner from the New York investment bank Jefferies met Biderman for drinks at the Four Seasons Hotel in Manhattan to talk about a possible initial public offering for the Toronto-based company. Just this month, Grupo BTG Pactual SA, Brazil’s largest independent investment bank, called Biderman to ask about taking an equity stake in Ashley Madison and licensing the Ashley Madison brand.
Nearly a third of Avid Life media is owned by the DeZwirek family and their company, Icarus Investment Corp, according to Reuters. The company clearly found it difficult to find investors, but it didn’t find it impossible.
Of course, many investors wouldn’t want to own shares in Ashley Madison for ethical reasons — and they’re more likely to talk about it (it’s free press for Finncap after all).
But markets are largely amoral (if not immoral), and I find it really difficult to imagine that if people saw value in the company, it wouldn’t have found buyers. Perhaps that’s me being cynical, but I think imagining it would have been rejected by a widespread moral consensus is a bit naive.
A study by Harrison Hong and Marcin Kacperczyk in The Journal of Financial Economics called “The Price of Sin” found that “sin” stocks outperformed the wider market by 2.5% a year between 1985 and 2006 (and even better just in the U.S.). That is the kind of margin on which hedge fund fortunes are built. It might just be a statistical anomaly of course. More plausible, it might be because, rightly or wrongly, this is what actually sells. The more of them that London has — and if Ashley Madison doesn’t count as sin it is hard to know what does — then the better the market will perform.
He also, somewhat worryingly, and perhaps rightly, said that “far-flimsier businesses have been floated in London.” That might be the main message here — how quickly things can go down the toilet.
Ashley Madison isn’t being brought down because of its dubious moral worth, but because it had shoddy data security and seems to have had shoddy business practices too. Those things are crucial and they don’t always show up on a balance sheet.
The truth is that if Ashley Madison already had investors and massive revenue growth, it would have found more if it had floated. There will always be someone who refuses to let money go lying at the side of the road, no matter who it comes from.
NOW WATCH: Money & Markets videos
Want to read a more in-depth view on the trends influencing Australian business and the global economy? BI / Research is designed to help executives and industry leaders understand the major challenges and opportunities for industry, technology, strategy and the economy in the future. Sign up for free at research.businessinsider.com.au. |
Kids – What's the Alternative? by Dr M. Samanta-Laughton, Cazzie Dare and Jon Ralls. This article first appeared in ABC magazine, Sussex.
One afternoon during my general practice training, I attended an afternoon seminar by the local community paediatrician. She was teaching on Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and handed us the minutes of a meeting she had just attended with other local paediatricians on this subject.
Apparently they had been told that they were not prescribing enough Ritalin – a type of amphetamine used with children with ADHD. Compared with prescribing rates in the United States, where 10% of all school-age children are on the drug, the fear was that the U.K. was under-diagnosing ADHD, and that children who might be helped by pharmaceutical interventions were possibly being missed.. The meeting discussed how to increase diagnosis of ADHD, and therefore bring Ritalin prescribing in line with the U.S.A.
Those attending did not question whether doctors in the U.S.A. were getting it right! Nor did they discuss the growing number of professionals questioning the scientific validity of the use of Ritalin. This ‘real life’ meeting of health professionals also did not explore alternative strategies to drugs.
I am not arguing that such interventions are not beneficial; there is evidence that they often are. However, there are many non-invasive strategies that could be explored which look promising, even though they do not have masses of trial data. Importantly they offer parents hope of an alternative to drugs for their kids.
The complete refusal of many doctors to consider interventions outside of the medical profession, combined with the kind of prescribing objectives described above, does not help those parents who want real help and understanding. When it comes to children, there is a particularly high demand for information on alternatives to medication.
Although we are far from an evidence-based list of interventions that 'work' with children diagnosed with ADHD and other issues, there are many non-invasive interventions for which much anecdotal evidence has accumulated. (It was, after all, the observation of ‘anecdotes’ that led to medical breakthroughs such as quinine for heart problems or realising the link between rubella in pregnancy and foetal problems).
Far from being the 'New Age alternatives’ that many doctors feel lie outside the boundaries of their own profession, some of these therapies have a sound basis in the same neuroscience that doctors use themselves. In fact the level of understanding of some aspects of neurological pathways is extremely detailed.
Crucially, many of these interventions are 'holistic', in the sense of being tailored to the whole individual. This can make a randomised controlled trial (RCT –, needed to provide the type of evidence demanded by the medical profession), difficult to perform. To put this into perspective, the British Medical Journal reported in 2002 that as little as 10% of current surgical interventions have RCT evidence.
Brighton-based therapist and workshop facilitator, Cazzie Dare specialises in working with young people and families. She says:
"More and more of today's children are finding life in general, and the education system in particular, frustrating. They present with what is perceived as challenging behaviour, which can spill over into family life. Such behaviour can be difficult for parents and professionals to cope with – it can be a challenge to understand the child's world and the source of their frustration. Such ‘rebellious’ behaviour can be a symptom of not being heard, listened to and recognised as the incredibly bright, creative and independent individuals that they are. While most parents are extremely loving and supportive, media and politicians can be quick to blame them, and it can be hard for parents to know how to ‘do the right thing’ for themselves and their child."
What follows is a brief list of some promising, non-invasive interventions which have a track record of improving the lives of children and everyone around them. The list is not meant to be a medical recommendation, but a starting point for parents to investigate so they can make up their own minds. None of the therapies listed involve taking oral medication or other invasive treatments.
Emotional Freedom technique – This technique is as invasive as gently tapping your face! It can be used to clear a whole number of emotional issues - often when all else has failed. Top American holistic psychiatrist, Daniel Benor MD is an advocate of this technique. www.emofree.com/children .
Neuro Linguistic Programming – Is your child being taught in a way that suits them best? NLP can help determine their learning style as well as with emotional issues such as bullying. www.new-oceans.co.uk.
Heart Math – a non-profit organisation using cutting-edge science to provide a variety of tools to help children with improving learning attitudes and behaviours. www.heartmath.org.
EEG Neurofeedback – this amazing technique allows the subject to gain control of their own brain waves through the use of a simple video game. It is helpful in many situations, including ADHD. www.eegneurofeedback.net. |
Q:
Step-Down convertor. Why does the input voltage go to the output
At the moment when I insert the USB cable, at the output of the converter, 5 volts appears for a short time. Why is this happening?
Circuit:
Voltage Oscillogram:
BUT! When I connect the ground oscillograph to the board, this effect disappears. The ground of the oscillograph and the computer are connected in an electric outlet.
This effect is a measurement error or an error in the circuit?
A:
Knowing the time scale would be useful.
Using two channels connect scope ground to power supply ground NOT board ground) and monitor Board_+5V and board_Ground as the USB plug is inserted. Odds are they do not both make contact simultaneously. If the difference is about as long as the 5V pulse you see on the 3V3 output it explains your problem.
Ground the scope ground near the IC ground.
Ensure that the system ground is properly connected.
If connecting scope ground to board_ground or a wire from PSU_ground to board_ground before the USB plug is inserted cures the problem then as in 1. you probably have a non simultaneous power supply connection.Note that Vout relative to board ground may be ~= 0V rather than 5V during the pulse period.
Only if the above do not cure the problem then what you are seeing MAY be real.
The IC regulates at 3V3 when the R15/R16 divider indicates that correct Vout is present. Depending on the time scale involved, the capacitance & time constant of the feeback circuit, and the energy stored in L1 compared to the load power, the output may exceed the correct value until the IC 'comes into regulation.
A faster transient response may be achieved by placing a small capacitor (start with say 1 nF) across R15.
Initial overshoot is more likely to occur with zero load.
Is there any load connected?
If not, try adding a modest load to see the effect (if any).
|
Vålerengens IF
Vålerengens Idrettsforening is a Norwegian multi-sports club from the neighbourhood Vålerenga in Oslo, founded on 29 July 1913.
It has sections for football, ice hockey, american football, handball, floorball and skiing. The football team, ice hockey team and the american football team are all multiple national champions.
Former sports include athletics, bandy, basketball and wrestling. The club became national champions in bandy for women in 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1988.
The board of directors of Vålerengens IF is chaired by Stein Morisse.
Major clubs
Vålerenga Ishockey
Vålerenga Ishockey is the most successful club in Norway and the ice hockey club in Scandinavia with most titles, with 29 regular season titles and 26 playoff championships. They play their home games at Jordal Amfi, close to the neighborhood where the club was established.
Vålerenga Fotball
The association football club has won five league titles since the club was founded in 1913. They play their home games at Ullevaal Stadion.
Other clubs
Vålerenga Trolls
Vålerenga Trolls is the American football department of the club. They play their games at Jordal Idrettspark.
Vålerenga Sjakklubb
Vålerenga Sjakklubb, also known as Vålerenga Sjakk, is the chess department of the club. In March 2018, the current world champion, Magnus Carlsen, joined the club. Vålerenga Sjakklubb will participate in the 2018 European Chess Club Cup..
References
External links
*
Category:Sports teams in Norway
Category:Association football clubs established in 1913
Category:Bandy clubs established in 1913
Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 1913
Category:Defunct athletics clubs in Norway
Category:Defunct bandy clubs in Norway
Category:Norwegian handball clubs
Category:Sport in Oslo
Category:1913 establishments in Norway |
Inside a massive Chinese Bitcoin mine [video] - nodesocket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8kua5B5K3I#t=47
======
nodesocket
Honestly this upsets me. They are wasting power without any regard to energy,
the entire place is a massive electrical fire just waiting to happen, and the
workers are like slaves. Did you see the "resting" bed, it was filthy. Not to
mention, all the wasted computer parts and power supplies they just throw
away. It is any wonder why China's air quality is so poor. This is a zero sum
game for them, but the quality of life in China is so poor it is sustainable.
|
The Muslim Trump
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Queer owned and operated, Revry was founded to showcase the works that our community wants to see and to highlight stories that are still being overlooked by the mainstream. We’re looking to the future of queer entertainment and we invite you to join us! |
The southernmost and prettiest of Los Angeles' three beach communities (Manhattan
Beach, Hermosa Beach and Redondo Beach) before reaching the Palos
Verdes Peninsula. The "Village" shopping area includes Hennessey's
Tavern, one of the best burger joints in L.A., and a delightful coffee shop that used to be named "The Wooden
Shoe" (now "Redondo Beach Café"). |
"Hey, dad." "I'm here to help you pack up." "Okay." "I think I'm gonna come out to Joshy next." "Okay." "Do you want me to be with you?" "No, I'll do..." "I'll do it alone." "Alright, well, I'll just have him come over here, then." " Do you think he's ready?" " No, you never are." "It's like having a baby." "You know, just one day the baby shows up and you figure it out." " Honey?" " What?" "Are you okay with me?" "Oh, God, yes." " No, I'm happy." " Yeah?" "Yeah, it's... it's..." "It's inspiring." "I mean, I'm so glad you get to be who you are." "That's what we should all be." "Not my business, but how long have you and Tammy been carrying on?" "Not my business." "I can't stop thinking about her." "I... it's like... it's just, like, we just reconnected, after all this time, and it just happened." "Now we're just, like, connecting every second." "I cannot stop texting her." "You know, it's like, "What are you doing? "" ""Eating a sandwich."" ""How is it?" "It's amazing."" "You know... the thing that you do when you're falling in love?" "Not really." "[Ahem]" "So you're not in love with Len?" "No." "I mean, whatever." "I mean, I..." "I..." "I'm..." "I'm staying with Len." "I'm gonna stay with Len." "I'm happy to stay with Len." "I just... you know, I just wonder, you know, what would it feel like to be loved by someone who's actually moved by loving you?" "Why don't you tell him what you want?" "I don't want to have to tell someone." "That is... that is the whole..." "You can't tell someone that." "Mm." "Which one of you are gonna take the encyclopedias?" "None of us, dad." "Nobody in the world wants those." "These are the bicentennial encyclopedias." "Ugh." "Would it be okay with you if I just crashed here tonight?" "Of course, sweetie." "[Gentle piano music]" "But I wanted you to know that I was thinking about you, and..." "I really loved your message earlier, so..." "Please leave me more, 'cause when I hear your voice," "I feel better." "Okay, guess I'll go. [Laughs]" "I'm sorry I keep calling you." "[Giggles]" "[Exhales]" "Hey, Kaya." "Don't know why you're not calling me back, and I'm sick of getting your voicemail, so, anyhoo, maybe you might want to think about answering your phone and saying hello?" "[Drumsticks tapping intro]" "* I don't want to be seen, I don't want to be heard *" "[Continues singing indistinctly]" "*" "* Ooh ooh ooh-ooh *" "What's your ish?" "* What do you want, Josh?" "*" "Come here." "Let's go." "* I'm in the middle of rehearsal *" "Come on." "Fine. [Music winds down]" "One second, you guys." "What's up?" "Where the fuck is Kaya?" "She's not answering my calls." " She's not answering my texts." " I don't know, dude." " Is she avoiding me?" " I couldn't tell you." "Did she not tell you that we might be getting married?" " Married?" " Yeah." " I love her." "I proposed, okay?" " Oh, my God." "You weird, old, sad fellow." "Married?" "Are you living in a fucking dream world?" "Are you such a fetus that you've not been in love before?" " Yeah, like a million times." " Thank you." "Why don't you help me out and make her call me back and make sure she's here for the meeting with Ryan." "[Phone ringing]" " What do you want?" " You got to get over here, asap, 'cause dad's got me packing up all his crap to donate to Haddasah League, and it's now or never." "Um, no, I can't do that today." "What about the cereal boxes?" "Do not think about touching those or opening those." "Yeah, it's too late, actually, for that, 'cause I already did." "Nice photos and letters of you and creepy Rita." "I almost forgot about you and the babysitter." "Okay." "A... okay, you know what?" "Um, I'm coming. [Phone beeps]" "Those the moon rocks?" "You got 'em?" " Yeah." " Can I see 'em?" "Yes." "Okay, there they are." " So it's just like "E, " really?" " Yeah." "But you know how with "E", you, like, you have to take Xanax when you're coming down, otherwise your brain hurts?" "What?" "No, nobody's ever told me that." "Great, I've been taking my ecstasy wrong for years." "Okay, so what's the plan?" "I got Saturday and Sunday off." "Do you want to go Joshua Tree, which I realized I haven't been to since I was a kid?" "I'm so sorry." "I feel like a jerk." "I had a plan that was, like, a sex thing." "And I didn't tell you that, that that was what I wanted to do with the guy from the park?" "What guy from the park?" "The trainer from the park." "You're hanging out with that guy?" "Yeah, I went back, and like, we trained, and then we started fucking, and whatever." "And then I met his roommate, who is crazy sexy, and I'm planning a little spit-roasting epic... night." "What is spit-roasting?" "That sounds disgusting." "Do you really not know what spit-roasting is?" "Um, I know it in relation to food." " God, don't you watch porn?" " I don't know." "I find it kind of disturbing, don't you?" "Sorry." "Hold on." "Okay, so imagine that this is me." "I am the candle, the white-hot, burning candle, and this pepper shaker is one guy, and this... imagine this was a pepper shaker, too." "This is the other guy." " Okay, so his roommate's black." " Oh, yeah." "That's very classic Ali." "This pepper shaker's investigating my vagina from the behind, and this pepper shaker is investigating my mouth, and I... am roasting." "You're gross." "I know." " Okay." " Okay." " Joshy's on his way." " Oh, good." "What is this?" "What's all this?" "Oh, this is all I'm taking." " This is it?" " Yeah." "I mean," "I just got up in the middle of the night, and I went, "You know, it's just stuff, right?"" "all I need is a safe place to rest my keppie." "[Car horn honking]" "Oh, it's Joshy." "No, no." "That's..." "That's the moving truck." "He'll be here soon." "Are you... are you sure you're okay?" "Coming out is coming out is coming out." "I'm good." "Okay." "Love you." "[Breathes deeply]" "Hey, dad, I'm here." "[Metronome ticking]" "Dad?" "[Ticking faster]" " Dad!" " Yeah." " Hey." " Hey, thanks for coming." "Sarah told me." "Oh...[Exhales]" "Listen, uh, can I get you some, uh, I don't know, tea?" "I have, uh, soda." "I have water, I..." "I know that." "I'm not..." "I'm not making you late for work, am I?" "Um, it's not the mill, dad." "Oh, okay." "Do you want to help me carry some of this stuff to the car?" " These?" " Yeah." "[Sniffs]" "Why didn't you tell me?" "What... what?" "You smell like the perfume aisle at a sav-on in the Philippines." "You've got a girlfriend." "Who is she?" "[Laughs]" "Who... you're moving in with her?" "It's... eh... it's complicated." "Yeah, I'll bet it's complicated." "You want this in your car?" "Yeah, and if I can tell from the scent, she's about 30 years younger than you and a bit of a freak." " Am I right?" " She's not a freak." "That's last month's issue." "You know, you... you could get a... a post office box." "Uh, my wife does the bills." " Mine too." " [Chuckles]" "Look at me." "I'm..." "I'm full of bad advice." "You know what you can do?" "You can just stick it in an issue of deck and patio or... [Chuckles]" "Outdoor living magazine." " I'm Mark." " Mort." "* Inside you, the time moves *" "* And she don't fade *" "* The ghost in you, she don't fade *" " Did you get it?" " Okay." "So who would like a Charleston Chew?" " Ooh, me, please." " All right." "Who wants a Abba-Zaba?" " I'll take that." " You want that?" "I want the Charleston Chew." "No, you have too many cavities." "Trade you my Abba-Zaba." " I don't like peanut butter." " No!" " Give it to me." " No, stop!" " Hey, hey." " Give it!" " No, stop it!" " Hey, hey, hey!" "I don't want to hear a peep out of you." "[Engine starts]" "Both: * Peep *" "Looky, looky, look." "These are the moon rocks." "Yeah, that looks like crack." "No, my friend gave them to me." "She had some extra." "They're amazing." "They're supposed to be better than "E," 'cause they're, like, pure MDMA." "[Sports announcer on TV]" "Yeah, this shit sits in your spine." "No, no, no, no, no." "That stuff is pure, and... and there's, like, a really easy comedown." "The government even gives it to Iraq vets who are recovering from PTSD." "It's like..." "We should definitely do what the government does." "Uncle Sam wants you to roll with Ali." " That's cute." " Could be fun." "[Whispers] Should we ask Mike?" "Nm-mm." "Hey, Mike!" "Wanna get high with us?" "What you got?" "[Background chatter, TV chatter]" "What's up?" " Hey, Josh." " Hey." "Barry's looking for ya." "He's in the conference room." " Okay." " Mm-hmm." "[Low conversation]" " Hey." " Hey." " You got a sec?" " Um, I'm kind of in a hurry." " Ryan's here." " Oh." "We're gonna talk through the remaster with Kaya and Margaux." "Yeah, yeah." "No, this'll just be a minute." "Pop a squat, 'cause I want you to meet, uh, the Drug Mules." " What's up?" " Hey, what's up?" "Uh, I reached out to you about them a while ago." "I caught them at south-by, and I just went ape balls." "It's totally your wheelhouse, by the way, brother." "Um, I'm in the middle of setting up a tour right now." "So, I highly doubt I'm gonna have the time, you know?" "So actually, um, I'm gonna have Glenda wrangle Glitterish for a minute, just a little moving and shaking real quick, and I'm gonna have you jump in with these guys, and, um, we'll talk about the details later, okay?" "I think we're gonna talk about it right fucking now." "Is... is this about Kaya?" "[Barry chuckles]" "What did she say to you?" "Because if she told you to fire me," " Uh-huh." " I got a right to know." " Do you know what I'm talking about?" " Sit down." "Everything's actually totally chill." "Barry, what did she say?" "Why don't you take a look at those bagels," " and you need to get to know..." " Hey, Barry." " That fruit salad real fast." " Sit the fuck down." "We're not having this talk right now." " What did she say to you?" " She said she didn't feel fucking safe... can we talk about it fucking later?" " She doesn't feel safe with me?" " Can we talk about this" " fucking later, bro?" " What does that even mean?" "I'm the one that discovered Glitterish." "I'm the one that was there the night they played the roxy the first time, and you were the one who didn't want to sign them." " I protected her from you..." " Dude." "And now you're gonna fucking fire me from the..." " Fuck that shit!" " Back... back... back... back." "You just got fired, bro!" "Hi." "Hey." "I got a... an hour, a whole hour, just for you." "I cancelled the Grubman thing." "I just made up some bullshit." "So do you want to tell me what's going on?" "I don't know..." "I'm just..." "I..." "It's, like, riddled with anxiety, lately." "It's like..." "It's kind of like..." "Anxious exhaustion." "I heard this guy call it that on the radio just, like..." "I'm overwhelmed all the time." "You're overwhelmed all the time?" "H-how?" "[Chuckles]" "How are you overwhelmed?" "'Cause we have Sylvia full-time." "I don't know if you're actually aware, but, um, I manage Sylvia, and, uh, and I'm on, like, four committees at Ivanhoe, and the parent outreach at the " J"..." "I'm actually training for a triathlon." "I have to swim in the ocean to raise money for breast cancer, because I hope one day if I have breast cancer, somebody swims for me." "Babe..." "Are you okay?" "Like... do you feel okay?" "[Whining] Oh, my God." "I don't want you to be mad at me." "I'm not mad." "Ugh!" "Okay, you know that co-op in college that I worked at?" "I didn't tell you that I also lived there." " I think you told me that." " I did?" "Okay, well, but I didn't tell you that I..." "that... that I lived there... with... with Tammy." "[Groaning] Ohh..." "Like, in my... in my... in my room with her." "In my bed, actually." "I was in love with her, Len." "I... am in love with her." "Well, I'm gonna call Dr. Schomberg," " 'cause we haven't..." " No." "talked to anyone in a long time." " Len, no." " Yeah, I'm calling her right now." "No." "This doesn't... this has nothing to do with..." "This isn't us." "This is me." "Len..." " We're gonna talk to her." " It's me." "I'll get us an appointment, and we can talk to her." "Len, it's me." "It's me." "You're not allowed to do this, you know." "I don't know how not to." "I just came from Barry's." "I'm gonna have to call you back, okay, dad?" "What is going on?" "Tell me you did not tell him to fire me." "Yeah, I told him to fire you." "I mean, my God, what was I supposed to do?" "I mean, you wouldn't drop the whole baby thing." "Yeah!" "It's a big deal." "I don't know if you can appreciate this, but this is a fucking big deal for me." "I've been fucking shit up my whole life." "I'm trying to do the right thing." "By right thing you mean we live in the mountains, and I run around with milk spewing out of my boobs?" "Okay, that was a stupid idea." "Because you care about me so much, Josh?" "It was a stupid idea." "I'm sorry." "Josh, this is only the second time you've even been to my house, okay?" "And it's not like I live in Venice." "Echo Park and Silver Lake are..." "I don't even know where one stops and the other starts." "Okay, rampart." "Look..." "You never asked me to come here." "I would come here if you asked me to." "A normal guy just comes." "Okay." "I'm here now." "I'm here now, and I will continue to come." "Um, I'm going in, and you're not invited." "Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait." " Okay..." " [Murmurs] Don't..." "Kaya, how'd this happen?" "Okay, look, we have a baby in there, and I don't think you realize how important that is." "I already had the abortion. [Laughs]" "When?" "Yesterday." "Took, like, four Tylenol." "I was totally fine." "I couldn't do it." "I just chickened out with Josh." "I'm really sorry about that." " Boys are the hardest." " Boys are the hardest." " They are." " Why?" "Well, because they... [Sighs]" "They never stop really seeing you as their father, and girls are just easier that way." "I think they're more sensitive." "Why don't we go out, huh?" "Where?" "Well, you know, we'll find some place in Weho, and we'll just go drink." "I have to come out to Ali." "Nothing feels right until I do that." "[Exhales]" "[Sighs]" "Mike, I need three glasses of water, please." "Shit's about to get weird." "Okay, if I get too crazy, you guys have to be my guides." "Really?" "You think you can handle the two of us?" "Oh, please." "You know I've been working out." "Ooh, we got a live one." "For you." "[Mellow rock plays in background]" "*" "Bottoms up, freaks." "Ah." "Um, guys, that was actually just cyanide that we took." "I'm just kidding!" "[Pounds table]" "Hey, you've reached Tammy Cashman." "You know what to do, so do it." "[Beep]" "Babe, I did it." "I left Len." "Oh, my God." "You know what?" "I actually..." "I think it's gonna be okay." "I think he's gonna be okay." "I just have to... tell the kids." "I'm..." "I'm taking them to my dad's tomorrow." "Should I tell them tomorrow?" "Oh, God, I don't know." "[Beep] Where are you, honey?" "I need to talk to you." "Will you call me, please?" "[Sighs]" "Mm, I feel like I'm spooning a bear." "Ugh, this is how the cave women felt." "You know what you look like?" "A cat." "Like a feral cat. [Laughs]" "I had a cat when I was a kid." "We used to be kids." "[Whispering] Derek, Derek." "You're too far away from us." " Why are you so far away?" " I don't know, I just..." "I'm so fucking thirsty." "[Gasps] You should kiss me." "I'm 70% water." "Hi, Mike." "You're making me naked." "Mike's making me naked." "Ooh, is that my pussy?" " Yeah, that's your pussy." " Where're you going?" "I'm gonna give Mike your pussy so then Mike has Derek's pussy, 'cause I'm the vessel for you guys..." " What?" " So that you have to be in this room, fucking each other..." "What?" " Because that's..." " No." "What you really want to be doing." " No." "No." " You really wanna be" " loving each other." " What?" "That'll do it." "This is your bitch." " Is this the wrong one?" " [Groans] Ohh..." "[Door slams]" "But why do I have to leave?" "Hello." "I hope Mike's okay." "Is Mike okay?" "Bye." "Hi." "Hello." "I love your car." "It's so pretty." "I think this is what it must feel like to be in the womb, but you probably can't do this with your arms." "You have such a pretty face." "Ha." "Where do you come from?" "I come from Armenia." "Oh, is your whole family there?" " Yes." " Are you sad about that?" "Being alive is being sad." "[Gasps] Can I have a candy bar?" "Yes, of course." "They're for customer, like you." "My business card is back there, too." "Maybe I can take you to the airport or something sometime, you know?" "Your name is Tigran." "Ahh..." "You would just go and buy these candies just for the people who ride in your car?" "Of course." "I just go to the Costco." "That is so incredibly nice of you that you go all the way to the Costco to buy us these candies." "And I am so sorry about the Armenian genocide." "[Distant sures by the cave singers]" "*" "* Oh airborne eyes *" "* Yeah, will see black storms *" "*" "* If the summer is gone *" "*" "* Let it slide by *" "*" "* So let's take tonight *" "*" "* Ooh my little one *" "*" "* If the captain is right *" "*" "* Then we shall be gone *" "*" "* Lost in the rhythm 'cause the rhythm is wild *" "* Lost in the rhythm 'cause the prison is sad *" "* Gonna need to reach her like the foot of the world *" "* Where the earth will end and the wild subside *" "* Until she's gone *" "*" "* Oh, hey, to be alive *" "*" "* Mmm, still need these bones *" "*" "* See the summer is yawning *" "* Yeah, the crowd's gone in droves *" "*" "* So let's take tonight *" "* Oh dark little one *" "*" "* A strong stove in the past *" "*" "* Will keep our kettles warm *" "Thank you, Tigran." "Listen, I hope you will give me five stars, eh?" "You got it!" "Five stars, all the way." "Be careful." "* Will keep our kettles warm *" "*" "* Lost in the rhythm 'cause the rhythm is wild *" "* Lost in the rhythm 'cause the prison is wide *" "* I'm gonna need to reach her like the foot of the world *" "* Where her heart begins and the wild subside *" "* Until it's gone *" "*" "* Until it's gone *" "[Distorted phone ringing]" "* Until she's gone *" "Hi, daddy." "You want to come visit me?" "Yes, now is the perfect time." "I would love that!" |
---
author:
- Christopher Deninger
date:
title: |
A note on arithmetic topology and dynamical systems\
[*Dedicated to Alexei Nikolaevich Parshin*]{}
---
Introduction {#sec:1}
============
In the sixties Mazur and Manin pointed out intriguing analogies between prime ideals in number rings and knots in $3$-manifolds. Let us recall some of the relevant ideas.
In many respects the spectrum of a finite field ${{\mathbb{F}}}_q$ behaves like a topological circle. For example its étale cohomology with ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_l$-coefficients for $l \nmid q$ is isomorphic to ${{\mathbb{Z}}}_l$ in degrees $0$ and $1$ and it vanishes in higher degrees.
Artin and Verdier [@AV] have defined an étale topology on $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}} = \\
{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}\cup \{ \infty \}$. In this topology $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ has cohomological dimension three, up to $2$-torsion.
The product formula $$\prod_{p \le \infty} |a|_p = 1 \quad \mbox{for} \; a \in {{\mathbb{Q}}}^* \; ,$$ allows one to view $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ as a [*compact*]{} space: Namely in the function field case the analogue of the product formula is equivalent to the formula $$\sum_x {\mathrm{ord}}_x f = 0$$ on a [*proper*]{} curve $X_0 / {{\mathbb{F}}}_q$. Here $x$ runs over the closed points of $X_0$ and $f \in {{\mathbb{F}}}_q (X_0)^*$.
By a theorem of Minkowski there are no non-trivial extensions of ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$ unramified at all places $p \le \infty$. Thus $$\hat{\pi}_1 (\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}) = 0 \; .$$ Hence, by analogy with the Poincaré conjecture, Mazur suggested to think of $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ as an arithmetic analogue of the $3$-sphere $S^3$. Under this analogy the inclusion: $${\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{F}}}_p \hookrightarrow \overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$$ corresponds to an embedded circle i.e. to a knot.
The analogue of the Alexander polynomial of a knot turns out to be the Iwasawa zeta function. One can make this precise using $p$-adic cohomology for schemes over ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}_{(p)}$.
More generally, for a number field $k$ set $$\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} = {\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k \cup \{ {\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty \}$$ together with its Artin–Verdier étale topology. Via the inclusion $${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k / {\mathfrak{p}}\hookrightarrow {\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$$ we may imagine a prime ideal ${\mathfrak{p}}$ as being analogous to a knot in a compact $3$-manifold.
This nice analogy between number theory and three dimensional topology was further extended by Reznikov and Kapranov and baptized Arithmetic Topology. The reader may find dictionaries between the two fields in [@Re] and [@S]. Further analogies were contributed in [@Mo] and [@Ra] for example. In particular Ramachandran had the idea that the infinite primes of a number field should correspond to the ends of a non-compact manifold – the analogue of ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$. See the appendix to section two for his argument.
There is a completely different perspective which also leads to the idea of the finite primes being knots in some $3$-spaces [@D5], [@D7]. One may compare the “explicit formulas” of analytic number theory for $k / {{\mathbb{Q}}}$ with certain dynamical Lefschetz trace formulas for complete flows respecting one-codimensional foliations. These two types of formulas bear a striking similarity if the dimension of the foliation is two and if the finite primes ${\mathfrak{p}}$ correspond to periodic orbits of length $\log N {\mathfrak{p}}$. The infinite primes correspond to the fixed points of the flow.
In particular a phase space $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ corresponding to $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$ would be three dimensional. After forgetting the parametrization the periodic orbits can thus be viewed as knots in a $3$-space.
Note that in earlier work we denoted the hypothetical space $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ by ${\mbox{``}}\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}{\mbox{''}}$.
We now describe the first contribution of the paper. It appears that the (sheaf) cohomology of $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ with constant coefficients should play the role of an arithmetic as opposed to geometric cohomology theory for $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$. In particular it would have cohomological dimension three. We wish to compare this as yet speculative theory with the $l$-adic cohomology of $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$. More precisely we compare Lefschetz numbers of certain endomorphisms on these cohomologies.
In order to do this we first calculate the Lefschetz number of an automorphism $\sigma$ of $k$ on the Artin–Verdier étale cohomology of $\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$.
Next we prove a generalization of Hopf’s formula to a formula for the Lefschetz number of an endomorphism of a dynamical system on a manifold.
Assuming our formula applies to $(X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}} , \phi^t)$ we then obtain an expression for the Lefschetz number of the automorphism on $H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}} , {{\mathbb{R}}})$ induced by $\sigma$.
As it turns out, the two kinds of Lefschetz numbers agree in all cases, even when generalized to constructible sheaf coefficients. This result was prompted by a question of B. Mazur on the significance of étale Euler characteristics in our dynamical picture [@D5].
The second goal of our note is this: We show that if there is a natural dynamical system corresponding to ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$ there should exist distinguished trajectories of the flow converging against the fixed points of the flow. This fits nicely with Ramachandran’s idea of the infinite primes corresponding to ends of a manifold.
I am grateful to Alexei Parshin for a letter introducing me to arithmetic topology some years ago. I would also like to thank B. Mazur for his interesting question and N. Ramachandran for allowing me to sketch his as yet unpublished ideas on ends and infinite places for the convenience of the reader.
Lefschetz numbers {#sec:3}
=================
We first recall a version of étale cohomology with compact supports of arithmetic schemes that takes into account the fibres at infinity. Using this theory we reformulate the main result of [@D1] on $l$-adic Lefschetz numbers of $l$-adic sheaves on arithmetic schemes as a vanishing statement. This formulation was suggested by Faltings [@F] in his review of [@D1]. We also calculate $l$-adic Lefschetz numbers on arithmetically compactified schemes.
Let the scheme ${\mathcal{U}}/ {{\mathbb{Z}}}$ be algebraic i.e. separated and of finite type and set ${\mathcal{U}}_{\infty} = {\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} / G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$ where ${\mathcal{U}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} = {\mathcal{U}}\otimes_{{{\mathbb{Z}}}} {{\mathbb{C}}}$ and the Galois group $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$ of ${{\mathbb{R}}}$ acts on ${\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}$ by complex conjugation. We give ${\mathcal{U}}_{\infty}$ the quotient topology of ${\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}$.
Artin and Verdier [@AV] define the étale topology on ${\overline{{\mathcal{U}}}}= {\mathcal{U}}\amalg {\mathcal{U}}_{\infty}$ as follows. The category of “open sets” has objects the pairs\
$(f : {\mathcal{U}}' \to {\mathcal{U}}, D')$ where $f$ is an étale morphism and $D' \subset {\mathcal{U}}'_{\infty}$ is open. The map $f_{\infty} : D' \to {\mathcal{U}}_{\infty}$ induced by $f$ is supposed to be “unramified” in the sense that $f_{\infty} (d') \in {\mathcal{U}}({{\mathbb{R}}})$ if and only if $d' \in {\mathcal{U}}' ({{\mathbb{R}}})$. Note that ${\mathcal{U}}({{\mathbb{R}}})$ is a closed subset of ${\mathcal{U}}_{\infty}$.
A morphism $$(f : {\mathcal{U}}' \to {\mathcal{U}}, D') \longrightarrow (g : {\mathcal{U}}'' \to {\mathcal{U}}, D'')$$ is a map ${\mathcal{U}}' \to {\mathcal{U}}''$ commuting with the structure maps and such that the induced map ${\mathcal{U}}'_{\infty} \to {\mathcal{U}}''_{\infty}$ carries $D'$ into $D''$.
Coverings are the obvious ones.
Pullback defines morphisms of sites: $${\mathcal{U}}_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} \overset{j}{\longrightarrow} {\overline{{\mathcal{U}}}}_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} \overset{i}{\longleftarrow} {\mathcal{U}}_{\infty} \; .$$ Let $\sim$ denote the corresponding categories of abelian sheaves. One proves that ${\overline{{\mathcal{U}}}}^{\sim}_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}}$ is the mapping cone of the left exact functor $$i^* j_* : \tilde{{\mathcal{U}}}_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} \longrightarrow \tilde{{\mathcal{U}}}_{\infty} \; .$$ In particular we have maps $i^!$ and $j_!$ at our disposal. Let us describe the functor $i^* j_*$ explicitely. Let $\alpha : {\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} \to {\mathcal{U}}_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}}$ be the canonical map of sites. Note that $\alpha^* F$ is a $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$-sheaf on ${\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}$ for every sheaf $F$ on ${\mathcal{U}}_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}}$. If $\pi : {\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} \to {\mathcal{U}}_{\infty}$ denotes the natural projection, define the left exact functor $$\pi^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}_* : (\mbox{abelian}\;G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}\mbox{-sheaves on} \; {\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}) \longrightarrow \tilde{{\mathcal{U}}}_{\infty}$$ by $$\pi^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}_* (G) (V) = G (\pi^{-1} (V))^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}} \; .$$ Then one can check that $$i^* j_* = \pi^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}_* {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}\alpha^* \; .$$ In particular we see that $$i^* R^n j_* = R^n \pi^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}_* {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}\alpha^* \; .$$ It follows that for $n \ge 1$ the sheaf $R^n j_* F = i_* i^* R^n j_* F$ is $2$-torsion with support on ${\mathcal{U}}({{\mathbb{R}}}) \subset {\mathcal{U}}_{\infty}$ as stated in [@AV]. In particular $$\label{eq:11}
H^n_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} ({\overline{{\mathcal{U}}}}, j_* F) \longrightarrow H^n_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} ({\overline{{\mathcal{U}}}}, R j_* F) = H^n_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} ({\mathcal{U}}, F)$$ is an isomorphism up to $2$-torsion for $n \ge 1$ (and an isomorphism for $n = 0$).
Let us now define cohomology with compact supports. Assume first that ${{\mathcal X}}/ {{\mathbb{Z}}}$ is a proper scheme. We define: $$H^n_c ({{\mathcal X}}, F) := H^n ({\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}, j_! F) \; .$$ The distinguished triangle $$j_! j^* G^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} \longrightarrow G^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} \longrightarrow i_* i^* G^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} \longrightarrow \ldots$$ for complexes of sheaves $G^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}$ on ${\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}$ applied to $G^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} = Rj_* F$ gives the triangle $$j_! F \longrightarrow Rj_* F \longrightarrow i_* i^* Rj_* F \longrightarrow \ldots$$ From this one gets an exact sequence $$\longrightarrow H^n_c ({{\mathcal X}}, F) \longrightarrow H^n ({{\mathcal X}}, F) \longrightarrow H^n ({{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} , i^* Rj_* F) \longrightarrow \ldots$$ We have $i^* Rj_* = R\pi^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}_* {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}\alpha^*$ and $$\begin{aligned}
H^n ({{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} , i^* Rj_* F) & = &
H^n ({{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} , R \pi^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}_* (\alpha^* F)) \nonumber \\
& = & H^n (G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , R\Gamma ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} , \alpha^* F)) \nonumber \\
& = & H^n ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F) \; . \label{eq:12}\end{aligned}$$ Here, for any $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$-sheaf $G$ on a complex analytic space $Y$ with a real structure we set: $$H^n (Y_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , G) = H^n (G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , R \Gamma (Y , G)) \; .$$ In conclusion we get the long exact sequence: $$ \longrightarrow H^n_c ({{\mathcal X}}, F) \longrightarrow H^n ({{\mathcal X}}, F) \longrightarrow H^n ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F) \longrightarrow \ldots$$ We now consider the case where ${\mathcal{U}}/ {{\mathbb{Z}}}$ is algebraic but not necessarily proper. Choose a Nagata compactification of ${\mathcal{U}}$ i.e. a proper ${{\mathbb{Z}}}$-scheme ${{\mathcal X}}$ with an open immersion $\kappa : {\mathcal{U}}\to {{\mathcal X}}$. One sets: $$H^n_c ({\mathcal{U}}, F) = H^n_c ({{\mathcal X}}, \kappa_! F) \; .$$ This group and the group $$H^n_{fc} ({\mathcal{U}}, F) = H^n ({{\mathcal X}}, \kappa_! F)$$ can be shown not to depend on the compactification ${{\mathcal X}}$. Beware that in [@D1] the cohomology $H^n_{fc}$ was denoted $H^n_c$.
Since $\alpha^* \kappa_! = \kappa_! \alpha^*$ we obtain a long exact sequence: $$\label{eq:13}
\longrightarrow H^n_c ({\mathcal{U}}, F) \longrightarrow H^n_{fc} ({\mathcal{U}}, F) \longrightarrow H^n_c ({\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F) \longrightarrow \ldots$$ The definition of cohomology can be extended to ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaves and the exact sequence (3) continues to hold. See [@D1] §3 in this regard. The maps in (1) induce isomorphisms $$\label{eq:14}
H^n ({\overline{{\mathcal{U}}}}, j_* F) {\stackrel{\sim}{\longrightarrow}}H^n ({\mathcal{U}}, F) \quad \mbox{for ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaves $F$ and} \; n \ge 0 \; .$$ An endomorphism $(\sigma , e)$ of the pair $({\mathcal{U}}, F)$ is a morphism $\sigma : {\mathcal{U}}\to {\mathcal{U}}$ together with a homomorphism $e : \sigma^* F \to F$ of ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaves. It induces pullback endomorphisms on $H^n_c ({\mathcal{U}}, F)$ and $H^n ({\mathcal{U}}, F)$ and on $H^n_c ({\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F)$. For an endomorphism $\varphi$ of a finite dimensional graded vector space $H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}$ we will abbreviate the Lefschetz number as follows: $${\mathrm{Tr}}(\varphi {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}) := \sum_i (-1)^i {\mathrm{Tr}}(\varphi {\, | \,}H^i) \; .$$ The following theorem is a reformulation of results in [@D1]. They are based on algebraic number theory and in particular on class field theory.
\[t31\] Let $(\sigma , e)$ be an endomorphism of $({\mathcal{U}}, F)$ as above, $l \neq 2$. The cohomologies $H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathcal{U}}, F)$ and $H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({\mathcal{U}}, F)$ are finite dimensional and we have: $$\label{eq:15}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathcal{U}}, F)) = 0 \; .$$ If ${\mathcal{U}}= {{\mathcal X}}$ is proper over ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ then: $$\label{eq:16}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}, j_* F)) = {\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F)) \; .$$ If in addition ${{\mathcal X}}$ is generically smooth and the fixed points $x$ of $\sigma$ on ${{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}$ are non-degenerate in the sense that $\det (1 - T_x\sigma {\, | \,}T_x ({{\mathcal X}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}}))$ is non-zero then we have: $$\label{eq:17}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}, j_* F)) = \sum_{x \in {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} \atop \sigma x = x} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_x {\, | \,}(\alpha^* F)_x) \varepsilon_x (\sigma) \; .$$ Here $$\varepsilon_x (\sigma) = {\mathrm{sgn}\,}\det (1 - T_x \sigma {\, | \,}T_x ({{\mathcal X}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}})) \; .$$
According to [@D1] (3.10) we have for $l \neq 2$: $$\label{eq:18}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_{fc} ({\mathcal{U}}, F)) = {\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathcal{U}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}}, F)) \; .$$ Now for a constructible ${{\mathbb{Z}}}/ l^n$-sheaf $F_n$ on ${\mathcal{U}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}$ we have $$R \Gamma_c ({\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} , F_n) = R\Gamma_c ({\mathcal{U}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} , F_n)$$ by the comparison theorem between ordinary and étale cohomology. If $F_n$ carries a $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$-action relative to the $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$-action on ${\mathcal{U}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}$ we get: $$H^{\nu}_c ({\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , F_n) = H^{\nu} (G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , R \Gamma_c ({\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} , F_n)) = H^{\nu} (G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , R\Gamma_c ({\mathcal{U}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} , F_n)) = H^{\nu}_c ({\mathcal{U}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}}, F_n) \; .$$ Passage to the inverse limit shows that: $$\label{eq:19}
H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathcal{U}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}}, F) = H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathcal{U}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F) \; .$$ This also holds for $l = 2$.
