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182 P.3d 1099 (2008)
Michael J. KEENAN, Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v.
Hugh G. WADE, Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
Nos. S-12437, S-12446.
Supreme Court of Alaska.
May 9, 2008.
*1101 Donna C. Willard, Law Offices of Donna C. Willard, Anchorage, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.
Hugh G. Wade, pro se, Anchorage.
Before: FABE, Chief Justice, EASTAUGH, and CARPENETI, Justices.
OPINION
CARPENETI, Justice.
I. INTRODUCTION
Two tenants in common partitioned their property. After completing partition, they disagreed as to the amount of owelty[1] that was due. The superior court determined the amount owed, and one co-owner appeals, arguing that the superior court overvalued his property. The other co-owner cross-appeals, arguing that the superior court erred in (1) failing to designate a date for valuation of each parcel, (2) using an improper formula to determine owelty, (3) entering a money judgment in the final order, and (4) determining *1102 that appellant was the prevailing party for purposes of attorney's fees. Because the superior court's valuation of the property was not clearly erroneous and the court did not err in making various other decisions which are challenged by the parties on appeal, we affirm the superior court's decision in all respects.
II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
A. Facts
Attorneys Hugh Wade and Michael Keenan co-owned property near Seldovia on the MacDonald Spit. They owned the property as tenants-in-common beginning in 1991, when Keenan purchased the interest of Wade's initial partner, Barrie White. They did not enter into a written agreement concerning their joint ownership.
The property initially consisted of an approximately five-acre tract, on which there was one cabin that had been built in 1978. In 1993 the property was subdivided, and Keenan and Wade sold approximately two and one half acres to third parties. Throughout the first few years of co-ownership, Wade and Keenan shared the cabin that was on the remaining two acres of land. They had agreed in 1991 to construct a guest cabin, but they disagreed on its location. Wade insisted on building the cabin below a bluff, but Keenan believed the location was too close to the high-water mark. Wade had a foundation constructed for the guest cabin below the bluff, but a storm in November 1994 destroyed it.
In 1995 Keenan proceeded to build a separate guest cabin. This cabin has become known to the parties as the "Keenan cabin." Keenan first occupied the new cabin in spring 1995. Thereafter, he never personally used the original cabin, which each party recognizes as the "Wade cabin." From 1991 to the fall of 1999, Keenan maintained a checking account for the tenants-in-common to pay for the mortgage, improvements, and repairs on their property. However, Keenan testified that he personally paid for many of the construction costs for the Keenan cabin. As of May 7, 1999, the parties' de facto separation date, approximately $15,000 of joint funds had been used in construction of the Keenan cabin. Keenan concedes that Wade is entitled to a credit of $7,500 based on those construction costs. Beginning in 1998 Keenan made various additional improvements to the new guest cabin at his own expense.
On May 7, 1999, the parties separated their interests and entered into a de facto partition of the subject property. Utilities were separated, and each party became responsible for the expenses of his respective cabin.
Both before and after the May 7, 1999 de facto separation, the parties struggled to determine the best way to settle their remaining disputes and terminate the partnership. This struggle continued until 2003, when Wade wrote to Keenan stating that he wanted to resolve the matter. Keenan sought the help of Superior Court Judge Mark C. Rowland and requested that he mediate the dispute. At the meeting with Judge Rowland, the parties decided to pursue a formal partition of the property. After the Rowland mediation, the single most important issue was the valuation of the two parcels and payment of any difference.
In April 2004 the parties formally agreed to partition and subdivide the property. Keenan retained the services of McLane Engineering to assist with the partition. McLane officially surveyed and divided the property into two separate lots, with Wade designated the owner of Lot 3A-1 (which includes the Wade cabin) and Keenan designated the owner of Lot 3A-2 (which includes the Keenan cabin). The Wade lot is approximately 49,827 square feet. The Keenan lot is approximately 41,575 square feet. The parties could not agree on the value of those lots or the parties' individual contributions to each lot.
The parties agreed that the lots are not of equal value and that some provision for owelty would be appropriate. Because the parties could not agree as to the appropriate amount of owelty, Keenan filed this lawsuit in November 2004.
*1103 B. Proceedings
Keenan's complaint alleged that Wade refused to cooperate regarding the partition of the land and the payment of owelty. Keenan requested that the court "exercise its equitable jurisdiction and enter a judgment partitioning the property as agreed by the parties, awarding a monetary sum to one party or the other that is fair and equitable under the circumstances, costs, including reasonable attorney fees, and any other relief as to this court deems just." Wade responded by admitting that the parties agreed to partition the property but denying (1) that the parties agreed to a particular formula for calculating the owelty that should be paid by the party receiving the property of greater value and (2) that the parties agreed to hire a real estate appraiser to appraise the properties and determine the necessary amount of owelty. Wade also filed a counterclaim, which appears to seek the same determination as Keenan's complaint and explicitly seeks a provision "for owelty in accordance with A.S. 09.45.590." The counterclaim also seeks resolution of "Keenan's claim for compensation for labor and materials or increased value."
Keenan moved for partial summary judgment on the partition issue, and Wade conceded that the motion should be granted. The superior court entered an order affirming the above-mentioned partition, awarding Lot 3A-2 to Keenan and Lot 3A-1 to Wade.
Upon hearing Keenan's unopposed motion "to establish the law of the case," the superior court ordered:
the measure for valuing property subject to partition shall be determined on the basis of Fair Market Value, and that for purposes of determining the amounts due plaintiff, the Court shall determine:
1. The present FMV of the Lot 3A-1 land and structure, and
2. The present FMV of the Lot 3A-2 land,
3. The amount of any credit the defendant would be entitled to as a result of contribution of partnership funds to the plaintiffs cabin, as offset by the amount of personal funds expended by the plaintiff for partnership expenses.
The most significant determination in this order was the court's decision not to consider the value of the Keenan cabin in its determination of owelty. Instead, the court decided to compare the value of Wade's land and cabin with the value of Keenan's lot without his cabin and simply provide Wade with a credit for the portion of partnership funds expended on Keenan's cabin.
A bench trial commenced on February 7, 2006, and evidence was again taken on February 9, 2006. Both parties testified. Keenan introduced the deposition testimony and appraisal reports of appraiser Mark Webb. In an official appraisal, Webb estimated that the Wade property with the cabin was worth $227,500 as of April 25, 2004. Webb estimated that the value would increase by at least five percent annually, and that it likely had increased by ten percent at the time of trial.[2] In his deposition, Webb also testified about his letter of opinion regarding the Keenan lot, in which he concluded that the lot, without consideration of the cabin, was worth $75,000, based on other sales of vacant sites in the City of Seldovia, near the MacDonald Spit.
Keenan testified that he believed Wade's property with the cabin was worth $260,000, based on "[c]omparable sales, the appraisal, the testimony of . . . Mr. Webb and the testimony of Mr. Wade." He estimated that the value of his own property, without the cabin, was $75,000. Keenan explained his calculation of owelty as follows: $260,000 (value of Wade's property, including the cabin) minus $75,000 (value of Keenan's property, not including the cabin he built) = $185,000, divided by two = $92,500 (the amount of owelty Wade would owe Keenan). Keenan explained that he did not seek costs for disproportionate labor, maintenance, or upkeep of his property.
Wade conceded in his testimony that his property, including the cabin, was worth $260,000 at the time of trial. He testified that he believed Keenan's lot, without the cabin, was worth "not less than $150,000." *1104 He based his estimate on recent sales in the Seldovia/MacDonald Spit community. Wade did not review the Multiple Listing Service for comparable sales on the MacDonald Spit, but he testified that he was "intimately familiar with every sale that occurred" there in the last year, and he described two such sales. In his deposition, Wade had testified that his lot, without the cabin, was worth between $100,000 and $125,000 and that it was bigger and "sexier" than Keenan's lot. When asked how, given Wade's own testimony regarding the size and attractiveness of his lot, Keenan's lot could be worth "25 to $50,000 more" than Wade's lot, Wade responded that the conversation was about "apples and oranges."
In May 2006 the superior court rendered its written decision and order in the case. The court found that "[t]he best evidence provided at trial establishes the value" of Lot 3A-1 (Wade's property) "at $260,000." The court then addressed the value of Keenan's lot:
The appraiser's opinion was that the value of Lot 3A-2, without consideration of the "guest cabin" improvement just referred to, to be $75,000. Mr. Wade opined that the property, without building was worth $150,000. The court finds that Mr. Wade's opinion is the better evidence on this subject. It is true that he is not an appraiser and has contempt for them, but his own appraisal though subject to the risk of bias seems well based on recent like property transactions.
The court next addressed whether Wade would receive a portion of the value of Keenan's cabin: "Based on the court's ruling on the unopposed motion for a determination of the law of the case Mr. Wade doesn't share in the value of the Lot 3A-2 improvement." The court did, however, provide Wade with a $7,500 credit for his contribution to the cabin based on Keenan's use of approximately $15,000 of partnership funds. The court calculated the total amount of owelty due to Keenan as $49,454.09.[3]
In June 2006 the court entered judgment in favor of Keenan for $49,454.09. The court denied Keenan's motion for reconsideration. Wade then filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment. He argued that the form of judgment was inappropriate because a money judgment is not appropriate in an action for partition; the money judgment was not in the form required by Alaska Civil Rule 58; the judgment failed to address and resolve material issues before the court; the final judgment should incorporate the March 24, 2005 order granting partial summary judgment; the judgment should resolve and formalize the parties' stipulations and the court's determinations relating to utilities and easements; and the judgment should provide an award of owelty or equitable compensation for disproportionate improvement to the property. Keenan responded and submitted his own proposed amended final judgment.[4] The court accepted Keenan's proposed judgment and officially entered a final judgment of $66,405.13, including pre-judgment interest, attorney's fees, and costs, on August 23, 2006.
Keenan appeals, arguing that the superior court's decision to substitute Wade's valuation of the Keenan lot for that of the appraiser was clearly erroneous. Wade cross-appeals, arguing that the superior court erred in (1) failing to determine the appropriate date for valuation, (2) using an improper *1105 formula to determine owelty, (3) entering a money judgment in the final order, and (4) determining that Keenan was the prevailing party for the purpose of awarding attorney's fees.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under Alaska Civil Rule 52(a), factual findings shall not be set aside unless they are clearly erroneous. Valuation of property is a factual determination that will be reversed only if clearly erroneous.[5] Under this standard, we will reverse only if we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.[6] When reviewing factual findings, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party below.[7]
We review questions of law using our independent judgment and will adopt "the rule of law that is most persuasive in light of precedent, reason, and policy."[8]
We review an award of attorney's fees under Alaska Civil Rule 82 for abuse of discretion.[9]
IV. DISCUSSION
A. The Superior Court's Decision To Use Wade's Estimate of the Value of Keenan's Lot Was Not Clearly Erroneous.
Keenan argues that the superior court's valuation of the Keenan lot was clearly erroneous because it relied on Wade's estimate rather than an expert appraiser's valuation. Wade responds that it is not error to accept a property owner's determination of the value of his or her own property.
Keenan reasons that an objective determination of the fair market value of partnership assets is necessary when the parties' relationship is being dissolved, relying on Disotell v. Stiltner.[10] In Disotell, we held that it was error to permit a buyout of partnership assets "without requiring some objective determination of the value of all of the partnership assets."[11] We emphasized that "[n]either party introduced evidence of any appraisal" or any other evidence of the value of partnership assets.[12] We concluded: "Because a buyout is appropriate only if it is for fair market value, and there was no admissible evidence of fair market value, we must remand."[13] Wade responds that Disotell did not create the "requirement that the market value of property be proved by formal appraisal" or even address "whether it is error to reject a professional appraiser's opinion regarding the value of real property in favor of the owner's opinion." We agree with Wade.
Keenan's discussion of Disotell fails to recognize that in that case there was no evidence of the value of partnership assets, whereas in this case there was competing evidence of value, including Wade's testimony regarding prices for comparable land sales. In Disotell, we simply emphasized the need for objective evidence of the fair market value of partnership assets.[14] We have also held that "[o]wners may express their opinions of an asset's value, but must use a principled method of valuation."[15]
*1106 Here, Wade's opinion of the value of Keenan's lot is based on his knowledge of comparable sales of property on the MacDonald Spit. Although Wade did not review the Multiple Listing Service or examine tax appraisal records, he discussed the prices for comparable property sales in the area. First, he testified that the nearby Carr-Agni lot sold for $92,000 in 1997. He stated, "it had a very small A-frame which . . . has since been destroyed and . . . it sold just for the lot." At a modest five percent annual appreciation, the Carr-Agni lot would be worth approximately $142,722 by the time of trial in 2006. Second, Wade testified about a lot with two small cabins that sold for $200,000 in 2005. According to Wade, the two cabins were "[unheated], uninsulated shacks, no running water, no utilities, no septic." Assuming a modest five percent annual appreciation, the value of the lot would be approximately $210,000 at the time of trial in 2006. These sales, adjusted as necessary for purposes of comparison to the Keenan property, afford an evidentiary basis for Wade's valuation. Thus, the superior court's decision to accept that the value of Keenan's lot in 2006 was $150,000 rather than $75,000 was not clearly erroneous.
Keenan also argues that Wade's opinions of value are inadmissible under Rule 701 of the Alaska Rules of Evidence because they do not meet the standards of being "based on the perception of the witness" and "helpful to a clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue." This argument is unavailing, however, because we have held that a property owner's testimony regarding the value of his own land is admissible.[16]
For these reasons, Wade's testimony regarding the value of Keenan's lot is admissible, and the superior court could validly rely on this testimony in determining that Keenan's lot is worth $150,000. The superior court found that "Mr. Wade's opinion is the better evidence on this subject" because "though subject to the risk of bias" the valuation "seems well based on recent like property transactions." Because we do not have a "definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made,"[17] we affirm the superior court's finding that Keenan's lot is worth $150,000.
B. The Superior Court Correctly Considered the Trial Date as the Appropriate Date for Valuation of the Properties.
Wade argues that the superior court erred in failing to determine an appropriate date for valuation of the properties; he also appears to argue that the trial date (February 2006) is the appropriate date. He argues that if February 2006 was selected as the date for valuation, then no owelty should have been assessed because he alleges that the parties agreed that the lots were each worth $260,000 as of the time of trial.[18] Keenan responds that the trial court accepted valuations as of the date of trial.
Keenan is correct that the court valued the property as of the time of trial. In its "Order Granting Motion to Establish Law of the Case," the superior court explained that the amount due to the plaintiff would be based on the "present FMV [fair market value]" of each lot. The superior court stated in its order that "[t]he best evidence provided at trial establishes the value of [Wade's property, including the cabin] at $260,000." The finding that Keenan's lot was worth $150,000 was also based on trial testimony about the value of the lot at the time of trial. Thus, although the superior court did not explicitly state the date of valuation, it is clear that the values were determined as of the time of *1107 trial. The superior court did not err by using the time of trial as the valuation date.
C. Wade Waived His Argument that the Superior Court Used an Improper Formula To Determine the Appropriate Amount of Owelty Because He Failed To Raise the Issue Before the Superior Court.
Wade argues that the superior court adopted an improper formula to determine owelty. He argues that the formula was simplistic and not supported by authority or precedent. Specifically, Wade argues that the formula is improper because it credited Keenan with "one hundred percent of the value of the improvements which had been made on his lot regardless of the source" and because it did not require "any accounting by Mr. Keenan of the joint funds which he controlled and which were expended on his cabin during the five-year period from 1994 to 1999." Keenan responds that the superior court "did not err in adopting a formula for resolution which excluded the value of Keenan's improvements." Specifically, Keenan argues that the superior court credited Wade with one-half of the amount of partnership funds that had been expended on the Keenan cabin and that the court possesses the power to enter "any order necessary to accomplish a just and equitable partition."
Wade failed to oppose the formula at issue when it was introduced by Keenan's pre-trial motion to establish the law of the case. The court's order on that motion determined that Wade would not share in the value of the improvements to Keenan's lot and that Wade's improvements to his own cabin would not entitle him to a credit. Wade did not object to the order or seek reconsideration in a timely manner. Generally, a party's failure to file a timely opposition to a motion results in waiver of the right to object on appeal unless there is plain error.[19] Plain error exists where "an obvious mistake has been made which creates a high likelihood that injustice has resulted."[20] Here, Wade failed to file any opposition to the motion to establish the law of the case. Further, the formula the court adopted took into account both the "credit [Wade] would be entitled to as a result of contribution of partnership funds to [Keenan]'s cabin" and "the amount of personal funds expended by the plaintiff for partnership expenses." Thus, the superior court did not make an obvious mistake in adopting the formula. Wade's argument that the formula is improper is therefore waived.
D. The Superior Court Did Not Err in Entering a Money Judgment Against Wade.
The superior court accepted Keenan's proposed amended final judgment and entered an order on the judgment on August 23, 2006. The amended final judgment ordered the parties to "engage the services of a title insurance company for the purpose of conducting a real estate closing," to "execute grants of easement and a water rights agreement in the form submitted by the plaintiff attached to his opposition to the defendant's Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment," and to "execute the appropriate conveyancing documents." The judgment also ordered the defendant to deposit the total amount of judgment ($66,405.13) in escrow before all the documents were recorded. After recordation, the funds were to be disbursed to the plaintiff.
Wade argues that the form and substance of the judgment are fatally flawed. Specifically, he argues that the judgment does not partition the property, but rather improperly directs the parties to engage a title insurance company and create an escrow of funds. Wade also argues that the judgment fails to "confirm the agreement regarding easements and utilities" and constitutes a money judgment, which he alleges is improper. Keenan responds that partition was performed by the parties' agreement, that the cases cited by Wade do not support his argument *1108 for an alternative to a money judgment, that there was already agreement on the easements and utilities issue, and that Wade's argument against use of an escrow agent is left unexplained.
Wade's argument that the superior court failed to partition the property ignores the court's "Order on Motion for Partial Summary Judgment" of March 24, 2005. In that order, the court partitioned the property in accordance with Plat 2004-6, awarding the plaintiff Lot 3A-2 and awarding the defendant Lot 3A-1. Thus, transfer of title was the only remaining act that had to be completed in order to effectuate the partition. The use of a title insurance company assists with the title transfer process ("conducting a real estate closing"). Wade fails to indicate why the use of a title insurance company is improper, so we do not consider this argument.[21]
Wade's argument that a money judgment is inappropriate in this case presents an issue of first impression in Alaska. There is no definitive rule as to whether a money judgment can be granted for owelty or whether owelty may only be awarded by charging a lien on the share of greater value.[22] To support his argument that a money judgment is inappropriate, Wade cites Updike v. Adams[23] and Pino v. Sanchez.[24] In Updike, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island held that payment of owelty may not be "so imposed upon a party as to be unreasonably burdensome, considering both the condition of the property and the party."[25] The Updike court also stated, "[w]here one is unable to make payment at the time of division, it should be a charge or lien upon his share, and a reasonable time should be given for the payment."[26] In Pino, the New Mexico Supreme Court held that the trial court had erred in allowing a deferral of owelty payment until an indeterminate future date, and explained that a reasonable time for payment must be set by the trial court.[27] The rule in Updike provides a sound approach to the issue of whether owelty should be imposed as a money judgment or a lien on the property of greater value because it takes into account the difficulty co-owners may have in satisfying large money judgments. The Pino rule is also wise because it ensures that co-owners who are entitled to owelty will receive their fair share within a reasonable time.
Here, Wade filed a "Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment" and attached an affidavit in which he described why he believed it would be unreasonably burdensome to impose owelty as a money judgment. He stated:
The existing judgment orders immediate payment of [$49,454.09]. The ten day stay of execution will expire on June 30, 2006 and comes at a time when I am short of liquid assets. I recently bought a new condominium and have just moved to it. My former residence, a condo is listed for sale, but has been on the market for just a few days. I have no mortgage on either condo, and also have no mortgage on the subject property in Seldovia. However, I did just negotiate an unsecured bridge loan from FNBA to purchase the new condo and I do not expect that the bank will loan me addition [sic] money on an unsecured basis at this time.
. . . I can and will, if necessary, draw money to pay the owelty from a retirement account, but that will have adverse tax consequences. I think that, under the appropriate authority the court should fix a time for payment not less than six months from this date, or should provide for terms such as I have suggested in my proposed form of judgment.
*1109 Wade's affidavit fails to show that it is unreasonably burdensome, considering the "condition of the property and the party," to impose owelty as a money judgment. Wade appears to have various assets, including real property and a retirement account that could be used to satisfy the judgment. It is not unreasonably burdensome to require him to make a one-time payment. Thus, the superior court did not err by entering a money judgment against Wade.[28]
Finally, Wade argues that the superior court erred by failing to "confirm the agreement regarding easements and utilities." Aside from this cursory statement, Wade provides no argument on this point in his brief. Thus, we do not consider the argument on appeal.[29] Even if we did consider the argument, it has no merit because Wade and Keenan already agreed to an access easement, view easement, and shared water rights, and the court had no duty to "confirm" their agreement.
E. The Superior Court Correctly Determined that Keenan Was the Prevailing Party for Purposes of Alaska Civil Rule 82 Attorney's Fees.
Wade argues that the superior court erred by determining that Keenan was the prevailing party for purposes of attorney's fees. Wade argues that he should have been designated as the prevailing party because he prevailed on what he considers the most important issue at trial: valuation of the property. He also reasons that Keenan cannot be designated as the prevailing party because the judgment he was awarded is substantially less than the amount of his Alaska Civil Rule 68 settlement offer.
Alaska Civil Rule 82(a) provides that the prevailing party shall receive attorney's fees.[30] The trial judge has wide discretion as to whether attorney's fees should be awarded.[31] We may find an abuse of discretion only if the trial court's determination as to attorney's fees was manifestly unreasonable.[32] The prevailing party is the party who has "successfully prosecuted or defended against the action, the one who is successful on the main issue of the action and in whose favor the decision or verdict is rendered and the judgment entered. The determination of who is the `prevailing' party is within the broad discretion of the trial court."[33] Furthermore, "a plaintiff can be the `prevailing party' though not receiving the full recovery sought if the `plaintiff prevailed on the basic liability question and received an affirmative recovery based on its successful litigation of that question, which was substantial in amount.'"[34]
The superior court's decision to award Keenan attorney's fees in the amount of $8,243.67[35] is not manifestly unreasonable. *1110 The main issues in this action were the amount of owelty owing to Keenan and the property values considered in the owelty calculation. As the superior court stated in its order of May 22, 2006, "[t]he heart of the parties' dispute is whether Mr. Wade is to share in the value [of] the structure built as the `guest cabin' [Keenan's cabin]." Keenan was successful on this issue because the court determined that Wade would not share in the value of the improvements to Keenan's lot. Although Keenan did not receive the full recovery he sought,[36] he still prevailed on the issue that was the "heart of the parties' dispute" and received a substantial recovery of $57,436.61 (including pre-judgment interest). Thus, it was well within the superior court's wide discretion to determine that Keenan was the prevailing party and award him Rule 82 attorney's fees.
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the superior court's judgment in all respects.
BRYNER and MATTHEWS, Justices, not participating.
NOTES
[1] "Owelty" is defined as "[e]quality as achieved by a compensatory sum of money given after an exchange of parcels of land having different values or after an unequal partition of real property." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1137 (8th ed.2004).
[2] A ten percent increase would result in a value of $250,250 at the time of trial.
[3] The calculation was as follows: $260,000 (Lot 3A-1 with improvements) minus $150,000 (Lot 3A-2 without improvements) equals $110,000 (difference in value). As half of the difference in value, $55,000 was the "amount needed to equalize division." The court then subtracted $7,500 for Wade's contribution to the cabin, which resulted in $47,500. Finally, the court added $1,954.09 for the amount Wade owed for taxes and insurance, for a total award to Keenan of $49,454.09.
[4] The amended final judgment required the parties to "engage the services of a title insurance company for the purpose of conducting a real estate closing . . . execute grants of easement and a water rights agreement . . . [and] execute the appropriate conveyancing documents. . . ." It also required Wade to deposit the total amount of the judgment in escrow "for the purpose of disbursement to [Keenan] before the above referenced documents shall be recorded." "After recordation" the funds were to be "disbursed to [Keenan]." The amended final judgment also included pre-judgment interest, attorney's fees, and costs.
[5] Krize v. Krize, 145 P.3d 481, 487 (Alaska 2006).
[6] Municipality of Anchorage v. Gregg, 101 P.3d 181, 186 (Alaska 2004).
[7] Fuller v. City of Homer, 113 P.3d 659, 662 (Alaska 2005).
[8] Guin v. Ha, 591 P.2d 1281, 1284 n. 6 (Alaska 1979).
[9] See Ashley v. Baker, 867 P.2d 792, 796 (Alaska 1994) (stating that determination of which party is prevailing party is within broad discretion of trial court and must not be disturbed unless manifestly unreasonable).
[10] 100 P.3d 890 (Alaska 2004).
[11] Id. at 894.
[12] Id.
[13] Id.
[14] Id.; see also Martin v. Martin, 52 P.3d 724, 730-31 (Alaska 2002) (emphasizing the importance of examining a party's motives for valuing a piece of property at a particular amount).
[15] Krize v. Krize, 145 P.3d 481, 487 (Alaska 2006).
[16] Gregory v. Padilla, 379 P.2d 951, 953 (Alaska 1963) ("owner's opinion of the value of his property is competent even though it may not be very persuasive").
[17] Municipality of Anchorage v. Gregg, 101 P.3d 181, 186 (Alaska 2004).
[18] Wade's argument ignores the fact that the superior courts's assessment of owelty was based on a comparison of Keenan's lot without improvements (determined to be $150,000) and Wade's lot with the original cabin (determined to be $260,000). The basis for this comparison is the court's order establishing the "Law of the Case," which Wade failed to oppose. Because there was a $110,000 difference in the property values considered by the superior court, the court did not err in providing for an award of owelty.
[19] See Kenai Peninsula Borough v. Cook Inlet Region, Inc., 807 P.2d 487, 500 (Alaska 1991); see also Carroll v. Carroll, 903 P.2d 579, 583 (Alaska 1995).
[20] Kenai Peninsula Borough, 807 P.2d at 500 (quoting Miller v. Sears, 636 P.2d 1183, 1189 (Alaska 1981)).
[21] See Adamson v. Univ. of Alaska, 819 P.2d 886, 889 n. 3 (Alaska 1991) (stating "where a point is given only a cursory statement in the argument portion of a brief, the point will not be considered on appeal").
[22] See 59A Am.Jur.2d Partition §§ 177-79 (2008).
[23] 24 R.I. 220, 52 A. 991 (1902).
[24] 98 N.M. 150, 646 P.2d 577 (1982).
[25] 52 A. at 992 (emphasis added).
[26] Id.
[27] 646 P.2d at 578-79.
[28] Wade also argues that the superior court erred by providing for "an escrow of funds." This argument is waived because Wade's brief fails to provide more than a cursory statement explaining the basis for the argument. See Adamson v. Univ. of Alaska, 819 P.2d 886, 889 n. 3 (Alaska 1991).
[29] See id.
[30] Wade implies that Rule 82 attorney's fees should not be awarded in partition cases, and he cites AS 09.45.620 to support his position. That statute does not support his argument because it concerns the costs of partition, not attorney's fees required by litigation. Further, the statute states that when litigation arises between "some of the parties" to the partition, "the court may require the expenses of the litigation to be paid by any or all the parties to the litigation." AS 09.45.620 (emphasis added). This language reinforces the wide discretion the superior court possesses to award attorney's fees.
[31] Cooper v. Carlson, 511 P.2d 1305, 1309 n. 5 (Alaska 1973).
[32] Id. at 1309 n. 6 (emphasis added).
[33] Day v. Moore, 771 P.2d 436, 437 (Alaska 1989) (internal quotation omitted) (citation omitted); see also Ashley v. Baker, 867 P.2d 792, 796-97 (Alaska 1994).
[34] Ashley, 867 P.2d at 797 (quoting Hillman v. Nationwide Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 855 P.2d 1321, 1328 (Alaska 1993)).
[35] This amount is calculated based on the judgment, including pre-judgment interest, of $57,436.61 and the "contested with trial" schedule of Rule 82(b)(1). This schedule provides for an attorney's fee award of twenty percent of the first $25,000 of the judgment (including pre-judgment interest) and ten percent of the next $75,000 of the judgment. Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(1).
[36] Wade notes that Keenan offered to settle for $75,000 in a Rule 68 offer of judgment and thereafter sought $94,000 in settlement. But in order to benefit under Rule 68, Wade would have had to have made an offer that he subsequently bettered at trial. Alaska R. Civ. P. 68(b). Moreover, while obtaining less than his offer, Keenan nonetheless obtained a substantial money judgement and prevailed on important issues in the case.
|
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Systemic and regional hemodynamics in rats and humans.
The systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have been investigated using different experimental methods (pulsed Doppler, radioactive microspheres), either in rats (normotensive NT or genetically hypertensive SHRs) or in humans (healthy volunteers or patients with congestive heart failure CHF). All ACEIs decreased systemic vascular resistance but the profile of their peripheral vasodilating properties was heterogeneous. ACEI-induced vasodilation primarily affected the kidney in rats and in humans and this effect was accompanied by a strong and consistent increase in renal blood flow. This occurred even at non-hypotensive doses in SHRs and CHF patients and resulted in a favorable redistribution of cardiac output towards the kidney. In the muscular vascular bed, ACEIs also decreased local vascular resistance in rats and in humans, whether normotensive or hypertensive. In humans, this vasodilation affected both the arterioles and the large conductance vessels, more markedly in CHF patients than in normotensive subjects. Muscular blood flow was increased and a favorable redistribution of cardiac output towards the muscle occurred. Cerebral blood flow in SHRs and carotid blood flow in humans were augmented, whereas hepatosplanchnic blood flow was increased in rats but not modified in humans. There was no major difference between the regional vasodilating profiles of the different ACEIs, but captopril was somewhat less active at the muscular level. In conclusion, ACEI-induced regional vasodilation is heterogeneous, preferentially affecting the kidney and the muscle. In the latter, both arterioles and large conductance vessels are dilated. |
When hallucinogenic mushrooms are digested, both psilocin and psilocybin are absorbed into the blood stream. Psilocin is able to directly enter into the brain.
Psilocybin, however, is too large of a molecule to pass into the brain, but when the liver metabolizes it, psilocybin is converted into psilocin, which is able to pass into the brain.
Psilocin stimulates the neurotransmitter serotonin, which controls many aspects of our body, including mood, memory, and appetite. Because psilocin stimulates the Type 2 serotonin receptor, hallucinations are common. Another cause for hallucinations by psilocin is by the inhibition of the raphe cells (cells in the brain that control vision and emotion). This inhibition causes a type of sensory overload which is responsible not only for hallucinations, but also for the amplification of emotions experienced by users of hallucinogenic mushrooms. |
339 Mass. 651 (1959)
162 N.E.2d 76
FELT PROCESS COMPANY
vs.
STATE TAX COMMISSION.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Suffolk.
October 8, 1959.
November 3, 1959.
Present: WILKINS, C.J., RONAN, SPALDING, WILLIAMS, & WHITTEMORE, JJ.
Robert B. Kittredge, for the taxpayer.
Roy F. Teixeira, Assistant Attorney General, for the State Tax Commission.
SPALDING, J.
Felt Process Company, hereinafter called Felt, is one of five Massachusetts corporations which joined with two foreign corporations in filing a consolidated Federal income tax return for the year 1955. Felt and the other four Massachusetts corporations each seasonably filed separate returns in Massachusetts for the year 1955. Of these five corporations, Felt and three others had net profits for that year, but the fifth corporation, Victory Plastics Company, sustained a loss of $103,197.97. Each of the four corporations paid the tax on the income reported. Subsequently, but within the period permitted for applying for an abatement under G.L.c. 63, § 51, Felt and the three other corporations *652 which had paid taxes for the year 1955 applied for abatements. At the same time all of the five domestic corporations elected to be assessed on their combined net income under the provisions of G.L.c. 63, § 34. By consolidating the net income of the five corporations the aggregate net income reported in the original returns would be reduced by reason of the loss sustained by Victory Plastics Company, and this was the basis of the abatements sought.
The abatements were denied by the State tax commission and the four corporations appealed to the Appellate Tax Board. There the cases were submitted together on a statement of agreed facts. The amount of the abatement to which each of the tax paying corporations would be entitled was not in issue, the parties having stipulated that this would be determined by agreement in the event that it was decided that the corporations were entitled to file a consolidated return.
Before the board the questions presented by Felt and the other corporations by requests for rulings were these: (1) Whether, by G.L.c. 63, § 34, the right of domestic corporations to file returns on a combined net income basis is restricted to those domestic corporations which constituted the entire group filing a Federal consolidated return. (2) If the five domestic corporations which constituted less than the entire group filing the Federal return had the right under § 34 to file returns on a combined basis, did their action in filing separate returns preclude them from later electing to be assessed on their combined income? The board rendered a decision in favor of the commission and ruled that the corporations seeking to be assessed on their combined income must comprise the entire group filing the Federal return, and that by filing separate returns the corporations were precluded from later electing to be assessed on their combined incomes. Felt appealed. The questions for decision here are the same as those presented to the board.
1. General Laws c. 63, § 34, reads: "If two or more domestic business corporations participated in the filing of a consolidated return of income to the federal government, *653 the tax under paragraph (2) of section thirty-two may, at their option, be assessed upon their combined net income, which tax shall be assessed to all said corporations and collected from any one or more of them." Felt and the other four domestic corporations clearly come within the literal language of § 34. Felt participated with other domestic corporations "in the filing of a consolidated return of income to the federal government." There is no language in § 34 which precludes these corporations from exercising the option to be assessed on their combined income by reason of the fact that their consolidated return to the Federal government was participated in by two foreign corporations. Prior to 1933, § 34, in addition to its present language, contained the following, "... in the ... case of one or more domestic business corporations filing with one or more foreign corporations a consolidated return of net income to the federal government, each such domestic business corporation shall file [a separate return]." By St. 1933, c. 327, § 4, the quoted language was omitted. This omission is significant.
Prior to 1933 substantially the same language as was omitted from § 34 by the 1933 amendment appeared in G.L.c. 63, § 39, the counterpart of § 34 dealing with foreign corporations.[1] In A.C. Lawrence Leather Co. v. Commonwealth, 254 Mass. 609, the question was presented whether the foreign corporations doing business in this Commonwealth must, in order to be eligible to assessment on their combined income under § 39, constitute the entire group participating in the consolidated return to the Federal government, and it was held that they must. But in 1933 § 39 was amended by omitting the language in § 39 (see language italicized in footnote) which was the basis for the result in the Lawrence case. St. 1933, c. 327, § 6. We think *654 that the fact that this change and the corresponding change in § 34 were both made at the same time manifests the legislative intent. In accordance therewith we hold that the five domestic corporations which sought to do so could file a combined return under § 34.
2. The commission argues that Felt's prior filing of a separate return constituted a binding election which precluded it from later filing a consolidated return. We are of opinion that this contention lacks merit. There is no provision in c. 63 calling for this result, and it is not a requirement that we would read into the law. We think that the option under § 34 could be exercised by Felt any time within the period permitted by § 51 for applying for an abatement.
The decision of the board is reversed and the case is remanded to the board in order that the amount of the abatement be determined as provided in the stipulation made by the parties.
So ordered.
NOTES
[1] Section 39 read in part, "If two or more foreign corporations doing business in this commonwealth participated in the filing of a consolidated return of income to the federal government, the tax under paragraph (2) above may, at their option, be assessed upon their combined net income ... [F]oreign corporations doing business in this commonwealth, which have filed with one or more corporations not subject to this section a consolidated return of net income to the federal government, shall each file [a return] with the commissioner" (emphasis supplied).
|
Vettel coasts to win at Japanese GP, closes gap on Alonso
{eot}
Associated Press10/7/2012 10:50:20 AM
Text Size
SUZUKA, Japan -- Red Bull driver Sebastian Vettel won the Japanese Grand Prix from pole on Sunday to close within four points of the top of the Formula One championship standings as leader Fernando Alonso of Ferrari crashed out of the race at the first turn.
Vettel, who also won the previous race in Singapore, is moving within sight of a third straight title -- something only previously achieved by Juan-Manuel Fangio and Michael Schumacher -- with five races left.
"It was an important step today," Vettel said. "There is still a long way to go. I don't know what happened behind me today but Alonso was very unlucky. We never know what is going to happen in the next race so it was important to take points today."
Alonso's Ferrari teammate Felipe Massa was second, 20.6 seconds behind Vettel for his first podium since Korea in 2010, putting in a performance that should boost his chances of retaining his place in the team.
Sauber's Kamui Kobayashi delighted home fans by taking third place -- holding off a strong late challenge from McLaren's Jenson Button -- for his first-ever F1 podium, becoming the first Japanese driver on a podium here since 1990.
The race got off to a tumultuous start with a series of collisions in the first corner sequence. Alonso made contact with the Lotus of Kimi Raikkonen and appeared to sustain a puncture, fishtailing off the track and the car stalled, leaving a disconsolate Alonso to trudge back on the short walk to the pits.
Also on the first bend, Lotus' Romain Grosjean rammed into the Red Bull of Mark Webber, putting the Australian to the back of the field after starting from second. Grosjean was given a drive-through penalty for causing the collision, and given he was suspended for a race for doing the same in Belgium, the Frenchman may well receive further such punishment.
Also in the first corner, Mercedes' Nico Rosberg came together with Williams' Bruno Senna, ending the German's race.
Vettel avoided all the trouble behind him at the first turn, and quickly established a comfortable lead.
Massa overtook Kobayashi after the first set of pitstops and managed to close the gap slightly but Vettel maintained a strong lead to the checkered flag.
Vettel blocked Alonso during the final moments of qualifying on Saturday when the Ferrari driver was arriving at the chicane. Race officials reviewed the incident and reprimanded Vettel but allowed him to maintain pole position. That decision may have been a factor in Alonso's aggressive start.
Sauber driver Sergio Perez's day came to an end when he spun off the track on the 19th lap trying to pass Lewis Hamilton at the hairpin turn. Perez will replace Hamilton next season at McLaren as the Briton moves to Mercedes.
With the winner decided early on, the focus for many of the fans became third place where Kobayashi was battling it out with Button, who won here last year.
Kobayashi, who started third on the grid, prevailed by half a second to become the first Japanese since Aguri Suzuki in 1990 to celebrate on the podium in front of home fans.
Hamilton finished in fifth, 20 seconds off Button, and in front of a chain of cars fighting out the lower points positions. Raikkonen took sixth ahead of Force India's Nico Hulkenberg, with Pastor Maldonado of Williams eighth and Webber recovering for ninth. Toro Rosso's Daniel Ricciardo held off Michael Schumacher of Mercedes to take the last point.
In the drivers' championship, Alonso and Vettel look like fighting out the title. Raikkonen is 33 points behind Vettel in third and five points in front of Hamilton. Webber and Button are 59 and 63 points off the lead respectively.
Red Bull extended its lead in the constructors' championship to 42 points ahead of McLaren, with Ferrari a further 20 points behind. |
Blonde hairs look perfect, but red highlights produce a romantic look to your face. Red highlights give a beautiful and natural look rather than blonde hairs. In this article, you will find different categories of dark brown hair with red highlights. It includes high contrast with natural and sun-kissed touch.
Top Seven (7) Best Short To Long Straight Dark Brown Hair With Red Highlights Underneath Ideas
Let’s have a look at them below:
Brown hair with red highlights:
These red highlights contain the best combination of Fudge’s semi permanent Red Corvette and Raspberry Beret. It is long lasting which you can apply on non-bleached hairs. By using this red highlight, you will get hair texture and movement without any damage to your strands. You can wear it curl towards your shoulders to have some dimensions. It will furnish your face look.
Dark brown to red ombre:
The red ombre hairs are on the top of the red highlights. The trend of Dark brown hairs with red ombre highlights is increasing day by day. This red ombre looks icy on dark brown hairs, featuring fewer maintenance highlights than full coverage. You can wear it on straight dark brown hairs, but it seems more stunning if you curl your hairs. The texture of your hair will present a curl red ombre,
Dark hair with red highlights (bright):
You need to bleach your hair to apply red highlight on dark hairs. These red highlights are bright in color which shine in a day. It is an old way of dyeing hairs but gives a natural look. Front hairs with red highlights feature your face frame.
Dark brown hair with copper highlights:
This melty copper tone produces dark brown hair with red highlights. The warmer end of the spectrum creates a luxurious and rich chocolate color. Melting is a technique by which you can blend the highlights with the base color of your hairs. If you got bored of your blonde hairs, try this natural look hairstyle.
Natural medium brown hair with red highlights:
If you have medium brown hairs naturally, these red highlights will suit you.
You can add a copper tone to the red ombre to have some more texture at the end of the hairs. These dark brown hairs with brighter highlights will frame your face like a flower.
6. Natural medium brown hair with light copper highlights:
If you have dark brown hairs naturally, you can use light copper highlights with a red shade. The combination of rich copper sulfate, honey, and caramel highlights blend into a darker warm brown color. This hairstyle is perfect for the autumn season as it gives a natural look. Feel free to consult your stylist to achieve the blend of copper and caramel highlights to get flawless hair look.
Multicolor and red highlights on dark hair:
If you are bored of red ombre highlights, try achieving this multi-colored highlights. It is the combination of blue, red and yellow highlights to make a rainbow look. This hairstyle is perfect for fall. You can also apply this multi-colored highlight on dark brown hair with red highlights. |
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We <EANNERj>
February 25, 1977 Page 1
Thrust into the Future
Campaign progresses
"As the money comes in, the
work goes on," says John Butler,
assistant to the president, in explaining the continued progress of
CBC's Thrust into the Future Campaign. According to Butler, 70% of
the school's one million dollar goal
has already been attained in pledges and cash plus the self-liquidating loan for the apartments.
Work on renovating the five story
main building has begun; a roof was
installed last week while the initial
work on the sprinkler and electric
systems have been completed.
Stressing how "very important"
these improvements are, Butler
says the entire restoration project
can be completed by this summer
only "if enough money comes in."
Thrust into the Future isacam
paign to secure needed funds to
renovate CBC's five story main
building. This renovationwillpro-
vide the necessary facilities for
meeting current and future enrollment needs. After the Thrust campaign is completed in May, a "Wall
Of Faith" will be constructed at
;he entranceway ofthe main building. The names of all the churches
which supported the Thrust program will be included in the mosaic
tile design. "It will be a witness
to students and all those who visit,"
explains John Butler.
According to Butler, the fund-
raising drive has already completed at least one phase of its goal:
"All the rooms have been memorialized." Also, two new wings
have been designated on the ground
floor. The "Founder's Wing" is
being made possible through 20
gifts of $500 each, while the
"Alumni Wing" will include all the
gifts from alumni. The entire top
floor of the building will become
'The Music Hall" through 25 gifts
of $1,000 apiece. Anyone wishing
to make a memorial gift should
designate their gift to one of these
areas of the building.
Butler urges students to "write
their pastors and ask them to support CBC in this project" so that
the needed funds can be met. Students are also asked to look in store
windows for the "Pray for Thrust
in the Future" posters which have
been sent to all area businesses
and churches for display.
Forensics capture sweepstakes award
"We did really well!" A member
of the forensics team summed up
last weekend's speech tournament
at University of California Riverside, with those words. Highlight of
the competitions was Cal Baptist's
first Sweepstakes Award: second
place in the entire tournament (in
total number of points)!
CBC's Reader's Theatre group,
composed of Alma Rhoades, Sherri
Erkes, Jack Bracey, and Roy Ronveaux, took a second place. The
theme of thejr several selections
was the decline of marriage. Ron
Nash made finals in both extemporary and impromptu categories.
In liis second tournament this year
(because of conflicts in job schedule), Bob Shipley placed second in
extemporary. Dan Jones' expository speech was awarded second
place. Alma Rhoades was first with
her prose oral interpretation and
second with her poetry oral inter-
JACK BRACY, BobShipley, Mrs. Hokett, Roy Ronveaux, Alma Rhoades,
and Dan Jones show steins won at UCR.
pretation. Sherri Erkes made
finals in the prose oral interpretation category.
The forensics team is something
everyone at CBC can be proud of.
We can support them through our
prayers and through our attendance
at tournaments whenever possible.
Seeing familiar faces in the audience certainly helps!
Bonnie Metcalf appointed
teacher-training coordinator
MRS. BONNIE METCALF-newly
elected coordinator of Teacher
Training.
In the recent meeting of the
Board of Trustees Mrs. Bonnie
Metcalf was elected Coordinator
of Teacher Training and Assistant
Professor of Education. Her appointment is effective June 1,1977,
but she will be involved in some
orientation activity this Spring. She
and her husband Jim are members
of Palm Baptist Church in River
side. They have one son Cameron,
who has worked for the federal
government in the field of Ecology
after completion of his master's
degree at the University of Oklahoma.
Mrs. Metcalf is a Summa Cum
Laude graduate of California Baptist College. She holds an elementary credential, a secondary credential, and an administrative credential for California public
schools. Her secondary work was
done at the University of California
at Riverside. In addition, she completed a Master of Arts Degree at
Pepperdine University. She is finishing five years of service at Kolb
Junior High School in Rialto where
she teaches English. For the past
two years she has been district
chairperson of English and has had
the responsibility of correlating
the interest of all the English
teachers on the secondary level in
the district. Her principal in a letter of recommendation commented
that "there are few other teachers
whom 1 have known that are her
equal."
. . . Presenting the 1977 Homecoming Court.
Trustees defend
actions
... Mrs. Metcalf looks forward with
great excitement to the opportunity
of working with student teachers
at California Baptist College. She
will be continuing the tradition of
strong leadership established by
Mrs. Wilma T. Brown who is completing her work at CBC this Spring
Semester.
SO YOU THINK YOU ARE
GOING TO GET A JOB...
If so, don't miss the career symposium to be held March 30-April
1. Subjects such as values clarification and resume preparation will
be discussed. Special speakers will
be Dr. Gary Collins, clinical psychologist, professor of psychology,
and former Dean of Students at
CBC; Sandra Phelps, Cal State, San
Diego, former Associate Dean of
Students, CBC; Richard Young, instructor in psychology at CBC; Dr.
Robert Jabs, Business Administration, Azusa Pacific Col lege, and
Ms. Julie Allen, Career Consultant, UC, Irvine.
Look for more information in
later issues.
The Board of Trustees of California Baptist College has a deep
commitment to the maintenance of
a strong Christian witness in the
college family. It interprets Scripture to mean that God established
the home so that we might exercise
His qualities of forgiveness and redemption and, thereby, better understand His love for us. He has
bound us to the marital relationship as He bound Himself to the
church.
Violation ofthe marital relationship is a sin against God and man
that touches several generations.
When a teacher in a Christian college becomes unable to apply forgiveness and redemption in marriage, we feel that his special responsibility in the student-teacher
relationship is impaired.
The trustees have a deep appreciation of the alumni and students, and respect for the faculty.
The influence of the one on the
other is the only reason for the
labors of the trustees. In view of
the concern of these groups over
the recent action of the trustees on
a divorce policy, the officers have
determined to immediately lead the
board in attempting to work toward
solutions that will not compromise
the basic goals of the trustees and
administration.
CBC Trustee Officers
* * * *
The chairman and the officers
of the Board of Trustees have in-
ii i mil mi i __________—_——___
Noon Worship, Tuesdays, 12:30
structed the president of the college not to implement the recent
action ofthe board. The chairman
is polling the entire board and
asking for their approval to reconsider the policy at the regular
May meeting ofthe trustees.
James R. Staples
College
ring week
Josten's college ring company
is sponsoring a special offer during next week. Any one or all of
the deluxe ring options are available at the standard ring price.
White or yellow gold, synthetic
sunburst stone or birthstone, encrusting, or full name engraving
on the inside of the ring, can be
included at no extra cost with the
purchase of a ring during the week
of February 28 through March 5.
Josten's National College Ring
Week carriers, as usual, a lifetime warranty on all purchases.
Order forms for the rings are
available in the school bookstore.
Dennis Knotts a 1976 graduate
of California Baptist College and
former CSM puppet team director was injured in a serious col-
lison Sunday, Feb. 20. Your
prayers for his wife Bev, his friend
Jim Baxter (also involved in the
accident), and their families is
are appreciated.
Trudi Lewis
Gary Cogill
*A Christians
Imagination
Should Fly
Beyond The
Stars.'
an evening of
theatre,
Friday and
Saturday, 8:00,
BOL.
We
February 25, 1977 Page 1
Thrust into the Future
Campaign progresses
"As the money comes in, the
work goes on" says John Butler,
assistant to the president, in explaining the continued progress of
CBC's Thrust into the Future Campaign. According to Butler, 70% of
the school's one million dollar goal
has already been attained in pledges and cash plus the self-liquidating loan for the apartments.
Work on renovating the five story
main building has begun; a roof was
installed last week while the initial
work on the sprinkler and electric
systems have been completed.
Stressing how "very important"
these improvements are, Butler
says the entire restoration project
can be completed by this summer
only "if enough money comes in."
Thrust into the Future isacam
paign to secure needed funds to
renovate CBC's five story main
building. This renovationwillpro-
vide the necessary facilities for
meeting current and future enrollment needs. After the Thrust campaign is completed in May, a "Wall
Of Faith" will be constructed at
;he entranceway ofthe main building. The names of all the churches
which supported the Thrust program will be included in the mosaic
tile design. "It will be a witness
to students and all those who visit"
explains John Butler.
According to Butler, the fund-
raising drive has already completed at least one phase of its goal:
"All the rooms have been memorialized." Also, two new wings
have been designated on the ground
floor. The "Founder's Wing" is
being made possible through 20
gifts of $500 each, while the
"Alumni Wing" will include all the
gifts from alumni. The entire top
floor of the building will become
'The Music Hall" through 25 gifts
of $1,000 apiece. Anyone wishing
to make a memorial gift should
designate their gift to one of these
areas of the building.
Butler urges students to "write
their pastors and ask them to support CBC in this project" so that
the needed funds can be met. Students are also asked to look in store
windows for the "Pray for Thrust
in the Future" posters which have
been sent to all area businesses
and churches for display.
Forensics capture sweepstakes award
"We did really well!" A member
of the forensics team summed up
last weekend's speech tournament
at University of California Riverside, with those words. Highlight of
the competitions was Cal Baptist's
first Sweepstakes Award: second
place in the entire tournament (in
total number of points)!
CBC's Reader's Theatre group,
composed of Alma Rhoades, Sherri
Erkes, Jack Bracey, and Roy Ronveaux, took a second place. The
theme of thejr several selections
was the decline of marriage. Ron
Nash made finals in both extemporary and impromptu categories.
In liis second tournament this year
(because of conflicts in job schedule), Bob Shipley placed second in
extemporary. Dan Jones' expository speech was awarded second
place. Alma Rhoades was first with
her prose oral interpretation and
second with her poetry oral inter-
JACK BRACY, BobShipley, Mrs. Hokett, Roy Ronveaux, Alma Rhoades,
and Dan Jones show steins won at UCR.
pretation. Sherri Erkes made
finals in the prose oral interpretation category.
The forensics team is something
everyone at CBC can be proud of.
We can support them through our
prayers and through our attendance
at tournaments whenever possible.
Seeing familiar faces in the audience certainly helps!
Bonnie Metcalf appointed
teacher-training coordinator
MRS. BONNIE METCALF-newly
elected coordinator of Teacher
Training.
In the recent meeting of the
Board of Trustees Mrs. Bonnie
Metcalf was elected Coordinator
of Teacher Training and Assistant
Professor of Education. Her appointment is effective June 1,1977,
but she will be involved in some
orientation activity this Spring. She
and her husband Jim are members
of Palm Baptist Church in River
side. They have one son Cameron,
who has worked for the federal
government in the field of Ecology
after completion of his master's
degree at the University of Oklahoma.
Mrs. Metcalf is a Summa Cum
Laude graduate of California Baptist College. She holds an elementary credential, a secondary credential, and an administrative credential for California public
schools. Her secondary work was
done at the University of California
at Riverside. In addition, she completed a Master of Arts Degree at
Pepperdine University. She is finishing five years of service at Kolb
Junior High School in Rialto where
she teaches English. For the past
two years she has been district
chairperson of English and has had
the responsibility of correlating
the interest of all the English
teachers on the secondary level in
the district. Her principal in a letter of recommendation commented
that "there are few other teachers
whom 1 have known that are her
equal."
. . . Presenting the 1977 Homecoming Court.
Trustees defend
actions
... Mrs. Metcalf looks forward with
great excitement to the opportunity
of working with student teachers
at California Baptist College. She
will be continuing the tradition of
strong leadership established by
Mrs. Wilma T. Brown who is completing her work at CBC this Spring
Semester.
