text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
|---|
Q:
Extract Pattern in Pandas Dataframe
I am extracting a pattern from the column of the dataframe. Some has the Word 'Oscar' and some has the Word 'Oscars'. How to extract in the panda dataframe . Below is the extract line code. This gives error.
df['Oscar_Awards_Won'] = df['Awards'].str.extract('Won (\d+) (Oscar[s]?)', expand=True).fillna(0)
I am sorry for not posting Sample data.Sample data with column Awards. I am trying to extract the no of Oscars won.
Awards
Won 3 Oscars. Another 234 wins & 312 nominations.
Won 7 Oscars. Another 215 wins & 169 nominations.
Won 11 Oscars. Another 174 wins & 113 nominations.
Won 4 Oscars. Another 122 wins & 213 nominations.
Won 3 Oscars. Another 92 wins & 150 nominations.
Won 1 Oscar. Another 91 wins & 95 nominations.
A:
Is this what is needed?
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({'a': [1,2,3,4], 'b': ['is Oscar','asd','Oscars','not an Oscars q']})
df['c'] = ['Won 3 Oscars. Another 234 wins & 312 nominations.',
'Won 7 Oscars. Another 215 wins & 169 nominations.',
'Won 11 Oscar. Another 174 wins & 113 nominations.',
'Won 4 Oscars. Another 122 wins & 213 nominations.']
This line:
df['c'].str.extract('Won (\d+) Oscar[s]?', expand=True).fillna(0)
Gives:
0
0 3
1 7
2 11
3 4
|
The last few weeks certainly haven't provided a great deal of positive news for the Ohio State football program but Wednesday afternoon gave fans some much welcomed positive news as Bedford (Ohio) defensive back made his verbal pledge to the Buckeyes. The 6-foot-3, 185-pound corner realized a life-long dream when he became the eighth member of Ohio State's 2012 recruiting class.
"The opportunity that getting an education at Ohio State provides for me is bigger than at any other school that I chose from today," said Powell. "(The decision) wasn't really difficult because I had my decision pretty much made already. It's a childhood dream to go there and I wanted to fulfill that childhood dream. Ohio State helps you with getting an education and helps you get to the NFL so you're killing two birds with one stone."
Despite the news of Jim Tressel's resignation on Monday morning, Powell says he never wavered in his desire to be a Buckeye.
"When I first heard the news on Monday morning, I immediately called coach (Taver) Johnson," he said. "We talked a little bit and I let him know that no matter what happened that I still wanted to be a Buckeye. We talked today before the decision and he gave me a couple words of encouragement."
The pressure of being an Ohio State commit is not always an easy thing to deal with on the football field. Every Friday night in the fall, opposing teams are going to give Powell their best shots and he says he's more than ready to live up to the billing.
"It's going to be a challenge," he said. "You know they are going to bring their A game now so I want to show them and show the world that I really can play corner and show them why Ohio State is recruiting me."
One of the major factors in Powell's decision was his loyalty to his community and to the state of Ohio in general.
"The reason I chose Ohio State is that we talk about loyalty here at Bedford and I'm not going to take my talents outside of the state."
Getting his decision over with in time to focus on his senior season was also an important factor for Powell.
"Yeah it was a lot (to deal with) so now I can focus on my senior year," he said.
Later this month, Powell will get his first chance to set foot on campus as a committed prospect as he still plans to camp with the Buckeyes on June 25th. |
An extremely strange observation on the equations for calculation of correlation coefficient.
Various equations are used to calculate the correlation coefficient, these equations are presumed equally. However we find the extraordinary results when using r = square root of ((sigma(ŷi - y)2) / (sigma(yi - y)2)) and r2 = (sigma(yi - y)2 - sigma(yi - ŷi)2) / (sigma(yi - y)2) to calculate the correlation coefficient, for example, a line within 95% confidence band of a regressed line. The results are so extraordinary that we do not know whether or not we can still call the results as correlation coefficient, however we are sure that these results need to be presented. |
β
Rukmini Devi Temple
Rukmini Devi Temple
The Rukmini Devi Temple is a temple in Dwarka, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from Dwarka, India. It is dedicated to Rukmini, Krishna’s chief queen. The temple is said to be 2,500 years old but in its present form it is inferred to belong to the 12th century.