Together with (8) and the exact sequence (3) we get the first formula (5).
The second formula follows from (4), (8) and (9).
To prove the third, note that since $F$ has no $2$-torsion: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:20}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F)) = {\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}} , \alpha^* F)^{G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}) \\
\hspace*{1cm} = |G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}|^{-1} \sum_{\tau \in G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}} {\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma \tau , \tau^* e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}} , \alpha^* F)) \; . \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Here we have used the following elementary formula: Let $V$ be a finite dimensional $K$-vector space with an endomorphism $\varphi$. Assume that a finite group $G$ of order prime to ${\mathrm{char}}(K)$ operates on $V$ such that $\varphi {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}g = g {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}\varphi$ for all $g \in G$. Then we have: $${\mathrm{Tr}}(\varphi {\, | \,}V^G) = |G|^{-1} \sum_{g \in G} {\mathrm{Tr}}(\varphi {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}g {\, | \,}V) \; .$$ The proof uses the projection operator $|G|^{-1} \sum_{g \in G} g$ from $V$ to $V^G$.\
Also note that the map induced by $\sigma$ on ${{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}} = {{\mathcal X}}({{\mathbb{C}}})^{{\mathrm{an}}}$ commutes with the $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$-action on ${{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}$ by complex conjugation and that $\alpha {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}\tau = \alpha$.
Applying the Lefschetz fixed point formula to (10) we find $$\begin{aligned}
\lefteqn{{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* F))} \\
& = & |G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}|^{-1} \sum_{\tau \in G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}} \sum_{x' \in {{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}} \atop \sigma \tau (x') = x'} {\mathrm{Tr}}((\tau^* e)_{x'} {\, | \,}(\alpha^* F)_{x'}) {\mathrm{sgn}\,}\det (1 - T_{x'} (\sigma \tau) {\, | \,}T_{x'} ({{\mathcal X}}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}})) \\
& = & \sum_{x \in {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}\atop \sigma x = x} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_x {\, | \,}(\alpha^* F)_x) \varepsilon_x (\sigma) \; .\end{aligned}$$
The following assertion is an immediate consequence of the theorem.
\[t32\] I) Let $\sigma$ be an endomorphism of an algebraic scheme ${\mathcal{U}}/ {{\mathbb{Z}}}$. Then we have for any $l \neq 2$: $$\label{eq:21}
{\mathrm{Tr}}(\sigma^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathcal{U}}, {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l)) = 0 \; .$$ If ${\mathcal{U}}= {{\mathcal X}}$ is proper over ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ then $$\label{eq:22}
\chi (H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}, j_* {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l)) = \chi (H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l)) \; .$$ If in addition ${{\mathcal X}}$ is generically smooth and the fixed points of $\sigma$ on ${{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}$ are non-degenerate we have: $$\label{eq:23}
{\mathrm{Tr}}(\sigma^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}, j_* {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l)) = \sum_{x \in {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} \atop \sigma x = x} \varepsilon_x (\sigma) \; .$$ II) Let $M$ be a motive over $k$ and view its $l$-adic realization $M_l$ as a ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaf on ${\mathrm{spec}\,}k$. Define the ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaf $F_l (M)$ on ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$ by $F_l (M) = j_{0*} M_l$ where $j_0 : {\mathrm{spec}\,}k \hookrightarrow {\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$ is the inclusion. Let $\sigma$ be an automorphism of ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$. It is induced by an automorphism $\sigma_k$ of $k$. Let $e : M^{\sigma_k} \to M$ be a morphism of motives over $k$ and let $e : \sigma^* F_l (M) \to F_l (M)$ be the induced map of ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaves on ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$. Then we have: $$\label{eq:24}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} , j_* F_l (M))) = \sum_{{\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty \atop \sigma {\mathfrak{p}}= {\mathfrak{p}}} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {\, | \,}M_{{\mathfrak{p}}}) \; .$$ Here for ${\mathfrak{p}}$ with $\sigma {\mathfrak{p}}= {\mathfrak{p}}$ we let $e_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ be the map induced by $e$ on the real Hodge realization $M_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ of $M$.
We now explain analogies and an interesting difference with the case of varieties over finite fields. For a variety $X / {{\mathbb{F}}}_q$ with an endomorphism $\sigma$ of $X$ over ${{\mathbb{F}}}_q$ and a constructible ${{\mathbb{Q}}}_l$-sheaf $F$ on $X$ with an endomorphism $e : \sigma^* F \to F$ we have $$\label{eq:25}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c (X,F)) = 0$$ and $$\label{eq:26}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X,F)) = 0 \; .$$ Contrary to the number field case these assertions are easy to prove. E.g. for the first one, set ${\overline{X}}= X \otimes \overline{{{\mathbb{F}}}}_q , {\overline{F}}= F \, |_{{\overline{X}}}$. The Hochschild–Serre spectral sequence degenerates into short exact sequences: $$0 \longrightarrow H^1 ({{\mathbb{F}}}_q , H^{n-1}_c ({\overline{X}}, {\overline{F}})) \longrightarrow H^n_c (X , F) \longrightarrow H^0 ({{\mathbb{F}}}_q , H^n_c ({\overline{X}}, {\overline{F}})) \longrightarrow 0 \; .$$ Moreover for every $G_{{{\mathbb{F}}}_q}$-module $M$ there is an exact sequence: $$0 \longrightarrow H^0 ({{\mathbb{F}}}_q , M) \longrightarrow M \xrightarrow{1-\varphi} M \longrightarrow H^1 ({{\mathbb{F}}}_q , M) \longrightarrow 0$$ where $\varphi$ is a generator of $G_{{{\mathbb{F}}}_q}$. This implies (15) and (16) follows similarly since all groups are known to be finite dimensional.
Now in the number field case, according to Theorem 2.1 (5) the analogue of (15) is valid. In particular, for any finite set $S$ of prime ideals in ${\mathfrak{o}}_k$ we have $$\label{eq:27}
\chi (H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c ({\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_{k,S} , {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l)) = 0 \; .$$ The analogue of (16) however is not valid in general: From Theorem 2.1 (6) it follows for example that $$\label{eq:28}
\chi (H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} , j_* {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l) = \; \mbox{number of infinite places of} \; k \; .$$ The fact, that in (17) the Euler characteristic is unchanged if we increase $S$ i.e. take out more finite places ${\mathfrak{p}}$ follows directly from the fact that $$\chi (H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} ({\mathrm{spec}\,}({\mathfrak{o}}_k / {\mathfrak{p}}) , {{\mathbb{Q}}}_l)) = 0 \; .$$ The topological intuition behind this equation is that finite primes are like circles (whose Euler characteristic also vanishes). The difference between (17) and (18) comes from the different nature of the infinite places. Cohomologically the complex places behave like points and the real places behave like the “quotient of a point by $G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$”. This fits well with our dynamical considerations in the next section. For totally different reasons they suggest that a complex resp. real place gives rise to an embedded real line $${{\mathbb{R}}}\hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$$ resp. to an embedded orbifold $${{\mathbb{R}}}/ \mu_2 = {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0 } \hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}} \; .$$ Contrast this with the idea that finite places should give rise to embeddings of circles $$S^1 \hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}\; .$$
In this section we prove a formula for Lefschetz numbers of finite order automorphisms of dynamical systems. We also allow certain constructible sheaves as coefficients.
Let us consider a complete flow $\phi^t$ on a compact manifold $X$. Assume that for every fixed point $x$ there is some $\delta_x > 0$ such that $$\det (1 - T_x \phi^t {\, | \,}T_x X) \neq 0 \quad \mbox{for} \quad 0 < t < \delta_x \; .$$ This condition is weaker than non-degeneracy. Still it implies that the fixed points are isolated and hence finite in number.
We also assume that the lengths of the closed orbits are bounded below by some $\varepsilon > 0$.
Let $\sigma$ be an automorphism of finite order of $X$ which commutes with all $\phi^t$ i.e. an automorphism of $(X , \phi)$. Consider a constructible sheaf of ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$- or ${{\mathbb{R}}}$-vector spaces on $X$ together with an endomorphism $e : \sigma^{-1} F \to F$. We also assume that there is an action $\psi^t$ over $\phi^t$ i.e. isomorphisms $\psi^t : (\phi^t)^{-1} F \to F$ for all $t$ satisfying the relations $$\psi^0 = {\mathrm{id}}\quad \mbox{and} \quad \psi^{t_1 + t_2} = \psi^{t_2} {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}(\phi^{t_2})^{-1} (\psi^{t_1}) \quad \mbox{for all} \; t_1 , t_2 \in {{\mathbb{R}}}\; .$$ For constant $F$ there is a canonical action $\psi$.\
Note that $\sigma$ and $e$ determine an endomorphism $(\sigma , e)^*$ of $H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X, F)$.\
Let us say that a point $x \in X$ is $\phi$-fix if $\phi^t (x) = x$ for all $t \in {{\mathbb{R}}}$.
Then we have the following formula:
${\displaystyle}{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X, F)) = \sum_{x\in X , \phi- \mathrm{fix} \atop \sigma x = x} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_x {\, | \,}F_x) \varepsilon_x (\sigma)$\
where $$\varepsilon_x (\sigma) = \lim_{t \to 0 \atop t > 0} {\mathrm{sgn}\,}\det (1 - T_x (\phi^t \sigma ) {\, | \,}T_x X)\; .$$
Assume $N \ge 1$ is such that $\sigma^N = 1$ and fix some $s$ with\
$0 < s < N^{-1} \min_{x\in X , \phi - \mathrm{fix}} (\varepsilon , \delta_x)$. If $x$ is any point of $X$ with $(\phi^s \sigma) (x) = x$, then $(\phi^{Ns} \sigma^N) (x) = x$ and hence $\phi^{Ns} (x) = x$. If $x$ lay on a periodic orbit $\gamma$ then $l (\gamma) \le Ns$ and hence $\varepsilon \le Ns$ contrary to the choice of $s$. Thus $x$ is a fixed point of $\phi$. Because of $\phi^s (x) = x$ we have $\sigma x = x$ as well. If $1$ is an eigenvalue of $T_x (\phi^t \sigma)$ then $1$ is an eigenvalue of $(T_x (\phi^t \sigma))^N = T_x \phi^{Nt}$ as well. Thus $Nt \ge \delta_x$. By assumption on $s$ we have $Ns < \delta_x$ and therefore $$\det (1 - T_x (\phi^s \sigma) {\, | \,}T_x X) \neq 0 \; .$$ In conclusion: the fixed points of the automorphism $\phi^s \sigma$ coincide with those fixed points of the flow $\phi$ which are also kept fixed by $\sigma$. They are all non-degenerate.
Consider the morphisms for $t \in {{\mathbb{R}}}$ $$e_t = e {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}\sigma^{-1} (\psi^t) : (\phi^t \sigma)^{-1} F \longrightarrow F \; .$$ The Lefschetz fixed point formula for the endomorphism $(\phi^s \sigma , e_s)$ of $(X , F)$ for a fixed $s$ as above now gives the formula: $${\mathrm{Tr}}((\phi^s \sigma , e_s)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X ,F)) = \sum_{x \in X , \phi-\mathrm{fix} \atop \sigma x = x } {\mathrm{Tr}}((e_s)_x {\, | \,}F_x) {\mathrm{sgn}\,}\det (1 - T_x (\phi^s \sigma) {\, | \,}T_x X) \; .$$ The left hand side is defined for all $s$ in ${{\mathbb{R}}}$ and by homotopy invariance of cohomology it is independent of $s$. Passing to the limit $s \to 0$ for positive $s$ in the formula thus gives the assertion.
Let $(X , \phi^t , \sigma)$ be as in theorem 2.5 and let $U \subset X$ be open, $\phi$- and $\sigma$-invariant. Assume that $X {\smallsetminus}U$ is a compact submanifold of $X$. Consider a constructible sheaf $F$ of ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$- or ${{\mathbb{R}}}$-vector spaces on $U$ with an endomorphism $e : \sigma^{-1} F \to F$ and an action $\psi^t$ over $\phi^t \, |_U$. Then we have: $${\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c (U , F)) = \sum_{x \in U , \phi-\mathrm{fix} \atop \sigma x = x} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_x {\, | \,}F_x) \varepsilon_x (\sigma) \; .$$ In particular $${\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c (U ,F)) = 0$$ if $\phi$ has no fixed points on $U$.
Apply 2.5 to $(X , j_! F)$, where $j : U \hookrightarrow X$ is the inclusion.
We now compare arithmetic and dynamic Lefschetz numbers. This section is of a heuristic nature: we assume that a functor $X_{{\mathcal{U}}} \mapsto (X_{{\mathcal{U}}} , \phi^t)$ from flat algebraic schemes over ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ to dynamical systems exists, with properties as described in [@D5] end of §4. In that reference the space $X_{{\mathcal{U}}}$ was denoted by ${\mbox{``}}{\mathcal{U}}{\mbox{''}}$.
We consider various cases.
[2.7.1]{} Let $\sigma$ be a finite order automorphism of the flat algebraic scheme ${\mathcal{U}}/ {{\mathbb{Z}}}$. The induced automorphism $\sigma$ of $X_{{\mathcal{U}}}$ is an automorphism of $(X_{{\mathcal{U}}} , \phi^t)$ and hence commutes with each $\phi^t$. The phase space $X_{{\mathcal{U}}}$ cannot be a manifold [@D7] §5. Still let us assume that the assertion of corollary 2.6 applies to $$(U , \phi^t , \sigma , F , e , \psi^t) = (X_{{\mathcal{U}}}, \phi^t , \sigma , {{\mathbb{Q}}}, {\mathrm{id}}, {\mathrm{id}}) \; .$$ Then we find $${\mathrm{Tr}}(\sigma^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_c (X_{{\mathcal{U}}} , {{\mathbb{Q}}})) = 0$$ in accordance with formula (11) since $\phi^t$ should have no fixed points on $X_{{\mathcal{U}}}$.
[2.7.2]{} Now consider the case where in addition ${\mathcal{U}}= {{\mathcal X}}$ is proper over ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}$ and generically smooth. Also the fixed points of $\sigma$ on ${{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}$ should be non-degenerate. Under assumptions as in [**1**]{}, from corollary 2.6 applied to $$(U , \phi^t , \sigma, F, e , \psi^t) = (X_{{\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}} , \phi^t , \sigma , j_* {{\mathbb{Q}}}, {\mathrm{id}}, {\mathrm{id}})$$ we would get a formula corresponding to (13): $$\label{eq:29}
{\mathrm{Tr}}(\sigma^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X_{{\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}} , j_* {{\mathbb{Q}}})) = \sum_{x \in {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} \atop \sigma x = x} \varepsilon_x (\sigma) \; .$$ Here we have used that the fixed point set of $\phi^t$ on $X_{{\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}}$ should be ${{\mathcal X}}({{\mathbb{C}}}) / G_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} = {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}$: In the case of ${{\mathcal X}}= {\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$, this is the set of archimedean valuations of $k$. For general ${{\mathcal X}}$ we only have the following argument: The set of closed points of ${{\mathcal X}}$ over $p$ can be identified with the set ${{\mathcal X}}({\overline{{{\mathbb{F}}}}}_p) / \langle {\mathrm{Fr}}_p \rangle$ of Frobenius orbits on ${{\mathcal X}}({\overline{{{\mathbb{F}}}}}_p)$. Thus the set of closed orbits of $(X_{{{\mathcal X}}} , \phi^t)$ would be in bijection with the union of all ${{\mathcal X}}({\overline{{{\mathbb{F}}}}}_p) / \langle {\mathrm{Fr}}_p \rangle$. Correspondingly it looks natural to assume that the set of fixed points of $\phi$ would be in bijection with ${{\mathcal X}}({{\mathbb{C}}}) / \langle F_{\infty} \rangle = {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}$ where the infinite Frobenius $F_{\infty} : {{\mathcal X}}({{\mathbb{C}}}) \to {{\mathcal X}}({{\mathbb{C}}})$ acts by complex conjugation.
Actually the comparison of formulas (13) and (19) lends further credibility to this idea.
The different definitions of $\varepsilon_x (\sigma)$ in (13) and (19) should agree. We will discuss this aspect in the next case.
[2.7.3]{} Let $M$ be a motive over the number field $k$. By the construction of [@D5] §5 it should give rise to a constructible sheaf $F (M)$ of ${{\mathbb{R}}}$-vector spaces with an action $\psi^t$ over $(X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} , \phi^t)$. Let $(\sigma , e)$ be an endomorphism of $({\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k , M)$ as in corollary 2.2 II. The induced endomorphism of $((X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} , \phi^t) , F (M))$ will also be denoted $(\sigma , e)$. Note that $\sigma$ has finite order. Let $j : X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} \hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ denote the inclusion. Then by theorem 2.5 we expect the formula: $$\label{eq:30}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}} , j_* F(M)) =\!\!\sum_{{\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty \atop \sigma (x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}) = x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}}\!\!{\mathrm{Tr}}(e_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} {\, | \,}(j_* F (M))_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}}) \varepsilon_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} (\sigma) \; .$$ Here $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ would be the fixed point of $\phi$ corresponding to the infinite prime ${\mathfrak{p}}$.
Comparing this with formula (13) in [@D6], suggests that we have an isomorphism: $$(j_* F (M))_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} = {\mathrm{Gr}}^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_{{{\mathcal V}}} M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} \; .$$ Here ${{\mathcal V}}$ is a certain filtration on the real Hodge realization of $M \otimes k_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$. Provided that $\varepsilon_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} (\sigma) = 1$ for all ${\mathfrak{p}}$, formula (20) thus becomes $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathrm{Tr}}((\sigma , e)^* {\, | \,}H^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} (X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}} , j_* F (M))) & = & \sum_{{\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty \atop \sigma {\mathfrak{p}}= {\mathfrak{p}}} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {\, | \,}{\mathrm{Gr}}^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}}_{{{\mathcal V}}} M_{{\mathfrak{p}}}) \\
& = & \sum_{{\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty \atop \sigma {\mathfrak{p}}= {\mathfrak{p}}} {\mathrm{Tr}}(e_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {\, | \,}M_{{\mathfrak{p}}})\end{aligned}$$ in accordance with (14).
We finish this subsection with an argument for $\varepsilon_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} (\sigma) = 1$. Set $X = X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ with its $1$-codimensional foliation ${{\mathcal B}}$ for brevity and set $x = x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$. On $T_x X / T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ the map $T_x \phi^t$ has eigenvalue $e^{\kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}} t}$ where $\kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}} = -1$ if ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is complex and $\kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}} = -2$ if ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is real. According to [@D7] 5.7 5) the map $T_x \phi^t$ has the form $e^{t/2} O_t$ on $T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ for some $O_t \in {\mathrm{SO}\,}(T_x {{\mathcal B}})$. Hence the eigenvalues of $T_x \phi^t$ on $T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ are complex conjugate. By functoriality, $\sigma$ respects ${{\mathcal B}}$, hence it fixes the leaf through $x$ if $\sigma (x) = x$. In this case $T_x \sigma$ respects $T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ and $T_x X / T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ therefore. On the $1$-dimensional real vector space $T_x X / T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ the map $T_x \sigma$ has eigenvalue $+1$ or $-1$ since $T_x \sigma$ has finite order. Hence for any $t> 0$ we find: $$\det (1 - T_x (\phi^t \sigma) {\, | \,}T_x X / T_x {{\mathcal B}}) = 1 - (\pm 1) e^{\kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}} t} > 0 \; .$$ On $T_x {{\mathcal B}}$, either $T_x \sigma$ has complex conjugate eigenvalues in which case $T_x (\phi^t \sigma)$ has complex conjugate eigenvalues so that $$\det (1 - T_x (\phi^t \sigma) {\, | \,}T_x X / T_x {{\mathcal B}}) > 0 \; .$$ Or $T_x \sigma$ has two different real eigenvalues which then must be $1$ and $-1$. But this case cannot occur since for small $t> 0$ the eigenvalues $\mu_t , \overline{\mu}_t$ of $T_x \phi^t$ on $T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ are not real. The eigenvalues of $T_x (\phi^t \sigma)$ on $T_x {{\mathcal B}}$ would be $\mu_t , - \overline{\mu}_t$ (or $- \mu_t, \overline{\mu}_t$) hence non-real hence complex conjugate i.e. ${\overline{\mu}}_t = - {\overline{\mu}}_t$, contradiction.
In conclusion we get $\varepsilon_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} (\sigma) = 1$ for all ${\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty$.
[Appendix]{}
Here we discuss ends of arithmetic varieties. The basic insight here is due to N. Ramachandran [@Ra2]. Let $X$ be a connected, locally connected, locally compact Hausdorff space. The space of ends of $X$ is the pro-discrete topological space $$E [X] = \lim_{\xleftarrow[K]{}} \pi_0 (X {\smallsetminus}K) \; ,$$ where $K$ runs over the compact subsets of $X$.
For a commutative ring $A$ let $C^{\infty} (E [X] , A)$ denote the $A$-module of locally constant $A$-valued functions on $E [X]$. Thus $$\begin{aligned}
C^{\infty} (E [X] , A) & = & \lim_{\xrightarrow[K]{}} {\mathrm{map}\,}(\pi_0 (X {\smallsetminus}K) , A) \\
& = & \lim_{\xrightarrow[K]{}} H^0 (X {\smallsetminus}K , A) \; .\end{aligned}$$ Here as usual we use sheaf cohomology. Passing to the limit over $K$ in the exact sequence: $$0 \to H^0_K (X ,A) \to H^0 (X , A) \to H^0 (X {\smallsetminus}K , A) \to H^1_K (X,A) \to H^1 (X,A) \; ,$$ we obtain the exact sequence: $$0 \to H^0_c (X ,A) \to H^0 (X , A) \to C^{\infty} (E [X],A) \to H^1_c (X,A) \to H^1 (X,A) \; .$$ On the other hand, let $j : X \hookrightarrow {\overline{X}}$ be a compactification of $X$ and let $i : X_{\infty} = {\overline{X}}{\smallsetminus}X \hookrightarrow {\overline{X}}$ denote the closed immersion of the complement. The distinguished triangle on ${\overline{X}}$ $$j_! A \longrightarrow R j_* A \longrightarrow i_* i^{-1} Rj_* A \longrightarrow \ldots$$ gives the exact sequence $$0 \to H^0_c (X ,A) \to H^0 (X,A) \to H^0 (X_{\infty} , i^{-1} Rj_* A) \to H^1_c (X ,A) \to H^1 (X,A) \; .$$ There is a natural map from this sequence to the one above. The 5-lemma therefore gives us a canonical isomorphism $$\label{eq:31}
C^{\infty} (E [X] , A) = H^0 (X_{\infty} , i^{-1} Rj_* A) \; .$$ Now let us look at analogies in the étale topology of arithmetic varieties. Let ${{\mathcal X}}$ be a proper ${{\mathbb{Z}}}$-scheme and define ${\overline{{{\mathcal X}}}}= {{\mathcal X}}\amalg {{\mathcal X}}_{\infty}$ as in the beginning of §2. Using formulas (2) and (9) we find $$\begin{aligned}
H^0 ({{\mathcal X}}_{\infty} , i^* Rj_* ({{\mathbb{Z}}}/ l^n)) & = & H^0 ({{\mathcal X}}^{{\mathrm{an}}}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} , \alpha^* ({{\mathbb{Z}}}/ l^n)) \\
& = & H^0_{{\mathrm{\acute{e}t}}} ({{\mathcal X}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}}, {{\mathbb{Z}}}/ l^n)\\
& = & {\mathrm{map}\,}(\pi_0 ({{\mathcal X}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}}) , {{\mathbb{Z}}}/ l^n) \; .\end{aligned}$$ Comparing this with (21) suggests to view $\pi_0 ({{\mathcal X}}\otimes {{\mathbb{R}}})$ as a replacement for the space of ends of ${{\mathcal X}}$. In particular the space of ends of ${\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k$ would be the finite set of archimedian valuations of $k$.
The role of the infinite primes in the conjectural dynamics {#sec:2}
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In [@D2] we introduced a certain module ${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M)$ attached to a motive $M$ over an algebraic number field $k$ and a place ${\mathfrak{p}}$ of $k$. It is important for expressing the local $L$-factor of $M$ at ${\mathfrak{p}}$ as a zeta-regularized determinant. For finite primes we interpreted these modules geometrically within a certain conjectural dynamical framework, [@D4] 3.22.
The present section is devoted to an analogous interpretation of ${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M)$ for the infinite places ${\mathfrak{p}}$. This section is quite speculative. We assume that the reader is acquainted with the ideas of [@D5].
In [@D5] §5 it was argued that a motive $M$ over $k$ should give rise to a certain sheaf of ${{\mathcal R}}$-modules ${{\mathcal F}}(M)$ on $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$ with an action $$\psi^t : (\phi^t)^{-1} {{\mathcal F}}(M) \to {{\mathcal F}}(M) \; .$$ Here ${{\mathcal R}}$ is the sheaf of smooth real valued functions on $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$ which are locally constant on the leaves of the one-codimensional foliation ${{\mathcal B}}$ of $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$. There should even be a sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}(M)$ (or possibly a complex of sheaves) on $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ prolonging the sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}(M)$ on $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$. Because of the discussion in [@D3] §§5, 9 we think of the prolongation as some intermediate direct image $$\label{42}
{{\mathcal F}}(M) = j_{!*} ({{\mathcal F}}(M) /_{X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}) \; .$$ Here $j : X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k} \hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ is the map induced by the inclusion $j : {\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k \hookrightarrow \overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}$ and a theory of perverse sheaves of ${{\mathcal R}}$-modules with respect to the middle perversity is required.
It appears that infinite primes ${\mathfrak{p}}$ of $k$ give rise to stationary points $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ on $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$ such that $\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} = \kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$.
Here $\kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}} = -1$ if ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is complex and $\kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}} = -2$ if ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is real.
The real number $\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}}$ is defined by the formula $T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} \phi^t = e^{t\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}}}$ on the $1$-dimensional real vector space $T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} (X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}) / T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} {{\mathcal B}}$.
The “stalk” of the conjectural sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}(M)$ at an infinite place ${\mathfrak{p}}$ of $k$ is known by the considerations of [@D2] §6, [@D6] §3. It is given by $${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M) = \Gamma ({{\mathbb{R}}}, \xi^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} (M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} , {{\mathcal V}}^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} M_{{\mathfrak{p}}})) \quad \mbox{if ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is complex}$$ and by $${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M) = \Gamma ({{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0} , \xi^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} (M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} , {{\mathcal V}}^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} , F_{\infty})) \quad \mbox{if ${\mathfrak{p}}$ is real} \; .$$ Here $\xi^{\infty} = \xi^{\omega} \otimes_{{{\mathcal C}}^{\omega}} {{\mathcal C}}^{\infty}$ where $\xi^{\omega}$ is the Rees functor from filtered vector spaces (with involution) to locally free sheaves on the real analytic space ${{\mathbb{R}}}$ (resp. orbifold ${{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0} = {{\mathbb{R}}}/ \mu_2$) introduced in [@D6] §2. On ${{\mathbb{R}}}$ resp. ${{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}$ a flow $\phi^t$ is given by $\phi^t_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} (r) = r e^{-t}$ resp. $\phi^t_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} (r) = re^{-2t}$. The sheaves $\xi^{\infty}$ carry an action $\psi^t : (\phi^t)^{-1} \xi^{\infty} \to \xi^{\infty}$. Together we get an action on its global sections and hence on ${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M)$.
How to obtain ${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M)$ defined as above from the sheaf ${{\mathcal F}}(M)$ on $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$? A natural idea is the following
Let ${\mathfrak{p}}$ be a complex prime. Then there should exist a $\phi^t$-equivariant smooth embedding: $$\label{43}
\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} : {{\mathbb{R}}}\hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{\mathfrak{o}}_k}}$$ such that $0 \in {{\mathbb{R}}}$ is mapped to $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$. Moreover we should have a $\psi^t$-equivariant isomorphism of sheaves of ${{\mathbb{R}}}$-vector spaces: $$\label{44}
\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {{\mathcal F}}(M) \cong \xi^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}} (M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} , {{\mathcal V}}^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} M_{{\mathfrak{p}}}) \; .$$ Here $\psi^t$-equivariance means that $$\psi^t_{\xi^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}} {\;\widehat{=}\;}\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (\psi^t_{{{\mathcal F}}(M)})$$ where the right hand map is defined as the composition: $$(\phi^t_{{{\mathbb{C}}}})^{-1} (\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {{\mathcal F}}(M)) = \iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} ((\phi^t)^{-1} {{\mathcal F}}(M)) \xrightarrow{\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (\psi^t)} \iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {{\mathcal F}}(M)\; .$$ Formula (\[44\]) for $M = {{\mathbb{Q}}}(0)$ says that $$\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {{\mathcal R}}\cong {{\mathcal C}}^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} \; .$$ Hence we are led to the conclusion that $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ is transversal to the leaves. In particular the inverse image under $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ of the leaf through the fixed point $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ should be just the point $0 \in {{\mathbb{R}}}$.
Another argument for transversality is the following: If $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ is transversal to the leaves then it induces an isomorphism: $$T_0 \, \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} : T_0 {{\mathbb{R}}}{\stackrel{\sim}{\longrightarrow}}T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} X / T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} {{\mathcal B}}\; .$$ Under this map the action of $T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} \phi^t$ on the right corresponds to the action of $T_0 \phi^t_{{{\mathbb{C}}}}$ on $T_0 {{\mathbb{R}}}$. Thus $e^{t\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}}} = e^{-t}$ i.e. $\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} = -1 = \kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ as it must be.
Let us investigate (23) further. As a dynamical system ${{\mathbb{R}}}$ decomposes into the three orbits $r < 0 , r = 0$ and $r > 0$. Set $x_{\pm} = \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (\pm 1)$. Then by equivariance: $$\begin{array}{rcll}
\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (r) & = & \phi^{-\log |r|} (x_-) & \mbox{for} \; r < 0 \\
\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (0) & = & x_{{\mathfrak{p}}} \\
\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (r) & = & \phi^{-\log r} (x_+) & \mbox{for} \; r > 0 \; .
\end{array}$$ Moreover: $$\lim_{t\to + \infty} \phi^t (x_{\pm}) = x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$$ since e.g. $$\lim_{t\to \infty} \phi^t (x_+) = \lim_{r \to 0 \atop r > 0} \phi^{-\log r} (x_+) = \lim_{r \to 0 \atop r > 0} \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (r) = \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (0) \; .$$ Because of the argument at the beginning of [@D6] §2 I do not think that $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ extends to an equivariant embedding from ${{\mathbb{C}}}$ into $X$ whose pullback is $\xi^{\infty}$ over ${{\mathbb{C}}}$. This suggests that for every complex prime ${\mathfrak{p}}$ there should be exactly two different trajectories $\gamma^+$ and $\gamma^-$ transversal to the leaves flowing into $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ for $t \to + \infty$. All embeddings $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ are obtained by specifying a point on $\gamma_+ \cup \gamma_-$. Note here that $x_+$ and $x_-$ determine each other since the resulting embedding $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ must be differentiable at $r = 0$.
It is easy to check that if (24) holds for $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ corresponding to one choice of a point on $\gamma_+ \cup \gamma_-$ then it holds for the embedding $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ corresponding to any other point on $\gamma_+ \cup \gamma_-$. We view $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ or the unordered pair $\{ \gamma_+ , \gamma_- \}$ as the “arithmetic point” corresponding to ${\mathfrak{p}}$ and the different choices of $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ i.e. of a point on $\gamma_+ \cup \gamma_-$ as the “geometric points”. This complements the discussion on arithmetic and geometric points in $X$ corresponding to the finite primes in [@D4] 3.22.
Now let ${\mathfrak{p}}$ be a real prime. Then there should be a $\phi^t$-equivariant embedding: $$\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} : {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0} \hookrightarrow X \quad \mbox{with} \; \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (0) = x_{{\mathfrak{p}}} \; .$$ Here $\phi^t$ acts on ${{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}$ by $\phi^t_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} (r') = r' e^{-2t}$. The map $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ should be smooth for the orbifold structure of ${{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0} \cong {{\mathbb{R}}}/ \mu_2$ given by the sheaf $${{\mathcal C}}^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}} := (sq_* {{\mathcal C}}^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}})^{\mu_2} \; .$$ Here $sq : {{\mathbb{R}}}\to {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}$ is the squaring map $sq (r) = r^2$. This means that pullback via $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ maps $\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {{\mathcal C}}^{\infty}_X$ to ${{\mathcal C}}^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}}$. In other words: Firstly, the restriction of $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ to $(0, \infty) \subset {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}$ should be smooth. Secondly, for any smooth function $F$ in a neighbourhood of $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ the pullback function $$f (r') = (\iota^*_{{\mathfrak{p}}} F) (r') = F (\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (r'))$$ defined in some intervall $[0,\varepsilon)$ should have the property that $g (r) = f (r^2)$ is smooth in $(-\sqrt{\varepsilon} , \sqrt{\varepsilon})$. As above there should be a $\psi^t$-equivariant isomorphism of sheaves of ${{\mathbb{R}}}$-vector spaces: $$\label{45}
\iota^{-1}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} {{\mathcal F}}(M) \cong \xi^{\infty}_{{{\mathbb{R}}}} (M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} , {{\mathcal V}}^{{\raisebox{0.05cm}{$\scriptscriptstyle \bullet$}}} M_{{\mathfrak{p}}} , F_{\infty}) \; .$$ Again $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ should be transversal to the leaves with the inverse image of the leaf through $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ consisting only of $0 \in {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}$. Transversality implies that the tangent map $$T_0 \, \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} : T_0 \, {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0} = (T_0 {{\mathbb{R}}})^{\mu_2} {\stackrel{\sim}{\longrightarrow}}T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} X / T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} {{\mathcal B}}$$ is an isomorphism. It transforms the action of $T_0 \phi^t_{{{\mathbb{R}}}}$ on $T_0 {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}$ into the action of $T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} \phi^t$ on $T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} X / T_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} {{\mathcal B}}$. Thus we find that $e^{-2t} = e^{\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}}t}$ i.e. $\kappa_{x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}} = -2 = \kappa_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ as expected.
The system $({{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0}, \phi^t_{{{\mathbb{R}}}})$ has the two orbits $r'> 0$ and $r' = 0$. Set $x = \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (1)$. Then $$\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (r') = \phi^{-{\frac{1}{2}}\log r'} (x) \quad \mbox{for} \quad r' > 0 \quad \mbox{and} \quad \iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (0) = x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$$ and $$\lim_{t\to + \infty} \phi^t (x) = x_{{\mathfrak{p}}} \; .$$ By a similar argument as before, for every real prime ${\mathfrak{p}}$ there should be exactly one trajectory $\gamma$ transversal to the leaves and flowing into $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ for $t \to \infty$. The embeddings $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ as above correspond to points $x$ on this trajectory $\gamma$. We view $x_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ or the trajectory $\gamma$ as the “arithmetic point” corresponding to ${\mathfrak{p}}$ and the embeddings $\iota_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ i.e. the points on $\gamma$ as the corresponding “geometric points”.
The preceeding discussion on the geometric meaning of the stalks ${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M)$ for ${\mathfrak{p}}{\, | \,}\infty$ complements the analogous but easier discussion for ${\mathfrak{p}}\nmid \infty$ in [@D4] 3.22. There ${{\mathcal F}}_{{\mathfrak{p}}} (M)$ is isomorphic to the global sections of ${{\mathcal F}}(M)$ restricted to the periodic orbit $\gamma_{{\mathfrak{p}}}$ corresponding to the prime ideal ${\mathfrak{p}}$.
[**Remark.**]{} Choose an embedding $$\iota_{\infty} : {{\mathbb{R}}}/ \mu_2 \cong {{\mathbb{R}}}^{\ge 0} \hookrightarrow X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$$ as above corresponding to the infinite prime $p = \infty$ and set $x = \iota_{\infty} (1)$. Thus $$\label{46}
\iota_{\infty} [r] = \phi^{- \log r} (x) \; .$$ The inverse image of the leaf through $x_{\infty}$ should consist only of $0 \in {{\mathbb{R}}}/ \mu_2$. The inverse image of any other leaf via $\iota_{\infty}$ is a countable subset of\
$({{\mathbb{R}}}/\mu_2) {\smallsetminus}\{ 0 \} = {{\mathbb{R}}}^* / \mu_2 $. Because of the formula $$\iota_{\infty} [rs] = \phi^{-\log r} (\iota_{\infty} (s))$$ the multiplicative structure of ${{\mathbb{R}}}^* / \mu_2$ is related to the flow. In our context the only natural countable subsets of the group ${{\mathbb{R}}}^* / \mu_2$ are the translates $r {{\mathbb{Q}}}^* / \mu_2 \subset {{\mathbb{R}}}^* /\mu_2$. My guess is that these are exactly the inverse images of those leaves which do not pass through $x_{\infty}$. The space of leaves of $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$ would thus be $$\label{47}
{{\mathbb{R}}}^* / {{\mathbb{Q}}}^* \cup \{ 0 \} = {{\mathbb{R}}}/ {{\mathbb{Q}}}^* \; ,$$ with the flow acting by multiplication with $e^{-t}$.
The same conclusion can be reached by the following completely different argument: Assuming that $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$ is an $F$-system it is isomorphic to $M \times_{\Lambda} {{\mathbb{R}}}$ where $M$ is any leaf and $\Lambda$ is the group of periods c.f. [@D4] 3.12. By the argument in remark b) before 4.3 of [@D4] we must have $\Lambda = \log {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+$. For the convenience of the reader let us recall the argument: For any $F$-system $X$ the group of periods $\Lambda$ contains the lengths of the closed orbits [@D4] 3.11. Hence in case of $X = X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ we have $\log p \in \Lambda$ for all primes $p$ and therefore $\log {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+ \subset \Lambda$.
On the other hand the canonical line bundle ${\underline{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}(1)$ on an $F$-system $X$ is given by the representation $$\exp {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}l : \pi_1 (X)^{{\mathrm{ab}}} \longrightarrow {{\mathbb{R}}}^*_+$$ where $$l : \pi_1 (X)^{{\mathrm{ab}}} \longrightarrow \Lambda \subset {{\mathbb{R}}}$$ is the period homomorphism. Thus ${\underline{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}(1)$ has a ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$-structure if and only if $\exp {\mbox{\scriptsize $\,\circ\,$}}l$ takes values in ${{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+$ i.e. if $\Lambda := {\mathrm{Im}\,}l \subset \log {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+$. Now for $X = X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ the line bundle ${\underline{{{\mathbb{R}}}}}(1)$ does have a ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$-structure namely $F_{{{\mathbb{Q}}}} (M)$ for the motive $M = {{\mathbb{Q}}}(1)$. Hence for $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ we find that $\Lambda = \log {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+$.
Thus the space of leaves of $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ is ${{\mathbb{R}}}/ \log {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+$ with the flow acting by translation. This is isomorphic via the map $y \mapsto \exp (-y)$ to ${{\mathbb{R}}}^*_+ / {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+$ with the flow acting by multiplication with $e^{-t}$. The leaf through $x_{\infty}$ is mapped into itself by the flow since the point $x_{\infty}$ is preserved. In the space of leaves it therefore becomes a fixed point under the flow. Thus the space of leaves of $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$ is isomorphic to $${{\mathbb{R}}}^*_+ / {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*_+ \cup \{ 0 \} \cong {{\mathbb{R}}}/ {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*$$ with the flow acting by $e^{-t}$.
In Connes’ approach [@C] the phase space is ${{\mathbb{A}}}/ {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*$ with ${{\mathbb{R}}}$ acting by multiplication by $e^{-t}$ in the $\infty$-coordinate. If we view ${{\mathbb{A}}}_f$ as the typical leaf and ${{\mathbb{A}}}_f / {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*$ as the leaf at infinity then the space of leaves is ${{\mathbb{R}}}^* / {{\mathbb{Q}}}^* \cup \{ 0 \} = {{\mathbb{R}}}/ {{\mathbb{Q}}}^*$ as in our picture. However the discussion of fundamental groups for instance in [@D4] §4 shows that our generic leaves must have a much more complicated topological structure than ${{\mathbb{A}}}_f$.
There is the interesting possibility that for $t \to - \infty$ the trajectory through $x$ becomes dense in $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$ or at least in $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$. If one could guess the uniform structure induced on ${{\mathbb{R}}}/ \mu_2$ from $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$ via $\iota_{\infty}$ one could obtain $X_{\overline{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}}$ or at least $X_{{\mathrm{spec}\,}{{\mathbb{Z}}}}$ as a uniform space by completion. This looks somewhat similar to recovering the finite idèles of ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$ by completing ${{\mathbb{Q}}}^*$ with respect to the uniform structure induced by the embedding ${{\mathbb{Q}}}^* \hookrightarrow {{\mathbb{A}}}^*_f$.