SO YOU THINK YOU ARE
GOING TO GET A JOB...
If so, don't miss the career symposium to be held March 30-April
1. Subjects such as values clarification and resume preparation will
be discussed. Special speakers will
be Dr. Gary Collins, clinical psychologist, professor of psychology,
and former Dean of Students at
CBC; Sandra Phelps, Cal State, San
Diego, former Associate Dean of
Students, CBC; Richard Young, instructor in psychology at CBC; Dr.
Robert Jabs, Business Administration, Azusa Pacific Col lege, and
Ms. Julie Allen, Career Consultant, UC, Irvine.
Look for more information in
later issues.
The Board of Trustees of California Baptist College has a deep
commitment to the maintenance of
a strong Christian witness in the
college family. It interprets Scripture to mean that God established
the home so that we might exercise
His qualities of forgiveness and redemption and, thereby, better understand His love for us. He has
bound us to the marital relationship as He bound Himself to the
church.
Violation ofthe marital relationship is a sin against God and man
that touches several generations.
When a teacher in a Christian college becomes unable to apply forgiveness and redemption in marriage, we feel that his special responsibility in the student-teacher
relationship is impaired.
The trustees have a deep appreciation of the alumni and students, and respect for the faculty.
The influence of the one on the
other is the only reason for the
labors of the trustees. In view of
the concern of these groups over
the recent action of the trustees on
a divorce policy, the officers have
determined to immediately lead the
board in attempting to work toward
solutions that will not compromise
the basic goals of the trustees and
administration.
CBC Trustee Officers
* * * *
The chairman and the officers
of the Board of Trustees have in-
ii i mil mi i __________—_——___
Noon Worship, Tuesdays, 12:30
structed the president of the college not to implement the recent
action ofthe board. The chairman
is polling the entire board and
asking for their approval to reconsider the policy at the regular
May meeting ofthe trustees.
James R. Staples
College
ring week
Josten's college ring company
is sponsoring a special offer during next week. Any one or all of
the deluxe ring options are available at the standard ring price.
White or yellow gold, synthetic
sunburst stone or birthstone, encrusting, or full name engraving
on the inside of the ring, can be
included at no extra cost with the
purchase of a ring during the week
of February 28 through March 5.
Josten's National College Ring
Week carriers, as usual, a lifetime warranty on all purchases.
Order forms for the rings are
available in the school bookstore.
Dennis Knotts a 1976 graduate
of California Baptist College and
former CSM puppet team director was injured in a serious col-
lison Sunday, Feb. 20. Your
prayers for his wife Bev, his friend
Jim Baxter (also involved in the
accident), and their families is
are appreciated.
Trudi Lewis
Gary Cogill
*A Christians
Imagination
Should Fly
Beyond The
Stars.'
an evening of
theatre,
Friday and
Saturday, 8:00,
BOL. |
Anti-adhesion molecule therapy in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease.
We examined the role of leukocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 and its counter-receptor intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, one of the most important pairs of adhesion molecules, in the development of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). Immunohistochemical study showed hyper-expression of ICAM-1 on vascular endothelial cells and expression of LFA-1 on mononuclear infiltrating cells in the spinal cords of TMEV-infected mice. Treatment with mAb to ICAM-1 and/or LFA-1 molecules resulted in significant suppression of the development of demyelinating disease, both clinically and histologically, with down-regulation in the CNS of the respective adhesion molecules after treatment. In mice treated with these mAb, the specific delayed-type hypersensitivity and T cell proliferative responses for TMEV were decreased. The production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IFN-gamma in spleen cells was also decreased, but IL-4 production remained unchanged. These data suggest that ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction is critically involved in the pathogenesis of TMEV-IDD and that antibodies to these adhesion molecules could be a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as human multiple sclerosis. |
Q:
Bind textbox to webbrowser?
Could you show me how to bind textBox1 (Address Bar) to webBrowser1 (Web Page) so what ever the user navigates to on the page will show in the box? Or is their another way to do this?
A:
You can have the events for WebBrowser like DocumentCompleted, Navigating, Navigated,
Please see the sample code , let me know if you have any queries.
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
webBrowser1.Navigate("http://www.google.com");
}
private void webBrowser1_DocumentCompleted(object sender, WebBrowserDocumentCompletedEventArgs e)
{
textBox1.Text = webBrowser1.Url.ToString();
}
|
Latest News
Liverpool jet into Jakarta to begin 2013 summer tour
Liverpool Football Club have kicked off their 2013 summer tour of Asia and Australia after touching down in Indonesia on Wednesday morning.
The Reds arrived at Jakarta airport after a long-haul flight which departed John Lennon airport shortly after 2.30pm BST on Tuesday afternoon - and they did so in style as Garuda Indonesia supplied an aircraft branded with the LFC logo and the words 'You'll Never Walk Alone'.
The journey included a brief stop in Abu Dhabi, during which those on the aircraft were allowed to enter the terminal to stretch their legs - but Fabio Borini was the only player to take advantage of the opportunity, with many of the squad preferring to grab as much sleep as possible ahead of the 12-day tour, which will also take in Australia and Thailand.
Joining the likes of Brendan Rodgers, Steven Gerrard, Philippe Coutinho and summer signings Luis Alberto, Iago Aspas, Simon Mignolet and Kolo Toure were a number of staff from the club's community department, who will take part in coaching activities with local youngsters throughout the course of the trip.
Also on board was Liverpool's official mascot, Mighty Red, and club ambassadors Ian Rush and Robbie Fowler.
Upon touching down in Jakarta a little before 2pm local time, the travelling party were given a fanatical welcome by hundreds of Indonesian Kopites eager to give their heroes a welcome to remember upon LFC's first ever visit to the country.
After arriving at the team hotel in Jakarta, the players enjoyed a bite to eat and a quick rest. They'll later head out on a stroll to stretch the limbs.
Liverpool will take on an Indonesian XI this Saturday at the Gelora Bung Karno National Stadium. They'll then depart for Australia to face Melbourne Victory on July 24 before wrapping up the trip in Bangkok against the Thailand national team on July 28.
LFCTour.com and LFC TV will be with the team every step of the way over the next fortnight, so stay tuned for all the very latest news, views and exclusive interviews from within the Reds camp. |
Awww look...it's a selfie
Marvellous MeguroMarch 26th 2018 After our very cold and wet day on tour it was lovely to wake to almost sunshine and no rain. It was still very cold with a top of 15c to look forward to. We decided to hang out in the motel lobby as we couldn’t get into our little house until 3pm. Keiko was still looking after us all and making sure we got on the right buses and flights – reckon she was going well above the call of duty but s ... read more
Asia » Japan » TokyoIn 1603, a Tokugawa shogunate (military dictatorship) ushered in a long period of isolation from foreign influence in order to secure its power. For 250 years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Fol... ... read more
Am I crazy! Maybe? - but I'll let you all give me your verdict when I return to Oz. Enjoy the blogs and please, take a minute to comment every so often. I'm sure it will help me to read notes from family and friends when I am feeling really homesick.... full info |
FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION DEC 10 2009
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ESTATE OF ZAIM BOJCIC; AJNIJA No. 07-17343
BOJCIC; NURKO BADETA; NURKO
MITHAT; NURKO ANZDA; NURKO D.C. No. CV-05-03877-RS
AMELA; TUCAKOVIC LARIFA;
TUCAKOVIC SMAZL; TUCAKOVIC
HIHAD; TECAKOVIC BELMA, MEMORANDUM *
PREJLOBAC SEJAD;,
Plaintiffs - Appellants,
v.
CITY OF SAN JOSE; SAN JOSE
POLICE DEPT; DONALD GUESS
individually and in his official capacity;
STARBUCKS; MANAGER
STARBUCKS, individually and in her
official capacity,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
Richard Seeborg, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 8, 2009
San Francisco, California
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Before: O’SCANNLAIN, RAWLINSON and BEA, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s (1) order granting summary judgment to
the City of San Jose and the San Jose Police Department, (2) decision to preclude
one of Plaintiffs’ expert witnesses from testifying on an issue not mentioned in his
expert witness report, and (3) refusal to give Plaintiffs’ proposed jury instruction.
We affirm.
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it precluded Plaintiffs’
expert from testifying about police officers’ obligation to approach an encounter
with an emotionally disturbed individual differently than they would approach an
encounter with other individuals. Rule 26(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure requires expert witnesses to prepare a written report that contains “a
complete statement of all opinions the witness will express and the basis and
reasons for them.” “If a party fails to provide information or identify a witness as
required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not allowed to use that information or
witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure
was substantially justified or is harmless.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). The burden is
on the party facing discovery sanctions to show that its failure to comply with Rule
26 was substantially justified or harmless. Torres v. City of Los Angeles, 548 F.3d
1197, 1213 (9th Cir. 2008).
2
The Rule 26 report provided by Plaintiffs’ expert did not include his opinion
on the issue of police encounters with emotionally disturbed individuals. Further,
the exceptions to Rule 37 do not apply because Plaintiffs have not satisfied their
burden of showing that their discovery violation was substantially justified or
harmless.
The district court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to instruct the
jury that Bojcic’s mental health was a factor the jury must consider in determining
whether Defendant Officer Guess’s use of force was reasonable because the district
court instructed the jury to consider “all of the circumstances known to Officer
Guess on the scene.” A district court does not abuse its discretion when it refuses
to give a proposed jury instruction if the instruction given to the jury leaves a party
with “ample room to argue his theory of the case to the jury.” Brewer v. City of
Napa, 210 F.3d 1093, 1097 (9th Cir. 2000). In an excessive force case, a district
court’s use of a general “totality of the circumstances” instruction is not an abuse
of discretion, even if the plaintiff requests a “more detailed instruction[] addressing
the specific factors to be considered in the reasonableness calculus.” Id. (citing
Fikes v. Cleghorn, 47 F.3d 1011, 1014 (9th Cir. 1995)). A general instruction
leaves the party that requested a more specific instruction “free to argue” other
factors to the jury. Fikes, 47 F.3d at 1014. Here, Officer Guess testified he
3
recognized Bojcic was not “mentally stable” before he fired his Taser at Bojcic; the
jury was free to consider this fact when it determined whether the use of force was
reasonable.
We need not address whether the district court erred when it granted
summary judgment to the City of San Jose and the San Jose Police Department on
Plaintiffs’ 42 U.S.C § 1983 claim because such error would be harmless. “If no
constitutional violation occurred, the municipality cannot be held liable and
whether ‘the departmental regulations might have authorized the use of
constitutionally excessive force is quite beside the point.’” Long v. City and
County of Honolulu, 511 F.3d 901, 907 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting City of Los
Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799 (1986)). The jury found Officer Guess did
not violate Bojcic’s constitutional rights, and we do not disturb that finding on
appeal. Therefore, neither the City of San Jose nor the San Jose Police Department
can be held liable under § 1983.
AFFIRMED.
4
|
Plasma exchange in France: Epidemiology 2001.
The French plasma exchange registry created in 1985 lists the indications, techniques and complications of the French therapeutic haemapheresis. In 2001 it contains the data of more than 16,700 patients for a total of 153,641 sessions. The indications concern five groups of pathologies (neurology, haematology, nephrology, vasculitis, and endocrinology). Until 2000, the neurology represented the most important group but the use of the high dose IgIV for Guillain-Barre and myasthenia gravis decreased the indications. The haematology became most important group treated because of the increase of the TTP and HUS number treated. The endocrinology (familial hypercholesterolemia) represents at present 10% of the patients treated for 18.7% of the sessions. The vascular access little changed since 1985, the peripheral venous access being the most used. The plasma substitution initially based on the albumin alone was gradually replaced by an association albumin macromolecules, in particular hydroxyethylstarch since 1990. After the observation of the side effects due to starches we observed an increase of the albumin alone use. The immediate complications decreased in half in 15 years. The French plasma exchange registry is the largest world database of haemapheresis with the cooperation of about 80 centres, allowing numerous scientific studies. |
Kiran (serial)
Kiran (Mubarak Ho Rishta Aaya Hai on Geo Entertainment) is a 2017 Pakistani television drama serial directed by Tehseen Khan, produced by Babar Javed, and written by Nasreen Nizami. The drama stars Marjan Fatima, Hiba Aziz and Munawar Saeed in lead roles, and first aired on 21 April 2017 on Geo Kahani, where it aired twice a week on Saturday and Sunday at 7pm. The serial also aired on Geo Entertainment under the title Mubarak ho Rishta Aaya hai on the same time-slot but later moved to Monday to Friday 4:30 P.M with half an hour episodes.
Plot
A beautiful young girl Kiran always dreamt of an ideal marital life in form of a warm-hearted husband and a caring bread winner for the family. The greatest irony of dream occurs when life makes Kiran figure that takes the responsibility on her shoulders. The wedding preparations of Kiran are in full swing and amidst of it her father suffers from a fatal heart attack. She takes a decision to postpone her marriage and sell the gold for his treatment, which makes the family-to-be upset. To her dismay, the father has a heart infection which requires him to stay back at the hospital. Kiran abandons her dreams, and steps her feet in job force. The fear of unknown takes a toll on her which results in a personality transformation. How will she cope with future challenges in her new role as a sole bread winner for her family?
Cast
Marjan Fatima as Kiran
Hiba Aziz as Guriya
Munawar Saeed as Afzal
Parveen Akbar as Kiran's Mami
Basit Faryad as Fawad
Ikram Abbasi as Ahmer
Nargis Rasheed as Salma
Furry Ali as Fatwa
Rana Major as Zaid
Tabrez Shah as Faraan
Farah Nadir as Surayyia
Mohammad Ali Khan as Hassan
Farhad Ali as Addan
References
Category:2017 Pakistani television series debuts
Category:2017 Pakistani television series endings
Category:Pakistani drama television series
Category:Urdu-language television programs |
In the treatment of visual acuity deficiencies, correction by means of eyeglasses or contact lenses is used by a large percentage of the population. Such visual acuity deficiencies include hyperopia or far-sightedness, myopia or near-sightedness, astigmatisms (caused by asymmetry of the eye) and presbyopia (caused by loss of accommodation by the crystalline lens).
The selection of the correct contact lens by professionals such as optometrists, ophthalmologists, opticians and/or technicians (referred to herein as a “licensed contact lens fitter”) for a patient is important to providing the required level and quality of vision, while simultaneously protecting eye health and delivering appropriate wearing comfort. This relatively “optimal” corrective lens selection is sometimes achieved empirically by determining the most correct lens by utilizing the output from information supplied by instrumentation. In other cases, the “correct” contact lens selection requires patient-specific and/or on-eye diagnosis utilizing a trial lens that has historically been supplied to the licensed contact lens fitter in two fundamental ways.
In the first case, the licensed contact lens fitter provides empirical information to the manufacturer. The manufacturer interprets this supplied data, and provides a trial or diagnostic contact lens to the fitter for on-eye evaluation. Data collected by the licensed contact lens fitter during the patient-specific evaluation process is then supplied to the manufacturer and a different lens is re-supplied to the fitter for the consumer. Sometimes success is achieved with the first lens sent to the fitter by the manufacturer but many times, the “best” lens requires two or more iterations by the manufacturer, and can take weeks or months.
In the second case, and in an effort to speed the diagnostic and dispensing process, the manufacturer will provide the licensed contact lens fitter with a trial or diagnostic set of lenses to be used for all patients. These diagnostic contact lens sets may range in size from 12 to more than 200 lenses, depending on the complexity of the contact lens design and/or the desire of the fitter to improve the probability of having the “correct” lens for the consumer on the premises. The primary intent of trial or diagnostic lens sets is to use the lenses to ascertain or diagnose the “correct” lens for the consumer so that the correct lens can then be ordered from the manufacturer for the consumer. This also means that the diagnostic lenses are used multiple times and with multiple consumers, and disinfected between use. With the larger trial or diagnostic lens sets, it is possible that the “correct” lens may exist within the parameters of the set and, in these cases, some licensed contact lens fitters will dispense or sell the lens from the set. Once this is done, the fitter will then order a replacement trial or diagnostic lens for his set.
In the first case, disadvantages may include the consumer's inconvenience because the licensed contact lens fitter may require the consumer to have multiple visits to the fitting premises to try the various trial lenses ordered from the manufacture. Another drawback may be the time required of the fitter to achieve the correct lens fit. Yet another drawback may be that there is a greater potential for a fitter to accept a marginally good lens for the consumer rather than endure greater inconvenience by ordering a potentially better fitting lens from the manufacturer.
In the second case, drawbacks may include that the trial or diagnostic lens sets can be expensive for the licensed contact lens fitter, thereby inhibiting a large number of fitters from utilizing this method. Another drawback may be that since the lenses are intended to be multi-use, the licensed contact lens fitter must properly disinfect the diagnostic contact lenses in-between use with different consumers to avoid the transmission of disease, or related liabilities. Yet another drawback may include that, despite the fact that larger trial or diagnostic lens sets provide a higher probability of selecting the “correct” lens more effectively and efficiently, the actual procedure of utilizing the set may be confusing. |
Netcher Road Covered Bridge
Netcher Road Bridge is a covered bridge spanning water in Jefferson Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. The bridge, one of the newest and one of currently 16 drivable covered bridges in the county, is a single span constructed of timber arches with inverted Haupt walls, in a "Neo-Victorian" design. It was built in 1998, and it was funded by an ODOT Timber Grant. The bridge’s WGCB number is 35-04-63, and it is located approximately 2.0 mi (3.2 km) east of Jefferson.
History
1998 – Bridge constructed.
Dimensions
Length: 110 feet (33.5 m)
Width: 22 feet (6.7 m)
Gallery
See also
List of Ashtabula County covered bridges
References
External links
Ohio Covered Bridges List
Ohio Covered Bridge Homepage
The Covered Bridge Numbering System
Ohio Historic Bridge Association
Netcher Road Covered Bridge from Ohio Covered Bridges, Historic Bridges
Category:Covered bridges in Ashtabula County, Ohio
Category:Bridges completed in 1998
Category:Road bridges in Ohio
Category:Wooden bridges in Ohio |
Q:
Less ugly way to use sed to simply include a new line?
There are a lot of guides, handbooks, fast-guides, question/answers about it: no one are simple and objective...
It is a classical problem, near all text editors crashes with big files XML or HTML "all in one line", so we need to decide what tag will recive the \n and replace all occurences of <tag by \n<tag ... so simple. Why it is not simple to do by terminal?
The best question/answer about this case not solves: Bash: How can I replace a string by new line in osx bash? Example using that solution: sed 's/<article/\'$'\n\n<article/g' file.htm not works, need some more exotical syntax, so it is not simple as I solicitated in this question.
So, this quetion is not about "any solution", but about "some simple/elegant solution".
A:
If I understand what you are looking for you could try something like the following:
sed 's/<tag>/\n<tag>/g' file.htm
which is very close to the anwser you linked.
It already looks quite simple to me, it replaces the tag with a new line character and writes the tag again.
However I don't get the need for this '$' in your case.
|
Northwest Athletic Clubs
Northwest Athletic was a chain of health clubs or fitness centers in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul Metropolitan Area. The clubs began mostly as indoor tennis courts. The centers expanded into other areas of health and fitness.
The chain peaked the 1980s, when it was among the largest fitness center chains in the United States. Northwest's animated ownership duo Harv & Marv became local celebrities when they helped lure an NBA expansion franchise to the Twin Cities. Harv & Marv became owners of the Minnesota Timberwolves and built their venue The Target Center, which included the chain's Arena Club fitness center1.
The Northwest Athletic chain of health clubs or fitness centers made slight changes to its name, and had several ownership changes. Northwest Athletic clubs was most recently operated by Wellbridge.
In 2006 Wellbridge closed or sold all centers under the banner to Lifetime Fitness.
References
Category:Health clubs in the United States |
WREXHAM fans organisation, the Shropshire Reds, have stepped in with a £2,000 donation to help meet the wages of on-loan goalkeeper Mike Ingham.
They made the move after the refusal of Wrexham Independent Supporters (WINS) to stump up the cash and it comes only days after the club's official supporters' association volunteered to meet the Sunderland player's accommodation costs.
Around 30 members of WINS voted by a slim majority last week to withhold funds because they were not convinced that the club genuinely needed the money.
But chairman Mark Guterman said: "WINS are saying because we signed Mike Ingham on loan before ascertaining whether they could help with the cost of his wages, that we don't need or welcome the money.
"The fact was we had to sign Ingham quickly so that he was registered to play the following day and Denis Smith was unable to contact anyone from WINS before that was done.
"I'm pleased that the supporters are rallying round and helping the club.
"Everyone at the Racecourse appreciates what they do."
The Shropshire Reds have also donated £1,000 to the Phil Hardy testimonial fund and are providing a further £500 to fund a new website for the Wrexham AFC souvenir shop. |
A hyperbaric oxygen chamber for animal experimental purposes.
Facilities for hyperbaric oxygen therapy that are suitable for animal experimental research are scarce. In this paper, the authors introduce a hyperbaric oxygen chamber that was developed specifically for animal experimental purposes. The hyperbaric oxygen chamber was designed to meet a number of criteria regarding safety and ease of use. The hyperbaric oxygen chamber conforms to 97/23/EC (Pressure Equipment Directive), Conformity Assessment Module G Product Group 1. It provides easy access, and can be run in manual mode, semi-automatic mode and full-automatic mode. Sensors for pressure level, oxygen level, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide level allow full control. This state-of-the-art hyperbaric oxygen chamber for animal experimental purposes permits the investigation of the biological mechanisms through which hyperbaric oxygen therapy acts at a fundamental level. |
Q:
Which bibliography entry type and style for document with official ID/number?
I am trying to create a BibLaTex bibliography database for official reports using JabRef. Every report has mainly a title, month, year and a document number and issue.
So far I have included both last items in the same number field as shown below using the TechReport entry type.
@TechReport{key,
title = {My document's title},
year = {2017},
number = {PRO-A-1234-5678, Issue 1},
month = jun,
}
I also use Lyx with a KOMA-Script Report document type to include the bibliography. However, I have not found among the great amount of standard bibstyles, one that shows the document number (and issue) for the PDF output. Furthermore, I'd like that the style respects my upper- and lowercases, so the plain styles would not be an option, I guess.
I have therefore two questions:
Is there any other better style for my bib entries that contain document official number/ID/issue than Report/TechReport as used here?
Which bibliography style should I use to show that official number in my bibliography after compilation?
A:
EDIT Following the comment by @moewe you can also use biblatex, using report entries with a number field. For this solution character case in the titles is preserved by default, the title is printed in italics and the comma after the issue becomes a dot - however, biblatex bibliographies are highly customizable so this can be changed if needed.
reports.bib
@report{a,
title = {My Document's title},
year = {2017},
month = jun,
number = {PRO-A-1234-5678, Issue 1},
}
@report{b,
title = {My other Document's title},
year = {2017},
month = jul,
number = {PRO-A-1234-5678, Issue 2},
}
Main file:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{biblatex}
\addbibresource{reports.bib}
\begin{document}
Citing: \cite{a,b}
\printbibliography
\end{document}
Result:
ORIGINAL ANSWER
This can be done with the plain bibliography style, using misc entries. For misc the available fields are author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key, all optional and displayed in that order by most standard styles (see, e.g., https://nwalsh.com/tex/texhelp/bibtx-17.html, https://verbosus.com/bibtex-style-examples.html). The key field is not displayed, but can act as sorting field instead of author (as in the example below). Display of upper case characters can be forced with extra {} (also in the example).
MWE:
reports.bib
@misc{a,
title = {My Document's title},
year = {2017},
month = jun,
howpublished = {PRO-A-1234-5678, Issue 1},
key = {x}
}
@misc{b,
title = {My other {D}ocument's title},
year = {2017},
month = jul,
note = {PRO-A-1234-5678, Issue 2},
key = {y}
}
Main file:
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Id before date, case modified: \cite{a}
Id after date, case preserved: \cite{b}
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{reports}
\end{document}
Result:
See also How to control the order of fields in bibtex? for more information on customizing bibliography styles.
A:
Thank you for your answer @Marijn. As I was looking for help in the integration with LyX too, I'll post an answer for the two questions.
Use biblatex, since it allows a better customization of the bibliography. I kept the previous BibLaTex database generated with JabRef. This is an example of a report entry as pointed by Marijn:
@report{a,
title = {My Document's title},
year = {2017},
month = jun,
number = {PRO-A-1234-5678, Issue 1},
}
The integration with LyX was however a bit more difficult, because there is no official support for biblatex yet (expected in v2.3, currently in development). Therefore I followed the wiki https://wiki.lyx.org/BibTeX/Biblatex and this other question BibLaTex, Biber and Lyx: how to resolve \bibliographystyle error?.
In conclusion, I had to add the following lines to my LaTeX Preamble:
\usepackage[style=numeric,backend=bibtex8]{biblatex}
% add bibliography database
\addbibresource{database.bib}
Notice the bibtex8 backend to avoid the BiBTeX error: I found no \citation commands, since biber is not available in my LateX installation. Use the default biber if possible. The style remains customizable.
And add the following block to my document according to the examples provided in the aforementioned wiki.
Notice also heading=bibintoc so that the bibliography appears in the table of contents using a KOMA-Script document class.
|
Stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pressurised hot water.
The stability of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in aqueous solutions at 100-350 degrees C. The aqueous solution of one PAH compound at a time was sealed in a stainless steel bomb-type reaction vessel in an argon atmosphere and heated for 10 to 240 min in an oven. The contents of the vessel were analysed by GC-MS. At 300 degrees C, degradation was observed even with the shortest heating time, 10 min. The degradation products were typically different oxidation products such as ketones and quinones. In addition to the heating time and temperature, the concentration of the analyte and the inner surface of the vessel affected the results. |
Q:
Insert Python List (JSON or otherwise) into MySQL databse
So I have a bunch of array data in Python. Well, rather, I have a list of lists. I'm trying to store this array into a single cell in a MySQL database. I've attempted to use JSON to serialize my data, but perhaps I do not understand how JSON works.
So after connecting to my database: (I've tried LONGTEXT and LONGBLOB datatypes for Upstream and Downstream
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS 963168MBV17A(Id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, Rev INT, Part VARCHAR(15), SN INT(7), Date DATE, Time TIME, Iterations INT(3), Upstream LONGBLOB, Downstream LONGBLOB, ResultList LONGTEXT, Result CHAR(1), Report LONGBLOB)")
I take my list of lists called upstream_data and downstream_data and do:
export_upstream = json.dumps(upstream_data)
export_downstream = json.dumps(downstream_data)
Then I execute the SQL commands:
cur = con.cursor()
sql_input = "INSERT INTO 963168MBV17A(Rev, Part, SN, Iterations, Date, Time, Upstream, Downstream, ResultList, Result, Report) VALUES('503', '100-120970-0031', '1594539', '%s', '%s', '%s', '%s', '%s', 0, P, 0" %(export_date, export_time, export_numtests, export_upstream, export_downstream)
cur.execute(sql_input)
referencing an answer by Mordi (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4251124/inserting-json-into-mysql-using-python), I even tried:
export_upstream = json.dumps(json.dumps(upstream_data))
export_downstream = json.dumps(json.dumps(downstream_data))
But regardless I end up with the error:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "P:\Projects\testing database\scrap\test.py", line 83, in <module>
cur.execute(sql_input)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\MySQLdb\cursors.py", line 174, in execute
self.errorhandler(self, exc, value)
File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\MySQLdb\connections.py", line 36, in defaulterrorhandler
raise errorclass, errorvalue
ProgrammingError: (1064, "You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '' at line 1")
Moreover, when I do a
print "about to execute(%s)" % sql_input
I see that the JSON object is appearing as a long string with lots of single quotes all over the place (for the list, and on the outside to represent a string). When I did the json.dumps(json.dumps(upstream_data)), the inside quotations become double quotes "" and preceded by \ characters. Still, though, I get the same error.
Any ideas? If not, any better way to store Python array/list data into a single MySQL cell?
output here
A:
You need to let the MySQL library do the parameter handling for you; this has the added benefit of letting MySQL prepare your statement, making repeated inserts faster too:
cur = con.cursor()
sql_input = "INSERT INTO 963168MBV17A(Rev, Part, SN, Iterations, Date, Time, Upstream, Downstream, ResultList, Result, Report) VALUES('503', '100-120970-0031', '1594539', ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, P, 0"
cur.execute(sql_input, (export_date, export_time, export_numtests, export_upstream, export_downstream))
See the Python DB API 2.0 spec for (some) more details on parametrized SQL. The exact supported parameter formats are documented per database adapter, so check that too. The MySQLdb module, for example, mimics the python string formatting syntax, and uses %s as placeholders:
sql_input = "INSERT INTO 963168MBV17A(Rev, Part, SN, Iterations, Date, Time, Upstream, Downstream, ResultList, Result, Report) VALUES('503', '100-120970-0031', '1594539', %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, 0, P, 0"
Other possible parameter options are numbers (:1, :2, etc.), names (:foo, :bar) or the other form of python string formatting, named format specifiers: (%(foo)s, %(bar)s).
A:
You are just calling the DB API in an incrorrect form, If you substitute your parameters like that, you would be responsible for escaping quotes and double-quotes in your data yourself.
That not only can give you tehe errors you are having (and lucky you for that), as that also allows dangerous attacks of SQL Injection.
Python's API to databases is desigened from the ground up to avoid the possibility of such attacks, and it does this symply by letting the call to cursor.execute do the string substitution for you. It will then add the necessary escapes to your string. So, instead of doing:
sql_input = "INSERT INTO 963168MBV17A(Rev, Part, SN, Iterations, Date, Time, Upstream, Downstream, ResultList, Result, Report) VALUES('503', '100-120970-0031', '1594539', '%s', '%s', '%s', '%s', '%s', 0, P, 0" %(export_date, export_time, export_numtests, export_upstream, export_downstream)
cur.execute(sql_input)
Do
sql_input = "INSERT INTO 963168MBV17A(Rev, Part, SN, Iterations, Date, Time, Upstream, Downstream, ResultList, Result, Report) VALUES(%s, %s,%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s"
cur.execute(sql_input, [503, '100-120970-0031', '1594539', export_date, export_time, export_numtests, export_upstream, export_downstream, 0, "P", 0] )
--Still, if you need all those crazy hard-coded numbers in your SOURCE file, and not in an auto-generated file, I dare say your project is doomed to fail anyway.
|
The popularity of tiny homes has prompted a lot of discussion about the possible benefits of living more lightly on a smaller footprint. But what began as mostly an "underground" do-it-yourself movement has evolved into a full-blown trend, replete with professional builders, municipalities, universities, dedicated websites, print publications, and television shows capitalizing on this surge of interest in mortgage-free lifestyles.
All these factors have converged into tiny homes becoming more of a legally "official" thing in an increasing number of places -- and that has also meant heftier price tags too, as more professional tiny house builders offer their services. This has led people to ask, why not just buy a trailer or an RV instead of a tiny house? After all, they seem to serve the same purpose, and when bought used, RVs might actually come out cheaper.
But upon closer examination, there are actually a lot of differences between RVs, trailers, and tiny houses -- and there are a lot of factors that go into deciding which option is best. So below are a few reasons why tiny houses are not like their recreational ilk.
1. Tiny Houses Are More Durable and Less Toxic
We've mentioned this before, but it's worth repeating: tiny houses are generally built with better, higher-quality materials. Since they are meant for leisure travel, RVs and trailers are generally built with materials that add to their lightweight-ness, rather than durability, lending some credence to the unspoken secret of RVs being constructed with "sticks and staples." That said, since RVs are more lightweight, they are easier to tow more frequently, whereas tiny homes are meant to stay in place for longer periods for full-time living.
Tiny houses can be less toxic than their RV-and-trailer counterparts too – that's because tiny homeowners generally can choose what kind of materials and finishes to have in their homes. This can be a real boon for those with chemical sensitivities. Recycled, eco-friendly materials? Low-VOC paints? No formaldehyde? No problem.
2. Tiny Houses Feel More Like 'Home'
This is a big one: tiny houses can actually feel like a real, permanent home. That's probably due to the fact that tiny homes can be customized more fully to accommodate users' needs, whereas RVs and trailers are mass-made and less flexible in their layout and use. But tiny houses offer a range of personalized designs and needs: want an intergenerational mini-home? Want a tiny house with a greenhouse? A wheelchair-accessible tiny? The sky's the limit.
3. Tiny Houses Can Be Better Insulated and More Energy-Efficient
Another monumental factor for year-round living in a smaller space is good insulation – which RVs and trailers generally don't have, unless you buy a four-season RV. However, tiny houses can be constructed from the ground up for full-time occupation in extremely cold climates, or built to near-Passive House standards, even in hot climates.
For making the interior more comfortable while keeping energy use low, tiny houses can be outfitted with heat-recovery ventilators, radiant-floor heating, solar power systems, woodstoves, heat pumps, and so on. While some of these features could be retroactively incorporated into an RV or trailer as well, tiny houses' penchant for superior insulation makes these components more effective.
4. Depreciation
New RVs are known for depreciating quite steeply, literally as soon they are driven off the lot. It's not uncommon to hear how owners of large, high-end rigs that might have cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, becoming "upside down" on their motorhome loan, with the vehicle's value dropping more quickly than one can pay down the principal owed on the loan.
While buying a used RV might be a way around the issue, the fact is that RVs are vehicles, and will decline in value over time. In contrast, tiny homes likely depreciate less over time, as they are built, marketed, and perceived as more permanent structures. Even if one might only get the materials cost back during resale, one could look at it from another angle: a tiny house is a kind of mortgage-free home that helps you avoid owing money to the bank for a mortgage, or at least save on paying monthly rent and maintenance costs.
5. The Legal Stuff
Another issue is the legality of tiny houses. They aren't built on trailer bases for mobility; tiny houses were built like this to generally "fly under the radar" of municipalities, whose regulations may require full-time homes to be of a minimum square footage. As Lloyd Alter points out in another post:
"Tiny houses were designed under the RV rules to get around the building codes, but zoning bylaws often ban people living in RVs, and even the RV rules never allowed permanent occupancy, even though many people did. Even when you put them in RV parks, about the only place where you can legally live in them, the leases often ban permanent occupancy. Many of them won't even allow tiny houses, because most are not certified by the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA)."
However, this is slowly changing as a growing number of municipalities are actually legalizing tiny houses or green-lighting tiny house communities, developments, and even rent-to-own schemes. There are also efforts to rewrite the International Residential Building Code to include tiny houses. Even getting insurance for a tiny house is getting less uncertain, as a growing number of RVIA-certified builders are creating tiny homes that can be insured as an RV; more banks are willing to lend money for RVIA-certified tiny houses. So what was once a major disadvantage is now becoming less of an issue.
All things considered though, the rising cost of getting a tiny home professionally built does seem to be a valid issue. It seems that tiny homes used to be simpler and cheaper, especially when self-built (like these tiny homes under $20,000). Now, with the firming up of regulations and some custom-built, high-end tiny homes pushing upwards of $100,000 and beyond, it's no wonder many are raising the question of "why not just buy an RV or trailer, instead of a tiny house"?
But it's not such a cut-and-dry choice. After all, there are some in-between options too, like hybrid RV-like tiny home designs, better-insulated and higher-quality park model RVs and renovated RVs and trailers, and even vans and buses converted into affordable motorhomes. Ultimately, it's almost like comparing apples and oranges, and the choice really depends on what your needs and goals are, what your budget is, how it will be used – in other words, to each their own. |
Top Places To Visit Near Mumbai
Mumbai is the economic capital of India and most of the major companies have their corporate offices here. Millions of Indian and foreign business travellers visit this city every year. A day out can be planned to refresh your mood. Most popular destination for which excursion can be planned from Mumbai is Elephanta island. The island is known for ancient caves and a Shiva temple. Other destination to which excursion can be planned are Lonavala and Khandala. |
Measles virus and otosclerosis.
Measles virus (MeV) might play an important role as an environmental stimulus in the etiopathogenesis of otosclerosis. Chronic inflammation was shown in morphologic investigations of otosclerotic foci and MeV N, P, and F proteins were detected within cells of the otosclerotic focus by immunohistochemical investigations. MeV RNA was extracted from fresh-frozen otosclerotic tissue by the use of in vitro RT-PCR. This result was validated through amplification of MeV genome sequences by RT-PCR from celloidin-embedded sections with morphologically ascertained otosclerotic foci. In searching for an immune response of the inner ear immune system against MeV proteins, elevated anti-MeV IgG levels were detected in the perilymph of patients with otosclerosis in comparison with the serum levels. In situ RT-PCR allowed the localization of MeV sequences in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, macrophages, and epithelial cells in middle ear mucosa of otosclerotic tissue. Further evidence for MeV persistence has recently been given. Genotyping of MeV in otosclerotic foci demonstrated the presence of MeV genotype A, which circulated in Europe around 1960. All the above results confirm a strong association between MeV and otosclerosis. |
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Major Lacey saw me again today - he
said Hansborough called on him & wanted
him to get in & work for their North Dakota
drainage bill - Lacey told him he would not
do it as long as McCumber attacked me.
It seems that the Northern Pacific & Great Northern
R.R.s want it - their attorney called on
Lacy - who told him the situation - he started
west to Chicago to see the officials of those
roads & reported to Lacy today that he
thought the matter could be arranged in a
couple of days. Lacy told me that he
favored their bill - had already reported
it favorably from his committee, but that
no one would be recognized in the house to
bring up the bill, but Lacy, and that he would
not do it until they confirmed me. If that
club dont fail it may bring some result
in a few days - nothing but a club
will bring my confirmation now.
-18-
Saw Foraker - he asked me to rewrite
my letter about "Looting of Alaska"
& leave out references to McCumber
- thought them too pointed! Did so.
You cant tell the truth about a Senator
else he gets mad & says you are attack
ing him. Nothing new. |
Most college graduates, half of professional-school graduates and a third of business owners are women. Yet few of them break into the highest income tiers.
AD
In 2016, households in the top 1 percent earned $845,000 or more.
Who are the women in the 1 percent?
Married women are 991 percent more likely than single women to be in a 1 percent household, according to the team's analysis of Federal Reserve data collected between 1995 and 2016. The equivalent number for married men is just 70 percent. These figures are adjusted for race, age and the presence of children.
AD
However, married women's odds of being in the 1 percent are higher primarily because they have access to their spouse's income. Among top-percentile households, the woman's income was needed to help the household meet the threshold for the top 1 percent only 15 percent of the time. Just 4.5 percent of women earned enough alone to enter the 1 percent.
AD
But Yavorsky cautions against giving one partner credit for 100 percent of their paycheck. Consider novelist MacKenzie Bezos, who may soon become one of the richest women in the world, depending on how her announced divorce proceeds. She would be viewed as a spouse whose wealth was generated by her partner, but reports indicate she was critical to the success Amazon, the online retailer founded by her husband, Jeffrey P. Bezos, who also owns The Washington Post.
“Many men would not be where they are without having spouses that were willing to do the majority of household production and willing to subordinate their careers,” Yavorsky said.
AD
Cornell economist Francine Blau, whose four-plus decades of work on the gender wage gap have been cited thousands of times, said the new analysis was consistent with her own work. In a 2017 work with collaborator Lawrence Kahn, she found “the gender pay gap declined much more slowly at the top of the wage distribution than at the middle or bottom and, by 2010, was noticeably higher at the top,” Blau said.
About 1.8 percent of self-employed, married women with advanced degrees earn enough to place themselves in the top 1 percent. Among men, the figure is 7.3 percent.
Ultra-high-earning women rely more on entrepreneurship than top-earning men, another sign women don't get as many opportunities within traditional corporate structures. Men have more options when it comes to starting businesses, attracting investment or rising through the corporate ranks.
“Women experience significant obstacles in climbing organizational hierarchies that often intensify over their careers,” the authors write.
AD
AD
Men still dominate many of the highest-income professions, including finance, hedge funds and top-tier law firms.
Due to these obstacles and lower earnings at every education level, it also takes women longer to reach elite-earner status. The average single woman in the top 1 percent is 63 years old. The average single man is just 53.
Why are women left out?
In cold economic terms, marriage tends to benefit men more than it benefits women. At all income levels, women are expected to handle child care and other household tasks, and to sacrifice for the good of the household.
“Many high-earning women might not be able to get their spouses to quit their jobs and move for a new opportunity or split child care evenly,” Yavorsky said.
AD
When a man is the primary breadwinner, 70 percent of women in elite households don't participate in the labor force, according to Yavorsky and colleagues. When a woman's income is enough to put the household in the top 1 percent, men stay home about 22 percent of the time.
AD
“Many men would not be where they are without having spouses that were willing to do the majority of household production and willing to subordinate their careers,” Yavorsky said.
As a result, rising income inequality in the United States is largely a man's game.
“The majority of U.S. income gains over the past 30 to 40 years have gone to top 1 percent of households. If women's income is inconsequential in the vast majority of households, rising inequality is largely due to a small proportion of men's incomes,” Yavorsky said.
While women in elite households enjoy great privilege, we should recognize they probably exert little influence compared with their husbands. Research has shown that breadwinners gain additional power in a household, especially if that breadwinner is male and propped up by generations of cultural norms. |
Pixies and Pirates offer a wide range of the highest quality fashions including "Designer Kidz" and sell funky accessories for babies & children at affordable prices and bring them all to you online and via party plan in Brisbane. |
INTRODUCTION
============
Achalasia is a neurodegenerative motility disorder that is caused by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased LES tone, and absent peristalsis of the esophagus \[[@b1-ce-2019-067]\]. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is known to be a safe and effective approach for patients with esophageal achalasia compared to surgical treatment. Inoue et al. introduced POEM in 2009 as a non-surgical approach to treat a patient with esophageal achalasia in response to rapidly increasing less invasive treatment requirements \[[@b2-ce-2019-067],[@b3-ce-2019-067]\]. Currently, POEM is considered as the first treatment for achalasia, and the indications for POEM have been expanding to sigmoid-shaped achalasia \[[@b4-ce-2019-067]\].
The POEM procedure for sigmoid-shaped achalasia is more difficult than for other non-sigmoid-type achalasia. The sigmoid-shaped esophagus is considered to a highly advanced achalasia, in which the lumen of the esophagus is significantly rotated with dilatation \[[@b3-ce-2019-067]\]. As such, advanced achalasia requires other treatment approaches. Here, we report a new technique that is divided between two tunneling sites in the esophagus with flexion, termed "two-stage POEM" for sigmoid-type achalasia.
CASE REPORT
===========
A 40-year-old man visited our hospital with dysphagia that had gradually worsened over the 10 years prior to the visit. He had no known underlying disease or significant family history. On the first esophagogastroduodenoscopy at admission, his esophagus showed retention of fluid and food materials with severe dilatation. He had an Eckardt symptom score of 8. During a barium esophagography, a significant amount of contrast agent remained in the esophagus after 5 minutes and showed a typical bird beak appearance ([Fig. 1A](#f1-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}). In high-resolution manometry, the integrated relaxation pressure was 11 mmHg, and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with type I achalasia with a sigmoid-shaped esophagus ([Fig. 1B](#f1-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}).
After the general anesthesia, intravenous antibiotics were administered before POEM. A 9.8-mm diameter high-definition esophagogastroscope (GIF-H260; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was used for the procedure. The mucosal incision was performed 33 cm from the upper incisors. As in the case of general POEM, myotomy of the inner circular muscle was made by using an IT knife and an F knife. First, a submucosal tunnel was made after a submucosal saline injection using an endoscopic knife in the upper part of the greater flexion area ([Fig. 2A](#f2-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}), and then myotomy was performed in this area ([Fig. 2B](#f2-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}). Subsequently, a second submucosal tunnel was made, and myotomy was performed again in the lower part of the flexion ([Fig. 2C](#f2-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}, [D](#f2-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, endoclipping was used for closure. We termed this method "two-stage POEM", which was successfully performed without any complications ([Supplmentary video 1](#SD1-ce-2019-067){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The procedure time was 85 min and the myotomy length was 10 cm (esophagus, 8 cm; stomach, 2 cm).
Three days later, postoperative esophagography showed the rapid passage of barium from the esophagus into the stomach ([Fig. 3](#f3-ce-2019-067){ref-type="fig"}). The following day, the patient was discharged from the hospital, and his Eckardt symptom score was reduced to 1 at 6 months after the treatment.
DISCUSSION
==========
POEM has been demonstrated in several studies as an effective treatment for esophageal achalasia, but it remains controversial due to insufficient data from randomized controlled trials and a relatively short follow-up period \[[@b4-ce-2019-067]\]. Recently, since the therapeutic range of POEM has expanded, a new technological approach may present challenges in endoscopic treatments. Especially in cases of complicated esophageal achalasia, such as progressive sigmoid-shaped esophagus, a new technique is required because it is difficult to perform POEM in such cases. First, a submucosal tunnel is difficult to create without mucosal damage at the site of flexion. Secondly, the expanded and curved esophageal lumen may cause out of direction, and subsequent endoscopic dissection and detachment of the tissue surface is difficult.
Furthermore, patients with previous interventions show inflammation and fibrosis of the submucosal layer, which can interrupt submucosal tunneling. In a cohort study, submucosal fibrosis has been shown to be the most common cause of technical failure of POEM, and this often occurs when there is a history of interventions \[[@b5-ce-2019-067]\]. They also found that any type of procedure could cause fibrosis, including general benign pneumatic dilation and botulinum toxin injection. A severe angulation also causes difficulties in establishing the mucosal tunneling direction. Lv et al. reported that a deep mucosal tunneling can help maintain the correct distal orientation of the mucosal tunnel by ensuring a direction perpendicular to the circular muscle fibers \[[@b3-ce-2019-067]\]. Peroral endoscopic full-thickness myotomy has been attempted and reported to be effective for treatment. However, in this study, the overall reflux complication rate of POEM for sigmoid-shaped achalasia was 25.8% \[[@b3-ce-2019-067]\]. Morphological changes in the esophagus can make endoscopic tunneling more difficult and time consuming \[[@b6-ce-2019-067],[@b7-ce-2019-067]\]. Liu et al. investigated the "open POEM", which was performed directly without a submucosal tunnel to treat sigmoid-type achalasia \[[@b7-ce-2019-067]\] and was successfully performed without procedural side effects, resulting in a post-open POEM Eckardt score of 2. These cases have even reported the technical efficacy and feasibility of POEM in patients with advanced achalasia; however, these cases are especially challenging and only experienced operators should perform these procedures.
As shown above, various new therapeutic approaches have been tried during POEM procedure for sigmoid-shaped achalasia. Here, we devised a two-stage myotomy technique. During the procedure, the mucosa is supported by the outside of the tunnel. Unexpected mucosectomy is one of the biggest problems when making the tunnel because patients with achalasia experience chronic inflammation of the mucosa. In particular, patients with sigmoid-type achalasia are more prone to flexion, resulting in more complications. If myotomy is performed first on the upper part of the flexion, the flexion site becomes wider, and subsequently, myotomy of the stomach can be performed more easily. In this patient, the procedure was completed successfully using this method. The procedure time was not long compared to other POEM procedures. However, a comparative study including more patients is needed to determine if this method is more useful and safe for sigmoid-type achalasia.
In conclusion, the symptoms of patients with achalasia who have structural deformities that can result in high chance of treatment failure can be improved using with 'two-stage POEM' method.
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Material
======================
######
Video 1. Two-stage peroral endoscopic myotomy procedure for sigmoid-type achalasia. A submucosal tunnel was made at the upper part from the greater flexion, where a circular layer was cut in this area. Then, submucosal tunneling and full myotomy at the lower part was performed. Lastly, mucosal clipping was performed using endoscopic clips (<https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.067.v001>).
{#f1-ce-2019-067}
{#f2-ce-2019-067}
{#f3-ce-2019-067}
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this study.
|
package com.scxxs.cms.controller;
import java.util.List;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import org.nutz.ioc.annotation.InjectName;
import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
import org.nutz.json.Json;
import org.nutz.mvc.View;
import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.At;
import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.Ok;
import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.Param;
import org.nutz.mvc.view.JspView;
import com.scxxs.cms.model.OneArticleType;
import com.scxxs.cms.model.PageModel;
import com.scxxs.cms.utils.SystemContext;
@IocBean
@InjectName
public class OneArticleTypeAction extends BaseAction {
/**
* 添加一篇文章分类
*
* @param onetype
* @param ioc
* @return
*/
@At("/admin/onearticletype/add")
@Ok("json")
public String add(@Param(":: onearticletype.") OneArticleType onetype) {
// OneArticleTypeDaobasicDao = new OneArticleTypeDao(ioc);
boolean flag = false;
if (onetype.getId() == 0) {
onetype = basicDao.save(onetype);
flag = true;
} else {
if (basicDao.update(onetype)) {
flag = true;
}
}
if (flag) {
return "[{success:true}," + Json.toJson(onetype) + "]";
}
return "[{success:false}]";
}
/**
* 查询分页一篇文章分类信息
*
* @param ioc
* @param request
* @param currentPage
* @return
*/
@At("/admin/onearticletype")
public View findAll(HttpServletRequest request,
@Param("currentPage") int currentPage) {
// OneArticleTypeDaobasicDao = new OneArticleTypeDao(ioc);
List<OneArticleType> t = basicDao.searchByPage(OneArticleType.class,
currentPage, SystemContext.PAGE_SIZE, "id");
int count = basicDao.searchCount(OneArticleType.class);
int maxPage = basicDao.maxPageSize(count, SystemContext.PAGE_SIZE);
PageModel<OneArticleType> pm = new PageModel<OneArticleType>(t, maxPage);
request.setAttribute("pm", pm);
return new JspView("admin.oneArticletype");
}
/**
* 删除一条数据
*
* @param id
* @param currentPage
* @param ioc
* @return
*/
@At("/admin/onearticletype/del")
@Ok("json")
public String del(@Param("id") int id, @Param("currentPage") int currentPage) {
// OneArticleTypeDaobasicDao = new OneArticleTypeDao(ioc);
int count = basicDao.searchCount(OneArticleType.class);
int maxPage = basicDao.maxPageSize(count, SystemContext.PAGE_SIZE);
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer("[");
if (maxPage > 1) {
List<OneArticleType> onetypes = basicDao.searchByPage(
OneArticleType.class, (currentPage + 1),
SystemContext.PAGE_SIZE, "id");
for (OneArticleType types : onetypes) {
buffer.append(Json.toJson(types));
break;
}
}
buffer.append("]");
if (basicDao.delById(id, OneArticleType.class)) {
return buffer.toString();
} else {
}
return null;
}
/**
* 删除多条数据
*
* @param ids
* @param ioc
* @param currentPage
* @param size
* @return
*/
@At("/admin/onearticletype/delByIds")
@Ok("json")
public String dels(@Param("ids") String ids,
@Param("currentPage") int currentPage, @Param("size") int size) {
// OneArticleTypeDaobasicDao = new OneArticleTypeDao(ioc);
int count = basicDao.searchCount(OneArticleType.class);
int maxPage = basicDao.maxPageSize(count, SystemContext.PAGE_SIZE);
String str = "";
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer("[");
if (maxPage > 1) {
List<OneArticleType> list = basicDao.searchByPage(
OneArticleType.class, (currentPage + 1),
SystemContext.PAGE_SIZE, "id");
int i = 0;
for (OneArticleType lists : list) {
if (i == size) {
break;
} else {
buffer.append(Json.toJson(lists));
buffer.append(",");
i++;
}
}
}
str = buffer.toString();
int dot = str.lastIndexOf(",");
if (dot != -1) {
str = str.substring(0, dot);
}
basicDao.deleteByIds(OneArticleType.class, ids);
return str + "]";
}
/**
* 根据ID修改
*
* @param id
* @param ioc
* @return
*/
@At("/admin/articletype/update")
@Ok("json")
public String udpate(@Param("id") int id) {
// OneArticleTypeDaobasicDao = new OneArticleTypeDao(ioc);
OneArticleType onetype = basicDao.find(id, OneArticleType.class);
if (onetype != null) {
return Json.toJson(onetype);
}
return "{id:0}";
}
/**
* 查询文章类型
*
* @param ioc
* @return
*/
@At("/admin/articletype/findtype")
@Ok("json")
public String findtype() {
// OneArticleTypeDaobasicDao = new OneArticleTypeDao(ioc);
StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer("[");
List<OneArticleType> list = basicDao.search(OneArticleType.class, "id");
for (OneArticleType lists : list) {
// buffer.append("{id:").append(lists.getId()).append(",").append("name:'").append(lists.getName()).append("'}");
// buffer.append(",");
buffer.append("{id:'" + lists.getId() + "',name:'"
+ lists.getName() + "'},");
}
String resutlt = buffer.substring(0, buffer.length() - 1) + "]";
// buffer.append("]");
return resutlt;
}
}
|
4. As always, I love love love love love reading comments and reviews (shoutout to luvsanime02 who leaves me a little nugget of feedback on EVERY post), so if you like this story and want to add encouragement and incentive to get me across the finish line, please take a moment to share a quick response!