It is a richly carved temple decorated with sculptures of gods and goddesses on the exterior with the sanctum housing the main image of Rukmini. Carved naratharas (human figures) and carved gajatharas (elephants) are depicted in panels at the base of the tower.
An interesting legend is narrated to justify separate dwelling temples, far away from each other, for Rukmini and her husband Krishna. It is said that at the request of sage Durvasa (who was renowned for his short temper and bestowing curses) Krishna and Rukmini pulled a chariot taking sage Durvasa to their house for dinner. On the way, when Rukmini asked for water to quench her thirst, Krishna drew Ganges water, by prodding the ground with his toe, for her to drink. Rukmini quenched her thirst with the Ganges water. But Durvasa felt insulted as Rukmini did not have the courtesy to offer him water to drink. He, therefore, cursed her that she would live separately from her husband.[1] |
In The News
Sex-abuse lawsuit against Lincoln County School District settled
NEWPORT – Four years after the sexual abuse and bullying of first-grade children at the Sam Case Primary school came to light, five families have settled a lawsuit against the Lincoln County School District and three staff members at the school.
One mother, who spoke on condition of anonymity to protect the identity of her child, said she has mixed feelings about the settlement.
“There is no way my child will ever be made whole again,” she said. “All I can do is get my child the help he needs. What we were told by the child psychiatrist is that when children hit puberty, when they graduate, go to college, have kids of their own, all their anxiety will re-emerge in full force.
“My child has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It’s a continuing thing. It’s not like we put a checkmark next to my child’s name because of the settlement. It doesn’t work that way.”
The settlement totaled $250,000 to be distributed among the five victims as determined by the evaluation of each case.
The abuse came to light four years ago when parents learned from their children that a 6-year-old boy had touched their genitals, hit them in the crotch and exposed himself.
The case prompted the Lincoln County District Attorney’s office to charge Susan Roebber, English for Speakers of Other Languages coordinator at Sam Case Primary School; teacher Wren Clark; and former principal Marsha Eckelman with failure to report child abuse, a Class A violation. Each was fined $648.
“Imagine how you would feel if it were your first grader,” said attorney Ken Ammann, who represented the children. “We’re seeing more and more problems with bullying. We’ve got to take it seriously. We’re seeing kids across the nation committing suicide because of bullying behavior and we need to get educated and be proactive. This was a mix of behaviors in this case, a mix of failings on the part of the people who should have been watching closer.”
We would have hoped to have received more money for the individual children, but in litigation, it is a long drawn out process and it is extremely emotionally taxing, he said.
“We were faced with demands that the children give individual testimony and in consultation with the medical folks caring for the children and their parents, we did not think it was in the best interest of the kids. Rather than putting the kids in that situation we agreed to resolve the case for the amount.”
The mother who talked with The Oregonian said she spoke on behalf of all the parents and that they’d decided to bring the lawsuit in hopes of saving other children from the same situation.”
The whole reason for this is we want to make sure this doesn’t happen to other kids and for parents to be aware that it can happen in school, and we want people to be vigilant,” she said. “The big thing we parents have a problem with is, had the teachers did what they were required to do by law, which is mandatory reporting, none of this would have happened. Because they didn’t do what they were supposed to do our children have and continue to suffer frustration, anger, anguish and fear.”
Lincoln County School District superintendent Tom Rinearson said the district’s child abuse reporting policies and procedures have always complied with the law.”
After an independent review by outside agencies and some new practices that have been put in place, I am confident that our school district systems are better than ever and actually higher than legally mandated,” Rinearson said. “On a personal level, I wish this had never happened. However, I am glad that it has been settled and that the kids and their families can move on.”
The parents’ first inkling something was wrong came when the children became reluctant to go to school, the mother said. Because the children had transferred to Sam Case from Yaquina View, which was closed, parents believed their reticence was due to the new environment. It wasn’t until one child finally spoke up that parents began talking amongst each other and discovered the abuse.”
As a parent you finally cajole your child into going to school,” she said. “Imagine how that child feels. Imagine how much courage it takes to get up every morning and go to school and hope for the best.”
We never thought when we took our children to school that we’d have to worry about an adult not doing what they are supposed to do to protect our children.” |
Q:
How to display Collada (.dae) file on Android with layers support?
The project I am working on is the augmented reality Android app. I need to display 3D objects in any way using Collada file format (.dae). The client want to use Collada because it is
easy to export 3D projects into this format and .dae supports layers system.