[99999]{} J.A. Álvarez López, Y. Kordyukov, Distributional Betti numbers of transitive foliations of codimension one. Preprint 2000 M. Artin, J-L. Verdier, Seminar on étale cohomology of number fields, Woods hole 1964 A. Connes, Trace formula in noncommutative geometry and the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Sel. math., New. ser. [**5**]{} (1999), 29–106 C. Deninger, $l$–adic Lefschetz numbers of arithmetical schemes. J. Reine Angew. Math. [**375**]{}/[**376**]{} (1987), 326–345 C. Deninger, Motivic $L$–functions and regularized determinants, (1992), in: Jannsen, Kleimann, Serre (eds.): Seattle conference on motives 1991. Proc. Symp. Pure Math. AMS. [**55**]{} (1994), Part 1, 707–743 C. Deninger,Motivic $L$–functions and regularized determinants II. In: F. Catanese (ed.), Arithmetic Geometry, Cortona, 1994, Symp. Math. [**37**]{}, 138–156, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997 C. Deninger, On Dynamical systems and their Possible Significance for Arithmetic Geometry. In: A. Reznikov, N. Schappacher (eds.), Regulators in Analysis, Geometry and Number Theory. Progress in Mathematics [**171**]{}, 29–87, Birkhäuser 1999 C. Deninger, Some analogies between number theory and dynamical systems on foliated spaces. Doc. Math. J. DMV. Extra Volume ICM I (1998), 23–46 C. Deninger, On the $\Gamma$-factors of motives II. Doc. Math. [**6**]{} (2001), 67–95 C. Deninger, Number theory and dynamical systems on foliated spaces. Jber. d. Dt. Math.-Verein. [**103**]{} (2001), 79–100 G. Faltings, Review of \[D1\] in Mathematical Reviews 88 f: 14017 (1988) M. Morishita, On certain analogies between knots and primes. To appear in J. reine und angew. Math. N. Ramachandran, A note on arithmetic topology. Preprint 2001 N. Ramachandran, Letter to the author. Sept. 2001 A. Reznikov, Embedded incompressible surfaces and homology of ramified coverings of three-manifolds. Sel. math., New series [**6**]{} (2000), 1–39 A.S. Sikora, Analogies between group actions on 3-manifolds and number fields. Preprint arXiv: math.GT/0107210, 29. Juli 2001
Mathematisches Institut\
Westf. Wilhelms-Universität\
Einsteinstr. 62\
48149 Münster\
Germany\
deninge@math.uni-muenster.de
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Six Maryland facilities that have received the currently implicated product have been notified and have removed the product from use. These facilities are Berlin Interventional Pain Management, Berlin, MD; Box Hill Surgery Center, Abingdon, MD; Greenspring Surgery Center, Baltimore, MD; Harford County Ambulatory Surgery Center, Edgewood, MD; Maryland Pain Specialists, Towson, MD; SurgCenter of Bel Air, Bel Air, MD; Zion Ambulatory Center, Baltimore, MD. These facilities are notifying their patients who received the injection between July 30 and September 28. |
Variable suppression of feline bone marrow fibroblast colony-forming units by two isolates of feline leukemia virus.
Bone marrow fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F) were evaluated in cats experimentally infected with different, isolates of FeLV. Cats infected with the Kawakami-Theilen isolate of FeLV (FeLV-KT) had progressive decrease in the number of CFU-F at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after infection. The number of CFU-F in FeLV-KT-infected cats ranged from 38 to 70% of the preinoculation CFU-F value. Of 3 cats with FeLV-KT-induced suppression of CFU-F, 2 developed fatal nonregenerative anemia. Cats infected with the Rickard isolate of FeLV (FeLV-R) had more moderate decrease in the number of CFU-F at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after infection. The number of CFU-F in FeLV-R-infected cats ranged from 62 to 82% of the preinoculation CFU-F value. The FeLV-R-infected cats did not become anemic. |
easterndaze:
Sound that is perceived per se, with all its physical features and emotional effect on the listener, who perceives it as something subliminal, that goes under one’s skin without the need to rely on melody or harmony. Binmatu “is a ‘priest of sound’, delivering complex air pressure modulations… |
FLINT, Mich. (AP) — Environmental and civil rights groups want a federal judge to order the prompt replacement of all lead pipes in Flint's water system to ensure that residents have a safe drinking supply, a demand that Gov. Rick Snyder said on Wednesday might be a long-term option but not an immediate one.
A lawsuit filed Wednesday seeks an order forcing city and state officials to remedy alleged violations of the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, including a failure to properly treat the water for corrosion, test it for lead, notify residents of results and accurately report if the correct sample sites are being selected. Flint residents are currently unable to drink unfiltered tap water, and tests have shown high lead levels in some children's blood.
"The only way to permanently and completely fix the problem of lead in drinking water is to conduct the full replacement of the lead-containing pipes and solder in a water system," said Sarah Tallman, a lawyer with the Natural Resources Defense Council. The group filed the complaint on behalf of citizens along with the American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan, the Concerned Pastors for Social Action and Melissa Mays, a Flint resident.
Snyder's administration has estimated it could cost up to $55 million to repair what officials have estimated are 15,000 damaged lead service lines leading from water mains to homes and other buildings. The complaint says the pipes should be replaced at no cost to customers.
The governor, speaking at a news conference in Flint, said "a lot of work is being done to even understand where the lead services lines fully are. ...
The short-term issue is about recoating the pipes and that will be based on third-party experts saying the water is safe."
He announced that the state will have an increased administrative presence in Flint and called it the beginning of a long-term effort. And Flint Mayor
Karen Weaver said she hired a Virginia Tech professor whose extensive testing helped bring the city's lead problems to light.
Marc Edwards will oversee all water testing done by the state and federal governments. She added that he will be "fully independent," report to her and get paid through private donations.
She also touched on the issue of residents' water bills. A House-passed spending bill pending in the state Senate includes $3 million to help the city with unpaid water bills.
"Flint residents should not have to pay for water they did not and are not using," Weaver said. "Once we have more accurate numbers from the Flint water department, we will revisit what is right for our citizens."
It remains unclear when residents will be able to resume drinking unfiltered water.State Department of Environmental Quality Interim Director Keith Creagh said water samples show "things are trending better," but he stressed they are not statistically valid because he cannot guarantee homeowner-provided samples are from homes at more risk — those with lead pipes or with no filters.
"Now we need to figure out ... is there a protective barrier" being recoated on the inside of the lead lines by anti-corrosion chemicals, Creagh said. "Yes or no? ... We're not going to guess."
He said officials are working to identify neighborhoods with no lead pipes, so those residents can get the all clear on their water.
It remains unclear how badly the pipes were damaged after the decision in 2014 to use the Flint River as the city's drinking water source without adding a chemical to control corrosion. That caused lead to leech into the water for a year and a half and contributed to the spike in child lead exposure before state and officials fully acknowledged the problem in early October.
Flint has reconnected to Detroit's water system while awaiting the completion of a new pipeline from Lake Huron.
The suit expresses doubt about whether the city can maintain optimal corrosion treatment when it switches to the new water source later this year.
Much of the blame for the emergency has been put on the state Department of Environmental Quality because staff told Flint water officials not to treat it for corrosion until after two six-month monitoring periods. But the suit also focuses on problems with the city's monitoring of lead. It alleges the city is not providing comprehensive, reliable information to identify locations with lead lines and is under-testing homes with a higher risk of lead exposure.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency last week issued an emergency order directing the state to take actions to protect public health and said it would begin sampling and analyzing lead levels.
At least three other suits have been filed since the crisis was exposed in the fall. Two seek class-action status and financial compensation; another asks a judge to declare that users do not have to pay their water bills.___This story has been corrected to reflect the proper name of the Natural Resources Defense Council. |
4 Five Star Indie Games for the Price of One Triple A Game!
With the awesome ‘Spring in Action’ sale it’s a great opportunity to get some amazing indie games a little bit cheaper. So I have found 4 epic indie games that you can buy for LESS than a regular priced AAA game (€60).
So here are the four games and another great bundle you can pick up in the sale for less than €60.
Bundle 1
OwlBoy– Regular Price €22.99 Sale Price €18.39.
Steamworld Dig 2– Regular Price €19.99 Sale Price €14.99.
Axiom Verge– Regular Price €17.99 Sale €12.59.
Super Meat Boy– Regular Price €12.99 Sale Price €11.69.
Total Price €57.66
Bundle 2
Blossom Tales: The Sleeping King– Regular Price €14.99 Sale Price €12.74.
Floor Kids– Regular Price €16.99 Sale Price €11.38.
Fe– Regular Price €19.99 Sale Price €12.99.
Rocket League– Regular Price €19.99 Sale Price €14.99.
Mutant Mudds Collection– Regular Price €12.99 Sale Price €6.49.
Total €58.59
So there you go! Let me know what you pick up in the sale! Remember the sale end April 5th, so get those deals whilst they’re hot! Connect with me on Twitter or join our Discord server.
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Tuesday, January 27, 2015
Defenseless: Release Day Blitz
High school senior, Claire Reilly’s world revolves around All-Star cheerleading. The Diamond Girls, are gearing up for a major competition, which, if they win will allow them to compete at Worlds for the first time. But the unimaginable happens, and both Claire and her team are rocked by a devastating loss. Determined to get to Worlds any way she can, Claire finds help from the last person she imagined would give it—up and coming UFC fighter and notorious bad boy, Ryker Vaughn.
Fouled out of the octagon by a dirty opponent and a vicious kick to the head, Ryker loses control when he learns he may never fight again. Angry over the loss of his mother, an unsupportive family, and the world in general, he gives up, gives in, and unleashes his rage—destroying part of his cousin’s cheer gym in the process. Things go from bad to worse when Ryker is given an ultimatum: help the Diamond Girls compete for a bid to Worlds, or go to jail.
Overwhelmed with anger, sadness, and grief, the unlikely pair learn that what you see is not always what you get, and that the most difficult losses sometimes open the door to a frightening, yet amazing new future.
I was exhausted by the time 7 p.m. rolled around, but it was a good tired. My muscles felt warm and pliable, the tension that had bunched them into knots over the past few days easing up the more I moved around the gym. The ache in my middle refused to go away, reminding me I'd yet to eat anything of substance. The thought of food made me sick to my stomach.
Coach Shea, who'd been visibly missing from Onyx's practice, strode into the room, followed by a slender blond woman I'd never seen before. I'd been with X-Factor since the gym opened and I knew Tayla was the first athlete our cheer home had ever lost. I'd never wish bad feelings on anyone, but I took comfort in the knowledge that Coach was as upset over Tayla as the rest of us.
I fell in alongside Nev and the rest of the Diamond Girls as they gathered at the front of the mat.
Coach Shea pulled up a nearby stool and slung one leg over it, half resting, half standing as she addressed the team. "I know how hard it must have been for you all to come to practice tonight." Her gaze fell on me for half a second, after which she focused on the team as a whole.
"This is Ms. Emmaline Slater. She's a sport psychologist and a good friend of mine. I felt it was important to have someone here in the event any of you needed to talk. We lost a sister this past weekend. Tayla wasn't just part of our cheer family. She was family. Period. And the loss we're all feeling right now is tremendous."
I felt callous, like a horrible person, but the moment my teammates began sniffling and crying, I shut down. Blocked out Coach's words and the familiar sounds of grief ringing out around me. The cliff I stood on was too steep. If I stepped forward, if I tumbled over the edge and allowed myself to give into the grief threatening to pull me under, I'd never stop falling. If my teammates wanted to talk to Ms. Slater, that was fine with me. I wanted nothing to do with her.
Coach Shea gestured toward the tall blond. "Emmaline will be hanging out in the pro shop if any of you need help coping with what happened."
The woman cast us all a warm smile, a few of the girls following after her as she left the room.
I swallowed back the lump in my throat and steeled myself against the flood of emotions brewing deep inside. Breaking apart was not an option. Not with Cheer America coming up. Tayla's commitment to the team was fierce and she'd wanted us to win the bid to Worlds. She was my sister, my family. I would do all I could to ensure we fulfilled her wish. The Diamond Girls would earn the bid to Florida, and we'd do it in Tayla's name.
"What?" The strain in Nev's voice yanked me out of my bubble.
"No!"
"There has to be something we can do."
Several quiet gasps carried across the mat, the mood amongst the team having quickly changed from somber and sad to shocked and disappointed.
Coach Shea held up her hands, at which point the talking ceased. She shook her head once, weariness tugging at her shoulders. "I know it's a tough pill to swallow, especially after losing Tayla, but at this point, I don't see a solution. There isn't anyone in the gym that is qualified to move up and fill Tayla's spot, and I don't know of anyone outside the gym who possesses the skills or desire to step in. I'm sorry, girls, but we won't be able to compete for the bid to Worlds. We're out of the running this season."
Something inside me snapped. No. No. No. "No!" My body revolted, my lungs burning for air, but refusing to take it in. Anger shattered the numbness I fought to shroud myself in, my hands balling into fists as I glared at Coach Shea. I jabbed my arm out, pointing toward the rest of the girls. "Tayla worked twice as hard as everyone else in this gym. She worked herself into the ground learning her skills. Bled for her spot on this team. Making it to Worlds was her dream. It has to happen. We have to compete for the bid. We have to win. For her."
A myriad of voices drowned out the silence as the girls all shouted in agreement over one another, begging for Coach Shea to reconsider.
"Girls." Coach Shea slid off the stool and held up her hands. "Girls!" Once everyone had settled down, she continued. "Trust me when I tell you, I want us to compete as badly as you do. I just don't see how it's possible. I've exhausted all my efforts looking for someone who can compete at your level." She sucked in a deep breath and sighed before shaking her head. "If you know of someone I may have overlooked, please … tell me."
Companion books in this series:
(each book is a separate story and do not have to be read in order)
I'm a lover of books (YA & Adult romance), chocolate, reality television, and am a proud mother to three All Star cheerleaders. Woot!
I write Contemporary YA romance with cheerleaders. Yep. I write what I know, and it's my hope that my stories will not only take you on a romantic journey that will warm your heart, but that you'll find a new respect and interest in the sport of Cheerleading you may not have had before. |
The geographic spread of "El mal de las caderas" in Capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris).
The aim of this work is to describe an epidemiological model for a capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) population. The model considers a tabanid ("mutuca") population (Diptera: tabanidae), as a vector for the disease called "mal de las caderas" in Estero del Ibera, Corrientes, Argentina. The study of this problem has ecological and economical importance since the meat and the hide of the capybara can be an exploitation resource. At first, a threshold value is determined as a function of the model parameters, obtaining a critical carrying capacity which determines the disease propagation or eradication. Then as the carrying capacity condition for the disease existence is satisfied, the existence of traveling wave solution is studied. Independent speeds are considered for the susceptible capybaras, the noninfected insect, and the disease. The speed of propagation for this model is obtained as function of model parameters followed by a discussion of strategies for controlling the spread of the disease. |
HTML 5 is another guess at the future - maryrosecook
http://www.bigcontrarian.com/2009/09/04/tagged/
======
pkulak
I understand his argument that what we've got works now, so who cares, but it
doesn't work for _everyone_. I'm sure people with screen readers (it's the
header because it's darker and that's the nav bar because it's got that box
around it, duh!) would really appreciate some standard way to know what's what
on the page.
------
danw
See Douglas Crockford's suggestion for HTML5 at
<http://www.crockford.com/html/>
~~~
hvs
That's actually similar to what I was thinking. Making HTML5 support generic
tags and attributes that could be defined as first-class elements would
completely eliminate the need to create a huge pile of new tags. This would
allow for much more innovation while not limiting the design to some arbitrary
set of new elements. Instead of thinking of HTML as a "document format", it
should be thought of as a display interface with a low-level protocol for
interaction.
~~~
tumult
so you're going to implement <video> in javascript?
~~~
hvs
No, but browser implementors could implement <video> and define it within the
high-level HTML markup language. There is no need for the HTML spec to define
elements that can be determined to be necessary by the market. If it provides
a framework for creating new elements, the market can come up with the
necessary elements. Obviously, every page would not have to define every
element in existence before being viewable, there would develop -- organically
-- a stock of pre-existing elements in browsers.
~~~
mhansen
The market does a really shitty job at interoperability, one of the main goals
of the internet.
|
[Arm Motor Function Recovery during Rehabilitation with the Use of Hand Exoskeleton Controlled by Brain-Computer Interface: a Patient with Severe Brain Damage].
We studied the dynamics of motor function recovery in a patient with severe brain damage in the course of neurorehabilitation using hand exoskeleton controlled by brain-computer interface. For estimating the motor function of paretic arm, we used the biomechanical analysis of movements registered during the course of rehabilitation. After 15 weekly sessions of hand exoskeleton control, the following results were obtained: a) the velocity profile of goal-directed movements of paretic hand became bell-shaped, b) the patient began to extend and abduct the hand which was flexed and adducted in the beginning of rehabilitation, and c) the patient began to supinate the forearm which was pronated in the beginning of rehabilitation. The first result is an evidence of the general improvement of the quality of motor control, while the second and third results prove that the spasticity of paretic arm has decreased. |
Suicide-Related Internet Use Among Suicidal Young People in the UK: Characteristics of Users, Effects of Use, and Barriers to Offline Help-Seeking.
The study replicates earlier research using a UK sample to examine differences between suicidal people who go online for suicide-related reasons and suicidal people who do not, perceived effects of suicide-related Internet use, and perceived barriers to offline help-seeking. A total of 72 UK citizens (18-24 years old) who had contemplated killing themselves or deliberately harmed themselves with the intention of dying within the past 12 months participated in an anonymous online survey. Results indicate that suicidal young people who use the Internet for suicide-related purposes are a high-risk group characterized by higher levels of social anxiety. The main purposes of suicide-related Internet use were to connect with others and seek information. Both positive and negative effects were found. |
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Speaking to TalkRADIO, Professor Prins claimed Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement was accompanied by a deal with the EU over the future security and defence relationship with the Brussels bloc that gave away the UK's intelligence provided by the Five Eyes Alliance. The Professor claimed the Government had allowed the EU27 to pass laws over the last two years that would strengthen the bloc's defence identity only to go back on its position and agree to be part of that identity post-Brexit.
He said: “The people voted on the 23rd of June 2016 to leave the EU. “They didn’t vote, as we all know, for a negotiation of this order. They voted to leave. “And that means a sovereign Brexit which is the correct name for it rather than no deal Brexit. “And, of course, that will produce tangible benefits in many areas.
Brexit news: Theresa May made 'fatal security concession' to EU claims former MOD advisor
The Government has embedded a fatal concession within its total withdrawal strategy on defence Professor Gwythian Prins
“But what we have done this morning is to publish a draft treaty on defence and security and intelligence that we should sign with the EU after we leave on the 29th March. “The reason we’ve done this is because the public is simply not aware that the Government has embedded what we regard professionally as a fatal concession within its total withdrawal strategy on defence and security. “Because it is offering up, effectively, the crown jewels of our national security which is our intelligence alliance with the United States and with who is called the Five Eyes Alliance - that is with the anglo-sphere countries Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States and us - who do the primary analysis on intelligence which keeps the west safe.” It comes as the European Union has threatened to cut Britain out of the Galileo satellite programme despite a £1billion financial contribution to the project. |
156 Cal.App.2d 43 (1957)
319 P.2d 80
LUCILLE REED, Appellant,
v.
EUGENE PARKER MOORE, Respondent.
Docket No. 9253.
Court of Appeals of California, Third District.
December 11, 1957.
*44 Harry A. Ackley and Gordon D. Schaber for Appellant.
Mento, Buchler & Littlefield for Respondent.
WARNE, J. pro tem.[*]
This is an appeal from a judgment for defendant after the trial court had sustained a demurrer to plaintiff's complaint without leave to amend. The complaint alleged that plaintiff, a married woman, sustained injuries, suffered severe emotional strain, mental shock and fright, followed by physical injury in the form of a miscarriage as the direct and proximate result from plaintiff being an eyewitness to a collision between an automobile in which her husband was riding and an automobile driven by defendant, the collision being caused by defendant's negligence. The complaint further alleged that, at the time of the accident, plaintiff was seated in front of her place of abode approximately 130 feet from the point of impact. Upon oral argument, plaintiff's counsel stipulated that at the time of the accident plaintiff was in fear solely for her husband's safety and could not herself be considered within the zone of danger. We will treat the stipulation as an amendment to the complaint. Defendant demurred to the complaint on the ground that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.
Plaintiff contends that recovery may be had in the instant case for emotional distress followed by physical injury, irrespective of impact upon the person of the plaintiff and irrespective of whether the emotional distress is intentionally or negligently caused. In support of her contention she cites Sloane v. Southern Calif. Ry. Co., 111 Cal. 668, 680 [44 P. 320, 32 L.R.A. 193], Medeiros v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 57 Cal. App.2d 707 [135 P.2d 676], Lindley v. Knowlton, 179 Cal. 298 [176 P. 440], and Cook v. Maier, 33 Cal. App.2d 581 [92 P.2d 434]. We do not agree with plaintiff. The cases are not in point and may easily be distinguished from the case at bar. In the Sloane case, supra, the defendant wrongfully deprived *45 plaintiff of her ticket and thereafter, by reason of such wrongful act, excluded her from its car. The negligent act was directed to the plaintiff personally, not to a third person. In the Medeiros case, supra, the defendant negligently permitted a cleaning brush to remain in a bottle of coca cola and plaintiff drank a portion of the contents. The recovery was for injury resulting from mental shock on seeing the disgusting looking object in the bottle from which she had just drunk. Here again, the negligence was directed to the plaintiff personally. In the Cook case, supra, defendant's automobile collided with a second automobile and as a result of said collision, and the negligence of the driver in operating the vehicle, it ran "on to" a vacant lot owned by plaintiff adjoining her home where, with a loud noise and crash, it collided with a trash burner, thereafter running into a rock and board fence at the corner of her house, all within 15 feet of her, and causing rocks and parts of the fence to be thrown and scattered over plaintiff's property in the direction of plaintiff and about her person. Here again, plaintiffs were allowed to recover for emotional distress caused by fear of personal physical injury to herself. In the Lindley case, supra, plaintiffs suffered physical injury due to fright while repelling an attack by a chimpanzee on plaintiff and her children. There the appellant contended that the trial court should have informed the jury that no recovery may be had on account of fright produced by apprehended danger or peril to a third person and insisted that the authorities were uniform in upholding such rule. The court stated that there is excellent authority to the contrary, citing Hill v. Kimball, 76 Tex. 210 [13 S.W. 59, 7 L.R.A. 618], Wilkinson v. Downton, L.R. (1897), 2 Q.B. 57, and Cohn v. Ansonia Realty Co., 162 App.Div. 791 [148 N.Y.S. 39]. The court did not, however, hold such recovery could be had. The court stated it was not necessary to discuss any conflict of authority on the subject, because, as in the case of Easton v. United Trade School Contracting Co., 173 Cal. 199 [159 P. 597, L.R.A. 1917A 394], fear for another was not the only cause of injury. [1] The case, therefore, is authority to sustain the rule that physical injury due to fright or shock as a result of fear for one's own safety is compensable. It is not, however, authority to sustain an action for damages produced by an apprehended danger or peril to a third person. (Maury v. United States, 139 F. Supp. 532.) [2] We quote the following from 52 American Jurisprudence, page 417:
"As a general rule, no recovery is permitted for a mental *46 or emotional disturbance, or for a bodily illness resulting therefrom, in the absence of a contemporaneous bodily contact or independent cause of action, or an element of wilfulness, wantonness, or maliciousness, in cases in which there is no injury other than one to a third person, even though recovery would have been permitted had the wrong been directed against the plaintiff. The rule is frequently applied to mental or emotional disturbances caused by another's danger, or sympathy for another's suffering. It has been regarded as applicable to a mental or emotional disturbance resulting from an injury not only to a stranger, but also to a relative of the plaintiff, such as a child, sister, father, or spouse."
[3] In 14 California Jurisprudence 2d 679, the rule is stated:
"... Such suffering is not compensable if it is experienced by the plaintiff as the result of seeing [citing Kalleg v. Fassio, 125 Cal. App. 96 [13 P.2d 763] and Kelly v. Fretz, 19 Cal. App.2d 365 [65 P.2d 914]] or learning of an actual affliction of serious physical injury on a third party. [Citing Kalleg v. Fassio, supra (injury to plaintiff's children); Clough v. Steen, 3 Cal. App.2d 392 [39 P.2d 889] (death of plaintiff's child in same automobile collision in which plaintiff was injured).]"
In Minkus v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Calif., 44 F. Supp. 10, the court dismissed a claim for nervous shock by parents suffered as a result of finding a partially decomposed mouse in a bottle of coca cola, which had been partially consumed by their minor child, the court said at page 11 that courts have discussed and passed upon the situation: "Where peril to children or spouse causes fright, nervous shock or mental suffering, but where there is no physical impact. Under the general rule, no recovery is allowed." Kelly v. Fretz, supra, and Clough v. Steen, supra, we believe also support this conclusion. The point of similarity between the two cases and the case at bar is that in neither of these cases was plaintiff put in fear for his or her own safety. In the Clough case, supra, the plaintiff and her husband and child were involved in an automobile accident in which plaintiff was injured and her son killed, she recovered damages for her own injuries and also for shock at the sight of her dead son, which shock was alleged to have resulted in mental and physical disorders. The judgment was reversed. The court said:
"By reason of the accident plaintiff received certain lacerations and contusions on her body. These she set out in her *47 complaint, and then alleged that the knowledge of the tragic death of her son `immediately threw her into a state of profound shock' which caused mental and physical disorders for which she sought damages ...
"... [N]o case nor rule of law has been brought to our attention which would support a recovery by plaintiff for the shock and grief, or injury consequent thereto, growing out of the knowledge of the death of her child. In the absence of such a right at common law or by statute, the plaintiff's recovery cannot be upheld. The detriment to plaintiff must naturally ensue from the act complained of, but here we find the injury to plaintiff ensuing from the sight of the dead child. The condition of the latter was the result of defendant's act, which was impinged upon the child and not upon the plaintiff."
[4] Applying these rules, we conclude that, since the detriment to the plaintiff ensued not by reason of any fear for her own safety but by fear of an act which impinged upon the husband alone, she may not recover for her alleged injury.
[5] Appellant seeks to invoke section 3333 of the Civil Code which provides:
"For the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, the measure of damages, except where otherwise expressly provided by this code, is the amount which will compensate for all the detriment proximately caused thereby, whether it could have been anticipated or not."
This section has to do only with the measure of damages for tortious wrong and operates only after such a cause of action has been made out. It declares no rule of liability.
No other points require discussion.
The judgment is affirmed.
Van Dyke, P.J., and Schottky, J., concurred.
Appellant's petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied February 5, 1958. Gibson, C.J., Carter, J., and Traynor, J., were of the opinion that the petition should be granted.
NOTES
[*] Assigned by Chairman of Judicial Council.
|
Double-blind multicentre study of the activity of S-adenosylmethionine in hip and knee osteoarthritis.
A randomized double-blind multicentre clinical trial was carried out to verify the effectiveness and tolerance of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) versus ibuprofen in 150 patients with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis. Both drugs were given orally 400 mg thrice daily for 30 days. SAMe exhibited a slightly more marked activity than the reference drug in the management of the various painful manifestations of the joint disease. Minor side-effects developed in five patients of SAMe group, and in 16 patients of ibuprofen group. No drop-outs occurred. No changes were observed in the routine laboratory tests. |
MF Global Files for Bankruptcy
The filing is a humbling blow for the firm's chief executive, Jon S. Corzine, who joined the company after a decade as a United States senator and governor of New Jersey.
MICHAEL J. DE LA MERCED and BEN PROTESS
MF Global filed for bankruptcy protection for the United States parent company on Monday, the first American financial casualty of the European debt crisis.
In the Chapter 11 filing in Federal Bankruptcy Court in Manhattan, the firm's parent company listed assets of $100 million to $500 million and liabilities of more than $1 billion. JPMorgan Chase is identified as the biggest creditor, as the administrative agent for a $1.2 billion revolving credit facility. The bank itself only has about an $80 million exposure to the MF Global loan, having syndicated the rest, according to a person briefed on the matter.
Deutsche Bank is the second biggest, with a $325 million claim on behalf of bondholders.
As recently as Sunday night, MF Global was expected to sell some assets to Interactive Brokers Group, a Connecticut-based brokerage firm. But by Monday afternoon, the deal appeared almost certainly dead, according to people briefed on the matter.
An initial obstacle to the deal emerged over the weekend when the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, one of several federal regulators involved in the talks, raised questions about the capital levels at MF Global, these people said.
Interactive Brokers later raised similar concerns, leading them to call off the deal.
The acquisition would have been somewhat similar to what Lehman Brothers did in 2008, when its parent filed for bankruptcy but Barclays bought some of its assets.
Earlier on Monday, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and a number of exchanges said they had suspended MF Global from conducting new business with them.
The bankruptcy filing is a humbling blow for the firm's chief executive, Jon S. Corzine, who took the reins of the firm in 2010 after a decade as a United States senator and governor of New Jersey.
The law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom is representing MF Global in the bankruptcy proceedings.
The descent into bankruptcy came after a week when investors fled MF Global and credit ratings agencies cut their ratings on the firm to junk status.
The agencies said they were concerned that MF Global lacked a sufficient capital cushion if its $6.3 billion in European debt went bad. The firm took a gamble in buying the troubled bonds of Italy, Portugal, Spain and Ireland last year, calculating that they would soon recover. |
Q:
Master page in SharePoint
I am about to create a new customized master page that will be used on a portal based on the "my site" template. I am wondering what the best way would be to provision the master page.
Edit: We are using SharePoint 2013 on-premise, and our requirement is to have complete custom master pages.
Should I use the old school way with using features, or should I use some other technique?
A:
To provision the master page, you can use the old school method of applying the master page on the root site and all sub sites using the feature activation event. Also, don't forget to add an event receiver to apply the master page for newly created sites. This can be triggered on a web provisioning event.
Beware that you will have to re-engineer the whole approach or solution while you go cloud.
If you want to be cloud proof, you will have to plan for remote event receivers and deployment of files using add-ins. There is a microsoft solution pack on how this can be done which gives you good insight.
You can think about your approach based on the situation.
Hope this helps :)
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This proposal requests support for the 1st Protein Transport Across Cell Membranes Gordon Conference, to be held June 12-17, 2005 at Colby-Sawyer College in New London, New Hampshire. This new meeting will focus on the latest discoveries that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms by which proteins are transported across or integrated into membranes in eukaryotic cells, bacteria and organelles (e.g., mitochondria and peroxisomes). Since >25% of all proteins in all cells must cross at least one membrane to be properly localized, protein translocation is one of the most fundamental problems in biology. The conference will address a wide range of topics including 1) the selection of proteins for translocation and their targeting to translocation sites, 2) the structure, function and assembly of translocation complexes and insertases, 3) reverse or retro-translocation, 4) constraints on the folded state of translocation substrates, 5) the maintenance of permeability barriers, 6) lateral transfer of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers, 7) the role of lipids in protein translocation and membrane protein integration, 8) the role of energy in protein transport, 9) the regulation of protein translocation and 10) novel protein translocation mechanisms. One of the main goals of this conference is to promote interactions among scientists who use diverse biochemical, genetic, genomic and structural approaches to understand fundamental mechanisms of protein transport across membranes. This conference was established primarily to compensate for a striking dearth of formal opportunities for scientists who work on different but conceptually or mechanistically related aspects of protein translocation to meet and exchange ideas. The participants at the Protein Transport Across Cell Membranes Gordon Conference will include the leaders in the field, drawn from academia, government and industry, as well as more junior scientists, including many graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who represent the future in this area. A major use of the support sought in this application is to assist such junior scientists to participate in the meeting. The Gordon Conferences are organized to maximize opportunities for discussion and for the presentation of the latest findings in the field, with poster sessions occurring every afternoon and discussion periods after each formal session. |
The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All data are included within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#s1}
============
IRF4 is a lymphocyte-specific transcription factor, and its expression is confined to immune cells including B cells, macrophages, and CD11b+ DCs. IRF4 can be induced by various mitogenic stimuli which commonly activate NFκB for the activation of the IRF4 gene promoter [@pone.0106788-Gualco1]. As a transcription factor, IRF4 exerts its functions through regulation of its transcriptional targets involved in cell development, immune response, and oncogenesis. IRF4 is a quintessential 'context-dependent' transcription factor, and regulates distinct groups of targets in different contexts. Its DNA-binding specificity depends on lineage-specific transcriptional co-regulators. Many of these co-regulators have been identified, including two Ets family members PU.1 and SPIB, BATF, DEF6, STAT3, NFAT, FKBP52 and PGC-1α [@pone.0106788-Eisenbeis1]--[@pone.0106788-Kong1]. Ets and BATF are dominant co-regulators for IRF4 in B and T lymphocytes, respectively [@pone.0106788-Glasmacher1], [@pone.0106788-Li1], [@pone.0106788-Murphy1], [@pone.0106788-Rui1]. When interacting with one of the Ets family members, IRF4, like its closest family member IRF8, binds to a composite Ets/ISRE-consensus element (EICE) with the consensus sequence 5′-GGAANNGAAA-3′, that fuses the Ets-binding motif (5′-GGAA-3′) with the IRF-binding motif (5′-AANNGAAA-3′), or to the Ets/IRF-responsive element (EIRE) with the consensus sequence 5′-GGAAANNGAAA-3′, or to the IRF/Ets-consensus sequence (IECS) 5′-GAAANN(N)GGAA-3′. When IRF4 interacts with BATF that belongs to the AP1/ATF superfamily of transcription factors, the complex IRF4-BATF binds to a composite DNA element called AICE (TGANTCA/GAAA) [@pone.0106788-Tamura1], [@pone.0106788-Lu1].
Increasing evidence has implicated IRF4 in hematological malignancies. IRF4 overexpression is a hallmark of the activated B-cell-like (ABC) type of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and multiple myeloma (MM) [@pone.0106788-Shaffer1], [@pone.0106788-Rui1], and is also overexpressed in almost 100% cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), plasma cell myeloma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) [@pone.0106788-Ning1]. Interestingly, high levels of IRF4 protein exist in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cells and associated B-cell lymphomas with Type 3 latency [@pone.0106788-Xu1]--[@pone.0106788-CahirMcFarland1], as well as in Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-1 (HTLV1)-infected cell lines and associated Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) [@pone.0106788-Ramos1]--[@pone.0106788-Mamane3]. Chromosomal translocation and genetic mutation of IRF4 have been identified in MM, peripheral T-cell lymphomas [@pone.0106788-Feldman1], and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) [@pone.0106788-Iida1]. In clinical practice, IRF4 serves as an important prognostic and diagnostic marker for certain types of hematological malignancies [@pone.0106788-Shaffer2]--[@pone.0106788-Chang1]. These lines of evidence highlight the importance of IRF4 in hematological malignancies. However, only very limited transcriptional targets have been identified for IRF4 in these malignancies, and the role of IRF4 in tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated.
In this study, we aim to profile IRF4-associated unique molecular signatures in different types of hematological malignancies, by analyzing existing gene expression profile databases obtained from clinical samples. Results show that IRF4 is overexpressed in melanoma, in addition to previously reported myeoloma, lymphoma, and leukemia, and that IRF4 is associated with a unique gene expression pattern in each of these settings. Some of these genes are known IRF4 transcriptional targets, whereas some others may represent a new group of IRF4 targets. We have verified LIMD1 and CFLAR as two novel genes whose expression is correlated with IRF4 in non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and shown that CFLAR is likely an IRF4 target. Moreover, we have profiled the IRF4 transcriptome in EBV latency by using Microarray analysis and further confirmed a panel of genes including IFI27, IFI44, GBP1, and ARHGAP18 as novel IRF4 targets.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Datasets and Oncomine Bioinformatics {#s2a}
------------------------------------
All datasets selected for this study are available on Oncomine website ([www.oncomine.org](http://www.oncomine.org)). These datasets were log-transformed, median centered per array, and standard deviation normalized to one per array. Bioinformatic analysis was performed at Oncomine website, with the default parameters on the site for IRF4 co-expression analysis (threshold by p value: 10^−4^, fold change: 2, and gene rank: top 10%).
GEO Bioinformatics {#s2b}
------------------
Raw data from existing Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were downloaded. The intensity values were extracted using GeneSpring GX 12.5 software from Agilent and scaled and Quantile normalized. Values were then log transformed (base 2) to the median of all samples on the R/Bioconductor package. Two probes assigned to IRF4 gene, 204562_at and 216986_s\_at, were used to divide the samples into IRF4+ and IRF4-- groups. Probe 216987_at was not used as it has small variance and low expression value (mean value: 5.527 and variance 0.042). Differentially expressed genes between the two groups (IRF4+ and IRF4--) were identified using limma R package from Bioconductor with a simple two group design matrix (cut-off p≤0.05 and fold change ≥1.5). Limma is a popular library for analysis of gene expression microarray data, it uses linear model to accommodate complicated experimental design and Empirical Bayesian to provide stable results for small datasets. Benjamin-Hochberg was used for multiple testing correction.
Cell Lines {#s2c}
----------
These cell lines used in this study are well established B cell lines and have been worldwide used for EBV research for many years [@pone.0106788-Hurley1]--[@pone.0106788-ContrerasBrodin1]. Akata, Sav I, Sav III, JiJoye, and P3HR1 are Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines which were derived from patients. DG75 is an EBV-negative B cell line. IB4 and LCL.Jul are lymphoblastic cell lines *in* *vitro* transformed with EBV. All B cell lines are cultured in RPMI1640 medium plus 10% FBS and antibiotics.
Plasmids, Reagents and Antibodies {#s2d}
---------------------------------
The shIRF4 and retrovirus-mediated transfection and selection of stable transfectants were described in our previous publication [@pone.0106788-Wang1]. Anti-LIMD1 clone H-4 (Santa Cruz), anti-FLIPs clone G-11 (Santa Cruz), anti-LMP1 CS1--4 (Dako), anti-IRF4 H140 (Santa Cruz), and anti-GAPDH (Sigma) were used for Western blotting.
RNA Isolation, Microarray Analysis and Real-time PCR {#s2e}
----------------------------------------------------
Total RNAs from JiJoye and IB4 cell lines stably expressing shIRF4 or control were isolated using RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's protocols. The eluted RNA was subjected to reverse transcriptase reactions, which were performed with the use of GoScript RT kit (Promega) following the manufacturer's instructions. cDNAs were subjected to MOgene company (Saint Louis, MO) for Microarray analysis, with Agilent HD 4×44 k format (G4845F 026652) chips. A cross-labeling duplicate, i.e. Cy5-labeled cDNA chip for shCtl/Cy3-labeled cDNA chip for shIRF4 and Cy3-labeled chip for shCtl/Cy5-labeled chip for shIRF4, were performed for each cell line. Genes were selected with 2-fold changes as threshold.
Selected genes were confirmed by real-time PCR, as described in our previous publication [@pone.0106788-Wang1], with specific primers. IFI27 forward: 5′-TGGCCAGGATTGCTACAGTTG-3′, and reverse: 5′-TATGGAGGACGAGGCGATTC-3′, GBP1 forward: 5′-TGGAACGTGTGAAAGCTGAG-3′, and reverse: 5′-TGACAGGAAGGCTCTGGTCT-3′, IFI44 forward: 5′- TACCAGTTTAATCCCATGGAATCA-3′, and reverse: 5′- CAAATACAAATGCCACACAATGAA-3′, and ARHGAP18 forward: 5′-AAGAGTACAAATGATGCTGACG-3′ and reverse: 5′-CCTGGCAAGTACATCACTGG-3′.
Results {#s3}
=======
IRF4 Expression Levels in Different Cancers {#s3a}
-------------------------------------------
We initially checked the expression levels of IRF4 in different cancer cell lines. To this end, the gene expression data, obtained from 917 cell lines in a previous study [@pone.0106788-Barretina1], was analyzed at Oncomine (<http://www.oncomine.org>). As shown in [Fig. 1A](#pone-0106788-g001){ref-type="fig"}, in 18 selected cancer types, the expression level of IRF4 was the highest in myeloma, followed by lymphoma, melanoma and leukemia. Overexpression of IRF4 has been well documented in all these cancers but only a few publications have reported the association between IRF4 genetic variants or abnormal expression and skin cancer [@pone.0106788-Sundram1], [@pone.0106788-Duffy1]--[@pone.0106788-Alonso1]. Our results have confirmed the overexpression of IRF4 in melanoma and supported the claim that IRF4 may play an important role in the development of this cancer.
![Differential expression of IRF4 in different cancer contexts.\
**A**. IRF4 is differentially expressed in a panel of cancer cell lines [@pone.0106788-Barretina1]. 1. Bladder cancer (21 samples); 2. Brain and CNS cancers (64 samples); 3. Breast cancer (56 samples); 4. Colorectal cancer (56 samples); 5. Esophageal cancer (25 samples); 6. Gastric cancer (35 samples); 7. Head and neck cancer (41 samples); 8. Kidney cancer (21 samples); 9. Leukemia (83 samples); 10. Liver cancer (29 samples); 11. Lung cancer (166 samples); 12. Lymphoma (61 samples); 13. Melanoma (57 samples); 14. Myeloma (26 samples); 15. Ovarian cancer (44 samples); 16. Pancreatic cancer (44 samples); 17. Prostate cancer (7 samples). 18. Sarcoma (39 samples). **B**. Differential expression of IRF4 in lymphomas [@pone.0106788-Basso1]. 0. Undesignated (58 samples); 1. Burkitt's lymphoma (127 samples); 2. Centroblastic lymphoma (28 samples); 3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (34 samples); 4. DLBCL (41 samples); 5. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (1 sample); 6. Follicular lymphoma (6 samples); 7. Hairy cell leukemia (16 samples); 8. Hodgkin lymphoma (4 samples); 9. Mantle cell lymphoma (8 samples); 10. Multiple myeloma (1 sample); 11. Plasma cell leukemia (11 samples); 12. Primary effusion lymphoma (9 samples). **C**. Differential expression of IRF4 in different DLBCLs [@pone.0106788-Lenz1]. 1. Activated B cell-like DLBCL (167 samples); 2. Germinal center B cell-like DLBCL (183 samples); 3. Type 3 DLBCL (64 samples). **D**. Differential expression of IRF4 in myeloma [@pone.0106788-Chapman1]. 1. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (2 samples). 2. Multiple myeloma (289 samples); 3. Plasma cell leukemia (3 samples); 4. Smoldering leukemia (10 samples).](pone.0106788.g001){#pone-0106788-g001}
Next, we analyzed the gene expression profiles for IRF4 expression in different types of B cell lymphomas with a total of 336 samples which include 36 cancer cell lines (10.7%), 125 experimentally manipulated B cell lines (37.2%), and 25 normal B cell samples (7.4%) [@pone.0106788-Basso1]. As shown in [Fig. 1B](#pone-0106788-g001){ref-type="fig"}, amongst the analyzed lymphoma types, PEL has the highest level of IRF4. PEL, also known as AIDS-associated body cavity-based lymphoma (BCBL), is a malignant B cell lymphoma (non-Hodgkin lymphoma). PELs are 100% positive for Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), and often contain EBV as well. Among 3 types of DLBCL (Activated, Germinal center, and Type 3), analysis results from 414 samples reveal that activated DLBCL has the highest expression level of IRF4 ([Fig. 1](#pone-0106788-g001){ref-type="fig"}, C) [@pone.0106788-Lenz1].