3. If that's not quite enough to feed your r!Animorphs thirst, please head over to r/rational, where there's tons of discussion and theorizing and sometimes super cool people leave long and interesting comments and reviews and sometimes they significantly alter the outcome of the story (which has dwindlingly few opportunities to be altered at this point).
2. I expect to continue making updates pretty regularly, but with the new house and construction and work and everything I think it makes sense to slow the schedule to once every three weeks instead of once every two.
1. This is a double update; if you didn't see Interlude 18 you may want to back up and give it a glance.
Chapter Text
Chapter 40: Garrett
“You gotta stop acting like—no, you know what? Fuck it—you gotta stop believing that the rules are real, or you are never gonna make it, kid. I mean that.”
Those were the first words that TOBIAS ever said to me. Not the first words I’d ever heard him saying, but the first words he’d said to me. The first time he’d said words that were just-for-GARRETT.
“You don’t ever know. You can’t ever KNOW, okay? All you get is what you’ve seen so far. All you ever know for sure is they haven’t YET.”
“She promised!”
I don’t know what his face looked like when I said that, because my eyes had been closed and I’d been lying on the ground and also hitting the ground and maybe screaming a little bit between my teeth. But I can guess what it looked like because I’ve seen him make THAT FACE a lot since then.
“I know,” he’d said. “And usually she keeps her promises, right? So you’re surprised. You thought she—what—you thought she was the kind of person who would always keep her promises, or something?”
“She promised!”
“Yeah, I got that. She promised. And then she broke that promise.”
“She promised!”
“Motherf—look, is there actually someone in there, kid? Are you listening to me? ‘Cause if you’re just tuning me out—”
“She promised!”
It’s scary when I think about it because I know TOBIAS really well now and I know exactly how much BULLSHIT he is usually willing to put up with, and he must have been in a very good mood or something because he gave me a lot more tries than he normally would and if he hadn’t done that then maybe we wouldn’t have ever started hanging out and then we wouldn’t be FRIENDS and if we weren’t FRIENDS then we would both be dead now.
“And?”
“She promised!”
“Kid. She promised, AND SHE BROKE THAT PROMISE. Say it.”
“She promised!”
“What did she promise?”
“She promised!”
“She promised what?”
“She—she promised—”
“She promised what?”
“She promised that we would play Octopus on Friday because we didn’t play Octopus last Friday and we played Jailhouse and we’re supposed to rotate the games and—”
“And?”
Although now that I think about it again maybe he wasn’t in a good mood at all. Maybe it was like that time when we were playing PENTAGO and I beat him four times in a row and he started to get angry but also didn’t want to stop and told me that I had better not go easy on him, OR ELSE, and we kept playing and I kept beating him and he just kept getting madder and madder but not at me exactly until finally he won the twenty-third game.
TOBIAS is like that, sometimes.
“Kid. And? Did we play Octopus?”
“NO.”
“They voted for Jailhouse. So what does that mean?”
“She promised!”
“She promised, and she broke that promise.”
“She promised!”
“Jesus fucking—okay, look. How about—how about this? Mrs. Stokeley is a liar.”
“She promised!”
“Right. She promised, and she broke that promise. So what does that make her?”
“She—she—”
“She lied, right? So—”
“She—”
“She’s a liar.”
“But she—”
“But she what?”
It’s funny because I remember that it was very hard for me to figure out what TOBIAS was trying to teach me, but when I look back now I can see it very clearly and I think that if I did a worse job of remembering I might have forgot that it was something I used to not-know. I think a lot of people do that when they learn something big and important that changes how they look at the world, they forget what it was like before they knew it and then it’s very easy for them to be impatient with other people who are making the same mistake and now that I think about it maybe that’s why TOBIAS was being so patient with me that day, is that he didn’t forget. He remembered when he learned the same lesson.
“But she told the truth!”
“When?”
“Before!”
“About other stuff?”
“Yes.”
“So you thought she was telling the truth about this, too?”
“Yes!”
“But she wasn’t, was she?”
“NO.”
“She was—ah, geez, here we go again. Can I maybe get you to chill out with the whole dying fish routine?”
And even though it took me a long time to learn the lesson, I did eventually get it and I think maybe that’s why TOBIAS decided to start hanging out with me after that—because he saw that I really would listen as long as the person who was talking to me made sense and didn’t give up right away if I was having a meltdown and there just aren’t that many people who really listen out there.
“…okay, now say it back to me.”
“Any time somebody tries to tell me the rules I should remember that they’re just guessing, or saying what they wish the rules were, or what they think the rules are but they might be wrong and there aren’t any real rules except just—just—”
“Just looking. You just look, and you remember, and you make a guess. And when something happens that you weren’t expecting—”
“Don’t freak the fuck out.”
It wasn’t that easy, of course. There were a lot of times that I still FREAKED THE FUCK OUT and I still FREAK THE FUCK OUT now, sometimes.
But what TOBIAS taught me was like opening up an extra eye or something and suddenly a lot of things that had been very confusing started to make sense because the problem wasn’t that people were breaking the RULES, it was that I had been wrong about what the RULES really were, even if most of the time it wasn’t my fault because they’d told me wrong. But TOBIAS said it was still my fault if I believed them, especially after what happened with MRS. STOKELEY, because there wasn’t any shame in getting taken to the cleaners once but if I let it happen again then I was just a CHUMP and why was I taking their word for it anyway when they were clearly DIPSHIT FUCKTARDS.
And I know it doesn’t sound related at first but the way it makes sense inside my head is that it’s like when they use the FIBONACCI SEQUENCE to calculate the GOLDEN MEAN. The FIBONACCI SEQUENCE is a series of numbers where the next number is always the previous two numbers added together, so it goes 1 and then 1 again because there’s nothing to add on yet and then 2 and then 3 and then 5 and then 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418 and so on.
And if you compare FIBONACCI NUMBERS that are right next to each other you get:
1 compared to 1 which is 1
2 compared to 1 which is 2
3 and 2 which is 1.5
5 and 3 which is 1.6 with a line over the SIX which means the SIXES go on forever
8 and 5 which is 1.6 but just regular this time so it’s a little smaller
13 and 8 which is 1.625
21 and 13 which is 1.6153846 and then a bunch of other numbers that don’t matter
34 and 21 which is 1.6190476 and then a bunch of other numbers that don’t matter
55 and 34 which is 1.6176470 and then a bunch of other numbers that don’t matter
89 and 55 which is 1.6181818 and the ONE-EIGHT repeats forever
144 and 89 which is 1.6179775 and so on
And they never quite make it to the GOLDEN MEAN, which is ϕ pronounced “fee” and which starts out as 1.6180339887 but actually is IRRATIONAL and goes on forever. But you can see how they kind of zigzag closer and closer and in fact you don’t even have to go very far out before you get two numbers that match all the way out to the TEN BILLIONTHS place (196418 and 121393).
And me thinking that MRS. STOKELEY was a PROMISE-KEEPER was like comparing 1 to 1 and getting 1, and TOBIAS saying that MRS. STOKELEY was a LIAR was like comparing 2 to 1 and getting 2, which was still wrong but closer, and the more I watched MRS. STOKELEY the closer I got to understanding what she was really like and there were always surprises but usually smaller and smaller surprises as time went on but the key thing was to never ever ever forget that I didn’t really know for sure and that just because somebody had never done something before didn’t mean they wouldn’t all of a sudden.
And I don’t know if I would have ever figured that out without TOBIAS’S help because I certainly hadn’t figured it out before and I had been thinking of everything as being BLACK OR WHITE in a way that was kind of like tying my own shoelaces together because it meant I was getting UNPLEASANT SURPRISES all the time and that meant I was pretty much always stressed-out and low-functioning. So it’s kind of like TOBIAS saved my life because I don’t think I would have had a very good life the way I was going.
Although I might not have a very good life anyway, the way everything else is going.
‹We are approaching the stratosphere. The atmospheric craft are peeling off. But three of the spacecraft are now converging on our new trajectory—›
‹ETA?›
‹The three ships are at various distances—›
‹Wait, three out of how many?›
‹There are five within sensor range, which would imply a total of roughly thirty in orbit around the planet—›
‹Jesus Christ. How did they build so many so fast? Doesn’t it take like two years to build one F-35—›
‹How much time do we have?›
‹The closest will be within beam weapon range in roughly twelve minutes, assuming that we hold course and that it does not wait for the other two to converge—›
I was in bird morph, a small brownish bird called a swift that ANTE had brought down for the two of us to acquire. We were perched near the back of the cramped space inside the cradle, along with HELIUM’S TAIL BLADE, which was waving around in a way that my bird instincts were specifically not happy about, on top of everything else they were already not happy about.
RACHEL was in morph, too, but that was a PUN sort of because she wasn’t actually inside the cradle with us—she was in morph, inside my morph, her body tucked away in Z-SPACE along with my own. The plan had been for all of us—except HELIUM—to get as small as we possibly could while still being able to see and move around, because the cradle was designed for just one single passenger and the idea was that we would be picking up a MARCO who might or might not be in his own real body and might or might not have time to get small, himself. Fortunately, HELIUM was still pretty young for an ANDALITE and so it wouldn’t be too crowded so long as the MARCO wasn’t in gorilla morph or something.
‹What about missiles?›
‹Non-nuclear human missiles are unlikely to be a problem—›
‹The fuck you say. What about the one that just knocked us halfway out of the sky?›
‹Unlikely to be a problem at this distance, as we can deploy countermeasures or outmaneuver them. And your F-35s are significantly more delicate and difficult-to-build than Bug fighters, which were reverse-engineered from superior technology specifically to be cheap and easy to produce.›
‹Superior technology like the cloaking device that’s currently hiding us from precisely no one?›
‹Marco.›
‹The cloaking device is functioning correctly. However, even a perfect mirror can be disabled by primitives smearing mud on it—›
‹Helium.›
‹Apologies, Prince Jake.›
HELIUM was standing in the center of the cramped space, his four legs on the flat metal deck and his two arms resting on the slanted control panel, his main eyes pointed down at a small viewscreen and his stalks rotating around between a number of strange displays. JAKE and MARCO were in morph, perched on his shoulders—or at least, the closest thing he had to shoulders—JAKE in the body of a small bat, and MARCO in some kind of tiny, armored, alien, armadillo-type body that I guess he acquired somewhere on the planet of the ARN.
I was watching the three of them very very carefully, because even though I had known them for more than a month that’s still really not a lot of time and this was a pretty stressful situation and TOBIAS wasn’t there and RACHEL had had a STROKE and CASSIE was DEAD and I had basically never met HELIUM at all, apparently, since he said he was a new person and not AXIMILI-ESGARROUTH-ISTHILL anymore, and everything was happening very quickly and it seemed to me like there was a pretty good chance that things were going to go off the rails. I mean even more then they had already, since apparently VISSER THREE had taken off the KID GLOVES, which is one of those phrases that doesn’t make any sense at all but it means he wasn’t fucking around anymore, according to MARCO.
And the whole situation was especially tricky for me because as far as I could tell JAKE seemed to think that I was going to follow any orders he gave me, like if he told me to thoughtscream at somebody I would just do it, no questions asked, and that was not exactly what I had signed up for. I had thoughtscreamed at a lot of people when we went to blow up the pool, but we had talked that over in advance and decided that CIVILIAN CASUALTIES were probably unavoidable and that it was worth it overall because even if a lot of people died it was our best shot at saving the EARTH.
But that mission had actually worked and still the EARTH was very much not-saved, which is exactly the sort of thing that I used to find very upsetting back before I started hanging out with TOBIAS. It’s very easy for people like me to get fixated on stuff and what TOBIAS did was help me to get fixated on the process instead of on my current best guess, which is called SCIENCE and that’s why I’m sometimes willing to morph into birds and bugs even though I used to have a rule that was NO FLYING, for example.
But anyway, just because I had agreed to thoughtscream that one time didn’t mean I was okay with doing it whenever, I would maybe thoughtscream at somebody just because TOBIAS told me to but that was because I had known TOBIAS for a very long time, like long enough to get all the way out to 1.6180339887. I only knew JAKE and MARCO about 1.625ish at best. I had a MARCO morph and an AXIMILI-ESGARROUTH-ISTHILL morph because the body was still an AXIMILI-ESGARROUTH-ISTHILL body even if the new hivemind thingy was calling itself HELIUM, but I’d only had the chance to spend about twelve minutes in each of them before it was GO TIME, and that is not a lot of time to catch up on everything that I had missed while I was DEAD. And anyway some of the things that had happened since then made me more nervous, not less, especially because as far as I could tell nobody had made any progress at all on figuring out what the heck had happened on THE DAY THAT ALMOST EVERYBODY DIED.
And there was another problem, which was that I had already thoughtscreamed at the two soldiers who had been sitting inside the cradle when HELIUM took control of it, and JAKE had told me to do it but I had already decided I was going to do it because as soon as the door opened they had raised some very large GUNS and I didn’t want to get shot. But this meant that JAKE probably thought I had done it because he ordered me to, which is a pretty reasonable thing to think but wasn’t true at all and that meant that he was maybe being set up for a pretty nasty surprise later on if I said “no” out of the blue.
So what I really wanted to do was talk about it.
But there was kind of a lot going on.
For one thing, I was trying really hard to stop the part of my brain that was screaming GET OUT GET OUT GET OUT GET OUT GET OUT from taking over. It was screaming that because for the last few minutes there had been MISSILES and BULLETS and PROTOTYPE BEAM WEAPONS and very strong acceleration and we’d spent a lot more time upside-down than my morph body was comfortable with.
For another, JAKE and MARCO and HELIUM were all pretty stressed and talking very quickly one right after the other without identifying themselves and sometimes not even waiting for each other to finish, and also they were sort of making these little digs at each other, or at least MARCO and HELIUM were and I think it was getting on JAKE’S nerves.
‹Can we outrun them?›
That was JAKE.
‹No, Prince Jake. Remember, this cradle is what you would call an escape pod. That it functions as well as it does is a testament to Andalite thoroughness—›
‹Marco.›
‹I didn’t say anything!›
‹—but it can’t outperform a Bug fighter.›
I glanced over at ANTE, who hadn’t said anything in a while. He wasn’t super talkative to begin with and I’m not very good at reading bird body language so I couldn’t tell if he was okay or if he was maybe FREAKING THE FUCK OUT.
‹How far to Moscow?›
‹We are farther now than we were when we began, thanks to the attack of the atmospheric craft. We cannot reach the city before we are intercepted. Though—›
‹What?›
‹Our instruments show that it has been—targeted.›
‹Oh, God.›
‹The nukes?›
‹Not a traditional fission device. The radiation is consistent with a neutron dispersion—lethal to living organisms with minimal damage to infrastructure.›
‹What about Berlin? Rio?›
‹We are not high enough to make a direct observation.›
‹Helium. If Marco was—if the other Marco was put back—is he—›
‹The radiation is sufficiently strong to be lethal with ten minutes of exposure. Perhaps fifteen, depending on the distance from the epicenter.›
‹Dead in fifteen?›
‹No. Lethally poisoned in fifteen. Death would take longer. Hours, perhaps days.›
The bird that ANTE was being didn’t seem to react to this at all, which told me nothing. I turned back to the others.
‹He’d morph,› said MARCO confidently, still not bothering to identify himself. ‹He’d figure it out, and morph, and head away from the epicenter.›
I wanted to ask if MARCO was saying that because he actually believed it or just because he wanted to believe it but that didn’t seem super helpful so I just kept watching.
‹They’re still not responding to any communications?›
‹No, Prince Jake.›
‹Maybe they’re pulling a Doctor Strangelove? You know, shutting off comms, in case it’s Visser Three or whatever?›
‹We do not understand the reference. Also, the nearest Bug fighter will be in range in ten minutes.›
The bat and the armadillo-thing turned to look at each other as if to say oh no what do we do and it was suddenly very easy to see lots of problems that none of us had thought of back when we were on the ground, like what would we do if the military didn’t bother to listen to us at all and just tried killing us instead and also the cloaking device didn’t do anything because they’d put homing beacons on board the cradle.
But the solution still seemed pretty obvious, as far as I could tell, and I wasn’t sure whether they were not-mentioning it for some reason or whether they just hadn’t thought of it. I had started to get the sense that JAKE and MARCO were both very very tired and maybe not quite thinking straight—
‹Do we bail?› asked MARCO.
‹We could try a distress call,› JAKE suggested. ‹To one of the other Bug fighters—one of the ones that isn’t trying to kill us—›
‹Garrett here,› I said. ‹Why don’t we go down into the water? Over.›
The bat and the armadillo-thing both twitched, and one of HELIUM’S stalk eyes turned to look back at me.
‹Helium. Can Bug fighters—›
‹No, Prince Jake. As we said, cheap and easy to produce. They do not possess sufficient structural integrity to—›
‹Down. Now.›
There was a sort of swooping, prickly-tingly elevator sensation as the ship curved smoothly downward.
‹We will reach the surface of the water with…four minutes to spare, assuming that we do not have to deal with more hostile atmospheric craft.›
‹Will we be able to get deep enough?›
‹Beam weapons will be ineffective at a depth of seven meters. This cradle can go as deep as six thousand four hundred thirty meters, given the gravitational pull of your planet.›
‹Will they still be able to track us?›
‹We do not know, Prince Jake. Whatever device they have hidden on board—if it uses standard human technology, then no. Radio waves can’t penetrate seawater. If it’s something more sophisticated, then maybe. We also don’t know what other aquatic craft may be nearby, or what capabilities they might possess.›
‹We don’t know much of anything, do we.›
‹No, Marco. We do not.›
There was silence in the cradle for the next couple of minutes as we cut our way back down through the atmosphere. There weren’t any windows in the cradle, and none of the viewscreens were showing direct images—I’m pretty sure the cradle was beaming information straight into HELIUM’S head—so I couldn’t tell how high up we’d gotten, but if it was high enough to stop fighter jets from coming after us I was pretty sure that meant it had to be at least ten miles.
But now we were coming back down through the part of the sky where the fighter jets could go—
‹Missile,› said HELIUM, his mental voice flat.
‹What?›
‹It will not be a problem.›
There was another prickly-tingly feeling as the cradle zigged and then zagged.
‹What’s hap—›
‹There are several craft and ground installations that have fired missiles. Some of them are tracking us directly. Others are aimed at various points along our predicted course. We are assuming that they are triggered by proximity rather than impact, and are taking steps to avoid allowing any of them closer than three kilometers. This is a process which benefits from focus, and a lack of distraction.›
‹Garrett here. Sorry. Are there more fighter jets? Over.›
‹Yes. But none which will reach us before we make the water.›
‹Then what?›
The question was from ANTE, whose bird-body was holding stock-still except for a slight quiver in its wings, its pupils dilated.
No one answered it.
* * *
“I have a question and the question is do we really expect Visser One’s codes to make any difference at all.”
Nobody said anything. There was a kind of slurping-squelching sound as the demorph finished and RACHEL’S body fully separated from mine. She rolled away from me and pushed herself up into a sitting position, her movements still pretty clumsy and jerky but better than they’d been the day before.
“Whurr?” she asked, looking around the tiny space.
JAKE was still a bat and MARCO was still an armadillo-thing, and HELIUM was now a large and dangerous-looking hawk that seemed to be making ANTE’S bird-body nervous.
‹Underwater,› came MARCO’S voice, sounding weary. ‹Things got complicated. Again.›
‹The plan was not—›
HELIUM broke off mid-thought, and the hawk body sort of twitched irritably.
‹There were unforeseen difficulties,› he finished.
I looked at JAKE because of course I did, but the bat didn’t move in any way that told me anything.
‹What do you mean, Garrett?› JAKE asked.
His voice was weary, too, but more than that it had a kind of glassy, brittle sort of feeling to it, like maybe it was about to break. I don’t know what it would mean for JAKE’S voice to break, that thought doesn’t even really make sense, but that’s what it sounded like to me.
But also I didn’t know what I could do about that so I ignored it.
“Well,” I said, pulling my shirt up over my mouth. “The main thing is that Visser Three has known those ships were coming the whole time, and he’s not exactly on great terms with the rest of the Yeerks, so he probably has some kind of backup plan ready and I don’t see how us taking over the controls makes them any more dangerous than they already were when he definitely already thought about this months ago. Also if Moscow is gone then probably a lot of other cities are gone, too, like New York and Washington and—and Beijing and London, which might mean that there isn’t really a government or a military anymore and that would mean that there isn’t anybody for us to give the codes to and do we really know what to do with them all by ourselves. Also also I’m sorry I didn’t think of that before, when you asked if anybody had objections, but to be fair that was before we knew about Moscow and also before we knew that they were going to shoot at us without even talking first. Also I don’t really understand what we’re actually trying to do, like what do we think happens even if everything goes right and also I should tell you that I might not thoughtscream at people just because you tell me to especially because last time we thought we had a plan that would save the planet, it didn’t, even though it worked, and I’m talking about the mission to the Yeerk pool just in case that wasn’t clear. Also sorry.”
I had been curling up tighter and tighter as I talked and by the time I was finished I was in a sort of curled-up ball pressed into the corner, as far away from the rest of them as I could get, which wasn’t actually very far since the whole space was basically ANDALITE-sized. But they could hear me just fine so it didn’t matter which is why I was letting myself do it in the first place.
There was another long silence after I finished talking and then there was a dry sort of chuckle that I was pretty sure was coming from MARCO and then there was JAKE’S voice again, still sounding pre-cracked.
‹What are you sorry for?›
“I don’t know exactly it’s just that it seems like—like you guys are all really tired and maybe getting mad at each other and it isn’t fair and none of what I just said is actually helpful and you’re supposed to say sorry if you’re not helping. Also I just now realized that I was kind of asking you for the answer and maybe you don’t have any more answers than I do so why are we all asking you but in that case what I’m saying is my best guess is that Visser One’s codes don’t help us, what do you think.”
Suddenly something landed on my back and I screamed a little and flinched before I realized it was RACHEL’S hand and she was trying to sort of pat me on the shoulder but she’d missed.
“Sorry,” I said again, and I reached behind me without looking and kind of groped around until I found her hand and picked it up and put it on my shoulder because I didn’t want her to think I was mad.
“Sssssss oh,” she replied.
‹Kid has several points.›
For a long time nobody else said anything, and eventually I got curious enough that I decided to uncurl a little and look. The bat was looking at me, and the armadillo-thing was looking at the bat, and the hawk and the swift were looking back and forth. I couldn’t see what RACHEL was looking at because I was turned so she was sort of behind me but I could still feel her hand on my shoulder and she squeezed a little which I did not like at all but which I was pretty sure was meant to be nice so I didn’t say anything.
‹Yeah,› said JAKE. He said it in the sort of way that people say Mmm-hmm or wow, that’s crazy when they’re not really listening—like he was just stalling for time.
More nobody-saying-anything.
“Um—” I began, just as JAKE spoke up again.
‹Helium.›
‹Yes, Prince Jake.›
‹How long until we clear the peninsula?›
‹We have already cleared the peninsula, as well as the shallowest and most dangerous waters. We are currently at a depth of seventy-two meters, heading due north into the Barents sea, following the sea floor. We have detected two subsurface vessels and a number of surface ones. They do not seem to be aware of our presence.›
‹What’s our speed?›
‹Roughly one hundred and sixty kilometers per hour, relative to the surface.›
‹How far to—Marco, where—›
‹Are we giving up on Moscow and Berlin? If so, then it’s either Cape Town or Rio.›
‹How would we find them in Cape Town or Rio? Without comms?›
‹Uh. Cape Town, I don’t know. Rio—that’s the one with the statue, right? Giant Jesus?›
‹Helium, how long would it take—›
‹If we remain underwater, the journey will take approximately eight days. Also, the cradle’s fuel reserves will be at well under twenty percent when we arrive.›
More silence.
Then more silence.
Then even more silence.
I glanced at the others. They were all looking at JAKE.
I looked at the bat that JAKE was being. It was sitting very still, its eyes pointed at the deck, its wings sort of slumped like a falling-down tent. I couldn’t tell if it actually looked distressed or if I was just imagining that it looked distressed because I was pretty sure that JAKE was distressed.
But it looked distressed. I tried to think of something helpful to say but I couldn’t come up with anything.
“Nnnnnn,” said RACHEL.
The bat looked up.
“Nnnn. Nnnaauuuuuh. Auuh. Nuu.”
RACHEL looked over at me. Her eyes were very serious-looking.
“Can you say that again, please?” I asked. “I didn’t understand you.”
“Nnaauu. Auuhnnyuu. Himmm. Nnau auhn izh.”
“One more time, please?”
She looked away from me, fixed her eyes on the bat. “Nnau auhn yu.”
‹Not on you.›
ANTE.
‹Right, Rachel? It’s not on Jake?›
RACHEL nodded.
‹Agreed.›
HELIUM.
The bat closed its eyes in a very human sort of way.
‹No.›
MARCO.
The bat opened its eyes.
‹No, you know what? Fuck that. Jake. Cope. Now.›
‹Marco, Prince Jake has—›
‹Helium, you know I respect you, I know you’re brilliant, but be quiet. Jake. Listen to me. We have zero time for your wallowing. I know you’re exhausted. I know you don’t know what to do. But this is the hand you’ve been dealt. Play it.›
‹Garrett here. That’s not how it—›
‹Garrett, he’s not you. He’s not Tobias. He’s not even me. He’s Jake. Sympathy is not the solution here. What he needs to do is shake it off, or else we’re going to be the ones calling the shots. You know, the stranger, the alien, the stroke victim, the kid with his shirt in his mouth, and the guy who just threw a whole mission out the window to save his mom.›
The bat was trembling, its whole body shaking as its eyes darted back and forth around the tiny space, from hawk to swift to armadillo-thing to RACHEL to me, around and around.
The bat was trembling like it was about to cry.
‹It was a bad plan,› MARCO continued. ‹You’re thinking, it was a bad plan, we almost got shot down, now what. But guess what? None of us had a better plan.›
For some reason, I wanted to see what RACHEL’S face looked like, but I wasn’t at the right angle to look and it didn’t seem like I should move around to where I could see because that would have been sort of a distraction.
‹And we still don’t. It’s not like you can make it worse, buddy. The default thing is we all die and Visser Three wins. That’s not on you. But if we’re going to do anything about it—›
I suddenly sort of…popped out, or something, in the sense that I wasn’t just looking at JAKE myself but also realized that we were all looking at JAKE, all five of us—that whether or not MARCO’S overall plan was working, he’d at least managed to make JAKE the absolute center of attention where before we’d all been sort of looking around at everybody. I wasn’t sure if I should look away because if I was in JAKE’S shoes then having everybody stare at me like that would absolutely definitely very very much not be helpful at all and would only make me FREAK THE FUCK OUT but also MARCO knows JAKE a whole lot better than I do, maybe even better than I know TOBIAS, maybe all the way out to 1.6180339887498948482.
‹Jake, you give me a clear target and I’ll get us there, but I need you to call the shot, first. We need you. There’s only one person here who can tell us what Visser Three is going to do, and that’s you.›
I looked at the armadillo-thing.
It was looking at the bat.
I looked at the hawk.
It was looking at the bat.
I looked at the swift.
It was looking at the bat, although it also noticed my head moving I guess because it looked at me for a second and then looked back at the bat, and I guess if I imagine myself in ANTE’S shoes, which means if I imagine that I’m inside his body and his life and not just wearing his shoes, then this whole situation seems pretty bad and scary because ANTE has been imagining MARCO and the ANIMORPHS for a long time and thinking that we are some crazy awesome superteam and then as soon as he actually went on a mission with us he got shot at pretty much immediately and then this happened. So I was a little nervous about ANTE and what he might do and how he might react and whether he might WIG OUT which means exactly the same thing as FREAK THE FUCK OUT but if you say the same words or phrases too many times they start to sound weird and lose their meaning and that is called SEMANTIC SATIATION so sometimes I switch it up even inside my own head.
But I guess he hadn’t WIGGED OUT yet, so that was a good sign.
I looked at RACHEL, who was looking at the bat.
It seemed like we waited for hours but it was probably actually only thirty or forty seconds, and then all of a sudden the bat stopped trembling.
‹Okay,› said JAKE, his voice sounding clear and strong and not at all pre-cracked.
There was another little pause, like long enough for someone to breathe all the way in and all the way out if they were in a human body but I don’t know whether that’s the same for bats.
‹Okay,› he repeated. ‹New plan, same as the old plan. Rio de Janeiro, pick up Marco and Visser One-Quarter.›
It was funny, because I don’t know if MARCO knew this would happen or if maybe he was trying to make it happen or if maybe it was just because it wasn’t me or because it was the second time hearing it or something. But hearing JAKE say it did make me feel better. It felt more solid or real or possible or something, more like The Plan with capital letters than just I Guess Let’s Try It And See What Happens. And when I looked around at the rest of them it seemed like they felt the same way, at least as far as I could tell when three of them were animals and one of them was RACHEL who still wasn’t really in control of her face all that much.
‹Helium.›
‹Yes, Prince Jake.›
‹Eight days is too long and eighty percent of the fuel is too much.›
‹Agreed.›
‹What can we do about this tracking device?›
‹We have time, now that we know we can evade detection underwater. If the device is inside the ship, we may be able to locate it and disable it. If it’s outside—›
‹Burn it off.›
I knew who the voice was but the others didn’t, which is why we have RULES about how to use thought-speak, even if nobody ever follows them.
‹New guy, is that you?› asked MARCO.
‹Yes,› said ANTE. ‹Helium—when we were going through the atmosphere, we were shielded, right?›
‹Yes. Ah. Yes. It’s a good idea.›
‹Explain it to me,› said JAKE.
‹If the device is on the exterior of the ship, it is at least possible that it may be vulnerable to extremes of pressure and temperature. We could try burning it off by following a rocket trajectory with the shields disabled.›
‹The cradle can withstand that?›
‹Easily.›
‹What if the other ships come after us?›
‹We have some data on ships and ship movement, collected while we were in flight earlier. It’s likely that we can choose a time and course that guarantees us sufficient time to abort and re-enter the water, if we are closely pursued. And we will search within the ship first, anyway.›
‹Great. Do it. Garrett?›
I twitched, because I wasn’t expecting it, but I kept my shirt down. “Yeah?”
‹I won’t try ordering you to thoughtscream at anybody, but it needs to be okay for me to ask. Is it okay for me to ask?›
I thought about it, but not for very long.
“Yeah,” I said.
‹Okay. Helium, do you need to be in your own body to do the search?›
‹No, Prince Jake. The ship will be doing most of the actual scanning.›
‹How long will it take?›
‹No more than half an hour.›
‹Make it two hours.›
‹What?› asked MARCO. ‹Why?›
‹Because you’re all going to demorph and remorph to reset your time limits, and then I’m taking a nap. We’ll figure out the rest after that.›
* * *
“Everything is fucked.”
It was six hours later, although it was the exact same time according to clocks because we had gone very far to the west and TIME ZONES are a thing. We were sitting on the rocky slope of a tiny island, maybe half a mile across, almost exactly eight miles south of the giant Jesus statue and five and a half miles offshore. HELIUM had brought the cradle in among the trees and foliage on the southern side of the ridge, away from potential observers on the mainland. In front of us, there was nothing but open ocean, broken only by a smaller island a short swim away and a lone, low boulder maybe another mile or so out.
We’d all demorphed, tumbling out of the cramped spacecraft and spreading out under the bright afternoon sun. There was ANTE, and HELIUM, and JAKE, and MARCO, and RACHEL, and MARCO AGAIN.
There were TWO MARCOS now.
It was funny, because one part of my brain had known that there would be TWO MARCOS and understood how it had happened and why it made sense and had totally been expecting it—that was the plan, after all—but another part of my brain did not want to let go of the fact that there were TWO MARCOS and was having a very hard time deciding to look at or think about anything else.
“The other three are all alive, and safe. They’re—let’s say listening in, right now. I don’t think anybody ended up with more than two full minutes of radiation exposure in their natural bodies, and Edriss—Visser One—thinks that being inside a human skull will have provided enough shielding to keep her from getting sick. But Moscow is gone. Berlin is gone. Seems like a safe bet that places like Tokyo and D.C. and New York are gone, too. L.A. Silicon Valley. Probably some military bases? Cape Town is not gone but internet is down, satellites are down, there’s a ton of radio interference because everybody who can’t use internet and satellites is trying to use the radio so basically radio is down, too. Same situation here in Rio. Nobody has any fucking clue what’s going on.”
Also I didn’t know what to call them in my own head because MARCO and MARCO AGAIN was too vague really and it was probably a bad idea to think of them as MARCO WITH A BLACK SHIRT and MARCO WITH A RED SHIRT because that wasn’t going to stay true for very long and I could maybe think of them as MARCO WITH A YEERK and MARCO WITHOUT A YEERK but if we went and picked up more MARCOS then that wasn’t going to be enough and I remembered from my very short morph-check that the MARCOS had come up with a very sensible system for referring to themselves with numbers but I didn’t know which numbers these particular MARCOS were and it wasn’t the right time to ask so my brain just kept sort of spinning and slipping and tripping over it every time I looked at them, like HICCUPS but for thoughts. I was very used to being able to tell people apart very very easily, even in thought-speak where everyone else seems to have trouble, but the two MARCOS sounded exactly the same, even to me.
“Fisss,” said RACHEL.
She was sitting between the two MARCOS, sort of half-propped up against one of them, who had his arm around her shoulder to stop her from falling down.
“Yeah, obviously,” said that MARCO. “But why? Why now? What does it get him?”
“Softening us up for full-scale invasion?” offered ANTE. “Now that the fleet is almost here? According to Helium, those bombs left a lot of infrastructure intact.”
“I don’t buy it,” the other MARCO said, shaking his head. “Not when Telor and Tyagi have been pushing for peace this whole time. I don’t see that fleet actually coming in guns blazing.”
I was starting to think that maybe the two different MARCOS shouldn’t have different names, that maybe they were both just MARCO. They were even talking like they were one person, switching back and forth talking like—like—I don’t know, like the way you might switch back and forth between hands if you were AMBIDEXTROUS or something. Like they were thinking the same thoughts at the same time, so it didn’t matter which one spoke up.
It made me want more GARRETTS very, very badly. More GARRETTS, and maybe more TOBIASES, too, because apparently at least three MARCOS had already died but there were still two of them right here in front of me and three other ones out there with the rest of VISSER ONE in their heads and probably a bunch more waking up all over MADAGASCAR and FINLAND, whereas I’d had to kill myself just to bring back TOBIAS and then the new me had been in a coma for weeks and weeks before finally waking up and it just seemed safer and smarter and better in pretty much every way to go ahead and make some backups as soon as possible.
‹And yet,› said HELIUM. ‹If the Visser’s actions make sense only in a context where he can seize control of the reinforcement fleet, it seems reasonable to assume that he can seize control of the reinforcement fleet. More likely that than that he has made such an elementary mistake.›
“Bluff?” said RACHEL.
“Maybe,” said the MARCO that wasn’t holding her, while the one that was sort of squeezed her shoulder in a half-side-hug kind of thing. “But like, what exactly would he get out of seeming like he was going to use that fleet, when he isn’t?”
‹We are certain that Quatazhinnikon was unable to provide a…coercion protocol? That none of the tools he developed for the Visser could allow him to seize full control?›
“He didn’t finish anything like a mind-virus or whatever, if that’s what you’re asking. He’s got a bunch of stuff that could kill everybody dead, but not any faster or better than just throwing rocks around.”
“There’s some stuff that we don’t quite understand, though,” said MARCO, the other one I mean, the one sitting next to RACHEL. “Stuff that Q was working on sort of in the dark. Like, ‘make me something that does X if you plug it into Y,’ but that’s it, and who knows where Y came from or where X goes.”
“So he could have a mind-virus?” asked ANTE.
“Maybe, but if he did, why would he be blowing up cities? I mean, that’s what he wants, right? Is cities? People?”
‹It could be a political gambit. Escalate the tension, then appear to be defeated when the fleet defects to the side of humanity, return later to capture the converted species—›
HELIUM broke off. ‹No,› he said. ‹Too absurd.›
“Jake?” said MARCO, the one with VISSER ONE (QUARTER) in his head. “You’ve been pretty quiet. That a good sign, or a bad one?”
Everybody turned to JAKE, who had been sitting there saying nothing as MARCO explained the situation to MARCO and then MARCO explained the other situation back, I really really really didn’t like there being two MARCOS with only one name, it suddenly felt kind of like that thing that the ANDALITES have about how there should only be one copy of any given mind except that I didn’t want to solve it by erasing one of the MARCOS or making it so they didn’t exist, I just wanted a way to think them apart.
Fine.
MARC0 and MARC1.
That was good because MARC1 had VISSER ONE (QUARTER) in his head so that was easy to remember even though it might be a little misleading if it turned out that MARC1 had come first and besides neither one of them was really MARC0 who had been dead for weeks anyway.
“I’ve been thinking,” JAKE said softly. “There’s really only one thing we can tell for sure from what’s happened. Everything else is up in the air, could mean this, could mean that. But this one thing—I don’t know, maybe you guys will disagree. But there’s just one thing that feels solid to me.”
He paused, and I noticed that he still looked tired and sad and harried and more just like a regular kid than like some kind of warrior or general. I don’t know why I noticed that right at that exact moment but I did, and I felt a little bit sorry and even a little bit guilty because like I’d said earlier it didn’t seem fair and none of us were really helping.
“The thing is—if Visser Three went to all the trouble of killing the internet—bombing a bunch of cities—bombing a bunch of cities with bombs that are specifically designed so they don’t kill the infrastructure—”
He broke off again, shrugged. “I don’t know,” he repeated. “Maybe this isn’t as big as it feels to me. But—it means he still cares.”
“What?”
“Like, the Earth still matters to him. He’s still interested. He still wants it. He’s still trying to win.”
“So?”
“So.” He heaved a big breath, and looked around the circle at each of us, one at a time, his eyes sort of sharp and glittering where a second ago they’d been soft and whatever is the opposite of glittering. “So it means we have something he wants. Something we can hold hostage.”
Up until that point about half of my brain had still been spinning on the whole MARC0/MARC1 thing because that’s what it’s like when you get fixated on something but the thing JAKE said got my absolute undivided attention.
“Uh,” said MARC1. “Just so you know, Visser One is laughing. I. Uh. I don’t know if it’s good that Visser One is laughing—”
“What are you saying?” asked ANTE. “What exactly are you saying?”
Jake turned to look at ANTE, and it was weird because not only was ANTE taller than JAKE, he was also sitting a little bit higher up on the hill, but somehow the way JAKE looked at him made it seem like JAKE was looking down at him, not like “looking down” in the way that people mean when somebody is being judgmental or whatever but like looking down as if ANTE was a puzzle piece on JAKE’S desk and JAKE was figuring out where to put him.
“I’m saying that maybe Visser Three has finally made a real mistake,” JAKE answered. “Based on what we’ve learned from Visser One and Quatazhinnikon, he’s been ridiculously, ludicrously overprepared this whole time. He started out with comprehensive knowledge of the entire Andalite military complex. He’s got god-level biotech at his fingertips. He’s been running in and out of the system this whole time, while the rest of us have been trapped by the bubble. Telor probably literally killed him, and I’m betting they messed with a bunch of his failsafes, too, or it wouldn’t have taken him a couple of days to retaliate, but even so he was able to take out the internet, the phones, the satellites, and what looks like half of the major cities on the planet.”
JAKE stopped talking, and seconds passed.
“I don’t get it,” said ANTE.
“Me, neither, for what it’s worth,” said MARC1.
“He shouldn’t still be here. He’s got no business being here. It’s like—it’s like—look, no matter how valuable the Earth is, compared to the rest of the galaxy, he doesn’t need it to win. He’s been running circles around everybody for two years straight, and then he gets here and suddenly all kinds of headaches start popping up. He should’ve just blown us up and left. But he didn’t.”
“The Ellimist?” ventured MARC0.
“Maybe,” JAKE said. “Maybe the Ellimist, maybe Alloran undermining him from inside his own head. Maybe neither of those. Maybe he just—can’t see past it. Maybe it’s just a mistake.”
He paused again, took in another deep breath. “But whatever it is, it means we’ve got him. For now. Maybe not for long. Maybe he’s going to snap out of it. But right now, he’s—he’s attached, or something. He doesn’t want to give it up. He’s not thinking straight. We can exploit that.”
“How?” I asked.
“The Bug fighters,” JAKE said.
‹We can’t control more than one at a time using the cradle’s processing and transmitting power,› HELIUM said. ‹The rest of them will simply—›
“We don’t need to control them,” JAKE said. “At least, not for very long. Just long enough for one hyperspace jump.”
I got there about three seconds before ANTE, who managed to say “But isn’t there a hyperspace bubble around the whole—” before he got it, too.
Everyone got it.
Everyone got it, and everyone went THARN.
THARN is a word that I learned from the book WATERSHIP DOWN, which somebody donated to OAK LANDING because they thought that a book with bunnies on the cover was a children’s book, which is a good guess in general but was pretty wrong in this specific case. But I read it anyway and I am a children so maybe that doesn’t matter.
What THARN means is that you are a rabbit and a fox sees you and it’s too close for you to escape and so you just you just you just freeze and you don’t move and there’s nothing you can do about it because what’s about to happen to you is just too big for you to deal with. It’s like the opposite of FREAKING THE FUCK OUT in the way that water is the opposite of fire even though really the opposite of fire is no fire and the opposite of FREAKING THE FUCK OUT is not FREAKING THE FUCK OUT. It’s like the negative opposite of it, or something—just as big and just as bad, but in the other direction.
And I’d never really seen people go THARN before but I felt my own whole body do a thing that felt like all of my blood had turned into liquid nitrogen and even though I suddenly couldn’t tear my eyes off of JAKE I could still see out of the corner of my eye that everyone else had frozen and MARC0 had gone pale and both RACHEL and ANTE’S jaws were hanging open and even HELIUM had sort of dropped to the ground like he was trying to protect his soft parts and suddenly the word THARN popped back into my head.
Only MARC1 wasn’t THARN and I guess it’s because he had VISSER ONE (QUARTER) and three other MARCOS in his head too and they sort of helped him deal with it.
“Just to be clear,” he said. “We’re talking about a threat to blow up the planet, here?”
“Not just the planet,” said JAKE. “Helium. I’m guessing we could do something like, send three or four ships zipping away from the rest of the fleet one after the other, and then bring one of them right back through, right? Before anybody had time to react?”
“You’re talking about—are you talking about the fucking Last Jedi?” MARC1 sputtered.
JAKE nodded grimly. “Helium,” he repeated. “Could you do it?”
‹We—Prince Jake, there is a reason such things are not done—›
“Helium. Could you do it?”
‹We—it would—in theory, yes, if we could hold one ship in position we could collide another with it, but—›
“And you could save out a few others? Get them far enough away that we could use them later? Say, against the Yeerk homeworld?”
‹Prince Jake, this—this is—›
“This is the gloves coming off, Helium. Telor killed itself trying to stop this guy. That’s a pretty big deal among Yeerks, I’m told.”
‹Yes, Prince Jake, but—›
“This is the moment, Helium. This is the only moment. He was dead for two days. We took out Quatazhinnikon. The fleet is arriving. And he isn’t running. He’s never been more vulnerable.”
‹Prince Jake. What you are proposing is a war crime. It is beyond a war crime. It is an act so destructive that no one has ever carried it out—›
“Says the memories of an Andalite,” JAKE shot back, his voice cold and razor-sharp. “Do you know the name Mertil-Iscar-Elmand?”
‹What? No. Who—why—›
“He was a vecol. A vecol who was friends with Alloran-Semitur-Corass before Alloran murdered him—Alloran, and the rest of their little Boy Scout troop. And then Alloran confessed, and the Andalites buried it. They buried it so hard they literally didn’t remember doing it.”
‹We—we don’t understand.›
“Yes, you do. You do, Helium, because you’re not just an Andalite anymore. You knew before I even got to the end of the sentence. Admit it.”
‹Prince Jake—›
“That’s right. I’m your prince, and I’m giving you a direct order. Tell the truth.”
‹What do you want us to say?›
“The truth, cadet.”
There was a long, long silence. I still couldn’t move, couldn’t think, couldn’t do anything but sit there and watch.
Finally, HELIUM spoke.
‹The taboo against planetary destruction via near-lightspeed attack is likely to have been developed after instances of such attacks actually being carried out.›
“And the galaxy is still here,” JAKE said. “It didn’t result in the end of all things. But if Visser Three wins, it will be the end—of everything.”
“Jake,” said MARC0, his voice just a tiny bit unsteady in a way where I couldn’t tell if he was scared or mad or pleading or what. “Jake, are we really—”
“We end the threat,” JAKE interrupted, cutting him off. “Isn’t that what you said, back on monster world?”
“Yeah, and then you made a big deal about how maybe it’s a bad idea to plan on blowing up the planet. You specifically used those exact words.”
“That was before—”
He broke off and started over. “The point here isn’t that we blow up the planet,” he said. “It’s that we can, and that that matters to Visser Three. This is the bargaining chip.”
“This is the whole war!”
“And if we can’t stop him, we need to weaken him enough that the Andalites might.”
“Jake—”
MARC0 broke off himself, scrubbed at his hair. “Jake, a second ago I’m pretty sure you almost said ‘that was before we went down into the mist’ or something. Are you—are you sure this isn’t—”
“It’s a bad plan,” JAKE admitted. “But you’re the ones who told me to come up with something. Anybody got a better one?”
Silence.
“It’s a last resort,” he continued. “We grab a Bug fighter—one Bug fighter. We try one more time to get in touch with some kind of resistance—Tyagi, if she’s still alive, or these YEM guys.”
“Or China.”
“If we can’t make contact, we go up. We get in touch with the fleet, see if there’s anything there we can work with. Maybe give them the cube, or even the Quat morph—if they made the Hork-Bajir, they can make a whole species of non-sapient bodies for Yeerks to infest all day long. But if they don’t have anything worth bargaining for—if we can’t find some way to get a message to Visser Three—”
He shrugged, in an empty, hollow sort of way.
“Then we send a message some other way.”
More silence, shocked and horrified and helpless.
I wanted to argue. I wanted to say that we couldn’t, that we couldn’t—to scream and yell at JAKE for even thinking of it.
But—
THE TYPE OF PERSON WHO DOES THE RIGHT THING EVEN IF IT’S HARD.
JAKE was that type of person.
Maybe.
Probably.
TOBIAS thought so. And I thought so, too, from what I’d seen.
But—
Surprises.
Neither one of us knew JAKE that well, and MARC0 did, and MARC0 was—
Well, he wasn’t FREAKING THE FUCK OUT.
But he didn’t seem happy.
There was a little part of me that was sort of downvoting MARC0 or something, since if I was understanding JAKE correctly then MARC0 had been saying words about doing whatever it takes to end the threat, and now he was kind of backpedaling now that we actually had the means to end the threat.
But maybe that wasn’t fair because if you thought something was a good idea and then somebody else who was really really tired and stressed and maybe not thinking straight and maybe even depressed or something if I was right that MARC0 had been kind of hinting that, if that person also said it was a good idea then maybe that would make you think twice, and it wasn’t like MARC0 had said no, exactly, he’d just been saying wait, let’s think about this for a minute.
MARC1 seemed to be okay with it.
I looked at ANTE.
ANTE was still THARN.
Am I still THARN?
I didn’t think so because my blood wasn’t cold and I could move my head now but I noticed that I was doing a lot of thinking about MARC0 and MARC1 and looking around the circle to see how everyone else was reacting and maybe that meant I wasn’t really thinking about it myself and maybe I should. I had already told JAKE that I wouldn’t thoughtscream at random people just because he said so and this was a lot bigger than that.
But for some reason, now that I was thinking about it again, this didn’t seem as hard or as scary as the idea of thoughtscreaming at people, and maybe that meant that there was something broken in my brain, something about whether or not it was me doing the thing instead of whether or not the thing was bad, or something about big numbers being too big for me to really understand.
But actually what JAKE was saying—
Once I really actually thought about it—
I don’t know. It seemed a little arrogant or whatever to say that it made sense but I guess I could say that it seemed to make sense or that my best guess was that it made sense, or something.
VISSER THREE was very, very scary.
VISSER THREE was very, very good at what he was doing.
There didn’t seem to be any way to stop VISSER THREE—not when we didn’t know how many copies of himself he might have made or what kinds of bombs or traps he might have set up or what other crazy weapons he might still be sitting on. The only way to stop him that was anything like guaranteed to work was to make him want to leave us alone—
Oh.
“What if he wants to negotiate?” I said.
They all turned to look at me.
“I mean, if we say ‘stop this right now or we’ll blow up the planet,’ then he doesn’t have any reason to stop, right? Because either we blow up the planet and he gets nothing or he stops and he gets nothing, so why would he care except maybe then he wants us to blow up the planet because at least then we don’t win, either.”
“We could threaten to blow up—”
JAKE broke off halfway through the sentence, and frowned.
“He doesn’t care about the Yeerk homeworld probably, and he doesn’t care about the Andalite homeworld probably,” I said. “If he doesn’t care about anything being alive at all except him, then we can’t really threaten him into doing what we want. We have to offer him something that he wants.”
The words were coming out of my mouth pretty fast—almost as fast as I could think them, fast enough that I didn’t really know exactly what I was going to say next.
“A truce?” said MARC0.
“He’s too dangerous for a truce,” said MARC1. “Any kind of negotiated cease-fire is like what’s-it, Czechoslovenia or whatever it was, back before World War II ramped up. We’d be basically handing him the game five years down the road.”
“Well, we can’t kill him—not for sure, not with all the backups he’s made. And he clearly doesn’t just want bodies, because he’s had Quat on his side since almost the very beginning. He could’ve made bodies any time he wanted.”
“I’m telling you, he wants the Earth,” JAKE said. “That’s it. That’s the only thing we know he wants—the only thing he wants bad enough that he’s, what, actually trying, or whatever.”
“Okay, but we can’t use the Earth to bargain for the Earth,” MARC0 snapped. “So what, then?”
“Non-involvement, maybe?” suggested MARC1. “Non-involvement, non-aggression? He can’t use us to take over the galaxy, but we don’t help anybody else stop him—no, that’s dumb, we die five years down the road that way, too.”
“We don’t have to have a plan,” JAKE said, his voice firm. “We just need to move forward. We can cross the next bridge when we come to it.”
“Are you serious?” MARC0 shot back, sort of half-laughing incredulously underneath the words.
“Getting him negotiating is a victory,” JAKE insisted. “It’s a delay. It’s breathing room. He just blew up a billion people, for god’s sake. Even if we don’t have a clue what to negotiate for, we’re still buying time.”
“And if he says—what—he’ll leave us alone as long as we give him seven out of every ten people? What do we actually say to that? What’s our actual line?”
“We don’t have to figure that out yet.”
“Bullshit we don’t have to figure that out yet, you’re talking about sending a ransom note that says ‘if you want your kid back, too bad, it’s our kid and we’d rather kill him than give him back.’”
JAKE’S face started to turn red.
“You think I like this?” he growled. “You think I want this? I’m saying we don’t have to figure it out yet because I don’t think we can. Because I think if we try to, we’re going to get bogged down and we’re going to panic and we’re going to bicker and in the meantime Visser Three’s going to keep on doing whatever the hell he wants and nobody’s going to stop him. We need to move, and this is a way forward. You got a better one, spit it out, but if you don’t, we’re doing this. You said it yourself—we’re not all getting out of this alive.”
“None of that is an argument you’re just saying words—”
“Lll,” said RACHEL.
Heads turned.
“Lllee-llan.”
“Leeran?”
RACHEL nodded.
“What’s a Leeran?” I asked.
“It’s an alien that Visser Three uses when he negotiates,” said MARC1. “It makes a kind of telepathic field so that everybody can see what everybody else is thinking. No lies, no tricks.”
“Which means,” MARC0 added wearily, “that if we’re going to threaten to blow up the planet, we have to actually be willing to blow up the planet.”
There was a long pause.
“Helium,” said JAKE.
You don’t actually need HELIUM you have an AXIMILI-ESGARROUTH-ISTHILL morph and so does MARC1—
I didn’t say it out loud.
“Helium, Elfangor came here to blow up this planet. He thought it was the only way to stop the Yeerks—to stop Visser Three. He was willing to do it. And as for crossing lines that Andalites don’t cross—he gave us the cube.”
‹We are not Elfangor. Even Aximili is not Elfangor.›
“I know that. What I’m saying is—”
“What he’s saying is, be like the wind in thought and deed.”
HELIUM’S stalk-eyes narrowed as he reared, his tail suddenly unfreezing and lashing around like a cat’s.