Unfortunately, the libraries and frameworks I use doesn't support .dae
format in any way (ARToolkit and Android SDK + NDK). And it is not adviced to work with such files on the
mobile phone. Supported formats are simple .obj and OpenSceneGraph
formats (.ive, .osg, .osgb). They are displayed in the Android using
OpenGL ES directly, or using OpenSceneGraph framework. I am quietly
frustrated and don't know which way to choose:
To write some script to convert .dae collada file into the .obj
file? With so many .obj files as layers count in collada file. And
switching between this objects will be imitation of adding/removing
layers.
Or may be using OpenSceneGraph framework, convert
collada into .osg or .ive? I don't know yet how OSG works with
layers.
Could you give some advice, where to move in this situation?
Or perhaps there is the way I don't see.
A:
DAE/COLLADA is a content creation format, but NOT a good final distribution format.
Authoring tools work with DAE, but you shouldn't use it in your final runtime. When the file is finished being designed, use a build of OSG that was compiled on a PC to convert DAE to OSGB (or IVE) and distribute THAT. It's much easier to load.
The dependent libraries needed by the OSG COLLADA loader are very hard to build on Android or iOS.
|
[Etiologic approach in infertile couples in Mahajanga].
In Madagascar, as in other places in the world, infertility is associated with social stigmatism and an underlaying long-term risk for separation of the couple. A 12 months prospective study was carried out in 1999 in the Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health at the University Hospital in Mahajanga in order to collect data related to possible causes of infertility. For the women, serologic tests for Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Chlamydia trachomatis were performed. And, in addition to sonography and hysterosalpingography, cervico-vaginal smears were obtained as part of the pelvic examination. A semen sample was obtained from each male partner. Of the 37 couples enrolled in the study 35 were classified as primary infertile (n = 9) or secondary infertile (n = 28). The mean age of the women and the men was 30.7 years (ranged 20 to 41 years) and 34.3 years (ranged 24 to 46 years), respectively. Various potential causes of infertility among the women were observed, such as hormonal disturbance (76%), tubal occlusion (76%), genital infection (70%). The figures indicate that there seems to coexist the possibility of multiply causes of infertility. Of 37 semen samples 24 (65%) were found with abnormalities, predominantly of oligospermia type. In 21 couples a possibly cause of infertility was observed in both partners. |
Q:
How to make Azure AD authentication work outside localhost
I created a blazor server app like this:
That works fine on my local machine. However, when deploying the website to azure I get the following error message: AADSTS50011: The reply URL specified in the request does not match the reply URLs configured for the application
In the azure portal I navigated to the enterprise application that was automatically created during the project creation in visual studio. However, the "Homepage URL" is readonly.
How can I make this work?
A:
Method 1:
Instead of Enterprise application go to App registration click on Authentication under Manage group, in Authentication Menu you can specify redirect URL.
Method 2:
You can modify application manifest for redirect URL and save it after modification.
Considering AAD application is created using your own account you should be owner of this application and can be able to modify it.
Let me know for any question, happy to help!
|
Listen to this article
It was an investment opportunity with a difference. Nearly 20 years ago, Nick Archer spotted a chance to be involved in funding and filming a low-budget movie.
Intrigued, the private equity executive injected £1,000 in the film project called Out of Depth that set out to tell the story of a “poor boy made good”. He soon found himself on camera, mingling with actors in a pub scene exploring the life of an East End gangster.
“That very first experience was magical,” he says. “It was so far removed from my day-to-day job in financial services. It was a bit of an escape.”
The film had a premiere in London’s West End but was not a financial success. Even so, Mr Archer was hooked. Since then, he has been an enthusiastic backer of the arts — helping two more films and about 80 plays get off the ground — as a sideline to his other personal investment activities in the financial markets.
The experience has been a rollercoaster ride with many losses and a few big hits. One of the successes was Billy Elliot, a stage musical about a coal miner’s son who becomes a professional ballet dancer. As well as getting his capital back, he went on to almost triple his stake over the 10-year run.
Investing in film and theatre is high risk, he says. When he backs a production he does so without any expectation of making money. Even so, he detects some encouraging trends. “Audiences have picked up. I like to think it’s slightly more profitable for us than it used to be.”