In regard to myeloma, analysis results from 304 multiple myeloma patient samples reveal that there is no significant difference of IRF4 expression levels among different stages, including smoldering ([Fig. 1](#pone-0106788-g001){ref-type="fig"}, D) [@pone.0106788-Chapman1].
Together, these results indicate that IRF4 is overexpressed in specific hematological malignancies including myeloma, lymphoma, and leukemia, and also in melanoma.
Molecular Signatures Associated with IRF4 in Different Cancers {#s3b}
--------------------------------------------------------------
Since IRF4 is a "context-dependent" factor, it is necessary to analyze the patterns of gene expression associated with IRF4 in individual cancer types.
First, a pool of gene expression profile datasets obtained from different types of hematological malignancies were analyzed for genes whose expression is correlated with IRF4 using the Oncomine website. As to multiple myeloma, the dataset including 124 clinical samples and 7 cell lines (5.3%) was selected for analysis [@pone.0106788-Zhan1], with default parameters (p value: 10^−4^, fold change: 2, and gene rank: top 10%). Top 20 genes/probes correlating with IRF4 including ATXN1, HEXB, PSEN2, CASP10, are shown in [Fig. 2A](#pone-0106788-g002){ref-type="fig"}, and top 60 genes are shown in [Table S1](#pone.0106788.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
![Molecular signature associated with IRF4 in hematological malignancies.\
**A**. IRF4-associated gene expression pattern in myeloma. The dataset includes 131 samples [@pone.0106788-Zhan1]. Analysis was performed with default parameters (p value: 10^−4^, fold change: 2, and gene rank: top 10%). 0. No value (45 samples); 1. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (5 samples); 2. Multiple myeloma (81 samples including 74 clinical samples and 7 cell lines). **B**. IRF4-associated gene expression pattern in leukemia. The dataset includes 288 B- and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples [@pone.0106788-CoustanSmith1]. 0. CD10+;CD19+ hematogone (4 samples); 1. B-Cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (238 samples); 2. T-cell childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (46 samples). **C**. IRF4-associated gene expression pattern in melanoma. The dataset includes 28 cutaneous melanoma patient samples [@pone.0106788-Beasley1]. **D**. IRF4-associated gene expression pattern in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. The dataset includes 64 Hodgkin's lymphoma, 3 T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma, 3 Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines, and 3 lymphadenitis samples (60 cHL samples in total) [@pone.0106788-Chetaille1]. 0. No value (20 samples); 1. EBV negative (35 samples); 2. EBV positive (18 samples). **E**. The gene expression pattern correlated with IRF4 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma DLBCL. The dataset comprises 414 DLBCL samples [@pone.0106788-Lenz1]. 1. Activated B cell-like DLBCL (167 samples); 2. Germinal center B cell-like DLBCL (183 samples); 3. Type 3 DLBCL (64 samples).](pone.0106788.g002){#pone-0106788-g002}
For leukemia, we analyzed the dataset which includes 288 B- and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples [@pone.0106788-CoustanSmith1]. As shown in [Fig. 2B](#pone-0106788-g002){ref-type="fig"}, IRF4 is frequently expressed in B-cell ALL, but not in T-cell ALL. Top 20 genes/probes correlating with IRF4 include QRSL1, FAM3C, KIAA0802, WASF1, BLK, ELL3, etc. Top 60 genes are shown in [Table S1](#pone.0106788.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
For melanoma, we analyzed the dataset which includes 28 cutaneous melanoma patient samples [@pone.0106788-Beasley1]. Top 20 genes/probes correlated with IRF4 are shown in [Fig. 2C](#pone-0106788-g002){ref-type="fig"}, and top 60 genes/probes are shown in [Table S1](#pone.0106788.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Among these genes, the transcription factor MITF, the pigmentation enzyme TYR, and MLANA and GPR143 that are involved in melanosome biogenesis, are important players in melanoma. MITF is known to cooperate with IRF4 in regulation of the expression of TYR in melanocytes [@pone.0106788-Praetorius1]. Similar results were obtained from another dataset (data not shown) [@pone.0106788-Hoek1].
To analyze the molecular signature for IRF4 in cHL, the dataset including 64 Hodgkin's lymphoma, 3 T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma, 3 Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines, and 3 lymphadenitis samples (60 cHL samples in total), was selected for analysis [@pone.0106788-Chetaille1]. As shown in [Fig. 2D](#pone-0106788-g002){ref-type="fig"}, overexpression of IRF4 in cHL is not dependent on EBV infection. Top 20 genes/probes include SLC26A3, ZNF674, TOX3, FUT9, etc. Top 60 genes/probes are shown in [Table S1](#pone.0106788.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
As to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma DLBCL, we analyzed a dataset comprising 414 DLBCL samples [@pone.0106788-Lenz1]. Results indicate that IRF4 is expressed at a high level in activated DLBCL, along with a panel of other genes including BATF, LIMD1, CFLAR, PIM2, CCND2, IL16, miR-155, etc ([Fig. 2](#pone-0106788-g002){ref-type="fig"}, E and [Table S1](#pone.0106788.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). BATF is an AP1-like transcription factor known to cooperate with IRF4 in gene transcription in B, T, and dendritic cells [@pone.0106788-Glasmacher1], [@pone.0106788-Tussiwand1], [@pone.0106788-Li1], [@pone.0106788-Murphy1]. Interestingly, we have previously identified the miR-155-encoding gene BIC as a target for IRF4 in viral cancer cells [@pone.0106788-Wang1]. However, IRF4 is expressed at a lower level in Type 3 DLBCL, and at the least level in germinal center DLBCL ([Fig. 2](#pone-0106788-g002){ref-type="fig"}, E). Similar results were obtained with another dataset which comprises 271 DLBCL samples (data not shown) [@pone.0106788-Salaverria1].
We also chose the GEO dataset GSE4475 which includes 220 BL and DLBCL samples [@pone.0106788-Hummel1], and performed differential expression and gene set enrichment analyses, using Limma R package and MSigDB. Our results show that, similar to other datasets from Oncomine analysis, BATF, PIM2, LIMD1, CFLAR, and CCND2, along with a panel of other genes such as STAT3, CD44, and IL16, are correlated with IRF4. Expression of some genes such as SSBP2 and MYBL1 is inversely correlated with IRF4 ([Fig. 3](#pone-0106788-g003){ref-type="fig"}). Results with cut-off *p* value\<0.01 and fold change ≥2 are shown in [Fig. 3](#pone-0106788-g003){ref-type="fig"} and [Table S2](#pone.0106788.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. CD44 is known to be targeted by IRF4 in ABC DLBCL but not in MM [@pone.0106788-Yang1]. Similar results were obtained from the GEO datasets GSE4732 which includes 303 Burkitt's and B-cell lymphoma samples [@pone.0106788-Dave1], and GSE38885 which includes 65 PTLD samples (data not shown).
![IRF4-associated gene expression pattern in lymphomas.\
The GEO dataset GSE4475 which includes 220 BL and DLBCL samples [@pone.0106788-Hummel1], was subjected to bioinformatic analysis for differential gene expression pattern correlated with IRF4 and gene set enrichment, as detailed in Materials and Methods. The heat map shows results from analysis with cut-off *p* value\<0.01 and fold change≥2.](pone.0106788.g003){#pone-0106788-g003}
Taken together, we concluded that IRF4 is associated with unique molecular signatures in myeloma, leukemia, myeloma, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and that common molecular signatures associated with IRF4 in different types of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas include BATF, LIMD1, CFLAR, PIM2, and CCND2, amongst others.
Verification of the Correlation of IRF4 with LIMD1 and CFLAR in EBV-associated B-cell Lymphoma {#s3c}
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The LIMD1 (LIM domain-containing protein 1) gene is located in a chromosomal region which undergoes frequent loss of heterozygosity in many solid tumors [@pone.0106788-Tsuzuki1]. Expression of LIMD1 is absent or decreased in many cancers including breast cancer, lung carcinoma and blood cancers [@pone.0106788-Tsuzuki1]--[@pone.0106788-Sharp1]. LIMD1 is an adapter protein that is involved in the assembly of numerous protein complexes such as Rb [@pone.0106788-Sharp2] and TRAF6, and participates in several cellular processes such as repression of gene transcription, cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. LIMD1 also positively regulates microRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene silencing by binding to the core proteins of the microRNA induced silencing complex (miRISC) such as Ago1/2 [@pone.0106788-James1].
To verify the correlation between IRF4 and LIMD1, a panel of EBV-negative and -positive B cell lines derived from B lymphomas or transformed with EBV *in* *vitro* were subjected to immunoblotting analysis with IRF4- and LIMD1-specific antibodies. As shown in [Fig. 4A](#pone-0106788-g004){ref-type="fig"}, LIMD1 is expressed at high levels in EBV latency 3, in which both IRF4 and LMP1 are also expressed at high levels. However, in EBV-negative and type I latency, LIMD1 is not detectable.
{#pone-0106788-g004}
CFLAR encodes c-FLIP, a master inhibitor of Fas/TRAIL/TNFα-induced apoptosis [@pone.0106788-Safa1]. Resistance to Fas/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis is a common mechanism used by tumors to evade the immune system [@pone.0106788-Johnstone1]. Similar to LIMD1, CFLAR expression is high in type 3 latency, but was not detected in EBV-negative B cells and EBV type I latency ([Fig. 4](#pone-0106788-g004){ref-type="fig"}, A). Furthermore, depletion of IRF4 in JiJoye cells decreases endogenous CFLAR protein level ([Fig. 4](#pone-0106788-g004){ref-type="fig"}, B). However, depletion of IRF4 did not affect the protein level of LIMD1 (data not shown), suggesting that LIMD1 and IRF4 are both upregulated by a common transcription factor rather than LIMD1 is a direct target for IRF4.
These results confirm that IRF4 is correlated with LIMD1 and CFLAR in B lymphomas, and strongly suggest that CFLAR is a transcriptional target for IRF4.
IRF4 Transcriptome in EBV Latency {#s3d}
---------------------------------
IRF4 is overexpressed in EBV type 3 latency [@pone.0106788-Xu1]--[@pone.0106788-CahirMcFarland1]. To our knowledge, BIC/miR-155 and IRF5 are the only two IRF4 targets identified in the context of EBV infection [@pone.0106788-Wang1], [@pone.0106788-Xu2]. To better understand the role of IRF4 in EBV latency and oncogenesis, we performed microarray analysis to profile the IRF4 transcriptome in EBV latency. Endogenous IRF4 expression in JiJoye and IB4 cells was depleted with shIRF4 as described in our previous work [@pone.0106788-Wang1]. Knockdown efficiency of IRF4 is shown in [Fig. 5](#pone-0106788-g005){ref-type="fig"}, A. Total RNAs were subjected to microarray analysis. Results show that 434 genes were upregulated (\>2.0 fold) and 428 were downregulated (\<2.0 fold) in JiJoye cells stably expressing shIRF4 compared to cells expressing scramble control shRNA, and 324 were upregulated (\>2.0 fold) and 198 were downregulated (\<2.0 fold) in IB4 cells after IRF4 depletion ([Fig. 5](#pone-0106788-g005){ref-type="fig"}, B and [Table S3](#pone.0106788.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#pone-0106788-g005}
Because these two cell lines have different genetic background (JiJoye is a BL cell line established from a BL patient and IB4 is a LCL cell line by in vitro transformation of umbilical cord B-lymphocytes with EBV), only a small portion (about 10%) of overlapping genes were identified between these two cell lines, with 54 in the upregulated gene group and 14 in the downregulated gene group ([Fig. 5](#pone-0106788-g005){ref-type="fig"}, B). This observation is consistent with the fact that IRF4 is a quintessential "context-dependent" factor which regulates distinct groups of targets in different contexts [@pone.0106788-Biswas1], [@pone.0106788-Ning1].
Among the overlapping target genes between JiJoye and IB4, we confirmed the regulation of IFI27, IFI44, IFIT1, GBP1, CD88, CXCL10, and ARHGAP18 by IRF4 using real-time PCR with specific primers. IFI27, IFI44, IFIT1, CXCL10 and GBP1 are known IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). As shown in [Fig. 5C](#pone-0106788-g005){ref-type="fig"}, real-time PCR results confirmed that IFI27, IFI44 and GBP1 expression levels are significantly elevated after IRF4 depletion, and ARHGAP18 level is significantly decreased (data for IFIT1, CD88 and CXCL10 are not shown). IFI27 is a mitochondrial protein involved in IFN-induced apoptosis [@pone.0106788-Cheriyath1], [@pone.0106788-Rosebeck1]. IFI44 has anti-proliferative activity and is known to be associated with HCV infection [@pone.0106788-Hallen1]. GBP1 acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer cells [@pone.0106788-BritzenLaurent1], and also plays a role in chronic active EBV infection and interacts with HCV NS5B [@pone.0106788-Itsui1]. ARHGAP18 a Rho GTPase-activating protein for RhoA and modulates cell shape, spreading, and motility [@pone.0106788-Maeda1].
Of note, CFLAR is also downregulated by shIRF4 in JiJoye cells (1.32 fold) in the microarray results, consistent with the results from GEO bioinformatics that IRF4 correlates with CFLAR in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and depletion of IRF4 downregulated CFLAR protein level in EBV+ lymphoma cells ([Fig. 4](#pone-0106788-g004){ref-type="fig"}). These data indicate that CFLAR is also a transcriptional target for IRF4. In fact, CFLAR is a known target for IRF8 [@pone.0106788-Yang2], the closest member to IRF4 in the IRF family.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
In this study, we have systematically profiled the molecular signatures associated with IRF4 expression in a subset of hematological malignancies including melanoma in which IRF4 is overexpressed. In addition, we have identified a panel of novel transcriptional targets including IFI27, IFI44, GBP1, CFLAR and ARHGAP18 for IRF4 in lymphomas.
Gene expression profiling datasets are available online and are convenient for identification of differential expression of a given gene and for related high throughput comparison among different cancers or under different conditions of treatments. Since a large portion of these datasets were derived from clinical patient samples, they provide an important resource which complements *in* *vitro* studies. In our analyses, the IRF4-associated molecular signatures include a subset of IRF4 transcriptional targets such as CFLAR verified in this study. Other signature genes should be co-regulated with IRF4 by upstream transcription factors such as NFκB. In future pursuits, we will combine with other strategies including cell culture systems to identify IRF4-regulated networks in individual cancer contexts.
We and others have shown that IRF4 promotes proliferation of EBV-transformed cells and IRF4 deficiency results in death of cells derived from different hematological malignancies [@pone.0106788-Xu1], [@pone.0106788-Shaffer2], [@pone.0106788-Wang1], indicating that IRF4 plays a non-redundant role in tumorigenesis of hematological malignancies. Expression of IRF4 is associated with resistance to treatment of viral cancers with IFN/AZT, and AZT specifically induces apoptosis as well as initiates the viral lytic program in Type I EBV+ Burkitt's lymphomas [@pone.0106788-Ramos1]. However, the mechanism of action of IRF4 accounting for this important clinical observation is unclear. Further study on the interaction between IRF4 and the IFN-inducible genes including IFI27 and IFI44 may disclose the mechanism through which IRF4 confers resistance to IFN treatment of vial cancers by regulating their expression.
Consistent with our finding that CFLAR is a transcriptional target for IRF4, CFLAR has been shown to be targeted by IRF8, the closest family member of IRF4 [@pone.0106788-Yang2]. Correspondingly, we have identified a potential IRF4/8-binding site EICE in the CFLAR gene promoter (not shown). We will verify if this EICE is functional and responsible for IRF4/8 regulation. Targeting CFLAR by IRF4 may implicate a role for IRF4 in Fas/TRAIL/TNFα-induced apoptosis in non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
The implication of IRF4 in hematological malignancies is increasingly recognized. However, most evidence has emerged from clinical observations. Recent efforts have focused on the identification of "context-dependent" co-factors for IRF4 [@pone.0106788-Eisenbeis1]--[@pone.0106788-Murphy1]. To date, only limited targets including miR-155 [@pone.0106788-Wang1], IRF5 [@pone.0106788-Xu2], Blimp1, CCNB1, BCL6, CDK6, Myc, and several others have been identified as IRF4 targets in cancers [@pone.0106788-Kwon1], [@pone.0106788-Mamane3], [@pone.0106788-Shaffer2], [@pone.0106788-Saito1]. Clearly, identification of IRF4-specific gene regulation networks will improve our understanding of its functional roles in distinct cancer contexts. Our following work will aim to disclose the roles of the novel IRF4 targets identified in our study in EBV oncogenesis.
In addition to the downstream gene regulatory networks, our recent observation that IRF4 is activated through Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in EBV-associated lymphomas [@pone.0106788-Wang2], represents another important topic and a novel challenge for studying the interaction of IRF4 with hematological malignancies. We are encouraged to identify lymphocyte-specific signaling pathways leading to IRF4 activation, which potentially opens new avenues for targeting IRF4 networks for future clinical treatments.
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
**IRF4-associated molecular signatures in different hematological malignancies.**
(XLSX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Bioinformatic analysis of GEO dataset GSE4475 for IRF4-assoicated molecular signatures in B cell lymphoma.**
(XLSX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
**Microarray analysis for IRF4 transcriptome in EBV latently infected B lymphocytes.**
(XLS)
######
Click here for additional data file.
This publication is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the James H. Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The contents in this publication do not represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**YX is employed by a commercial company (Shaun and Lilly International, LLC, Collierville, TN 38017). This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: LW SN. Performed the experiments: LW YX SN. Analyzed the data: SN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YX SN. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: ZY JM SN.
|
Hyperthermia, positive feedback loop with IL-6 and risk of NSCLC progression: a tangle to unravel?
Fever may represent a risk factor for NSCLC by increasing IL-6 expression. In this light, an accurate and rapid control of fever among lung cancer patients should be carefully added to the treatment plan. On this regard, concerns increase when doubts arise regarding the applicability of hyperthermia on NSCLC given the potential interaction of IL-6 with NSCLC. Thus, I suggest that randomized, controlled double-arm clinical studies are warranted for an evidence-based evaluation of feasibility of the hyperthermia application in the management of NSCLC. |
Quick Links:
Francois Arnaud is the latest actor being thrown into the mix to potentially play Christian Grey in the highly anticipated film Fifty Shades of Grey!
Casting directors for the film have called to inquire about the 28-year-old French Canadian actor, sources close to the situation confirm exclusively to JustJared.com. No offers have been made yet and several other actors are being considered as well.
Francois is best known for his role as Cesare Borgia on the hit Showtime series The Borgias, which just finished its third and final season over the summer. He will next be steaming up the screen alongside Camilla Belle in the new film Amapola.
In an interview with New York Magazine back in 2011, Francois admitted that he has a “natural darkness,” which we think is perfect for the role. “I think everyone has that, actually. I think you just have to be honest about it and be willing to explore that,” he said at the time. |
The non-relapse mortality rate for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is greater than relapse mortality 8 years after autologous stem cell transplantation and is significantly higher than mortality rates of population controls
..Our results indicate the need for studies designed to correlate an elevated ferritin with iron overload and to analyze the benefit of strategies to reduce the extent of iron overload...
The non-relapse mortality rate for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is greater than relapse mortality 8 years after autologous stem cell transplantation and is significantly higher than mortality rates of population controls
..Patients who collect ≤ 0.70 × 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg on day 1 could be considered for treatment modifications to improve CD34+ collection, such as early administration of plerixafor or large volume apheresis...
..These data suggest that ALC can be used in combination with other prognostic features to better predict outcome and that targeting the immune system to improve ALC may be a worthwhile strategy in ALL... |
Q:
Python if statement without indent
I'm working with an inherited Python program, which runs OK, but does not have correct Python indenting.
if not arg_o:
print >> sys.stderr, 'Output file needed.'
print >> sys.stderr, usage
exit()
What is going on here? Shouldn't the code below the if be indented?
SOLVED
See the accepted answer. It turns out that TextMate was not properly displaying the tabs, which is a worry. When opened in Vim it was indented properly.
A:
After checking the file - MPprimer.py - from the code found here .
I can see the following lines in it -
if not arg_o:
print >> sys.stderr, 'Output file needed.'
print >> sys.stderr, usage
exit()
Starting at line 175 . The issue is that this script mixes tabs and spaces.
The line 175 - if not arg_o: - uses 4 spaces as indentation.
whereas , the next line, line 176 - print >> sys.stderr, 'Output file needed.' - uses a tab as indentation.
In Python 2.x , tabs and spaces can be mixed, but a tab is internally represented by 8 spaces.
But in some editors (like Notepad ++ , in my System) , tab is only interpreted as 4 spaces. So even though in those editors they look like they are not correctly indented, they are actually correctly indented , according to python.
Please note, it is not a good practice to mix tabs and spaces, Python 3.x , would error out if you mix them in the same script.
|
Rudolf IV, Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim
Rudolf IV, Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim (died 25 June 1348) was a son of Margrave Herman VII of Baden and his wife, Agnes of Truhendingen.
As a younger son, he was initially destined for an eccesiastical career. He became canon at Speyer. When his father died in 1291, Baden was divided and he received Baden-Pforzheim. Initially, he ruled Baden-Pforzheim jointly with his brother, Herman VIII. From 1300 until his death, he ruled alone.
In the conflict between Duke Leopold I of Austria and Emperor Louis IV, he initially sided with Leopold. After a while he changed sides and sided with Louis IV, who in 1334 mortgaged Ortenburg Castle, the cities of Offenburg, Gengenbach and Zell am Harmersbach and the imperial possessions in the Ortenau area to Rudolf IV.
In 1335, he inherited Baden-Baden from his first cousin Rudolf Hesso.
Rudolf IV died on 25 June 1348. His sons divided the inheritance, with Frederick III taking Baden-Baden and Rudolf V taking Baden-Pforzheim.
Marriage and issue
Rudolf married on 28 February 1318 with Liutgard of Bolanden (d. 1324/25), a daughter of Philip V of Bolanden. This marriage remained childless.
After Liutgard's death, he married on 18 February 1326 with Maria of Oettingen (d. 10 June 1369), a daughter of Count Frederick I of Oettingen. From this marriage, he had two sons:
Frederick III (–2 September 1353), Margrave of Baden-Baden, married with his second cousin Margareta, a daughter of Rudolf Hesso.
Rudolf V (died: 1361), Margrave of Baden-Pforzheim, married on 26 August 1346 with his second cousin Adelaide of Baden, the other daughter of Rudolf Hesso.
See also
List of rulers of Baden
Category:Margraves of Baden-Pforzheim
Category:Margraves of Baden-Baden
Category:Year of birth uncertain
Category:1348 deaths
Category:14th-century German people |
Protesters in Tiananmen Square, May 14, 1989 (Dominic Dudouble/Reuters)
You do not change authoritarian regimes by enriching them while leaving their crimes against their own people unmentioned.
Twenty-seven years ago, thousands of brave protesters gathered in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square to demand political liberalization in the People’s Republic of China. The PRC’s brutal response was clear evidence that interaction with capitalist economies would not automatically result in political reform. The Communist Party, all too happy to reap the financial benefits the West offered, nonetheless refused to relinquish its authoritarian power.
The situation came to a head in the spring of 1989 when, mourning the death of reformer Hu Yaobang, the Chinese people tried to take matters into their own hands. Their demands were simple: a commitment to democracy, freedom of the press, accountability for government officials — the sorts of liberties we take for granted all too often in America.
At first the PRC reacted with caution, no doubt mindful of the simultaneous breakdown of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and its satellites in Eastern Europe and recalling the strong support that Soviet dissidents had received from the Reagan administration. But there was no similar outpouring in support for Tiananmen Square — no American leadership demanding that the walls oppressing the Chinese people be torn down. Emboldened, the PRC signaled that reprisals were coming, labeling the protesters dangerous subversives. The campaign against them culminated in the terrible massacre of June 3–4, 1989.
RELATED: It’s Time to Rethink How We Talk about China
Over the intervening decades, the PRC has continued to profit from economic contact with the West while systematically blocking any internal attempts at liberalization. In one of its most egregious examples of political oppression, the PRC has subjected the poet, author, and political scientist Liu Xiaobo to years of harassment.
When the Tiananmen protests began, Dr. Liu, then a visiting scholar at Columbia University, raced back to support them. The PRC arrested him for his activism and sentenced him to two years in prison. In 1996, the party subjected him to three years of “reeducation through labor” for continuing to question China’s single-party system.
RELATED: It’s Time to Stop Pretending Beijing Is a Partner
In 2008, Liu, along with more than 350 Chinese intellectuals and human-rights advocates, penned Charter 08, which consists of 19 specific demands on the PRC, including abandoning one-party rule and securing freedom of association, assembly, expression, and religion.
Two days prior to Charter 08’s release, the PRC detained Liu. He was jailed for over a year and, before the Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People’s Court, later pled not guilty to “inciting subversion of state power.” The court did not allow Liu’s defense to present evidence, and he was sentenced to eleven years in prison, with an additional two years’ deprivation of all political rights.
In October 2010, Liu Xiaobo received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in Charter 08. He accepted in absentia, boldly declaring:
Hatred can rot away at a person’s intelligence and conscience. Enemy mentality will poison the spirit of a nation, incite cruel mortal struggles, destroy a society’s tolerance and humanity, and hinder a nation’s progress toward freedom and democracy. That is why I hope to be able to transcend my personal experiences as I look upon our nation’s development and social change, to counter the regime’s hostility with utmost goodwill, and to dispel hatred with love.
Liu’s courage poses a challenge to the free world, and the liberty he champions is possible for all the Chinese people. From Tiananmen Square to Taiwan, the evidence is clear that they desire — and are capable of — democracy. We must not marginalize Dr. Liu and his brave fellow dissidents but rather should make their plight central to our dealings with the PRC.
#share#We should follow the example of Ronald Reagan, who stood up to the Soviet Union’s oppression of dissidents. He understood that the upholding of human rights was not a disinterested good deed — it was a vital edge that the Americans had over the Soviets. In 1984, President Reagan worked with Congress to rename the street in front of the Soviet embassy “Andrei Sakharov Plaza,” to provide the Soviet government a constant reminder of this advantage.
In this tradition, and in solidarity with the Chinese people, I introduced legislation to name the portion of International Plaza in front of the PRC embassy in Washington, D.C., “Liu Xaiobo Plaza.” Earlier this year, the Senate passed this legislation unanimously. The House should do the same.
If it is passed into law, the Chinese ambassador would look at this street sign each day. This address would be on every piece of correspondence going into and out of the embassy.
RELATED: In Asia, a Dance for Five Partners
The process to rename International Plaza was initiated two years ago, on the 25th anniversary of the massacre. If the House follows the Senate’s lead, this important legislation will go to President Obama’s desk.
#related#Sadly, President Obama has threatened to veto the bill, bowing to objections by the PRC. I hope he will reconsider, to prevent the shameful spectacle of the 2009 Nobel Peace laureate rejecting an attempt to honor his unjustly imprisoned successor.
The lesson of Tiananmen Square is that you do not reform authoritarian regimes by enriching them while leaving their crimes against their own people unmentioned. You do it by raising these issues again and again, even if it causes occasional discomfort in diplomatic circles. It is well past time that we recognize this truth, and I hope and pray that next year we can honor this anniversary under a sign bearing Liu Xiaobo’s name. |
Hirotaka Usui
is a Japanese football manager. He was last in charge of Singapore Premier League side Geylang International.
Managerial statistics
References
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Japanese expatriate sportspeople in Singapore
Category:Expatriate football managers in Singapore
Category:Japanese football managers |
Q:
Access Kubernetes API without kubectl
I am trying to access the Kubernetes API directly without running kubectl -proxy.
But when I use the token of the serviceaccount default, I get a 403.
Even after creating a ClusterRole and ClusterRoleBinding for this serviceaccount, the request is rejected with 403.
The configuration I applied looks like this:
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: pod-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["pods"]
verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: pod-reader
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: default
namespace: default
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: pod-reader
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
(It is nearly the one from the docs on kubernetes io, just used the ServiceAccount as Subject and changed the resource to pods)
Then I applied the config and tried to access the pods via curl:
$ kubectl apply -f secrets.yaml
clusterrole "pod-reader" created
clusterrolebinding "pod-reader" created
$ curl https://192.168.1.31:6443/v1/api/namespaces/default/pods --header "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" --insecure
{
"kind": "Status",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
},
"status": "Failure",
"message": "forbidden: User \"system:serviceaccount:default:default\" cannot get path \"/v1/api/namespaces/default/pods\"",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"details": {
},
"code": 403
}
I guess the error message shows that the authentication part is ok, because it looks like the request was correctly identified as coming from the serviceaccount default:default.
But what do I have to do to entitle this (or another service account) to access information about the pods or nodes?
I see this error when calling curl from outside a Pod, but also if I - for example - use the kubernetes java client to access the API from within a Pod using the secret mounted under /var/run/secrets.
I am a K8s newbie, so please forgive me if this is a stupid question.
Regarding the configuration:
I have K8s 1.8 running on a cluster of Raspberry Pis with one Master and two Worker Nodes.
I didn't pass much to kubeadm init, so I guess it should have the default configuration.
FWIW kubectl describe shows this command for the apiserver:
kube-apiserver
--requestheader-group-headers=X-Remote-Group
--service-account-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/sa.pub
--admission-control=Initializers,NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,PersistentVolumeLabel,DefaultStorageClass,DefaultTolerationSeconds,NodeRestriction,ResourceQuota
--secure-port=6443
--requestheader-client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-ca.crt
--proxy-client-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-client.crt
--proxy-client-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-client.key
--advertise-address=192.168.1.31
--service-cluster-ip-range=10.96.0.0/12
--tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.crt
--tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.key
--kubelet-client-certificate=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-kubelet-client.crt
--kubelet-client-key=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-kubelet-client.key
--enable-bootstrap-token-auth=true
--requestheader-username-headers=X-Remote-User
--allow-privileged=true
--kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP,ExternalIP,Hostname
--requestheader-extra-headers-prefix=X-Remote-Extra-
--requestheader-allowed-names=front-proxy-client
--client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
--insecure-port=0
--authorization-mode=Node,RBAC
--etcd-servers=http://127.0.0.1:2379
A:
I think you have a little issue in your curl path, it should be /api/v1/namespaces/... and not /v1/api/namespaces/.... See e.g. https://kubernetes.io/docs/api-reference/v1.8/#list-62
|
Freshman college student Saira Blair made history Tuesday when she defeated her 44-year-old opponent in the race to represent a small West Virginia district, becoming America’s youngest elected politician.
It was the first election where the 18-year-old was legally able to vote.
Blair, a student at West Virginia University, defeated Democrat Layne Diehl 63% to 30% in the state’s House of Delegates race. She is also the daughter of West Virginia State Senator Craig Blair.
After her victory in the 59th District was declared, the fiscally conservative Republican wrote on her campaign Facebook page that “I am honored and humbled to have been elected the youngest member to ever serve in the West Virginia House of Delegates.”
Women in Politics: College Edition
“When I made the decision to run for public office, I did so because I firmly believe that my generation’s voice, fresh perspective and innovative ideas can help solve some of our state’s most challenging issues,” the post read.
Diehl, an attorney, congratulated her opponent in a Facebook post late Tuesday night, writing “Tonight, the people have spoken and, in the end, it is the collective voice of the people that determines how we will be governed. I have come to truly respect my opponent, Ms. Blair.”
PHOTO ESSAY: Voters, young and old, take to polls
“We don’t always get the most desirable press attention in the Mountain State, but Ms. Blair’s candidacy has brought on us a national spotlight that is very uplifting and that I hope will encourage young people throughout the country to get involved and to contribute what they have to make a difference as early as they can in life,” Diehl wrote.
Support for the 2nd Amendment features prominently among Blair’s conservative positions – she states on her campaign page that “firearms allow our law abiding citizens to protect themselves and their families” – as does her pro-life advocacy, belief in voter ID and opposition to same-sex marriage.
Poll Results: Check out winners & losers
Blair received 20 official endorsements during her campaign, including an “A” rating from the National Rifle Association.
The young woman first made national headlines when she beat a two-term state delegate in her primary election – before graduating high school.
West Virginia on Tuesday also elected the state’s first woman to the U.S. Senate, Shelley Moore Capito. Capito, who also becomes the first Republican senator from West Virginia in more than 50 years, replaces retiring five-term Democrat Jay Rockefeller. |
require 'spec_helper'
describe '#incrbyfloat(key, increment)' do
before { @key = 'mock-redis-test:65374' }
it 'returns the value after the increment' do
@redises.set(@key, 2.0)
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 2.1).should be_within(0.0001).of(4.1)
end
it 'treats a missing key like 0' do
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 1.2).should be_within(0.0001).of(1.2)
end
it 'increments negative numbers' do
@redises.set(@key, -10.4)
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 2.3).should be_within(0.0001).of(-8.1)
end
it 'works multiple times' do
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 2.1).should be_within(0.0001).of(2.1)
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 2.2).should be_within(0.0001).of(4.3)
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 2.3).should be_within(0.0001).of(6.6)
end
it 'accepts an float-ish string' do
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, '2.2').should be_within(0.0001).of(2.2)
end
it 'raises an error if the value does not look like an float' do
@redises.set(@key, 'one.two')
lambda do
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 1)
end.should raise_error(Redis::CommandError)
end
it 'raises an error if the delta does not look like an float' do
lambda do
@redises.incrbyfloat(@key, 'foobar.baz')
end.should raise_error(Redis::CommandError)
end
it_should_behave_like 'a string-only command'
end
|
761 A.2d 541 (2000)
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, Appellee,
v.
Lance B. RUCKER a/k/a Lance Rucker, Appellant.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued September 12, 2000.
Decided November 22, 2000.
Joesph E. Hudak, Pittsburgh, for Lance B. Rucker.
Michael W. Streily, Amy E. Constantine, Pittsburgh, for Com. of Pennsylvania.
Before FLAHERTY, C.J., and ZAPPALA, CAPPY, CASTILLE, NIGRO and SAYLOR, JJ.
OPINION OF THE COURT
FLAHERTY, Chief Justice.
This is an appeal by allowance from a memorandum decision of Superior Court which affirmed a judgment of sentence of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County. Appellant, Lance B. Rucker, was sentenced in 1998 to life imprisonment without parole following his conviction of second degree murder, robbery, firearms violations, impersonating a public servant, and conspiracy. Whether appellant was improperly denied his choice of trial counsel is the question presented for review.
Appellant and three others had been charged with criminal homicide and related offenses in connection with a shooting death. Counsel was appointed to represent appellant shortly after his arrest. Following a suppression hearing, two of the codefendants pleaded guilty, and their cases were severed. The trial court granted a motion by appellant's appointed counsel *542 to dismiss the jury as a result of the severance of the codefendants.
Selection of a second jury commenced for appellant and his remaining codefendant. After four jurors were selected, appointed counsel informed the court that appellant wanted to switch to counsel that had, earlier that day, been privately retained by appellant's family. Private counsel had been working on appellant's case for several months and was therefore familiar with it. Appellant had been unable to pay private counsel, however, prior to that day. Appellant explained to the court that he wanted to change to private counsel because he felt "comfortable" with him. The court denied the request. Next, appellant requested that private counsel be permitted to act as co-counsel with appointed counsel. That request was likewise denied.
In denying these requests, the court noted that appointed counsel had represented appellant from the inception of this case, to wit, from the time of his arrest, through the suppression hearing, and through the selection of four jurors. It noted too that appointed counsel was an accomplished and competent attorney. Appellant responded that he was not claiming that appointed counsel was doing a poor job, but that he just wanted a lawyer of his own choice, namely one with whom he felt "comfortable."
At issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's request to substitute privately-retained counsel for court-appointed counsel. See Commonwealth v. Basemore, 525 Pa. 512, 522, 582 A.2d 861, 865 (1990) ("The decision of whether to grant a request for a change of counsel is a matter vested to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal, absent an abuse of discretion."), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1102, 112 S.Ct. 1191, 117 L.Ed.2d 432 (1992). On the basis that appellant's right to choose his counsel was violated by the trial court's ruling, we reverse.
In the seventeenth century William Penn, influenced by his harsh personal experience with English justice as it was then applied, wrote in what he proposed to be the fundamental law of this commonwealth:
Sixth. That in Courts, all Persons of all Perswasions may freely appear in their own Way, and according to their own Manner, and there Personally Plead their own Cause themselves, or if unable, by their Friends....
(Emphasis supplied). It is now, of course, well established that a defendant has a constitutional right to choose any lawyer he may desire, at his own cost and expense.[1]Commonwealth v. Novak, 395 Pa. 199, 213, 150 A.2d 102, 109 (1959), cert. denied, 361 U.S. 882, 80 S.Ct. 152, 4 L.Ed.2d 118 (1959). That right was delineated in Novak, where this court stated:
A defendant has a Constitutional right to choose at his own cost and expense any lawyer he may desire. Constitution of Pennsylvania, Art. I, § 9; Constitution of the United States, Amend. V (due process), Amend. XIV (due process); Commonwealth v. Thompson, 367 Pa. 102, 106, 79 A.2d 401 [, 403 (1951) ]....
....
... Constitutional provisions, like all laws, must receive a sensible and reasonable construction. The accused's right to choose counsel must be exercised *543 at a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner.
395 Pa. at 213-14, 150 A.2d at 109-10 (emphasis added).
In Novak, we held that the defendant's request to switch between privately-retained counsel on the day of trial was properly denied. We stated:
Defendant had a period of almost two years in which to procure counsel to his liking and in whom he could have confidence. He was never denied the opportunity to exercise this right. Defendant knew when his case would be called for trial. He could not wait until the very day of his trial to choose another counsel. This would be, under the circumstances here present, an unreasonable interpretation of his Constitutional rights and would shackle not promote Justice.... If a defendant who engages his own counsel refuses for two years to engage other counsel and waits until the trial of his case to demand an opportunity to engage other counsel, he can repeat this strategy every time his case is called for trial, and society would not receive the protection and equal Justice to which both they and the accused are entitled.
395 Pa. at 214-15, 150 A.2d at 110.
This court similarly weighed the interests of the accused's right to choose counsel and the state's interest in proceeding with trial in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 468 Pa. 575, 364 A.2d 665 (1976). There, where a continuance would have been necessary to enable the defendant to switch from court-appointed counsel to privately-retained counsel, we held that the trial court did not err in denying the request to change counsel. We stated:
It is clear, however, that a person's right to be represented by the counsel of his choice is not absolute. See, e.g., Pirillo v. Takiff, 462 Pa. 511, 341 A.2d 896 (1975). In Moore v. Jamieson, 451 Pa. 299, 308, 306 A.2d 283, 288 (1973), this Court specifically held that the right of the accused to choose his own counsel, as well as a lawyer's right to choose his clients, must be weighed against and may be reasonably restricted by "the state's interest in the swift and efficient administration of criminal justice." Although the accused may personally elect to waive his right to a speedy trial, he clearly cannot be permitted to utilize his right to choose his own counsel so as unreasonably to clog the machinery of justice and hamper and delay the state in its efforts to do justice with regard both to him and to others whose rights to a speedy trial may thereby be affected.
468 Pa. at 592-93, 364 A.2d at 674 (footnote omitted). Accord Basemore, 525 Pa. at 522-23, 582 A.2d at 865-66.
In contrast to Novak and Robinson, the present case is not one where granting appellant's request would have caused an unreasonable delay in trial. The private counsel that was retained for appellant after jury selection commenced had in fact been working on the case for several months. He was already completely familiar with the matter. In a written motion, he informed the court that he is an experienced trial lawyer who specializes in criminal defense, that he met with appellant at least ten times, that he developed a special rapport and trust with appellant, that he fully reviewed all case materials, and that he completely prepared the defense of appellant's case. Further, because the possibility of his participation in the case was anticipated from the start, his name had been announced to the jury pool, along with appointed counsel's name, as counsel for appellant. No request for a continuance was made. Private counsel was prepared to proceed with the case immediately. The state's interest in swift and efficient administration of justice would not, therefore, have been affected in any way by allowing a change of counsel. Inasmuch as the state had no interest that would have been affected, appellant's right to choose counsel should have prevailed. The trial court erred, therefore, in disallowing *544 the change of counsel. Appellant is entitled to a new trial with representation to be provided by his privately-retained counsel.[2]
Judgment of sentence reversed, and a new trial granted.
Justice NEWMAN did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
NOTES
[1] The situation is different for a defendant who is not employing counsel at his own expense, and who, at public expense, seeks court-appointed counsel. Such a defendant does not have a right to choose the particular counsel to represent him. Commonwealth v. Moore, 534 Pa. 527, 539, 633 A.2d 1119, 1125 (1993) (citing Commonwealth v. Johnson, 428 Pa. 210, 213, 236 A.2d 805, 807 (1968)), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1114, 115 S.Ct. 908, 130 L.Ed.2d 790 (1995). Nor, after counsel has been appointed, can he change to other assigned counsel unless a substantial reason exists for the change. Pa.R.Crim.P. 316(c)(ii) (delineating "Assignment of Counsel"); Moore, 534 Pa. at 539, 633 A.2d at 1125; Commonwealth v. Williams, 514 Pa. 62, 67-68, 522 A.2d 1058, 1061 (1987).
[2] Appellant's argument that he should not be subjected to retrial is without basis. Where there has been a deprivation of the right to counsel of one's choice, the remedy is a new trial. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 550 Pa. 298, 304-06, 705 A.2d 830, 833-34 (1998).