‹You are in agreement with this plan?›
“No,” said MARC0. “And I object to calling it a plan. But he wasn’t asking me. He was asking you.”
HELIUM’S eyes swiveled so that one was pointing at each of them.
‹Shorm,› he whispered.
“What does that mean?”
‹It doesn’t matter.›
“Will you do this?” JAKE asked. “If I give this order, will you follow it?”
There was another long silence as they locked eyes, JAKE’S deep brown against the alien’s dark gold.
‹If you order it, we will comply,› HELIUM said. ‹But—›
The alien twisted the end of its body in something like an imitation of a human shaking its head.
‹If it comes to that,› he said, ‹then we will send our own ship into the fire as well. Do you understand? We will allow these others to escape—Marco, and Garrett, and Rachel, and Ante. But you, Prince Jake—you and we—we will not send those others into oblivion and preserve our own lives at the same time. If we cannot find a better path, then our own strategic value is not worth saving. If the victory is worth that much death, it is worth ours along with it.›
JAKE’S eyes flickered toward MARC1, who gave the tiniest little shadow of a nod.
They’ll just bring him back. Him, and maybe you, too—
I didn’t say that, either.
“Marco.”
“We reserve the right to come up with a plan that’s less fucked,” said MARC0. “But okay. If V3 pulls a Leeran, he’ll see that we’re ready to follow through.”
MARC1 nodded—a full nod this time.
“Garrett. I’m not going to—look. You know what we’re planning, what we at least might end up doing. You—I’m not asking you to be a part of that. But if we bring in a Bug fighter, and they come out shooting. What—uh. What will you do?”
It was funny. I hadn’t thought about it until right that second, but—
Just like THARN was the negative opposite of FREAKING THE FUCK OUT, the negative opposite of saying yes to JAKE’S plan wasn’t saying no, it was doing something to actually stop it. Like waiting until we were all back on board, and then using a thoughtscream against all of them. It might even work on HELIUM as long as HELIUM was in morph.
And if I decided no and I really meant no, then that was what I would have to do. Otherwise I wouldn’t really be saying no, I’d just be saying yes but I don’t want it to be my fault.
And maybe it was the same kind of brain-broken as being more upset about thoughtscreaming than about killing everybody—maybe my brain couldn’t really understand what it meant for everybody to die—
But I didn’t want that.
I didn’t want to kill JAKE and MARC0 and MARC1 and RACHEL and HELIUM and ANTE.
I didn’t think that was THE RIGHT THING, even though they were talking about a plan that might kill everybody else.
Everybody else meant seven billion people. That was seven billion times worse than killing one person. More, maybe, since there was also something bad about a whole species dying out—about the end of everything that made up “humanity” above and beyond “a bunch of humans.”
I had killed maybe five hundred people already, when we took down the pool. Not just me, but I’d done the thoughtscreaming and I’d carried the bombs. It was more my fault than RACHEL’S, that was for sure.
And this would be about fourteen million times worse.
I didn’t know how to do the math to compare fourteen million times worse to how well I knew JAKE. But I knew that 1.625ish wasn’t enough. 1.6180339887498948482 wouldn’t be enough. I wouldn’t even trust TOBIAS with a call like that, if someone asked me. I wouldn’t even trust myself. I get lots of things wrong.
But—
That didn’t matter?
It didn’t matter, because VISSER THREE was out there. VISSER THREE was winning. And as long as he was winning, we were all in danger. All of us, HUMANS and YEERKS and ANDALITES and HORK-BAJIR and TAXXONS and ARN and whatever a LEERAN was and all of the other people and critters.
And so even though it felt like I couldn’t be sure enough to say yes, it also felt like I couldn’t be sure enough to say no, either. There was something dangerous and wrong about that whole thought, something I wanted to sit down and try to figure out, but we didn’t have time and everybody was looking at me and in the end I don’t know, maybe I wasn’t even really thinking, maybe my brain was just flipping a coin but
“I’ll stop them,” I said.
JAKE nodded.
“Rachel?” he asked.
“Chh,” she answered. “Chur, us.”
“Trust?”
“You.”
JAKE let out a breath.
“Ante,” he said. “I’m sorry. I really, truly am sorry. But—I don’t know you. We don’t know you. You don’t get a vote on this one. I want to say we’re going to just drop you off someplace safe, and that’s it.”
“Nnnnno.”
“Yeah. I want to say that, but Rachel says you stay—if you want. So, uh. Morph up, everybody—morph up and load up. Ante, if you’re coming—come.”
I looked at the tall Finnish boy. We’d talked a good bit over the last two days, and of course I’d morphed him to look through his memories—
Right.
“Wait,” I said. “Before we morph, we should all acquire each other again. We should do that all the time.”
—but really I only knew him 1.5ish, maybe 1.666-and-so-on-ish.
But three minutes later, as the cradle door slid shut behind us, there he was, beside me in swift morph once again.
1.6. |
Little Girl On The Beach
A little girlall alone on the beachtouches the sandto build a fairytale.Nobody’s around, nobody cares.Baby, why weren’t you there? You could've picked me up and held me close, stopped me from ever knowing, |
Role of en and novel interactions between msh, ind, and vnd in dorsoventral patterning of the Drosophila brain and ventral nerve cord.
Subdivision of the neuroectoderm into discrete gene expression domains is essential for the correct specification of neural stem cells (neuroblasts) during central nervous system development. Here, we extend our knowledge on dorsoventral (DV) patterning of the Drosophila brain and uncover novel genetic interactions that control expression of the evolutionary conserved homeobox genes ventral nervous system defective (vnd), intermediate neuroblasts defective (ind), and muscle segment homeobox (msh). We show that cross-repression between Ind and Msh stabilizes the border between intermediate and dorsal tritocerebrum and deutocerebrum, and that both transcription factors are competent to inhibit vnd expression. Conversely, Vnd segment-specifically affects ind expression; it represses ind in the tritocerebrum but positively regulates ind in the deutocerebrum by suppressing Msh. These data provide further evidence that in the brain, in contrast to the trunc, the precise boundaries between DV gene expression domains are largely established through mutual inhibition. Moreover, we find that the segment-polarity gene engrailed (en) regulates the expression of vnd, ind, and msh in a segment-specific manner. En represses msh and ind but maintains vnd expression in the deutocerebrum, is required for down-regulation of Msh in the tritocerebrum to allow activation of ind, and is necessary for maintenance of Ind in truncal segments. These results indicate that input from the anteroposterior patterning system is needed for the spatially restricted expression of DV genes in the brain and ventral nerve cord. |
---
abstract: 'We consider two Higgs doublet models with a softly broken U(1) symmetry, for various limiting values of the scalar mixing angles $\alpha$ and $\beta$. These correspond to the Standard Model Higgs particle being the lighter CP-even scalar (alignment) or the heavier CP-even scalar (reverse alignment), and also the limit in which some of the Yukawa couplings of this particle are of the opposite sign from the vector boson couplings (wrong sign). In these limits we impose a criterion for naturalness by demanding that quadratic divergences cancel at one loop. We plot the allowed masses of the remaining physical scalars based on naturalness, stability, perturbative unitarity and constraints coming from the $\rho$ parameter. We also calculate the $h\to \gamma\gamma$ decay rate in the wrong sign limit.'
author:
- Ambalika Biswas
- Amitabha Lahiri
title: 'Alignment, reverse alignment, and wrong sign Yukawa couplings in two Higgs doublet models'
---
Introduction
============
The discovery of a new boson in July 2012 by the ATLAS [@Atlas] and CMS Collaborations [@CMS] at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a landmark in the history of Particle Physics. This scalar is most likely *the* Higgs boson which is the last missing block in the Standard Model (SM). Although it answers most of the questions concerning fundamental particles, the SM has a few shortcomings, thus encouraging a search for theories beyond the Standard Model. Among the inadequacies are the lack of clear answers on the questions of the origins of neutrino mass and dark matter. It also cannot provide the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe.
One of the simplest ways to go beyond the SM is by extending the scalar sector. This of course affects the $\rho$ parameter, whose deviation from the tree level value of unity is a measure of new physics. The general expression for the tree level $\rho$ parameter for an SU(2)$\times$U(1) gauge theory with $N$ scalar multiplets is [@Langacker:1980js] $$\rho\equiv
\frac{m^2_W}{\cos^2\theta_W\, m^2_Z} =
\frac{\sum_{{i}=1}^{N}\left[T_{{i}}(T_{{i}}+1)-\frac{1}{4}
{Y_{i}^{2}}\right]v_i^2}
{\frac{1}{2}\sum_{{i}=1}^{N}Y_{{i}}^{2}v_i^2}\,,$$ where $T_{{i}}$ and $Y_{{i}}$ denote the weak isospin and hypercharge of the $i^{th}$ scalar multiplet respectively, and $v_{{i}}$ is the vacuum expectation value (vev) of the neutral component of that multiplet. If the scalar sector contains only SU(2) singlets with $Y = 0$ and doublets with $Y = \pm1$, then $\rho = 1$ is automatically satisfied without requiring any fine tuning among the vevs. This conforms with the experimental value of $\rho$, which is very close to unity [@Agashe:2014kda]. We therefore confine our discussions to the doublet extensions, specifically the two Higgs-doublet models (2HDMs) [@Branco:2011iw], which have received a lot of attention mainly because the Type II 2HDM arises as part of minimal supersymmetry.
In this paper we consider the restrictions imposed on the scalar masses by a criterion of naturalness, embodied in the Veltman conditions, in various limits of 2HDMs of all types. The alignment limit and the reverse alignment limit are two scenarios in which the lighter and the heavier CP-even neutral scalar, respectively, correspond to the observed Higgs particle. We also consider the cases where these occur in conjunction with the wrong sign limit, in which the Yukawa coupling of at least one type of fermion is of the opposite sign as the vector coupling. Using the naturalness conditions we analyze the parameter space of masses of scalars in 2HDMs of different types. The parameter space is further restricted by constraints arising from the $\rho$-parameter, global stability of the scalar potential, and requirement of perturbative unitarity. Section II gives a brief review of 2HDM. Sections III and IV deal with various limits of two Higgs doublet models and their permutations. In section V we calculate the Higgs-diphoton decay width for one of the scenarios and section VI concludes with a discussion of the results.
Brief review of 2HDMs
=====================
We will work with the scalar potential [@Lee:1973iz; @Gunion:1989we] considered under the imposition of a U(1) symmetry which forbids flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNCs), $$\begin{aligned}
V &=&
\lambda_{1}\left(|\Phi_{1}|^2
- \frac{v_{1}^{2}}{2}\right)^{2} +
%%% \right)^{2} +
\lambda_{2}\left(|\Phi_{2}|^2
- \frac{v_{2}^{2}}{2}\right)^{2}
%%% \right)^{2}
\nonumber \\
& &\quad
%%% +\lambda_{3}\left(\Phi_{1}^{\dagger}\Phi_{1} +
%%% \Phi_{2}^{\dagger}\Phi_{2}
+\lambda_3\left(|\Phi_1|^2 + |\Phi_2|^2
-\frac{v_{1}^{2} + v_{2}^{2}}{2}\right)^{2}
\nonumber \\
&& \quad
%%% \right)^{2}
+\lambda_{4}\left(|\Phi_{1}|^2 |\Phi_{2}|^2
- |\Phi_{1}^{\dagger}\Phi_{2}|^2\right)
\nonumber \\
& &\quad
+ \lambda_5\left|\Phi_1^\dagger\Phi_2 - \frac{v_1v_2}{2}\right|^2\,,
\label{2HDM.potential}\end{aligned}$$ with real $\lambda_i$. This potential is invariant under the symmetry $\Phi_1 \to e^{i\theta}\Phi_1\,, \Phi_2 \to \Phi_2\,,$ except for a soft breaking term $\lambda_5 v_1v_2
\Re(\Phi_{1}^{\dagger} \Phi_{2})\,.$ Additional dimension-4 terms, including one allowed by a softly broken $Z_2$ symmetry [@Gunion:1992hs] are also set to zero by this U(1) symmetry. This is the same U(1) symmetry which prevents FCNC by having left- and right-handed fermions transform differently under it, leading to the four types of 2HDMs.
The scalar doublets are parametrized as $$\Phi_{i}=
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
w_{i}^{+}(x)\\
\frac{v_{i}+h_{i}(x)+iz_{i}(x)}{\sqrt{2}}
\end{array}
\right)\,, \qquad i=1,2
\label{doublet.vev}$$ where the VEVs $v_i$ may be taken to be real and positive without any loss of generality. Three of these fields get “eaten” by the $W^{\pm}$ and $Z^{0}$ gauge bosons; the remaining five are physical scalar fields. There is a pair of charged scalars denoted by $\xi^{\pm}$, two neutral CP-even scalars $H$ and $h$, and one CP-odd pseudoscalar denoted by $A$. The two CP-even scalars have distinct masses, and $m_h < m_H\,.$ With $$\tan\beta =\frac{v_{2}}{v_{1}}\,,
\label{tanbeta.def}$$ the scalar fields are given by the combinations $$\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\omega^{\pm}\\
\xi^{\pm}
\end{array}
\right)=\left(
\begin{array}{rcl}
c_{\beta}& s_{\beta}\\
-s_{\beta}& c_{\beta}
\end{array}
\right) \left(
\begin{array}{c}
w_{1}^{\pm}\\
w_{2}^{\pm}
\end{array}
\right),
\label{redef.charged}$$ $$\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\zeta\\
A
\end{array}
\right)=\left(
\begin{array}{rcl}
c_{\beta}& s_{\beta}\\
-s_{\beta}& c_{\beta}
\end{array}
\right) \left(
\begin{array}{c}
z_{1}\\
z_{2}
\end{array}
\right),
\label{redef.axial}$$ $$\left(
\begin{array}{c}
H\\
h
\end{array}
\right)=\left(
\begin{array}{rcl}
c_{\alpha}& s_{\alpha}\\
-s_{\alpha}& c_{\alpha}
\end{array}
\right) \left(
\begin{array}{c}
h_{1}\\
h_{2}
\end{array}
\right),
\label{redef.higgs}$$ where $c_{\alpha}\equiv \cos\alpha\,,$ etc. We will assume, without loss of generality, that $0\leq\beta\leq\frac{\pi}{2}$, and $-\frac{\pi}{2}\leq\alpha\leq\frac{\pi}{2}$.
The quartic couplings are related to the physical Higgs masses by [@Kanemura:1993hm; @Akeroyd:2000wc]: $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{1} &=& \frac{1}{2v^{2} c^2_\beta}\left[c^2_{\alpha} m_{H}^{2}+s^2_{\alpha} m_{h}^{2}-\frac{s_{\alpha}c_{\alpha}}{\tan\beta}(m_{H}^{2}-m_{h}^{2})\right]
-\frac{\lambda_{5}}{4}(\tan^{2}\beta-1)\,, \label{mass.lambda1}\\
%
\lambda_{2} &=& \frac{1}{2v^{2}s^{2}_{\beta}}\left[s^2_{\alpha} m_{H}^{2}+c^2_{\alpha} m_{h}^{2}-s_{\alpha}c_{\alpha}\tan\beta(m_{H}^{2}-m_{h}^{2})\right]
-\frac{\lambda_{5}}{4}\left(\frac{1}{\tan^{2}\beta} -1\right)\,,
\label{mass.lambda2}\\
%
\lambda_{3} &=& \frac{1}{2v^{2}}\frac{s_{\alpha}c_{\alpha}}{s_{\beta}c_{\beta}}(m_{H}^{2}-m_{h}^{2})
-\frac{\lambda_{5}}{4}\,,\label{mass.lambda3}\\
\lambda_{4} &=& \frac{2}{v^{2}}m_{\xi}^{2}\,,
\label{mass.lambda4}\\
\lambda_5 &=& \frac{2}{v^{2}}m_{A}^{2}\,.
\label{mass.lambda5}\end{aligned}$$
Let us now turn our attention to the fermion couplings. The scalar doublets couple to the fermions in the theory via the Yukawa Lagrangian $${\cal L}_{Y}= \sum_{i=1,2}
\left[- \bar{l}_L\Phi_iG_{e}^i e_R
- \bar{Q}_L \tilde{\Phi}_{i}
G_{u}^{i}u_{R}
- \bar{Q}_{L}\Phi_{i}G_{d}^{i} d_{R} + h.c.\right]\,.$$ Here $l_L\,, Q_L$ are 3-vectors of isodoublets in the space of generations, $e_R\,, u_R\,, d_R$ are 3-vectors of singlets, $G^1_e$ etc. are complex $3\times 3$ matrices in generation space containing the Yukawa coupling constants, and $\tilde\Phi_i=i\tau_2\Phi_i^*\,.$
When the fermions are in mass eigenstates, the Yukawa matrices are automatically diagonal if there is only one Higgs doublet as in the Standard Model. But in the presence of a second scalar doublet, the two Yukawa matrices will not be simultaneously diagonalizable in general. Thus the Yukawa couplings will not be flavor diagonal, and neutral Higgs scalars will mediate FCNCs . The necessary and sufficient condition for the absence of FCNCs at tree level is that all fermions of a given charge and helicity transform according to the same irreducible representation of SU(2), corresponding to the same eigenvalue of $T_{3}\,,$ and that a basis exists in which they receive their contributions in the mass matrix from a single source [@Glashow:1976nt; @Paschos:1976ay].
For the fermions of the Standard Model, this theorem implies that all right-handed singlets of a given charge must couple to the same Higgs doublet. This can be ensured by using the global U(1) symmetry mentioned earlier, which generalizes a $Z_2$ symmetry more commonly employed for this purpose. The left handed fermion doublets remain unchanged under this symmetry, $Q_L \to Q_L\,, l_L \to l_L\,.$ The transformations of right handed fermion singlets determine the type of 2HDM. There are four such possibilities, which may be identified by the right-handed fields which transform under the U(1): type I (none), type II ($d_{R}\rightarrow e^{-i\theta}d_{R}\,, e_{R}\rightarrow
e^{-i\theta}e_{R}$), lepton specific ($e_{R}\rightarrow
e^{-i\theta}e_{R}$), flipped ($d_{R}\rightarrow
e^{-i\theta}d_{R}$).
The scalar masses get quadratically divergent contributions which require very large fine-tuning of parameters. We will impose a criterion of naturalness on the scalar masses, viz., the cancellation of these quadratic divergences. This gives rise to four mass relations, which we may call the Veltman conditions for the 2HDMs being considered [@Newton:1993xc], $$\begin{aligned}
2\Tr G_{e}^{1}G_{e}^{1\dagger} + 6\Tr G_{u}^{1\dagger}G_{u}^{1}
+ 6\Tr G_{d}^{1}G_{d}^{1\dagger} &=&
\frac{9}{4}g^{2}+\frac{3}{4}g^{\prime 2}+6\lambda_{1}
+10\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{4} + \lambda_5 \,,
\label{VC.vc1}\\
2\Tr G_{e}^{2}G_{e}^{2\dagger} + 6\Tr G_{u}^{2\dagger}G_{u}^{2}
+ 6\Tr G_{d}^{2}G_{d}^{2\dagger} &=&
\frac{9}{4}g^{2}+\frac{3}{4}g^{\prime 2}+6\lambda_{2}
+10\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{4}+ \lambda_5\,,
\label{VC.vc2} \\
2\Tr G_{e}^{1}G_{e}^{2\dagger} + 6\Tr G_{u}^{1\dagger}G_{u}^{2}
+ 6\Tr G_{d}^{1}G_{d}^{2\dagger} &=&0\,,
\label{VC.vc3}\end{aligned}$$ and another one which is the complex conjugate of the third equation. Here $g, g'$ are the $SU(2)$ and $U(1)_Y$ coupling constants, respectively.
The fermion mass matrix is diagonalized by independent unitary transformations on the left and right-handed fermion fields. In any of the 2HDMs, the U(1) symmetry implies that either $G_{1f}$ or $G_{2f}$ must vanish for each fermion type $f\,.$ For example, in the Type II model $\Phi_{1}$ couples to down-type quarks and charged leptons, while $\Phi_{2}$ couples to up-type quarks, so $G_{2e}= G_{2d}= G_{1u}=0\,.$ Thus Eq. (\[VC.vc3\]) is automatically satisfied in each 2HDM, and the relevant mass relations come from the first two equations above. The non-vanishing Yukawa matrices are related to the fermion masses by $$\begin{aligned}
\Tr[G_{1f}^{\dagger}G_{1f}] &=&\frac{2}{v^2 \cos^{2}\beta} \sum
m_f^2\,, \label{Yukawa.1}\\
\Tr[G_{2f}^{\dagger}G_{2f}] &=&\frac{2}{v^2\sin^{2}\beta} \sum
m_f^2\,, \label{Yukawa.2} \end{aligned}$$ where $f$ stands for charged leptons, up-type quarks, or down-type quarks, and the sum is taken over generations. These and the scalar mass relations of Eqs. (\[mass.lambda1\]) – (\[mass.lambda5\]) allow us to write the Veltman conditions in terms of the physical masses of particles.
There are some additional conditions on the parameters which further constrain the scalar masses. One is the pertubativity condition, which puts a constraint on the quartic coupling constants, $\lambda_{i}\leq 4\pi$ [@Kanemura:1999xf]. Another set comes from the condition that the potential is bounded from below. This was examined for more general potentials in 2HDM under U(1) symmetry in [@Sher:1988mj; @Gunion:2002zf], and for the potential given in Eq. (\[2HDM.potential\]) these conditions become $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{1}&+&\lambda_{3}>0\,,\label{S1}\\
\lambda_{2}&+&\lambda_{3}>0\,,\label{S2}\\
2\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{4}&+&2\sqrt{(\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{3})(\lambda_{2}
+\lambda_{3})}>0\,,\label{S3}\\
2\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{5}&+&2\sqrt{(\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{3})(\lambda_{2}
+\lambda_{3})}>0\,.\label{S4}\end{aligned}$$ These conditions put lower bounds on the above combinations of quartic couplings, but there are also upper bounds on these couplings arising from the considerations of perturbative unitarity [@Lee:1977eg]. These conditions are $$\begin{aligned}
\vert 2\lambda_{3}-\lambda_{4}+2\lambda_{5}\vert\leq 16\pi\,,\label{PU1}\\
\vert 2\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{4}\vert\leq 16\pi\,,\label{PU2}\\
\vert 2\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{5}\vert\leq 16\pi\,,\label{PU3}\\
\vert 2\lambda_{3}+2\lambda_{4}-\lambda_{5}\vert\leq 16\pi\,,\label{PU4}\\
\vert 3(\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}+2\lambda_{3})\pm \sqrt{9(\lambda_{1}
-\lambda_{2})^{2}+(4\lambda_{3}+\lambda_{4}
+\lambda_{5})^{2}}\vert \leq 16\pi\,,\label{PU5}\\
\vert (\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}+2\lambda_{3})\pm \sqrt{(\lambda_{1}
-\lambda_{2})^{2}+(\lambda_{4}-\lambda_{5})^{2}}\vert \leq 16\pi\,,\label{PU6}\\
\vert (\lambda_{1}+\lambda_{2}+2\lambda_{3})\pm (\lambda_{1}-\lambda_{2})\vert \leq 16\pi\,.
\label{PU7}\end{aligned}$$ There is another condition that we need to take into account when we calculate bounds on the scalar masses. The oblique electroweak correction $T$, which measures deviations from the standard model due to new physics, is related to the deviation of the $\rho$ parameter from its SM value of unity by $$\delta\rho \equiv \rho - 1 = \alpha T\,,$$ where $\alpha = e^2/4\pi$ is the fine structure constant. The effect of the general 2HDM on the $\rho$ parameter is known to be [@Grimus:2007if; @Kanemura:2011sj] $$\begin{aligned}
\delta\rho = &\,\frac{g^{2}}{64\pi^{2}m_{w}^{2}} \Big( F(m_{\xi}^{2},m_{A}^{2})
+\sin^{2}(\beta-\alpha)F(m_{\xi}^{2},m_{H}^{2})
+\cos^{2}(\beta-\alpha)F(m_{\xi}^{2},m_{h}^{2})\nonumber\\
&-\sin^{2}(\beta-\alpha)F(m_{A}^{2},m_{H}^{2})-\cos^{2}(\beta-\alpha)F(m_{A}^{2},m_{h}^{2})\nonumber\\
&+3\cos^{2}(\beta-\alpha)\left[F(m_{Z}^{2},m_{H}^{2})-F(m_{W}^{2},m_{H}^{2})\right]\nonumber\\
&+3\sin^{2}(\beta-\alpha)\left[F(m_{Z}^{2},m_{h}^{2})-F(m_{W}^{2},m_{h}^{2})\right]\nonumber\\
&-3\left[F(m_{Z}^{2},m_{h_{SM}}^{2})-F(m_{W}^{2},m_{h_{SM}}^{2})\right]\Big)\label{rho}\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $F(x, y)$ is a function of two non-negative arguments ${x}$ and ${y}$, symmetrical under the exchange of the arguments and vanishes only if ${x=y}$. The function has the property that it grows linearly with $\max({x,y}$), i.e., quadratically with the heaviest scalar mass when that mass becomes very large. The current experimental bound on the total new physics contribution to $\rho$ is given by $\delta\rho=-0.00011$ [@Agashe:2014kda].
Limits of 2HDMs
===============
In order to relate a 2HDM to the Higgs sector of the Standard Model, we need to identify some combination of the neutral scalar particles in the theory as the observed Higgs particle. This can be done in several ways, by considering different combinations of the angles $\alpha$ and $\beta$. Is this section we will consider the different limits for which part of the 2HDM matches the Standard Model, and calculate the allowed range of masses for the additional scalars.
A crucial parameter of the 2HDMs is $\tan\beta\,.$ Its value is larger than one, based on constraints coming from $Z\to
b\bar b$ and $B_q \bar B_q$ mixing [@Arhrib:2009hc]. A large $\tan\beta$ is suggested by muon $g-2$ in lepton specific 2HDM [@Cao:2009as], by using $b\to s\gamma$ in type I and flipped models [@Park:2006gk], which also suppresses the $t\rightarrow bH^{+}$ branching ratio to a rough agreement with 95$\%$ CL limits from the light charged Higgs searches at the LHC [@Aad:2012tj; @Chatrchyan:2012vca]. We will assume that $\tan\beta$ is large, and certainly larger than unity, specific values will be considered for the plots as needed.
Alignment Limit
---------------
If we rotated the neutral $(h_{1}\,, h_{2})$ doublet by the angle $\beta$, $$\left(
\begin{array}{c}
H^{0}\\
R
\end{array}
\right) = \left(
\begin{array}{rcl}
c_{\beta}& s_{\beta}\\
-s_{\beta}& c_{\beta}
\end{array}
\right) \left(
\begin{array}{c}
h_{1}\\
h_{2}
\end{array}
\right),
\label{Hbeta}$$ we would find that $H^{0}$ has exactly the Standard Model Higgs couplings with the fermions and gauge bosons . The physical scalar $h$ is related to $H^{0}$ and $R$ via $$h=\sin(\beta-\alpha)H^{0}+ \cos(\beta-\alpha)R\,.
\label{decoupling.1}$$ Thus in order for $h$ to be the Higgs boson of the Standard Model, we require $\sin(\beta-\alpha)\approx 1\,,$ which has been called the SM-like or alignment limit [@Ferreira:2014naa].
There remain three unknown mass parameters, namely $m_{H}, m_{\xi}$ and $m_{A}$, which span the parameter space. By fixing $\tan\beta$ at some specific value, we can use the Veltman conditions to plot the accessible region of the $m_H - m_\xi$ plane corresponding to the allowed range of values for $m_A\,.$ On the other hand, constraints from perturbative unitarity and the oblique correction $T$ also restrict the accessible region on this plane. The intersection of all these regions provides the allowed ranges for $m_H$ and $m_\xi$.
The mass ranges were studied for the alignment limit in [@Biswas:2014uba], where it was found that if we set $m_h = 125$ GeV, and allowed $m_A$ to run over its entire range of $0<m_A \lesssim 617$ GeV as determined by the condition of perturbativity, the two unknown masses $m_H$ and $m_\xi$ became restricted to ranges of 550 GeV $ \lesssim m_\xi \lesssim$ 700 GeV, 450 GeV $\lesssim m_H \lesssim$ 620 GeV. The value of $\tan\beta$ used in these calculations was $\tan\beta = 5\,,$ and it was also found that a higher value of $\tan\beta$ pushed the ranges to higher values and also made them narrower. These mass ranges are in agreement with bounds found by analysing experimental data [@Kanemura:2014dea].
Reverse Alignment Limit
-----------------------
Let us rearrange the equations described in the previous section. Using Eqs. (\[redef.higgs\]) and (\[Hbeta\]) we obtain $H$ in terms of $H^{0}$ and $R$, $$H=H^{0}\cos(\beta-\alpha)-R\sin(\beta-\alpha)$$ Had $H$ been the SM-like Higgs boson, it would have to resemble the properties of $H^{0}\,,$ and for that $\beta$ would have to approximately equal $\alpha$ or $\pi +\alpha$. The ultimate results with $\beta \approx \alpha$ and $\beta \approx \pi + \alpha$ are identical, so in what follows we will work with $\beta \approx \alpha$ and call it the *Reverse Alignment Limit*.
Eqs. (\[mass.lambda1\]-\[mass.lambda5\]) become, in the reverse alignment limit, $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{1} &=& \frac{m_{h}^{2}}{2v^{2}}(\tan^{2}\beta+1)-\frac{\lambda_{5}}{4}(\tan^{2}\beta-1)\,,
\label{RAL.lambda1}\\
\lambda_{2} &=& \frac{m_{h}^{2}}{2v^{2}}(\cot^{2}\beta+1)-\frac{\lambda_{5}}{4}(\cot^{2}\beta-1)\,,
\label{RAL.lambda2}\\
\lambda_{3} &=& \frac{1}{2v^{2}}(m_{H}^{2}-m_{h}^{2})-\frac{\lambda_{5}}{4}\,,
\label{RAL.lambda3}\\
\lambda_{4} &=& \frac{2}{v^{2}}m_{\xi}^{2}\,,
\label{RAL.lambda4}\\
\lambda_{5} &=& \frac{2}{v^{2}}m_{A}^{2}\,. \label{RAL.lambda5}
\end{aligned}$$ Let us write the Veltman conditions defined in Eqs. (\[VC.vc1\]) and (\[VC.vc2\]) using the above equations. We will write the equations explicitly for one case, that of the Type II 2HDM, for which the two Veltman conditions read, in the reverse alignment limit, $$\begin{aligned}
m_{h}^{2}\left(3\tan^{2}\beta - 2\right)
+ 2 m_{\xi}^{2}
= && 4\left[ \sum m_e^2 + 3 \sum m_d^2\right]\sec^{2}\beta
- 6M_W^{2} - 3M_Z^{2}
- 5 m_{H}^{2} + \lambda_{5}\frac{3v^{2}}{2}\tan^{2}\beta
\,,
\label{typeII.VC1.RAL} \\
m_{h}^{2}\left(3\cot^{2}\beta - 2\right)
+ 2 m_{\xi}^{2}
= && 12 \sum m_u^2 \csc^{2}\beta - 6M_W^{2} - 3M_Z^{2}
- 5 m_{H}^{2} + \lambda_{5}\frac{3v^{2}}{2}\cot^{2}\beta
\,.
\label{typeII.VC2.RAL}\end{aligned}$$
We have plotted the above equalities on the $m_h - m_\xi$ plane for several values of $\lambda_5$ for a fixed value of $\tan\beta$ and with $m_H = 125$ GeV, with $m_h\leq m_H$. On the same plane, we have also plotted the region allowed by stability, perturbative unitarity, and constraints from $\delta\rho\,.$ The conditions of stability and perturbative unitarity, Eq. (\[S1\]) – Eq. (\[PU7\]), produce the following two inequalities in the reverse alignment limit relevant to this plot: $$\begin{aligned}
0 \leq \left(m_h^2 - m_A^2 \right) \left(\tan^2\beta + \cot^2\beta \right)
+ 2m_H^2 &\leq \frac{32\pi v^2}{3}\,,\label{gray.ineq1} \\
\left|2 m_\xi^2 - m_h^2 - m_A^2 + m_H^2\right| &\leq 16\pi v^2\,.
\label{gray.ineq2}\end{aligned}$$ These are analogous to similar inequalities found in [@Biswas:2014uba] in the alignment limit.
For $\tan\beta = 5\,,$ the plots for all four types of 2HDM are shown in Fig. \[fig.result.RDC\]. The gray region covers the points which satisfy the inequalities (\[gray.ineq1\]) and (\[gray.ineq2\]) in addition to the constraints from $\delta\rho$, the first Veltman condition provides the curves (ellipses) which cross this region, and the second Veltman condition provides the nearly flat hyperbolas above the gray region.
As we can see from the plots in Fig. \[fig.result.RDC\], there is no region on the $m_h-m_\xi$ plane where all the constraints are obeyed. In other words, if we insist on naturalness, as embodied by the Veltman conditions, the reverse alignment limit is not a valid limit for any of the 2HDMs, i.e. the observed Higgs particle cannot be the heavier CP-even neutral scalar in any of the 2HDMs.
It should be mentioned here that allowed mass ranges of scalars in both the alignment limit and the reverse alignment limit were studied in [@Coleppa:2013dya]. However, that paper considered an unbroken $Z_2$ symmetry, not a softly broken symmetry as we have considered. As a result the mass ranges of scalars, as well as the allowed range of $\tan\beta$ found in that paper, are different from the ones we have found.
Wrong Sign Yukawa couplings
===========================
The wrong-sign Yukawa coupling regime [@Ferreira:2014naa; @Ferreira:2014dya; @Ferreira:2014qda] is defined as the region of 2HDM parameter space in which at least one of the couplings of the SM-like Higgs to up-type and down-type quarks is opposite in sign to the corresponding coupling of SM-like Higgs to vectors bosons. This is to be contrasted with the Standard Model, where the couplings of $h_{SM}$ to $\bar{f}f$ and vector bosons are of the same sign. The *wrong sign limit* needs to be considered in conjunction with either the alignment limit or the reverse alignment limit. We will now calculate the regions of parameter space when each of these two limits are combined with the wrong sign limit.
The CP-even neutral scalars couple to the up-type and down-type quarks in the various 2HDMs as shown in Table \[Yukawa.Table\], with the SM couplings of the quarks to the SM Higgs field normalized to unity.
2HDMs $h\bar{U}U\; $ $\; h\bar{D}D$ $\; H\bar{U}U$ $\; H\bar{D}D$
----------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------
Type I $\;\frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; \frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\;\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta} $
Type II $\;\frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; -\frac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\beta} $ $\;\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; \frac{\cos\alpha}{\cos\beta} $
Lepton Specific $\;\frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; \frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\;\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta} $
Flipped $\;\frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; -\frac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\beta} $ $\;\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta} $ $\; \frac{\cos\alpha}{\cos\beta} $
: Yukawa couplings for the different 2HDMs[]{data-label="Yukawa.Table"}
Wrong Sign and Reverse alignment limit
--------------------------------------
Let us first consider the case of wrong sign Yukawa couplings in the reverse alignment limit. The heavier CP-even neutral scalar $H$ corresponds to the SM Higgs in the reverse alignment limit, with a coupling to vector bosons which is $\cos(\beta - \alpha)$ times the corresponding SM value. In the convention where $\cos(\beta-\alpha)\geq 0 $, the $HVV$ couplings in the 2HDM are always non-negative. To analyze the wrong-sign coupling regime, we write the Yukawa couplings in the type-II and Flipped 2HDMs in the following form: $$\begin{aligned}
H\bar{D}D: \qquad \frac{\cos\alpha}{\cos\beta}&=&\cos(\beta+\alpha)
+\sin(\beta+\alpha)\tan\beta\,,
\label{HDD coupling}\\
H\bar{U}U: \qquad \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}&=&-\cos(\beta+\alpha)
+\sin(\beta+\alpha)\cot\beta\,.
\label{HUU coupling}\end{aligned}$$ In the case when $\cos(\beta + \alpha) = -1$, the $H\bar{D}D$ coupling normalized to its SM value is equal to $-1$, whereas the normalized $H\bar{U}U$ coupling is +1. Thus in this case, when the reverse alignment limit is taken in conjunction with the wrong sign limit, we have $\alpha \approx \beta \approx \frac{\pi}{2}\,.$ It turns out there is no point on the $m_h - m_\xi$ plane which satisfies the Veltman conditions as well as the bounds coming from unitarity, stability and the $\rho$-parameter.
In Fig. \[reversewrong.fig\] only the first Veltman condition has been plotted, and it does not cross the grey region corresponding to the bounds. The other Veltman condition does not show up in this picture at all, it is not satisfied for any point in this plot.
On the other hand, in the case when $\cos(\beta + \alpha) = 1$, the $H\bar{U}U$ coupling normalized to its SM value is equal to $-1$, while the normalized $H\bar DD$ coupling is +1. In this limiting case, $\cos(\beta - \alpha) =
\cos 2\beta$, which implies that the wrong-sign $H\bar{U}U$ couplings can only be achieved for $\tan\beta < 1$ for the type II and Flipped 2HDMs.
In the type-I and lepton specific 2HDMs, both the $H\bar{D}D$ and $H\bar{U}U$ couplings are given by Eq. (\[HUU coupling\]). Thus, for $\cos(\beta + \alpha) = 1$, both the normalized $H\bar{D}D$ and $H\bar{U}U$ couplings are equal to $-1$, which is only possible if $\tan\beta < 1$.
Since $\tan\beta > 1\,,$ we see that the wrong-sign Yukawa coupling is incompatible with the reverse alignment limit in all of the four types of 2HDMs.
Wrong sign in the Alignment limit
---------------------------------
Let us now look at what happens if some Yukawa couplings are of the wrong sign, in the alignment limit. In this case $h$ is the SM Higgs, and its coupling to the vector bosons is $\sin(\beta - \alpha)$ times the corresponding SM value. Then in the convention where $\sin(\beta-\alpha)\geq 0 $, the $hVV$ couplings in the 2HDM are always non-negative. As in the previous case, we write the type-II and Flipped Higgs-fermion Yukawa couplings, normalized with respect to the Standard Model couplings, in the following form: $$\begin{aligned}
h\bar{D}D: \qquad -\frac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\beta}&=& -\sin(\beta+\alpha)
+\cos(\beta+\alpha)\tan\beta\,,
\label{hDD coupling}\\
h\bar{U}U: \qquad \phantom{-}\frac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta}&=& \sin(\beta+\alpha)
+\cos(\beta+\alpha)\cot\beta\,.
\label{hUU coupling}\end{aligned}$$ In the case when $\sin(\beta + \alpha) = 1$, the $h\bar{D}D$ coupling normalized to its SM value is equal to $-1$, while the normalized $h\bar{U}U$ coupling is +1. Note that in this limiting case, $\sin(\beta - \alpha) = -\cos 2\beta$, which implies that the wrong-sign $h\bar{D}D$ Yukawa coupling can only be achieved for values of $\tan\beta > 1$.
Likewise, in the case of $\sin(\beta + \alpha) = -1$, the $h\bar{U}U$ coupling normalized to its SM value is equal to $-1$, whereas the normalized $h\bar DD$ coupling is +1. Then $\sin(\beta - \alpha)
= \cos 2\beta$, which implies that the wrong-sign $h\bar{U}U$ couplings can occur only if $\tan\beta < 1$. In the type-I and lepton specific 2HDM, both the $h\bar{D}D$ and $h\bar{U}U$ couplings are given by Eq. (\[hUU coupling\]). Thus for $\sin(\beta + \alpha) = -1$, both the normalized $h\bar{D}D$ and $h\bar{U}U$ couplings are equal to $-1$, which is only possible if $\tan\beta < 1$. Thus realistically only the $h\bar{D}D$ coupling of the type-II and flipped 2HDM can be of the wrong sign, since $\tan\beta > 1$.
Let us therefore consider a type II model with a wrong sign $h\bar{D}D$ coupling. The wrong sign limit approaches the alignment limit for $\tan\beta\approx17$ as was displayed in [@Ferreira:2014dya; @Ferreira:2014qda] for the allowed parameter space of the type II CP-conserving 2HDM, based on the 8 TeV run of the LHC. For this model, we will plot the values of the pair $(m_H, m_\xi)\,$ allowed by the naturalness conditions as well as the constraints imposed by perturbativity, stability, tree-level unitarity, and the $\rho$ parameter. We will do this for four different values of $\tan\beta\,$ around the ‘critical’ value of 17. By choosing a small enough $\alpha$ we can ensure that for all these choices, both $\sin(\beta - \alpha)\approx 1$ and $\sin(\beta
+ \alpha)\approx 1\,,$ as needed for the alignment limit and the wrong sign coupling.
In Fig. \[wslal.fig\] we have plotted the Veltman conditions on the $m_H-m_\xi$ plane for Type II 2HDM for the four choices of $\tan\beta$, for different values of $m_A$ constrained by $|\lambda_{5}|\leq 4\pi$. This plots are further constrained by conditions coming from stability of the potential, perturbative unitarity, and experimental bounds on $\delta\rho$. We have also taken $m_{h}=125$ GeV. One can estimate from the plots that for $\tan\beta=17\,$ that the range of $m_H$ is approximately (250, 330) GeV, and that of $m_\xi$ is approximately (260, 310) GeV. At higher values of $\tan\beta\,,$ both ranges become narrower and move down on the mass scale.
Modification of Higgs-diphoton decay width
==========================================
The $h\to \gamma\gamma$ decay channel is perhaps the most popular channel for Higgs and related searches. The decay width can be enhanced or reduced in the 2HDMs due to loop effects. In the alignment limit, the couplings of the lighter CP even neutral scalar ${h}$ to gauge bosons are identical to that for the SM Higgs. Then the tree level decay widths of ${h}$ will be the same as for the SM Higgs. For loop induced decays, such as $ h\rightarrow \gamma\gamma $ and $ h\rightarrow Z\gamma\,,$ the contribution of the ${W}$ boson loop and the top loop diagrams are the same as in the SM. But there will have some additional contributions due to the virtual charged scalars $ \xi^{\pm} $ in the loop. Thus the decay widths will be different from the SM in general. Contributions from the fermion loops are the same in this case as for the SM.
On the other hand, suppose $h$ has wrong sign Yukawa couplings to the down-type quarks. Then the bottom quarks will contribute with a relative negative sign in the loops, and the $h\to\gamma\gamma$ decay width will be different from the SM, as well as from 2HDMs in the usual alignment limit.
The Higgs-diphoton decay width is calculated using the formula [@Djouadi:2005gj] $$\Gamma(h\rightarrow \gamma\gamma)=\frac{G_{\mu}\alpha^{2}m_{h}^{3}}{128\sqrt{2}\pi^{3}}
\left\vert\sum_{\textit{f}}N_{c}Q_{f}^{2}g_{hff}A_{1/2}^{h}(\tau_{f})+g_{hVV}A_{1}^{h}
(\tau_{W})+\frac{m_{W}^{2}\lambda_{h\xi^{+}\xi^{-}}}{2c_{W}^{2}M_{\xi^{\pm}}^{2}}
A_{0}^{h}(\tau_{\xi^{\pm}})\right\vert^{2}\,.
\label{decay_rate}$$ In this equation, $N_c$ is the number color multiplicity, $Q_f$ is the charge of the fermion $f\,,$ $G_\mu$ is the Fermi constant, and the reduced couplings $g_{hff}$ and $g_{hVV}$ of the Higgs boson to fermions and $W$ bosons are $g_{\textit{htt}}=\dfrac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\beta}\,, \,
g_{\textit{hbb}}=-\dfrac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\beta}\,$ and $g_{\textit{hWW}}=\sin(\beta-\alpha)\,,$ while the trilinear $\lambda_{h\xi^{+}\xi^{-}}$ couplings to charged Higgs bosons is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{h\xi^{+}\xi^{-}} &=& \cos2\beta\sin(\beta+\alpha) + 2c^{2}_{W}\sin(\beta-\alpha)\\
&=& \lambda_{hAA}+ 2c^{2}_{W} g_{hVV}\,,\end{aligned}$$ where $c_{W}=\cos\theta_{W}$, with $\theta_{W}$ being the Weinberg angle. The decay rate does not depend on the type of the 2HDM.
The amplitudes $A_{i}$ at lowest order for the spin-1, spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and spin-0 particle contributions are given by [@Gunion:1989we] $$\begin{aligned}
A^{\textit{h}}_{1/2} &=& -2\tau[1 +(1-\tau)f(\tau)]\\
A^{\textit{h}}_{1} &=& 2 +3 \tau +3\tau(2-\tau)f(\tau)\\
A^{\textit{h}}_{0} &=& \tau [1 -\tau f(\tau)]\end{aligned}$$ in the case of the CP even Higgs boson $h$.
Here $$\tau_{x}=4m_{x}^{2}/m_{h}^{2}$$ and $$f(\tau) =
\left\{
\begin{array}{lr}
\arcsin^{2}\sqrt{1/ \tau}\,,&\tau\geq 1\\
-\dfrac{1}{4}\left[\log\dfrac{1+\sqrt{1-\tau}}{1-\sqrt{1-\tau}}-i\pi\right]^{2}\,, \qquad &\tau< 1
\end{array}
\right.$$ Using the above definitions in the decay width formula given in Eq. (\[decay\_rate\]), we arrive at a much simplified expression for the decay width, $$\Gamma(h\rightarrow \gamma\gamma)=\frac{G_{\mu}\alpha^{2}m_{h}^{3}}{128\sqrt{2}\pi^{3}}
\left\vert g_{hVV} A^{h}_{W}+\frac{4}{3}g_{htt}A^{h}_{t}
\pm \frac{1}{3}g_{hbb}A^{h}_{b}+ \kappa A^{h}_{\xi}
\right\vert^{2}\,,
\label{decay_rate_simplified}$$ where the $'+'$ sign before $A^{h}_{b}$ is for when the $h\bar bb$ Yukawa coupling has the same sign as the $hVV$ coupling and the $'-'$ sign is for the wrong sign of the Yukawa coupling, and $\kappa$ is defined as $$\kappa=\frac{1}{m_{\xi}^{2}}(m_{\xi}^{2} + \frac{1}{2}m_{h}^{2} - m_{A}^{2})\,.
\label{Kappa_def}$$
The appearance of $m_{A}$ in Eq. (\[Kappa\_def\]) is merely an artefact of U(1) symmetry of the scalar potential. For a more general potential the expression for $\kappa$ involves $\lambda_{5}$ [@Arhrib:2003ph].
[ \[diphoton\_align.fig\]]{}
[ \[diphoton\_WSL.fig\]]{}
In Fig. \[diphoton.fig\] we have plotted the $h\to\gamma\gamma$ decay width in 2HDMs in the alignment limit, normalized with respect to the SM value, against the mass of the charged Higgs particle, and for different values of the mass of the CP-odd scalar. Fig. \[diphoton\_align.fig\] shows the decay width for the case where the $h\bar{q}q$ Yukawa coupling has the same sign as the $hVV$ coupling, whereas Fig. \[diphoton\_WSL.fig\] is for the decay width corresponding to the case where the Yukawa coupling of $h$ to the down-type quarks is of the opposite sign to the $hVV$ coupling. We note that the first case has been plotted, albeit for smaller values of $\tan\beta\,$ and without the use of the Veltman conditions (thus for a much larger range of $m_\xi$), in [@Bhattacharyya:2013rya].
As we have seen in the previous section, simultaneously choosing the alignment limit and the wrong sign limit also sets $\tan\beta$ at a high value. The critical value $\tan\beta=17$, and a small but non-zero value of $\alpha\,,$ namely $\alpha\simeq 0.035\,,$ was chosen for both the plots. The plots are not noticeably different for other high values of $\tan\beta\,$ or other similar values of $\alpha\,.$ The decay width does not depend on the type of 2HDM once the masses of the charged Higgs particle and the CP-odd Higgs particle are fixed. However, the range of allowed masses depends on the type of 2HDM being considered. We have chosen the ranges 225 GeV$\leq m_{\xi} \leq$290 GeV and 200 GeV$\leq m_A \leq$ 300 GeV which cover the allowed ranges for all four types for $\tan\beta = 17\,.$ Although a picture is worth a thousand words, it is perhaps worth pointing out that when $m_A$ is small, for example $m_A \simeq 200$ GeV, the diphoton decay width deviates from the SM value by 5-7% for all values of $m_\xi\,.$ The deviation is noticeable for many other values of $m_A$ also, as can be easily seen from the plots. On the other hand, for specific choices of $(m_A\,, m_\xi\,)$ the $h\to\gamma\gamma$ decay width is the same as for the SM, so the non-observation of a deviation does not rule out 2HDMs.
The two plots are similar, but not identical. The decay width when the $h\bar{D}D$ Yukawa coupling is of the ‘wrong sign’ is smaller than the decay width for the case when it is of the same sign (as $hVV$ couplings) by about 1.5%, as can be seen from the ratio of the decay widths, displayed in Fig. \[relative.fig\].
Results and Conclusion
======================
In this paper we have looked at how a certain criterion of naturalness, namely the cancellation of quadratic divergences, affect the allowed ranges of masses of the additional scalars in 2HDMs in the alignment or SM-like limit with ‘wrong sign’ Yukawa couplings, and also in the reverse alignment limit. A similar calculation was done in [@Biswas:2014uba] for the alignment limit without the ‘wrong sign’ assumption.
We found that reverse alignment, *i.e.* the scenario in which the heavier CP-even neutral scalar is the Standard Model Higgs particle, is clearly not a viable scenario for 2HDMs. Constraints arising from naturalness, stability, perturbative unitarity and experimental bounds on the $\rho$-parameter completely rule out this scenario. The naturalness criterion is crucial for this conclusion – reverse alignment is an allowed scenario if quadratic divergences are taken care of by some mechanism of fine tuning, for example.
We have also considered a limit where the lighter CP-even neutral scalar corresponds to the SM-like Higgs but where the Yukawa couplings of this particle to $D$-type quarks are of the wrong sign relative to their gauge couplings. In this scenario we obtain mass ranges for the rest of the physical Higgs bosons for various benchmark values of $\tan\beta$. In this paper we have shown only the plot for Type II 2HDM, but the results are similar for the other 2HDMs with a small variation of a few GeV.
The Higgs-diphoton decay width in a 2HDM receives additional contributions from loops containing the charged scalar $\xi^{\pm}$, so the decay width in a 2HDM is different from the SM value. Further, in the wrong sign limit, loops containing down type quarks contribute with a different sign. We have plotted the $h\to 2\gamma$ decay width against the mass of the charged Higgs, and also for different values of the mass of the CP-odd neutral scalar, and found that the decay width can differ from its SM value by up tp 6% for some values of the parameters.
While this paper was being completed, another paper which investigates what we call the reverse alignment limit appeared as an e-print [@Bernon:2015wef]. However, that paper uses fewer constraints, so limits on the masses of $\xi^\pm$ are less restrictive.
More recently, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the LHC have reported an excess corresponding to a diphoton resonance at 750 GeV [@750GeV]. We note that according to the naturalness criterion we have used in this paper, this excess cannot be one of the scalar particles in any of the four types of 2HDMs, in agreement with the negative result found in [@Angelescu:2015uiz] using several other lines of argument.
Acknowledgement {#acknowledgement .unnumbered}
===============
AB thanks Dipankar Das for useful discussions. The authors thank the anonymous referee for raising questions about the plot of the diphoton decay width in the first version, which helped us find and correct a mistake in the original plot.