He is not alone in being upbeat about the sector. “The UK’s creative economy stands tall on the world stage,” said James Murdoch, chief executive of 21st Century Fox, in February. Last year, a record £1.6bn was spent on film production in the UK, up 13 per cent on the previous year. West End box-office receipts have more than doubled since the turn of the century. Overall, the creative industries is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the economy.
Yet for all its glitz and glamour, it is often difficult for investors to make money in the entertainment sector. Those considering getting involved need to ask some hard questions. How much can they afford to lose? How best to judge the risks and minimise or spread them? How far should tax breaks influence their investment decisions? How can outsiders get a slice of the most promising projects?
The smell of the greasepaint
Opportunities in the arts range widely but investors often specialise. Sean Egan, a consultant, detects what he describes as “a distinct cultural difference” between investors in theatre and film. In his view, people who put money into the film industry tend to be “investment savvy”, while theatre investors are driven by the “adrenalin kick” and “the whole first night experience”.
Joseph Smith, producer at Elton John’s theatre company Rocket Stage and chief executive of Stage One, a charity that trains producers, agrees about the motivation of theatre investors. “I have never, ever, raised money from anyone who doesn’t have an interest or a passion for theatre. If someone is purely looking at it on a numbers game, most producers will tell you it will be very hard to get them over the line.”
He argues there is scope to be excited by the potential for financial rewards, citing the spectacular returns enjoyed by investors in long-running shows such as Phantom of the Opera, Cats and Les Misérables, that paid out, year after year. “It’s almost like your own endowment.”
But he says a big reason — apart from “passion” — why investors get involved is access. “It is not just shaking the lead actor’s hand, it means coming to the show, it’s being able to access tickets to the show for friends and family . . . And the first night party, that’s always a big part of it.”
Film investors can also get a thrill from being part of a creative project. Some are offered film set visits, invitations to pre-release viewings of films and tickets to the premiere and parties with the stars. But many choose instead to view it as a purely financial decision, relying on the advice of their financial advisers. Tax breaks also play a big role in film investments, increasing their appeal to wealthy taxpayers who may not be particularly interested in the arts.
That appeal is not what it used to be. An earlier generation of tax breaks in the film industry have left a toxic legacy. Some schemes that were designed to generate massive tax losses with minimal risk have instead resulted in big tax bills — and even financial ruin — for investors after HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC) successfully branded them as tax avoidance schemes.
Some investors who have been served with unexpected tax bills have ruled out ever investing in films again. When Martin Sherwood, a partner of Enterprise Investment Partners, who has been involved in film financing since the late 1990s rings up an adviser about his media funds, he says the reaction can be “Media! I am not doing that again”.
Long-running successes such as Cats provide a yearly payout for investors. However, such successes can be rare
The right kind of tax break
The tax breaks currently on offer are very different from those used in the film partnerships in the first decade of the century. The film tax relief introduced in 2007 gives a generous cash rebate to the company making the film. In addition, many film production companies have in recent years taken advantage of the Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS), which offers investors 30 per cent income tax relief.
The combination, says Mr Sherwood, “is quite a decent cocktail”. The downside of investment in schemes can be managed by agreeing presales to distributors and investing in a portfolio of projects. Risks are further reduced by the practice of securing an upfront clearance from HMRC to assure investors that EIS relief is available.
That said, many advisers are wary of film investments because of the complexity of the financing model and the risks of distributors going bust. Even apparently low-risk schemes that cite “preservation of capital” as their objective can go wrong, such as an Octopus fund investing in film rights companies which left investors with heavy losses in 2015.
Film and media is one of the most popular sectors for EIS as well as for the junior version, the Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme, according to Wealth Club, an advisory firm researching tax-efficient investment ideas. But Ben Yearsley, a founder, says there are limits to how far film projects can minimise the risk. “The more schemes look and feel guaranteed the more likely HMRC will crack down on them.”
Martin Smith, a special adviser to Ingenious, the largest independent film investment business in the UK, says it is now getting more involved at an early stage in film development, partly to boost potential returns and partly in response to rules introduced in 2015 that require EIS funds to be used for the “growth and development” of a business.
He says that EIS has played a vital role in sustaining the independent film industry after other sources of finance dried up, pointing to a string of high-profile films supported by EIS money including Pride, Mr Turner, Suffragette, Testament of Youth, Selma, Carol, A United Kingdom and Viceroy’s House.