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Pennsylvania requires assessments of all candidates in basic skills, general knowledge, professional knowledge and subject area knowledge before a certificate may be issued to an applicant. In this section, you will find the most current information on the test rules, the specific tests required for certification, minimum scores for passing, alternative methods of scoring, advice on preparing for the tests and links to register. Links are also provided at the end of this page to the Student Teacher Assessment information and forms.
Attention Candidates for Certification in:
·Communications (test code 0800) ends June 2014. Candidates may take Speech Communication: Content Knowledge (5221) assessment beginning July 1, 2014. There is no impact on the programs or certification in this area.
·Cooperative Education (test code 0811). The deadline is extended until June 2016 with limited test offerings after June 2014. Look for a separate link on the www.ets.org/praxis Pennsylvania page. We have found a vendor to develop a new test and expect it to be available by 2016, but cannot guarantee it.
·Environmental Education (test code 0831). The deadline is extended until June 2016 with limited test offerings after June 2014. Look for a separate link on the www.ets.org/praxis Pennsylvania page. No replacement test is available. Other science certificates may teach this subject.
·Safety/Driver Education (test code 0860).Beginning March 3, 2015, the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) will administer the test on the first Tuesday and second Thursday of each month at 1:00 PM in Harrisburg. See Driver and Safety Education for testing information, dates and times, and the registration form.
·Social Science (test code 0951) was discontinued in June 2014. This certificate may be granted to qualified individuals who already passed the test. No replacement test is available. Interested candidates should pursue Social Studies certification. |
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CLEVELAND — The School Bus Safety Co. (SBSC) has released three new educational courses to teach children how to be safe in and around their school buses.
In the past seven years, there have been 83 child fatalities — about 12 per year — when the students were outside of their bus in the danger zone. According to SBSC officials, analysis reveals that these fatalities could have been prevented if the children had behaved in a different manner.
“School busing is by far the safest form of land transportation, but even one fatality is unacceptable," SBSC President Jeff Cassell said. "If it is your child, the statistics mean nothing. We need to do everything we can to reduce these fatalities from 12 to zero, and it begins with teaching these important safety practices to the children.”
Cassell said that the youngest children, who are three times more likely to be killed, are not necessarily reckless — they’re carefree. The older children sometimes take the bus for granted, he said.
To address these different needs, the new SBSC programs are age-specific for three groups:
• pre-K to grade 2 • grades 3 to 5• grades 6 and above
The courses also cover emergency evacuation procedures and, for the two older groups, how to identify and prevent bullying on the school bus.
Course materials include several videos and a cartoon, group activities and contests, and information to take home to parents, who are asked to reinforce the need to follow the safety procedures.
“As we designed these courses, we made sure we addressed all of the behaviors that led to the 83 fatalities, so that we can prevent future losses," Cassell said. "We’ve employed several different instructional techniques to maintain the children’s interest and ensure they learn what is expected of them.”
The Child Safety Network (CSN), a distributor of child safety information, reviewed the new SBSC courses. The organization subsequently awarded SBSC with its Safe Family Seal of Approval.
“These courses are outstanding; they will help protect our children," said Ward Leber, CEO and founder of CSN. "[SBSC is] the best in class for their extraordinarily effective school bus safety curriculum. Together, CSN and SBSC are making America a safer place for children to live."
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Pretty much the most unintentionally funny article you will read today is this instant classic at Deadline, by TV reporter Nellie Andreeva. Andreeva is a writer who tends to pass on what her anonymous sources tell her without seemingly bothering too much about whether they make sense, and in this case, her sources are Hollywood talent agents who are bothered by the trend towards non-white — or as they call it, “ethnic” — casting in television this pilot season.
Thanks to the success of Empire, the biggest new television hit in years, networks are looking to cast more non-white leads, changing characters from white to black, and sometimes going for a non-white actor where the character’s race isn’t specified. Andreeva’s sources acknowledge that there are some advantages to this, like, this is the first year they’ve actually been able to send non-Caucasian actors up for a lot of roles, but some of them are annoyed that a white client got turned down in favour of a non-white client, and so we get anonymous complaints that this whole diversity fad has gone too far, that there’s a rule that 50 per cent of the characters in a pilot must be non-white (I’m 100 per cent sure that this is a made-up figure), and, my favourite part of the whole thing, that the black market may now be saturated because there are four shows with black leads on broadcast television, plus BET and Tyler Perry.
Okay, mocking that article has been done to death in the last 24 hours, so I won’t keep going; just think of Andreeva and her sources next time you hear about “liberal Hollywood” or hear Hollywood insiders congratulating themselves on how enlightened they are. But let’s accept that there are, if not 50 per cent, at least more non-white actors up for roles this year. This obviously isn’t based on political correctness, but sheer business calculation: Empire is the kind of hit that wasn’t even supposed to exist in television any more, a show that started out huge and increased its audience every week, shattering the conventional wisdom that TV had to be content with falling viewership and pieces of a smaller pie. So where did these viewers come from?
Well, as noted elsewhere — including in a comment on the Deadline article — the viewers that broadcast TV has lost tend to be young and white. Those are the people who, for the moment, are abandoning over-the-air television in favour of streaming and watching whenever they want. That leaves the networks with an audience that consists, to oversimplify this situation immensely, of old white people and younger non-white people. Advertisers don’t want old people, as you know. So the need to reach a young, diverse audience isn’t some kind of socially conscious project; it’s a matter of survival — that’s where the broadcast viewership is going to come from for the next few years, and Empire demonstrates that if you break through to that audience, you can stave off the death of broadcast television for a little while longer.
This may be why TV has embraced diverse casting a little (I said “a little”) more than movies, which depend increasingly on a global audience that doesn’t like “risky” casting of any kind. (Ridley Scott kind of gave the game away when he said he’d never have been able to get international funding for Exodus if he hadn’t cast white stars.) Movie audiences around the world—not just in North America, by any means—might be shocked if Peter Parker isn’t white. But the television audience is a little more willing to accept unconventional casting and a lot more anxious to see groups of people who don’t look exactly like the Friends.
Now, just because diverse casting is in now, that doesn’t mean it will last. Those cynical agents with their talk about “ethnics” probably represent a part of Hollywood that is larger than we’d like to think (see also the Amy Pascal emails at Sony). We’re going to see a bunch of Empire ripoffs, and some of them will fail, as most shows do, and then the TV industry might decide that casting non-white actors is simply a “trend” that has passed its sell-by date. Others have pointed this out, but because spikes in diversity tend to be based on business considerations and copying what’s successful, they often go away once the business justification is over: businesses hire more actors of colour, congratulate themselves on how progressive they are, and then quietly go back to what they consider “normal” within a couple of years. The underlying problems hinted at in the article — non-white actors aren’t usually considered for parts; there’s a presumption that white people won’t want to watch them; they don’t get lead parts unless they’re “experienced” and they don’t get many chances to gain that experience — may wind up exactly the same after the TV industry decides this whole fad is over.
Does that sound cynical? Of course, because when talking about Hollywood and the way people think there, you can’t really be too cynical. But that article at least performed one valuable service by demonstrating why people get so passionate about the inherent importance of diversity and representation: because there really are a lot of things working against it, especially in acting, which is one of the few professions where employers are legally allowed to specify what race they’re looking for. The usual state of affairs in the business is that white actors have many, many more opportunities. The so-called “Empire effect” has temporarily changed this to a situation where … white actors still have many, many more opportunities, but other actors are doing a little better than they were. The question is whether this can last, or be turned into some kind of permanent change in the Hollywood status quo. Because as you can tell from that piece, there are plenty of people who are just counting the hours until everything goes back to the way it was. |
An RCMP officer, who was among the first officers to respond to a horrific scene aboard a Greyhound bus, has reportedly taken his own life.
The family of 51-year-old Ken Barker says the recently retired colonel had been struggling with post-traumatic stress disorder — after two decades on the front line of violent crimes, the Toronto Star reports.
RCMP officers investigate a crime that occurred on a Greyhound bus where one man was beheaded by another, Thursday morning, July 31, 2008 about 18km west of Portage La Prairie, Man. By now, Vince Li was supposed to get out for some fresh air.The man who beheaded and cannibalized another man on a Greyhound bus in 2008 was given the privilege months ago. THE CANADIAN PRESS/John Woods
Tim McLean's father Tim shows the tattoo of his son to media as his wife Nadine looks on outside the Law Courts in Winnipeg on Thursday, March 5, 2009 after the verdict from the trial of Vince Li, the man who stabbed and beheaded McLean on a Greyhound Bus this past summer in Manitoba. Li was found to be not criminally responsible for killing Mclean. Li was found to be not criminally responsible for killing Mclean. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Winnipeg Free Press-Mike Aporius
An artist's drawing of Vince Li inside the courtroom in Winnipeg, Tuesday, March 3, 2009 for his second drgree murder trial. An agreed statement of facts read at the start of Li's second-degree murder trial Tuesday said he ignored horrified passengers as he attacked McLean and then mutilated the young man's body. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Tom Andrich
Carol deDelley (left), mother of Tim McLean, kisses her daughter Katie outside the Law Courts in Winnipeg on Thursday, March 5, 2009 after the verdict from the trial of Vince Li, the man who stabbed and beheaded McLean on a Greyhound Bus this past summer in Manitoba. Li was found to be not criminally responsible for killing Mclean. THE CANADIAN PRESS/John Woods |
They had a link to politico through the news article and I saw this gem:
"Gingrich said he hadn't intended to fight another political battle, and was looking forward to relaxing in private life after leaving public office. But in 2002, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the phrase "under God" in the pledge of allegiance was unconstitutional (the ruling was later overturned).
"I had been watching the courts grow steadily more secular and steadily more anti-religious starting with the 1963 school prayer decision," he said. "But for some reason this particular decision struck me as so blindingly stupid, so profoundly un-American."
Hey Newt, do us a favor and go back to private life. I hate having to live in this country with old white men calling anything challenging to their ideals as "un-American." This is America, land of the free home of the brave, we have rights. Boy the world is gonna change in the next 20 years when people like yourself move on from this plane of existence to your "heaven." |
152 Conn. 372 (1965)
WILLIAM FRANCHEY ET AL.
v.
ARTHUR R. HANNES ET AL.
Supreme Court of Connecticut.
Argued December 2, 1964.
Decided February 9, 1965.
KING, C. J., MURPHY, ALCORN, COMLEY and SHANNON, JS.
*373 Wilbur Duberstein, with whom was Richard Shaffer, for the appellants (defendants).
*374 Edwin K. Dimes, for the appellees (plaintiffs).
ALCORN, J.
The plaintiffs brought this action to recover damages for the defendants' alleged fraudulent misrepresentations in the sale of a dwelling house and lot to the plaintiffs. At the trial, the court first denied and later granted the plaintiffs' motion to amend the complaint by adding a second count claiming damages for fraudulent nondisclosure. The allowance of this amendment is assigned as one ground of error. After allowing the amendment, the court reversed an earlier ruling excluding testimony concerning conversations which had occurred between the date of the signing of the contract of sale and the actual transfer of title. This action is assigned as another ground of error. The defendants objected that the amendment came too late and that the evidence was inadmissible under either the original complaint or the new second count because conversations subsequent to the completed contract of sale could not have induced the sale. It was within the court's discretion to allow the amendment. Practice Book §§ 132, 134. There was no error in the evidential ruling for reasons which will later appear.
The defendants make a wholesale attack on the finding, which we have repeatedly discountenanced. Adamsen v. Adamsen, 151 Conn. 172, 173, 195 A.2d 418. The finding is not subject to correction, and, from it, the following appears: The defendants had owned a house located on 1.05 acres of land since January, 1955. About fifty feet northwest of the house was a circular swimming pool, about twenty-two feet in diameter, made of reinforced concrete. In 1956, the defendants constructed a macadam driveway on the property. In July, 1957, *375 they had the property surveyed and mapped. The survey map showed that a large portion of the macadam driveway and about one foot of the concrete apron of the pool encroached upon a triangular.11-acre parcel of land belonging to the defendants' next door neighbor. The northerly line of this triangular parcel was marked by a broken line of stones resembling a stone wall, to the south of which, and within the triangular parcel, was a rock garden. The surveyor drove a spike in the middle of the macadam driveway to mark the corner of the neighbor's property and drove half-inch iron pipes along the southerly and easterly sides of the triangular parcel to mark the defendants' true boundary. The spike was not readily visible, and the pipes were driven flush with the ground.
The defendants offered their property for sale in 1958 and, in listing it with realtors, did not disclose the encroachments on their neighbor's land. The defendants vacated the premises in June, 1958. In October, the plaintiffs were shown over the grounds by one of the men who had built the house for the original owner. The plaintiffs became interested in the property without inquiring as to the boundaries or dimensions and visited it a second time. Later that October, William Franchey and Arthur R. Hannes met in New York City and, at that meeting, Hannes indicated that the property was bounded by stone walls on all sides and that the north boundary was the broken line of stones or wall. This was the wall which the 1957 survey had shown as the north line of the .11-acre triangular parcel belonging to Hannes' neighbor. Hannes did not disclose the existence of that survey map or the encroachments which it depicted. At the conclusion *376 of the meeting Franchey made an offer for the property which Hannes accepted. With no further disclosures concerning the north boundary of the property or the encroachments, the parties met at the office of the defendants' attorney on November 22, 1958, where a formal contract of sale was signed and a deposit paid. The transfer of title was scheduled for January 2, 1959, but the parties orally agreed that the plaintiffs could move in before Christmas, 1958.
After signing the contract, the parties had lunch together and then drove out to the property. While there, the defendants did not disclose the encroachment of their driveway or pool on their neighbor's property, and Mrs. Hannes implied that the rock garden, which she claimed to have planted, was on their land. Hannes stated that he did not know where the boundary stakes were. The plaintiffs assumed, and the defendants intentionally contributed to the assumption, that the driveway, the pool and the rock garden were on the land to be conveyed.
The plaintiffs were not represented by counsel and did not have the title searched or the property surveyed. The transfer of title took place early in January, 1959. On the morning of the day set for the transfer of title Mrs. Franchey found a copy of the 1957 survey map wrapped with some house plans on a closet shelf in the house. Her husband was not at home, and she did not recognize what it was or appreciate its significance. She met her husband at the railroad station and drove to the office of the defendants' attorney. The defendants were not present. Mrs. Franchey mentioned the map she had found, but which she had not brought with her, and the defendants' attorney produced *377 another map which showed no encroachments and assured the plaintiffs there was "nothing to worry about". The property was transferred and paid for and the deed was recorded with no disclosure by the defendants, either to the plaintiffs or to the defendants' attorney, of the encroachments shown on the 1957 survey map. Subsequently, in February, 1959, the plaintiffs discovered, for the first time, from their neighbor, the true situation regarding their north boundary. Thereupon they talked to Mrs. Hannes by telephone, and she said: "We wondered how long it would take you to find out about this."
On these facts, the court concluded that there had been no actionable fraudulent misrepresentation, but that the defendants had a duty, before signing the contract of sale and also before transferring title, to disclose the encroachments known to them but that they intentionally concealed these facts, as a result of which the plaintiffs were induced to buy the property to their detriment. The court's finding, which is unattacked, as to the representations made by Hannes at the meeting with Franchey in late October, 1958, would appear, at least as to that defendant, to support a conclusion that a fraudulent material misrepresentation of fact had been made. The court did not so conclude, however, and that element of the case is not an issue before us. The appeal asserts only that the court erred in reaching the conclusion that both defendants are liable in damages for a fraudulent nondisclosure. Incidental to this basic claim is the assigned error in the evidential rulings in connection with the allowance of the amendment earlier referred to, namely, that conversations subsequent to the signing of the contract of sale are immaterial and inadmissible.
*378 We consider first the evidential question. It is clear that, at least until title passed and the purchase price was paid, the plaintiffs had the right to refuse to accept a deed and to recover any provable damages. An action will lie for a fraudulent nondisclosure which causes one to continue in a course of action. Bridge-Mile Shoe Corporation v. Liggett Drug Co., 142 Conn. 313, 319, 113 A.2d 863. Since the court found a failure to disclose prior to the signing of the contract of sale, evidence of a continuation of that course of conduct up to the date of the transfer of title was admissible.
We turn now to the court's ultimate conclusion that the defendants have incurred a liability to the plaintiffs for a fraudulent nondisclosure. As already indicated, the trial court concluded that the defendants had not made an actionable, deliberate or reckless misstatement of fact as in cases such as Warman v. Delaney, 148 Conn. 469, 473, 172 A.2d 188, Clark v. Haggard, 141 Conn. 668, 672, 109 A. 2d 358, White v. Miller, 111 Conn. 53, 57, 149 A. 237, Macri v. Torello, 105 Conn. 631, 633, 136 A. 479, and O'Neill v. Conway, 88 Conn. 651, 653, 92 A. 425. See also Restatement, 3 Torts § 525. It concluded, however, that the facts bring the case within the exception to the rule that mere silence is not actionable in a transaction in which the parties deal at arm's length unless the circumstances or the existence of a confidential relationship gives rise to a duty to speak. See cases such as Egan v. Hudson Nut Products, Inc., 142 Conn. 344, 347, 114 A.2d 213; Ceferatti v. Boisvert, 137 Conn. 280, 283, 77 A.2d 82; Behrmann v. Behrmann, 110 Conn. 443, 446, 148 A. 363; Gayne v. Smith, 104 Conn. 650, 652, 134 A. 62; Watertown Savings Bank v. Mattoon, 78 Conn. 388, 393, 62 A. 622. It then proceeded to *379 find, in the circumstances of this case, a duty to speak. The operative factor producing this result seems to have been the physical appearance of the property. This factor alone was insufficient to give rise to a duty to disclose.
The facts of the case bring it, rather, within the widely accepted rule that, although a vendor may, under the circumstances, have no duty to speak, nevertheless, if he does assume to speak, he must make a full and fair disclosure as to the matters about which he assumes to speak. He must then avoid a deliberate nondisclosure. Kronfeld v. Missal, 87 Conn. 491, 493, 89 A. 95; Rogers v. Warden, 20 Cal. 2d 286, 289, 125 P.2d 7; Macco Construction Co. v. Fickert, 76 Cal. App. 2d 295, 299, 172 P.2d 951; Baker v. Meenach, 119 Ind. App. 154, 165, 84 N.E.2d 719; Smith v. Pope, 103 N.H. 555, 559, 176 A.2d 321; Dahl v. Crain, 193 Ore. 207, 224, 237 P.2d 939; Rummer v. Throop, 38 Wash. 2d 624, 635, 231 P.2d 313; 23 Am. Jur., Fraud and Deceit, §§ 82, 83; 91 C.J.S. 916, Vendor and Purchaser, § 57. From the court's finding it is apparent that these plaintiffs, upon viewing the property, reasonably were led to assume, from its physical appearance, that at least the driveway and the pool were within the boundaries of the land they were interested in buying. Instead of remaining silent, Hannes, at the conference in New York, represented that the broken stone wall was the northerly boundary. Later, when the parties visited the premises together, Hannes disclaimed knowledge of the location of the boundary markers and Mrs. Hannes stated that she had planted the rock garden. Neither of the defendants disclosed the encroachments of which they were then aware. Thus, there was a failure to disclose the whole truth about the *380 very subject concerning which they had assumed to speak. The court found this action to be intentional and that its result was that the plaintiffs were induced to buy the property. The defendants' conduct was the equivalent of a false representation. Farrar v. Churchill, 135 U.S. 609, 617, 10 S. Ct. 771, 34 L. Ed. 246. The court therefore reached a correct result on the issue of liability, but for a wrong reason. This constitutes harmless, not reversible, error. Union & New Haven Trust Co. v. Thompson, 134 Conn. 607, 612, 59 A.2d 727; Maltbie, Conn. App. Proc. § 36.
The defendants argue that the plaintiffs must be denied recovery because of their own dereliction in failing to engage counsel to represent them or to make a reasonable effort to discover the true facts, particularly after finding the survey map on the eve of the transfer of title. On the facts of this case that claim cannot prevail. Presta v. Monnier, 145 Conn. 694, 700, 146 A.2d 404; Ford v. H. W. Dubiskie & Co., 105 Conn. 572, 577, 136 A. 560; Gallon v. Burns, 92 Conn. 39, 42, 101 A. 504.
We turn then to the court's determination of the issue of damages. The finding is that, being unable to buy additional land from their neighbor, the plaintiffs eliminated the existing pool and built a slightly larger one twenty feet south of their true boundary at a cost of $5400.
Beyond the costs relating to the pool, we are unable to determine what evidence the court considered in arriving at the award of $4350 damages. For the method of computation the finding refers us to seven paragraphs of the memorandum of decision which are incorporated by reference in the finding. We have discountenanced the practice of making the memorandum of decision a part of the *381 finding. Practice Book § 650; Goldblatt v. Ferrigno, 138 Conn. 39, 41, 82 A.2d 152; Maltbie, Conn. App. Proc. § 152. From the portions of the memorandum referred to, however, it would appear that the court discarded as unreliable the testimony of real estate experts offered by both the plaintiffs and the defendants. Thereupon, from some unexplained source, the court arrived at general damages of $3000 to which it added one quarter of the expense of relocating the pool, or $1350, as consequential damages. We are unable to discover the basis for arbitrarily allowing the plaintiffs one quarter of the cost of the new pool. The plaintiffs were entitled to recover the difference in value between the property actually conveyed and the value of the property as it would have been if there had been no fraudulent nondisclosure, together with any consequential damages resulting directly from the fraud. Clark v. Haggard, 141 Conn. 668, 673, 109 A.2d 358; Morrell v. Wiley, 119 Conn. 578, 583, 178 A. 121. The general damages would thus consist of the difference between the value of the property if the north boundary had been the broken stone wall and the value of the property as the boundary actually was. Any additional damages would be consequential and would embrace any further damages proximately resulting from the nondisclosure.
There is error in part, the judgment is set aside and the case is remanded with direction to render judgment for the plaintiffs to recover such damages as they may prove on a new trial limited to the issue of damages.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
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Bodega Bay
Bodega Bay is a divine place where wine country meets the Sonoma Coast. This area is abundant with fresh seafood and is especially known for its shellfish harvests. The bright shining turquoise and pearl essence of this design reminds us of the metallic shimmer of abalone shell. West County Cuff is a great project to do on the weekend with a friend. |
Produced by David Moynihan, D Garcia, Charles Franks and
the Online Distributed Proofreading Team.
LE DEPIT AMOUREUX.
COMEDIE.
THE LOVE-TIFF.
A COMEDY IN FIVE ACTS.
(_THE ORIGINAL IN VERSE_.)
1656.
INTRODUCTORY NOTICE.
_The Love-tiff_ (_Le Depit-amoureux_) is composed of two
pieces joined together. The first and longest is a comparatively modest
imitation of a very coarse and indecent Italian comedy,
_L'Interesse_, by Signer Nicolo Secchi; its intrigue depends
chiefly on the substitution of a female for a male child, a change which
forms the groundwork of many plays and novels, and of which Shakespeare
has also made use. The second and best part of the _Love-tiff_
belongs to Moliere alone, and is composed chiefly of the whole of the
first act, the first six verses of the third scene, and the whole of the
fourth scene of the second act; these, with a few alterations and a few.
lines added, form, the comedy which the _Theatre Francaise_ plays
at the present time. It was first represented at Beziers towards the end
of 1656, when the States General of Languedoc were assembled in that
town, and met with great success; a success which continued when it was
played in Paris at the Theatre du Petit-Bourbon in 1658. Why in some of
the former English translations of Moliere the servant Gros-Rene is
called "Gros-Renard" we are unable to understand, for both names are
thoroughly French. Mr. Ozell, in his translation, gives him the
unmistakably English, but not very euphonious name of "punch-gutted Ben,
_alias_ Renier," whilst Foote calls him "Hugh." The incidents of
the _Love-tiff_ are arranged artistically, though in the Spanish
taste; the plot is too complicated, and the ending very unnatural. But
the characters are well delineated, and fathers, lovers, mistresses, and
servants all move about amidst a complication of errors from which there
is no visible disentangling. The conversation between Valere and Ascanio
in man's clothes, the mutual begging pardon of Albert and Polydore, the
natural astonishment of Lucile, accused in the presence of her father,
and the stratagem of Eraste to get the truth from his servants, are all
described in a masterly manner, whilst the tiff between Eraste and
Lucile, which gives the title to the piece, as well as their
reconciliation, are considered among the best scenes of this play.
Nearly all actors in France who play either the _valets_ or the
_soubrettes_ have attempted the parts of Gros-Rene and Marinette,
and even the great tragedienne Madlle. Rachel ventured, on the 1st of
July, 1844, to act Marinette, but not with much success.
Dryden has imitated, in the fourth act of _An Evening's Love_, a
small part of the scene between Marinette and Eraste, the quarrelling
scene between Lucile, Eraste, Marinette, and Gros-Rene, as well as in
the third act of the same play, the scene between Albert and
Metaphrastus. Vanbrugh has very closely followed Moliere's play in the
_Mistake_, but has laid the scene in Spain. This is the principal
difference I can perceive. He has paraphased the French with a spirit
and ease which a mere translation can hardly ever acquire. The epilogue
to his play, written by M. Motteux, a Frenchman, whom the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes brought into England, is filthy in the extreme. Mr.
J. King has curtailed Vanbrugh's play into an interlude, in one act,
called _Lover's Quarrels_, or _Like Master Like Man_.
Another imitator of Moliere was Edward Ravenscroft, of whom Baker says
in his _Biographia Dramatica_, that he was "a writer or compiler of
plays, who lived in the reigns of Charles II. and his two successors."
He was descended from the family of the Ravenscrofts, in Flintshire; a
family, as he himself, in a dedication asserts, so ancient that when
William the Conqueror came into England, one of his nobles married into
it.
He was some time a member of the Middle Temple; but, looking on the dry
study of the law as greatly beneath the attention of a man of genius,
quitted it. He was an arrant plagiary. Dryden attacked one of his plays,
_The Citizen turned Gentleman_, an imitation of Moliere's
_Bourgeois-Gentilhomme_, in the Prologue to _The Assignation_.
Ravenscroft wrote "_The Wrangling Lovers, or the Invisible
Mistress_. Acted at the Duke's Theatre, 1677. London, Printed for
William Crook, at the sign of the _Green Dragon_, without
_Temple-Bar_, 1677." Though the plot was partly taken from a
Spanish novel, the author has been inspired by Moliere's _Depit
amoureux_. The scene is in Toledo: Eraste is called Don Diego de
Stuniga, Valere Don Gusman de Haro, "a well-bred cavaliere," Lucile is
Octavia de Pimentell, and Ascanio is Elvira; Gros-Rene's name is Sanco,
"vallet to Gusman, a simple pleasant fellow," and Mascarille is Ordgano,
"a cunning knave;" Marinette is called Beatrice and Frosine Isabella.
The English play is rather too long. Don Gusman courts Elvira veiled,
whilst in the French play Ascanio, her counterpart, is believed to be a
young man. There is also a brother of Donna Elvira, Don Ruis de Moncade,
who is a rival of Don Diego, whilst in _le Depit-amoureux_. Valere
is not the brother but the husband of Ascanio and the rival of Eraste
(Don Diego) as well. The arrangement of the English comedy differs
greatly from the French. Though the plot in both plays is nearly
identical, yet the words and scenes in _The Wrangling Lovers_ are
totally different, and not so amusing. Mascarille and Gros-Rene are but
faintly attempted; Marinette and Frosine only sketched in outline; and
in the fifth act the ladies appear to have nothing else to do but to pop
in and out of closets. The scenes of the French play between Albert and
Metaphrastus (ii. 7); the very comical scene between Albert and Polydore
(iii. 4) and the reconciliation scene between Lucile and Eraste (iv. 3),
are also not rendered in the English comedy. There are very few scenes
which can be compared with those of _le Depit amoureux_.
DRAMATIS PERSONAE.
ERASTE, _in love with Lucile_.
ALBERT, _father to Lucile_.
[Footnote: This part was played by Moliere himself]
GROS-RENE, _servant to Eraste_.
VALERE, _son to Polydore_.
POLYDORE, _father to Valere_.
MASCARILLE, _servant to Valere_.
METAPHRASTUS, _a pedant_.
LA RAPIERE, _a bully_.
LUCILE, _daughter to Albert_.
ASCANIO, _Albert's daughter, in man's clothes_.
FROSINE, _confidant to Ascanio_.
MARINETTE, _maid to Lucile_.
THE LOVE-TIFF.
(LE DEPIT AMOUREUX.)
* * * * *
ACT I.
SCENE I.--ERASTE, GROS-RENE.
ERAS. Shall I declare it to you? A certain secret anxiety never leaves
my mind quite at rest. Yes, whatever remarks you make about my love, to
tell you the truth, I am afraid of being deceived; or that you may be
bribed in order to favour a rival; or, at least, that you may be imposed
upon as well as myself.
GR.-RE. As for me, if you suspect me of any knavish trick, I will say,
and I trust I give no offence to your honour's love, that you wound my
honesty very unjustly, and that you show but small skill in physiognomy.
People of my bulk are not accused, thank Heaven! of being either rogues
or plotters. I scarcely need protest against the honour paid to us, but
am straightforward in every thing.
[Footnote: Du Parc, the actor who played this part, was very stout;
hence the allusion in the original, "_et suis homme fort rond de
toutes les manieres_." I have, of course, used in the translation the
word "straightforward" ironically, and with an eye to the rotundity of
stomach of the actor. Moliere was rather fond of making allusions in his
plays to the infirmities or peculiarities of some of his actors. Thus,
in the Miser (_l'Avare_) Act I, Scene 3, he alludes to the lameness
of the actor Bejart, "_Je ne me plais point a voir ce chien de
boiteux-la_." "I do not like to see that lame dog;" in the Citizen
who apes the Nobleman (_le Bourgeois gentilhomme_), Act iii. sc. 9,
he even gives a portrait of his wife.]
As for my being deceived that may be; there is a better foundation for
that idea; nevertheless, I do not believe it can be easily done. I may
be a fool, but I do not see yet why you vex yourself thus. Lucile, to my
thinking, shows sufficient love for you; she sees you and talks to you,
at all times; and Valere, after all, who is the cause of your fear,
seems only to be allowed to approach her because she is compelled so to
act.
ERAS. A lover is often buoyed up by false hope. He who is best received
is not always the most beloved. The affection a woman displays is often
but a veil to cover her passion for another. Valere has lately shown too
much tranquillity for a slighted lover; and the joy or indifference he
displays at those favours, which you suppose bestowed upon me, embitters
continually their greatest charms, causes this grief, which you cannot
understand, holds my happiness in suspense, and makes it difficult for
me to trust completely anything Lucile says to me. I should feel
delighted if I saw Valere animated by a little more jealousy; his
anxiety and impatience would then reassure my heart. Do you as yourself
think it possible for any one to see a rival caressed and be as
satisfied as he is; if you do not believe it, tell me, I conjure you, if
I have not a cause to be perplexed?
GR.-RE. Perhaps he has changed his inclination, upon finding that he
sighed in vain.
ERAS. When love has been frequently repelled it frees itself, and wishes
to flee from the object it was charmed with; nor does it break its chain
so quietly as to be able to continue at peace. When once we have been
fond of anyone who influenced our destiny we are never afterwards
indifferent in her presence; if our dislike does not increase when we
behold her our love is upon the point of returning again. Believe me,
however much a passion may be extinguished, a little jealousy still
dwells in our breast; no one can see, without feeling some pang, the
heart he has lost possessed by another.
GR.-RE. For my part, I do not understand so much philosophy. I candidly
believe what my eyes see, and am not such a mortal enemy to myself as to
become melancholy without any cause. Why should I try to split hairs,
and labour hard to find out reasons to be miserable? Shall I alarm
myself about castles in the air? Let Lent come before we keep it! I
think grief an uncomfortable thing; and, for my part, I never foster it
without good and just cause. I might frequently find a hundred
opportunities to become sad, but I do not want to see them. I run the
same risk in love as you do; I share in your bad or good luck. The
mistress cannot deceive you but the maid will do the same by me; yet I
carefully avoid thinking about it. I like to believe people when they
say "I love you." In order to be happy, I do not try to find out whether
Mascarille tears the hair out of his head or not. Let Marinette allow
herself to be kissed and caressed by Gros-Rene as much as he likes, and
let my charming rival laugh at it like a fool, I will laugh too as much
as I like, and follow his example; we shall then see who will laugh the
heartiest.
[Footnote: In several editions of Moliere we find, instead of Gros-Rene
the name of Jodelet. The latest, and and if I might be permitted to say
so, the most careful editor of our author, Mons. E. Despois, thinks that
"Gros-Rene" ought to be mentioned here. The sense shows he is right.]
ERAS. That is like your talk.
GR.-RE. But here she comes.
SCENE II.--MARINETTE, ERASTE, GROS-RENE.
GR.-RE. Hist! Marinette.
MAR. Hallo! what are you doing there?
GR.-RE. Faith! do you ask? We were just talking about you.
MAR. Are you there too, sir? Upon my word you have made me trot about
like a flunkey for this hour past.
ERAS. How so?
MAR. I have walked ten miles to look for you, and give you my word
that...
ERAS. What?
MAR. That you were neither at church, in the fashionable walk, at home,
nor in the market-place.
GR.-RE. You may swear to that.
ERAS. But pray, tell me who sent you?
MAR. One, in good truth, who bears you no great ill-will; in a word, my
mistress.
ERAS. Ah! dear Marinette, do your words really express what she feels?
Do not hide some ominous secret from me. I should not dislike you for
this. For Heaven's sake tell me if your charming mistress does not
merely pretend to love me?
MAR. Ha! ha! ha! What has put that funny notion into your head? Does she
not sufficiently show her inclination? What further security does your
love demand? What does it require?
GR.-RE. Unless Valere hangs himself, or some such trifle, he will not be
reassured.
MAR. How so?
GR.-RE. He is so very jealous.
MAR. Of Valere? Ha! a pretty fancy indeed! It could only be hatched in
your brain. I thought you a man of sense, and until now had a good
opinion of your intellect; but I see I was very much deceived. Have you
also got a touch of this distemper in your head?
GR.-RE. I jealous? Heaven forbid! and keep me from being so silly as to
go and make myself lean with any such grief. Your heart guarantees your
fidelity; besides, I have too good an opinion of myself to believe that
any other could please you after me. Where the deuce could you find any
one equal to me?
MAR. You really are right; that is as it should be. A jealous man should
never show his suspicions! All that he gains by it is to do himself
harm, and in this manner furthers the designs of his rival. Your
distrust often is the cause that a mistress pays attention to a man,
before whose merits your own have paled. I know a certain person who,
were it not for the preposterous jealousy of a rival, had never been so
happy as he now is. But, in any case, to show suspicion in love is
acting a foolish part, and after all is to make one's-self miserable for
nothing. This, sir (_to Eraste_), I mean as a hint to you.
ERAS. Very well, let us talk no more about it. What have you to say to
me?
MAR. You deserve to be kept in suspense, In order to punish you, I ought
to keep from you the great secret which has made me hunt for you so
long. Here, read this letter, and doubt no more. Read it aloud, nobody
listens.
ERAS. (_Reads_). "_You told me that your love was capable of
doing anything It may be crowned this very day, if you can but get my
father's consent. Acquaint him with the power you have over my heart; I
give you leave so to do; if his reply be favourable, I can answer for it
that I shall obey_." Ah I how happy am I! I ought to look upon you,
the bearer of this letter, as a divine creature.
GR.-RE. I told you so. Though you do not believe it, I am seldom
deceived in the things I ponder on.
ERAS. (_Reading the letter again_). "_Acquaint him with the power
you have over my heart; I give you leave so to do; if his reply be
favourable, I can answer for it that I shall obey_."
MAR. If I should tell her you are weak-minded enough to be jealous, she
would immediately disown such a letter as this.
ERAS. I beseech you, conceal from her a momentary fear, for which I
thought I had some slight foundation; or, if you do tell it her, say to
her at the same time that I am ready to atone for my fit of madness with
my life, and would die at her feet, if I have been capable of
displeasing her.
MAR. Let us not talk of dying; this is no time for it.
ERAS. However, you have laid me under a great obligation; I intend
shortly to acknowledge in a handsome manner the trouble so gentle and so
lovely a messenger has taken.
MAR. That reminds me. Do you know where I looked for you just now?
ERAS. Well?
MAR. Quite near the market-place; you know where that is.
ERAS. Where did you say?
MAR. There... in that shop where last month you generously and freely
promised me a ring.
ERAS. Um! I understand you.
GR.-RE. What a cunning jade!
ERAS. It is true; I have delayed too long to make good my promise to
you, but...
MAR. What I said, sir, was not because I wished you to make haste.
GR.-RE. Oh, no!
ERAS. (_Giving her his ring_). Perhaps this ring may please you;
accept it instead of the one I owe.
MAR. You are only jesting, sir; I should be ashamed to take it.
GR.-RE. Poor shame-faced creature! Take it without more ado; only fools
refuse what is offered them.
MAR. I will only accept it so that I may have something to remember you
by.
ERAS. When may I return thanks to that lovely angel?
MAR. Endeavour to gain over her father.
ERAS. But if he rejects me, should I...?
MAR. We will think about that when he does so! We will do our utmost for
you: one way or another she must be yours; do your best, and we will do
ours.
ERAS. Farewell! we shall know our fate to-day. (_Eraste reads the
letter again to himself_).
MAR. (_To Gros-Rene_). Well, what shall we say of our love? You do
not speak to me of it.
GR.-RE. If such people as we wish to be married, the thing is soon done.
I will have you. Will you have me?
MAR. Gladly.
GR.-RE. Shake hands, that is enough.
MAR. Farewell, Gros-Rene, my heart's delight.
GR.-RE. Farewell, my star.
MAR. Farewell, fair fire-brand of my flame.
GR.-RE. Farewell, dear comet, rainbow of my soul. (_Exit
Marinette_). Heaven be praised, our affairs go on swimmingly. Albert
is not a man to refuse you anything.
ERAS. Valere is coming here.
GR.-RE. I pity the poor wretch, knowing what I do know.
SCENE III.--ERASTE, VALERE, GROS-RENE.
ERAS. Well, Valere?
VAL. Well, Eraste?
ERAS. How does your love prosper?
VAL. And how does yours?
ERAS. It grows stronger and stronger every day.
VAL. So does mine.
ERAS. For Lucile?
VAL. For her.
ERAS. Certainly, I must own, you are a pattern of uncommon constancy.
VAL. And your perseverance will be a rare example to posterity.
ERAS. As for me, I am not very fond of that austere kind of love which
is satisfied with looks only; nor do I possess feelings lofty enough to
endure ill-treatment with constancy. In one word, when I really love, I
wish to be beloved again.
VAL. It is very natural, and I am of the same opinion. I would never do
homage to the most perfect object by whom I could be smitten, if she did
not return my passion.
ERAS. However, Lucile...
VAL. Lucile does willingly everything my passion can desire.
ERAS. You are easily satisfied then.
VAL. Not so easily as you may think.
ERAS. I, however, may, without vanity, believe that I am in her favour.
VAL. And I know that I have a very good share of it.
ERAS. Do not deceive yourself; believe me.
VAL. Believe me, do not be too credulous, and take too much for granted.
ERAS. If I might show you a certain proof that her heart...but no, it
would too much distress you.
VAL. If I might discover a secret to you...but it might grieve you, and
so I will be discreet.
ERAS. You really urge me too far, and though much against my will, I see
I must lower your presumption. Read that.
VAL. (_After having read the letter_). These are tender words.
ERAS. You know the handwriting?
VAL. Yes, it is Lucile's.
ERAS. Well! where is now your boasted certainty...?
VAL. (_Smiling and going away_). Farewell, Eraste.
GR.-RE. He is mad, surely. What reason has he to laugh?
ERAS. He certainly surprises me, and between ourselves I cannot imagine
what the deuce of a mystery is hidden under this.
GR.-RE. Here comes his servant, I think.
ERAS. Yes, it is he; let us play the hypocrite, to set him talking about
his master's love.
SCENE IV.--ERASTE, MASCARILLE, GROS-RENE.
MASC. (_Aside_). No, I do not know a more wretched situation, than
to have a young master, very much in love.
GR.-RE. Good morning.
MASC. Good morning.
GR.-RE. Where is Mascarille going just now? What is he doing? Is he
coming back? Is he going away? Or does he intend to stay where he is?
MASC. No, I am not coming back, because I have not yet been where I am
going; nor am I going, for I am stopped; nor do I design to stay, for
this very moment I intend to be gone.
ERAS. You are very abrupt, Mascarille; gently.
MASC. Ha! Your servant, sir.
ERAS. You are in great haste to run away from us: what! do I frighten
you?
MASC. You are too courteous to do that.
ERAS. Shake hands; all jealousy is now at an end between us; we will be
friends; I have relinquished my love; henceforth you can have your own
way to further your happiness.
MASC. Would to Heaven it were true!
ERAS. Gros-Rene knows that I have already another flame elsewhere.
GR.-RE. Certainly; and I also give up Marinette to you.
MASC. Do not let us touch on that point; our rivalry is not likely to go
to such a length. But is it certain, sir, that you are no longer in
love, or do you jest?
ERAS. I have been informed that your master is but too fortunate in his
amours; I should be a fool to pretend any longer to gain the same
favours which that lady grants to him alone.
MASC. Certainly, you please me with this news. Though I was rather
afraid of you, with regard to our plans, yet you do wisely to slip your
neck out of the collar. You have done well to leave a house where you
were only caressed for form's sake; I, knowing all that was going on,
have many times pitied you, because you were allured by expectations,
which could never be realized. It is a sin and a shame to deceive a
gentleman! But how the deuce, after all, did you find out the trick? For
when they plighted their faith to each other there were no witnesses but
night, myself, and two others; and the tying of the knot, which
satisfies the passion of our lovers, is thought to have been kept a
secret till now.
ERAS. Ha! What do you say?
MASC. I say that I am amazed, sir, and cannot guess who told you, that
under this mask, which deceives you and everybody else, a secret
marriage unites their matchless love.
ERAS. You lie.
MASC. Sir, with all my heart.
ERAS. You are a rascal.
MASC. I acknowledge I am.