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W. Grimus, L. Lavoura, O. M. Ogreid and P. Osland, *“A Precision constraint on multi-Higgs-doublet models,”* J. Phys. G [**35**]{}, 075001 (2008) \[arXiv:0711.4022 \[hep-ph\]\]. S. Kanemura, Y. Okada, H. Taniguchi and K. Tsumura, *“Indirect bounds on heavy scalar masses of the two-Higgs-doublet model in light of recent Higgs boson searches,”* Phys. Lett. B [**704**]{}, 303 (2011). A. Arhrib, R. Benbrik, C. H. Chen, R. Guedes and R. Santos, *“Double Neutral Higgs production in the Two-Higgs doublet model at the LHC,”* JHEP [**0908**]{}, 035 (2009). J. Cao, P. Wan, L. Wu and J. M. Yang, *“Lepton-Specific Two-Higgs Doublet Model: Experimental Constraints and Implication on Higgs Phenomenology,”* Phys. Rev. D [**80**]{}, 071701 (2009). J. h. Park, *“Lepton non-universality at LEP and charged Higgs,”* JHEP [**0610**]{}, 077 (2006). G. Aad [*et al.*]{} \[ATLAS Collaboration\], *“Search for charged Higgs bosons decaying via $H^{+} \to \tau \nu$ in top quark pair events using $pp$ collision data at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV with the ATLAS detector,”* JHEP [**1206**]{}, 039 (2012). S. Chatrchyan [*et al.*]{} \[CMS Collaboration\], *“Search for a light charged Higgs boson in top quark decays in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV,”* JHEP [**1207**]{}, 143 (2012). A. Biswas and A. Lahiri, *“Masses of physical scalars in two Higgs doublet models,”* Phys. Rev. D [**91**]{}, no. 11, 115012 (2015) \[arXiv:1412.6187 \[hep-ph\]\]. S. Kanemura, H. Yokoya and Y. J. Zheng, *“Complementarity in direct searches for additional Higgs bosons at the LHC and the International Linear Collider,”* Nucl. Phys. B [**886**]{}, 524 (2014). B. Coleppa, F. Kling and S. Su, *“Constraining Type II 2HDM in Light of LHC Higgs Searches,”* JHEP [**1401**]{}, 161 (2014). P. M. Ferreira, R. Guedes, M. O. P. Sampaio and R. Santos, *“Wrong sign and symmetric limits and non-decoupling in 2HDMs,”* JHEP [**1412**]{}, 067 (2014). P. M. Ferreira, R. Guedes, J. F. Gunion, H. E. Haber, M. O. P. Sampaio and R. Santos, *“The Wrong Sign limit in the 2HDM,”* arXiv:1410.1926 \[hep-ph\]. A. Djouadi, *“The Anatomy of electro-weak symmetry breaking. II. The Higgs bosons in the minimal supersymmetric model,”* Phys. Rept. [**459**]{}, 1 (2008) \[hep-ph/0503173\]. A. Arhrib, M. Capdequi Peyranere, W. Hollik and S. Penaranda, Phys. Lett. B [**579**]{}, 361 (2004) doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.006 \[hep-ph/0307391\]. G. Bhattacharyya, D. Das, P. B. Pal and M. N. Rebelo, JHEP [**1310**]{}, 081 (2013) doi:10.1007/JHEP10(2013)081 \[arXiv:1308.4297 \[hep-ph\]\]. J. Bernon, J. F. Gunion, H. E. Haber, Y. Jiang and S. Kraml, *“Scrutinizing the Alignment Limit in Two-Higgs-Doublet Models. Part 2: $m_H=125$ GeV,”* arXiv:1511.03682 \[hep-ph\]. ATLAS 13 TeV Results - December 2015. Talk by Marumi Kado at CERN, and ATLAS note: ATLAS-CONF-2015-081; CMS 13 Tev Results - December 2015. Talk by Jim Olsen at CERN, and CMS note: CMS-PAS-EXO-15-004.
A. Angelescu, A. Djouadi and G. Moreau, *“Scenarii for interpretations of the LHC diphoton excess: two Higgs doublets and vector-like quarks and leptons,”* arXiv:1512.04921 \[hep-ph\].
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the prisoner correspondence project
Thought I ought to draw your attention to this project being organized by a group of Montreal-based queer activists:
The PRISONER CORRESPONDENCE PROJECT coordinates a direct letter-writing program for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual, transgender, gendervariant, queer, 2spirit & intersexed inmates in Canada and the US, linking these communities with people who identify similarly who are outside of prison.
The project also coordinates a resource library of harm reduction practice (safer sex, safer drug use, clean needle care, safer tattooing, etc), HIV and HepC prevention, homophobia, transphobia, etc. The idea of the project is not to match people up romantically, but create accountable friendships where those involved can support and learn from one another.
As an organization, we try to be allies to prisoner struggle, and reject the ways that people a part of these communities are targeted and criminalized.
THE PROJECT IS ALWAYS LOOKING FOR NON-INCARCERATED FOLKS TO ACT AS PENPALS WITH INCARCERATED FOLKS IN CANADA AND THE US! Please get in touch if you want more info on becoming a penpal!
** Though the organizing collective is Montreal-based, you can still become a penpal if you’re not living in Montreal. We’re also currently trying to distribute promo materials in other cities, so please please get in touch if you want to do some out-of-town outreach (even putting up a few flyers or asking a few friends would be helpful!) **
For more information, or to otherwise get involved, please contact
queertrans.prisonersolidarity@gmail.com
In conjunction with a few other activist groups here in Montreal, the PCP (uh, too bad about the acronym) organized a screening of film responses to the AIDS crisis in the 80s and 90s earlier this week. While I’m still working through my own emotional and political responses to the films (political funerals, holy crap cried my eyes out), one thing the evening’s viewing made painfully clear was how marginalized people are routinely crushed by state policy, whether it be ignorance or purposeful criminalization. Racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia and other forms of exclusionary injustice are deeply institutionalized, and the prison system is one manifestation where these systems of oppression are very harshly felt. Whether it’s denying incarcerated people access to materials they need to practice safer sex or denying people with AIDS the medicine they need, people deemed undesirable by social or capital standards are always going to be trampled or swept away by the state. All the more reason to pick up a pen, I say.
You can also hook up with the project’s Facebook group here, if you’re that way inclined, and you can read more about it in this Xtra.ca article. |
Antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of perineal ectopic testis--a case report.
Perineal ectopia testis is a rare congenital anomaly with incidence of < 1% of all cases of undescended testes. We report a case of perineal ectopic testis detected by ultrasound at 38 weeks gestational age presenting as an oval echogenic structure located beneath the male fetal genitals. The diagnosis was confirmed postpartum by clinical examination and karyotyping of the neonate. Orchiopexy was performed 1 year after delivery. |
KOYM
KOYM may refer to:
St. Marys Municipal Airport (ICAO code KOYM)
KOYM-LP, a low-power radio station (99.7 FM) licensed to serve Houston, Texas, United States |
killbilloreilly:
hi i’m a dev at bioware and i need help with my budgeting
hair and face customization- $2,000
dialogue options- $1,200
plot-related content- $3,000
pointless map space- $275,000,000
character backgrounds- $1,000
facial expressions models- $25
please recommend a way to manage my spending thanks!!!! |
-- Show how to call a function registered in the embedding application
-- MinMax is a FB function
Min, Max = MinMax(42, 2, 17, 33, 15, 1.5)
print("Lua: Min= ", Min, ", Max= ", Max, "\n")
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Nine minutes of Nadia
Photo by Normal Bob
Photo by Normal Bob You folks just can't get enough of Nadia. Lucky for you she's willing to give another 9 minutes of herself to me, to give to you. And if that's not enough she's also available to you on Instagram .
Also, check out those creepers.
For once I'm talkin' about the shoes!
Video by Normal Bob Video by Normal Bob
But I wouldn't advise you get too attached and think you've got the slightest chance of her falling for you. She's drowning in suitors. The video above will explain how she's coping with this dilemma.
Sasha Janegs
Photos by Normal Bob
Photos by Normal Bob Sasha, Sasha. Oh Sasha.
There are so few now who're making any sort of striking fashion statements any more, so when Sasha comes walking up to me at the Square I'd swear there was a beam of sunlight from the blue sky beeming down on her through the clouds. She's one of those who brightness follows. She's just always been that person.
You first got introduced to Sasha back in 2010 telling her Cockroach story . I'm so happy to say that not only has she stuck around, but she's held herself together amazingly as well. I truly want to bring you more Sasha, so you can see that she's just as intriguing as she appears.
I love her.
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Gold Breaks Above $1,325 an Ounce
by Nicholas DeGeorge
September 1, 2017 9:11AM CDT
In the early morning trade, December gold has extended yet again its very impressive rally and is currently trading at $1,331.3. Yesterday, gold reversed its sell off and continued its rally today, and is currently up $9 a troy ounce and the technical condition definitely favors the bulls. With today’s disappointing non-Farm payroll number, the US dollar continued to sell off which gave more fuel to this already powerful gold rally. Furthermore, it will be impossible to predict what’s next out of North Korea, which in end should keep gold above $1,300.0 for a while.
If we take a close look at the daily gold chart, you’ll clearly see the strong bullish trend line and the strong buying off Thursday’s low of $1,302.30. Gold breaking above $1,325.0 overnight leaves the upside target now between $1,350-$1,375 and if N. Korea launches another missile over the weekend, it could get up there in a hurry. Furthermore, gold is trading above all its major moving averages, which are all sloping up.
Nicholas DeGeorge began his financial career in the mortgage/ banking industry. After a successful seven year career, he had an opportunity of a lifetime to trade for one of the larger proprietary day trading firms at the Chicago Board of Trade. While there, he specialized in trading energy (mostly crude oil), metals and e-mini S&P 500. After two years of being a proprietary trader, Nicholas became a Senior Commodities Broker at MF Global and worked for the top commodity trading adviser at the firm. While he was there, he learned a great deal about position trading and was exposed to other markets like grains and soft commodities. Nicholas attended Eastern Illinois University.
This material has been prepared by a sales or trading employee or agent of RJO Futures and is, or is in the nature of, a solicitation. This material is not a research report prepared by RJO Futures Research Department. By accepting this communication, you agree that you are an experienced user of the futures markets, capable of making independent trading decisions, and agree that you are not, and will not, rely solely on this communication in making trading decisions. |
BattleHack
BattleHack (or Battle Hack in the 2013 series) was a series of global hackathon contests organised by PayPal. Competitors were required to solve a local problem by coding. Winners of the first prize of each contest got an axe as the trophy, and admission to the world finals where competitors competed for the $100,000 grand prize. Competitors retain the ownership of their applications made in the contests.
In 2016 PayPal/Braintree shut down the developer relations program along with all related programs such as BattleHack.
It was announced that BattleHack would be returning however as of Jan 16, 2018 the domain name lapsed and has since moved into new ownership.
See also
Hackathon
References
External links
Category:Hacker culture
Category:Software development events |
news Galen Weston Knows Paying a Living Wage is Bad for Capitalism
A full-time minimum wage worker takes home $25,877. In Toronto where rent averages $2,000 a month, that means living in poverty.
Galen Weston Jr., the mild-mannered, bespectacled grocery-store magnate you may recognize from President’s Choice commercials, is a thoroughly Canadian one-percenter. He is thoroughly Canadian in the sense that he isn’t flashy or grandiose like Richard Branson, and he doesn’t tout the benefits of vampirism or plot to destroy the free press, à la real-life super villain Peter Thiel. He is thoroughly of the one percent in the sense that his family is worth somewhere in the ballpark of $9 billion, he himself earned at least $5 million last year, and, despite that generous—one might even say obscene—level of wealth, he remains staunchly opposed to paying his employees enough money to live on.
The prospect of impending minimum-wage hikes in Ontario and Alberta, where employers will soon be required to pay the kingly sum of $15 per hour, elicited a strong reaction from the George Weston Ltd. CEO (which owns Loblaws, Shoppers Drug Mart, and No Frills, among other chains and brands) last week.
“We are flagging a significant set of financial headwinds,” Weston said in reference to the long-overdue wage increases set to come into effect over the next few years. He predicted the company’s labour costs will jump by about $190 million next year. Rather than address the fact that such a huge jump means his company is paying many of its employees below $15 right now—which equals to, in most Canadian cities, poverty-level wages. He’s chosen to portray his nearly $14 billion company as the victim of unfavourable legislation.
It’s true that a modest hike to the minimum wage is unfavourable to a profit-seeking entity, but it beggars belief that Weston or his company are the ones holding the short end of any stick. After all, the company reported a second-quarter profit $200 million higher this year than last, up to $358 million from $158 million.
In one of the world’s wealthiest nations, it is a moral crime that anyone should be unable to afford a home, food, medicine, and anything else they need to live in comfort. It’s shameful that we don’t discuss it in that way, just as it’s shameful that the man at the helm of one of Canada’s largest employers is comfortable rejecting measures that would improve the well-being of the people who work for him, both as a moral obligation and as an economic one. Well-paid workers means more people are buying goods and services, mind you, not necessarily at his stores.
However, while it’s shameful it’s not at all surprising. Nor is it surprising that, as CBC reported, Weston’s company is looking to mitigate this increase in labour costs by “digitizing manual invoice jobs and rolling out more self-checkouts at its Shoppers Drug Mart locations,” which is to say, cutting jobs. (Loblaw is one of Canada’s largest private sector employers, employing more than 192,000 full-time and part-time workers in the country.)
Weston may not even need to take those measures; he’s not shouting into the void with his worries about paying higher wages. With an election looming next year, Premier Kathleen Wynne may decide it upsets business leaders and potential donors too much. If her overtures to workers threaten to throw her standing in the business community into turmoil, she could easily back down. Weston knows this, and he’s surely lobbying hard to help sway her.
All of this—the minimum wage hikes, Weston’s response, and his threats to cut jobs, the possibility that a cowed politician could roll back the gains for workers she’s tentatively inching toward—shows the problems inherent in taking an incrementalist approach to improving people’s lives.
Tinkering at the edges of a capitalist economy leaves the people and institutions with money and power—capital, in more ways than one—well-positioned to find ways around whatever meagre advances are made at their expense. It leaves workers with dramatically less power and uncertain about who is on their side and thus uncertain about who to hold to account or how. And it means politicians, if they lack a compelling ideological reason not to, are likely to gravitate toward the locus of money and power as a way to stay in office.
As can be expected, few, if any, media outlets reporting on Weston’s remarks touched on this at all. They may point to the hypocrisy of a wealthy business leader such as Weston pinching his pennies so tightly—an easy, though not inappropriate, target. It’s rare to see reporting go as far as Vice’s Money vertical did in laying out just how little that minimum wage actually is ($25,877 per year in Ontario after taxes and deductions, assuming an employee is full-time and permanent), hinting at the hardships workers are forced to face by employers like Weston. Stagnant wages and rising housing costs—average rent in Toronto just passed $2,000 a month—means his workers aren’t just squeezed, they’re living in poverty.
The problem is not precisely Weston’s comments, galling though they are. The problem is that, in the economic system in which we currently live, that attitude is perfectly logical and, in fact, beneficial to the system’s overall operation. This will come as no surprise to anyone, but businesses succeed by growing their profits, and they grow their profits in part by keeping their costs down. Labour is one such cost. It does not behoove a company with dreams of wealth and success to pay its workers more than it needs to. In fact, it behooves companies to pay as little as possible.
A record number of young Canadians are living at home into adulthood, and those numbers are even higher in the country’s most expensive housing markets. Precarious work is keeping those same workers from any sort of income security, even when they can find work. With less in earnings, workers are paying less into their pensions, and, shut out of a wildly expensive housing market, they face astronomical rents and eventually the very real prospect of homelessness in old age. If radical changes aren’t made to the way we provide for each other, and what we expect of the most privileged, it’s going to be a grim future for most of us.
The fact that Galen Weston Jr. can sit on his family’s billions and decry the prospect of paying a not-even-living wage is all the more reason to consider asking the Westons of the nation to contribute their fair share. Social programs alleviate the need to raise the minimum wage, after all: The more people’s needs are provided for by the government, the less they need to take home in cash pay to survive. And those cost money.
Weston is very concerned about a tiny increase to the minimum wage, but a maximum wage is what we should really be talking about. |
Advertisement.46594rAM1500ebrochUresPAnish ProdUct: RAm 1500 sPecs: 4/C PP: Estndar en modelos 4x4 ST, Tradesman, Express, SLT, Outdoorsman. caja dE TransFErEncia Get a fantastic deal on this 2012 Ram 1500 Outdoorsman from Legacy Dodge Taber. This pre-owned unit offers all the features you need for work or for play in a stylish package.Steering wheel controls provide easy access to cruise control and audio settings. The Ram 1500 Outdoorsman is a manly upgrade for people who want outdoor-friendly upgrades for their trucks. Think of it as a rugged look for the Ram to wear with a few goodies outdoor-types would dig. 2012 RAM 1500 CANADIAN SPECIFICATIONS. All dimensions are in millimetres (inches) unless otherwise noted. |
Academics at the University of California Berkeley have protested after it emerged that management had put a secret data slurping device into the campus that was mapping and storing all network traffic.
"The intrusive device is capable of capturing and analyzing all network traffic to and from the Berkeley campus and has enough local storage to save over 30 days of all this data," Ethan Ligon, a member of the Senate-Administration Joint Committee on Campus Information Technology, wrote in an e-mail to fellow faculty members, the SF Chronicle reports.
Benjamin Hermalin, chairman of the UC Berkeley Academic Senate, also expressed serious concerns about the monitoring, and about the storage of the data off-campus. As a third party company is running the device, rather than the university's IT staff, there were also privacy issues to consider.
"What has upset a lot of the faculty was that the surveillance was put in place without consulting the faculty," he said. "In fact, the people installing the system were under strict instructions not to reveal it was taking place."
In response, the university sent El Reg a letter from David Kay, chair of the University Committee on Academic Computing and Communications, explaining that the monitoring system had been set up to protect the university's research facilities from hackers.
He explained that the device was installed after an IT intrusion in June last year against UCLA Health. The attack may have captured the personal information and health records of 4.5 million people.
In response, the president of the University of California Janet Napolitano, who you may remember from her past jobs as the head of US Homeland Security and the governor of Arizona, instituted a plan to firm up the university's online defenses.
"We have been informed that the monitoring of communications looked only for 'malware signatures' and Internet traffic patterns. As neither message content nor browsing activity were monitored, we believe this level of monitoring can be appropriate," the letter [PDF] reads.
"We have been informed that monitoring of transmissions occurs only at campus edge, and does not capture internal campus traffic. Monitoring of traffic patterns for a pre-defined purpose can be appropriate given that results are maintained for a limited time and limited use."
The monitoring system that was put in place is apparently designed to watch out for advanced persistent threat attacks, although that's rather nebulous. Such cyber-assaults, as detailed last week by the NSA's top hacker, are multi-phase affairs involving phishing emails, network mapping, and hardcore hacking.
Nevertheless, the academic row continues. Historically, UC Berkeley is one of the bastions of free speech and it's clear many are unhappy at being snooped on. ® |
Huckabee: It’s too bad we can’t impeach Mitt Romney
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Gov. Mike Huckabee unleashed on Sen. Mitt Romney (R-UT) during an interview on The Todd Starnes Show – suggesting the Republican lawmaker was more interested in making a name for himself than defending the president.
Romney recently announced that he is more than likely going to side with the Democrats and quest to call witnesses during the impeachment trial.
CLICK HERE FOR A COPY OF TODD’S EXPLOSIVE NEW BOOK, “CULTURE JIHAD: HOW TO STOP THE LEFT FROM KILLING A NATION.”
“What is it that he wants out of this,” Huckabee asked Starnes. “Does he want to be able to sit down at the table with Morning Joe and be celebrated and beloved by that crowd?”
Huckabee said it’s too bad that Romney had not been elected president in 2012.
“It would’ve been good that he became president just so he could be impeached,” the former governor said.
“This is so disappointing, not surprising, disappointing that Mitt Romney feels like he’s got to now be the contrarian. He wants to be the fly in the ointment – the guy who sides with the Democrats and their absolutely sloppy and horrible treatment of this elected president.”
What does he get out of this, the governor said.
“He either has to believe that he’s smarter than the Republicans and that the Democrats are purists who really want to protect the Constitution – or he’s in this all for himself,” Huckabee said. “And I think I know the answer to the question and it’s not because he’s really smarter than the Republicans and the Democrats are trying to protect America.”
Mic drop.
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Amer Fort in Jaipur should be on your travel list in 2019 for sure!
Amber Fort, also known as Amer fort is a jewel of Jaipur because of the aesthetic amalgamation of the royal life in the bygone era!
With its majestic architecture and rich cultural history, Amer Fort in Jaipur is one of India’s greatest tourist attractions!
On your visit to Jaipur, you definitely should spend a day exploring Amber and its palaces, temples and gardens as they are the well-versed witnesses of the flamboyant and imperial phase of Rajasthan.
Amber Fort has several appealing attractions but the Sheesh Mahal is probably one of the most beautiful one out of the heaving list!
This Palace of Mirrors, rightfully named after the thousands of mirror tiles and coloured glasses that adorn its walls and ceiling, reflects the natural light from outside and illuminates everything inside.
It is also said that the Hall of Mirrors in this palace could be illuminated entirely with just one candle.
One of the many pillars at the Sheesh Mahal has a uniquely carved flower at its base that is said to show different imagery when seen from different angles.
Identified by two butterflies on either side of the flower, you can see a fish tail, lotus, hidden cobra, lion’s tail, scorpion, elephant trunk and a cob of corn in this single carving, depending on where you look and how you look at it!
How interesting is that?
Every corner of the palace has its own particular function.
The, Jaleb Chowk – the lowest one – was for mass gatherings.
The Diwan-e-aam was used for public hearings and the Diwan-e-khaas was for the main administrative functions, while Zanana Chowk (also known as Mansingh Mahal) was a residential area.
Of all the courts, Diwan-e-khaas – the most important in the political hierarchy – is the most formal space with an exuberant architectural charm!
Though much of the fort lies in ruins now,the havelis, courtyards and gardens stills reminds us of Amber’s burgeoning era during the rule of the Rajasthani kings.
Entry Fee & other charges!
The most anticipated elephant ride comes up to ₹1,100 and this is an opportunity which cannot be missed!
Timings: The fort is opened for visitation from 9AM till 6PM!
The elephant ride is available from 9:30AM till 1PM only so leave early to catch this part of your touristy bucket list! The light show in Hindi starts from 8PM and the English light show starts 7:30PM onwards! |
You are here
Happiness Levels Highest Among 65-79 Year-Olds
People between the age of 65 and 79 are the happiest compared to other age groups according to the UK’s Office for National Statistics.
In a study of more than 300,000 adults across the UK, it was found that life satisfaction, happiness and feeling that life was worthwhile all peaked in the age bracket of 65-79 years but declined in the over-80s, BBC reported.
The survey also revealed that adults between the ages of 45 to 59 years reported the lowest levels of life satisfaction, with men on average less satisfied than women. This group also reported the highest levels of anxiety.
Researchers said that one possible reason for the lower happiness and well-being scores among this age group might be the burden of having to care for children and elderly parents at the same time. The struggle to balance work and family commitments might also be a factor, they said.
Meanwhile, those who were younger or retired had more free time to spend on activities which promoted their well-being, researchers suggested. |
With four-fifths of visual aging being caused by cell death, the Canadian company is developing an anti-aging compound based on the naturally occurring antifreeze glycoproteins found in Antarctic fish, which protect the fish’s cells against the volatile Antarctic environment.
The outcome is a compound that protects skin cells from damage and has the potential to allow the cells to live longer, leaving people looking younger.
“This is such a ground-breaking science that L’Oreal filed a field of use patent on our first generation of the compound,” company CEO Neil Belenkie tells CosmeticsDesign.com USA.
CEO Neil Belenkie reveals the new discovery to CosmeticsDesign.com USA
“They were so excited about the potential for this technology that they filed the patent with no additional testing.”
Previous obstacles
First discovered in the 1960s by Professor Professor Arthur DeVrie, the glycoproteins cannot be used in humans because of the amount of fish needed to make the active compound, and the difficulties of meeting market need for this technology.
Other obstacles are that the compound is unstable, having a 6 month maximum shelf life and must be stored at -20 degrees Celsius, whilst its protective properties are only against cold temperatures.
However, Sirona Biochem seems to have found the solution. Based on the naturally occurring glycoproteins, it has developed two generations of synthesized glycoproteins that are safe for human use.
Sirona solution
Belenkie explains that naturally occurring glycoproteins in antarctic fish have the ability to preserve cells, tissues and organs when exposed to environmental stressors and this can be adapted for anti-aging skin care and cosmetics.
“80% of visual aging is related to cell death; we believe our compounds can protect these skin cells from damage, allowing the cells to live longer,” he states.
“In a recent study, Sirona Biochem’s anti-aging compounds kept 95% of the protected skin cells alive for 7 days compared to the unprotected control group where only 8% of the cells were still alive after 7 days.”
Given the growing demand for scientifically proven anti-aging solutions and a ballooning market driven by aging baby boomers, there appears to be a big opportunity for this type of discovery in the industry.
The compound
The glycoprotein mimic does not have a commercial name at present as it will be introduced as a component of cosmetic product, leaving the option of naming the ingredient open to the licensers.
“As a chemistry pipeline company, we create the ingredient, and leave the branding to the global experts who will be licensing our glycoprotein compound,” explains Belenkie.
“Target applications would be in skin care and anti-aging. In our test findings, we have found that our compound protects against oxidative stress, maintains 100% viability of adult skin fibroblasts in moderate and cold temperatures (3-15 degrees celcius), and that it protects against UV-C rays.”
Sirona Biochem’s specialization of stabilizing compounds has permitted it to develop two generations of these synthesized glycoproteins.
Because they are synthesized in its Vancouver lab, no fish or parts of fish are used, and Sirona has been able to develop a much more stable compound that is based on the naturally occurring glycoproteins, but safe for human use. |
Endotoxin is a potent trigger for the sepsis inflammatory cascade ([@R1]). Elevated levels of endotoxin are measured in septic shock patients with a confirmed Gram-negative infection but also in Gram-positive and fungal or mixed infections as well as in patients with persistent negative cultures ([@R2]--[@R4]). It is widely reported that endotoxin will translocate across the gut mucosal membrane in the setting of critical illness ([@R5]).The presence of elevated endotoxin activity in septic patients correlates with worsening organ failure ([@R6]) and high endotoxin activity assay (EAA) levels are associated with increased mortality ([@R2]--[@R4], [@R7]).
The EAA has been used since 2004 to measure endotoxin activity in humans and is based on the ability of its key reagent, an antibody to the highly conserved lipid A epitope of endotoxin to form an antibody-antigen complex in whole blood ([@R8]). The antibody has a very high binding affinity, leading to a very high sensitivity. In addition, the antibody does not cross react with Gram-positive or fungal components allowing for a very high specificity. The results are expressed in EAA units where less than 0.39 is low, 0.40--0.59 is an intermediate level, and greater than or equal to 0.60 is a high level. The EAA is the only assay that is approved by the U.S. FDA for measuring endotoxin activity in whole blood. Many therapeutic strategies targeting endotoxin in sepsis have been evaluated and none have shown to impact the course of sepsis in the critically ill ([@R9], [@R10]). The only exception is a novel approach developed in Japan in the 1980s, whereby "blood purification" is achieved using extracorporeal hemoperfusion ([@R11]).
Polymyxin B (PMX) is an antibiotic that binds the lipid A component of endotoxin. Its parenteral administration is restricted due to the potential of neuro- and nephrotoxicity. Extracorporeal PMX hemoperfusion was developed to take advantage of PMX's avid endotoxin binding properties while avoiding its systemic toxicity ([@R12]). The PMX hemoperfusion cartridge encloses polystyrene-derivative fibers to which PMX is covalently bound. PMX treatment occurs by venovenous extracorporeal hemoperfusion through the cartridge at a flow rate of 80--120 mL/min for 2 hours and is typically administered twice over a 24-hour period ([@R12]). It has recently been shown to have a capacity to bind approximately 12 μg of circulating endotoxin per treatment---roughly 24 μg for two treatments ([@R11]).
The EAA assay results are not linearly related to endotoxin concentration in blood ([@R13]). For example, a reduction in EAA from 0.8 to 0.7 EA units (roughly 2,000 pg/mL reduction) is not equivalent to a reduction from 0.6 to 0.5 EA units (roughly a 100 pg/mL reduction). Thus, simple math cannot be used to calculate the amount of reduction or to compare the amount reduced between two groups.
Although there are hundreds of published articles on the use of the PMX cartridge, the quality of the evidence is generally low. Recently, three randomized multicenter controlled trials have been completed and published with variable results ([@R14]--[@R16]). The Evaluating the Use of \[PMX\] Hemoperfusion in a Randomized controlled trial of Adults Treated for Endotoxemia and Septic shock (EUPHRATES) trial included patients with septic shock and high EAA levels (≥ 0.6). Its objective was to test whether adding two PMX treatment would improve mortality at 28 days compared to standard medical therapy alone ([@R16]). The study did not demonstrate a difference in mortality at 28 days in the intention-to-treat population ([@R16]), but in a post hoc analysis, a potential mortality benefit was demonstrated in patients with subextreme levels of EAA (\< 0.9) ([@R17]). The EUPHRATES trial was the only one to capture serial EAA measurements.
Therefore, we performed an exploratory analysis of patients from EUPHRATES and examined whether reducing endotoxin activity levels is associated with improved mortality at 28 days and in other outcomes of interest. In addition, since it has recently been determined that the PMX cartridge method of endotoxin removal can remove approximately 24 μg of endotoxin (presuming two cartridge exposure) and that an EAA level of greater than 0.90 is interpreted as much higher ([@R13]), we restricted the analysis to patients with baseline EAA between 0.6 and 0.9 ([@R17]).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
=====================
We performed an exploratory analysis on a subpopulation of the EUPHRATES trial as characterized by Klein et al ([@R17]). The full protocol and results have previously been published (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01046669) ([@R16]). The patients included in the trial (or substitute decision-maker) provided informed consent. The trial protocol was approved by the institutional research ethics board at each participating site.
Patients and Definitions
------------------------
Patients with septic shock and EAA level of 0.60 or greater were enrolled in the trial. Septic shock was defined as treatment with antibiotics for a confirmed or presumed infection, persistent hypotension despite administration of adequate fluid resuscitation, presence of organ dysfunction, and vasopressor therapy for at least 2 continuous hours at protocol described rates. The ICU treating teams were blinded to patient's randomization allocation and post-baseline EAA levels. Klein et al ([@R17]) demonstrated a clinically significant reduction in 28-day mortality and improvement in secondary outcomes in patients with baseline EAA levels between 0.6 to 0.9 who received two full treatments per protocol. We chose to further analyze this subgroup of patients.
Interventions
-------------
Patients randomized to the PMX group received two treatments in 24 hours and the Sham group received two Sham hemoperfusion events. The ICU treating medical staff was blinded to the treatment allocation, a second team of nephrologists and dialysis nurses performed the PMX and Sham treatments. The full procedure including the Sham event is detailed in a prior publication ([@R16]).
Endotoxin Activity Assay Analysis
---------------------------------
The EAA (Spectral Medical, Toronto, ON, Canada) was measured at baseline, then again at approximately 10 hours after the first PMX cartridge or Sham treatment, at 10 hours after the second PMX cartridge or Sham treatment, and again at 24 hours following the treatment with the second PMX cartridge (day 3). The EUPHRATES study required a baseline minimum level of 0.60 EA units for enrollment ([@R18]).
To evaluate the change in endotoxin levels, two methods were used (**Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}**):
{#F1}
1. 1\) Calculation of the median reduction in EAA. This was calculated for each patient using the formula of (day 3 EAA--baseline EAA)/baseline EAA. Then the median level was determined using summary statistics.
2. 2\) Maximally selected log-rank statistics were used to identify the EAA cutoff for day 3 result that corresponds to the most significant relation with survival, as implemented in the survminer R package (<https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survminer/index.html>). This process is used to estimate cut points based on optimized statistical relationships ([@R19]).
Outcomes
--------
The primary endpoint was mortality at 28 days post-randomization. Secondary endpoints were mortality over time to 28 days, change in pressure adjusted heart rate (PAR), mechanical ventilation-free days (VFDs), and dialysis free days.
Statistical Methods
-------------------
Continuous variables were presented with mean, [sd]{.smallcaps}, median, 25--75th interquartile range and analyzed through *t* test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as applicable. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages by treatment group and were analyzed using chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Survival analysis, with censoring at 28 days, was performed and depicted using a Kaplan-Meier curve. Maximally selected log-rank statistics (<https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/maxstat/vignettes/maxstat.pdf>) were used to define the optimal cut-point discriminator between groups with respect to the primary endpoint. Log-rank test was used to compare the survival distributions between treatments. All analyses were performed in R (version 3.6.0; R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; http://www.r-project.org), with *p* value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
=======
Patients and Demographics
-------------------------
There were 194 patients with an EAA level 0.6--0.9 and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) greater than 9, of which 88 patients were in the PMX group and 106 in the Sham group. The groups had similar demographic and physiologic variables at baseline, in particular for the PMX group versus Sham the mean MODS was 11.7 (± 1.63) versus 11.9 (± 1.79); *p* = 0.63, mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 30.6 (± 7.63) versus 29.2 (± 8.09); *p* = 0.24, and EAA levels 0.73 (± 0.08) versus 0.73 (± 0.08); *p* = 0.46 (**Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}**).
######
Comparison of the Study Groups at Baseline
Survival and Change in EAA Level
--------------------------------
The median change in EAA at day 3 was calculated to be an overall reduction in EAA by 10.4% (range reduction of 86% to an increase of 49%). We compared outcomes for all patients with the change in EAA level as above or below the median change for the population. For all subjects regardless of treatment arm, when the EAA reduction was greater than the overall median, the 28-day mortality was 26% (25/95). For the Sham group, the median change was (--0.08) and the average change (+0.09), whereas for the PMX group, the median change was (--0.07) and the average is (--0.09). For those who did not achieve at 10.4% reduction the 28-day mortality was 38% (36/96) (*p* = 0.1).
When the patients with a greater than median reduction were separated by treatment allocation, there was a nonstatistically significant yet clinically meaningful difference of 16.2% in favor of the PMX treated arm (7/41 \[17.1%\] vs 18/54 \[33.3%\]; *p* = 0.07) (**Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}**).
######
Outcome 28-Day Mortality
The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the probability of survival (log-rank test) showed a similar trend for all patients when comparing above and below change in EAA level (*p* = 0.096), and when comparing PMX versus Sham in patients with greater than median reduction (*p* = 0.06) (**Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}**).
{#F2}
Survival and Day 3 EAA Level
----------------------------
We calculated a target day 3 EAA using maximally selected rank statistic. The EAA level on day 3 that is associated with a mortality benefit is 0.65. We then divided the groups between patients who achieved a day 3 level less than or equal to 0.65 and those greater than 0.65.
The 28-day mortality for patients with a day 3 EAA less than or equal to 0.65 was 23 of 91 (25%) and greater than 0.65 was 38 of 100 (38%) (*p* = 0.06) (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
For patients who achieved a day 3 EAA of less than or equal to 0.65, those in the PMX arm had a 28-day mortality of seven of 43 (16%) versus the Sham arm 16 of 48 (33%) (*p* = 0.06) (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
Using a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, we found significant differences in the probability for survival to 28 days between the patients that had day 3 level of less or equal to 0.65 and those greater than 0.65 (*p* = 0.05). For patients who achieved a level of less or equal to 0.65 on day 3, those in the PMX group had a significant survival compared to Sham (*p* = 0.04) (**Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}**).
{#F3}
Secondary Outcomes Based on Greater Than Median Reduction of Endotoxin
----------------------------------------------------------------------
For patients with greater than median EAA reduction, the PMX treated group had significantly more VFD (median 20 vs 13.5 d; *p* = 0.04). Dialysis free days was 22 versus 15 days (median PMX vs Sham) (*p* = 0.18). The PAR also showed a significant improvement in the PMX treated group versus Sham, mean ([sd]{.smallcaps}) change from baseline: (--2.7 \[2.4\] vs --1.2 \[2.7\]; 95% CI, --2.3 to --0.2; *p* = 0.02).
Secondary Outcomes Based on Treatment Target of Less Than 0.65 EAA Units
------------------------------------------------------------------------
For patients with EAA level of less than 0.65 on day 3, there was a significantly higher VFD in PMX treated patients versus Sham (median) 20 versus 16 days (*p* = 0.05). Dialysis free days were not significantly different (median PMX vs Sham) 20 versus 15 days (*p* = 0.35). The PAR was (mean \[[sd]{.smallcaps}\] change from baseline) --2.6 (2.4) versus --1.7 (2.7); 95% CI, --2.0 to 0.1; *p* = 0.08 in PMX and Sham groups, respectively.
DISCUSSION
==========
The evolution of medicine to allow for the selective targeting of those patients most likely to benefit from a specific therapy has been referred to as "theragnostics or precision medicine" ([@R20]). Currently, several oncological treatments are being optimized based on specific mutations or markers in patients ([@R21]). However, precision medicine is much broader and also includes the ability to titrate the dose, timing, duration, and other variables of a therapy to maximize therapeutic benefit and minimize side effects ([@R22]).
Septic shock with endotoxemia represents a complex, but potentially ideal disease state for this therapeutic approach. Seymour et al ([@R23]) recently described four different novel phenotypes of sepsis patients using artificial intelligence and biomarkers wherein the risk of death varied from 5% to 40% from the lowest risk to the highest risk phenotypic group.
Ronco et al ([@R24]) have long described the "Peak Concentration Hypothesis" wherein continuous renal replacement therapies particularly at high volumes might be beneficial in cutting the peaks of the concentrations of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, restoring a situation of immunohomeostasis. Recently they have refined this and described "Sequential Extracorporeal Therapy in Sepsis," which incorporates PMX into the "peak concentration" approach along with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) ([@R25]).
In this article, we continue to further unravel the complex dataset of the EUPHRATES trial. We found that patients who achieved reductions in EAA levels or reached a specific EAA goal had a trend improvement in the mortality outcome. Although this result did not achieve statistical significance, the trial was underpowered for this subgroup. Lowering of endotoxin levels was also associated with improved organ function for cardiovascular (PAR) and respiratory systems as measured by less days on a ventilator. This enhances the biologic plausibility to the mechanism wherein endotoxin reduction has the potential to reduce 28-day mortality. The importance of these findings is not only to better identify those patients as appropriate for anti-endotoxin therapy, but to also consider the use of EAA to meaningfully monitor the response to therapy and potentially dose-adjust according to that response. In other words, we show herein that two treatments with PMX can reduce endotoxin levels but additional treatments to achieve the required level of reduction might be needed for some patients to reduce mortality more broadly.
The randomized controlled trials conducted so far have been performed with a fixed number of PMX treatments (one or two). Our analysis suggests that this may be an insufficient dose for patients with high levels of endotoxin activity. Furthermore, it may be that endotoxin found in the bloodstream may not represent the totality of its presence in other compartments such as interstitial fluid. The dosing procedure for PMX includes a period of 22--24 hours between PMX cartridge administrations so as to allow endotoxin to re-compartmentalize from extravascular sites.
It is unknown how much is enough when it comes to endotoxin reduction. In a study that looked at a "treat to a target" approach for EAA levels in transplant patients that underwent PMX therapy, 12 out of 28 patients included required more than two treatments to lower the EAA levels to their prespecified target including four patients who required four treatments ([@R26]). Importantly, there were no deaths in any of these patients. In another study, 10 out of 17 patients with postoperative septic shock required three or more PMX treatments to lower EAA levels to a prespecified target of 0.4. In that study, treatment with PMX and lowering of EAA level resulted in significant improvements in hemodynamic variables and all but one survived at 60 days ([@R27]).
In another retrospective study of a propensity-matched cohort of critically ill patient septic shock on CRRT, Iwagami et al ([@R28]) found that patients that received two PMX treatments had a lower 28-day mortality compared to those that had only one session (35.7% vs 42.6%) suggesting a possible "dose response." It is possible that observational studies like this one from Japan where PMX is widely available and where clinicians use a variable number of treatments based on clinical response could actually better mirror real-world clinical practice of treating to an EAA/clinical response level.
Reductions of endotoxin in patients can occur endogenously through renal and hepatic mechanisms and exogenously via hemo-adsorption ([@R12], [@R29], [@R30]). In this study, we have found that when the reduction included exogenous removal such as for the PMX group, outcomes were improved. In those patients, endotoxin reduction led to improved cardiovascular organ function and less days on mechanical ventilation. This could allow for greater chance of survival to 28 days.
It is notable that the reduction in EAA units in both PMX and Sham groups is both relatively small in absolute terms and similar between the groups. In considering this, one needs to recognize the logarithmic nature of the EAA dose-response curve where even small differences in EAA represent large biological changes in circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide. Also, with respect to the relatively similar reduction between the groups, there are many complex factors that may play a potential role in this including other potential effects of PMX therapy on other PAMPs/DAMPs/mediators, the complex kinetics of EAA and endotoxin clearance, along with numerous others that could not be considered in the current analysis.
Our article has several limitations. Most importantly, it is an exploratory analysis based on a subgroup of the larger EUPHRATES trial. Therefore, any findings or suggestions need to be confirmed in prospectivetrials designed to answer the specific question of whether targeting a predefined EAA goal would improve outcome. Second, the measurement of EAA levels were consistently measured among patients at 24-hour intervals; however, more frequent measurements could have provided added granularity to the data. A third limitation is that we have not evaluated possible confounding factors that might have contributed to day 3 levels of EAA. These could include conditions such as inadequate source control of a gut or infective source, a difference in severity of lung injury, inappropriate choices of antibiotics, or the influence of a new hospital-acquired infection or others. The study is also limited in that we did not have information within the study cohort on the use of greater than two PMX cartridges. Also, we did not test for the impact of multiple comparisons in our statistical plan.
CONCLUSIONS
===========
These findings suggest that PMX enhanced reduction in septic shock patients with pretreatment elevated EAA levels may be associated with improved outcomes. The dosing regimen of PMX therapy may not be "one size fits all" and should be tailored according to measured post-treatment levels, patient's clinical response, or a combination of both. These findings are considered to be hypothesis generating and will need to be prospectively justified.
Dr. Rachoin discloses that he received consultant's fees and travel expenses from Spectral Medical. Foster discloses that she is an employee of Spectral Medical and her spouse is also an employee of Spectral Medical. Giese received consultant's fees and travel expenses payments from Spectral Medical and owns stocks in the company. Dr. Weisberg discloses that he received consultant's fees from Spectral Medical and PLC medical systems. Dr. Klein discloses that he received consultant's fees from Spectral Medical. The authors declare that the polymyxin B therapy is being studied under Investigational Device Exemption G090151 and is not approved at present by U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01046669 Registered: January 8, 2010.
|
ORLANDO, Fla. (AP) — President Donald Trump drew an enthusiastic response from a law-and-order crowd Monday, advocating the use of “stop and frisk” policing and saying he has directed the Justice Department to work with local officials in Chicago to stem violence in the nation’s third-largest city.
“The crime spree is a terrible blight on that city,” he said at a convention of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
Trump said he had ordered Attorney General Jeff Sessions to “immediately” go to Chicago “to help straighten out the terrible shooting wave.” He also encouraged the city to embrace the stop-and-frisk policing method, in which large numbers of people are temporarily detained, questioned and sometimes searched for drugs and weapons. It was used extensively in New York City until it was deemed unconstitutional because of its overwhelming impact on minority residents.
“Gotta be properly applied, but stop-and-frisk works,” said Trump, who had traveled to Orlando with Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein.
Chicago police said last week that there have been 102 fewer homicides and nearly 500 fewer shooting victims in the city this year, compared with the first nine months of 2017. The city of Chicago reached an agreement with the American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois in 2015 to curb stop-and-frisk procedures after the ACLU threatened to file a lawsuit over the issue. The ACLU said the police inordinately targeted blacks.
A spokesman for Mayor Rahm Emanuel blasted Trump for reviving criticism of the city’s homicide rate and the agreement with the ACLU.
“Even someone as clueless as Donald Trump has to know stop-and-frisk is simply not the solution to crime,” Matt McGrath said in an emailed statement.
The ACLU of Illinois’ Karen Sheley said Trump’s comments were neither accurate nor helpful. The Trump administration has consistently “encouraged strong-arm tactics and unconstitutional practices by police,” she said, adding, “The solutions to violence in Chicago are not going to come from Donald Trump.”
The White House and Justice Department didn’t immediately respond to requests for more details on what Trump had asked Sessions to do.
Chicago’s violent crime has repeatedly drawn national attention — and Trump’s — as shootings and homicides climbed to levels not seen in nearly two decades. But the number of homicides has fallen — from 771 in 2016 to 650 in 2017, with a further decline expected this year. The number of slayings still exceeds numbers in Los Angeles and New York combined.
A report last year by former U.S. Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys to assess how Chicago was compiling with the agreement on stop-and-frisk noted a dramatic decrease in the number of stops since the ACLU lawsuit, but found that officers were still targeting racial minorities. The number of investigatory stops fell from more than 1.3 million in 2014 and 2015 to just over 54,000 in the first six months of 2016, the report said.
Emanuel, who recently announced he will not seek a third term, has clashed several times with Trump over the gun violence.
Soon after becoming president, Trump tweeted, “If Chicago doesn’t fix the horrible ‘carnage’ going on ... I will send in the Feds!” Emanuel said he welcomed federal help but cautioned against the strictly “tough and rough” approach Trump seemed to advocate.
Trump’s comments came three days after a jury convicted white Chicago police officer Jason Van Dyke of second-degree murder in the death of black teenager Laquan McDonald. Video showing Van Dyke shooting McDonald 16 times as he walked away from police carrying a knife stoked outrage nationwide and put the nation’s third-largest city at the center of the debate about police misconduct and use of force.
Trump, in his remarks Monday, singled out politicians who have criticized police, often in the wake of shootings of young, black men.
“Politicians who spread dangerous anti-police sentiment make life easier for criminals and more dangerous for law-abiding citizens,” he said.
Just weeks before the midterm elections, Trump accused Democrats of being soft on crime.
“The Democrats fight us at every turn. Whether it’s law enforcement or military. They fight us at every turn. And we win,” Trump said.
And he blamed “evil” people for nearly sinking his Supreme Court nominee, Brett Kavanaugh’s confirmation, saying, “It was a disgraceful situation.”
Trump said Kavanaugh would be “a faithful defender of the rule of law.”
Hours before Trump addressed the police chiefs, a handful of protesters outside the Orange County Convention Center waved signs reading “Sexual Predators Belong in Jail Not as President or Supreme Court” and “We Wish You Were Fake News.”
Trump also heralded recent declines in unemployment as a positive step toward lower crime rates. He said he was working hard on the opioid crisis and announced more than $42 million in new grant funding for innovative projects to fight the drug epidemic.
The money will fund more than 50 innovative projects through the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy’s High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas Program. |
Pick it up, and throw it away in the sink |
Nik Viljoen
Nicolas "Nik" Viljoen (born 3 December 1976) is a New Zealand footballer who represented New Zealand at the international level.
Viljoen scored the winner after coming on as a substitute in his full All Whites debut, a 1-0 win over Oman on 29 September 1996 and ended his international playing career with 10 A-international caps and 3 goals to his credit, his final cap an appearance in a 0-2 loss to Indonesia on 21 September 1997.
References
External links
Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand association footballers
Category:New Zealand international footballers
Category:Rotherham United F.C. players
Category:Waitakere City F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Association football forwards |
Show HN: Use keyboard shortcuts to launch your favorite URLs [Chrome Extension] - shrinath12
https://github.com/ShrinathRaje/rapid-links
======
dmlittle
Although not as easy to add/remote/edit URLs I make use of Chrome's custom
search engines for the same functionality. For example, I have a "search
engine" for HN that is just the letter "n" with no query modifiers. If I want
to open HN in the current tab I can just press Cmd+L, n, Return and if I want
to open it in a new tab I can do Cmd+L, n, Cmd+Return.
------
shrinath12
A google Chrome extension to quickly launch your favorite websites or URLs
using keyboard shortcuts.
------
shrinath12
@dmlittle Oh, I didn't know that. Thanks.
|
From the snoozefest at Anfield to Watford and Crystal Palace’s seismic upsets, we have it covered!
Prithviraj Dev | New Delhi | October 17, 2017 11:29 am
Manchester United manager Jose Mourinho (Photo: AFP)
Gameweek 8 of the Premier League saw plenty of action unfold across pitches in the United Kingdom, but what were the major talking points?
From Crystal Palace and Watford’s stunning upsets to the snoozefest at Anfield, The Statesman takes a look at the five major headlines that emerged from the weekend’s action in the English top-flight.
Jose Mourinho: Tactical mastermind or anti-football?
The self-styled ‘Special One’ is a divisive figure in the world of football.
How you look at him depends on which side of the fence you are on. Either you applaud his dreary but effective tactics, his epic post-match pressers and his all-round surly demeanour.
Or you’re one of many that slate his ‘park the bus’ style of football coupled with his at times unnecessarily confrontationist attitude with the press.
Either way, there can be no denying that the Portuguese travelled to Anfield to seek a draw and got it.
No Laughing Matter: Jose Mourinho’s (R) defensive tactics made it the most boring Liverpool-Manchester United match in recent years! (Photo: AFP)
His Manchester United team were the form team going into the clash with Liverpool but Mourinho wasn’t letting success get to his head and set up his team to stymie the hosts and thanks to their defensive discipline and the brilliance of David de Gea, the Red Devils achieved their goal.
And the United fans that were dreaming a return to the cavalier past of the Alex Ferguson era best get used to repeats of Anfield-like performances, for each time the pragmatic Mourinho feels his side would be better off with a point, he will shut up shop.
Stinging Hornets’ marvellous rise
Yes, the penalty was contentious, but nobody can deny Watford deserved to win.
They showed much more bite and desire in the second-half, while Arsenal on the other hand, simply crumbled.
Aaron Ramsey and Alexis Sanchez were missing, but does the latter even want to play for the Gunners anymore?
Christian Kabasele and co were delighted at the full-time whistle (Photo: AFP)
And instead of focusing on Arsenal’s performance (which was dire, admittedly), lets just appreciate Marco Silva’ side for what has been nothing short of a sensational surge to 4th in the Premier League.
Barring a 6-0 humbling at the hands of Manchester City (who are in rampant form so the Hornets can be forgiven for that anomaly), Watford haven’t lost this season. Their away record in particular, is impressive as they have won thrice and drawn once the four times they have been on the road.
Couple that with a thrilling 3-3 draw with Liverpool, their momentous upset of Arsenal and its quite clear that Silva’s unit are fast emerging as the Premier League’s giant-killers this season.
At least one Portuguese tactician is getting praise from all quarters!
Crystal Palace can score, and win!
Crystal Palace took their own sweet time to open their account, but when they did, they scripted an seismic upset!
Chelsea, defending champions, were seeking to turn things around after a home loss to Manchester City but things went awry for the Blues early on.
The Eagles, admittedly a little luckless to not score in their first seven games, redeemed some karma to fortuitously open the scoring via an Cesar Azpilicueta own goal.
Chelsea responded via Tiemoue Bakayoko but then Wilfried Zaha sprinkled some magic to score what turned out to be the winner.
Without taking anything away from the talented winger’s goal, it must be said that everything aligned for him perfectly.
The Chelsea defenders surrounding him were just about the right distance apart, Zaha’s first touch was immaculate and his finish from a tight angle was exquisite.
Roy Hodgson’s men then defended resolutely to claim a priceless win, their first of the season, to leave Chelsea’s title chances in tatters.
Palace may still get relegated but the Selhurst Park encounter will go down as one of the highlights of the 2017-18 season without a doubt.
Leroy Sane and Raheem Sterling: City’s terrifying wingers
Manchester City duo Leroy Sane and Raheem Sterling have now scored 10 goals and seven assists in eight matches of the English top-flight.
Despite starting just four times, Sane has scored four times this season already! (Photo: AFP)
The young wingers haven’t even started every game, yet their combined goals tally is more than 11 Premier League clubs.
Yes, you read that right. 11 sides have scored less than 10 times in 8 games while ‘Stane’ have managed that with a combined playing time of 882 minutes.
Having said that, their game is so much more than goals.
Their unmatched pace, work-rate and exuberance of youth makes them a nightmare for defenders and so far, nobody seems to have the answer.
Having the likes of David Silva (L) around has helped Sterling to a great extent no doubt! (Photo: AFP)
Sterling in particular, has been blessed with impressive physical attributes since the beginning but under Pep Guardiola’s tutelage, is working on improving his final product and the results are there for everyone to see.
Ronald Koeman hanging on, but will he be gone next week?
Wayne Rooney saved the Toffees’ blushes with a 90th-minute penalty at Brighton to give Ronald Koeman a stay of execution, but the clock is ticking for the Everton manager.
The Merseysiders are languishing 16th place in the league table with a paltry tally of eight points from as many matches.
Their chief reason for their struggles has been their inability to score, despite having spent close to €100 million on offensive talents in the summer.
Is Ronald Koeman’s time at Everton up? (Photo: AFP)
Record-signing Gylfi Sigurdsson’s indifferent form is another cause for worry and with Arsenal paying them a visit on Sunday, one feels another loss would spell the end for Koeman’s reign.
The Gunners, aren’t in exactly in dire straits, but after their loss at the hands of Watford, will be desperate for the win. Another loss or draw would effectively end their already-slim hopes of a title tilt.
Sunday’s clash at Goodison Park will make for arresting viewing for Arsenal have been poor travellers this season and are yet to register their first win on the road.
On the other hand, Everton’s record against ‘top-six’ opposition is quite poor.
A draw at Manchester City had raised hopes momentarily but subsequent losses to Chelsea (away), Tottenham Hotspur (home), Manchester United (away) piled the pressure on Koeman.