Even though money is flooding into UK film production from the big US studios and companies such as HBO, Netflix and Amazon, independent producers are finding that money is tight. He says: “Any film producer will tell you now that things are very difficult in terms of finding finance. It is hard to see how some of our films would have been completed without the EIS.”
EIS schemes only play a fleeting role in the theatre business, Edward Snape, who heads Fiery Angel, a production company behind hits such as The 39 Steps, has twice used the scheme. But he says the requirement for active trading for at least three years makes it unsuitable for many theatrical ventures. Most investors do not want to wait for their money. Indeed the speed with which investors in a successful production can bank their winnings is a big part of the appeal of investing in the theatre. “It is a bit like betting on a horse,” he says.
From a tax perspective, investing in theatre is about to become slightly less attractive. From April, HMRC is withdrawing a concession allowing investors to offset losses against profits made on other theatrical investments. That means that the only relief available for theatrical losses will be against capital gains.
It is a relatively minor change and its impact is likely to be outweighed by the benefits of generous new tax breaks for theatre productions introduced in 2014, which improve the chance that investors will see a return. Even so, the tax treatment of losses may be of particular interest to theatrical investors because of the frequency with which they are likely to be forced to write off their investments.
“The odds are stacked against you,” says Neil Adleman, head of the theatre group at solicitors Harbottle & Lewis. His “finger in the air” assessment is that only a third of productions in the West End will earn their money back. “It’s very high risk. It’s a high stakes game.”
Where the money goes
The cost of putting on a show has risen in recent years. A West End musical will be “capitalised” — the total costs and contingencies — at between £2m and £6m, while a straight play might cost up to £500,000. Marketing can account for as much as a quarter of the costs.
If successful, the profits after “recoupment” — the point at which the pre-production costs are paid off — are split 60/40 between the investors and the producers. If unsuccessful, investors will lose part or all of their money although their exposure is limited to their stake. That is likely to be at least £10,000 for a musical or £5,000 for a play.
Investment opportunities are limited to “sophisticated” investors and those with an annual income of more than £100,000 and net assets — excluding their home — of £250,000 or more. The restrictions are designed to avoid the chances of a real-life version of The Producers”, the 1968 satire in which a washed-up producer romances elderly ladies in exchange for money for his next show.
Mr Smith says there is an “unwritten moral code” that producers take their responsibilities to investors seriously. “If you play fast and loose you are not going to have a career in this business. It probably is one of the last big high-risk investments where there isn’t regulation.”
Making your stage debut
So how do would-be investors with no contacts get involved? Matthew Byam Shaw, one of the founders of Playful Productions, one of the largest independent production companies, says it has traditionally been viewed as “quite a dark and inaccessible art”. One investor introduced himself by sidling up to him in the stalls; another he met by chance on a flight delayed out of Heathrow.
Now producers have their own websites, making it much easier to get in touch. Mr Byam Shaw says that, despite his attachment to existing investors, he is always interested in the prospect of building new relationships. He says he likes to start by offering them “a small piece of something good”. He says it is best not to start by going in “wildly big”. “We don’t want to say goodbye to someone after a show. Building a relationship takes a long time.”
But while it may have become easier to break into theatrical investing, would-be angels still have to decide who to back. Mr Snape advises people to consider producers with plenty of experience and “whacks over the head”. “Your hit rate is likely to improve,” he says.
Luke Johnson, a former chairman of Channel 4 television and a director of two theatre production partnerships, Playful Productions and Fiery Dragons, says his advice is to work with “a tiny number of very good producers”.
“When you have found a few producers you can trust, back everything they do,” he says. “That way, even when a show is oversubscribed you get your share.”
When one of his favoured impresarios emails him about a show he decides on the spot. Investors, he says, should be prepared to be prompt, reliable and “grown up” about losses.
He compares investing in theatre to venture capital in that “the winner takes all” but warns that “unless you are very lucky or very clever, you are unlikely to make outstanding returns”.
Overall, his returns have been positive but modest. “Bluntly, the returns are not terrific compared with investing in the stock market,” he says. But investing in shares does not leave you feeling that you are part of a creative process. “I do it for fun and to support the arts,” he says. “You have to look at it as more than just money.”
Theatre producer Jamie Hendry at the London Palladium
£1m for The Wind in the Willows
A rare example of a regulator becoming involved in an offer document occurred in 2013 when producer Jamie Hendry used a version of crowdfunding to part-fund his musical Wind in the Willows — a version written by Downton Abbey creator and writer Julian Fellowes.