ERAS. And this impudence deserves a sound beating on the spot.
MASC. I am completely in your power,
ERAS. Ha! Gros-Rene.
GR.-RE. Sir?
ERAS, I contradict a story, which I much fear is but too true. (_To
Mascarille_). You wanted to run away.
MASC. Not in the least.
ERAS. What! Lucile is married to...
MASC. No, sir, I was only joking.
ERAS. Hey! you were joking, you wretch?
MASC. No, I was not joking.
ERAS. Is it true then?
MASC. No, I do not say that.
ERAS. What do you say then?
MASC. Alas! I say nothing, for fear of saying something wrong.
ERAS. Tell me positively, whether you have spoken the truth, or deceived
me.
MASC. Whatever you please. I do not come here to contradict you.
ERAS. (_Drawing his sword_). Will you tell me? Here is something
that will loosen your tongue without more ado.
MASC. It will again be saying some foolish speech or other. I pray you,
if you have no objection, let me quickly have a few stripes, and then
allow me to scamper off.
ERAS. You shall suffer death, unless you tell me the whole truth without
disguise.
MASC. Alas! I will tell it then; but perhaps, sir, I shall make you
angry.
ERAS. Speak: but take great care what you are doing; nothing shall save
you from my just anger, if you utter but one single falsehood in your
narration.
MASC. I agree to it; break my legs, arms, do worse to me still, kill me,
if I have deceived you in the smallest degree, in anything I have said.
ERAS. It is true then that they are married?
MASC. With regard to this, I can now clearly see that my tongue tripped;
but, for all that, the business happened just as I told you. It was
after five visits paid at night, and whilst you were made use of as a
screen to conceal their proceedings, that they were united the day
before yesterday. Lucile ever since tries still more to hide the great
love she bears my master, and desires he will only consider whatever he
may see, and whatever favours she may show you, as the results of her
deep-laid scheme, in order to prevent the discovery of their secrets.
If, notwithstanding my protestations, you doubt the truth of what I have
told you, Gros-Rene may come some night along with me, and I will show
him, as I stand and watch, that we shall be admitted into her house,
after dark.
ERAS. Out of my sight, villain.
MASC. I shall be delighted to go; that is just what I want. (_Exit_).
SCENE V.--ERASTE, GROS-RENE.
ERAS. Well?
GR.-RE. Well! Sir, we are both taken in if this fellow speaks the truth.
ERAS. Alas! The odious rascal has spoken the truth too well. All that he
has said is very likely to have happened; Valere's behaviour, at the
sight of this letter, denotes that there is a collusion between them,
and that it is a screen to hide Lucile's love for him.
SCENE VI.--ERASTE, MARINETTE, GROS-RENE.
MAR. I come to tell you that this evening my mistress permits you to see
her in the garden.
ERAS. How dare you address me, you hypocritical traitress? Get out of my
sight, and tell your mistress not to trouble me any more with her
letters; that is the regard, wretch, I have for them. (_He tears the
letter and goes out_).
MAR. Tell me, Gros-Rene, what ails him?
GR.-RE. Dare you again address me, iniquitous female, deceitful
crocodile, whose base heart is worse than a satrap or a Lestrigon?
[Footnote: See Homer's Odyssey, X., v. 81-132.]
Go, go, carry your answer to your lovely mistress, and tell her short
and sweet, that in spite of all her cunning, neither my master nor I are
any longer fools, and that henceforth she and you may go to the devil
together. (_Exit_).
MAR. My poor Marinette, are you quite awake? What demon are they
possessed by? What? Is it thus they receive our favours? How shocked my
mistress will be when she hears this!
* * * * *
ACT II.
SCENE I.--ASCANIO, FROSINE.
FROS. Thank Heaven! I am a girl who can keep a secret, Ascanio.
ASC. But is this place private enough for such a conversation? Let us
take care that nobody surprises us, or that we be not overheard from
some corner or other.
FROS. We should be much less safe within the house; here we can easily
see anybody coming, and may speak in perfect safety.
ASC. Alas! how painful it is for me to begin my tale!
FROS. Sure, this must be an important secret then?
ASC. Too much so, since I even entrust it to you with reluctance; even
you should not know it, if I could keep it concealed any longer.
FROS. Fie! you insult me when you hesitate to trust in me, whom you have
ever found so reserved in everything that concerns you--me, who was
brought up with you, and have kept secret things of so great an
importance to you; me, who know...
ASC. Yes, you are already acquainted with the secret reason which
conceals from the eyes of the world my sex and family. You know that I
was brought into this house, where I have passed my infancy, in order to
preserve an inheritance which, on the death of young Ascanio (whom I
personate), should have fallen to others; that is why I dare to unbosom
myself to you with perfect confidence. But before we begin this
conversation, Frosine, clear up a doubt which continually besets me. Can
it be possible that Albert should know nothing of the secret, which thus
disguises my sex, and makes him my father?
FROS. To tell you the truth, what you now wish to know has also greatly
puzzled me. I have never been able to get at the bottom of this
intrigue, nor could my mother give me any further insight. When Albert's
son died, who was so much beloved, and to whom a very rich uncle
bequeathed a great deal of property, even before his birth; his mother
kept his death secret, fearing that her husband, who was absent at the
time, would have gone distracted, had he seen that great inheritance,
from which his family would have reaped such advantage, pass into the
hands of another. She, I say, in order to conceal this misfortune formed
the plan of putting you into the place of her lost son; you were taken
from our family, where you were brought up. Your mother gave her consent
to this deceit; you took the son's place, and every one was bribed to
keep the secret. Albert has never known it through us, and as his wife
kept it for more than twelve years, and died suddenly, her unexpected
death prevented her from disclosing it. I perceive, however, that he
keeps up an acquaintance with your real mother, and that, in private, he
assists her; perhaps all this is not done without a reason. On the other
hand, he commits a blunder by urging you to marry some young lady!
Perhaps he knows that you took the place of his son, without knowing
that you are a girl. But this digression might gradually carry us too
far; let us return to that secret which I am impatient to hear.
ASC. Know then that Cupid cannot be deceived, that I have not been able
to disguise my sex from love's eyes, and that his subtle shafts have
reached the heart of a weak woman beneath the dress I wear. In four
words, I am in love!
FROS. You in love!
ASC. Gently, Frosine; do not be quite so astonished; it is not time yet;
this love-sick heart has something else to tell you that will surprise
you.
FROS. What is it?
ASC. I am in love with Valere.
FROS. Ha! I really am surprised. What! you love a man whose family your
deceit has deprived of a rich inheritance, and who, if he had the least
suspicion of your sex, would immediately regain everything. This is a
still greater subject of astonishment.
ASC. I have a more wonderful surprise for you yet in store--I am his
wife.
FROS. Oh, Heavens! his wife!
ASC. Yes, his wife.
FROS. Ha! this is worse than all, and nearly drives me mad.
ASC. And yet this is not all.
FROS. Not all!
ASC. I am his wife, I say, and he does not think so, nor has he the
least idea of what I really am.
FROS. Go on, I give it up, and will not say any thing more, so much
every word amazes me. I cannot comprehend anything of these riddles.
ASC. I shall explain if you will but hear me. Valere who admired my
sister, seemed to me a lover worthy of being listened to; I could not
bear to see his addresses slighted without feeling a certain interest in
him. I wished that Lucile should take pleasure in his conversation, I
blamed her severity, and blamed it so effectually, that I myself,
without being able to help it, became affected with that passion which
she could not entertain. He was talking to her, and persuaded me; I
suffered myself to be overcome by the very sighs he breathed; and the
love, rejected by the object of his flame, entered, like a conqueror,
into my heart, which was wounded by an arrow, not aimed at it, and paid
another's debt with heavy interest. At last, my dear, the love I felt
for him forced me to declare myself, but under a borrowed name. One
night I spoke to him, disguising my voice as if it were Lucile's, and
this too amiable lover thought she returned his love; I managed the
conversation so well that he never found out the deception. Under that
disguise which pleased so much his deluded imagination, I told him that
I was enamoured of him, but that, finding my father opposed to my
wishes, I ought at least to pretend to obey him; that therefore it
behooved us to keep our love secret, with which the night alone should
be acquainted; that all private conversation should be avoided during
the day, for fear of betraying everything; that he should behold me with
the same indifference as he did before we had come to an understanding;
and that on his part, as well as mine, no communication should take
place either by gesture, word, or writing. In short, without dwelling
any longer upon all the pains I have taken to bring this deception to a
safe termination, I went on with my bold project as far as it was
possible to go, and secured the husband I mentioned to you.
FROS. Upon my word, you possess great talents. Would any one think so,
on seeing her passionless countenance? However, you have been pretty
hasty, and though I grant that the affair has succeeded until now, what
do you think will be the end of it, for it cannot be long concealed?
ASC. When love is strong it overcomes all obstacles, until it is
satisfied; provided it reaches the wished-for goal, it looks upon
everything else as a mere trifle. I have told you all to-day, so that
your advice... But here comes my husband.
SCENE II.--VALERE, ASCANIO, FROSINE.
VAL. If you are conversing, and if my presence is any interruption, I
shall withdraw.
ASC. No; you may well interrupt it, since we were talking about you.
VAL. About me?
ASC. About yourself.
VAL. How so?
ASC. I was saying, that if I had been a woman, Valere would have been
able to please me but too well, and that if I had been beloved by him, I
should not have delayed long to make him happy.
VAL. This declaration does not cost you much, as there is such an
_if_ in the way; but you would be finely caught if some miraculous
event should put to the proof the truth of so obliging a declaration.
ASC. Not in the least; I tell you that if I reigned in your heart, I
would very willingly crown your passion.
VAL. And what, if you might contribute to my happiness, by assisting me
to further my love?
ASC. I should then, certainly, disappoint you.
VAL. This admission is not very polite.
ASC. What, Valere? Supposing I were a woman and loved you tenderly,
would you be so cruel as to make me promise to aid you in your love for
another lady? I could not perform such a painful task.
VAL. But you are not a woman.
ASC. What I said to you I said in the character of a woman, and you
ought to take it so.
VAL. Thus I ought not to imagine you like me, Ascanio, unless Heaven
works a miracle in you. Therefore, as you are not a woman, I bid
farewell to your affection; you do not care in the least for me.
ASC. My feelings are far more nice than people imagine, and the smallest
misgiving shocks me when love is in the case. But I am sincere; I will
not promise to aid you, Valere, unless you assure me that you entertain
precisely the same sentiments for me; that you feel the same warmth of
friendship for me as I feel for you; and that if I were a woman you
would love no one better than me.
VAL. I never before heard of such a jealous scruple, but though quite
unexpected, this affection obliges me to make some return for it; I here
promise you all you require of me.
ASC. But sincerely?
VAL. Yes, sincerely.
ASC. If this be true, I promise you that henceforth your interests shall
be mine.
VAL. I have a secret of the utmost consequence to reveal to you by and
by, and then I shall remind you of your words.
ASC. And I have likewise a secret to discover to you, wherein your
affection for me may show itself.
VAL. Indeed! what can that be?
ASC. I have a love affair which I dare not reveal, and you have
influence enough over the object of my passion to promote my happiness.
VAL. Explain yourself, Ascanio, and be assured beforehand that, if your
happiness lies in my power, it is certain.
ASC. You promise more than you imagine.
VAL. No, no; tell me the name of the person whom I have to influence.
ASC. It is not yet time, but it is a person who is nearly related to
you.
VAL. Your words amaze me; would to Heaven my sister...
ASC. This is not the proper time to explain myself, I tell you.
VAL. Why so?
ASC. For a certain reason. You shall know my secret when I know yours.
VAL. I must have another person's permission before I can discover it to
you.
ASC. Obtain it then; and when we shall have explained ourselves we shall
see which of us two will best keep his word.
VAL. Farewell, I accept your offer.
ASC. And I will be bound by it, Valere. (_Exit Valere_.)
FROS. He thinks you will help him as a brother.
SCENE III.--LUCILE, ASCANIO, MARINETTE, FROSINE.
LUC. (_Saying the first words to Marinette_). I have done it; it is
thus I can revenge myself; if this step torments him, it will be a great
consolation to me... Brother, you perceive a change in me; I am resolved
to love Valere, after so much ill-usage; he shall become the object of
my affection.
ASC. What do you say, sister? How do you change so suddenly? This
inconstancy seems to me very strange.
LUC. Your change of disposition has more cause to surprise me. You
formerly used always to plead in favour of Valere; for his sake you have
accused me of caprice, blind cruelty, pride and injustice; and now, when
I wish to love him, my intention displeases you, and I find you speaking
against his interest.
ASC. I abandon his interest, sister, out of regard to yours. I know he
is under the sway of another fair one; it will be a discredit to your
charms if you call him back, and he does not come.
LUC. If that is all, I shall take care not to suffer a defeat; I know
what I am to believe of his passion; he has shown it very clearly, at
least so I think; you may safely discover my sentiments to him: or if
you refuse to do it, I, myself shall let him know that his passion has
touched me. What! you stand thunderstruck, brother, at those words!
ASC. Oh, sister, if I have any influence over you, if you will listen to
a brother's entreaties, abandon such a design; do not take away Valere
from the love of a young creature, in whom I feel great interest, and
for whom, upon my word, you ought to feel some sympathy. The poor
unfortunate woman loves him to distraction; to me alone she has
disclosed her passion; I perceive in her heart such a tender affection,
that it might soften even the most relentless being. Yes, you yourself
will pity her condition when she shall become aware with what stroke you
threaten to crush her love; so sure am I of the excess of her grief,
that I am certain, sister, she will die, if you rob her of the man she
adores. Eraste is a match that ought to satisfy you, and the mutual
affection you have for one another...
LUC. Brother, it is sufficient! I do not know in whom you take such an
interest; but let us not continue this conversation, I beg of you; leave
me a little to my own thoughts.
ASC. Cruel sister, you will drive me to despair if you carry your design
into execution.
SCENE IV.--LUCILE, MARINETTE.
MAR. Your resolution, madam, is very sudden.
LUC. A heart considers nothing when it is once affronted, but flies to
its revenge, and eagerly lays hold of whatever it thinks can minister to
its resentment. The wretch! To treat me with such extreme insolence!
MAR. You see I have not yet recovered the effects; though I were to
brood over it to all eternity, I cannot understand it, and all my labour
is in vain. For never did a lover express more delight on receiving good
news; so pleased was he with your kind note that he called me nothing
less than a divine creature; and yet, when I brought him the other
message, there was never a poor girl treated so scurvily. I cannot
imagine what could happen in so short a time to occasion so great a
change.
LUC. Do not trouble yourself about what may have happened, since nothing
shall secure him against my hatred. What! do you think there is any
secret reason for this affront but his own baseness? Does the
unfortunate letter I sent him, and for which I now blame myself, present
the smallest excuse for his madness?
MAR. Indeed, I must say you are right; this quarrel is downright
treachery; we have both been duped, and yet, madam, we listen to these
faithless rascals who promise everything; who, in order to hook us,
feign so much tenderness; we let our severity melt before their fine
speeches, and yield to their wishes, because we are too weak! A shame on
our folly, and a plague take the men!
LUC. Well, well! let him boast and laugh at us; he shall not long have
cause to triumph; I will let him see that in a well-balanced mind hatred
follows close on slighted favours.
MAR. At least, in such a case, it is a great happiness to know that we
are not in their power. Notwithstanding all that was said, Marinette was
right the other night to interfere when some people were in a very merry
mood. Another, in hopes of matrimony, would have listened to the
temptation, but _nescio vos_, quoth I.
[Footnote: These two Latin words, which were in very common use in
France, during Moliere's time, are taken from the Vulgate, Matthew xxv.
12: _"Domine, domine, aperi nobis."--At ille respondens ait: "Amen
dico vobis, nescio vos."_]
LUC. How foolishly you talk; how ill you choose your time to joke! My
heart is full of grief. If ever fate wills it that this false
lover,--but I am in the wrong to conceive at present any such
expectation; for Heaven has been too well pleased to afflict me to put
it in my power to be revenged on him,--but if ever a propitious fate, I
say, should cause Eraste to come back to me, and lay down his life as a
sacrifice at my feet, as well as declare his sorrow for what he has done
to-day, I forbid you, above all things, to speak to me in his favour. On
the contrary, I would have you show your zeal by setting fully before me
the greatness of his crime; if my heart should be tempted ever to
degrade itself so far, let your affection then show itself; spare me
not, but support my anger as is fit.
MAR. Oh! do not fear! leave that to me; I am at least as angry as you; I
would rather remain a maid all my life than that my fat rascal should
give me any inclination for him again. If he comes...
SCENE V.--MARINETTE, LUCILE, ALBERT.
ALB. Go in, Lucile, and tell the tutor to come to me; I wish to have a
little talk with him; and as he is the master of Ascanio, find out what
is the cause that the latter has been of late so gloomy.
SCENE VI.--ALBERT, _alone_.
Into what an abyss of cares and perplexities does one unjust action
precipitate us. For a long time I have suffered a great deal because I
was too avaricious, and passed off a stranger for my dead son. When I
consider the mischief which followed I sincerely wish I had never
thought of it. Sometimes I dread to behold my family in poverty and
covered with shame, when the deception will be found out; at other times
I fear a hundred accidents that may happen to this son whom it concerns
me so much to preserve. If any business calls me abroad, I am afraid of
hearing, on my return, some such melancholy tidings as these: "You know,
I suppose? Have they not told you? Your son has a fever; or he has
broken his leg or his arm." In short, every moment, no matter what I do,
all kinds of apprehensions are continually entering into my head. Ha!
SCENE VII.--ALBERT, METAPHRASTUS.
MET. _Mandatum tuum euro diligenter_.
[Footnote: "I hasten to obey your order."]
ALB. Master, I want to...
MET. Master is derived from _magis ter_; it is as though you say
"thrice greater."
ALB. May I die if I knew that; but, never mind, be it so. Master,
then...
MET. Proceed.
ALB. So I would, but do not proceed to interrupt me thus. Once more,
then, master, for the third time, my son causes me some uneasiness. You
know that I love him, and that I always brought him up carefully.
MET. It is true: _filio non potest praeferri nisi filius_.
[Footnote: "To a son one can only prefer a son." An allusion to an
article of feudal law.]
ALB. Master, I do not think this jargon at all necessary in common
conversation. I believe you are a great Latin scholar and an eminent
doctor, for I rely on those who have told me so; but in a conversation
which I should like to have with you, do not display all your
learning--do not play the pedant, and utter ever so many words, as if
you were holding forth in a pulpit. My father, though he was a very
clever man, never taught me anything but my prayers; and though I have
said them daily for fifty years, they are still High-Dutch to me.
Therefore, do not employ your prodigious knowledge, but adapt your
language to my weak understanding.
MET. Be it so.
ALB. My son seems to be afraid of matrimony; whenever I propose a match
to him, he seems indifferent, and draws back.
MET. Perhaps he is of the temper of Mark Tully's brother, whom he writes
about to Atticus. This is what the Greeks call _athanaton_....
[Footnote: Immortal.]
ALB. For Heaven's sake! you ceaseless teacher, I pray you have done with
the Greeks, the Albanians, the Sclavonians, and all the other nations
you have mentioned; they have nothing to do with my son.
MET. Well then, your son...?
ALB. I do not know whether a secret love does not burn within him.
Something disturbs him, or I am much deceived; for I saw him yesterday,
when he did not see me, in a corner of the wood, where no person ever
goes.
MET. In a recess of a grove, you mean, a remote spot, in Latin
_secessus_. Virgil says, _est in secessu locus_...
[Footnote: "There is a remote spot"]
ALB. How could Virgil say that, since I am certain that there was not a
soul in that quiet spot except us two?
MET. I quote Virgil as a famous author, who employed a more correct
expression than the word you used, and not as a witness of what you saw
yesterday.
ALB. I tell you I do not need a more correct expression, an author, or a
witness, and that my own testimony is sufficient.
MET. However, you ought to choose words which are used by the best
authors: _tu vivendo bonos, scribendo sequare peritos_, as the
saying is.
[Footnote: "Regulate your conduct after the example of good people, your
style after good authors."]
ALB. Man or devil, will you hear me without disputing?
MET. That is Quintilian's rule.
ALB. Hang the chatterbox!
MET. He has a very learned sentence upon a similar subject, which, I am
sure, you will be very glad to hear.
ALB. I will be the devil to carry you off, you wretch. Oh! I am very
much tempted to apply something to those chops.
MET. Sir, what is the reason that you fly in such a passion! What do you
wish me to do?
ALB. I have told you twenty times; I wish you to listen to me when I
speak.
MET. Oh! undoubtedly, you shall be satisfied if that is all. I am
silent.
ALB. You act wisely.
MET. I am ready to hear what you have to say.
ALB. So much the better.
MET. May I be struck dead if I say another word!
ALB. Heaven grant you that favour.
MET. You shall not accuse me henceforth of talkativeness.
ALB. Be it so.
MET. Speak whenever you please.
ALB. I am going to do so.
MET. And do not be afraid of my interrupting you.
ALB. That is enough.
MET. My word is my bond.
ALB. I believe so.
MET. I have promised to say nothing.
ALB. That is sufficient.
MET. From this moment I am dumb.
ALB. Very well.
MET. Speak; go on; I will give you a hearing at least; you shall not
complain that I cannot keep silent; I will not so much as open my mouth.
ALB. (_Aside_). The wretch!
MET. But pray, do not be prolix. I have listened already a long time,
and it is reasonable that I should speak in my turn.
ALB. Detestable torturer!
MET. Hey! good lack! would you have me listen to you for ever? Let us
share the talk, at least, or I shall be gone.
ALB. My patience is really...
MET. What, will you proceed? You have not done yet? By Jove, I am
stunned.
ALB. I have not spoken...
MET. Again! good Heavens! what exuberant speechifying! Can nothing be
done to stop it?
ALB. I am mad with rage.
MET. You are talking again! What a peculiar way of tormenting people!
Let me say a few words, I entreat you; a fool who says nothing cannot be
distinguished from a wise man who holds his tongue.
ALB. Zounds! I will make you hold yours. (_Exit_).
SCENE VIII.--METAPHRASTUS, _alone_.
Hence comes very properly that saying of a philosopher, "Speak, that I
may know thee." Therefore, if the liberty of speaking is taken from me,
I, for my part, would as soon be divested of my humanity, and exchange
my being for that of a brute. I shall have a headache for a week. Oh!
how I detest these eternal talkers! But if learned men are not listened
to, if their mouths are for ever to be stopped, then the order of events
must be changed; the hens in a little time will devour the fox; young
children teach old men; little lambs take a delight in pursuing the
wolf; fools make laws; women go to battle; judges be tried by criminals;
and masters whipped by pupils; a sick man prescribe for a healthy one; a
timorous hare...
SCENE IX.--ALBERT, METAPHRASTUS.
(_Albert rings a bell in the ears of Metaphrastus, and drives him
off_).
MET. Mercy on me! Help! help!
* * * * *
ACT III.
SCENE I.--MASCARILLE, _alone_.
Heaven sometimes favours a bold design; we must get out of a bad
business as well as we can. As for me, after having imprudently talked
too much, the quickest remedy I could employ was to go on in the same
way, and immediately to tell to our old master the whole intrigue. His
son is a giddy-brained mortal, who worries me; but if the other tells
what I have discovered to him, then I had better take care, for I shall
get a beating. However, before his fury can be kindled, some lucky thing
may happen to us, and the two old men may arrange the business between
themselves. That is what I am going to attempt; without losing a moment
I must, by my master's order, go and see Albert. (_Knocks at Albert's
door_).
SCENE II.--ALBERT, MASCARILLE.
ALB. Who knocks?
MASC. A friend.
ALB. What brings you hither, Mascarille?
MASC. I come, sir, to wish you good-morning.
ALB. Hah! you really take a great deal of pains. Good-morning, then,
with all my heart. (_He goes in_).
MASC. The answer is short and sweet. What a blunt old fellow he is.
(_Knocks_).
ALB. What, do you knock again?
MASC. You have not heard me, sir.
ALB. Did you not wish me good-morning?
MASC. I did.
ALB. Well, then, good morning I say. (_Is going; Mascarille stops him_).
MASC. But I likewise come to pay Mr. Polydore's compliments to you.
ALB. Oh! that is another thing. Has your master ordered you to give his
compliments to me?
MASC. Yes.
ALB. I am obliged to him; you may go; tell him I wish him all kind of
happiness. (_Exit_).
MASC. This man is an enemy to all ceremony. (_Knocks_). I have not
finished, sir, giving you his whole message; he has a favour to request
of you.
ALB. Well, whenever he pleases, I am at his service.
MASC. (_Stopping him_). Stay, and allow me to finish in two words.
He desires to have a few minutes' conversation with you about an
important affair, and he will come hither.
ALB. Hey! what affair can that be which makes him wish to have some
conversation with me?
MASC. A great secret, I tell you, which he has but just discovered, and
which, no doubt, greatly concerns you both. And now I have delivered my
message.
SCENE III.--ALBERT, _alone_.
ALB. Righteous Heavens! how I tremble! Polydore and I have had little
acquaintance together; my designs will all be overthrown; this secret
is, no doubt, that of which I dread the discovery. They have bribed
somebody to betray me; so there is a stain upon my honour which can
never be wiped off. My imposture is found out. Oh! how difficult it is
to keep the truth concealed for any length of time! How much better
would it have been for me and my reputation had I followed the dictates
of a well-founded apprehension! Many times and oft have I been tempted
to give up to Polydore the wealth I withhold from him, in order to
prevent the outcry that will be raised against me when everything shall
be known, and so get the whole business quietly settled. But, alas! it
is now too late, the opportunity is gone, and this wealth, which
wrongfully came into my family, will be lost to them, and sweep away the
greatest part of my own property with it.
SCENE IV.--ALBERT, POLYDORE.
POL. (_Not seeing Albert_). To be married in this fashion, and no
one knowing anything about it! I hope it may all end well! I do not know
what to think of it; I much fear the great wealth and just anger of the
father. But I see him alone.
ALB. Oh, Heavens! yonder comes Polydore.
POL. I tremble to accost him.
ALB. Fear keeps me back.
POL. How shall I begin?
ALB. What shall I say?
POL. He is in a great passion.
ALB. He changes colour.
POL. I see, Signor Albert, by your looks, that you know already what
brings me hither.
ALB. Alas! yes.
POL. The news, indeed, may well surprise you, and I could scarcely
believe what I was told just now.
ALB. I ought to blush with shame and confusion.
POL. I think such an action deserves great blame, and do not pretend to
excuse the guilty.
ALB. Heaven is merciful to miserable sinners.
POL. You should bear this in mind.
ALB. A man ought to behave as a Christian.
POL. That is quite right.
ALB. Have mercy; for Heaven's sake, have mercy, Signor Polydore.
POL. It is for me to implore it of you.
ALB. Grant me mercy; I ask it on my bended knees.
POL. I ought to be in that attitude rather than you.
[Footnote: The two old men are kneeling opposite to one another.]
ALB. Pity my misfortune.
POL. After such an outrage I am the postulant.
ALB. Your goodness is heart-rending.
POL. You abash me with so much humility.
ALB. Once more, pardon.
POL. Alas! I crave it of you.
ALB. I am extremely sorry for this business.
POL. And I feel it greatly.
ALB. I venture to entreat you not to make it public.
POL. Alas, Signor Albert, I desire the very same.
ALB. Let us preserve my honour.
POL. With all my heart.
ALB. As for money, you shall determine how much you require.
POL. I desire no more than you are willing to give; you shall be the
master in all these things, I shall be but too happy if you are so.
ALB. Ha! what a God-like man! how very kind he is!
POL. How very kind you are yourself, and that after such a misfortune.
ALB. May you be prosperous in all things!
POL. May Heaven preserve you!
ALB. Let us embrace like brothers.
POL. With all my heart! I am overjoyed that everything has ended so
happily,
ALB. I thank Heaven for it.
POL. I do not wish to deceive you; I was afraid you would resent that
Lucile has committed a fault with my son; and as you are powerful, have
wealth and friends...
ALB. Hey! what do you say of faults and Lucile?
POL. Enough, let us not enter into a useless conversation. I own my son
is greatly to blame; nay, if that will satisfy you, I will admit that he
alone is at fault; that your daughter was too virtuous, and would never
have taken a step so derogatory to honour, had she not been prevailed
upon by a wicked seducer; that the wretch has betrayed her innocent
modesty, and thus frustrated all your expectations. But since the thing
is done, and my prayers have been granted, since we are both at peace
and amity, let it be buried in oblivion, and repair the offence by the
ceremony of a happy alliance.
ALB. (_Aside_). Oh, Heavens! what a mistake I have been under! What
do I hear? I get from one difficulty into another as great. I do not
know what to answer amidst these different emotions; if I say one word,
I am afraid of betraying myself.
POL. What are you thinking of, Signor Albert?
ALB. Of nothing. Let us put off our conversation for a while, I pray
you. I have become suddenly very unwell, and am obliged to leave you.
SCENE V.--POLYDORE, _alone_.
I can look into his soul and discover what disturbs him; though he
listened to reason at first, yet his anger is not quite appeased. Now
and then the remembrance of the offence flashes upon him; he endeavours
to hide his emotion by leaving me alone. I feel for him, and his grief
touches me. It will require some time before he regains his composure,
for if sorrow is suppressed too much, it easily becomes worse. O! here
comes my foolish boy, the cause of all this confusion.
SCENE VI.--POLYDORE, VALERE.
POL. So, my fine fellow, shall your nice goings-on disturb your poor old
father every moment? You perform something new every day, and we never
hear of anything else.
VAL. What am I doing every day that is so very criminal? And how have I
deserved so greatly a father's wrath?
POL. I am a strange man, and very peculiar to accuse so good and
discreet a son. He lives like a saint, and is at prayers and in the
house from morning to evening. It is a great untruth to say that he
perverts the order of nature, and turns day into night! It is a horrible
falsehood to state that upon several occasions he has shown no
consideration for father or kindred; that very lately he married
secretly the daughter of Albert, regardless of the great consequences
that were sure to follow; they mistake him for some other! The poor
innocent creature does not even know what I mean! Oh, you villain! whom
Heaven has sent me as a punishment for my sins, will you always do as
you like, and shall I never see you act discreetly as long as I live?
(_Exit_).
VAL. (_Alone, musing_). Whence comes this blow? I am perplexed, and
can find none to think of but Mascarille, he will never confess it to
me; I must be cunning, and curb my well-founded anger a little.
SCENE VII.--VALERE, MASCARILLE.
VAL. Mascarille, my father whom I just saw knows our whole secret.
MASC. Does he know it?
VAL. Yes.
MASC. How the deuce could he know it?
VAL. I do not know whom to suspect; but the result has been so
successful, that I have all the reason in the world to be delighted. He
has not said one cross word about it; he excuses my fault, and approves
of my love; I would fain know who could have made him so tractable. I
cannot express to you the satisfaction it gives me.
MASC. And what would you say, sir, if it was I who had procured you this
piece of good luck?
VAL. Indeed! you want to deceive me.
MASC. It is I, I tell you, who told it to your father, and produced this
happy result for you.
VAL. Really, without jesting?
MASC. The devil take me if I jest, and if it is not as I tell you.
VAL. (_Drawing his sword_). And may he take me if I do not this
very moment reward you for it.
MASC. Ha, sir! what now? Don't surprise me.
VAL. Is this the fidelity you promised me? If I had not deceived you,
you would never have owned the trick which I rightly suspected you
played me. You rascal! your tongue, too ready to wag, has provoked my
father's wrath against me, and utterly ruined me. You shall die without
saying another word.
MASC. Gently; my soul is not in a fit condition to die. I entreat you,
be kind enough to await the result of this affair. I had very good
reasons for revealing a marriage which you yourself could hardly
conceal. It was a masterpiece of policy; you will not find your rage
justified by the issue. Why should you get angry if, through me, you get
all you desire, and are freed from the constraint you at present lie
under?
VAL. And what if all this talk is nothing but moonshine?
MASC. Why, then, it will be time enough to kill me; but my schemes may
perchance succeed. Heaven will assist his own servants; you will be
satisfied in the end, and thank me for my extraordinary management.
VAL. Well, we shall see. But Lucile...
MASC. Hold, here comes her father
SCENE VIII.--ALBERT, VALERE, MASCARILLE.
ALB. (_Not seeing Valere_). The more I recover from the confusion
into which I fell at first, the more I am astonished at the strange
things Polydore told me, and which my fear made me interpret in so
different a manner to what he intended. Lucile maintains that it is all
nonsense, and spoke to me in such a manner as leaves no room for
suspicion... Ha! sir, it is you whose unheard-of impudence sports with
my honour, and invents this base story?
MASC. Pray, Signor Albert, use milder terms, and do not be so angry with
your son-in-law.
ALB. How! son-in-law, rascal? You look as if you were the main-spring of
this intrigue, and the originator of it.
MASC. Really I see no reason for you to fly in such a passion.
ALB. Pray, do you think it right to take away the character of my
daughter, and bring such a scandal upon a whole family?
MASC. He is ready to do all you wish.
ALB. I only want him to tell the truth. If he had any inclination for
Lucile, he should have courted her in an honourable and open way; he
should have acted as he ought, and asked her father's leave; and not
have had recourse to this cowardly contrivance, which offends modesty so
much.
MASC. What! Lucile is not secretly engaged to my master?
ALB. No, rascal, nor ever will be.
MASC. Not quite so fast! If the thing is already done, will you give
your consent to ratify that secret engagement?
ALB. And if it is certain that it is not so, will you have your bones
broken?
VAL. It is easy, sir, to prove to you that he speaks the truth.
ALB. Good! there is the other! Like master, like man. O! what impudent
liars!
MASC. Upon the word of a man of honour, it is as I say.
VAL. Why should we deceive you?
ALB. (_Aside_) They are two sharpers that know how to play into
each other's hands.
MASC. But let us come to the proof, and without quarrelling. Send for
Lucile, and let her speak for herself.
ALB. And what if she should prove you a liar?
MASC. She will not contradict us, sir; of that I am certain. Promise to
give your consent to their engagement; and I will suffer the severest
punishment if, with her own mouth, she does not confess to you that she
is engaged to Valere, and shares his passion.
ALB. We shall see this presently. (_He knocks at his door_).
MASC. (To Valere). Courage, Sir; all will end well.
ALB. Ho! Lucile, one word with you.
VAL. (_To Mascarille_), I fear...
MASC. Fear nothing.
SCENE IX.--VALERE, ALBERT, LUCILE, MASCARILLE.
MASC. Signor Albert, at least be silent. At length, madam, everything
conspires to make your happiness complete. Your father, who is informed
of your love, leaves you your husband and gives his permission to your
union, provided that, banishing all frivolous fears, a few words from
your own mouth corroborate what we have told him.
LUC. What nonsense does this impudent scoundrel tell me?
MASC. That is all right. I am already honoured with a fine title.
LUC. Pray, sir, who has invented this nice story which has been spread
about today?
VAL. Pardon me, charming creature. My servant has been babbling; our
marriage is discovered, without my consent.
LUC. Our marriage?
VAL. Everything is known, adorable Lucile; it is vain to dissemble.
LUC. What! the ardour of my passion has made you my husband?
VAL. It is a happiness which causes a great many heart-burnings. But I
impute the successful result of my courtship less to your great passion
for me than to your kindness of heart. I know you have cause to be
offended, that it was the secret which you would fain have concealed. I
myself have put a restraint on my ardour, so that I might not violate
your express commands; but...
MASC. Yes, it was I who told it. What great harm is done?
LUC. Was there ever a falsehood like this? Dare you mention this in my
very presence, and hope to obtain my hand by this fine contrivance? What
a wretched lover you are--you, whose gallant passion would wound my
honour, because it could not gain my heart; who wish to frighten my
father by a foolish story, so that you might obtain my hand as a reward
for having vilified me. Though everything were favourable to your
love--my father, fate, and my own inclination--yet my well-founded
resentment would struggle against my own inclination, fate, and my
father, and even lose life rather than be united to one who thought to
obtain my hand in this manner. Begone! If my sex could with decency be
provoked to any outburst of rage, I would let you know what it was to
treat me thus.
VAL. (_To Mascarille_). It is all over with us; her anger cannot be
appeased.
MASC. Let me speak to her. Prithee, madam, what is the good of all these
excuses? What are you thinking of? And what strange whim makes you thus
oppose your own happiness? If your father were a harsh parent, the case
would be different, but he listens to reason; and he himself has assured
me that if you would but confess the truth, his affection would grant
you everything. I believe you are a little ashamed frankly to
acknowledge that you have yielded to love; but if you have lost a
trifling amount of freedom, everything will be set to rights again by a
good marriage. Your great love for Valere may be blamed a little, but
the mischief is not so great as if you had murdered a man. We all know
that flesh is frail, and that a maid is neither stock nor stone. You
were not the first, that is certain; and you will not be the last, I
dare say.
LUC. What! can you listen to this shameless talk, and make no reply to
these indignities?
ALB. What would you have me say? This affair puts me quite beside
myself.
MASC. Upon my word, madam, you ought to have confessed all before now.
LUC. What ought I to have confessed?
MASC. What? Why, what has passed between my master and you. A fine joke,
indeed!
LUC. Why, what has passed between your master and me, impudent wretch?
MASC. You ought, I think, to know that better than I; you passed that
night too agreeably, to make us believe you could forget it so soon.
LUC. Father, we have too long borne with the insolence of an impudent
lackey. (_Gives him a box on the ear_).
SCENE X.--ALBERT, VALERE, MASCARILLE.
MASC. I think she gave me a box on the ear.
ALB. Be gone! rascal, villain! Her father approves the way in which she
has made her hand felt upon your cheek.
MASC. May be so; yet may the devil take me if I said anything but what
was true!
ALB. And may I lose an ear if you carry on this impudence any further!
MASC. Shall I send for two witnesses to testify to the truth of my
statements?
ALB. Shall I send for two of my servants to give you a sound thrashing?
MASC. Their testimony will corroborate mine.
ALB. Their arms may make up for my want of strength.
MASC. I tell you, Lucile behaves thus because she is ashamed.
ALB. I tell you, you shall be answerable for all this.
MASC. Do you know Ormin, that stout and clever notary?
ALB. Do you know Grimpant, the city executioner?
MASC. And Simon, the tailor, who used formerly to work for all the
people of fashion?
ALB. And the gibbet set up in the middle of the market-place?
MASC. You shall see they will confirm the truth of this marriage.
ALB. You shall see they will make an end of you.
MASC. They were the witnesses chosen by them.
ALB. They shall shortly revenge me on you.
MASC. I myself saw them at the altar.
ALB. And I myself shall see you with a halter.
MASC. By the same token, your daughter had a black veil on.
ALB. By the same token, your face foretells your doom.
MASC. What an obstinate old man.
ALB. What a cursed rascal! You may thank my advanced years, which
prevent me from punishing your insulting remarks upon the spot: but I
promise you, you shall be paid with full interest.
SCENE XI.--VALERE, MASCARILLE.
VAL. Well, where is now that fine result you were to produce...?
MASC. I understand what you mean. Everything goes against me: I see
cudgels and gibbets preparing for me on every side. Therefore, so that I
may be at rest amidst this chaos, I shall go and throw myself headlong
from a rock, if, in my present despair, I can find one high enough to
please me. Farewell, sir.
VAL. No, no; in vain you wish to fly. If you die, I expect it to be in
my presence.
MASC. I cannot die if anybody is looking on: it would only delay my end.
VAL. Follow me traitor; follow me. My maddened love will soon show
whether this is a jesting matter or not.
MASC. (_Alone_). Unhappy Mascarille, to what misfortunes are you
condemned to-day for another's sin!
* * * * *
ACT IV.
SCENE I.--ASCANIO, FROSINE.
FROS. What has happened is very annoying.
ASC. My dear Frosine, fate has irrevocably decreed my ruin. Now the
affair has gone so far, it will never stop there, but will go on; Lucile
and Valere, surprised at such a strange mystery, will, one day, try to
find their way amidst this darkness, and thus all my plans will
miscarry. For, whether Albert is acquainted with the deception, or
whether he himself is deceived, as well as the rest of the world, if
ever it happens that my family is discovered, and all the wealth he has
wrongfully acquired passes into the hands of others, judge if he will
then endure my presence; for, not having any interest more in the
matter, he will abandon me, and his affection for me will be at an end.
Whatever, then, my lover may think of my deception, will he acknowledge
as his wife a girl without either fortune or family?
FROS. I think you reason rightly; but these reflections should have come
sooner. What has prevented you from seeing all this before? there was no
need to be a witch to foresee, as soon as you fell in love with Valere,
all that your genius never found out until to-day. It is the natural
consequence of what you have done; as soon as I was made acquainted with
it I never imagined it would end otherwise.
ASC. But what must I do? There never was such a misfortune as mine. Put
yourself in my place, and give me advice.
FROS. If I put myself in your place, you will have to give me advice
upon this ill-success; for I am you, and you are I. Counsel me, Frosine,
in the condition I am in. Where can we find a remedy? Tell me, I beg of
you.
ASC. Alas! do not make fun of me. You show but little sympathy with my
bitter grief, if you laugh in the midst of my distress.
FROS. Really, Ascanio, I pity your distress, and would do my utmost to
help you. But what can I do, after all? I see very little likelihood of
arranging this affair so as to satisfy your love.
ASC. If no assistance can be had, I must die.
FROS. Die! Come, come; it is always time enough for that. Death is a
remedy ever at hand; we ought to make use of it as late as possible.
ASC. No, no, Frosine. If you and your invaluable counsels do not guide
me amidst all these breakers, I abandon myself wholly to despair.
FROS. Do you know what I am thinking about? I must go and see the....
But here comes Eraste; he may interrupt us. We will talk this matter
over as we go along. Come, let us retire.
[Footnote: Frosine means by "the..." the woman who knows the secret of
all this intrigue, and who is supposed to be the mother of Ascanio. This
is explained later on in Act V., Scene 4]
SCENE II.--ERASTE, GROS-RENE.
ERAS. You have failed again?
GR.-RE. Never was an ambassador less listened to. No sooner had I told
her that you desired to have a moment's conversation with her, than,
drawing herself up, she answered haughtily, "Go, go, I value your master
just as much as I do you; tell him he may go about his business;" and
after this fine speech she turned her head away from me and walked off.