Something’s got to give and the odds seem to be stacked against the Dutch tactician but only time will tell. |
Possible talking point: Rep. Paul Ryan. A recent speech has people talking, as it should. An excerpt:
The question is, do we realign with the vision of a European-style social welfare state, or do we realign with the American idea?My party challenges the whole basis of the Progressivist vision of this country's future. We challenge their attack on American exceptionalism. We challenge their claim that bureaucratic centralization is the only way the US can meet the economic and social challenges of our time.Those leaders have underestimated the good sense of the American people. They broke faith with independents, Republicans, and their own rank-and-file. They walked away from the foundational truths that made America the wonder and the envy of the world. The price of their infidelity will be high.
Read the whole thing, if you get the chance. Then come back here to discuss. Is Ryan overstating the threat? Is he too confident in the GOP? Are his objections shared by the country at large? |
The Need of a Chronic Care Management Approach for the Long-Term Treatment of Many Pathologies
==============================================================================================
Chronic diseases and conditions (cardiovascular pathologies, diabetes, obesity, COPD-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic pain, traumatic brain injuries, etc.) more common in elderly persons, typically are requiring long-term monitoring and treatment protocols both in traditional settings and in out-patient frameworks. Significant increases in managing this category of patients are due to clinical improvements, better screenings, and reliable diagnoses of medical and psychological pathologies that enable those with chronic conditions to live longer. Anyhow, clinically and cost effective management of such conditions is increasingly required in order to ensure a sustainable health care system.
In fact, treating these chronic diseases cost billions of dollars each year within the US ([@B86]; [@B56]; [@B50]). The healthcare system is suffering a long period of crisis in North America ([@B59]) and "Most view healthcare as too costly, of uneven quality, difficult to access, and inefficient. Behavioral healthcare is no different" ([@B60], p. 1). The economic burden of chronic conditions is a key challenge and only in the US approximately 125 million individuals have at least one chronic condition (an estimated 157 million in 2020), with half of this population suffering from more than one condition ([@B90]).
Disease management, defined as an integrated coordination of healthcare interventions and actions for populations with chronic conditions, is a possible solution to these growing healthcare costs. According to [@B50], disease management "supports the physician or practitioner/patient relationship and plan of care; emphasizes prevention of exacerbations and complications through the use of evidence-based practice guidelines and patient empowerment strategies; and evaluates clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes on an ongoing basis with the goal of improving overall health" ([@B50], p. 152). Another interesting approach and solution is the Chronic Care Model, developed by [@B83],[@B84]; [@B32]), that is based on the collaboration between a well coordinated team of clinicians-providers and an actively engaged patient, promoting self-management skills, tracking, and sharing information about patient health status and treatment programs, focusing on the family, social, and community networks ([@B58]).
In the management of chronic diseases clinical psychology plays a key role ([@B14],[@B15]), due to the need of working on psychological conditions of patients, their families and their caregivers ([@B43]; [@B26]; [@B65], [@B64], [@B63]), particularly with cardiovascular diseases where psychological variables (anxiety, stress, depression, etc.) have a significant impact in the organic worsening and demanding caregiving with developed case management skills is requested, even if relatives and caregivers are not well trained in accomplishing healthcare tasks ([@B37],[@B38]; [@B73]; [@B46]). About chronic disease management programs that focus on containing costs and improving health outcomes ([@B80]; [@B81]), [@B50], p. 151) noted that "What emerged from these early programs was an understanding that quality improvement and cost reductions could be achieved through enhancing disease process understanding and attending to the psychological aspects of health and illness ([@B77]; [@B43])."
Opportunities Provided by a Stepped mHealth-Based Approach in the Chronic Care Management
=========================================================================================
There is a growing interest in using new and mobile technologies for the enhancement of chronic disease self-management, generally including symptom monitoring, medication adherence, patient education for improving healthier lifestyles (diet, physical activity, etc.; [@B79]).
eHealth could be traditionally defined as a growing field of health services provided through the Internet and other new technologies ([@B28]).
mHealth (also m-health, mHealth, or mobile health) could be considered an evolution of eHealth and could be defined as the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile communication devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, and PDAs, for health services and information ([@B72]; [@B29]; [@B23]; [@B88]; [@B30]; [@B19]). Another interesting definition of mHealth, provided in an engineering field, defines it as "the practice of eHealth supported by mobile devices and smartphones, which are used to capture, analyze, store, and transmit health-related information from various sources including personal inputs, sensors, and other biomedical acquisition systems" ([@B1], p. 2).
mHealth approach could overcome limitations linked with the traditional, restricted and highly expensive in-patient treatment of many chronic pathologies: one of the best up-to-date application is the management of obesity with type 2 diabetes, where mHealth solutions can provide remote opportunities for enhancing weight reduction and reducing complications from clinical, organizational, and economic perspectives ([@B45], [@B47]; [@B40]; [@B69]). Specifically for diabetes management [@B22] reported more than 260 different diabetes applications (for Nokia Symbian, BlackBerry, Apple iPhone, and Google Android), able to manage many features of the diabetes management, self-monitoring, blood glucose, weight, physical activity, diet, insulin and medication, blood pressure, education, disease-related alerts and reminders, integration of social media functions ([@B75]; [@B74]; [@B76]), disease-related data export and communication, synchronization with personal health record (PHR) systems, and patient portals ([@B22]).
[@B42] noted that, "Mobile healthcare (mHealth) is the biggest technology breakthrough of our time (being used) to address our greatest national challenge," and worldwide "the technology and its promise have moved up the healthcare agenda," said US Health and Human Services Secretary, Kathleen Sebelius, in her keynote address at the 2011 mHealth summit held in the Washington DC area ([@B42], p. 3). The new technologies behind the mHealth approach are moving from interesting but isolated applications (i.e., apps), toward a single patient-tailored, engaging, preventing, monitoring, treating, and less expensive health care system. Moreover, industry reports that mHealth is representing a significant emerging development in globalized health care markets ([@B42]; [@B87]; [@B44]).
In a well structured and stepped mHealth approach, patients with chronic diseases usually interact with caregivers any time as soon as symptoms appears avoiding useless visits in hospital; physicians communicate with patient obtaining continuous information from biometric sensors avoiding hands-on examinations where no necessary. About taking medications, a typical chronic care scenario, periodically text, or vocal reminders will ensure patient compliance in taking medicines as prescribed by physicians avoiding unnecessary hands-on examinations. Moreover, patients can be monitored and treated in their everyday contexts, following the approach "move the healthcare where it really needs" ([@B13]; [@B18], [@B17]): in traditional context clinicians can monitor in a discontinuous setting, whereas in a mHealth approach the disappearing (not invasive) but continuous monitoring allow patients to receive much more health messages and feedback avoiding a coming back into unhealthy lifestyle conditions or behaviors. The new approach does not substitute the old one but integrates it: if the remote monitoring will indicate a worsening of clinical conditions or parameters, a traditional approach (in-patient visit, hospitalization, etc.) will be used ([@B55]).
mHealth delivery innovations could be implemented in many health care categories, such as communication between patients and health service providers (health call centers, emergency telephone services, appointment reminders, treatment compliance, etc.), community health promotion, discussion between different health care professionals, managing emergencies, continuous health monitoring-surveillance, etc. ([@B89]; [@B44]).
It is also interesting to note that mHealth is creating new challenges from a different theoretical perspective: the need to develop new theoretical models and methods for both integrating heterogeneous sources of data ([@B21], [@B20]) and analyzing huge amount of (relational) information ([@B92]; [@B91]) which can be collected by remote devices.
Working out the previous [@B82] proposal, a strong model of stepped care based on mHealth is proposed by [@B58], p. 265): "the stepped care model is based on the acknowledgment that (1) different patients require different levels of care; (2) the most appropriate level of care is based on closely monitoring outcomes; and (3) moving from lower to more intensive levels of care based on patient response can increase the effectiveness of care while lowering overall costs." Stepped care is "potentially much more consistent with the ethical imperative of choosing the least intrusive intervention for one's patient" ([@B60], p. 3). Using this approach, many efforts in the research field have to be focused not only in the development of new clinical protocols or therapies, but in the validation of new health-care delivery model, measuring its reliability, affordability, safety, efficiency, and user satisfaction (where users are patients, professionals, stakeholders, etc.) and demonstrating that this model can improve the quality of care reduce costs ([@B86]; [@B57]; [@B62]; [@B50]; [@B60]).
In the pioneering book *Stepped Care and e-Health Practical Applications to Behavioral Disorders*, [@B61], p. 5--6) proposed a practical stepped-care model for many pathologies, including chronic conditions. New technologies play an important role in this model (point 5), even if mHealth does not express all its potentiality. A list of the health care "steps" is indicated below:
1. Assessment and Triage\...
2. Watchful Waiting\...
3. Psychoeducation\...
4. Bibliotherapy\...
5. E-Health\...
6. Group Therapy\...
7. Individual Therapy\...
8. Medical and Medication\...
9. Inpatient Treatment\...
Each disease management program, including or not a mHealth stepped approach, has to be evaluated in relationship to cost issues, such as the measurement of return on investment (ROI; [@B58]). Some evidences about pros and cons of this approach are now available in scientific literature: one of the best review ([@B49]) evaluated different types of disease management programs about quality, health outcomes and cost for various chronic conditions (three large-scale population-based studies, 10 meta-analyses, 16 systematic reviews containing 317 unique studies were considered). The article noted that there was significant evidence that disease management improves the processes of care allowing a more functional disease control, but no important clinical evidences were found in long-term periods (perhaps for lacking follow-ups). Moreover, no conclusive results were found about cost savings ([@B58]).
Possible guidelines for a mHealth economic evaluation have been provided by [@B39] and reported in [@B44], p. 153):
1. • "Description of the mHealth intervention
2. • Computed costs of the intervention
3. • Potential drawbacks and adverse effects of using this intervention versus another or none
4. • Awareness of practical/real-world issues such as sustainability of the product, costs, and outcomes."
Other economic evaluation methods are available for evaluating mHealth technologies such as contingent valuation analysis (CVA), conjoint analysis (CA), comparative effectiveness research (CER), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost utility analysis (CUA), and cost-minimization analysis (CMA; [@B48]).
Unfortunately, many barriers for the spread of mHealth are still present ([@B31]; [@B70]) and are well summarized by [@B54]: organizational and technological barriers; negative user attitudes; difficult technology acceptance; threats to confidentiality and privacy; legal, ethical, and administrative barriers; high costs of system implementation and system maintenance; lack of sufficient investment; poor design and implementation; lack of system interoperability with electronic health records and other IT tools; poor functioning of system that leads to medical errors and negative effects on care outcomes, patients, and personnel; mistakes in documentation; data manipulation and violation of patients' legal rights; sudden interruptions of telecommunication networks.
Focusing on Psychosocial and Behavioral Determinants in the mHealth-Based Approach for the Chronic Care Management
==================================================================================================================
In mHealth stepped chronic care management psychosocial and behavioral aspects have to be considered ([@B77]). Due the significant impact of these factors on disease evolution, psychological interventions, and psychotherapies have to be included within the chronic disease protocols ([@B16]; [@B25]; [@B14],[@B15]), trying to transform a "daily care for (chronic) patients from treatment that is acute and reactive, to treatment that is proactive, planned, and population based" ([@B24]; [@B50], p. 153). The goals of complex chronic disease management are developing an integrated and effective team care and supporting self-management resources involving family and community members for each patient ([@B24]; [@B50]). An attitude of patient engagement and patient empowerment is necessary for a reliable long-term chronic care model ([@B11]; [@B5]; [@B33],[@B34])
[@B85], p. 514) noted that many risks of failure in managing chronic disease patients are connected to psychological variables:
> "(1) Delays in the detection of complications or declines in health status because of irregular or incomplete assessments or inadequate follow-up; (2) Failures in self-management of the illness or risk factors as a result of patient passivity or ignorance stemming from inadequate or inconsistent patient assessment, education, motivation, and feedback; (3) Reduced quality of care due to the omission of effective interventions or the commission of ineffective ones; (4) Undetected or inadequately managed psychosocial distress."
Existing psychological theories of health behavior change have to be adapted to the new technological contexts and requirements:
> "to fully leverage the potential of mobile technologies for health behavior interventions, health behavior theories need to be able to guide the development of complex interventions that adapt rapidly over time in response to real-time and real-world inputs. As intervention developers take full advantage of mobile technologies, health behavior models will be required to guide tailored adjustments not only at the start of an intervention but also through the dynamic process of frequent iterative adjustments during the course of intervention. The content and timing of a specific intervention can be driven by a range of variables including (1) the target behavior frequency, duration, or intensity; (2) the effect of prior intervention effects on the target behavior; and (3) the current context of the individual. Such interventions require health behavior models that have dynamic, regulatory system components to guide rapid intervention adaptation based on the individual's current and past behavior and situational context"
> ([@B79], p. 127).
>
> In clinical health psychology different methods have been developed to enhance health behavior change: ((s))[@B67] transtheoretical stages of change model (TTM; [@B71]), Hochbaum and Rosenstock's health belief model ([@B36]), [@B2], [@B3]) and [@B4] self-efficacy theory, Gabrielsen's concept of action competence ([@B41]). Particularly, a growing approach in chronic care management is represented by Motivational Interviewing ([@B7]; [@B10]; [@B27]; [@B51], [@B52]; [@B6]; [@B9]), a client-centered yet directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving client ambivalence ([@B12]; [@B53]).
[@B40] underlined five psychological features necessary for a positive technology-based and mHealth-based chronic care management in obesity and weight-loss: (1) *self-monitoring* (patients monitoring and regulating their own behaviors); (2) *counselor feedback and communication* (clinicians motivating and encouraging patients in achieving healthier lifestyles); (3) *social support* (group treatments favoring improvements); (4) *Structured program* (stepped protocols including regular interventions on different areas such as eating, physical activities, coping strategies and problem-solving); (5) *Individually tailored program*: (creating customized interventions according to patients' resources and needs).
Future Trends for a Successful Spreading of the mHealth-Based Approach in Chronic Care Management
=================================================================================================
The emergence and spread of an "apps" culture is a current reality: the new normal mode is to access the Internet via cell phones, whereas laptops and desktop computers were the standards in the past ([@B68]). Moreover, many future patients prefer virtual visits in comparison with traditional ones. "A major study by Cisco found that fully 74% of consumers are open to virtual doctor visits" using technology to improve access and convenience, especially when the e-visit with an online physician is followed by a telephone or e-mail "check-in" a few days later to see how the patient is feeling" ([@B44], p. 30). Even if strategic utilization of mHealth products received much attention in health-care industry and consumers ([@B66]; [@B78]), academic research is lacking.
However, some key questions, well described by [@B44], p. 180) are necessary in order to ensure a reliable business model in the mHealth field: "in this type of environment, investment decision making is complicated by high levels of uncertainty, with concerns focused on:
1. • Will the product work as intended?
2. • What is the probability of long-term adoption?
3. • Can the product be developed and implemented at a market-competitive price?
4. • Will the product be easy to replicate or supplant by competitors?
5. • Will continuing product revisions be required?
6. • Will the product confront unanticipated legal or regulatory challenges?"
[@B44], pp. 189--190) noted that specific factors are key elements in order to obtain a successful mHealth care delivery system:
1. • "*Establishing and assuring both privacy and security of data transmission*. There is no compromise on this point for either consumers or providers of health care\...
2. • *Creating a mHealth certification program that works is a priority*\...
3. • *Eliminating regulatory uncertainty is requisite for mHealth to progress*\...
4. • *Producing rigorous evidence showing that mHealth has an impact on health, access to care, cost, quality, and patient satisfaction is essential*. Up until now, everyone, including investors, providers, consumers, and governmental entities, has taken the benefits of mHealth on faith; that is, they assumed that mHealth was having a positive impact. To move forward, these stakeholders require confirmation that mHealth is achieving its intended goals. Establishing payment or reimbursement models for mHealth is essential\...
5. • *Focusing on the workflows rather than the gadgets is imperative*, because the goal is to improve clinical and non-clinical workflows through mobile technologies\...
6. • *Developing apps that focus on the end user is critical and is necessary to assure a promising future for adoption*. Apps that are difficult to use can lead to non-use\...Reasons for non-use include the fact that many of the apps still require manual inputting of data; have problems integrating with existing blood-glucose meters; or simply fail to measure blood sugar, activity, and food intake adequately\...
7. • *Achieving sustainability, financial stability, and diffusion of technology requires establishing actionable goals for developers, entrepreneurs, and innovators, as well as payers, policymakers and others* who view mHealth as essential to revolutionize health delivery systems."
In conclusion, clinical psychology and medicine have to face the "chronic care management" challenge in both traditional and mHealth settings, providing more evidence-based protocols and organizational models. Psychological interventions have already demonstrated their clinical effectiveness and the future focus will be mainly on providing cost-utility evidences, persuading stakeholders that a health system with clinical psychology is clinically better and economically cheaper than a health system without psychological interventions. A stepped-care approach could better show how cost-savings are possible. The mHealth scenario could help clinicians in managing chronic situations through the possibility of monitoring each organic and psychological conditions with many sensors that can send intelligent alerts in case of need, avoiding useless traditional visits, and reducing direct and indirect costs. In a stepped scenario, minimal treatments can provide a significant health gain, whereas more intensive and expensive medical and psychological interventions are dedicated to persons who did not benefit from simpler (first-line) treatments ([@B8]). Future research has to compare traditional models of providing health care with stepped mHealth based approaches. Unfortunately only few studies have supported the stepped care approaches in psychological interventions.
Conflict of Interest Statement
==============================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
[^1]: Edited by: *Wolfgang Tschacher, University of Bern, Switzerland*
[^2]: Reviewed by: *Michelle Dow Keawphalouk, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA; Gabriele Roberto Cassullo, University of Turin, Italy*
[^3]: This article was submitted to Psychology for Clinical Settings, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology
|
Q:
Redirect stdout to multiple programs
I'm doing some stream processing of some quite substantial files-- I was wondering if there was a way to split stdout in order to pipe to multiple programs. What I'd like to do is something like this:
bzcat some_huge_file.bz2 | (wc > wordcount, char_stats > character_statistics)
I could write this glue in something like perl or python, but it seems like there ought to be a way to do this.
Google brings me to tpipe, but I can't find any copy of tpipe or sources (nothing local on OS X 10.8).
A:
Converting the poster's comment into a formal answer:
The answer is tee and "process substitution".
Example
bzcat some_huge_file.bz2 | tee >(wc > wordcount) | char_stats > character_statistics
|
//************************************
// 作者:Fay
// 邮箱:xiaofei1.xu@midea.com
//************************************
package com.oklib.view_lib;
import android.text.InputType;
import android.text.TextUtils;
import android.view.MotionEvent;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;
import com.oklib.R;
import com.oklib.base.BaseAppActivity;
import com.oklib.util.toast.ToastUtil;
import com.oklib.window.DateTimeDialog;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
/**
* 时间：2017/11/28
* 作者：蓝天
* 描述：自定义软键盘StringBuild实现
*/
public class SoftKeyboardCustomActivity extends BaseAppActivity implements View.OnTouchListener, View.OnClickListener, DateTimeDialog.MyOnDateSetListener {
private LinearLayout ll_date;
private TextView tv_date;
private TextView tv_time;
private EditText et_count;
private Button btn_save;
// 日期 格式化 工具
private SimpleDateFormat mDateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-d");
private SimpleDateFormat mTimeFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("HH:mm:ss");//HH：24小时 hh：12小时制
private DateTimeDialog dateTimeDialog;
//血压输入值最大长度
private final int MAX_LENGTH = "2147483647".length() - 1;
@Override
protected int initLayoutId() {
return R.layout.activity_custom_softkeyboard;
}
@Override
protected void initView() {
stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
ll_date = findView(R.id.ll_date);
tv_date = findView(R.id.tv_date);
tv_time = findView(R.id.tv_time);
et_count = findView(R.id.et_count);
btn_save = findView(R.id.btn_save);
et_count.setOnTouchListener(this);
ll_date.setOnClickListener(this);
btn_save.setOnClickListener(this);
//初始化时间显示
Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
Date date = calendar.getTime();
tv_date.setText(mDateFormatter.format(date));
tv_time.setText(mTimeFormatter.format(date));
dateTimeDialog = new DateTimeDialog(this, null, this);
initKeyboard();
}
private StringBuilder stringBuilder;
/**
* 方法描述: 初始化键盘
*/
private void initKeyboard() {
TextView btn_0 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_0));
TextView btn_1 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_1));
TextView btn_2 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_2));
TextView btn_3 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_3));
TextView btn_4 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_4));
TextView btn_5 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_5));
TextView btn_6 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_6));
TextView btn_7 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_7));
TextView btn_8 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_8));
TextView btn_9 = ((TextView) findViewById(R.id.btn_9));
View.OnClickListener ol_num = new View.OnClickListener() {//数字按键
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
stringBuilder.append(((TextView) v).getText());
et_count.setText(stringBuilder);
et_count.setSelection(stringBuilder.length());
}
};
btn_0.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_1.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_2.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_3.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_4.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_5.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_6.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_7.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_8.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
btn_9.setOnClickListener(ol_num);
View btn_del = findViewById(R.id.btn_del);
btn_del.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {//删除按键
if (stringBuilder.length() > 0) {
stringBuilder.deleteCharAt(stringBuilder.length() - 1);
et_count.setText(stringBuilder);
et_count.setSelection(stringBuilder.length());
}
}
});
View btn_point = findViewById(R.id.btn_point);
btn_point.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {//小数点按键
}
});
}
@Override
public boolean onTouch(View v, MotionEvent event) {
int inType = ((EditText) v).getInputType(); // backup the input type
((EditText) v).setInputType(InputType.TYPE_NULL); // disable soft input
((EditText) v).onTouchEvent(event); // call native handler
((EditText) v).setInputType(inType); // restore input type
((EditText) v).setSelection(((EditText) v).getText().length());
return true;
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.ll_date://选择日期时间
dateTimeDialog.hideOrShow();
//弹起窗口时分是12小时制，应该是24小时制，待修改
break;
case R.id.btn_save://保存
if (TextUtils.isEmpty(et_count.getText().toString())) {
ToastUtil.show("请输入用药数量");
return;
}
if (et_count.getText().toString().length() > MAX_LENGTH) {
ToastUtil.show("输入用药数量超过限制：" + MAX_LENGTH);
return;
}
break;
}
}
/**
* 添加药品成功
*/
public void addMedicineSuccess() {
ToastUtil.show("添加药品记录成功");
finish();
}
@Override
public void onDateSet(Date date) {
//选择时间回调
tv_date.setText(mDateFormatter.format(date));
tv_time.setText(mTimeFormatter.format(date));
}
} |
It was fitting that the social justice activist Megan Rapinoe, the focus of unwanted presidential attentions before the game for her “I’m not going to the fucking White House” comment, was the player to power the USA into a semi-final with England, her two goals emphatically ending France’s hopes of a men’s and women’s World Cup double.
“Le Grand Match” was a slightly more measured billing from Fifa than Rapinoe’s hopes of a “total shit-show circus” but either way this meeting between the holders and the hosts did not disappoint. Rapinoe is more than a mouthpiece, she is, in the words of her teammate Kelley O’Hara, “a baller”. No player has been directly involved in more goals in the World Cup than Rapinoe since she made her debut in the competition in 2011 and, although Wendie Renard’s header launched a spirited late fightback, Les Bleues were not able to find the equaliser in an end-to-end spectacle.
The elimination of the French means that England have confirmed the presence of a Team GB Tokyo Olympics slot for 2020 as one of the top three European qualifiers from this World Cup. An hour before kick-off the Parc des Princes was already heaving in the searing heat, a French record temperature of 45.9C having been reached in the southern area of Gallargues-le-Montueux. In Paris the temperature had dropped to a still fiery 29C by the 9pm kick-off.
‘You can’t win without gay players,’ says USA’s World Cup hero Megan Rapinoe Read more
In a sight unfamiliar to regular women’s football attendees, touts shifted among the throbbing crowds filing through the streets. With 30,000 France fans expected to outnumber the visiting supporters three to one, the home side had the natural advantage but the volume was almost matched by the US contingent.
Rapinoe stood silent, hands by her side for the American national anthem as expected. Alex Morgan also did not sing, perhaps prompted into silence by president Trump’s criticism of her colleague’s stand.
Four minutes into the match Rapinoe lined up a free-kick from a tight angle on the left after Griedge Mbock had pulled back Morgan. Rapinoe’s strike slipped past the waiting Julie Ertz at the near post, through the legs of the France captain, Amandine Henry, the hero in extra time of France’s last-16 tie with Brazil, and past the helpless and unsighted goalkeeper, Sarah Bouhaddi. It was a hammer blow for the home nation and the expected 14 million French TV viewers but for the neutral a delight, springing the game wide open from the off.
Facebook Twitter Pinterest Megan Rapinoe scores the USA’s second goal, which proved to be the winner in Paris. Photograph: TF-Images/Getty Images
That said, with the US never having lost a World Cup match when scoring first (34 wins and four draws) and the French never having won a World Cup game when conceding first, records would have to be broken in the following 87 minutes to reverse the fortunes of Les Bleues.
France’s first effort came 10 minutes later. Eugénie Le Sommer flicked a header towards goal but Alyssa Naeher, a weak point in the USA’s world-class line-up, held on to it to ease any nerves. The fitness of Le Sommer was a concern before this tie but the joint-leading goalscorer for France at World Cups was in full flow as she powered at the right-back O’Hara time and again.
France seemed to have identified the US full-backs as a potential weakness – Kadidiatou Diani was in her own battle on France’s right with the former Chelsea player Crystal Dunn, who struggled but managed to contain the Lyon winger. However, it was in the middle that the US were most effective, the instinctive relationship between Becky Sauerbrunn and the defensive shield Ertz forcing Henry away from the pockets of space she so frequently exploits around the penalty area.
The USA looked to catch France sleeping straight after the restart and put the game to bed. This time, though, the early strike was not forthcoming. Sam Mewis, surprisingly keeping the NWSL MVP Lindsey Horan out of the starting XI, forced a tidy save from Bouhaddi.
England were brilliant against Norway but must be wary of overconfidence | Eni Aluko Read more
With every France pass, throw and touch being urged on with extreme gusto, and the chants of “USA! USA!” drowned out, navy shirts poured forward.
France were in the ascendancy for much of the half, forcing Ertz to move backwards to form a back five. France’s final assault left gaping holes at the back, and it was the ever-brilliant Rapinoe, this time with a goal from open play – to put her level with Alex Morgan, England’s Ellen White and the eliminated Sam Kerr’s five goals in the race for the golden boot – who punished the boldness of the French. Morgan, powering down the right, threaded a ball to Tobin Heath who sent a teasing pass across the six-yard line. With the French focused on the presence of Mewis, Rapinoe was on hand to power home.
With nine minutes left France finally found a breakthrough, Renard’s powerful header to a set-piece cross beating Naeher. With the crowd screaming their team forward and undoubtedly adding fuel to heavy French legs they desperately sought an equaliser but it was too late. |
---
abstract: 'Random polyampholytes (PAs) contain positively and negatively charged monomers that are distributed randomly along the polymer chain. The interaction between charges is assumed to be given by the Debye-Huckel potential. We show that the size of the PA is determined by an interplay between electrostatic interactions, giving rise to the polyelectrolyte (PE) effect due to net charge per monomer ($\sigma$), and an effective attractive PA interaction due to charge fluctuations, $\delta \sigma$. The interplay between these terms gives rise to non-monotonic dependence of the radius of gyration, $R_g$ on the inverse Debye length, $\kappa$ when PA effects are important (${\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma}} > 1$). In the opposite limit, $R_g$ decreases monotonically with increasing $\kappa$. Simulations of PA chains, using a charged bead-spring model, further corroborates our theoretical predictions. The simulations unambiguously show that conformational heterogeneity manifests itself among sequences that have identical PA parameters. A clear implication is that the phases of PA sequences, and by inference IDPs, cannot be determined using only the bare PA parameters ($\sigma$ and $\delta \sigma$). The theory is used to calculate the changes in $R_g$ on $N$, the number of residues for a set of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs). For a certain class of IDPs, with $N$ between 24 to 441, the size grows as $R_g \sim N^{0.6}$, which agrees with data from Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) experiments.'
author:
- 'Himadri S. Samanta'
- Debayan Chakraborty
- 'D. Thirumalai'
title: Charge fluctuation effects on the shape of flexible polyampholytes with applications to Intrinsically disordered proteins
---
Introduction
============
The shapes and dynamics of polyampholytes (PAs), which are polymers with monomers that carry both positive and negative charges, have been extensively studied [@Edwards80Ferroelectrics; @Higgs91JCP; @Srivastava96Mac; @Barrat07ACP; @Borukhov98EPJB; @Dobrynin95JPF; @Dobrynin04JPS; @Lee00JCP]. Polyampholytes naturally occur in aqueous solution if the monomers contain acidic and basic groups. In this sense, all proteins are PAs in which charged residues are interspersed between hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues. Because of the simultaneous presence of positive and negative charges, the conformations of the PAs are determined by an interplay of electrostatic interactions, charge fluctuation effects (see below), as well as the stiffness of the backbone. In simple terms, we expect that repulsion between like-charges would stretch the chain whereas attraction would tend to make the polymer compact. Of course, in random PAs this balance is determined on an average performed over an ensemble of sequences (see below). If the number, $N$, of monomers is large then the PA is predicted to adopt compact conformations if the polymer is overall neutral (the number of positive and negative charges nearly cancel). On the other hand, if there is residual charge on the PA it is likely to be extended. It should be noted that there are differences in the behavior of the dependence of the radius of gyration, $R_g$, on $N$ depending on whether the the chain is globally neutral (plus and minus charges exactly cancel) or statistically neutral [@Yamakov00PRL] (residual charge when averaged over a large number of sequences scales as $\sqrt{N}$ with $N \gg 1$). Thanks to several insightful theoretical studies [@Higgs91JCP; @Barrat07ACP; @Srivastava96Mac; @Gutin94PRE], the complex phase behavior of PAs as a function of salt concentration and temperature have been elucidated.
More recently, there has been renewed interest in PAs in the biophysics community because many eukaryotic proteins contain an unusually large fraction of charged residues [@Wright15NatMolCellBiol; @vanderlee14ChemRev; @Oldfield14ARBiochem]. As a consequence the favorable hydrophobic interactions cannot overcome the residual electrostatic interactions. For this reason, this class of proteins do not adopt globular structures unless it is in complex with another partner protein. Polypeptide sequences with this characteristic are referred to as intrinsically disordered proteins or IDPs because they do not have stable ordered structures under physiological conditions. It is also the case that there are protein sequences in which only certain regions are disordered under nominal conditions. Because of the preponderance of such sequences and their roles in a variety of cellular functions and the potential role they play in diseases [@Dima04Bioinformatics; @Oldfield14ARBiochem], there is heightened interest in understanding their structural and dynamical properties [@Das15COSB; @Zheng16JACS; @Schuler16ARB; @Levine17COSB]. The IDPs, whose backbone is relatively flexible (persistence length in the range (0.6 - 1.0) nm), are low complexity sequences containing a large fraction of charged residues and smaller fraction of hydrophobic residues compared to their counterparts that adopt well-defined structures in isolation. As a consequence water is likely to be a good or at best a $\Theta$ solvent, which means that $R_g \approx N^{\nu}$ where $\nu$ is approximately 0.6 or 0.5. There are differences between IDPs and random PAs. (i) The sequences of IDPs are quenched, thus making it necessary to understand the conformations of a specific sequence. In other words, two sequences with identical charge composition could have drastically different structural characteristics. Of course, this could be the case for random PAs as well although this aspect has not been investigated as much. (ii) Unlike the case of PAs for which $N \gg 1$, which allows one to develop analytical and scaling type arguments using well-developed methods in polymer physics, typically studied IDPs have finite $N$, at best on the order of a few hundred residues. (iii) IDPs also contain uncharged amino acids, which are not usually considered when treating PAs using theory and simulations. Despite these differences, concepts from polyelectrolytes (PEs) and PAs have been used to envision the conformations of IDPs using the difference between positive and negative charge ($\sigma$) and net charge as appropriate variables [@Uversky00ProtSci].
The importance of sequence effects on the $R_g$ of PAs was first illustrated in a key note by Srivastava and Muthukumar [@Srivastava96Mac]. Using Monte Carlo simulations, with $N = 50$, they showed that there are substantial variations in $R_g$ in PAs (containing only charged monomers) for a globally neutral chain. This study showed that the location of charges (sequence specificity) plays a crucial role in determining the conformational properties. More recently, Firman and Ghosh [@Firman18JCP] used Edwards model for charged polymers, encoding for the precise sequence in order to calculate $R_g$s for small $N$. Their theory successfully accounted for simulations of synthetic IDPs [@Das13PNAS], containing only a mixture of positive and negative charged residues.
Here, we develop a theory to investigate the effects of charge fluctuations on the shapes of random PAs. In our model there is a probability, $p_+$, ($p_-$) that a monomer at location $s$ is positively (negatively) charged. The probabilities, $p_+$ and $p_-$, should be calculated as follows. The number of sequences, $M$, of a PA containing $N$ monomers is $M = 3^N$ because each monomer can either have a $+$ or a $-$ charge or is neutral. We assume that there are no correlations between charges along a given sequence, which implies that the magnitude of charge of monomer $s$ does not affect the value of $s^{\prime}$. Thus, $p_+$ and $p_-$ are independent of $s$. Let $N_{+}(s)$ ($N_{-}(s)$) be the number of sequences with $+$ ($-$) charge at position $s$. Then, $p_+ = \frac{N_{+}(s)}{M}$ and $p_- = \frac{N_{-}(s)}{M}$. Because $N_{+}(s) + N_{-}(s) + N_{0}(s) = M$ where $N_{0}(s)$ is the number of sequences in which the $s^{th}$ monomer is neutral, the probability that the $s^{th}$ monomer in an ensemble of $M$ sequences is neutral is $1 - p_{+} - p_{-}$.
The fluctuations in the ensemble of PA sequences arise because the normalized charge distribution is taken to be stochastic given by, $$P[\sigma(s)] = p_+ \delta [\sigma(s) - 1] + p_{-} \delta [\sigma(s) + 1 ] + ( 1 - p_{+} - p_{-}) \delta [\sigma(s)].
\label{Dist}
\vspace{.2 in}$$ The charges are measured in units of $e^-$. Because some monomers do not carry a charge (like in IDPs) $(p_{+} + p_{-}) \ne 1$. The mean $\langle \sigma(s) \rangle$ gives the net charge, $p_{+} - p_{-}$, and the expression for the square of the charge fluctuations is, $\langle \delta \sigma^{2}(s) \rangle = p_{+} + p_{-} - (p_{+} - p_{-})^2$. We refer to $\langle \sigma(s) \rangle$ and $\langle \delta \sigma (s)\rangle$, both of which are independent of $s$, as PA variables. We show that due to $\langle \delta \sigma^{2}(s) \rangle$ the $R_g$ is altered substantially, and could even induce a coil-globule transition even when the total charge on the PA is not globally neutral. Because of the opposing behavior of polyelectrolyte ($\sigma \ne 0$) and PA effects arising from charge fluctuations ($\langle \delta \sigma^{2}(s) \ne 0$), the dependence of $R_g$ on the Debye screening length could be non-monotonic. The phase diagram in the \[$\langle \sigma(s) \rangle$,$\langle \delta \sigma(s) \rangle$\] plane is rich. We also apply the theory to calculate $R_g$ of specific IDP sequences. Remarkably, the theory reproduces quantitatively the $R_g$ values for the wild type Tau protein and various fragments obtained from the wild type Tau, which have been measured by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) experiments [@Mylonas08Biochem]. In Tau, and other IDPs, charge fluctuations arise because of conformational heterogeneity, which we demonstrate explicitly elsewhere [@Upayan18JACS] for IDPs, and here for PAs using simulations. From now on we drop the angular brackets in both $\langle \sigma \rangle$ and $\langle \delta \sigma \rangle$.
Theory
======
We begin by considering the Edwards Hamiltonian for a polymer chain: $$\label{hamiltonian}
\mathcal{H}=\frac{3k_B T}{2 a_0^2} \int\limits_0^N \left(\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial s}\right)^2 ds + k_B T{V}(\vec{r}(s)),$$ where $\vec{r}(s)$ is the position of the monomer $s$, $a_0$ is the monomer size, $N$ is the number of monomers. The first term in the Eq.(\[hamiltonian\]) accounts for chain connectivity, and the second term represents the sum of excluded volume interactions, electrostatic interactions, and effects of charge fluctuations (see below) due to the random values of charges in different positions in the ensemble of sequences. The expression for ${V}(\vec{r}(s))$ is, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{Hapotential}
{V}(\vec{r}(s))&=&\frac{v_0}{(2\pi a_0^2)^{3/2}}\sum\limits_{s,s'=0}^{N}
\text{exp}[{-\frac{(\vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s'))^2}{2a_0^2}}]\\ \nonumber &+&
l_B \int_0^N \int_0^N ds~ds'~ \sigma(s) \sigma(s') \frac{e^{-\kappa \mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s') \mid}}{\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid }\\ \nonumber
&=&V_0 +V_1(\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid ).\end{aligned}$$
The first term in Eq.(\[Hapotential\]) accounts for the non-specific two body excluded volume interactions. It differs insignificantly from the usual $\delta$ function potential used in the standard Edwards model. Of course, when $a_0$ is small compared to $R_g$, the precise form of this term is irrelevant, as long as it is short-ranged. In a good solvent ($v_0>0$), the polymer chain swells with $R_g \sim a_0 N^\nu$ $(\nu\approx 0.6)$, where as in a poor solvent ($v_0<0$), the size of the polymer is $R_g \sim a_0 N^\nu$ $(\nu\approx 1/3)$. Here, we consider a PA in a good solvent ($v_0>0$).
From Eq.(\[Hapotential\]) one may obtain an effective interaction term between charges on the PA chain. By following the theory developed previously [@Ha97JPF], we use the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation to decouple the product of charges $\sigma(s)\sigma(s')$ in Eq.\[Hapotential\]. The partition function may be written as, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pf1}
Z=\mathcal{N}^{-1} &&\int d[\psi(\vec{r})] \text{exp}\left[-\frac{1}{2}\int d\vec{r}d\vec{r'} \psi(\vec{r})\right.\\ \nonumber &&
\left. V_1^{-1}(\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid )\psi(\vec{r'})\right]Z_\psi\end{aligned}$$ where, $Z_\psi=\int d[\vec{r}]\text{exp}\left[ -V_0 - i\int ds\sigma(s) \psi(\vec{r}(s))\right] $, and $\mathcal{N}=\int d[\psi(\vec{r})] \text{exp}[-\frac{1}{2}\int d\vec{r}d\vec{r'} \psi(\vec{r}) V_1^{-1}(\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid )\psi(\vec{r'})]$. If we assume that the charge distribution (Eq. \[Dist\]) is annealed, it suffices to average $Z_\psi$ over the sequence of charges. With assumption that the charges $\sigma(s)$ at distant sites are not correlated, the partition function averaged over sequence of charges to second order in $\psi$ becomes, [@Ha97JPF] $$\begin{aligned}
\label{pf2}
<Z_\psi>_{seq}&=&\int\mathcal{D}[\vec{r}]\text{exp} \{-i\sigma\int\psi(\vec{r})c(\vec{r})d\vec{r} \\ \nonumber
&-& \frac{1}{2} (\delta \sigma)^2 \int[\psi^2(\vec{r})-<\psi^2(\vec{r})>_\psi]c(\vec{r}) d\vec{r}\end{aligned}$$ where the average value of the charge on the chain, $\sigma=<\sigma(s)>=p_+ -p_-$, the charge fluctuation, $(\delta \sigma)^2= <\sigma^2(s)-<\sigma(s)>^2>=p_+ + p_- -(p_+ -p_-)^2$ and the local monomer density, $c(\vec{r}) =\int ds \delta(\vec{r}(s)-\vec{r})$. The term involving $(\delta \sigma)^2$, arising from the charge fluctuations, gives rise to the so called PA effect, which is manifested as an effective attractive interaction of the screened Coulomb potential. Using Eq.(\[pf1\]) and Eq.(\[pf2\]), we perform the needed integration over $\psi(\vec{r})$ to obtain the following expression for the effective two body interaction term between charges on the PA, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{potential}
\mathcal{V}(\vec{r}(s))&=&\frac{v}{(2\pi a_0^2)^{3/2}}\sum\limits_{s,s'=0}^{N}
\text{exp}[{-\frac{(\vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s'))^2}{2a_0^2}}]\\ \nonumber &+&
\sigma^2 l_B \int \int ds~ds'~ \frac{e^{-\kappa \mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s') \mid}}{\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid }\\ \nonumber &-&
\frac{1}{2}(\delta \sigma)^4 l_B^2 \sum_{\{s,s'\}}~ \frac{e^{-2\kappa \mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s') \mid}}{\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid^2 }.\end{aligned}$$ We neglect the three body interactions in the effective Hamiltonian in Eq.(\[potential\]), which would be important if the PA were in a poor solvent. In the work of Higgs and Joanny [@Higgs91JCP], the variational type calculation (see below) was done directly using Eq. 3. In this case, upon expansion to second order in ${V}(\vec{r}(s))$, the electrostatic potential (second term in Eq. 3) generates a term $\propto \sigma(s) \sigma(s^{\prime}) \sigma(s^{\prime\prime})\sigma(s^{\prime\prime\prime})\sigma(s^{\prime\prime\prime\prime})$, which is random. When averaged over the ensemble of sequences, the coefficient of the third term is $\propto (p_+ + p_-)^{2}$ in [@Higgs91JCP]. In contrast, we carry out averaging first as shown in Eq. (4), and hence obtain a different prefactor for the charge fluctuation ($\delta \sigma$) induced attraction term in Eq. (6).
The screened Coulomb potential, the second term in Eq.(\[potential\]), accounts for the interactions between charges separated by a distance $\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid$. The strength of the unscreened electrostatic interactions is characterized by the Bjerrum length $l_B=e^2/\epsilon k_B T$. The Debye screening length, $\kappa^{-1}$ determines the range of the electrostatic interactions. By changing the value of $\kappa$, and hence the range of charge interactions, the PA chain could undergo a coil-to-globule transition. The value of $\kappa$ may be the changed by decreasing or increasing the salt concentration. The dimensionless parameter, $\sigma$, determines the net charge per residue on the polyelectrolyte chain. For a particular sequence, fraction $p=p_+ + p_-$ of the monomers are charged with the charge on each monomer being $\pm e$. Therefore, the net charge per monomer is $\sigma=\mid p_+ - p_-\mid$. The third term in Eq.(\[potential\]) is the attractive interaction term that is proportional to charge fluctuations ($\delta \sigma$). The PA affect arises due to the interaction between charge and dipoles formed between sequence of positive and negative charges. The charge-dipole interaction term decays as $\mid \vec{r}(s)-\vec{r}(s')\mid^{-2}$ and it is effectively screened (with a screening length $1/2\kappa$) due to the presence of other dipoles. In the absence of the third term the Hamiltonian would describe a polyelectrolyte, whose phases as function of temperature and $\kappa$ have been previous described using the methods used here [@Ha92PRA].
In order to obtain $R_g$, we adopt the Edwards-Singh (ES) type variational calculation [@Edwards79JCSFT], which has been extensively used in the polymer literature [@Muthukumar82JCP; @Muthu87JCP; @Higgs91JCP; @Ha92PRA; @Ha99JCP]. More recently, the method was used to study sequence dependence of collapse of polypeptide chains [@Himadri17SM] and polyelectrolytes [@Firman18JCP] with application to a special class of synthetic IDPs. In developing the theory, we assume that the interactions between charges exist only between specific monomers, described by the second and third term in Eq.(\[potential\]). The sum is over the set of specific contacts between pairs $\{s_i, s_j\}$. We use the contact maps of IDP, generated in coarse-grained (CG) simulations of IDPs [@Upayan18JACS], in order to assign the specific interactions. The contact map from the simulation is computed by using a cutoff of 8 Å. The contacts are included between all side chain beads. In the two bead CG model,[@Upayan18JACS] the charges are positioned on the center of masses of the side chain beads, and therefore the contact map includes charge-charge contacts.
The ES method is a variational type (referred to as the uniform expansion method) calculation that represents the exact Hamiltonian by a Gaussian chain with an effective monomer size, which is determined as follows. Consider a virtual chain without excluded volume interactions, whose radius of gyration $\langle R_{g}^{2} \rangle=N a^{2}/6$ [@Edwards79JCSFT], described by the Hamiltonian, $$\mathcal{H}_v=\frac{3k_B T}{2 a^2} \int\limits_0^N \left(\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial s}\right)^2 ds.$$ The monomer size in the trial Hamiltonian is $a$. We split the deviation $\mathcal{W}$ between the virtual chain Hamiltonian and the real Hamiltonian as, $$\mathcal{H}-\mathcal{H}_v=k_BT\mathcal{W}=k_BT(\mathcal{W}_1+\mathcal{W}_2),
$$ where $$\mathcal{W}_1=\frac{3}{2 }\left(\frac{1}{a_0^2}-\frac{1}{a^2}\right) \int\limits_0^N \left(\frac{\partial \vec{r}}{\partial s}\right)^2 ds, ~
\mathcal{W}_2=\mathcal{V}(\vec{r}(s)).$$ The radius of gyration is $R_g^2=\frac{1}{N} \int\limits_0^N \langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle ds$, with the average being, $\langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle=\frac{\int r^2 e^{-\mathcal{H}_v/k_BT}e^{\mathcal{-W}} \delta\vec{r}}{\int e^{-\mathcal{H}_v/k_BT}e^{\mathcal{-W}} \delta\vec{r}}=\frac{\langle\vec{r}^2(s)e^{\mathcal{-W}}\rangle_v}{\langle e^{\mathcal{-W}}\rangle_v}$, where, $\langle \cdots \rangle_v$ denotes the average over $\mathcal{H}_v$.
Assuming that the deviation $\mathcal{W}$ is small, we can calculate the average to first order in $\mathcal{W}$. The result is, $ \langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle \approx \frac{\langle\vec{r}^2(s)(1-\mathcal{W})\rangle_v}{\langle (1-\mathcal{W})\rangle_v} \approx \langle\vec{r}^2(s)(1-\mathcal{W})\rangle_v\langle (1+\mathcal{W})\rangle_v $ and the radius of gyration becomes, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{rg}
&&<R_g^2>=\frac{1}{N} \int\limits_0^N \langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle ds\\ \nonumber && = \frac{1}{N} \int\limits_0^N [\langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle_v + \langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle_v \langle\mathcal{W}\rangle_v -\langle\vec{r}^2(s)\mathcal{W}\rangle_v] ds.\end{aligned}$$ If we choose the effective monomer size $a$ in $\mathcal{H}_v$, such that the first order correction (second and third terms in the right hand side of Eq.(\[rg\])) vanishes, then the size of the chain is, $\langle R_{g}^{2} \rangle=N a^{2}/6$. This is an estimate of the exact $\langle R_g^2 \rangle$, and is only an approximation as we have neglected $\mathcal{W}^2$ and higher powers of $\mathcal{W}$. Thus, in the ES theory, we determine $a$ using Eq. (\[rg\]), $$\label{first}
\vspace{-.1 in}
\frac{1}{N} \int\limits_0^N [ \langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle_v \langle\mathcal{W}\rangle_v -\langle\vec{r}^2(s)\mathcal{W}\rangle_v] ds=0.$$ The equation above leads to a self-consistent equation for $a$, and is given by [@Edwards79JCSFT]: $$\vspace{-.3 in}
\frac{1}{a_0^2}-\frac{1}{a^2}=
\frac{ \frac{1}{N}\int\limits_0^N [\langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle_v \langle\mathcal{V}\rangle_v -\langle\vec{r}^2(s)\mathcal{V}\rangle_v]ds}{ \frac{a^2}{N}\int_{0}^N ds \ \langle\vec{r}^2(s)\rangle_v}.
\vspace{.2 in}$$ By calculating the averages in the Fourier space ($\vec{r}_n=\frac{1}{N}\int\limits_1^N \cos\left({ \frac{\pi n s}{N}}\right) \vec{r}(s) ds$; $\vec{r}(s)=2\sum\limits_{n =1}^{N}\cos\left({\frac{\pi n s}{N}}\right)\vec{\tilde{{r}_n}}$; $R_g^2=2\sum\limits_n \langle|{\vec{\tilde{r_n}}}^2|\rangle$), we obtain
$$\begin{aligned}
\label{selfconsistent}
\frac{1}{a_0^2}-\frac{1}{a^2}&=&\frac{4N a_0^3}{9\pi \sum{\frac{1}{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{s,s'=0}^N
\frac{C^{ss'}_{1}}{(\frac{a^2 N}{3\pi^2}C^{ss'}_{2}+a_0^2)^{\frac{5}{2}}} \\ \nonumber &&
+ \frac{4N \sigma^2 l_B}{9\pi^3 \sum{\frac{1}{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{s,s'=0}^N C^{ss'}_{1}
\left( \frac{\pi^{1/2}(1-2\frac{2\kappa^2 a^2 N C^{ss'}_2}{3\pi^2})}{4(\frac{2a^2 N}{3\pi^2} C^{ss'}_{2})^{3/2}} +\frac{\pi \kappa^3}{2} e^{(\frac{2a^2 \kappa^2 N C^{ss'}_{2}}{3\pi^2})}\text{erfc}[ \kappa \sqrt{\frac{2a^2N}{3\pi^2} C^{ss'}_{2}}]\right)
\\ \nonumber
&&- \frac{4N (\delta\sigma)^4 l_B^2}{9\pi^3 \sum{\frac{1}{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{\{s,s'\}}
C^{ss'}_{1} \int_0^\infty dq~q^3 \left(\pi-\text{arctan}\left(\frac{2\kappa}{q}\right)\right)
\text{exp}\left(-q^2 \frac{2a^2N}{3\pi^2}
C^{ss'}_{2}\right)
$$
where, $C^{ss'}_{1}= \sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}\frac{1-\cos[n \pi(s-s')/N]}{n^4}$ and $C^{ss'}_2=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}\frac{1-\cos[n \pi(s-s')/N]}{n^2}$. In obtaining Eq. \[selfconsistent\] we have used $v_0 = \frac{4 \pi a_0^3}{3}$ in Eq. \[Hapotential\]
From Eq.(\[selfconsistent\]), we can calculate the effective monomer size $a$, and hence the chain size $<R_g^2>=\frac{a^2 N}{6}$. However, without having to solve Eq.(\[selfconsistent\]) numerically, we can define the $\Theta$-like point, which signals the onset of a potential transition from a coil to globule state in the PA. At the $\theta$-point, the repulsive terms exactly balance the PA term. Since at the $\Theta$-point, the PA behaves as a Gaussian chain, with $a=a_0$, we substitute this value for $a$ in Eq.\[selfconsistent\] to determine the the condition for the $\Theta$-point. Thus, from Eq.(\[selfconsistent\]), the critical charge fluctuation value, at which the PA term equals the excluded volume and PE terms is,
$$\begin{aligned}
\label{deltasigma}
(\delta\sigma_{\theta}^2)^2&=&\left[\frac{4N a_0^3}{9\pi \sum{\frac{1}{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{s,s'=0}^N
\frac{C^{ss'}_{1}}{(\frac{a^2 N}{3\pi^2}C^{ss'}_{2}+a_0^2)^{\frac{5}{2}}} \right. \\ \nonumber &&
\left.+ \frac{4N \sigma^2 l_B}{9\pi^3 \sum{\frac{1}{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{s,s'=0}^N C^{ss'}_{1}
\left( \frac{\pi^{1/2}(1-2\frac{2\kappa^2 a^2 N C^{ss'}_2}{3\pi^2})}{4(\frac{2a^2 N}{3\pi^2} C^{ss'}_{2})^{3/2}} +\frac{\pi \kappa^3}{2} e^{(\frac{2a^2 \kappa^2 N C^{ss'}_{2}}{3\pi^2})}\text{erfc}[ \kappa \sqrt{\frac{2a^2N}{3\pi^2} C^{ss'}_{2}}]\right)\right]/
\\ \nonumber
&&\left[ \frac{4N l_B^2}{9\pi^3 \sum{\frac{1}{n^2}}}\sum\limits_{\{s,s'\}}
C^{ss'}_{1} \int_0^\infty dq~q^3 \left(\pi-\text{Arctan}\left(\frac{2\kappa}{q}\right)\right)
\text{exp}\left(-q^2 \frac{2a^2N}{3\pi^2}
C^{ss'}_{2}\right)\right]\end{aligned}$$
The numerator in Eq.(\[deltasigma\]) is a consequence of the repulsion containing excluded volume interactions and polyelectrolyte term. The denominator encodes the PA effect, determining the extent to which the size of the polymer changes due to charge fluctuations. Using Eq.(\[deltasigma\]), we obtain the dependence of $\delta \sigma_{\theta}$ on $N$. Scaling $n$ by $N$, it can be shown that $C_1^{ss'}\sim \frac{1}{N^2}$ and $C_2^{ss'}\sim 1$. From these result, we obtain, $\delta \sigma_\theta \sim \sqrt{N}$. The implication is that for $N \gg 1$, charge fluctuations have to be extremely large to drive coil to globule transition unless the PA is globally neutral. Because even for statistically neutral PA, the PE term would not be irrelevant, we surmise that a genuine coil to globule transition transition may not be easily realizable in long PAs, which is in accord with the results in a previous study [@Yamakov00PRL]. By implication our theory suggests that maximally compact IDPs would be difficult to obtain for generic IDP sequences if the fractions of + and - charged residues is on the order of (0.4 - 0.5). Of course, to establish the various conformations IDPs or PAs adopt as the nominal PA parameters and salt concentration ($\sigma$, $\delta \sigma$, and $\kappa$) are varied, will require performing detailed calculations as was previously done for polyelectrolytes [@Lee01Macromolecules].