He pitched to ordinary investors — who could put up stakes of as little as £1,000 — in an offer approved by the Financial Conduct Authority. The response was “overwhelming”, he says, raising £1m in five weeks. It also created a cadre of enthusiastic ambassadors for the show, which opens in the West End at the London Palladium in June.
The initiative was an attempt to broaden the pool of potential investors. He wanted to dispel what he describes as a “myth” that investment opportunities are limited to a very closed circle of longstanding investors, whose names are closely guarded in a secret “black book”.
He is concerned that theatre investors are skewed to an older demographic. Part of his mission is to try and convince young professionals who regularly go to the theatre very often to support it. “There is a lot more work to do to attract younger investors but we have started.”
Other producers might admit to guarding their own “black books” jealously, but are also mindful of the case for broadening the investor base. Mr Smith says he would love to give a 20-minute lecture on theatre investment to a roomful of bankers. He thinks “it’s a bit nuts, really” that the onus is on investors to find out about opportunities in the industry. |
Pokemon enhances proliferation, cell cycle progression and anti-apoptosis activity of colorectal cancer independently of p14ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway.
Pokemon has been showed to directly suppress p14(ARF) expression and also to overexpress in multiple cancers. However, p14(ARF)-MDM2-p53 pathway is usually aberrant in colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim is to confirm whether Pokemon plays a role in CRC and explore whether Pokemon works through p14(ARF)-MDM2-p53 pathway in CRC. Immunohistochemistry for Pokemon, p14(ARF) and Mtp53 protein was applied to 45 colorectal epitheliums (CREs), 42 colorectal adenomas (CRAs) and 66 CRCs. Pokemon was knocked down with RNAi technique in CRC cell line Lovo to detect mRNA expression of p14(ARF) with qRT-PCR, cell proliferation with CCK8 assay, and cell cycle and apoptosis with flowcytometry analysis. The protein expression rates were significantly higher in CRC (75.8%) than in CRE (22.2 %) or CRA (38.1%) for Pokemon and higher in CRC (53.0%) than in CRE (0) or CRA (4.8%) for Mtp53, but not significantly different in CRC (86.4 %) versus CRE (93.3%) or CRA (90.5 %) for p14(ARF). Higher expression rate of Pokemon was associated with lymph node metastasis and higher Duke's stage. After knockdown of Pokemon in Lovo cells, the mRNA level of p14(ARF) was not significantly changed, the cell proliferation ability was decreased by 20.6%, cell cycle was arrested by 55.7% in G0/G1 phase, and apoptosis rate was increased by 19.0%. Pokemon enhanced the oncogenesis of CRC by promoting proliferation, cell cycle progression and anti-apoptosis activity of CRC cells independently of p14(ARF)-MDM2-p53 pathway. This finding provided a novel idea for understanding and further studying the molecular mechanism of Pokemon on carcinogenesis of CRC. |
OK, back to level crossing removals. My local ones are going full bore, and I thought I’d post an update and provide a Q+A opportunity.
The project summary
Originally removal of just the Ormond level crossing was funded by the Coalition. The project was expanded to include adjacent crossings at Mckinnon and Bentleigh after Labor came to power in November 2014 with a pledge to start removal of 20 crossings by 2018.
Project works commenced in 2015, and an accelerated schedule will see it wrapping up by the end of 2016.
Each will be rail under road, with all three stations rebuilt.
All stations will sit under the roads. Ormond will get entrances on both sides of North Road. Mckinnon and Bentleigh stations will only have entrances on the northern side. All three to have pedestrian crossings right outside. In most cases bus stops will be moved to be outside the stations.
Unfortunately no additional pedestrian crossing points or access or is currently planned.
Bentleigh (Premium) will have fare gates. Ormond will have provision for future Premium status, including provision for gates.
My long post last year has a lot more on this (though some details have changed since).
And so to some updates and questions I’ve been asked:
Currently
Last year all the palm trees were temporarily relocated. Apparently this is thanks to their root system; most other types of trees are difficult or impossible to move with any great success, and have been cleared from the corridor. Some trees on adjacent private land have been affected by this too.