Marinette, too, imitating her mistress, said, with a disdainful sneer,
"Begone, you low fellow," and then left me; so that your fortune and mine
are very much alike.
[Footnote: In the original it is _beau valet de carreau_. Littre,
in his "Dictionaire de la langue francaise," says that this word which
means literally "knave of diamonds," was considered an insult, because in
the old packs of cards of the beginning of the seventeenth century, that
knave was called _valet de chasse_, hunting servant, a rather
menial situation; while the knave of spades, _valet de pique_, was
called, nobleman's servant; the knave of hearts, valet de coeur, valet
de cour, court servant; and the knave of clubs, _valet de trefle,
valet de pied_, foot servant.]
ERAS. What an ungrateful creature, to receive with so much haughtiness
the quick return of a heart justly incensed. Is the first outburst of a
passion, which with so much reason thought itself deceived, unworthy of
excuse? Could I, when burning with love, remain insensible, in that
fatal moment, to the happiness of a rival? Would any other not have
acted in the same way as I did, or been less amazed at so much boldness?
Was I not quick in abandoning my well-founded suspicions? I did not wait
till she swore they were false. When no one can tell as yet what to
think of it, my heart, full of impatience, restores Lucile to her former
place, and seeks to find excuses for her. Will not all these proofs
satisfy her of the ardour of my respectful passion? Instead of calming
my mind, and providing me with arms against a rival who wishes to alarm
me, this ungrateful woman abandons me to all the tortures of jealousy,
and refuses to receive my messages and notes, or to grant me an
interview. Alas! that love is certainly very lukewarm which can be
extinguished by so trifling an offence; that scornful rigour, which is
displayed so readily, sufficiently shows to me the depth of her
affection. What value ought I to set now upon all the caprices with
which she fanned my love? No! I do not pretend to be any longer the
slave of one who has so little love for me; since she does not mind
whether she keeps me or not, I will do the same.
GR.-RE. And so will I. Let us both be angry, and put our love on the
list of our old sins; we must teach a lesson to that wayward sex, and
make them feel that we possess some courage. He that will bear their
contempt shall have enough of it. If we had sense enough not to make
ourselves too cheap, women would not talk so big. Oh! how insolent they
are through our weakness! May I be hanged if we should not see them fall
upon our neck more often than we wished, if it was not for those
servilities with which most men, now-a-days, continually spoil them.
ERAS. As for me, nothing vexes me so much as contempt; and to punish
her's by one as great, I am resolved to cherish a new passion.
GR.-RE. So will I, and never trouble my head about women again. I
renounce them all, and believe honestly you could not do better than to
act like me. For, master, people say that woman is an animal hard to be
known, and naturally very prone to evil; and as an animal is always an
animal, and will never be anything but an animal, though it lived for a
hundred thousand years, so, without contradiction, a woman is always a
woman, and will never be anything but a woman as long as the world
endures.
[Footnote: This passage is paraphrased from Erasmus, _Colloquia
familiaria et Encomium Moriae_, in which, after having called a woman
_animal stultum atque ineptum verum ridiculum, et suave_, Folly
adds, _Quemadmodum, juxta Graecorum proverbium, simia semper est
simia, etiamsi purpura vestiatur, ita mulier semper mulier est, hoc est
stulta, quamcunque personam induxerit_.]
Wherefore, as a certain Greek author says: a woman's head is like a
quicksand; for pray, mark well this argument, which is most weighty: As
the head is the chief of the body, and as the body without a chief is
worse than a beast, unless the chief has a good understanding with the
body, and unless everything be as well regulated as if it were measured
with a pair of compasses, we see certain confusions arrive; the animal
part then endeavours to get the better of the rational, and, we see one
pull to the right, another to the left; one wants something soft,
another something hard; in short, everything goes topsy turvy. This is
to show that here below, as it has been explained to me, a woman's head
is like a weather-cock on the top of a house, which veers about at the
slightest breeze; that is why cousin Aristotle often compares her to the
sea; hence people say that nothing in the world is so stable as the
waves.
[Footnote: Though "stable" is here used, it is only employed to show the
confusion of Gros-Rene's ideas, who, of course, wishes to say
"unstable."]
Now, by comparison--for comparison makes us comprehend an argument
distinctly,--and we learned men love a comparison better than a
similitude,--by comparison, then, if you please, master, as we see that
the sea, when a storm rises, begins to rage, the wind roars and
destroys, billows dash against billows with a great hullabaloo, and the
ship, in spite of the mariner, goes sometimes down to the cellar and
sometimes up into the garret; so, when a woman gets whims and crotchets
into her head, we see a tempest in the form of a violent storm, which
will break out by certain ... words, and then a ... certain wind, which
by ... certain waves in ... a certain manner, like a sand-bank ... when
... In short, woman is worse than the devil.
[Footnote: This long speech of Gros-Rene ridicules the pedantic
arguments of some of the philosophers of the time of Moliere. It also
attributes to the ancients some sayings of authors of the day; for
example, the comparison, from a Greek author, "that a woman's head is
like a quicksand," is from a contemporary; the saying from Aristotle,
comparing woman to the sea, is from Malherbe. Words very familiar look
more homely when employed with high-flown language, and Gros-Rene's
speech is no bad example of this, whilst at the same time it becomes
more muddled the longer it goes on. There exists also a tradition that
the actor who performs the part of Gros-Rene should in order to show his
confusion, when he says "goes sometimes down the cellar," point to his
head, and when he mentions "up into the garret," point to his feet.]
ERAS. You have argued that very well.
GR.-RE. Pretty well, thanks to Heaven; but I see them coming this way,
sir,--stand firm.
ERAS. Never fear.
GR.-RE. I am very much afraid that her eyes will ensnare you again.
SCENE III.--ERASTE, LUCILE, MARINETTE, GROS-RENE.
MAR. He is not gone yet, but do not yield.
LUC. Do not imagine I am so weak.
MAR. He comes towards us.
ERAS. No, no, madam, do not think that I have come to speak to you again
of my passion; it is all over; I am resolved to cure myself. I know how
little share I have in your heart. A resentment kept up so long for a
slight offence shows me your indifference but too plainly, and I must
tell you that contempt, above all things, wounds a lofty mind. I confess
I saw in you charms which I never found in any other; the delight I took
in my chains would have made me prefer them to sceptres, had they been
offered to me. Yes, my love for you was certainly very great; my life
was centred in you; I will even own that, though I am insulted, I shall
still perhaps have difficulty enough to free myself. Maybe,
notwithstanding the cure I am attempting, my heart may for a long time
smart with this wound. Freed from a yoke which I was happy to bend
under, I shall take a resolution never to love again. But no matter,
since your hatred repulses a heart which love brings back to you, this
is the last time you shall ever be troubled by the man you so much
despise.
LUC. You might have made the favour complete, sir, and spared me also
this last trouble.
ERAS. Very well, madam, very well, you shall be satisfied. I here break
off all acquaintance with you, and break it off for ever, since you wish
it; may I lose my life if ever again I desire to converse with you!
LUC. So much the better, you will oblige me.
ERAS. No, no, do not be afraid that I shall break my word! For, though
my heart may be weak enough not to be able to efface your image, be
assured you shall never have the pleasure of seeing me return.
LUC. You may save yourself the trouble.
ERAS. I would pierce my breast a hundred times should I ever be so mean
as to see you again, after this unworthy treatment.
LUC. Be it so; let us talk no more about it.
ERAS. Yes, yes; let us talk no more about it; and to make an end here of
all unnecessary speeches, and to give you a convincing proof, ungrateful
woman, that I forever throw off your chain, I will keep nothing which
may remind me of what I must forget. Here is your portrait; it presents
to the eye many wonderful and dazzling charms, but underneath them lurk
as many monstrous faults; it is a delusion which I restore to you.
GR.-RE. You are right.
LUC. And I, not to be behind-hand with you in the idea of returning
everything, restore to you this diamond which you obliged me to accept.
MAR. Very well.
ERAS. Here is likewise a bracelet of yours.
[Footnote: Formerly lovers used to wear bracelets generally made of each
others hair, which no doubt were hidden from the common view.
Shakespeare, in his _Mid-summer Night's Dream_, Act i., Scene I,
says, "Thou, Lysander, thou hast... stol'n th' impression of her fantasy
with bracelets of thy hair."]
LUC. And this agate seal is yours.
ERAS. (_Reads_). "You love me with the most ardent passion, Eraste,
and wish to know if I feel the same. If I do not love Eraste as much, at
least I am pleased that Eraste should thus love me.--LUCILE." You assure
me by this letter that you accept my love; it is a falsehood which I
punish thus. (_Tears the letter_).
LUC. (_Reading_). "I do not know what may be the fate of my ardent
love, nor how long I shall suffer; but this I know, beauteous charmer,
that I shall always love you.--ERASTE." This is an assurance of
everlasting love; both the hand and the letter told a lie. (_Tears the
letter_).
GR.-RE. Go on.
ERAS. (_Showing another letter_). This is another of your letters;
it shall share the same fate.
MAR. (_To Lucile_). Be firm.
LUC. (_Tearing another letter_). I should be sorry to keep back one
of them.
GR.-RE. (_To Eraste_). Do not let her have the last word.
MAR. (_To Lucile_). Hold out bravely to the end.
LUC. Well, there are the rest.
ERAS. Thank Heaven, that is all! May I be struck dead if I do not keep
my word!
LUC. May it confound me if mine be vain.
ERAS. Farewell, then.
LUC. Farewell, then.
MAR. (_To Lucile_). Nothing could be better.
GR.-RE. (_To Eraste_). You triumph.
MAR. (_To Lucile_). Come, let us leave him.
GR.-RE. (_To Eraste_). You had best retire after this courageous
effort.
MAR. (_To Lucile_). What are you waiting for?
GR.-RE. (_To Eraste_). What more do you want?
ERAS. Ah, Lucile, Lucile! you will be sorry to lose a heart like mine,
and I know it.
LUC. Eraste, Eraste, I may easily find a heart like yours.
ERAS. No, no, search everywhere; you will never find one so passionately
fond of you, I assure you. I do not say this to move you to pity; I
should be in the wrong now to wish it; the most respectful passion could
not bind you. You wanted to break with me; I must think of you no more.
But whatever any one may pretend, nobody will ever love you so tenderly
as I have done.
LUC. When a woman is really beloved she is treated differently, and is
not condemned so rashly.
ERAS. Those who love are apt to be jealous on the slightest cause of
suspicion, but they can never wish to lose the object of their
adoration, and that you have done.
LUC. Pure jealousy is more respectful.
ERAS. An offence caused by love is looked upon with more indulgence.
LUC. No, Eraste, your flame never burnt very bright.
ERAS. No, Lucile, you never loved me.
LUC. Oh! that does not trouble you much, I suppose; perhaps it would
have been much better for me if... But no more of this idle talk; I do
not say what I think on the subject.
ERAS. Why?
LUC. Because, as we are to break, it would be out of place, it seems to
me.
ERAS. Do we break, then?
LUC. Yes, to be sure; have we not done so already?
ERAS. And you can do this calmly?
LUC. Yes; so can you.
ERAS. I?
LUC. Undoubtedly. It is weakness to let people see that we are hurt by
losing them.
ERAS. But, hard-hearted woman, it is you who would have it so.
LUC. I? not at all; it was you who took that resolution.
ERAS. I? I thought it would please you.
LUC. Me; not at all; you did it for your own satisfaction.
ERAS. But what if my heart should wish to resume its former chain? If,
though very sad, it should sue for pardon...?
[Footnote: An imitation from Horace, book iii., ode ix., vers. 17 and 18.
_Quid? si prisca redet Venus
Diductosque jugo cogit aheneo?_]
LUC. No, no; do no such thing; my weakness is too great. I am afraid I
might too quickly grant your request.
ERAS. Oh! you cannot grant it, nor I ask for it, too soon, after what I
have just heard. Consent to love me still, madam; so pure a flame ought
to burn for ever, for your own sake. I ask for it, pray grant me this
kind pardon.
LUC. Lead me home.
SCENE IV.--MARINETTE, GROS-RENE.
MAR. Oh! cowardly creature,
GR.-RE. Oh! weak courage.
MAR. I blush with indignation.
GR.-RE. I am swelling with rage; do not imagine I will yield thus.
MAR. And do not think to find such a dupe in me.
GR.-RE. Come on, come on; you shall soon see what my wrath is capable of
doing.
MAR. I am not the person you take me for; you have not my silly mistress
to deal with. It is enough to look at that fine phiz to be smitten with
the man himself! Should I fall in love with your beastly face? Should I
hunt after you? Upon my word, girls like us are not for the like of you.
GR.-RE. Ay! and you address me in such a fashion? Here, here, without
any further compliments, there is your bow of tawdry lace, and your
narrow ribbon; it shall not have the honour of being on my ear any more.
MAR. And to show you how I despise you, here, take back your half
hundred of Paris pins, which you gave me yesterday with so much
bragging.
GR.-RE. Take back your knife too; a thing most rich and rare; it cost
you about twopence when you made me a present of it.
MAR. Take back your scissors with the pinchbeck chain.
GR.-RE. I forgot the piece of cheese you gave me the day before
yesterday--here it is; I wish I could bring back the broth you made me
eat, so that I might have nothing belonging to you.
MAR. I have none of your letters about me now, but I shall burn every
one of them.
GR.-RE. And do you know what I shall do with yours?
MAR. Take care you never come begging to me again to forgive you.
GR. RE. (_Picking up a bit of straw_). To cut off every way of
being reconciled, we must break this straw between us; when a straw is
broken, it settles an affair between people of honour.
[Footnote: A wisp of straw, or a stick, was formerly used as a symbol of
investiture of a feudal fief. According to some authors the breaking of
the straw or stick was a proof that the vassals renounced their homage;
hence the allusion of Moliere. The breaking of a staff was also typical
of the voluntary or compulsory abandonment of power. Formerly, after the
death of the kings of France, the _grand maitre_ (master of the
household) broke his wand of office over the grave, saying aloud three
times, _le roi est mort_ and then _Vive le roi_. Hence also,
most likely, the saying of Prospero, in Shakespeare's "Tempest" Act v.
Sc. I, "I'll break my staff," _i.e._, I voluntarily abandon my
power. Sometimes the breaking of a staff betokened dishonour, as in
Shakespeare's second part of "Henry VI." Act I. Sc. 2. when Gloster
says: "Methought this staff, mine office-badge in court was broke in
twain."]
Cast none of your sheep's eyes at me;
[Footnote: According to tradition, Gros-Rene and Marinette stand on the
stage back to back; from time to time they look to the right and to the
left; when their looks meet they turn their heads abruptly away, whilst
Gros-Rene presents over his shoulder to Marinette the piece of straw,
which the latter takes very good care not to touch.]
I will be angry.
MAR. Do not look at me thus; I am too much provoked.
GR.-RE. Here, break this straw; this is the way of never recanting
again; break. What do you laugh at, you jade?
MAR. Yes, you make me laugh.
GR.-RE. The deuce take your laughing! all my anger is already softened.
What do you say? shall we break or not?
MAR. Just as you please.
GR.-RE. Just as you please.
MAR. Nay, it shall be as you please.
GR. RE. Do you wish me never to love you?
MAR. I? As you like.
GR.-RE. As you yourself like; only say the word.
MAR. I shall say nothing.
GR.-RE. Nor I.
MAR. Nor I.
GR.-RE. Faith! we had better forswear all this nonsense; shake hands, I
pardon you.
MAR. And I forgive you.
GR.-RE. Bless me! how you bewitch me with your charms.
MAR. What a fool is Marinette when her Gros-Rene is by.
* * * * *
ACT V.
SCENE I.--MASCARILLE, _alone_.
"As soon as darkness has invaded the town, I will enter Lucile's room;
go, therefore, and get ready immediately the dark lantern, and whatever
arms are necessary." When my master said these words, it sounded in my
ears as if he had said, "Go quickly and get a halter to hang yourself."
But come on, master of mine, for I was so astonished when first I heard
your order, that I had no time to answer you; but I shall talk with you
now, and confound you; therefore defend yourself well, and let us argue
without making a noise. You say you wish to go and visit Lucile
to-night? "Yes, Mascarille." And what do you propose to do? "What a
lover does who wishes to be convinced." What a man does who has very
little brains, who risks his carcass when there is no occasion for it.
"But do you know what is my motive? Lucile is angry." Well, so much the
worse for her. "But my love prompts me to go and appease her." But love
is a fool, and does not know what he says: will this same love defend us
against an enraged rival, father, or brother? "Do you think any of them
intend to harm us?" Yes, really, I do think so; and especially this
rival. "Mascarille, in any case, what I trust to is, that we shall go
well armed, and if anybody interrupts us we shall draw." Yes, but that
is precisely what your servant does not wish to do. I draw! Good
Heavens! am I a Roland, master, or a Ferragus?
[Footnote: Roland, or Orlando in Italian, one of Charlemagne's paladins
and nephew is represented as brave, loyal, and simple-minded. On the
return of Charlemagne from Spain, Roland, who commanded the rearguard,
fell into an ambuscade at Roncezvalles, in the Pyrenees (778), and
perished, with the flower of French chivalry. He is the hero of
Ariosto's poem, "Orlando Furioso." In this same poem Cant. xii. is also
mentioned Ferragus, or Ferrau in Italian, a Saracen giant, who dropped
his helmet into the river, and vowed he would never wear another till he
had won that worn by Orlando; the latter slew him in the only part where
he was vulnerable.]
You hardly know me. When I, who love myself so dearly, consider that two
inches of cold steel in this body would be quite sufficient to send a
poor mortal to his last home, I am particularly disgusted. "But you will
be armed from head to foot." So much the worse. I shall be less nimble
to get into the thicket; besides, there is no armour so well made but
some villainous point will pierce its joints. "Oh! you will then be
considered a coward." Never mind; provided I can but always move my
jaws. At table you may set me down for as good as four persons, if you
like; but when fighting is going on, you must not count me for anything.
Moreover, if the other world possesses charms for you, the air of this
world agrees very well with me. I do not thirst after death and wounds;
if you have a mind to play the fool, you may do it all by yourself, I
assure you.
SCENE II.--VALERE, MASCARILLE.
VAL. I never felt a day pass more slowly; the sun seems to have
forgotten himself; he has yet such a course to run before he reaches his
bed, that I believe he will never accomplish it; his slow motion drives
me mad.
MASC. What an eagerness to go in the dark, to grope about for some ugly
adventure! You see that Lucile is obstinate in her repulses....
VAL. A truce to these idle remonstrances. Though I were sure to meet a
hundred deaths lying in ambush, yet I feel her wrath so greatly, that I
shall either appease it, or end my fate. I am resolved on that.
MASC. I approve of your design; but it is unfortunate, sir, that we must
get in secretly.
VAL. Very well.
MASC. And I am afraid I shall only be in the way.
VAL. How so?
MASC. I have a cough which nearly kills me, and the noise it makes may
betray you. Every moment... (_He coughs_). You see what a
punishment it is.
VAL. You will get better; take some liquorice.
MASC. I do not think, sir, it will get better. I should be delighted to
go with you, but I should be very sorry if any misfortune should befall
my dear master through me.
SCENE III.--VALERE, LA RAPIERE, MASCARILLE.
LA RA. Sir, I have just now heard from good authority that Eraste is
greatly enraged against you, and that Albert talks also of breaking all
the bones in Mascarille's body, on his daughter's account.
MASC. I? I have nothing to do with all this confusion. What have I done
to have all the bones in my body broken? Am I the guardian of the
virginity of all the girls in the town, that I am to be thus threatened?
Have I any influence with temptation? Can I help it, I, poor fellow, if
I have a mind to try it?
VAL. Oh! they are not so dangerous as they pretend to be; however
courageous love may have made Eraste, he will not have so easy a bargain
with us.
LA RA. If you should have any need for it, my arm is entirely at your
service. You know me to be at all times staunch.
[Footnote: It is thought the introduction of Mons. de la Rapiere
contains an allusion to the poor noblemen of Languedoc, who formerly
made a kind of living by being seconds at duels, and whom the Prince de
Conti compelled to obey the edicts of Louis XIV. against duelling.
_The Love-tiff_ was first played in 1656 at Beziers, where the
States of Languedoc were assembled.]
VAL. I am much obliged to you, M. de la Rapiere.
LA RA. I have likewise two friends I can procure, who will draw against
all comers, and upon whom you may safely rely.
MASC. Accept their services, sir.
VAL. You are too kind.
LA RA. Little Giles might also have assisted us, if a sad accident had
not taken him from us. Oh, sir, it is a great pity! He was such a handy
fellow, too! You know the trick justice played him; he died like a hero;
when the executioner broke him on the wheel, he made his exit without
uttering a word.
VAL. M. de la Rapiere, such a man ought to be lamented, but, as for your
escort, I thank you, I want them not.
LA RA. Be it so, but do not forget that you are sought after, and may
have some scurvy trick played upon you.
VAL. And I, to show you how much I fear him, will offer him the
satisfaction he desires, if he seeks me; I will immediately go all over
the town, only accompanied by Mascarille.
SCENE IV.--VALERE, MASCARILLE.
MASC. What, sir? will you tempt Heaven? Do not be so presumptuous!
Lack-a-day! you see how they threaten us. How on every side...
VAL. What are you looking at yonder?
MASC. I smell a cudgel that way. In short, if you will take my prudent
advice, do not let us be so obstinate as to remain in the street; let us
go and shut ourselves up.
VAL. Shut ourselves up, rascal? How dare you propose to me such a base
action? Come along, and follow me, without any more words.
MASC. Why, sir, my dear master, life is so sweet! One can die but once,
and it is for such a long time!
VAL. I shall half kill you, if I hear anything more. Here comes Ascanio;
let us leave him; we must find out what side he will choose. However,
come along with me into the house, to take whatever arms we may want.
MASC. I have no great itching for fighting. A curse on love and those
darned girls, who will be tasting it, and then look as if butter would
not melt in their mouth.
SCENE V.--ASCANIO, FROSINE.
ASC. Is it really true, Frosine, do I not dream? Pray tell me all that
has happened, from first to last.
FROS. You shall know all the particulars in good time; be patient; such
adventures are generally told over and over again, and that every
moment. You must know then that after this will, which was on condition
of a male heir being born, Albert's wife who was _enceinte_, gave
birth to you. Albert, who had stealthily and long beforehand laid his
plan, changed you for the son of Inez, the flower-woman, and gave you to
my mother to nurse, saying it was her own child. Some ten months after,
death took away this little innocent, whilst Albert was absent; his wife
being afraid of her husband, and inspired by maternal love, invented a
new stratagem. She secretly took her own daughter back; you received the
name of the boy, who had taken your place, whilst the death of that
pretended son was kept a secret from Albert, who was told that his
daughter had died. Now the mystery of your birth is cleared up, which
your supposed mother had hitherto concealed. She gives certain reasons
for acting in this manner, and may have others to give, for her
interests were not the same as yours. In short, this visit,
[Footnote: That is the visit of which Frosine speaks, Act iv., Scene I]
from which I expected so little, has proved more serviceable to your
love than could have been imagined. This Inez has given up all claim to
you. As it became necessary to reveal this secret, on account of your
marriage, we two informed your father of it; a letter of his deceased
wife has confirmed all. Pursuing our reasoning yet farther, and being
rather fortunate as well as skilful, we have so cunningly interwoven the
interests of Albert and of Polydore, so gradually unfolded all this
mystery to the latter, that we might not make things appear too terrible
to him in the beginning, and, in a word, to tell you all, so prudently
led his mind step by step to a reconciliation, that Polydore is now as
anxious as your father to legitimize that connection which is to make
you happy.
ASC. Ah! Frosine, what happiness you prepare for me. ... What do I, not
owe to your fortunate zeal?
FROS. Moreover, the good man is inclined to be merry, and has forbidden
us to mention anything of this affair to his son.
SCENE VI.--POLYDORE, ASCANIO, FROSINE.
POL. Come hither, daughter, since I may give you this name now, for I
know the secret which this disguise conceals. You have shown so much
resolution, ingenuity, and archness in your stratagem, that I forgive
you; I think my son will esteem himself happy when he knows that you are
the object of his love. You are worth to him more than all the treasures
in this world; and I will tell him so. But here he comes: let us divert
ourselves with this event. Go and tell all the people to come hither
immediately.
ASC. To obey you, sir, shall be the first compliment I pay you.
SCENE VII.--MASCARILLE, POLYDORE, VALERE.
MASC. Misfortunes are often revealed by Heaven: I dreamt last night of
pearls unstrung and broken eggs, sir. This dream depresses my spirits.
[Footnote: In a little book still sold on the quays of Paris, and called
_la Cle des Songes_, it is said that to dream of pearls denotes
"embarrassed affairs," and of broken eggs, "loss of place and
lawsuits."]
VAL. Cowardly rascal!
POL. Valere, an encounter awaits you, wherein all your valour will be
necessary: you are to cope with a powerful adversary.
MASC. Will nobody stir to prevent people from cutting each other's
throats? As for me, I do not care about it; but if any fatal accident
should deprive you of your son, do not lay the blame on me.
POL. No, no; in this case I myself urge him to do what he ought.
MASC. What an unnatural father!
VAL. This sentiment, sir, shows you to be a man of honour; I respect you
the more for it. I know I have offended you, I am to blame for having
done all this without a father's consent; but however angry you may be
with me, Nature always will prevail. You do what is truly honourable, in
not believing that I am to be terrified by the threats of Eraste.
POL. They just now frightened me with his threats, but since then things
have changed greatly; you will be attacked by a more powerful enemy,
without being able to flee from him.
MASC. Is there no way of making it up?
VAL! I flee!--Heaven forbid! And who can this be?
POL. Ascanio.
VAL. Ascanio?
POL. Yes; you shall see him appear presently.
VAL. He, who has pledged his word to serve me!
POL. Yes, it is he who says he has a quarrel with you; he, who is
determined to decide the quarrel by single combat, to which he
challenges you.
MASC. He is a good fellow: he knows that generous minds do not endanger
other people's lives by their quarrels.
POL. He accuses you of deceit. His anger appears to me to have so just a
cause, that Albert and I have agreed you should give Ascanio
satisfaction for this affront, but publicly, and without any delay,
according to the formalities requisite in such a case.
VAL. What! father; and did Lucile obstinately...?
POL. Lucile is to marry Eraste, and blames you too; and the better to
prove your story to be false, is resolved to give her hand to Eraste
before your very face.
VAL. Ha! this impudence is enough to drive me mad. Has she lost, then,
all sense, faith, conscience, and honour?
SCENE VIII.--ALBERT, POLYDORE, LUCILE, ERASTE, VALERE, MASCARILLE.
ALB. Well! where are the combatants? They are bringing ours. Have you
prepared yours for the encounter?
VAL. Yes, yes; I am ready, since you compel me to it; if I at all
hesitated, it was because I still felt a little respect, and not on
account of the valour of the champion who is to oppose me. But I have
been urged too far. This respect is at an end; I am prepared for any
catastrophe! I have been treated so strangely and treacherously, that my
love must and shall be revenged. (_To Lucile_). Not that I still
pretend to your hand: my former love is now swallowed up in wrath; and
when I have made your shame public, your guilty marriage will not in the
least disturb me. Lucile, your behaviour is infamous: scarcely can I
believe my own eyes. You show yourself so opposed to all modesty, that
you ought to die for shame.
LUC. Such reproaches might affect me, if I had not one at hand to avenge
my cause. Here comes Ascanio; he shall soon have the pleasure, and
without giving himself much trouble, of making you change your language.
SCENE IX.--ALBERT, POLYDORE, ASCANIO, LUCILE, ERASTE, VALERE, FROSINE,
MARINETTE, GROS-RENE, MASCARILLE.
VAL. He shall not make me change my language, though he had twenty arms
besides his own. I am sorry he defends a guilty sister; but since he is
foolish enough to pick a quarrel with me, I shall give him satisfaction,
and you also, my valiant gentleman.
ERAS. A short time ago I took an interest in this, but as Ascanio has
taken the affair upon himself, I will have nothing more to do with it,
but leave it to him.
VAL. You do well; prudence is always timely, but...
ERAS. He shall give you satisfaction for us all.
VAL. He?
POL. Do not deceive yourself; you do not yet know what a strange fellow
Ascanio is.
ALB. He is blind to it now, but Ascanio will let him know in a little
time.
VAL. Come on, then; let him do so now.
MAR. What! before everybody?
GR.-RE. That would not be decent.
VAL. Are you making fun of me? I will break the head of any fellow who
laughs. But let us see what Ascanio is going to do.
ASC. No, no. I am not so bad as they make me out; in this adventure, in
which every one has put me forward, you shall see my weakness appear
more than anything else; you will discover that Heaven, to which we must
all submit, did not give me a heart to hold out against you, but that it
reserved for you the easy triumph of putting an end to Lucile's brother.
Yes; far from boasting of the power of his arm, Ascanio shall receive
death from your hands; nay, would gladly die, if his death could
contribute to your satisfaction, by giving you, in the presence of all
this company, a wife who lawfully belongs to you.
VAL. No, even the whole world, after her perfidy and shamelessness...
ASC. Ah! Valere, allow me to tell you that the heart which is pledged to
you is guilty of no crime against you; her love is still pure, and her
constancy unshaken; I call your own father himself to witness that I
speak the truth.
POL. Yes, son, we have laughed enough at your rage; I see it is time to
undeceive you; she to whom you are bound by oath is concealed under the
dress you here behold. Some question about property was the cause of
this disguise, which from her earliest youth deceived so many people.
Lately love was the cause of another which deceived you, whilst it made
of the two families but one. Yes, in a word, it is she whose subtle
skill obtained your hand at night, who pretended to be Lucile, and by
this contrivance, which none discovered, has perplexed you all so much.
But since Ascanio now gives place to Dorothea, your love must be free
from every appearance of deceit, and be strengthened by a more sacred
knot!
ALB. This is the single combat by which you were to give us satisfaction
for your offence, and which is not forbidden by any laws.
[Footnote: Severe laws were promulgated in the preceding reign against
duelling; Louis XIV. also published two edicts against it in 1643 and in
1651. _The Love-Tiff_ was first performed in 1656.]
POL. Such an event amazes you, but all hesitation is now too late.
VAL. No, no, I do not hesitate; if this adventure astonishes me, it is a
flattering surprise; I find myself seized with admiration, love, and
pleasure. Is it possible that those eyes...?
ALB. This dress, dear Valere, is not a proper one to hear your fine
speeches in. Let her go and put on another, and meanwhile you shall know
the particulars of the event.
VAL. Pardon me, Lucile, if my mind, duped by...
LUC. It is easy to forget that.
ALB. Come, these compliments will do as well at home; we shall then have
plenty of time to pay them to one another.
ERAS. But in talking thus you do not seem to think that there is still
occasion for manslaughter here. Our loves are indeed crowned, but who
ought to obtain the hand of Marinette, his Mascarille or my Gros-Rene?
This affair must end in blood.
MASC. No, no, my blood suits my body too well; let him marry her in
peace, it will be nothing to me. I know Marinette too well to think
marriage will be any bar to my courting her.
MAR. And do you think I will make my gallant of you? A husband does not
matter; anything will do for that. We do not stand, then, upon so much
ceremony; but a gallant should be well made enough to make one's mouth
water.
GR.-RE. Listen! When we are united by marriage, I insist that you should
turn a deaf ear to all sparks.
MASC. Do you think, brother, to marry her for yourself alone?
GR.-RE. Of course; I will have a virtuous wife, or else I shall kick up
a fine row.
MASC. Ah! lack-a-day, you shall do as others, and become more gentle.
Those people who are so severe and critical before marriage, often
degenerate into pacific husbands.
MAR. Make yourself easy, my dear husband, and do not have the least fear
about my fidelity; flattery will produce no impression on me, and I
shall tell you everything.
MASC. Oh! what a cunning wench to make of a husband a confidant.
MAR. Hold your tongue, you knave of clubs.
[Footnote: The original has _as de pique_, and different
commentators have of course given various explanations. But why, says M.
Despois, should Marinette, who appears to be fond of cards, not call
people by names derived from her favourite game? She calls Gros-Rene in
another place _beau valet de carreau_.]
ALB. For the third time, I say, let us go home, and continue at leisure
such an agreeable conversation.
* * * * *
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Love-Tiff, by Moliere
*** |
[Sudden death of a two-year-old boy with influenza A virus infection: study of an autopsy case].
Influenza A virus infections are common in childhood and infancy and are often underdiagnosed while serious or lethal forms are rare. We describe a case of sudden death in a two-year-old boy. Pathologic findings at autopsy were consistent with Myxovirus influenzae A virus infection and the virus was isolated by post mortem PCR. In the case of sudden death in infants, especially if pathologic findings are compatible with a viral infection, PCR may allow identification of the causative virus. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of particle sorters and, in particular, to particle sorting by flow cytometry.
2. Description of Related Art
Flow-type particle sorting systems, such as sorting flow cytometers, are used to sort particles in a fluid sample based on at least one measured characteristic of the particles. In a flow-type particle sorting system, particles, such as molecules, analyte-bound beads, or individual cells, in a fluid suspension are passed in a stream by a detection region in which particle sensing means senses particles contained in the stream of the type to be sorted. The fluid suspension is jetted from a nozzle and vibrated to break the stream into uniform discrete drops. The signal, or signals, from the particle sensing means are processed to provide a signal output when a particle of the type to be sorted is sensed that triggers assorting mechanism to separate the drop containing the particle from the stream of drops. A number of methods of sorting particles are known in the art, including the use of moving droplet capture tubes (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,002) and electrostatic sorting. In electrostatic sorting, drop charging means are connected to the stream to charge drops containing a particle of the type to be sorted with an electrical charge as it breaks off from the jet stream. The stream of drops is passed through a transverse electrostatic field established by a pair of oppositely charged deflection plates. Uncharged drops are not deflected passing through the electrostatic field and are collected by a central receptacle. Charged drops containing a particle of the type to be sorted are deflected in a direction and amount related to the polarity and magnitude of the drop charge and are collected in a separate collection receptacle.
Particle sensing typically is carried out by passing the fluid stream by a detection region in which the particles are exposed to an excitation light, typically from one or more lasers, and the light scattering and fluorescence properties of the particles are measured. Particles or components thereof can be labeled with fluorescent dyes to facilitate detection, and a multiplicity of different particles or components may be simultaneously detected by using spectrally distinct fluorescent dyes to label the different particles or components. Typically, detection is carried out using a multiplicity of photodetectors to facilitate the independent measurement of the fluorescence of each distinct dye.
The transverse electrostatic field typically is established by a pair of oppositely charged deflection plates flanking the drop stream. The deflection plates are connected to opposite-polarity dc potential sources of, for example, from ±1000 to ±5000 volts. Positively charged drops passing between the deflection plates are deflected towards the negatively charge deflection plate, and negatively charged drops are deflected towards the positively charged deflection plate. The position and lengths of the deflection plates are such that deflected drops do not collide with a plate, but are deflected sufficiently to be collected by a separate collection receptacle held below plates.
Sorting flow cytometers similar to the type described above are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,826,364; 4,667,830; 5,483,469; 5,700,692; 6,372,506; 6,809,804; 6,880,414; and 7,201,875; the entire contents of each patent being incorporated by reference herein. Flow sorters are described in “Flow Sorters for Biological Cells” by Tore Lindmo, Donald C. Peters, and Richard G. Sweet, Flow Cytometry and Sorting, 2d ed. (New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc., 1990), pages 145-169, and in Shapiro, 2003, Practical Flow Cytometry (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken, N.J.), both incorporated herein by reference. Commercially available sorting flow cytometers include the BD FACSVantage™ and BD FACSAria™ sorting flow cytometers manufactured by BD Biosciences (San Jose, Calif.).
One problem that arises in the use of flow-type particle sorters results from the undesired formation during droplet formation of aerosols that can remain suspended in the air in the sort chamber. The aerosol particles can settle on the deflection plates, causing wetting of the deflection plates. Because of the high voltages applied to the plates, wetting of the plates can result in arcing and loss of deflection plate charge, thus interfering with the correct functioning of the sorter. |
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*- */
/* ***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
* Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1
*
* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
* 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
*
* Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
* WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
* for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
* License.
*
* The Original Code is JavaScript Engine testing utilities.
*
* The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
* Mozilla Foundation.
* Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2008
* the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Contributor(s): Jesse Ruderman
*
* Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of
* either the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), or
* the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"),
* in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead
* of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only
* under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to
* use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your
* decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice
* and other provisions required by the GPL or the LGPL. If you do not delete
* the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under
* the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL.
*
* ***** END LICENSE BLOCK ***** */
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
var BUGNUMBER = 465460;
var summary = 'TM: valueOf in a loop: do not assert';
var actual = '';
var expect = '';
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
test();
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
function test()
{
enterFunc ('test');
printBugNumber(BUGNUMBER);
printStatus (summary);
jit(true);
for each (let x in [1, {}, 1, null, 1, {}, 1, null, 1]) { }
jit(false);
reportCompare(expect, actual, summary);
exitFunc ('test');
}
|
Q:
CPU-Core thread classification Function
I'm going to be writing a multi-threaded shared memory messaging system for ultra high-volume message delivery between processes. The messages will originate from the worker threads of a web-server. I'd like to exploit the CPU cache locality that cores on the same CPU share. So that when I wake up a worker thread on the receiving end of this IPC system, I wake up a thread on the same CPU.
I need for Linux (prefferably POSIX in genaral) and windows the API calls and the bitmasking I need to do to extract the information which will let me classify the executing thread-id -- from the context of said thread -- using the following struct:
struct thread_core_id
{
uint16_t cpu_Id;
uint16_t core_Id;
};
Functions for both platforms will be greatly appreciated. I'm hoping this can be done without system calls -- i.e., context-switches.
-- edit --
I'm focusing on x86 at the moment, but other architectures would be useful as well.
A:
For Linux specifically you should be able to get the required information out of /proc/cpuinfo and /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cache and use that with sched_{s|g}etaffinity() calls. Take a look at What Every Programmer Should Know About Memory, if you haven't already, around section 5.3.
|
Colombian President Santos wins Nobel Peace Prize
OSLO/BOGOTA: Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos won the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for his efforts to end a 52-year-old war with Marxist rebels, a surprise choice and a show of support after Colombians rejected a peace accord last Sunday.
The Norwegian Nobel Committee said Santos had brought one of the longest civil wars in modern history significantly closer to a peaceful solution, but there was still a danger the peace process could collapse.
The award excluded FARC guerrilla leader Rodrigo Londono, better known by his nom de guerre Timochenko, who signed the peace accord with Santos in Cartagena on Sept. 26.
Santos has promised to revive the plan even though Colombians narrowly rejected it in a referendum on Sunday. Many voters believed it was too lenient on the FARC guerrillas.
“There is a real danger that the peace process will come to a halt and that civil war will flare up again. This makes it even more important that the parties, headed by President Santos and FARC guerrilla leader Rodrigo Londoño, continue to respect the ceasefire,” the Norwegian Nobel Committee said.
“The fact that a majority of the voters said “No” to the peace accord does not necessarily mean that the peace process is dead,” it said. More than 220,000 people have died on the battlefield or in massacres during the struggle between leftist guerrillas, right-wing paramilitaries and government troops.
Millions have been displaced and many beg on the streets of the capital, while economic potential has been held up in the mostly rural nation.
The committee quoted Santos as saying the award would help further the peace process. “He was overwhelmed. He was very grateful. He said it was of invaluable importance to further the peace process in Colombia,”
Colombia’s ambassador to Norway, Alvaro Sandoval Bernal, said it was a message of hope for his country.
“It reiterates that there is hope for the peace process in Colombia.” Asked why Londono was left out, committee leader Kaci Kullmann Five said Santos had been central to the process.
President Santos has been taking the very first and historic initiative. There have been other tries, but this time he went all-in as leader of the government with a strong will to reach a result.
Santos is the first Latin American to receive the peace prize since indigenous rights campaigner Rigoberta Menchu of Guatemala won in 1992, and is the second Colombian laureate after writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, who won the literature prize in 1982.
BITTER ENEMIES
The scion of one of Colombia’s most prosperous families, Santos was not thought likely to spearhead a peace process with FARC (the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia).
But though he had served as defense minister under hardline ex-president Alvaro Uribe, when the FARC were weakened by a U.S.-backed offensive, Santos used his two terms in office to open negotiations with rebel leadership at four-year-long talks.
His family once owned leading Colombian newspaper El Tiempo, where Santos worked as an editor before turning to politics. He also trained as an economist at the London School of Economics.
He was finance minister in the 1990s, helping to steer the Andean nation through one of its worst fiscal crises.
The peace talks made bitter enemies of Santos and Uribe, who accused his former protege of betraying FARC victims, and who founded a new right-wing political party and won a Senate seat, in an effort to undermine Santos’ peace efforts.
The news may anger those Colombians who see Santos’ bid for peace with the FARC as selling out the nation as he negotiated terms that they see as an embarrassment.
But the fact that his rebel foe Timochenko did not receive the prize alongside him may be a relief to Santos, given the political tension following referendum. On the other hand, it may give Santos the moral upper hand in talks with Uribe.
A joint win may have set back sensitive talks with the opposition as Santos tries to negotiate new terms with the “No” camp and possibly convince the FARC to accept changes to the original accord.
The “No” vote was a disaster for Santos, who had hoped to turn his focus quickly to other matters including possible talks with the smaller ELN rebel group, tax reform and other economic measures to compensate for a drop in oil income.
The government had hoped peace would lead to a boom in investment by commodities investors, in gold mines, oil and agriculture in Latin America’s fourth-largest economy
ACHIEVEMENT AFTER SETBACK
Some Nobel watchers had taken Colombia off their lists of favorites after the referendum “No”.
“The peace accord was indeed a major achievement and, although the referendum was a setback, hopefully this award will help peacebuilders maintain the momentum needed to keep the process moving forward,’ Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Director Dan Smith said in a statement.
The one-sided prize echoes previous awards, such as to South Korean President Kim Dae-jung in 2000 for his work for reconciliation with North Korea. West German Chancellor Willy Brandt won in 1971 for his policies of reaching out to the communist East. IRA guerrillas were excluded from the 1998 prize to Catholic John Hume and Protestant David Trimble for their peace agreement.