Simulations
============
**Model:** To provide further insights into some aspects of our theoretical predictions, and to highlight the nature of the heterogeneous ensembles that are sampled, we carried out simulations of PA chains, with $N=50$. We consider sequences having the same net charge, $\sigma$, but different charge distributions to elucidate the role of sequence in determining the size of PAs. The PA chain is modeled using a standard bead-spring model for charged polymers, with the total potential energy, $U_{tot}$, given by:
$$U_{tot} = U_{ch} + U_{exv} + U_{elec}.$$
Here, $U_{ch}$ describes the chain connectivity between the beads, and is modeled using the FENE potential:
$$U_{ch} = \sum_{i}^{N_{bonds}}-0.5 k R_{0}^{2} \ln \left[ 1 - \left( \frac{l_{i}-l_{0}}{R_{0}} \right) ^{2} \right].$$
In Eq. 16, $k = 20$kcal mol$^{-1}$ Å$^{-2}$ denotes the spring constant; $l_{0} = 3.8$Å is the equilibrium bond length between the connected PA beads; and $R_{0} = $2 Å controls the maximum allowable deformation of the covalent bonds.
The excluded volume interactions between pairs of beads are described by a truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones potential:
$$U_{exv} = \sum _{i,j} ^{N_{pairs}} 4 \epsilon \left[\left( \frac{\sigma}{r_{ij}}\right)^{12} - \left( \frac{\sigma}{r_{ij}} \right) ^ {6} + \frac{1}{4} \right].$$
Based on previous work, [@Kremer; @PA_sim; @PA_sim2] we set $\epsilon = k_{B}T$, and $\sigma = l_{0}$. The pairwise interactions between the beads are ignored if the distance is greater than $2^{1/6}\sigma$. This cutoff ensures that the excluded volume term is purely repulsive.
The interactions between charged beads are taken into account via the screened Coulomb potential: $$U_{elec} = \sum_{i,j}^{N_{charged}} \frac{q_{i}q_{j}}{2 \varepsilon r_{ij}}\exp^{-\kappa r_{ij}}$$ In Eq. 18, $\varepsilon$, and $\kappa$ are the inverse Debye length, and the dielectric constant, respectively. We consider only unit charges, i.e., $q = \pm e$.
**Simulations:** The conformational space of each PA chain is explored using Langevin dynamics. For each PA bead, the stochastic equation of equation is given by: $m\bm{\ddot r}_{i} = -\gamma \bm{\dot r}_{i} + \bm{F}_{i} + \bm{g}_{i}$, where $m$ is the mass, $\bm{F}_{i}$ is the conservative force acting on each bead, and $\gamma_{i}$ is the drag coefficient. The Gaussian random force, $\bm{g}_{i}$, satisfies $\langle \bm{g}_{i}(t) \bm{g}_{j}(t^{\prime})\rangle = 6k_{B}T \gamma \delta_{ij} \delta(t-t^{\prime})$. The drag coefficient $\gamma$ is given by: $\gamma = m/\tau_{eff}$, where $\tau_{eff} = \sigma (m/\epsilon)^{1/2}$ is the effective time scale. We used a variant of the velocity Verlet scheme [@honeycutt_dt] to integrate the equations of motion, using a time step of $\Delta t = 0.01\,\tau_{eff}$. Each simulation was carried out for 1.2 $\times$ 10$^{9}$ steps to ensure proper equilibration, and to obtain meaningful statistics.
**Analysis:** Following Eq. 6, we can estimate the charge fluctuations for each PA chain from simulations using an approximate expression: $$\langle \delta^{2}{U_{elec}} \rangle \approx \frac{(k_{B}T)^{2} \delta \sigma ^{4}_{c} l_{B}^{2}}{\langle R_{g} \rangle ^{2}},$$
where $\delta U_{elec} = U_{elec} - \langle U_{elec} \rangle$ is the fluctuation in the electrostatic energy (Eq. 18) about its mean, and $\delta \sigma_{c}$ denotes the charge fluctuation computed from the ensemble of sequence-specific conformations generated from simulations (see below).
To characterize the structural heterogeneity of the PA ensembles, and to identify the most populated equilibrium conformations, we carried out hierarchical clustering of the simulation trajectories using a pairwise distance metric, $D_{ij}$ defined as:
$$D_{ij} = \frac{1}{N_{p}} \sum _{a,b} \vert \left( r_{a,b} ^{i} - r_{a,b}^{j} \right) \vert,$$
where $r_{a,b}^{i}$ and $r_{a,b}^{j}$ are the pairwise distances between the PA beads $a$ and $b$, in snapshots $i$ and $j$, respectively. Distinct geometric clusters were identified using the Ward variance minimization algorithm,[@ward] as implemented within the *scipy* module. The hierarchical organization of conformations into distinct families were visualized in the form of dendrograms.
Results:
========
**Theoretical Predictions:** From Eq. \[potential\] it is easy to show that that the size of the PA should be determined by ${\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma}}$, which can be written as $\sqrt{(1 - \sigma_A)/\sigma}$ where $\sigma_A = \frac{(p_+ - p_-)^2}{\sigma}$, which in the IDP literature is referred to as the charge asymmetry parameter. Fig. (1), displaying the dependence of the radius of gyration for a PA chain, with randomly distributed charges, on the screening length, shows that $R_g$ changes non-monotonically as $\kappa$ increases when $\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma} = 10$. In this charge-fluctuation dominated regime, the behavior can be explained by noting that at small values of $\kappa$, $R_g$ increases due to the PA term until $\kappa l_b \approx 0.19$. In this range of $\kappa$, the effective attractions between monomers, the PA effect, decreases by adding ions to the solvent. As a result the size of the chain increases. For the PA whose $R_g$ is shown in Fig. (1), at $\kappa l_B=0.19$ the PA and PE effects balance each other, and the chain becomes a random coil. Upon further increase in $\kappa$, the decrease in $R_g$ (but the chain is not a globule) is due to the dominance of the PA term. In the opposite limit when $\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma} = 0.1$, both the dimensions of the chain are dominated by the PE term, and $R_g$ decreases with increasing $\kappa$. We expect that at sufficiently large values of $\kappa l_B$ the consequences of PE and PA effects are negligible, and hence, $R_g$ would have the value expected for a Flory random coil ($\nu = 0.6$). Interestingly, these trends are qualitatively similar to experiments on two IDPs (N-terminal domain of HIV-1 integrase, and human prothymosin-$\alpha$) [@Mueller-Spaeth10PNAS].
{width="40.00000%"}
**Predictions for a Tau-like IDP:** The generality of the theory allows us to predict the dependence size of an IDP. In Fig.(2) we plot the $\kappa$ dependence of radius of gyration of a Tau protein fragment (K17Tau with $N$=145). To perform the calculations, we used the contact map generated in simulations based on the Self-Organized Polymer (SOP)-IDP model, which captures accurately the measured structure factors for a variety of IDPs [@Upayan18JACS]. Using input from simulations, [@Upayan18JACS] which accounts for heterogeneity of the conformational ensembles of IDP, we find that $R_g$ of K17Tau changes non-monotonically with increasing value of $\kappa$ (Fig. (2)). The size of K17Tau protein increases with $\kappa$ until it reaches a maximum at $\kappa l_B \approx 0.28$ (ion density for a monovalent salt is $\approx$ 30.5 mM), where the protein behaves like a polymer in a $\Theta$-solvent. The peak is broader with compared to the chain with random sequences. With further increase in $\kappa$, $R_g$ decreases just as for the random PA chain (Fig. 1). From these results, we conclude that charge fluctuations are substantial in K17Tau.
{width="40.00000%"}
**Phase diagram:** The 3D plots in fig.(3) and fig.(4) for two different values of $\kappa$ show the phase diagram for different values of $\sigma$, and $\delta \sigma$. The plot in fig.(3) shows that for small values of $\sigma$, the change in $R_g$ is significant at a particular value of $\delta \sigma$. For a large value of net charge, say $\sigma=0.8$, the change in $R_g$ is small over a range of values of $\delta \sigma$ indicating that PE effects dominate. The value of $\delta\sigma_\theta$ increases with $\sigma$ for a PA chain. In fig.(4), for $\kappa=0.4$nm$^{-1}$ and for a high value of net charge $\sigma$, the change in $R_g$ is significant at a particular value of $\delta \sigma$ indicating that PA effects dominate. The phase diagrams show that by changing the salt concentrations, the sizes of random PAs can be altered dramatically.
{width="50.00000%"}
{width="50.00000%"}
**Application to IDPs:** In order to calculate $R_g$ for several IDPs (see Fig. 5), with $N$ ranging from 24 (HISTATIN5) to 441 (hTau40) we used the average contact maps from simulations [@Upayan18JACS], which restricts the summation in Eq.\[potential\] to specific sites on the IDP. The dependence of $R_g$ on the chain length for a set of IDPs (listed in the caption to Fig. 5) is shown in Fig. 5. The theory shows that $R_g \sim N^{0.6}$, implying that these IDPs behave as self avoiding polymers, similar to the results in the simulations for PAs [@Yamakov00PRL]. The scaling in Fig. 5 has a weaker $N$ dependence than predicted by the renormalization group argument ($R_g \sim N$) for long PAs [@Kantor91EPL]. The $N$ dependence in Fig. 5 has higher power than the result in [@Higgs91JCP] ($R_g \sim N^{1/3}$). It appears that for values of $\sigma$ observed in this set of IDPs the random coil behavior is the apt description.
{width="40.00000%"}
**Sequence effects and conformational heterogeneity:** To illustrate the effect of charge fluctuations on the conformational ensemble of PAs we performed simulations of PA chains using a simple off-lattice model. The PA variables, $p_{+}$, and $p_{-}$, as well as the other simulation parameters are kept fixed. Hence, any variations in the size, or the underlying conformational heterogeneity of the PA sequences is entirely due to the different charge distributions. In a recent study, Firman and Ghosh [@Firman18JCP] identified combinations of $p_{+}$ and $p_{-}$, for which coil to globule transitions are expected to be extremely sensitive to the charge decoration along the PA chain. Taking a cue from their work, we consider PA sequences with a net charge of +6, with $p_{+} = 0.280$, and $p_{-} = 0.160$.
Twenty different realizations of charge distributions were generated by randomly permuting the positions of the neutral, positive, and negative beads along the chain. The ensemble averaged $R_{g}$ values fall in the range from 1.77 to 2.02nm. The spread in $R_{g}$s is interesting considering that in all these sequences $N=50$, and the PA variables, $\sigma$ and $\delta \sigma$, which are often used to analyze data in the IDP community, are identical. To explain these differences, in terms of fluctuations in the conformations, linked to $\delta \sigma$, we consider three representative examples (*Seq1*, *Seq2*, and *Seq3*, in Fig. 6). The peak of the $R_{g}$ distribution progressively shifts towards lower values in going from Seq1 to Seq3 (Fig. 6), clearly indicating that standard PA variables are not sufficient to fully describe the equilibrium properties.
Insights into the relative populations of the coil-like and the globule-like states for the three PA sequences can be obtained from the hierarchical arrangement of structural clusters (Fig. 7). The structural ensemble of *Seq1* is clearly dominated by extended conformations, which accounts for 64.1% of the equilibrium population. Compact structures on the other hand, have a lower occupation probability (35.9%). For *Seq2*, the relative populations of extended, and compact structures is approximately the same, being 49.5%, and 50.5%, respectively. As is evident from the dendrogram, the equilibrium ensemble of *Seq3* is primarily dominated by compact structures (net population of 73.4%), which is in complete contrast to *Seq1*. The contrasting heterogeneity of the conformational ensembles for the three PA sequences, with identical $N$, $\sigma$, and $\delta \sigma$, readily explains the differences in $R_{g}$.
The distributions of $\delta U_{elec}$ (Fig. 6), together with the approximate values of $\delta \sigma_{c}$ computed using Eq. 19 (), provide a clear-cut evidence of the key role of the charge fluctuations in determining chain dimensions. For *Seq1*, which has a high propensity to form extended structures, the $\delta U_{elec}$ distribution is narrow, and the charge fluctuation is minimal. In fact, the variance to mean ratio (VMR) of the electrostatic energy suggests that the charge distribution of *Seq1* would correspond to the theoretical limit,$\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma} < 1$, where PE effects dominate. For *Seq3*, the $\delta U_{elec}$ distribution is quite broad, and charge fluctuations effects are the most dominant, in perfect harmony with the clustering analysis, which revealed that *Seq3* is mostly associated with compact structures. Furthermore, the VMR suggests that in contrast to *Seq1*, the appropriate theoretical limit would be $\frac {\delta \sigma}{\sigma} > 1$, the regime where PA effects dominate. *Seq2*, for which the equilibrium populations of compact and extended structures are approximately equal, presents an interesting scenario. As expected, the estimated charge fluctuation, falls between the two extremities. The VMR $\approx$1 implies that the corresponding theoretical limit would be $\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma} \approx 1$. Therefore, the random coil like behavior predicted from structural clustering, which manifests itself due to a balancing act of the PA and PE effects.
We draw two important conclusions. (i) The scaling of $R_{g}$ with $N$, which for a certain class of IDPs, obey Flory scaling law can be used to accurately determine $R_{g}$ without the need for experiments or simulations. The class of IDPs for which $R_{g}$ can be computed using ($\nu \approx 0.6$) can be discerned using $\sigma$ and $\delta \sigma$. (ii) However, quantitative description of the equilibrium properties of IDPs as a function of salt concentration or denaturants requires a complete characterization of the conformational ensemble, as simulations explicitly demonstrate. The analyses of charge fluctuations show that $\delta \sigma$, which can be readily calculated for a specific sequence (in our simulations they are identical) is substantially modified when weighted by the energies associated with the conformational ensemble (denoted as $\delta \sigma_{c}$). Thus, only by understanding the details of the conformations can the properties of IDPs be correctly described. Alas, the average $R_{g}$ masks such subtle but important effects.
Seq $\langle \delta ^{2} {U_{elec}} (kcal/mol) \rangle$ $\langle R_{g} \rangle$ (nm) $\delta \sigma_{c}$ $ \vert \langle \delta^{2}{U_{elec}} \rangle/\langle U_{elec} \rangle \vert$
------ ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --
Seq1 0.23 2.03 1.53 0.83
Seq2 1.04 1.87 2.14 1.02
Seq3 4.07 1.78 2.93 9.49
: The values of charge fluctuation,$\delta \sigma_{c}$, for the different sequences. Note that $\delta \sigma_{c}$ is computed from the ensemble of sequence-specific conformations using Eq. 19. Also shown are the variance to mean ratios (VMR) for the electrostatic energy.
{width="44.00000%"} {width="45.00000%"} {width="45.00000%"}
{width="44.00000%"} {width="44.00000%"} {width="44.00000%"}
Conclusions:
============
We developed a theory to quantitatively predict the effect of charge fluctuations ($\delta \sigma$) on the size of flexible PAs that is in a good solvent (excluded volume interactions are positive) as a function of the inverse Debye length and the net charge per monomer on the chain $(\sigma$). Interestingly, when charge fluctuations are non-negligible ($\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma}$ is greater than unity), the radius of gyration increases non-monotonically as $\kappa$ increases. When $\frac{\delta \sigma}{\sigma}$ is less than unity, $R_g$ decreases with increasing $\kappa$. The generality of the theory allows us to predict $R_g$ for a number of IDPs. For a certain class of IDPs, we find the usual scaling of $R_g \sim N^{\nu}$ with $\nu = 0.6$, which coincides with the behavior expected for Flory random coils. Remarkably, our theory gives accurate estimates of the size of the Tau protein, and various fragments derived from it. This class of IDPs behaves as an ideal chain. The differences in the two scaling behavior between these IDPs can be rationalized in terms of the interplay between charge fluctuations and net charge per monomer.
What could be the origin of charge fluctuations in an IDP in which $\sigma$ (more precisely the precise sequence) is fixed? Even with $\sigma$ fixed, the ensemble of conformations that a typical IDP or PA samples is heterogeneous. In sampling a large number of conformations, the spatial distances between charged residues could vary greatly. Therefore, the effective charge of each conformation is different. In some of the conformations, positively and negatively charged residues would be close together , whereas in others they would be spatially well-separated. This gives rise to conformation-dependent effective attraction, which is quantified in our theory in terms of the average quantity $\delta \sigma$. Of course, the effective value of $\delta \sigma$ cannot be computed for a quenched charged sequence for a specific IDP without suitable simulations (see Figs 7 and 8, which illustrate this important point using three specific PA sequences). Therefore, it is difficult to construct phase diagrams of IDPs solely in terms of $\sigma$ or the differences between the number of positively and negatively charged residues. Construction of phase diagrams requires use of physical order parameters, which necessarily involves quantitatively characterizing the conformational ensembles of IDPs, an exercise requiring simulations using models that reproduce experimental measurements, such as, scattering profiles. [**Acknowledgments:**]{} We are indebted to Upayan Baul for providing the simulation results and for useful discussions. We thank Prof. D. Svergun for providing us SAXS data on the Tau protein. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (CHE 16-36424) and the Collie-Welch Foundation (F-0019).
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'In rural areas, Modi has no impact; he won't be PM'
Rabri Devi, ex-chief minister of Bihar, wife of Rashtriya Janata Dal chief Lalu Prasad and their party's candidate from Saran, tells Kavita Chowdhury there's a wave for the Rashtriya Janata Dal in Bihar and talk of a Modi wave is media hype.
Edited excerpts:
How do you see the RJD faring in Bihar, especially with Laluji not allowed to contest?
It will be a one-sided vote, in favour of the RJD.
It's being said there is a Narendra Modi wave.
There is no Modi wave. It's a pure media creation, there is no discussion about him at all in the homes of the Dalit and the common man, on him or the BJP. All this hype about Modi is the staple of businessmen and the media and restricted to cities. In rural areas, there is no impact of Modi.
There has been so much talk about tainted politicians and corruption in these polls, Don't you think Laluji's conviction in the fodder scam put the RJD on the backfoot?
Not at all. Rather, sympathy for him will work in our favour. The people know he was trapped, a pure saazish (conspiracy). The people here are heartbroken at what has happened to him.
The prioritising of family over party workers, fielding your daughter, Misa Bharti, instead of Ram Kirpal Yadav, could cost you politically.
Look
at all the other political parties; there is family everywhere. Laluji has not done anything out of the way. Moreover, it was the demand of the public of Pataliputra constituency that Misa, the bahu (daughter-in-law) from there be fielded. It's not a question of Laluji's parivaar (family) but the RJD parivaar.
But these elections have also seen several disgruntled RJD partymen quit and join other parties.
There are turncoats everywhere. But this is sure, that everywhere there is an upsurge for the RJD. In the recent Assembly bypolls, we won all the six seats. In Bihar, there is an RJD wave. It's a direct contest between the RJD and the BJP.
Then, why did the RJD fare so badly in 2009, when you were reduced to four seats?
Last time, there was massive malfunctioning of the EVM (voting) machines. Otherwise, we would have won many more seats.
You are being labelled a proxy candidate for Lalu Prasad.
That's not correct. I am prepared to be the leader of the RJD in Parliament and raise issues of unemployment, power and water for the people in my state.
What sort of a Prime Minister do you think Narendra Modi will be?
Narendra Modi will definitely not be PM. There is no Modi wave on the ground. His becoming PM will be dangerous for the country. |
Q:
How to add the data to spreadsheet by using java?
How to insert the data in spreadsheet by using java
ListEntry row = new ListEntry();
row.getCustomElements().setValueLocal("EmpNo", "1234");
row.getCustomElements().setValueLocal("empno", "12345");
row = spreadsheetService.insert(listFeedUrl, row);
Expected output:
EmpNo empno
1234 12345
CurrnetOutput:
EmpNo empno
12345
A:
Possible duplicate of: how to write the data in spreadsheet(reapated headers)
Have been looking through the documentation (old doc and new doc) and as far as I can tell, it has not been documented whether setValueLocal(String header, String value) accepts a case-sensitive header value or not.
So, based on what you show, it appears that the specified header is not case-sensitive, meaning that the easiest way to fix this, is by renaming the headers in the spreadsheet giving them unique names.
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Absence of CFTR is associated with pleiotropic effects on mucins in mouse gallbladder epithelial cells.
Mucus of cystic fibrosis patients exhibits altered biochemical composition and biophysical behavior, but the causal relationships between altered cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function and the abnormal mucus seen in various organ systems remain unclear. We used cultured gallbladder epithelial cells (GBEC) from wild-type and Cftr((-/-)) mice to investigate mucin gene and protein expression, kinetics of postexocytotic mucous granule content expansion, and biochemical and ionic compositions of secreted mucins. Muc1, Muc3, Muc4, Muc5ac, and Muc5b mRNA levels were significantly lower in Cftr((-/-)) GBEC compared with wild-type cells, whereas Muc2 mRNA levels were higher in Cftr((-/-)) cells. Quantitative immunoblotting demonstrated a trend toward lower MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC5AC, and MUC5B mucin levels in Cftr((-/-)) cells compared with cells from wild-type mice. In contrast, the levels of secreted MUC1, MUC3, MUC5B, and MUC6 mucins were significantly higher from Cftr((-/-)) cells; a trend toward higher levels of secreted MUC2 and MUC5AC was also noted from Cftr((-/-)) cells. Cftr((-/-)) cells demonstrated slower postexocytotic mucous granule content expansion. Calcium concentration was significantly elevated in the mucous gel secreted by Cftr((-/-)) cells compared with wild-type cells. Secreted mucins from Cftr((-/-)) cells contained higher sulfate concentrations. Thus absence of CFTR is associated with pleiotropic effects on mucins in murine GBEC. |
This review was originally posted on VersionTracker.com.I haven't been on versiontracker for a long time but now I'm on a personal crusade to make sure as few people buy this software as possible after what I've been through with it. I have had to contact their support people no fewer than 10 times because their activation scheme for the software is CONSTANTLY preventing from using this software if you change your hardware configuration. There is no deactivation option so I've almost missed deadlines because I had to wait for a weekday to get their tech people to reset my activation - all because I added RAM to my machine. This is the worst DRM combined with the worst support and it's a nightmare. AVOID THIS GARBAGE.
This review was originally posted on VersionTracker.com.the description says fluid mask "mimics the way the eye, optic-nerve and brain perform visual processing". i can clearly see the edges, but fluid mask consistently misses them (tried at 72dpi, at 300dpi and at 600dpi). either fluid mask need a good pair of glasses or i'm doing something wrong. i prefer to think the latter, but i thought this is supposed to be an easy to use plugin. photos with bluescreen background works well, but that is expected.
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Linda Saltzman
Linda Ellen Saltzman (September 8, 1949 – March 9, 2005) was an American public health researcher who worked at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) from 1984 until her death in 2005. She was especially known for her research on domestic violence, which has been credited with helping to define the entire field. She has been described as "...one of the CDC’s top experts on violence, and one of the violence prevention movement’s most trusted allies." In 2007, the CDC established the Linda Saltzman New Investigator Award in her memory; it is awarded biennially to a new researcher in the field of domestic violence.
References
External links
Category:1949 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:American public health doctors
Category:Domestic violence academics
Category:People from Bloomington, Indiana
Category:Brown University alumni
Category:Florida State University alumni
Category:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention people |
2 + 7*w - 5. What is -2*j(o) - 7*v(o)?
11*o**3 - 9*o + 3
Let i(y) = 2*y**3 - y**2 + y. Let s(w) = -4*w**3 + 4*w**2 - 4*w - 127. Give 4*i(r) + s(r).
4*r**3 - 127
Let r(y) = -3*y - 3. Let q(b) = 3524 - 1762 - 1763. Determine -3*q(v) - r(v).
3*v + 6
Let o(y) = 5*y**2 + 14*y. Suppose -5*j - 7*j + 708 = 0. Suppose -15*l = j + 31. Let v(w) = -w**2 - w. Give l*v(c) - o(c).
c**2 - 8*c
Let m(u) = -2*u**2 + 5*u - 1. Suppose 2*t = 3*t + 5*w - 24, t = -3*w + 16. Let n be -2*1/6*9/1. Let z(o) = -2*o**2 + 6*o - 2. What is n*z(g) + t*m(g)?
-2*g**2 + 2*g + 2
Let c(s) = s**2 + s - 1. Let l(i) = 5*i**2 + 6*i. Let q be (-1030)/309*(-66)/5. Suppose 7 - q = -37*o. Give o*l(j) - 4*c(j).
j**2 + 2*j + 4
Let g(p) = -341*p + 809. Let c(m) = -966*m + 2426. What is 6*c(z) - 17*g(z)?
z + 803
Let t(m) = -m. Suppose 174*x + 56*x = 23*x + 8694. Let h(d) = -35*d. Calculate x*t(v) - h(v).
-7*v
Let r(l) = -l**2 + 1. Let v(a) = 3*a**3 + 5 - 39*a**2 + 52*a**2 + 2*a - 20*a**2 + a**2. Give 6*r(m) - v(m).
-3*m**3 - 2*m + 1
Let c(o) = 3*o + 1. Let z(n) = n. Let p = -2505 - -2510. Determine p*z(b) - c(b).
2*b - 1
Let j(n) = 9*n**2 - 9*n + 6. Let q(u) = 2*u**2 - 2*u + 1. Let v(p) = j(p) - 5*q(p). Suppose 372 - 360 = 12*y. Let c(k) = -9*k - 9. Give y*c(a) + 9*v(a).
-9*a**2
Let h(w) = 2*w - 3. Let q(m) = 64*m - 7. Give h(k) - q(k).
-62*k + 4
Let v(i) be the first derivative of -i**2 - 3. Let s = 211 - 211. Suppose -c - 2 = -4*j - 21, s = -2*c + 2*j + 20. Let h(g) = 3*g. Give c*v(q) + 3*h(q).
-5*q
Let z be (-1)/(-4) - 5/4. Let s(b) = b**3 - b**2 + b + 1. Suppose -20*p = 17297 - 17397. Let g(j) = 3*j**3 - 7*j**2 + 6*j + 5. What is p*s(q) + z*g(q)?
2*q**3 + 2*q**2 - q
Let o(h) = 5*h**3 + 8*h**2 - 4*h - 7. Let j be 9 - ((-330)/264)/((-10)/24). Let d(f) = -4*f**3 - 7*f**2 + 4*f + 6. What is j*o(s) + 7*d(s)?
2*s**3 - s**2 + 4*s
Let v(r) = -10*r**3 + 4*r**2 - r. Let q(g) = -8*g + 10*g + 2*g**2 + 217*g**3 - 9*g**2 + 0*g - 198*g**3. Determine 6*q(j) + 11*v(j).
4*j**3 + 2*j**2 + j
Suppose -p + 48 = 2*p. Suppose -19 = g - p. Let b(o) = 4 - 16*o - 9*o + 33*o. Let u(w) = -7*w - 3. Calculate g*b(c) - 4*u(c).
4*c
Let r(v) = 1 - 7105*v + 3528*v + 3573*v. Let f(q) = -3*q + 2. Determine 5*f(z) - 4*r(z).
z + 6
Let u(r) = r**3 - 2*r**2 + 3*r - 2. Let z(n) = 22*n**3 - 8*n + 3. Determine 2*u(c) + z(c).
24*c**3 - 4*c**2 - 2*c - 1
Let r(m) = -4*m + 3*m - m + 3*m. Let p(o) = -4*o + 1. Let a(y) = -y**2 + 3. Let f be a(-3). Let q be ((-72)/(-6) - 9)*(-3)/9. What is f*r(k) + q*p(k)?
-2*k - 1
Let u(n) = 6*n**3 - 12*n**2 - 1761*n - 5. Let h(o) = 8*o**3 - 17*o**2 - 2642*o - 7. Determine -5*h(m) + 7*u(m).
2*m**3 + m**2 + 883*m
Let w(b) = -2*b - 10. Let h(a) = 22*a - 27. Let t(q) = -31*q + 29. Let p(v) = 4*h(v) + 3*t(v). Determine -6*p(f) + 14*w(f).
2*f - 14
Let d be 9/(-6) + (-3)/(-6). Let i(k) = 5*k - 5. Let c = -10417 - -10421. Let n(x) be the third derivative of x**4/24 - x**3/6 + x**2. Give c*n(j) + d*i(j).
-j + 1
Let p be (10 - 19 - -11) + (7 - -1). Let k(b) = -6 + b - 3 + p. Let n(t) be the third derivative of -t**4/12 - t**3/3 + 4*t**2. What is k(a) + n(a)?
-a - 1
Let h(q) = -9*q + 11. Let y(t) = -10*t + 12. Let j(d) = 90*d - 3054. Let b be j(34). Calculate b*y(n) - 7*h(n).
3*n - 5
Let o(p) = 40*p**3 + 7*p**2 - 7*p + 7. Let x(k) = 13*k**3 + 2*k**2 - 2*k + 2. Suppose -3453 - 669 = -9*c. Let g = c - 465. Determine g*x(s) + 2*o(s).
-11*s**3
Let o(b) = 1250*b + 48. Let v(a) = -181*a - 7. Determine 2*o(m) + 15*v(m).
-215*m - 9
Let i(h) = -h**3 - 25*h**2 - 4*h + 7. Let y(n) = 8*n**2 + n - 2. Suppose 84 = -11*v + 23*v. Calculate v*y(k) + 2*i(k).
-2*k**3 + 6*k**2 - k
Let t(o) = -o**2. Suppose -5*s - 5*x = x - 4, 4*s + 2*x = 6. Let j(a) = 12 + 2*a**2 - s - 2*a - 3*a**2 - 11 + a. Calculate -j(l) - t(l).
2*l**2 + l + 1
Let m(g) = -g**2 - 7*g - 1. Let q(o) = -246*o**2 - 9*o + 5. Determine m(u) - q(u).
245*u**2 + 2*u - 6
Let x be (-1)/(-3) - 148/12. Let f(j) = -j**3 + j. Let k(z) = -5*z**3 + 4*z. Let o(q) = 7*q - 20. Let d be o(9). Let c = d - 40. Determine c*k(v) + x*f(v).
-3*v**3
Let t(m) = -105*m**3 + 48*m - 49*m - 108*m**3 + 212*m**3. Let i(s) = -14*s**3 - 6*s + 3. Calculate i(d) - 6*t(d).
-8*d**3 + 3
Let n(d) = -d - 4. Let m(a) = -741*a**3 + 2*a**2 + 6*a + 16. What is m(y) + 4*n(y)?
-741*y**3 + 2*y**2 + 2*y
Let s(p) = p**3 + p**2 + p - 1. Let w(f) = -f**3 + 13*f**2 + 52*f - 675. Let i be w(13). Let x(h) = -8*h**3 + 4*h**2 + 6*h - 2. Calculate i*x(b) - 4*s(b).
-12*b**3 + 2*b + 2
Let w(d) = 44*d**3 + 16*d**2 + 1767*d - 6. Let o(v) = 16*v**3 + 6*v**2 + 589*v - 2. Determine -8*o(z) + 3*w(z).
4*z**3 + 589*z - 2
Let u(v) = -7*v**3 + 1. Let l(t) = 18*t**3 - 3. Let s(w) = -2*l(w) - 5*u(w). Let g(m) = 6*m**3 + 6. Determine g(z) - 6*s(z).
12*z**3
Let z(d) = -10*d**3. Suppose t + 14 - 22 = 0. Suppose t + 36 = 11*p. Let h(g) = 11*g**3. Calculate p*z(r) + 3*h(r).
-7*r**3
Let z(x) = -1. Let o(f) = f**2 + 69. Let r be o(27). Let y = r + -797. Let d(t) = -t - 3. What is y*d(h) - 2*z(h)?
-h - 1
Let d(w) = 15*w**2 - 3*w - 19. Let n(r) = -6*r**2 + r + 11. What is 3*d(j) + 7*n(j)?
3*j**2 - 2*j + 20
Suppose -5*g = -1 - 9. Let j(c) = -8*c - 4. Let s(b) = -177*b - 187*b - 156*b - 183*b + 0 + 1 + 705*b. What is g*j(n) + 9*s(n)?
2*n + 1
Let s(z) = 7*z**2 + 2*z + 3. Let x(q) be the second derivative of 7*q**4/6 + 2*q**3/3 + 7*q**2/2 + 410*q. Calculate -9*s(d) + 4*x(d).
-7*d**2 - 2*d + 1
Let x(l) = -35*l - 113. Let r(f) = 33*f + 140. Determine 4*r(u) + 5*x(u).
-43*u - 5
Let g(b) = b**3 + 5*b**2 - 5. Let h = 165 - 163. Let v = -40 + 36. Let p be v + 16/2 + 1. Let o(d) = -d**3 - 2*d**2 + 2. Calculate h*g(z) + p*o(z).
-3*z**3
Let s(d) = 2*d. Suppose -1473*t + 2823 = -1596. Suppose -c - 3 = -3*v + 5, -3*c - 9 = -4*v. Let m(g) = g - v*g - g. Give t*m(f) + 2*s(f).
-5*f
Let i(s) = 45*s**2 + 1105*s - 25. Let b(d) = 14*d**2 + 370*d - 8. Determine -16*b(w) + 5*i(w).
w**2 - 395*w + 3
Let w(a) = 31*a**3 - 69821 + 69821. Let p(x) = 63*x**3. Give 3*p(u) - 5*w(u).
34*u**3
Let v(m) = 23*m - 58. Let r(p) = -26*p + 44. Determine -4*r(x) - 3*v(x).
35*x - 2
Let s(u) = -29*u - 47. Let n(v) = -117*v - 173. Give -2*n(l) + 9*s(l).
-27*l - 77
Let d(m) = -m - 542. Let z(r) = 4. Give -d(h) - 8*z(h).
h + 510
Let w(r) = -8*r - 5. Let c = 64 - 63. Suppose 3*j - 3*b - 153 = 0, -2*b - c = -3. Suppose -44 = -4*z - j. Let g(p) = 2*p + 1. Give z*w(d) - 9*g(d).
-2*d + 1
Let d(f) = -5*f + 5. Let s(r) = 2*r + 2 - 2*r - 2*r. Suppose 92*w = -82*w + 142 - 1360. What is w*s(x) + 3*d(x)?
-x + 1
Let l(u) = -4854*u + 22. Let y(g) = -1213*g + 5. Give 2*l(t) - 9*y(t).
1209*t - 1
Let q(w) = 7*w - 280. Let j(k) = -5*k + 229. Calculate -6*j(h) - 5*q(h).
-5*h + 26
Let d(z) = 16*z**3 - 4*z**2 + 4*z + 2. Let h(o) = -39*o**3 + 8*o**2 - 9*o - 5. Give 7*d(c) + 3*h(c).
-5*c**3 - 4*c**2 + c - 1
Let f(l) = 329*l**3 + 17 - 270*l**3 + 4 - 71*l**3. Let n(w) be the second derivative of 0*w**3 - 3/20*w**5 + 0 + 5/2*w**2 + 0*w**4 + w. Give 5*f(x) - 21*n(x).
3*x**3
Let v(g) = -2*g**2 + 5*g + 4. Let x(t) = 8*t + 10*t**2 - 9*t**2 + 19*t - 38*t + 10*t. Determine -v(q) - 3*x(q).
-q**2 - 2*q - 4
Let o(p) be the third derivative of -p**5/30 - p**4/8 + 2*p**3/3 + 4671*p**2. Let d(b) = -3*b**2 - 3*b + 5. What is 4*d(u) - 5*o(u)?
-2*u**2 + 3*u
Let o(a) = 7*a. Let x(z) = -3*z. Let s(p) = 4*o(p) + 9*x(p). Let v be (2/9)/(11/99). Let b(n) = 2*n + 176*n**2 - 4*n**3 - 176*n**2. Calculate v*s(q) - b(q).
4*q**3
Let v(k) = -14*k**2 + 24*k - 1. Let b(z) = -14*z**2 + 25*z - 2. Determine -2*b(s) + 3*v(s).
-14*s**2 + 22*s + 1
Suppose -95*v + 38 = -93*v. Suppose v*w + 48 = 35*w. Let b(c) = -c**2 + c + 2. Let g(d) = 2*d**2 - d - 4. Give w*g(o) + 5*b(o).
o**2 + 2*o - 2
Let g(z) = 4. Let t(c) = -427*c + 22. Determine 5*g(s) - t(s).
427*s - 2
Let s(j) be the third derivative of 13*j**6/40 - 5*j**4/24 - 2452*j**2 - 1. Let k(w) = -116*w**3 + 14*w. What is 5*k(y) + 14*s(y)?
-34*y**3
Let h(j) be the first derivative of -j**4/4 + j**3/3 + j**2/2 + 107. Let d(b) = -4*b**3 + 5*b**2 + 5*b. Let m = 2 + -3. What is m*d(l) + 5*h(l)?
-l**3
Let m(k) = -7. Let u(f) = f - 9. Let w(q) = -5*m(q) + 4*u(q). Let z(x) = -5*x + 2. Suppose 2*n - 15 = -5*v, -5*v + 3*n + 0*n = -15. Calculate v*w(l) + 2*z(l).
2*l + 1
Let h(u) = 3*u - 3. Let d(m) = -5*m**2 + 102*m - 520. Let w be d(11). Let g(k) be the first derivative of 7*k**2/2 - 5*k - 2. Calculate w*g(v) |
Novel polymer biomaterials and interfaces inspired from cell membrane functions.
Materials with excellent biocompatibility on interfaces between artificial system and biological system are needed to develop any equipments and devices in bioscience, bioengineering and medicinal science. Suppression of unfavorable biological response on the interface is most important for understanding real functions of biomolecules on the surface. So, we should design and prepare such biomaterials. SCOOP OF REVIEW: One of the best ways to design the biomaterials is generated from mimicking a cell membrane structure. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayered membrane and embedded proteins and polysaccharides. The surface of the cell membrane-like structure is constructed artificially by molecular integration of phospholipid polymer as platform and conjugated biomolecules. Here, it is introduced as the effectiveness of biointerface with highly biological functions observed on artificial cell membrane structure. Reduction of nonspecific protein adsorption is essential for suppression of unfavorable bioresponse and achievement of versatile biomedical applications. Simultaneously, bioconjugation of biomolecules on the phospholipid polymer platform is crucial for a high-performance interface. The biointerfaces with both biocompatibility and biofunctionality based on biomolecules must be installed on advanced devices, which are applied in the fields of nanobioscience and nanomedicine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Nanotechnologies - Emerging Applications in Biomedicine. |
Steelers @ Bengals is the pick of those matchups for me, divisional games in the playoffs are always compelling viewing and this is the best shot Cincy is gonna have at getting that elusive playoff win. Initially I was gonna say all 4 road teams win, but that cant happen, home field is too big of an advantage in the playoffs, so Im gonna go with Chiefs, Bengals, Vikings and Packers to get the wins.
I think I'd jizz all over the place if Vikings managed to get that play-off win. The second they come up against Carolina they'll get an ass whipping, but I'm so happy that they've managed to take the division and make it to the play-offs.
Yeah its quite annoying that even though Vikings have the higher seed, Packers have the easier matchup against the Redskins. Vikings have the Seahawks at the worst possible time, Wilson is in incredible form.
Zartan wrote:You think the Packers will win? They are so bad at the moment. Bengals will never win a playoff game. Seahawks are just unstoppable at the moment. Chiefs Vs Texans will be 10-3
I think theres a lot to be said for having been there and done it before, Rodgers and the Packers as a whole are a playoff hardened team, theyre not playing like it right now but theyve been there and done it before, the Redskins have not so even with home advantage I think the Packers will pull out a win.
Oh I think most people will agree that all the away teams are most likely to progress, I just think the Packers are the most likely to slip. The way the Redskins have been playing, look at how they torched the Cowboys in the 1st Quarter, I really think they have a great shot, especially with the awful form the Packers are showing.
The Texans probably have a decent chance, with how well they and especially Watt have been playing of late. Really could not believe the luck of the Patriots that Watt breaks his hand just before he play them. He completely wrecked the Jets when he played them the week before. Speaking of luck, just look at the Chiefs schedule, not a lot of good teams in the past few weeks. When I saw them in London the Lions rolled over for them, sure they beat an injury hit Steelers and Broncos team, but I just do not see Alex Smith having a great time against the Texans defence, which means it will be close, so the Texans could sneak it.
There is no way I can see the Seahawks losing, it is a shame as I like Mike Zimmer due to his appearances on Hard Knocks with the Bengals, it just seems that the Seahawks are just hitting their stride, and will be in strong to making it 3 Superbowls in a row.
As for the Bengals, well.... I mean they have a chance against the Steelers, who looked shaky against the Browns... I just cannot see them ever winning a playoff game. Even if they had Dalton, maybe especially if they had Dalton |
The most widespread medium for distributing motion pictures is the videocassette. Because of the different television industry standards used throughout the world, there are an equal number of videocassette standards. An NTSC videotape sold in the United States, for example, will not play on most videocassette players to be found in England. To a far lesser extent, motion pictures are also distributed on optical disk media. These media are for the most part analog recordings, and once again media designed to play on players of one type are incompatible with players of another.
Further complicating the need to publish a given motion picture in multiple standards is the fact that there are often two versions of the same motion picture. Typically, the versions may be what are termed R-rated and PG-rated, the former, because of its violence or sexual content, being suitable primarily for adults. Motion picture companies will often produce two different versions of the same film. For example, adult-rated films are generally not shown on airplanes. There are many consumers who will not purchase an adult-rated motion picture, especially if it will be viewed by children in the household. The multiple-standards problem is compounded by the fact that a motion picture may have to be released in two versions, and each of those versions will in turn have to be distributed in multiple standards.
Digitally encoded optical disks are in theory far superior for the distribution of motion pictures and other forms of presentation. Especially advantageous is the use of "compressed video," by which it is possible to digitally encode a motion picture on a disk no larger than the present-day audio CD. Especially in the case of compressed video, where there is no real-time analog video signal on a disk, it should be possible to play the same disk throughout the world--the players in any given territory will generate an analog signal of the appropriate standard from the same digitally encoded video source information. It would be highly desirable if the same disk could store two versions of the same motion picture; such a "universal" disk would obviate the need for releasing a motion picture in multiple disk forms.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a system and method in which multiple versions of the same motion picture are stored on the same software carrier, without requiring multiple full video tracks each devoted to one of the versions.
It is another object of this invention to provide a system and method for representing information pertaining to the versions available on the disk, and a player for controlling which version is played.
It must be understood that the principles of the present invention are not limited to any particular types of carriers or any particular kinds of software. It is true that the most widespread use foreseen for the invention is by the motion picture industry, and the storage of R-rated and PG-rated versions of the same motion picture on a single disk. However, the invention is not limited to the provision of just two versions on the carrier: the principles of the invention are equally applicable to three or more versions of the same program material. (A practical application of this would be the provision of multiple versions of a tutorial on a single disk, with each version being geared for a different level of expertise.) Not only is the invention not limited to a particular number of versions, but it is not limited to a particular medium--for example, it is applicable to tape carriers and all digital storage media. Thus it is to be understood that the term "software publisher" embraces much more than a motion picture company, and the term "carrier" embraces much more than a digitally encoded optical disk. |
Q:
Add two numbers in ajax function
Hi i am new to ajax and trying to add two numbers in ajax function here is the code:
$("#next_btn").click(function(){
Display_Load();
var page = this.title;
var subtract = 1;
$("#content").load("pagination_brand.php?page=" + page, Hide_Load());
this.title = parseInt(page + 1);
});
in this function i am calling the div's title value and on click i want to add 1 value in to that number just like if title is having 1 so onclick it will become 2 but here its taking as string add when i see the output it disply 11 apart of 2.
A:
It must be:
this.title = parseInt(page) + 1;
A:
you need to do it like
for integers
parseInt(number1,10) + parseInt(1,10)
for floats/decimals
parseFloat(number1) + parseFloat(1,10)
|
Cascade Township Real Estate
Cascade Township Real Estate
Thinking about a move to Cascade Township? We’ve included all of the relevant information you might like to know about the area including Real Estate, Entertainment, Schools and Community information.
Weichert Realtors Platinum Group is one of the Premier real estate firms serving Cascade Township, MI. If you are preparing to buy or sell a home, we offer the expertise and professionalism to help you through this exciting time. Here you will be able to search for your home, save searches and properties, request information and schedule showings all online. If you are considering selling your home and would like to know its current market value, we can provide you with a FREE Home Evaluation.
If you have any questions about Cascade Township real estate, feel free to call or e-mail anytime.
Current Cascade Township Real Estate for Sale
Here are all of the homes and condos in Cascade Township, Mi. For more information or to request a showing, please contact us at your earliest convenience. For immediate assistance, please call or text Andrew at 616-570-1871.
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Cascade Township General Information
Cascade Township is located on the southeast side of Grand Rapids (area code 49301 & 49546) approximately 10 miles southeast of Grand Rapids. Cascade Twp’s prominent feature is the Thornapple River which divides the township into east and west halves. Originally part of Ada Twp, it was formed in 1848.
Commuting to and from Cascade is much easier as the newly constructed M6 hwy now runs from the I-96 to the E. Beltline in Kentwood, to Byron Center. The main Grand Rapids airport, The Gerald R. Ford International Airport, is situated in the township at 44th and Patterson Ave.
Cascade Township offers a wide variety of of shopping, services and professional office buildings. Businesses in the township produce metal and plastic products for automotive and aerospace industries as well as tool and dies, furniture and wood products. The township continues to grow and Cascade real estate offers several upscale residential and condo communities.
Cascade is served by 3 different school systems. The Forest Hills School system, Caledonia schools and Lowell area schools. A favorite of families, empty-nesters and singles alike Cascade Township has something for everyone.
Cascade Twp Park
CASCADE TOWNSHIP PARK: (3810 Thornapple River Drive SE): Cascade Township currently has one park located approximately 1 mile south of 28th street on Thornapple River Dr. This 55 acre park offers a variety of activities including 4 horseshoe pits, baseball/softball diamonds, fields for soccer or football, volleyball and pedestrian paths. There are also play areas for kids with swing sets. A pavilion and gazebo offer shelter from the elements and picnic tables can be found throughout the park.
LESLIE E. TASSELL PARK: (2900 Thornapple River Dr): This picturesque park is located just south of Cascade Rd SE. Completed in 2002, it boasts sculptures, fountains, a fire pit, a variety of mature hardwood trees and beautiful landscaping. Picnic tables and benches are located throughout the park.
Museum Gardens Park
MUSEUM GARDENS PARK: (NW corner of Cascade Rd and Thornapple River Dr): The original Cascade Town Hall can be found in the Garden. Many lovely perennials, trees, shrubs and annuals have been planted to enhance the natural beauty of this park. Benches are available to sit and admire the view and enjoy the surroundings. This is an ideal rest stop when travelling through the village on the pedestrian pathway. |
Gina Miller, the woman behind the Brexit legal challenge, has told the BBC she has employed security to protect herself.
The case centres on the whether the UK government has the power to trigger Article 50 or whether it must seek Parliament's authorisation first.
The Supreme Court president has promised a decision "as soon as possible". |
Hartford, CT – The Distilled Spirits Council (DISCUS) today sent a letter to Governor Rell and Connecticut legislators questioning their continued unwillingness to consider Sunday alcohol sales as a revenue-raiser that could save potentially millions in tough budget cuts.
“The hospitality industry is dismayed at the State Legislature’s reluctance thus far to consider one very positive means to generate revenue—millions of dollars that could help save harsh cuts to other thin budgets,” wrote Jay Hibbard, Council Vice President.
“Right now, $16.7 million in immediate rescissions to 25 different line-items are in the Governor’s budget mitigation proposal. Allowing Sunday sales could reduce rescission cuts by nearly half with additional revenue accruing to the state over a full fiscal year.Policymakers would be irresponsible to cut funding from one single program before first enacting an inevitable revenue-raiser like Sunday alcohol sales.”
A recent economic analysis by the Council showed that Sunday alcohol sales in Connecticut would generate upwards of $8 million in new tax revenues for the state.Connecticut is one of only three states (Georgia and Indiana) that prohibit off-premise package store sales of beer, wine and distilled spirits.
Since 2002, 14 states have passed Sunday alcohol sales. States which allowed Sunday sales between 2002 and 2005 (12 states) showed an average 5-7 percent increase in tax revenues in 2006 with zero negative social impact such as increased drunk driving or underage drinking. |
Does caring for trauma patients lead to psychological stress in surgeons?
Symptoms identical to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been shown to occur in caregivers of trauma patients. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) characterizes those who exhibit PTSD symptoms related to indirect exposure to a stressor. We hypothesized that caring for trauma patients is associated with symptoms of PTSD/STS. Surgeons in various specialties (n = 133) were surveyed from January to May 2012 at two regional surgical conferences. Symptoms of PTSD were identified using the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) using specific diagnostic criteria to measure the psychological impact of exposure to trauma patients. Resilience was measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 items. The amount of time caring for trauma patients was used as a measure of risk exposure. The relationship between STSS, resilience, and exposure to trauma patients was measured with p < 0.05 considered significant. Twenty-eight surgeons (22%) met diagnostic symptom criteria for PTSD as measured by the STSS. Approximately two thirds of the surgeons (86 of 133, 65%) exhibited at least one symptom of STS. However, the magnitude of exposure to trauma patients was similar between surgeons with and without PTSD symptoms (p = 0.2177). Higher resilience scores were associated with lower STS scores (r = -0.369, p < 0.0001). Most importantly, surgeons who met symptom criteria for PTSD exhibited significantly lower resilience scores (31 [3.4] vs. 34 [3.9], p < 0.0001). Symptoms of PTSD as measured by the STSS were reported in two thirds of study participants but did not correlate with time spent for caring for trauma patients. One in five reported symptoms consistent with a PTSD. Lower resilience scores correlated with risk of symptoms and may be used to identify those surgeons most at risk. Efforts to better identify, address, and moderate these psychological consequences of surgical care may improve both the emotional well-being and the vocational performance of surgeons. |
Punjab and Haryana High Court (File pic) Punjab and Haryana High Court (File pic)
Police officers need to be sensitised against implicating the whole family in cases registered by estranged wives, the Punjab and Haryana High Court has said while quashing an FIR filed by a woman against her sister-in-law in Jind city for alleged mental cruelty.
“The police officials need to be sensitized and they have to understand that it causes unsurmountable harassment, agony and pain when a party has been wrongly framed,” Justice Anita Chaudhary has said in the judgement of the case.
The woman in the case had alleged that her sister-in-law did not allow her to give the landline number to her acquaintances, outsiders could not enter the house, she was not allowed to watch the television and keep fast on Thursdays. The sister-in-law used to dominate her and also force her to cook eggs on Tuesday, the woman said in her complaint before the police while describing it as mental cruelty.
She along with her husband had been living at her sister-in-law’s official accommodation in Delhi. When she registered a case of cruelty against her husband, the sister-in-law was also named in the FIR under IPC 498A and 406 – along with other members of the family.
“The allegations levelled against the petitioner even if taken to be true on their face value do fall under the definition of cruelty. This case is a glaring example of the unwarranted tendency to implicate maximum members of the family of the husband in the hands of estranged wife,” the single bench said in the decision.
The Court further said that the incidents mentioned in the FIR are petty in nature and that police action is not justified in filing the charge sheet against the complainant’s sister-in-law. “They have been insensitive. It is case of over implication of the petitioner,” the judgement reads. “The officials were lacking in their duties and did not care to find out the truth”.
Ruling that the criminal proceedings against the sister-in-law in the case would amount to misuse of the process of the court, the FIR against her has been quashed by the High Court. The three other accused in the case include the complainant’s husband, mother-in-law and father-in-law against whom proceedings are still going on separately.