The “up” (westernmost) track has been ripped up and works continue. Digging has started at some locations. They’ve had to investigate what is being dug up for contamination. In some cases asbestos has been located and safely removed — but don’t panic! Importantly, none of it was in the unsafe fibre form.
With only two tracks in service, all trains continue to stop at all stations. For passengers between Highett and the City, this has actually been better — effectively doubling the peak hour service frequency. For some of us, it’ll be sad to see it go.
Mckinnon and Ormond stations closed in March. Bentleigh will close in early June. All three will open at different stages during August once the major works are complete.
Buses are running between Caulfield and Moorabbin for passengers going to/from those stations.
Despite the PTV web site showing the buses as not stopping at Glenhuntly or Patterson, I’m told they are officially “stopping all stations” buses, so for instance a passenger from Glenhuntly to Mckinnon doesn’t have to double-back via Caulfield or Bentleigh… though the timetables (which also drive the Journey Planner and Google Maps) say they do.
There are other quirks with the buses. On weekends they run every 7 minutes during the day, despite the trains being every 10 minutes… this is okay given the combined frequency at the Caulfield end (where most passengers need to change) is 12 trains per hour. It’s a similar story after 10pm on weekdays.
And curiously on Friday and Saturday nights the all-night trains run every 60 minutes, but the replacement buses run every 30 minutes, probably to better connect at both Moorabbin and Caulfield. So if you are coming home late (after 1am) on the weekend and live on that part of the Frankston line, catch the first train to Caulfield, and if it’s a Dandenong train, change to the bus — you’ll save about half-an-hour (less any walking time from the bus stop) by not having to wait for the next Frankston service.
Apparently some of the equipment on the project is being used in Australia for the first time, including the “silent piler” used for some of the piling. It would seem the government’s commitment to fifty level crossing removals is already paying off — it’s worth the contractor bringing in the best gear in the world if they know more projects are coming, and it’s likely they’ll win some of them.
What’s happening during the big shut?
Before the big shut there are two more weekend shutdowns: 14-15 of May, and 4-5 June.
From the start of the June/July school holidays, the rail line will close for 37 days for major works, with no trains between Caulfield and Moorabbin for that time. Obviously the first part of that covers the holidays, but 3 weeks or so will be normal weekdays.
Expect lots of buses running up and down. For previous shuts, up to 100 have been in action during peak periods, and they were mostly during school and/or university holidays.
Apparently roughly a third of the buses will be stopping all stations, and two-thirds express, reflecting the overall travel patterns on the line. For the express buses they’ve been trying different routes to spread the load a bit, which has worked out well — though for the major works period there may be a lot of truck movements to deal with as well.
Digging out the trenches will take roughly the first third of the shutdown period. Apparently they’ll move about 240,000 cubic metres of earth, and each truck carries 14 cubic metres. By my calculations this means a staggering 17,142 truck movements in 12 10 days, or about 1400 1700 a day. Yikes! So expect to see a lot of trucks. Edit: It’ll be in the first 10 days, not twelve.
During major works, a viewing platform is likely to be set up at Ormond, and cameras were set up some time ago to film time-lapse video for later publication.
Part of Gunn Reserve in Glenhuntly has been set aside for dumping earth, but this will used for contingency purposes if they can’t move stuff off-site quickly enough.
Roughly the second third of the 37 days will be structural works.
The last third will be station works and so on. All being well, the line will re-open on Monday 1st August, with Mckinnon station also opening then, though Ormond and Bentleigh stations won’t re-open until late August.
Will pedestrian crossings at Centre Rd & McKinnon Rd be right outside the station plazas, and be programmed for minimum pedestrian wait time?
The plans I’ve seen show crossings directly adjacent the station entrances at all three stations.
I’m told by Vicroads that they will be designed to prioritise pedestrians, while still keeping road traffic moving. (Under their Smartroads strategy, Centre Road is a “pedestrian priority” and “bus priority route”. Mckinnon Road is considered a minor road. North Road overall is a “preferred traffic route” and “bus priority route”, but the shopping centre is marked for “pedestrian priority”.)
How well this works in practice remains to be seen — I’d imagine this will be easier at Centre and Mckinnon Roads, given they are narrow and not priority traffic routes. The balance may be more in favour of cars at North Road, which given the plans for Ormond station to have entrances on both sides of the road, is not a huge problem, at least for most station users.
Will McKinnon and Bentleigh stations be accessible from north approaches, and if so, will there also be pedestrian bridges at the northern ends?