But often the awards go to both sides in peace negotiations, such as to Israelis and Palestinians in 1994 or to Egypt’s Anwar Sadat and Israel’s Menachem Begin in 1978.
The Nobel Peace Prize, worth 8 million Swedish crowns ($930,000), will be presented in Oslo on Dec. 10. |
Q:
Crystal Reports: Suppression is hiding records on the next page
I have a Crystal Report where I want to display only the first ItemNum row.
I used the following expression (?) to suppress subsequent records.
Previous ({ItemHistory.ItemNum}) = ({ItemHistory.ItemNum})
My problem is that when I use a parameter selecting only one ItemNum, the same ItemNum on the second page which I want to appear (because it belongs to a different storeroom) will also be suppressed.
A:
I figured it out. I just added check to make sure supression of the ItemNum on the next page (new storeroom) is not performed.
Previous ({ItemHistory.ItemNum}) =
{ItemHistory.ItemNum}
and
Previous({ITEMHISTORY.STOREROOM}) =
{ITEMHISTORY.STOREROOM}
|
A novel invertebrate toll-like receptor with broad recognition spectrum from thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a category of most well recognized pattern recognition molecules that act on a vital role in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, a novel toll-like receptor (McTLRw) was identified and characterized in thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. McTLRw possesses one intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain, one transmembrane region (TM), one leucine rich repeat N-terminal domain (LRR_NT) and a few of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), which all are common in typical TLRs. McTLRw transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with higher expression levels in immune related tissues, and were significantly induced in haemocytes with the challenges of live Vibrio alginolyticus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycans (PGN) and β-glucan (GLU), but not induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). rMcTLRw exhibited affinity to LPS, PGN and GLU while no affinity to poly I:C. Further, the downstream of TLR signaling pathway myeloid differentiation factor 88a (MyD88a), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK4) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were significantly repressed in McTLRw silenced mussels while challenged with LPS. These results collectively indicated that McTLRw is one member of TLR family and involved in immune response to against invaders by taking participate in TLR mediated signaling pathway. |
###### Definitions
- Osmolality: the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Expressed as mOsm/kg.
- Osmolarity: the concentration of a solution in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. Expressed as mOsm/L.
Introduction {#s1}
============
Better neonatal care has improved short-term clinical outcomes, including overall survival. However, long-term outcomes, especially neurodevelopment, remain a big concern.[@R1] Poor postnatal growth of preterm and low birthweight infants is associated with adverse short-term and long-term clinical outcomes.[@R2] Enteral feeding is the cornerstone of nutritional management and growth, but feeding tolerance impacts on the rate of feed advancement. Due to the high nutritional and caloric needs of preterm infants, enteral nutrition of preterm infants, either fortified human milk or preterm formula, has a higher osmolality (or osmolarity) than unfortified human milk. High feed osmolality is often suggested to be linked with adverse events, particularly gastrointestinal dysfunctions and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. The osmolality of mammalian/human milk is approximately 300 mOsm/kg[@R3] but is often increased to levels above 400 mOsm/kg by addition of human milk fortifiers (HMFs), nutritional supplements and medications.[@R3] The nutrients that most affect feed osmolality include: monosaccharides and disaccharides, minerals and electrolytes, amino acids, hydrolysed proteins and medium-chain triglycerides.[@R6] Recent feeding guidelines for preterm infants do not include an upper recommended level of feed osmolality/osmolarity.[@R7] The only recommendation is from 1976 by the American Academy of Pediatrics,[@R10] which advises that formulas for normal infants should have an osmolarity no greater than 400 mOsm/L (approximately 450 mOsm/kg). As yet, this recommendation remains without clear substantiation based on relevant trials.
In 2013, Pearson *et al* [@R11] reviewed the subject of feed osmolality and considered the plausibility of osmolality in the causation of NEC, but to date, there has been no systematic review of the literature to examine this area in detail. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature review on human and animal studies to investigate whether there is a link between high milk feed osmolality and adverse gastrointestinal events, including feeding intolerance and NEC. Due to the challenge in performing randomised well-controlled studies on different osmolality diets in humans and the difficulties in assessing underlying mechanisms, we also included animal studies with relevant gastrointestinal endpoints. We included all relevant studies on the topic that measured feed osmolality regardless of differences in formula composition.
Materials and methods {#s2}
=====================
Search strategy {#s2a}
---------------
Six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CAB Abstracts, Current Contents, BIOSIS Previews and SciSearch) were searched from inception to 16 May 2018 to identify potentially relevant studies (online [supplementary appendix A](#SP1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The search yielded a total of 2072 records. Inclusion criteria were: (1) human and animal studies investigating the effects of milk-based and elemental feeds that differ in osmolality/osmolarity; (2) randomised controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies; (3) published full-text articles, (4) for human studies: infants up to 28 days old and (5) for animal studies: outcome measures related to gut function. Exclusion criteria were: (1) non-English records; (2) studies involving medications, vitamin supplements and mineral solutions; (3) studies involving postpyloric feeds; (4) studies not reporting on osmolality/osmolarity levels of feeds; and (5) studies involving infants with other morbidities (eg, hypernatraemia).
10.1136/archdischild-2018-315946.supp1
Data collection and analysis {#s2b}
----------------------------
HSGT screened titles and abstracts of the 2072 records and selected potentially relevant records. ZME and HSGT then assessed the abstracts of the selected records for eligibility based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Full-text articles of human studies were assessed by four authors (ZME, HSGT, NDE and RMvE) and animal studies by three authors (ZME, HSGT and PTS). Eligibility of each article was based on the prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Assessment of risk of bias {#s2c}
--------------------------
Two authors (ZME and HSGT) assessed risk of bias of included studies. Human RCTs were assessed using the criteria of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, observational cohort studies were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies and animal studies were assessed using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal intervention studies.[@R12] Disagreements were solved after discussion with the other authors (RMvE and NDE for human studies; PTS for animal studies).
Data extraction, management and analysis {#s2d}
----------------------------------------
Data were extracted by two authors (ZME and HSGT) using a data collection form. Data extracted included study population characteristics, adverse outcomes, composition of feeds administered and osmolality/osmolarity. Disagreements were solved after discussion with a third author (RMvE). If reported data were insufficient, we contacted authors for further information. No attempt was made to synthesise the data numerically due to variability in osmolality and osmolarity. Findings of the studies were summarised narratively.
Results {#s3}
=======
Study selection {#s3a}
---------------
Fifty-eight of the 2072 publications met our inclusion criteria. After reading the full texts, 42 were excluded. [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} shows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of the search strategy. Of the 10 included human studies,[@R13] eight were RCTs of which three were cross-over design and two were observational studies ([table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} presents details of the six included animal RCT studies.[@R23] We received additional information from Ramirez *et al* [@R14] on feed osmolality.
######
Characteristics of included human studies and overview of findings
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outcome measures References\*\ Study design Birth weight Gestational age Number of participants Type of feed Osmolality/\ Osmolality/\ Outcomes
(country) osmolarity† osmolarity measured
-------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- --------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gastric emptying Pascale (1978)[@R13] (USA) RCT \<2000 g Not reported 8 Intact protein formula (Isocal) 204 mOsm/L No Greater delay in gastric emptying in infants fed higher osmolarity formula.
6 Intact protein formula (Portagen) 211 mOsm/L
13 Hydrolysed protein formula (Pregestimil) 539 mOsm/L
Gastric emptying Ramirez (2006)[@R14] (USA) Cross-over RCT \<1570 g 25--30 weeks 10 Half strength human milk or formula‡ 155 mOsm/kg Yes No change in gastric emptying with a higher diet osmolality.
Half strength human milk or formula‡ 310 mOsm/kg
Half strength human milk or formula‡ 310 mOsm/kg
Full strength human milk or formula‡ 310 mOsm/kg
7 Full strength human milk or formula‡ 155 mOsm/kg Yes Accelerated gastric emptying with decreased osmolality and increased feed volume.
Full strength human milk or formula‡ 310 mOsm/kg
Gastric emptying Siegel (1982)[@R15]\ Cross-over RCT Not reported 26--34 weeks 10 With sucrose (Neo-Mull-Soy) 279±12 mOsm/kg Yes No significant difference in gastric emptying.
(USA)
With glucose (Cho-Free with glucose) 448±11 mOsm/kg
Gastric emptying Yigit (2008)[@R16] (Turkey) Cross-over RCT 600--1470 g Mean 29.8 weeks 20 Human milk 319±19 mOsm/§ Yes No significant increase in gastric emptying time for full strength fortification.
Half strength HMF (Eoprotin) 365±25 mOsm/L§
Full strength HMF (Eoprotin) 440±44 mOsm/L§
Tolerance;\ Kanmaz (2013)[@R17] (Turkey) RCT ≤1500 g ≤32 weeks 26 Standard fortification (Eoprotin) 340 mOsm/L No No significant difference in feeding intolerance, residuals and abdominal distension.
Gastric emptying
29 Moderate fortification (Eoprotin) 360 mOsm/L
29 Aggressive fortification (Eoprotin) 380 mOsm/L
Tolerance;\ Kim (2015) [@R18]\ RCT 700--1500 g ≤33 weeks 63 Powdered intact protein HMF (Similac) 385 mOsm/kg No No significant differences in overall morbidity, and both fortifiers were well tolerated.
Overall morbidity (USA)
66 New liquid hydrolysed protein HMF 450 mOsm/kg
Tolerance;\ Singh (2017)[@R19]\ Prospective observational \<1500 g Not reported 15 Higher carbohydrate HMF (Lactodex) 378±34 mOsm/kg Yes No significant difference in episodes of feeding intolerance or NEC.
NEC (India)
15 Higher fat HMF (HIJAM) 420±31 mOsm/kg
15 Higher carbohydrate HMF (FM-85) 451±39 mOsm/kg
Tolerance;\ Rigo (2017)[@R20] (France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy) RCT ≤1500 g ≤32 weeks 76 New partially hydrolysed protein HMF (with higher protein and micronutrients) 390 mOsm/kg Yes No significant difference in feeding tolerance and NEC.
NEC
74 Extensively hydrolysed protein HMF\ 441 mOsm/kg
(FM-85)
NEC Book (1975)[@R21]\ RCT \<1200 g 24--32 weeks 8 Cow milk formula (premature formula) 359 mOsm/L No Significantly higher incidence of NEC in the elemental formula group (87.5%) compared with cow milk formula group (25%).
(USA)
8 Elemental formula (Pregestimil) 650 mOsm/L
NEC Thoene (2016)[@R22] (USA) Retrospective observational \<2000 g Not reported 23 Acidified liquid hydrolysed protein HMF 326 mOsm/kg No Significantly higher incidence of NEC in the feed group with lowest osmolality.
46 Powdered intact protein HMF 385 mOsm/kg
51 Non-acidified liquid intact protein HMF 385 mOsm/kg
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\*References indicated with first author and year.
† Osmolality/osmolarity values were rounded up.
‡Formula used in Ramirez *et al* [@R14] were either Enfamil 24 or Neosure.
§Range of values also reported in Yigit *et al* [@R16] (275--371 mOsm/L, 310--411 mOsm/L and 344--576 mOsm/L).
HMF, human milk fortifier; NEC, necrotising enterocolitis.
######
Characteristics of included animal studies and overview of findings
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Outcome measures References\*\ Study design Study population Number of animals Type of feed Osmolality/\ Osmolality/\ Outcomes
(country) osmolarity† osmolarity measured
------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------ ------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------- --------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intestinal osmolality and\ Goldblum[@R23] (1981) (USA) RCT Neonatal dogs 4 Breast milk 300 mOsm/kg Yes No significant difference in intestinal osmolality in proximal and distal intestine with high osmolality feed. Gastric content recovered only in hypertonic-fed group.
gastric content
8 Cow milk formula (Similac) 298 mOsm/kg
14 Elemental formula (Pregestimil) 710 mOsm/kg
Survival and\ Miller[@R24] (1967) (USA) RCT Neonatal rats 40 Rat's breast milk 352 mOsm/L Yes Decreased survival with dietary osmolarity ≥765 mOsmol/L. Prolonged gastric emptying and increased water in the intestine with increasing dietary osmolarity.
gastric emptying
20 Hyperosmolar skim milk feed with glucose 624 mOsm/L
20 Hyperosmolar skim milk feed with glucose 765 mOsm/L
20 Hyperosmolar skim milk feed with glucose 975 mOsm/L
20 Hyperosmolar skim milk feed with glucose 1308 mOsm/L
NEC and\ Miyake[@R25] (2016) (Canada) RCT Neonatal mice 4 Breast milk Not reported Yes Same incidence of NEC (80%) and similar mean mucosal injury score in the hyperosmolar feed groups. No incidence of NEC, low mean mucosal injury score and low intestinal inflammatory response in breastfed control group.
mucosal injury
10 Diluted hyperosmolar feed (Similac lower Iron+Esbilac Puppy Milk Replacer) 325 mOsm/kg
10 Hyperosmolar feed (Similac lower Iron+Esbilac Puppy Milk Replacer) 849 mOsm/kg
Diarrhoea, NEC,\ Sun[@R26] (2018) (Denmark) RCT Preterm piglets 9 Unfortified donor pig milk (A) 312 mOsm/kg Yes Significantly more diarrhoea with highest osmolarity feed (D). No difference in incidence of NEC and gut permeability between feed groups (A--D). Several structural, functional and immune parameters in the intestine and blood differed with feeds C and D. Gastric residual significantly higher with feed C than feeds B and D.
gut permeability,\
inflammatory condition and\
gastric residual
19 Donor human milk (B) 289 mOsm/kg
19 Donor human milk+bovine colostrum (C) 408 mOsm/kg
16 Donor human milk+formula based fortifier‡ (D) 460 mOsm/kg
Intestinal motor dysfunction Szabo (1990)[@R27] (USA) RCT Neonatal piglets 8 Commercial pig milk formula 482±35 mOsm/kg Yes No significant intestinal motor dysfunction indicated by pattern of small intestinal myoelectric activity (after single meal).
9 Hyperosmolar pig milk formula with sorbitol 874±30 mOsm/kg
GI hormones,\ Szabo (1990)[@R28] (USA) RCT Neonatal piglets 10 Commercial pig milk formula 481±41 mOsm/kg Yes No significant difference gastrointestinal hormone concentration, bacterial proliferation and no intestinal mucosal damage (after a single meal).
bacterial proliferation and\
mucosal damage
10 Hyperosmolar pig milk formula with sorbitol 872±32 mOsm/kg
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\*References are indicated only with first author and year.
†Osmolality/osmolarity values were rounded up.
‡Fortifiers used in Sun *et al* [@R26] were Nutrilon Nenatal or Enfamil HMF.
GI, gastrointestinal; HMF, human milk fortifier; NEC, necrotising enterocolitis; RCT, randomised controlled trial.
{#F1}
Risk of bias {#s3b}
------------
Risk of bias of human and animal studies varied and almost all studies had methodological limitations ([figures 2 and 3](#F2 F3){ref-type="fig"}). As reporting of experimental details in animal studies is not yet standard, evaluation of their methodological quality remains difficult. For human RCTs and animal studies, methods of blinding, randomisation and allocation concealment were frequently not clearly described. Incomplete outcome data was judged as having low risk of bias for all studies. For observational studies, high risk of bias was identified for Singh *et al* [@R19] and low risk of bias for Thoene *et al* [@R22] (online [supplementary appendix B](#SP2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
10.1136/archdischild-2018-315946.supp2
{#F2}
{#F3}
Human studies {#s3c}
-------------
### Gastric emptying {#s3c1}
Five studies reported effects of feed osmolality/osmolarity on gastric emptying.[@R13] In one study, a mean gastric residual of 30% was found in infants 3 hours after feeding a casein hydrolysate formula (539 mOsm/L), whereas no gastric residual after feeding an 80% casein and 20% soy formula (204 mOsm/L) and 3.7% gastric residual with a casein formula (211 mOsm/L) were found.[@R13] Another study found no change in gastric emptying with a feed osmolality of 310 versus 155 mOsm/kg.[@R14] However, gastric emptying was accelerated by decreasing osmolality from 310 to 155 mOsm/kg while increasing feed volume from 10 mL/kg to 20 mL/kg. Yigit *et al* [@R16] found no significant difference in gastric residuals after feeding different feeds with an osmolarity ranging from 275 mOsm/L to 576 mOsm/L. Similarly, Siegel *et al* [@R15] reported no significant difference in gastric emptying between feeding a soybean formula containing sucrose (279 mOsm/kg) or containing glucose (448 mOsm/kg). Kanmaz *et al* [@R17] also reported no significant difference in gastric residuals after feedings with osmolarities ranging from 340 mOsm/L to 380 mOsm/L.
### Feeding intolerance {#s3c2}
Four studies assessed the influence of dietary osmolality/osmolarity on feeding tolerance.[@R17] The definition of feeding intolerance varied among the studies but frequently included presence of abdominal distension, vomiting and delayed/withheld feedings. None of these studies found significant differences in feeding tolerance with feed osmolalities up to 451 mOsm/kg.[@R17]
### NEC and overall morbidity {#s3c3}
Five studies reported the effects of dietary osmolality/osmolarity on NEC and overall morbidity.[@R18] One study reported a significantly higher NEC incidence in infants after receiving an elemental formula (650 mOsm/L) compared with a cow milk-based formula (359 mOsm/L) (87.5% vs 25%, respectively; p\<0.02).[@R21] Thoene *et al* [@R22] reported a significantly higher NEC incidence in infants receiving an acidified liquid HMF (326 mOsm/kg) compared with those receiving a powdered HMF (385 mOsm/kg) and a non-acidified liquid HMF (385 mOsm/kg) (13%, 0% and 0%, respectively; p=0.0056). Rigo *et al* [@R20] found no significant difference in NEC incidence comparing one HMF (441 mOsm/kg) with a new HMF with higher protein and micronutrient content (390 mOsm/kg). Similarly, Singh *et al* [@R19] found no significant difference in NEC incidence with different feed osmolalities (451 mOsm/kg, 420 mOsm/kg and 378 mOsm/kg). Furthermore, Kim *et al* [@R18] reported no significant difference in overall morbidity (NEC and sepsis) in infants fed either a liquid HMF (450 mOsm/kg) or a powder HMF (385 mOsm/kg).
Animal studies {#s3d}
--------------
### Adverse events and paraclinical endpoints {#s3d1}
Six studies evaluated the mechanistic effects of feeds with different osmolalities/osmolarities,[@R23] although not necessarily the main aim of these studies. Goldblum *et al* [@R23] found no significant difference in intestinal luminal osmolality of the proximal and distal intestine after feeding neonatal dogs with a hyperosmolar feed (710 mOsm/kg) compared with iso-osmolar feeds. Gastric content could only be recovered in the group fed hyperosmolar feed, implying delayed gastric emptying. Similarly, Miller *et al* [@R24] found prolonged gastric emptying time and increased water in the intestine in neonatal rats with increased dietary osmolality.[@R24] Miyake *et al* [@R25] reported similar mucosal injury scores in neonatal mice in two NEC-induced groups fed hyperosmolar feeds and both had higher scores than a control human milk fed group. Szabo and Fewell[@R27] and Szabo *et al* [@R28] concluded that a single hyperosmolar feed did not induce intestinal motor dysfunction, differences in gastrointestinal hormone concentration, bacterial proliferation or intestinal mucosal damage in neonatal piglets. In preterm piglets, Sun *et al* [@R26] found no differences in gut permeability after feeding human milk with different fortification, resulting in osmolalities from 289 mOsm/kg to 460 mOsm/kg. However, differences were found in several structural, functional and immune parameters in the intestine and blood in the group receiving human milk with a formula-based fortifier (460 mOsm/kg) compared with those receiving human milk with bovine colostrum (408 mOsm/kg). Gastric residuals were also significantly higher in this group compared with groups fed donor human milk with or without fortifier (p\<0.05).
Three studies evaluated the effects of a hyperosmolar feed on clinical outcomes.[@R24] Miller and Czajka[@R24] reported decreased survival in neonatal rats after feeds with a dietary osmolarity ≥765 mOsmol/L. In a mice study by Miyake *et al*,[@R25] NEC was induced by giving hypoxia and gavage administration of lipopolysaccharide and formula feeding. NEC incidence was similar in groups that received a lower (325 mOsm/kg) versus higher (849 mOsm/kg) osmolality feed. There were no NEC cases in the control breastmilk fed group without lipopolysaccharide or hypoxia. Sun *et al* [@R26] found significantly more diarrhoea in preterm piglets fed donor human milk with a formula-based fortifier (460 mOsm/kg) compared with groups receiving unfortified donor human, sow's milk or donor human milk with bovine colostrum (312--408 mOsm/kg) (p\<0.05). There was no significant difference in NEC incidence between the groups receiving different feed osmolalities (289--460 mOsm/kg).
Discussion {#s4}
==========
Based on the 10 included human studies with 618 infants, we found no consistent evidence that feed osmolality/osmolarity is associated with any adverse gastrointestinal events especially feeding intolerance, except at very high levels (eg, \>539 mOsm/L). Below this level, we found no difference in feeding intolerance when infants were fed differing feed osmolalities (up to 450 mOsm/kg). As delayed gastric emptying is often regarded a major determinant of feed intolerance, we expected similar results for this outcome, and indeed we found no changes in gastric emptying with differing feed osmolarities (up to 440 mOsm/L). Only one human study[@R13] found a greater delay in gastric emptying with a feed osmolarity of 539 mOsm/L. However, significant differences in protein, fat and carbohydrate composition, besides differences in feed osmolarities in the studied formula, limit the interpretation of this result. Siegel *et al* [@R15] subsequently performed a study where similar feed compositions were used and found that feed osmolality did not significantly influence gastric emptying. However, the feed osmolalities tested in this study (up to 448 mOsm/kg) were much lower than in the study by Pascale *et al*.[@R13]
In comparison, some animal studies found that increasing feed osmolarities \>624 mOsm/L, regardless of feed composition, delayed gastric emptying.[@R23] The exact mechanisms for delayed gastric emptying are not clear from these studies. However, Goldblum *et al* [@R23] reported a reduction in osmolarity in the contents of the proximal intestine in neonatal dogs after a hyperosmolar feed, indicating dilution occurring in the stomach. This dilution may have occurred through osmoreceptors in the duodenum initiating a delay in gastric emptying through direct interactions with the stomach.[@R29] In preterm piglets,[@R26] higher gastric residuals were found in piglets fed with an osmolality of 408 mOsm/kg compared with an osmolality of 460 mOsm/kg; however, the feed compositions in this study differed markedly (different fortifiers to human donor milk).
In a study published after our literature search was completed,[@R30] three fortifiers with varying feed osmolalities (320 mOsm/kg, 379 mOsm/kg and 498 mOsm/kg) added to human donor milk fed to preterm piglets were compared. Gastric residuals were similar among groups, but NEC incidence and gut inflammatory reactions were highest in the group fed fortified human milk with the highest osmolality. Furthermore, in another recently published piglet study by one of the authors (PTS),[@R31] a free amino acid-based formula diet showed adverse effects on digestion and growth compared with three diets consisting of 70% intact proteins and 30% essential amino acids. This effect could have been due to the higher osmolality in the free amino acids groups compared with the other groups (580 mOsm/kg vs 470--480 mOsm/kg, measured but not described in the paper). Together, the results of the animal and human studies raise the question whether there is a certain level of feed osmolality where diets start to delay gastric emptying and create adverse intestinal reactions. However, it is important to acknowledge that most studies did not have osmolality/osmolarity as the principal dietary factor that varied and many other nutritional components (eg, fat, protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphate) varied between the diet groups, which may influence outcomes.
The most severe clinical manifestation of feeding intolerance in neonates is NEC. We found no evidence in human studies that milk feed osmolalities (up to 450 mOsm/kg) increased the incidence of NEC. Only one small human study found a significantly higher NEC incidence with a feed osmolarity of 650 mOsm/L.[@R21] However, significant differences in formulae compositions make it impossible to determine whether the higher NEC incidence was directly attributed to the high feed osmolarity or due to the specific formula composition (i.e. casein hydrolysate with high medium-chain triglycerides and glucose content) or a combination of both. The specific role of formula composition is illustrated by Thoene *et al*,[@R22] reporting a higher NEC incidence in infants fed an acidified HMF with the lowest feed osmolality (326 mOsm/kg). In the animal studies, we found no significant difference in the incidence of NEC with differing feed osmolalities (up to 849 mOsm/kg). NEC was induced in neonatal mice by Miyake *et al* [@R25] through gavage formula feeding (regardless of osmolality) combined with lipopolysaccharides and hypoxia. This is a method frequently adopted by others in rodents,[@R32] suggesting that other factors than solely feed osmolality play a role in the development of NEC, at least in rodents. In piglets, however, infant formula feeding alone can induce spontaneous NEC-like symptoms without exposure to hypoxia, gavage and lipopolysaccharide.[@R34] Lower osmolality diets, such as unfortified human, bovine or porcine milk or colostrum, clearly result in lower NEC sensitivity and less adverse intestinal reactions than formula in preterm piglets.[@R26] However, it remains unclear if this is due to lower feed osmolality or to composition of nutrients and protective bioactive factors in natural milk diets.
Besides adverse gastrointestinal events, neonatal rats fed a diet ≥765 mOsmol/L had increased mortality due to dehydration.[@R24] Compared with adult rats, newborn rats have reduced kidney function and difficulty conserving water in the body.[@R24] The impaired ability to maintain fluid homeostasis coupled with hyperosmolar feeds may lead to severe dehydration. Although it is inappropriate to directly extrapolate the results of this animal study to humans, neonatal infants also have reduced kidney function and difficulty regulating fluid balance increasing the risk of overhydration and dehydration,[@R40] thus feeds with a very high osmolality may also have other adverse effects in preterm infants.
Strengths and weaknesses of the review {#s4a}
--------------------------------------
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to investigate the link between feed osmolality and adverse gastrointestinal events. The strength of this review is the systematic approach of searching the literature with no restriction to year of publication and selection of studies based on prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The PRISMA checklist was used to assist with the reporting of the review (online [supplementary appendix C](#SP3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Each full-text article was reviewed by three or more researchers independently. The limitations of this review include that only one reviewer screened the titles and abstracts of all search records and excluded obvious ineligible studies. The remainder were reviewed by at least two reviewers to select all eligible studies for inclusion. Furthermore, we restricted the review to only include studies published as full-text articles in English and that reported on osmolality/osmolarity. The included studies varied in methodological quality, mainly limited by unclear blinding, and no or unclear randomisation and allocation concealment. Feed osmolarity, when measured, was frequently highly variable and in some studies not measured but assumed, limiting the interpretation of any cut-off values that could influence outcomes. Although we acknowledge that it is necessary to alter at least one aspect of a feed to change the osmolality/osmolarity, significant differences in formula composition in the studies make it difficult to evaluate the independent effect of feed osmolality/osmolarity on specific adverse outcomes. An additional limitation was the relatively small number of neonates in each study included in this review, limiting the interpretation of the results. The interpretation of animal studies may be limited as the actual level by which osmolality adversely affects the infant versus animal intestine could differ; however, findings from the animal studies support the findings in human studies. Future RCTs would need to enrol \>1000 infants to be powered to determine effects on key morbidities such as NEC or sepsis. It will remain difficult to investigate the specific effect of feed osmolality, independently of associated changes in dietary ingredients. Well-designed animal studies, using serial dilutions of osmolality, may help to identify mechanisms related to adverse gastrointestinal and metabolic effects of hyperosmolar diets. Until further scientific evidence is available, an upper maximum for osmolality/osmolarity in milk diets, especially for vulnerable groups such as preterm infants, are based on the pragmatic conclusions from existing infant and animal studies.
10.1136/archdischild-2018-315946.supp3
Conclusions {#s5}
===========
In conclusion, we found no consistent evidence that feed osmolality of 300--500 mOsm/kg poses a safety risk to newborn infants. In the available studies, significant differences in feed composition among diets with different osmolality levels limit the interpretation of results regarding the independent impact of osmolality.
**Contributors:** Z-ME and RMvE designed the research, which was conducted by Z-ME and HSGT in terms of search of papers, paper selection (final selection together with RMvE, NDE and PTS) and figure generation. All authors contributed equally to manuscript writing and take equal responsibility for final content.
**Funding:** The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
**Competing interests:** Z-ME, HSGT and RMvE are employees of Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. NDE has previously conducted research with support from manufacturers of infant formula including Nestec SA (Switzerland), Wyeth UK and Nutricia UK but did not receive any payment, support or benefit in kind for contribution to this manuscript and has no ongoing personal, consultancy or financial relationships with Nutricia or other relevant commercial interest. PTS has nothing to declare.
**Patient consent:** Not required.
**Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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The Lions, lying in wait for the new year... A high-profile player signed a much-anticipated, long-awaited contract extension Wednesday afternoon and unfortunately for the Detroit Lions, that player was not named Ndamukong Suh. San Francisco 49...
The San Francisco 49ers had two major goals to accomplish this offseason. They are halfway to accomplishing them. The 49ers signed quarterback Colin Kaepernick to a lucrative contract extension through the 2020 season on Wednesday. Kaepernick w... |
Britain steps backward as EU faces decline
The UK voted to leave the EU, with the Leave supporters beating Remain by 51.9 percent to 48.1 percent. The slight victory is likely to have opened a Pandora's box in Europe, pushing the continent into chaos.
A lose-lose situation is already emerging. The British pound fell 10 percent at one stage on Friday. The euro fell 3 percent.
David Cameron announced he would quit as British prime minister. Scotland may start a new independence referendum.
There are also calls in the Netherlands and France for a similar exit referendum.
The UK is just over 300 years old. In its heyday it was known as an empire on which the sun never set, with colonies all over the world.
Now it is stepping back to where it was.
Britons are already showing a losing mind-set. They may become citizens of a nation that prefers to shut itself from the outside world.
The Leave advocates had been calculating whether their pensions were guaranteed or migrants were encroaching on their neighborhood. Bigger topics such as the country's aspirations or its global strategy were overlooked.
Britain has been a special member of the EU. It has not joined the eurozone, nor adopted the Schengen agreement. France and Germany have been resentful of Britain's half-hearted presence in the EU. In a sense, Britain's exit may be a relief for both sides.
However, such relief is in effect a major setback for European integration. Such setbacks don't happen in good times. Britain's exit reflects the general decline of Europe.
The world's center used to lie on the two sides of the Atlantic. Now the focus has shifted to the Pacific. East Asia has witnessed decades of high-speed growth and prosperity. Europe stays where it was, becoming the world's center of museums and tourist destinations. Unfortunately, Europe is also close to the chaotic Middle East. Waves of refugees flood into Europe, coinciding with increasing terrorist attacks.
Europe is not able to resolve the problems it is facing. The public are confused and disappointed and extremism is steading.
The Leave grouping beat out the Remain supporters by only 4 percentage points, which could have resulted from some temporary reasons. Is it really fair to decide Britain's future this way?
Such changes will benefit the US, which will lose a strong rival in terms of the dominance of its currency. Politically it will be easier for the US to influence Europe.
There is no direct political impact on Russia and China. For the Chinese people, who are at a critical time to learn about globalization and democracy, they will continue to watch the consequence of Britain's embracing of a "democratic" referendum.
|
Q:
How can we compare three integers to find which one is bigger/smaller?
For example; we have three variables:
var a = 11;
var b = 23;
var c = 8;
Can we return the variable name of the biggest/smallest value?
A:
you probably need to use an object or an array to know the variable's name :
var obj = {
'a':11,
'b':23,
'c':8
};
var biggest = '';
for (var name in obj) {
if(biggest !== '' && obj[name] > obj[biggest]) {
biggest = name;
} else if (biggest === '') {
biggest = name;
}
}
return biggest;
|
Fatal Fire
A fire truck sets in front of a home that caught fire overnight in Tulsa.
KWGS News Photo
Tulsa, OK – The Tulsa Fire Department says an elderly woman was killed in an early morning Tulsa house fire. The blaze was reported in the 2200-block of South Gary. Authorities say the fire broke out about five this morning.
Investigators say the home was cluttered and that made the fire more difficult to extinguish. |
Certain memories used in digital systems can experience data loss if too many physically-proximate data bits in the memory have the same bit value and surround a bit of opposite value. That is, if too many bits in physical proximity are zeros, data loss can occur for a one bit stored near the zeros. Similarly, if too many bits in physical proximity are ones, data loss can occur for a zero bit stored near the ones. To mitigate data loss in these types of memories, memory controllers may implement data randomization, also referred to as “data scrambling.” The data scrambling mechanisms use reproducible pseudo-random modifications to change data written to memory, and to change the data back to the original data when read from the memory. By changing the data, the mix of ones and zeros is changed in an attempt to reduce the number of like-bits in physical proximity. |
Q:
lsof runs very slow in my server
I'm running lsof in one of my Linux server to check if one file (/tmp/incoming_data.txt) in the ext3 system is opened by other programs. My server has lots of TCP connection on it. The weird thing is the execution of 'sudo lsof' takes about two minutes to finish and it uses 99.x% CPU during that two minutes.
The command I used is sudo lsof /tmp/incoming_data.txt. I've tried "fuser" which takes about the same amount CPU and execution time. Is there anything I can do fix this problem?
A:
Pass the -n option to skip resolving DNS names of IP connections. This will almost certainly be the biggestion portion of any slowdowns.
A:
If you are certain that you can skip the open TCP or UDP connections, since you mentioned there are too many of them, you can use the dialect-specific option of lsof -X.
lsof -X
Read the man page of lsof and search for '-X' for detailed information.
|
config BR2_PACKAGE_TK
bool "tk"
depends on BR2_USE_MMU # tcl
depends on BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_THREADS # tcl
depends on !BR2_STATIC_LIBS # tcl
depends on BR2_PACKAGE_XORG7
select BR2_PACKAGE_TCL
select BR2_PACKAGE_XLIB_LIBX11
select BR2_PACKAGE_XLIB_LIBXFT
help
A windowing toolkit for use with tcl
http://www.tcl.tk
comment "tk needs a toolchain w/ threads, dynamic library"
depends on BR2_USE_MMU
depends on BR2_PACKAGE_XORG7
depends on !BR2_TOOLCHAIN_HAS_THREADS || BR2_STATIC_LIBS
|
Numbers 25:6
Embed This Verse
6 And behold, one of the people of Israel came and brought a Midianite woman to his family, in the sight of Moses and in the sight of the whole congregation of the people of Israel, while they were mweeping in the entrance of the tent of meeting. |
Pull the plug on expanding national park wireless service
BY DENNIS WYATT
Turlock Journal
POSTEDNovember 8, 2013 11:30 p.m.
I am not a Luddite. Nor am I a minimalist. And I don’t consider myself cranky. But enough already with trying to make sure every square inch of the earth can have access to the Internet. The National Park Service — perched on a tight wire trying to balance preservation with access — is working mightily to bring technology to nature. Park rangers see value in visitors being able to scan coded signs to access additional information about various park features. They also believe visitors being able to use their cell phones to tap into weather information and traffic conditions rate are pluses. But there is also a growing number of people who use technology as either a dangerous crutch or let it seriously cloud their judgment. It is becoming too common for people armed with nothing much more than a cell phone to go wandering off into the back country on the spur of the moment. They are confident if they get lost or something happens that they weren’t prepared for they can just call 9-1-1. Cameras have been around for years. But it wasn’t until the advent of the cell phone that a sharp increase of people started doing downright dangerous things while snapping photos. The Mist Trail along the treacherous Merced River in Yosemite is a prime example. The bold and careless behavior has a lot to do with the fact we treat cell phones as extensions of ourselves. It also demonstrates a growing reliance on wireless technology that — while convenient — tends to negate common sense. Then there is the experience factor. Hiking 11 miles up to 14,505 feet to the top of Mt. Whitney losses its charm when you crest the summit and half the people up there are talking rather loudly into their cell phones. Communing with nature requires reaching out and texting someone these days. Cloud’s Rest — a precarious perch in Yosemite reached by a treacherous trek across a granite spine — has no cell service. That in its self would qualify as a charm. One hiker last summer thought otherwise cursing the fact he couldn’t shoot and send instantaneous feed video from his smartphone to a couple hundred friends, It kind of makes you yearn for the Dark Ages when people waited until they got back from vacation to torture you with their vacation pictures and slide shows. My favorite respite from the clamor of daily life is Death Valley. I stay in Stovepipe Wells where there is no phone, TV or wireless access in the rooms. If that seems prehistoric to some, there is virtually no cell service in all of Death Valley that encompasses almost as much acreage as the State of Connecticut. My favorite escape involves a pure desert hike four miles cross country to the imposing Panamint Valley Sand Dunes. From atop the highest dune soaring some 400 plus feet high you can clearly see geographic features for 60 miles plus. You might occasionally see a car in the distance crossing the valley on Highway 190 or a Navy fighter jet out of China Lake dancing along mountain sides, but that is it. There is no one else there. There are no cell phones with their incessant ringing. When a hawk approaches you can hear the wings flap for almost a mile away. The quiet is so deafening you can hear the air move. It is an experience hard to replicate. You used to come close, though, by simply going into the back country in any national park. But as wireless technology has advanced so has noise pollution. I am not against smartphones or tablets per se. I have both. I even ditched a personal computer because it was tethered by a cable to broadband. But there needs to be sanctuaries where we can’t take it all with us. I am sure Thoreau would embrace today’s communication technology. As a complex and engaging man he did more than retreat to the simplicity of Walden’s Pond to reflect and write. And given his views as an abolitionist, tax resister and development critic he’d applaud the reach of social media and the class free empowerment of the Internet. But one can’t be himself, ponder things, or rejuvenate one’s mind or soul if you are constantly plugged into a world of instant communication where you seek answers and the meaning of life while helping a cell carrier to prosper. Yosemite — or any national park for that matter — isn’t Disneyland. Wiring it to supposedly enhance the experience only dilutes it. And as we grow more and more reliant on wireless devices it also makes the experience much more dangerous as we erroneously believe that help is just a couple of keyboard taps away.
This column is the opinion of Dennis Wyatt and does not necessarily represent the opinion of The Journal or Morris Newspaper Corp. of CA. He can be contacted at dwyatt@mantecabulletin.com or 209-249-3519. |
Electric
With a fleet of 60 vehicles — the company primarily runs Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans — and 600 employees, SPUD makes upwards of 1,500 deliveries a day to homes and offices.
Photo via SPUD.
For mission-oriented businesses, demonstrating the company’s values at every step of the supply chain process is crucial to attracting new customers, retaining old ones, and standing apart in the industry. At Vancouver-based grocery delivery service SPUD, providing customers with healthy, locally sourced food is the main mission, and requires refrigeration units to achieve it.
Founded in 1997, SPUD delivers food from farms, ranches, fisheries, and bakeries to customers in the Vancouver, Victoria, Calgary, and Edmonton areas.
“We're very sustainable,” says Rick Hollingshead, SPUD’s facilities and fleet manager. “We're all about being green, and number one, helping people make healthy choices and live a healthier lifestyle [with] organic and non-GMO products.”
With a fleet of 60 vehicles — the company primarily runs Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans — and 600 employees, SPUD makes upwards of 1,500 deliveries a day to homes and offices. Individual trucks and drivers typically make 35 to 60 deliveries daily.
In keeping with SPUD’s commitment to sustainability, Hollingshead decided to outfit his fleet with Volta Air’s Pluto all-electric reefer units about a year and half ago after being introduced to the product a trade show a few years prior.
With over 50 years of experience in the automotive and HVAC industry, Richmond, British Colombia-based Volta Air develops AC and transportation refrigeration that is meant to lower operational costs and reduce emissions.
“The current problem with day-to-day urban delivery of fresh and frozen products is that during the time a delivery vehicle is stopped, its engine needs to run continuously to keep the products fresh or frozen,” Volta Air CEO Kris Malek said in a statement.
According to Malek, using Volta Air’s all-electric refrigeration technology allows the delivery vehicle engine to be turned off during stops, which saves fuel and maintenance costs, and reduces CO2 emissions.
Hollingshead admits that when he first discovered Volta’s systems, he was “reluctant” to try them because the product was so new at the time. However, after further research and talking with Volta representatives in Vancouver, he felt confident enough to test out the reefer system in one of the company’s new vehicles.
With the Volta Air Pluto units, the refrigeration system continues to run after the vehicle has been turned off, reducing emissions, lowering fuel spend, and ensuring fresh groceries.
Photo courtesy of Volta Air.
Following a successful trial, he decided to outfit all new vehicles with the units. Currently, SPUD has 12 vehicles equipped with the Volta Air Pluto system. “And, as far as I have any say in it, that's the only unit that we're going to continue to use… in any of our new trucks,” Hollingshead adds.
The traditional reefer units SPUD uses on its older vehicles syphon power from the vehicle’s engine, requiring drivers to leave their engines running while making deliveries to ensure food doesn’t spoil. Not only does this decrease fuel economy, but it increases emissions as well.
With the Volta Air Pluto units, the refrigeration system continues to run after the vehicle has been turned off, reducing emissions, lowering fuel spend, and ensuring fresh groceries. Aside from the amount saved by decreasing fuel consumption, the Volta units themselves are about half the price of traditional units, Hollingshead adds.
The 12-volt reefer units weigh about 97 pounds and are approved by the California Air Resources Board.
As SPUD’s operations continue to expand — the company recently partnered with Walmart to deliver groceries to its Vancouver area stores — maintaining that commitment to provide customers with local, organic food will be top priority, and promoting sustainable fleet practices will naturally follow.
By 2022, Hollingshead estimates his fleet will number upwards of 120 vehicles, the majority of which will be fitted with all-electric reefer units.
Within the next three to five years, all-electric units are expected to penetrate 8% to 10% of the market, Malek said.
“That’s certainly not a majority, but still represents a huge market opportunity.”
Electric
Workhorse Group Inc. has appointed Robert Willison, former company director of research and development, to COO. Willison's appointment follows the recently announced promotion of Duane Hughes to Workhorse CEO.
Electrify America is investing $300 million toward the investments of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and technology where the technologies needs are greatest and where it will most likely be regularly used. |
{
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],
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],
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{
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"current": {
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"text": "creditDisputeSimpleInputPmml1",
"value": "creditDisputeSimpleInputPmml1"
},
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"hide": 0,
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},
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},
"timezone": "",
"title": "Demo dashboard",
"uid": "ilKaJt7Wk",
"version": 6
}
|
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