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Q:
TeeChart: Can I have unsorted values on the bottom axis?
I have a problem when I plot values in TeeChart in C#. The data depends on an angle and hence it is possible to select different domains (0-360 degrees, -180 - 180 degrees, -90 - 270 degrees, etc).
Due to different reasons, I would like to express the domain on the Bottom axis in my TeeChart plot as
[180, 181, 182, ..., 358, 359, 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 178, 179]
When I add this data to the TeeChart plot, the array automatically (and quite naturally) gets sorted:
[0, 1, 2, ..., 357, 358, 359]
I would like to override the automatic sorting. Is it possible?
Thanx in advance.
A:
Yes, you can achieve that customizing point labels. Additionally you can set series' XValues not to be sorted, they are sorted in ascending mode by default. An example illustrates that much better:
tChart1.Aspect.View3D = false;
Steema.TeeChart.Styles.Line line1 = new Steema.TeeChart.Styles.Line(tChart1.Chart);
line1.XValues.Order = Steema.TeeChart.Styles.ValueListOrder.None;
Random y = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < 360; i++)
{
double tmp = (i + 180) % 360;
string label = i.ToString();
line1.Add(tmp, y.Next(), label);
}
|
Tracking historic migrations of the Irish potato famine pathogen, Phytophthora infestans.
The plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, a devastating disease on potato that led to the Irish potato famine during 1845-1847. The disease is considered a reemerging problem and still causes major epidemics on both potato and tomato crops worldwide. Theories on the origin of the disease based on an examination of the genetic diversity and structure of P. infestans populations and use of historic specimens to understand modern day epidemics are discussed. |
Is this a banana republic or simply a republic that's gone bananas? Inquiring minds want to know. It's becoming harder by the day to distinguish the administration's purely ideological motives from its bone-deep desire to hoover the nation's wealth upwards into the burgeoning plutocracy. The good folks at ProPublica have a deep gray study into the president*'s conspicuous involvement in a new spasm of giganto-mergers.
By meeting with the CEOs of Monsanto and Bayer as well as the head of AT&T, which is trying to merge with Time Warner, Trump has violated decades of White House practice by injecting himself directly into mergers awaiting Justice Department review. "The public should be concerned that the career attorneys' and economists' analysis of the deals is not what the decision is going to be made on," said Holt Lackey, a former antitrust counsel to the Republican-led House Judiciary Committee. Several former Justice Department antitrust officials said in interviews they are worried that Trump will cut deals with companies that could hurt American consumers. "If a transaction is harmful to competition and merging companies raise prices to consumers by 10 to 15 percent, it would not be good to allow that to happen just because the merged companies created some jobs," said Gene Kimmelman, who was chief counsel in the Antitrust Division during the Obama administration. "That would be a horrible trade-off."
The most obvious problem with this arrangement is the fact that the president* believes himself to be somewhere between Jay Gould and Talleyrand when it comes to striking deals. It's his entire identity, as near as I can tell. So, naturally, he thinks he knows more about everything than do the lawyers and economists from both political parties who have dedicated their careers to studying the deleterious effects of massive corporate consolidation.
Merging companies typically tout the benefits of proposed deals. But antitrust enforcers spend a lot of time scrutinizing whether those benefits would actually result from the merger, rather than from business decisions that would have been made anyway. And antitrust experts said that if Trump pushed the Department of Justice to allow a merger through in exchange for a promise of job creation, such a pledge would be difficult to enforce. What would happen, for example, if the company reneged on adding jobs after the merger had been completed? Trump's meetings with CEOs have raised concerns inside the Justice Department itself. "It is troubling that presidents of companies whose cases are before the Antitrust Division would be meeting with the president-elect," said one DOJ antitrust staffer. "We're a law enforcement agency and we pride ourselves on enforcing the law and looking at a case objectively and deciding whether it would or would not violate the antitrust laws."
Antitrust laws have been steadily weakening ever since the Reagan Administration. It was their encroaching feebleness that allowed for the massive M&A boom in the 1980s, from which the administration has drawn many of its gray eminences. (Carl Icahn!) Now, it appears, they're simply being ignored. But, hey, Dow 20,000! Bananas for everyone!
Respond to this post on the Esquire Politics Facebook page.
Charles P. Pierce Charles P Pierce is the author of four books, most recently Idiot America, and has been a working journalist since 1976.
This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io |
// List iterator invalidation tests
// Copyright (C) 2003-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
//
// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library. This library is free
// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
// any later version.
// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
// with this library; see the file COPYING3. If not see
// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
#include <debug/list>
#include <iterator>
#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
// Resize
void test02()
{
using std::advance;
typedef __gnu_debug::list<int> list_type;
list_type v(10, 17);
list_type::iterator before = v.begin();
advance(before, 6);
list_type::iterator at = before;
advance(at, 1);
list_type::iterator after = at;
advance(after, 1);
list_type::iterator finish = v.end();
// Shrink
v.resize(7);
VERIFY(before._M_dereferenceable());
VERIFY(at._M_singular());
VERIFY(after._M_singular());
VERIFY(!finish._M_singular() && !finish._M_dereferenceable());
}
int main()
{
test02();
return 0;
}
|
t is 406 minutes after 3:36 PM?
10:22 PM
What is 244 minutes before 9:45 AM?
5:41 AM
What is 607 minutes after 7:29 AM?
5:36 PM
What is 33 minutes after 12:01 PM?
12:34 PM
What is 568 minutes after 4:41 PM?
2:09 AM
How many minutes are there between 10:44 AM and 9:49 PM?
665
How many minutes are there between 3:27 PM and 12:26 AM?
539
What is 9 minutes before 12:43 PM?
12:34 PM
How many minutes are there between 12:11 PM and 1:20 PM?
69
How many minutes are there between 6:05 AM and 9:48 AM?
223
How many minutes are there between 3:07 PM and 2:40 AM?
693
How many minutes are there between 1:17 AM and 7:28 AM?
371
What is 137 minutes before 8:51 AM?
6:34 AM
How many minutes are there between 3:02 PM and 3:11 PM?
9
What is 398 minutes before 11:17 AM?
4:39 AM
What is 582 minutes after 9:45 PM?
7:27 AM
What is 404 minutes before 2:03 PM?
7:19 AM
How many minutes are there between 4:25 PM and 10:59 PM?
394
What is 703 minutes after 2:51 PM?
2:34 AM
What is 366 minutes after 8:45 PM?
2:51 AM
What is 538 minutes after 5:59 AM?
2:57 PM
What is 705 minutes after 11:05 AM?
10:50 PM
How many minutes are there between 2:53 AM and 2:40 PM?
707
What is 173 minutes before 10:21 PM?
7:28 PM
How many minutes are there between 3:58 PM and 8:32 PM?
274
How many minutes are there between 5:27 PM and 4:43 AM?
676
What is 2 minutes after 9:13 PM?
9:15 PM
How many minutes are there between 7:08 PM and 8:46 PM?
98
How many minutes are there between 1:43 AM and 12:55 PM?
672
What is 292 minutes after 12:51 PM?
5:43 PM
What is 418 minutes after 4:30 PM?
11:28 PM
How many minutes are there between 9:22 PM and 2:15 AM?
293
What is 12 minutes after 9:04 AM?
9:16 AM
How many minutes are there between 1:47 PM and 2:31 PM?
44
How many minutes are there between 12:47 AM and 10:25 AM?
578
How many minutes are there between 12:11 AM and 5:24 AM?
313
How many minutes are there between 11:31 AM and 2:35 PM?
184
What is 82 minutes before 2:12 PM?
12:50 PM
How many minutes are there between 2:50 PM and 4:01 PM?
71
What is 128 minutes after 12:01 PM?
2:09 PM
How many minutes are there between 12:16 AM and 9:32 AM?
556
What is 244 minutes before 1:57 PM?
9:53 AM
What is 197 minutes before 5:26 PM?
2:09 PM
How many minutes are there between 7:25 PM and 12:02 AM?
277
How many minutes are there between 8:49 PM and 4:17 AM?
448
What is 491 minutes after 1:28 PM?
9:39 PM
How many minutes are there between 1:40 PM and 8:20 PM?
400
What is 474 minutes after 8:43 PM?
4:37 AM
How many minutes are there between 6:39 PM and 8:39 PM?
120
How many minutes are there between 1:16 AM and 3:06 AM?
110
How many minutes are there between 5:51 PM and 4:01 AM?
610
How many minutes are there between 5:26 PM and 6:26 PM?
60
What is 82 minutes before 12:18 PM?
10:56 AM
What is 595 minutes before 8:30 AM?
10:35 PM
How many minutes are there between 4:27 AM and 2:24 PM?
597
What is 507 minutes after 2:38 AM?
11:05 AM
How many minutes are there between 12:15 AM and 4:18 AM?
243
How many minutes are there between 9:03 PM and 10:25 PM?
82
How many minutes are there between 1:37 AM and 3:27 AM?
110
What is 416 minutes after 2:22 PM?
9:18 PM
How many minutes are there between 3:41 PM and 8:20 PM?
279
How many minutes are there between 1:07 AM and 5:07 AM?
240
How many minutes are there between 12:54 PM and 6:07 PM?
313
How many minutes are there between 10:59 PM and 7:57 AM?
538
How many minutes are there between 2:06 PM and 4:14 PM?
128
How many minutes are there between 7:02 PM and 3:36 AM?
514
How many minutes are there between 8:10 AM and 11:03 AM?
173
What is 237 minutes before 11:14 AM?
7:17 AM
What is 104 minutes before 1:05 AM?
11:21 PM
How many minutes are there between 9:11 AM and 6:23 PM?
552
What is 557 minutes before 10:21 AM?
1:04 AM
What is 136 minutes after 12:06 PM?
2:22 PM
What is 128 minutes before 6:33 AM?
4:25 AM
How many minutes are there between 11:08 AM and 3:23 PM?
255
What is 159 minutes after 5:44 AM?
8:23 AM
What is 620 minutes after 11:31 PM?
9:51 AM
What is 564 minutes after 3:40 AM?
1:04 PM
How many minutes are there between 10:26 AM and 2:51 PM?
265
What is 127 minutes before 4:44 AM?
2:37 AM
How many minutes are there between 7:52 AM and 7:42 PM?
710
How many minutes are there between 11:35 AM and 5:02 PM?
327
How many minutes are there between 9:25 PM and 9:39 PM?
14
What is 538 minutes after 4:55 PM?
1:53 AM
How many minutes are there between 8:16 PM and 7:00 AM?
644
How many minutes are there between 1:30 AM and 11:17 AM?
587
What is 36 minutes after 4:48 AM?
5:24 AM
How many minutes are there between 3:27 AM and 4:00 AM?
33
What is 597 minutes before 7:43 AM?
9:46 PM
How many minutes are there between 12:50 AM and 4:13 AM?
203
How many minutes are there between 5:48 AM and 12:33 PM?
405
How many minutes are there between 5:25 PM and 4:40 AM?
675
How many minutes are there between 3:23 PM and 4:52 PM?
89
How many minutes are there between 6:25 PM and 8:32 PM?
127
How many minutes are there between 11:45 AM and 7:24 PM?
459
What is 341 minutes before 11:27 PM?
5:46 PM
How many minutes are there between 12:15 AM and 8:15 AM?
480
How many minutes are there between 9:29 PM and 10:10 PM?
41
How many minutes are there between 1:27 PM and 12:34 AM?
667
What is 89 minutes before 12:50 PM?
11:21 AM
What is 553 minutes after 10:05 AM?
7:18 PM
How many minutes are there between 11:34 PM and 7:16 AM?
462
What is 458 minutes before 11:17 PM?
3:39 PM
What is 20 minutes before 10:34 PM?
10:14 PM
What is 293 minutes before 7:10 PM?
2:17 PM
What is 292 minutes after 10:27 AM?
3:19 PM
What is 165 minutes after 11:47 PM?
2:32 AM
How many minutes are there between 10:45 AM and 5:26 PM?
401
What is 491 minutes before 5:39 PM?
9:28 AM
What is 277 minutes after 4:02 PM?
8:39 PM
How many minutes are there between 4:50 AM and 2:07 PM?
557
What is 170 minutes after 8:58 AM?
11:48 AM
How many minutes are there between 4:45 PM and 5:10 PM?
25
How many minutes are there between 12:45 AM and 3:51 AM?
186
How many minutes are there between 11:52 AM and 11:25 PM?
693
How many minutes are there between 4:35 PM and 6:16 PM?
101
What is 33 minutes before 3:23 AM?
2:50 AM
How many minutes are there between 6:02 AM and 6:53 AM?
51
What is 52 minutes after 1:38 PM?
2:30 PM
What is 609 minutes after 7:26 PM?
5:35 AM
What is 624 minutes before 9:47 AM?
11:23 PM
How many minutes are there between 12:57 PM and 11:06 PM?
609
What is 91 minutes after 2:30 PM?
4:01 PM
What is 246 minutes before 10:52 PM?
6:46 PM
How many minutes are there between 12:04 AM and 4:13 AM?
249
How many minutes are there between 3:56 AM and 11:20 AM?
444
What is 132 minutes after 5:09 AM?
7:21 AM
What is 688 minutes after 8:02 AM?
7:30 PM
How many minutes are there between 1:12 PM and 5:22 PM?
250
How many minutes are there between 1:29 PM and 10:03 PM?
514
What is 599 minutes after 3:46 AM?
1:45 PM
What is 50 minutes after 11:22 AM?
12:12 PM
What is 353 minutes after 10:35 PM?
4:28 AM
What is 359 minutes before 3:24 PM?
9:25 AM
How many minutes are there between 12:36 AM and 6:31 AM?
355
What is 266 minutes after 3:53 AM?
8:19 AM
What is 90 minutes after 9:36 PM?
11:06 PM
What is 63 minutes before 8:43 PM?
7:40 PM
How many minutes are there between 9:00 AM and 7:24 PM?
624
What is 428 minutes before 7:15 PM?
12:07 PM
How many minutes are there between 3:52 AM and 6:45 AM?
173
How many minutes are there between 11:27 AM and 4:30 PM?
303
What is 610 minutes before 1:15 AM?
3:05 PM
What is 586 minutes after 9:58 AM?
7:44 PM
How many minutes are there between 9:42 AM and 6:37 PM?
535
What is 209 minutes before 4:12 AM?
12:43 AM
How many minutes are there between 7:06 AM and 6:16 PM?
670
How many minutes are there between 12:17 PM and 9:34 PM?
557
How many minutes are there between 12:31 AM and 6:12 AM?
341
What is 517 minutes before 3:02 PM?
6:25 AM
How many minutes are there between 2:02 PM and 11:45 PM?
583
What is 253 minutes before 3:39 AM?
11:26 PM
How many minutes are there between 10:11 AM and 8:36 PM?
625
How many minutes are there between 4:16 PM and 11:15 PM?
419
What is 103 minutes before 3:17 PM?
1:34 PM
How many minutes are there between 6:38 PM and 11:04 PM?
266
What is 63 minutes after 8:17 PM?
9:20 PM
How many minutes are ther |
I’m sorry Nutella. You’ve been wronged. You’ve had to pay out millions of dollars to some ignorant person that couldn’t find the time to read the label.
–
This is a classic example of how stupidity gets rewarded in America. There’s no need to be educated in this country. It will never pay so much, $3 Million, for so little effort. (Besides, an education takes time and costs money and all you’re left with these days is a huge student loan debt and no job. I digress.)
I have Nutella in my house. Have I ever thought it was a healthy snack? No. Why? Because it tastes so damn good! It’s spreadable chocolate, for Tebow’s sake!
There’s 100 calories per tablespoon in it! Half of those calories are fat! The first ingredient is sugar! Is any of this not obvious?
Just because the label says ‘No Artificial Colors’ and ‘No Artificial Preservatives‘ doesn’t make it healthy! Just because you see it on TV, doesn’t mean that you should believe it. (But if you see it on the internet, it’s probably true.)
Gimme That Nutella, Dad! Toss it Here!
Now, back to you Nutella. Thank you for putting such a magnificent specimen in a jar for me to spread on some lightly toasted Hawaiian style bread with a side of fresh banana slices. You are now my shining light and savior! It wasn’t until that foolish lawsuit popped up against you that I smacked my 5 brain cells together and manifested a wonderful idea.
Here’s how you solved a serious weight problem for our family. I’ve got a skinny kid at home that “needs” calories, or else the pediatrician is going to call Child Protective Services on us. Worm is slipping down the infant weight charts faster than you lost that $3 Million. So, I’ve decided to supplement his diet with some high calorie foods. I’m trying not to load him up on dairy (like the pediatrician suggested) and I’m looking for some alternatives. Since Nutella is so dense in calories and chock full of taste, it’s a perfect food for my son! No artificial colors or preservatives and high in calories! Awesome!
I promise that if I can get Worm back into the 50th percentile for weight before his weight check next week, we will name our next child Nutella Licious J. (Come on, that’s an awesome stage name! Disclaimer: To be christened though, I have to clear it with the wife first.)
I wonder if I can sue a butter company because it made me fat…you betcha’! In America, anything’s possible! |
Surveillance as an intervention in the care of stroke patients.
The term surveillance describes nurses' cognitive work to identify and prevent patient complications. Surveillance involves frequent assessment of patients, attention to cues, and recognition of complications. Surveillance serves to prevent the phenomenon "failure to rescue," which is defined as the inability to recognize a complication that results in the loss of a patient's life. Previous research has focused on differences between novices and experts during simulated tasks such as developing a plan of care. More recently, attention has focused on the early recognition of patient complications. Little research has been conducted on surveillance, especially with respect to the intervention during the delivery of care. The purpose of this study was to explore the nursing intervention of surveillance in the care of stroke patients. A descriptive exploratory design using think-aloud was employed. The study focused on 10 nurses working on a medical neurology unit and their patients in a large Midwestern academic health center. While providing care to a stroke patient, the nurse was prompted to think aloud as they (1) received report, (2) performed an initial assessment of the patient, and (3) concluded the work shift. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis to define the cues and information processing strategies used by these nurses during the delivery of care to stroke patients. The findings suggest that nurses in this study used surveillance. Using cues from change-of-shift handoff information, a mental image of what the patient would look/be like was formed. This mental image served as a baseline for the evaluation of the patient's current state. |
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We may have a Business Ethernet Internet in the Clermont County Cities: |
Image 1 of 5 Sébastian Reichenbach (FDJ) at the Tour (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 2 of 5 Sébastian Reichenbach (FDJ) (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 3 of 5 Sébastien Reichenbach (FDJ) (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 4 of 5 Gianni Moscon (Team Sky) on the move (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com) Image 5 of 5 Sébastien Reichenbach (FDJ) (Image credit: Tim de Waele/TDWSport.com)
Sebastien Reichenbach (FDJ) hopes to return to racing in March as he continues his recovery from the injuries he sustained after clashing with Gianni Moscon (Team Sky) during the Tre Valli Varesine in October.
Reichenbach suffered a fractured pelvis and elbow in the fall, and he subsequently filed formal complaints against Moscon with Italian police and the UCI, claiming that the Italian had caused the crash deliberately.
Moscon has denied the allegation, claiming that Reichenbach’s hands had slipped from his handlebars on a stretch of rough road. Reichenbach maintained that Moscon had intentionally caused the crash as retribution for his part in highlighting how the Team Sky rider had racially abused FDJ's Kevin Reza during the Tour de Romandie in April.
“As far as the legal part is concerned, I cannot say much more," Reichenbach told radsport-news.com, though he was optimistic about the progress of his recovery.
“Things are gradually improving. Fixing the fracture on my elbow was a very important step, and I was lucky to have been operated on by an excellent doctor, so no subsequent problems can be expected. Also with my pelvis, it is going quite well. Six weeks after the fall, I was able to put the crutches aside. If all goes well, I'll be back in March.”
The 28-year-old Reichenbach joined FDJ from IAM Cycling ahead of the 2016 season and played a key role in helping Thibaut Pinot to finish fourth place overall at this year’s Giro d’Italia, while helping himself to a solid 15th place overall in Milan.
A fine climber, the Swiss rider also placed 14th at last year’s Tour de France and fourth at Tirreno-Adriatico in 2016, and finished 7th at the Vuelta a Andalucia in February.
Reichenbach’s 2017 season came to a premature halt following the crash at Tre Valli Varesine in early October, which he said was caused by Moscon. Later that month, Reichenbach made an appeal for video footage of the incident in an interview with Swiss newspaper Blick, acknowledging that testimony from fellow riders who witnessed the crash might not be sufficient for Moscon to face punishment.
FDJ manager Marc Madiot has said that he will seek damages if Moscon is found guilty of causing the crash.
Moscon has been the centre of much controversy in 2017. As well as serving a belated six-week internal suspension from Team Sky following his racial abuse of Reza, Moscon was disqualified from the final results of the World Championships road race after he was found to have taken a tow from the Italian team car.
“The accusations are very serious and they've got to explain and justify them,” Moscon said of the Reichenbach crash after placing third at Il Lombardia. “My name has been damaged by what they wrote. I've got no intention to let anything go this time.” |
Pediatric emergency in Brazil: the consolidation of an area in the pediatric field.
The aim of this study was to present a review on the evolution, development, and consolidation of the pediatric emergency abroad and in Brazil, as well as to discuss the residency program in this key area for pediatricians. This was a narrative review, in which the authors used pre-selected documents utilized as the minimum requirements for the Residency Program in Pediatric Emergency Medicine and articles selected by interest for the theme development, at the SciELO and Medline databases, between 2000 and 2017. The historical antecedents and the initial evolution of pediatric emergency in Brazil, as well as several challenges were described, regarding the organization, the size, the training of professionals, and also the regulation of the professional practice in this new specialty. Additionally, a new pediatric emergency residency program to be implemented in Brazil is described. Pediatric emergency training will be a powerful stimulus to attract talented individuals, to establish them in this key area of medicine, where they can exercise their leadership by promoting care qualification, research, and teaching, as well as acting decisively in their management. |
Thursday, September 30, 2010
He said R2 was in a state of panic and was screaming and blood was pouring out of his mouth.
Now those of you, the three of you, know I don't do well with my own children's blood. Someone elses, that's OK, but my off spring not so much.
But before I could begin my very own freak out full on hyperventilate some one needs to drive me home right now and give me a sedative or a stiff drink Hubs let me off the hook.
R2 had lost his first tooth while eating a snack and it just fell out. And yes there was some bleeding but nothing life threatening. And yes he did kinda panic and ran to find his dad, who was in another room in the house. (the bathroom) Sorry Hubs, I had to say it because us moms know we never get a moments peace, not even when we are in the bathroom.
Any way,
The tooth fairy came that night and left him a sweet monetary gift under his pillow. The only thing is, R2 is a wild sleeper. Like does a complete 180 in the bed or is turned side ways with no covers and no pillow.
This night he actually slept OK but had managed to push his pillow off the bed along with the money.
Once again he panicked. I had to remind him to look under the bed and there he found his gift.
OK, telling on myself. I feel asleep and FORGOT, yes I forgot to put the money under the pillow but I did manage to drop it on the floor kind of kick it under the bed and he bought it. I just love a naive five old's mind.
Congrats R2! Hope the tooth fairy remembers her obligations to you in a more timely manor.
Friday, September 24, 2010
For the two readers I have left, sorry I have fallen off the blog wagon this week. I will try to get back to regular posting schedule. Maybe.
OK those of you that know me, know I do not have that deep love for the game of football. Baseball yes but football not so much.
But some how upon entering my early 40's I have become interested in the game, again, kinda.
My when I was very small my dad used to coach little league football. My mom would drag me and my younger brother to the games where I would cheer my heart out with the big girls on the side lines.
Now years later I end up marrying a football coach. I know pretty ironic. I would go to the games but more for the social aspect than the strategical one. Yes, I know how the game works but to me it was a great time to hang out with friends and catch up.
But as I said all of a sudden I have become interested in the game of football. Not a full blown obsession but more of a let me sit and watch this one game and then move on kinda thing.
Now with all that said, the whole point to all of this really is about my new favorite show. It deals with football, sorta, but it also has other things going on too.
I have heard several people talk about it at work, school, and here on the blog-o-sphere. So after some very deep thought, I figured what the heck and I took the plunge and taped an episode and well now I'm hooked!
While the new season hasn't started, I am trying to play catch up. I have several seasons to watch. I'm hoping with the help of ABC Family, I can stay on track.
You see they air this show Monday thru Friday. That's FIVE episodes a week people. FIVE episodes. How glorious it is. I won't have to wait for the next week to see what is going to happen, just the next day!
So really if I am a little sparse here, it's because I'm trying to cram four seasons into a few weeks time. The season premier is October 27th and I really really really need to be caught up. I don't want to start the season while I am still in the middle of season 3.
Monday, September 20, 2010
Thirteen years ago in front of God, our family and friends I said I do to my best friend.
I said I do to the good times, bad times, leave you speechless and breathless times.
To the hard times, the easy times, the sweet times, and I love you more than anything times.
To the lets have a baby times, the buying a house times, the lets have one more baby times.
To the so busy times I only see you when we go to bed times, the lets go on vacation times.
And through it all one thing remains.
Hubs, I love you more today than the day I married you. You are still my best friend. You are the first one I run to when I have great news or bad news to share. The one who always gives me the best advice. The one who always has my back and my best interests at heart.
Thursday, September 16, 2010
I know, right now you are singing the song from the movie the Sound of Music. And if you weren't you are now.
I'm kinda at a loss as what to blog about right now, but that is a post for another day.
So I will just let you know what I am obsessing about right now.
1. Blue Bell Ice Cream - Summer Berries -THIS STUFF IS THE BOMB! Sadly it was just a new temporary flavor and I doubt it will be here much longer. And for those of you who live up north...I'm sorry. Only because Blue Bell is really only found in the south.
Monday, September 14, 2009
One year ago, I was in Gulf Shores, Alabama with all of my family, on a hurrication. We were on vacation due to an evacuation for Hurricane Ike.
One year ago, my house had three trees in it. I had curled up into the fetal position on the floor and cried while my husband and mother-in-law held me.
One year ago, I sucked it up and realized there was nothing I could do 10 hours away and decided to make the most of our hurrication and have fun.
One year ago, I played in the waters on the beach and built sand castles with my boys and collected sea shells to bring home to put in a memory jar.
One year ago, I walked into my house and again sucked it up and cleaned out everything that was damaged, threw it into a pile and just stared at my stuff.
One year ago, our family helped Hubs and I clean up the yard and cut trees down off of the house and haul them to the end of our property. And then I looked at the huge hole in the front yard where a tree had once been.
One year ago, I looked at the blue tarps which covered most of the roof to my house.
One year ago I felt as if my world has been turned completely upside down and it would never again be right.
While the feelings have dulled and bandages I put over that time in my life are still intact, it stills seems as if it just happened yesterday.
All around me still, there are reminders. Like the blue tarp roof on the house down the street. Tattered and torn, but it's still there. The hole in the ground where my neighbors tree was uprooted and hit my house.
Still around me are the friends that had so much damage to their home due to the storm surge, they just got back in three weeks ago. Still around me everyday are the visible signs that Hurricane Ike was here and left his mark.But one year ago, I felt blessed my family was safe and unharmed.
One year ago, I felt blessed that my house could be repaired and the damage was not as bad as it could have been.
One year ago, my bloggy friends prayed for me and family everyday and I felt those prayers and was so thankful for them. |
The use of standby power supplies containing a battery and an inverter for maintaining A.C. electrical power to computers during failure of the power lines voltage is well known. It is highly desirable that the changeover operation be carried out as quickly as possible in order to avoid the loss of the contents of volatile memory. Ideally, such changeover systems should be very quick-acting, typically in the range of one millisecond or so, since the filter capacitors of the onboard power supply of the computer are not designed to supply power for more than a time of the order of one-quarter of the line voltage waveform period, i.e., 3 or 5 milliseconds or so.
In addition to the requirement for rapid reaction time for achieving the changeover from line power to battery power, there remains the problem of providing a power line voltage fault detector which will give a rapid and unambiguous reaction to power line abnormalities mandating system changeover from normal power line operation ("line mode") to battery-powered operation ("battery mode"). In addition to total power line voltage failure, such abnormalities also include transient and relatively long-term line overvoltage and undervoltage conditions as well.
A great variety of voltage comparator circuits exist which respond to variations in the peak value of the power line voltage waveform to detect such conditions, and to initiate system changeover in response thereto. To the applicant's knowledge, none of these systems is configured to respond immediately to one mode of power line voltage failure of significant statistical likelihood, namely, complete failure of the power line voltage at or in the immediate vicinity of an instantaneously zero line voltage condition, i.e., at an axis crossing. There remains a need for a power line fault detector which will not only respond to more conventional out-of-range conditions, but which will also respond immediately to total failure of the power line voltage at an axis crossing.
Finally, there is a need for a voltage abnormality detection circuit which will respond instantaneously to a catastrophic in-phase rise in the power line voltage. One particularly dangerous condition can be created by accidental breaking of the neutral line in a Y-connected three-phase system feeding a local power distribution network. The result of such line interruption and the resulting imbalance causes the power line voltage in the various phases to undergo a gross continuing phase-coherent increase in power line voltage amplitude. Conventional comparators may readily respond in sufficient time to cope with such changes, provided that the circuit interruption occurs at or near the peak amplitude of the normal power line voltage. If, on the other hand, such an interruption occurs in the vicinity of an axis crossing, then thereafter, and in particular in the next quadrant, the sine wave is characterized by a grossly increased amplitude, and during the time this wave form is rising from zero to a value which will trigger a conventional comparator, the rate of rise of the line voltage during the first portion of the rise is so high as to cause damage to electrical systems. Such accidents are not unknown, and frequently result in permanent damage to a great number of electrical accessories connected to the power lines at that time. Accordingly, there is a need for a voltage abnormality detection circuit which will guard against such situations. |
Lessons to be learned
16 May 2017 by Dina Medland, Peter Swabey and Leo Martin
Three views on the Barclays whistleblowing controversy
A double fault
Dina Medland writes about business, with a focus on corporate governance
In using his position as CEO of Barclays to try and uncover the identity of a whistleblower, American banker Jes Staley has landed himself a ‘severe reprimand’, a cut in his bonus, a boardroom that stands by him – and an investigation by the UK’s financial regulators.
This case is going to be seen as a real test of the commitment of the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority to their declared emphasis on ethical behaviour and individual accountability at the very top of a UK plc. An important part of new thinking in regulation has been around the critical importance of whistleblowing.
It is very hard to believe that anyone could get appointed to the position of CEO of a major bank and be completely unaware of that essential piece of regulation. Mr Staley was hired in part to restore integrity.
“This case is going to be seen as a real test of the commitment of the FCA and the PRA to their declared emphasis on ethical behaviour and individual accountability”
As Andrew Tyrie, Chair of the House of Commons Treasury Select Committee said: ‘The Senior Managers and Certification Regime is supposed to ensure that whistleblowers are protected. This is the first proper test of those rules, and it is for the regulators to test whether Barclays had the right processes in place. The Treasury committee will take a close interest in the regulators’ conclusions.’
Whether or not Mr Staley’s actions are a ‘sackable offence’, it is clear the circumstances make it even more critical for there to be a proportionate response – and there is no indication of that happening at time of writing.
The UK’s emphasis on corporate governance reform and the re-establishment of that elusive thing ‘trust’ in the nine years since the financial crisis is still evolving, slowly. As a financial institution – and one whose place in the Libor scandal may still not be entirely clear – Barclays sits centre stage in the public eye.
To respond to such a transgression of ethical standards at CEO level by merely cutting the money to which he is seen as being entitled is surely a double fault – one that cocks a snook at regulation, at corporate governance reform, at shareholders, and at the public at large.
Encouraging signs
Peter Swabey is Policy and Research Director at ICSA: The Governance Institute
Dealing with whistleblowers is a challenge that is vitally important companies get right. Jes Staley has clearly got it wrong. I can accept that he might ask ‘who is it?’ and be told that it is inappropriate to ask. Had he accepted that response the matter could, and should, have blown over. Unfortunately, he sought to reopen the issue. This raises questions over the sanctions against Mr Staley and the strength of Barclays’ culture of encouraging whistleblowing.
In my view, Barclays and its Chairman John McFarlane have got it about right so far, but there remains work to do.
“There can be a fine line between whistleblowing about an individual and a personal smear, and whistleblowing policies should not afford protection to the malicious”
Mr Staley reportedly described the issue as ‘an unfair personal attack sent via anonymous letters … related to personal issues from many years ago’, about an employee he had known for a number of years.
There can be a fine line between whistleblowing about an individual and a personal smear, and whistleblowing policies should not afford protection to the malicious. Clearly in this case, Barclays have taken the view that even though Mr Staley believed that this was not a whistleblowing situation, he was wrong to think so and wrong to get involved.
The Barclays board has shown it regards this as a serious misjudgement. They have reported him to the FCA, which may take further action. He received a public reprimand from Mr McFarlane and, although the board has expressed its unanimous confidence in his leadership, it has also made it clear that this transgression is going to hit him in the pocket.
What does this say about the culture at Barclays? I find myself encouraged by the fact that, when originally asked, there was someone at Barclays with sufficient confidence in the culture to say ‘no’ to the CEO. It is a pity that person did not get the subsequent request. I also find the bank’s willingness to go public about it encouraging – it might be tempting for some organisations to hush the matter up. Here, the Barclays board are clearly and publicly performing their fundamental role of holding management to account.
For the future, it means the spotlight will be on Mr Staley and Barclays and both have to be seen to be clean. Neither party can afford a recurrence. Mr Staley should have learned his lesson and Barclays may wish to review its procedures to ensure that, if he has not, it does not matter.
A work in progress
Leo Martin is Managing Director of GoodCorporation
This will be a real test for the FCA and the PRA, whose rules on whistleblowing clearly state that a whistleblower’s confidentiality must be protected and that firms need to create a culture that encourages employees to raise concerns about poor behaviour.
It is hard to see how any organisation can be seen as creating an open culture – with employees feeling confident to speak out – when its CEO instructs his internal security team to identify the author of a whistleblowing letter. With all that has been said about reforming behaviour in the banking sector, it seems clear that this is still a work in progress.
Whistleblowing is an essential component of good corporate governance, which needs to be embraced at the top.
An effective board will ensure the right culture is in place, paying particular heed to employee confidence in raising concerns and to monitoring the ways in which they are dealt with. Avoiding any form of repercussion or detriment is essential.
“A good business recognises it is in its best interest to hear of any issue long before it become a whistleblowing case”
Employees are the eyes and ears of an organisation and are likely to spot misconduct as soon as it starts. A good business recognises it is in its best interest to hear of any issue long before it become a whistleblowing case – and such businesses create open environments where it is normal to challenge and raise concerns.
Whistleblowing is a real challenge for businesses. In the organisations where GoodCorporation has assessed whistleblowing arrangements, we found that 37% (24 out of the 65 companies assessed) had either wholly inadequate or partially inadequate whistleblowing systems.
The key reasons for judging the systems as inadequate related to two key factors: poor communications about the system and lack of confidence people felt in using the system. This high rate of inadequate procedures shows clearly that this should be a focus for regulators and businesses alike.
Stop press
At the time of going to print, Mr Staley had just apologised to shareholders at the AGM and, in spite of some questions, was re-elected by more than 97% of the vote.
Note: These comments are based on the writers’ interpretation of the limited facts in the public domain |
Novel Protocol for Generating Physiologic Immunogenic Dendritic Cells.
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) is a widely used cancer immunotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), operative in over 350 university centers worldwide. While ECP's clinical efficacy and exemplary safety profile have driven its widespread use, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms has remained a challenge, partly owing to lack of a laboratory ECP model. To overcome this obstacle and create a simple, user-friendly platform for ECP research, we developed a scaled-down version of the clinical ECP leukocyte-processing device, suitable for work with both mouse models, and small human blood samples. This device is termed the Transimmunization (TI) chamber, or plate. In a series of landmark experiments, the miniaturized device was used to produce a cellular vaccine that regularly initiated therapeutic anti-cancer immunity in several syngeneic mouse tumor models. By removing individual factors from the experimental system and ascertaining their contribution to the in vivo anti-tumor response, we then elucidated key mechanistic drivers of ECP immunizing potential. Collectively, our results revealed that anti-tumor effects of ECP are initiated by dendritic cells (DC), physiologically generated through blood monocyte interaction with platelets in the TI plate, and loaded with antigens from tumor cells whose apoptotic cell death is finely titrated by exposure to the photoactivatable DNA cross-linking agent 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA light (8-MOPA). When returned to the mouse, this cellular vaccine leads to specific and transferable anti-tumor T cell immunity. We verified that the TI chamber is also suitable for human blood processing, producing human DCs fully comparable in activation state and profile to those derived from the clinical ECP chamber. The protocols presented here are intended for ECP studies in mouse and man, controlled generation of apoptotic tumor cells with 8-MOPA, and rapid production of physiologic human and mouse monocyte-derived DCs for a variety of applications. |
Commandant's Quarters
Commandant's Quarters or Commandant's House may refer to:
Commandant's Quarters (Dearborn, Michigan), listed on the NRHP in Michigan
Commandant's Quarters (Fort Gibson, Oklahoma), listed on the NRHP in Oklahoma
Commandant's House (Walnut Ridge, Arkansas), listed on the NRHP in Arkansas
Commandant of Cadets Building, US Air Force Academy, Aurora, CO, listed on the NRHP in Colorado
Commandant's House (Hillsborough, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
Commandant's House (Oak Ridge, North Carolina), part of the Oak Ridge Military Academy Historic District in Oak Ridge, North Carolina
Dragoon Commandant's Quarters, Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, listed on the NRHP in Oklahoma
Commandant's Quarters (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Commandant's Residence, Quarters Number One, Fort Adams, Newport, RI, listed on the NRHP in Rhode Island
Commandant's Office, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., listed on the NRHP in Washington, D.C.
Commandant's Residence (Home King, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin
U.S. Marine Corps Barracks and Commandant's House, Washington, D.C.
Commandant's Residence, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada |
Q:
WSO2 Throttling API
I have gone through read the various questions involving throttling on stack overflow. However, I didn't find anyone with a similar issue to what I'm seeing. I have gone through the tutorials and setup process on the WSO2 site regarding throttling.
This is what I have done:
Setup an additional tier to allow 5 calls per minute on the
following levels (Advanced Throttling, Application Throttling,
Subscription Throttling).
Edit the API and set the subscription tier level to the new custom
tier
Set the Application to the new tier level
Set the Advanced Throttling Policy to apply to the API, then I saved & published
Ran 1100 HTTP requests from an application that calls the API on an
interval every second. Every request made was successfully processed
without any throttling.
I installed version 1.9 of API manager and setup the very same rules
The requests were throttled correctly.
Any help would be greatly appreciated, I'm not really sure if it is a bug or a configuration issue on my end.
Regards
A:
So after much digging in the WSO2 documentation. I have found that in order to use the advanced throttling techniques (which are enabled by default) you must use Traffic Manager (which is disabled by default).
There are instructions on how to use Traffic Manager in the WSO2 documentation. If advanced throttling is disabled the basic throttling works as expected.
It took some time to discover this as the documentation doesn't clearly make the distinction very clear in the documentation.
I hope this helps someone having a similar issue.
|
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
/*
* Copyright 2019 Intel Corporation.
*/
#include "i915_drv.h"
#include "intel_pch.h"
/* Map PCH device id to PCH type, or PCH_NONE if unknown. */
static enum intel_pch
intel_pch_type(const struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv, unsigned short id)
{
switch (id) {
case INTEL_PCH_IBX_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Ibex Peak PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_GEN(dev_priv, 5));
return PCH_IBX;
case INTEL_PCH_CPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found CougarPoint PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_GEN(dev_priv, 6) && !IS_IVYBRIDGE(dev_priv));
return PCH_CPT;
case INTEL_PCH_PPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found PantherPoint PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_GEN(dev_priv, 6) && !IS_IVYBRIDGE(dev_priv));
/* PantherPoint is CPT compatible */
return PCH_CPT;
case INTEL_PCH_LPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found LynxPoint PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_HASWELL(dev_priv) && !IS_BROADWELL(dev_priv));
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
IS_HSW_ULT(dev_priv) || IS_BDW_ULT(dev_priv));
return PCH_LPT;
case INTEL_PCH_LPT_LP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found LynxPoint LP PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_HASWELL(dev_priv) && !IS_BROADWELL(dev_priv));
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_HSW_ULT(dev_priv) && !IS_BDW_ULT(dev_priv));
return PCH_LPT;
case INTEL_PCH_WPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found WildcatPoint PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_HASWELL(dev_priv) && !IS_BROADWELL(dev_priv));
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
IS_HSW_ULT(dev_priv) || IS_BDW_ULT(dev_priv));
/* WildcatPoint is LPT compatible */
return PCH_LPT;
case INTEL_PCH_WPT_LP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found WildcatPoint LP PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_HASWELL(dev_priv) && !IS_BROADWELL(dev_priv));
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_HSW_ULT(dev_priv) && !IS_BDW_ULT(dev_priv));
/* WildcatPoint is LPT compatible */
return PCH_LPT;
case INTEL_PCH_SPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found SunrisePoint PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_SKYLAKE(dev_priv) && !IS_KABYLAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_SPT;
case INTEL_PCH_SPT_LP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found SunrisePoint LP PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_SKYLAKE(dev_priv) && !IS_KABYLAKE(dev_priv) &&
!IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_SPT;
case INTEL_PCH_KBP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Kaby Lake PCH (KBP)\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
!IS_SKYLAKE(dev_priv) && !IS_KABYLAKE(dev_priv) &&
!IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv));
/* KBP is SPT compatible */
return PCH_SPT;
case INTEL_PCH_CNP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Cannon Lake PCH (CNP)\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_CANNONLAKE(dev_priv) &&
!IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_CNP;
case INTEL_PCH_CNP_LP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm,
"Found Cannon Lake LP PCH (CNP-LP)\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_CANNONLAKE(dev_priv) &&
!IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_CNP;
case INTEL_PCH_CMP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
case INTEL_PCH_CMP2_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Comet Lake PCH (CMP)\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv));
/* CometPoint is CNP Compatible */
return PCH_CNP;
case INTEL_PCH_CMP_V_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Comet Lake V PCH (CMP-V)\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv));
/* Comet Lake V PCH is based on KBP, which is SPT compatible */
return PCH_SPT;
case INTEL_PCH_ICP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Ice Lake PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_ICELAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_ICP;
case INTEL_PCH_MCC_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Mule Creek Canyon PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_ELKHARTLAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_MCC;
case INTEL_PCH_TGP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
case INTEL_PCH_TGP2_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Tiger Lake LP PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_TIGERLAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_TGP;
case INTEL_PCH_JSP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
case INTEL_PCH_JSP2_DEVICE_ID_TYPE:
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Found Jasper Lake PCH\n");
drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm, !IS_ELKHARTLAKE(dev_priv));
return PCH_JSP;
default:
return PCH_NONE;
}
}
static bool intel_is_virt_pch(unsigned short id,
unsigned short svendor, unsigned short sdevice)
{
return (id == INTEL_PCH_P2X_DEVICE_ID_TYPE ||
id == INTEL_PCH_P3X_DEVICE_ID_TYPE ||
(id == INTEL_PCH_QEMU_DEVICE_ID_TYPE &&
svendor == PCI_SUBVENDOR_ID_REDHAT_QUMRANET &&
sdevice == PCI_SUBDEVICE_ID_QEMU));
}
static unsigned short
intel_virt_detect_pch(const struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv)
{
unsigned short id = 0;
/*
* In a virtualized passthrough environment we can be in a
* setup where the ISA bridge is not able to be passed through.
* In this case, a south bridge can be emulated and we have to
* make an educated guess as to which PCH is really there.
*/
if (IS_TIGERLAKE(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_TGP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_ELKHARTLAKE(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_MCC_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_ICELAKE(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_ICP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_CANNONLAKE(dev_priv) || IS_COFFEELAKE(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_CNP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_KABYLAKE(dev_priv) || IS_SKYLAKE(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_SPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_HSW_ULT(dev_priv) || IS_BDW_ULT(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_LPT_LP_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_HASWELL(dev_priv) || IS_BROADWELL(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_LPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_GEN(dev_priv, 6) || IS_IVYBRIDGE(dev_priv))
id = INTEL_PCH_CPT_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
else if (IS_GEN(dev_priv, 5))
id = INTEL_PCH_IBX_DEVICE_ID_TYPE;
if (id)
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Assuming PCH ID %04x\n", id);
else
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "Assuming no PCH\n");
return id;
}
void intel_detect_pch(struct drm_i915_private *dev_priv)
{
struct pci_dev *pch = NULL;
/*
* The reason to probe ISA bridge instead of Dev31:Fun0 is to
* make graphics device passthrough work easy for VMM, that only
* need to expose ISA bridge to let driver know the real hardware
* underneath. This is a requirement from virtualization team.
*
* In some virtualized environments (e.g. XEN), there is irrelevant
* ISA bridge in the system. To work reliably, we should scan trhough
* all the ISA bridge devices and check for the first match, instead
* of only checking the first one.
*/
while ((pch = pci_get_class(PCI_CLASS_BRIDGE_ISA << 8, pch))) {
unsigned short id;
enum intel_pch pch_type;
if (pch->vendor != PCI_VENDOR_ID_INTEL)
continue;
id = pch->device & INTEL_PCH_DEVICE_ID_MASK;
pch_type = intel_pch_type(dev_priv, id);
if (pch_type != PCH_NONE) {
dev_priv->pch_type = pch_type;
dev_priv->pch_id = id;
break;
} else if (intel_is_virt_pch(id, pch->subsystem_vendor,
pch->subsystem_device)) {
id = intel_virt_detect_pch(dev_priv);
pch_type = intel_pch_type(dev_priv, id);
/* Sanity check virtual PCH id */
if (drm_WARN_ON(&dev_priv->drm,
id && pch_type == PCH_NONE))
id = 0;
dev_priv->pch_type = pch_type;
dev_priv->pch_id = id;
break;
}
}
/*
* Use PCH_NOP (PCH but no South Display) for PCH platforms without
* display.
*/
if (pch && !HAS_DISPLAY(dev_priv)) {
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm,
"Display disabled, reverting to NOP PCH\n");
dev_priv->pch_type = PCH_NOP;
dev_priv->pch_id = 0;
}
if (!pch)
drm_dbg_kms(&dev_priv->drm, "No PCH found.\n");
pci_dev_put(pch);
}
|
This Chart Will Show How Respected Your Profession Is
Susan Fiske, a psychology and public policy professor at Princeton, and Cydney Dupree, a graduate student there, have just published some interesting new research about how Americans view various professions in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Their method was simple: they asked one big group of online respondents to generate a list of jobs, picked the 42 most commonly chosen ones, and then asked another online group to rank those 42 by “competence” and“warmth.”
The resulting chart is a bit messy, since so many jobs are listed on it, but all you need to know is that the left-right axis runs from least to most competent, while the low-high axis runs from coldest to warmest. So those holding the jobs in the bottom left quadrant (fast-food workers, garbage collectors, and the like) are seen as neither competent nor warm and friendly. The authors clustered the professions into four similarly ranked groups indicated byovals:
Photo: Susan Fiske, Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
• There’s a clear class element at work here. People either assume those who don’t make much money are incompetent, are more likely to have had negative experiences with members of those professions (given the sheer number of interactions we have with fast-food workers and customer-service representatives, you would expect some bad memories to stand out), orboth.
• I’m slightly surprised doctors are ranked so warmly, given the prevalence of stories (at least among my friends and family members) about doctors acting in aloof or arrogant ways. Maybe when people are asked about “doctors” in general they think about primary-care physicians, who probably have betterreputations. |
JAPAN'S unfolding nuclear disaster is "much bigger than Chernobyl" and could rewrite the international scale used to measure the severity of atomic accidents, a Russian expert says.
"Chernobyl was a dirty bomb explosion. The next dirty bomb is Fukushima and it will cost much more" in economic and human terms, Natalia Mironova said.
Ms Mironova is thermodynamic engineer who became a leading anti-nuclear activist in Russia in the wake of the accident at the Soviet-built reactor in Ukraine in 1986.
"Fukushima is much bigger than Chernobyl," she said, adding that the Japanese nuclear crisis was likely to eclipse Chernobyl on the seven-point international scale used to rate nuclear disasters.
Chernobyl, which a 2005 report by UN bodies including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) called "the most severe in the history of the nuclear power industry", was ranked a seven on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES).
But Japan's ongoing crisis, triggered by a massive earthquake and tsunami three weeks ago which took down the main electricity and back-up power supplies needed to power cooling systems at several reactors at Fukushima, could be "even higher" on the INES scale, she said.
"Chernobyl was level seven and it had only one reactor and lasted only two weeks. We have now three weeks (at Fukushima) and we have four reactors which we know are in very dangerous situations," she said.
Japan's nuclear safety agency has maintained its rating of the Fukushima accident at four, while a French watchdog has upgraded it to six.
Chernobyl's death toll is hotly debated. UN agencies estimate up to 9000 people could be expected to die as a direct consequence of the accident, and the disaster will end up costing hundreds of billions of dollars.
Environmental groups such as Greenpeace say up to 100,000 people could die.
Ms Mironova is touring the United States with other Russian anti-nuclear activists, including Tatiana Muchamedyarova and Natalia Manzurova, who worked as a "liquidator", or emergency clean-up and recovery worker, at Chernobyl.
Their visit was originally planned to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl meltdown, which occurred on April 26, 1986.
But in the wake of the disaster in Japan, Ms Mironova and her colleagues rewrote their presentations to compare the accident at Chernobyl with Fukushima. |
Land of the Free
:
Raine Stockton
Publisher's Summary
No one knows the mountains of North Carolina like Raine Stockton and her search and rescue dog, Cisco. When they are called in to search for an elderly man who has wandered away from home, it seems like a routine mission until Raine looks through her binoculars and sees something she wasn't supposed to see. A dead man is very much alive, a felon is walking around free, and Raine is the only person who can testify to the fact. The problem is that no one takes her claims seriously...except the person who wants her dead. Unwillingly thrust into the midst of an unpleasant child custody battle and a hotly contested political race, Raine finds herself questioning her own judgment and is uncertain who to trust. Is she suffering from PTSD, or has a nightmare from her past materialized to haunt her? The police tell her one thing, her common sense tells her another. But when murder strikes too close to home, the hypothetical question becomes all too real, and no one is above suspicion: not the man Raine loves, not the man she once married, not even Raine herself. And they all must choose how far they're willing to go to protect the ones they love. In this thrilling conclusion to the trilogy that includes Home of the Brave, Dog Days, and Land of the Free, Raine and Cisco face their biggest challenge yet, and when it is over nothing will ever be the same.
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Tom Chisenga
Tom Chisenga (born 8 April 1969) is a Zambian boxer. He competed in the men's light flyweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Zambian male boxers
Category:Olympic boxers of Zambia
Category:Boxers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Place of birth missing (living people) |
Q:
Manipulate non-global variables from fileevent handler
Is there a way to manipulate non-global variables from a fileevent handler? Consider the following minimal server:
proc initState {stateName} {
upvar $stateName state
set state(foo) bar
set state(baz) bla
# ...
return
}
proc handleConnection {stateName newsock clientAddress clientPort} {
upvar $stateName state
fconfigure $newsock -blocking 0
fconfigure $newsock -buffering line
fileevent $newsock readable [list handleData $newsock]
return
}
proc handleData {f} {
if {[eof $f]} {
fileevent $f readable {}
close $f
return
}
gets $f line
puts $f ok
# need to modify state here...
return
}
proc runServer {port} {
array set state {}
initState state
socket -server {handleConnection state} $port
vwait forever
}
runServer 1234
Is there any possibility to manipulate the state array created in the scope of runServer or is the only way to do this making state a global variable?
I'm pretty new to Tcl, if I were using C I would simply pass a pointer to state into the event handler but unfortunately Tcl does not allow that. Am I doing anything weird here, is there a more Tcl-ish way?
A:
That's simply not going to work. The issue is that Tcl's stack frames do not persist in the way that what you want would require.
The standard options to work around this are:
Keep the state in a global array that is indexed by a "connection token" (e.g., the name of the channel). Remember that arrays are indexed by strings; composite keys like “sock42,hostname” are quite legal.
Keep the state in a namespace named after the connection token. If you're using Tcl 8.5, the namespace upvar command makes this much easier.
Keep the state in a TclOO object (requires Tcl 8.6 or the separate TclOO package for 8.5) or use a different object system (e.g., [incr Tcl], XOTcl; these are available for many Tcl versions).
Keep the state in a coroutine (requires Tcl 8.6). This effectively gives you a named stack (and lets you write your code so it is apparently “straight line” instead of driven by callback) but its version requirement is strict.
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