It seems not. As with now, access will only be via the main roads.
Have any locals given feedback that they’re getting cold feet about the rail-under design, now that works are under way?
There is certainly a lot of angst from traders about the closures and their effect on passing trade and revenue, particularly during the periods involving road closures.
To an extent there has been a backlash to these complaints — from what I’ve seen, cafes do okay under these conditions, including from the construction workforce. But I suspect some traders such as The Paint Spot in Bentleigh, which inherently rely on nearby parking and have lost most of it temporarily (and all of it for some periods), are badly affected.
Local Leader newspaper: Backlash to the backlash over #Bentleigh level crossing works. pic.twitter.com/WEVJxwQQXI — Daniel Bowen (@danielbowen) April 15, 2016
If Bentleigh had got skyrail, the closures and disruption and noise would have been far less.
(Dandenong skyrail early works started this weekend just gone, causing some complaints from residents.)
Everyone wants to know the differences in cost and noise between trench and viaduct methods. Are there any reliable, public, referenceable figures?
I don’t think so. Obviously skyrail/viaduct requires fewer underground services to be moved. In the case of Bentleigh (near Centre Road) and Mckinnon (Murray Road), two sets of major water pipes are being moved. For Bentleigh, they actually got in a tunnel boring machine for this purpose — I got the impression that these were only normally used on major tunnelling jobs.
Along much of the corridor they’re having to move the water table down by several metres, to help ensure water won’t flow into the trench in the future. To my untrained ear this sounds like messing with nature, but apparently from an engineering point of view, it’s straightforward if carefully designed. It just costs a bunch of money to do it.
One view I’ve heard about the Dandenong proposal is that a bunch of money is saved not moving services, and with reduced closures and savings from bus replacements — these funds are then put into better station and urban design, for instance escalators at all the stations, and all-over covering (though in the concept designs this does not include the entirety of the platforms). I haven’t seen any publicly available figures for just how much money we’re talking about.
Got more questions?
Ask them in the comments and I’ll try and get them answered in the coming days.
(However if it’s something critical, such as concerning local resident impacts, you should talk to the Level Crossing Removal Authority.)
Some questions from the comments…
yog: Do you have any idea of a detailed timeline for the Grange Road level crossing removal, as well as the others on the Dandenong line?
I don’t have anything detailed, other than you can expect them to push ahead with it pretty fast. One of the reasons they brought the Bentleigh area crossings forward by six months was to avoid having closures on both lines at once.
You can also expect them to be done and dusted by mid-2018, because this government is being very smart about project staging, and they know it would be electorally risky to not have it finished before the 2018 election period.
Me again: Are there any more indications of station design beyond the one image per station on the LXRA website?
I haven’t seen very much out there publicly, which is a shame, as there are some very detailed designs being used by the project teams. I’ll see if I can coax them into publishing more detail.
There were some not-very-detailed plans published in May 2015 for Mckinnon and Bentleigh only. These may have changed.
Mckinnon:
Bentleigh:
Steve: Do you know if the Glenhuntly tram square ‘upgrade’ that was supposed to have been done last year as part of the Bayside rail project will be done during the long shutdown?
I haven’t heard, but I wouldn’t be surprised if they do it at the same time. They’re getting smarter about piggybacking works… but I’m told this won’t be included during the shutdown.
Me again: What are the weekend shutdowns for? (Presumably rail-only)
As I understand it there’ll be no more road closures as part of this project. I’d assume the weekend shutdowns would be relatively minor works that have to be done in the rail corridor in preparation for the major works period.
DD: I wonder how many minutes per hour in the peak North Rd traffic can expect to be stopped for pedestrians in future? And whether the crossing lights at the station will be coordinated with those at the pedestrian crossing a few hundred metres to the east?
Hopefully they’ll be coordinated with the four (I think?) existing crossings between Booran/Wheatley and Grange/Jasper Roads. In any case, for traffic, the delays will be far fewer and shorter than the somewhat unpredictable boom gate down time experienced now. (I don’t know if an emergency vehicle has ever had to wait as a train driver struggled with a difficult ramp to unload a wheelchair passenger, but given the proximity to the Ormond fire station, I’d be surprised if it hasn’t happened.)
Thanks for the comments, keep them coming.
11/5/2016 – Some more Q+A
Gene: Any word from the LXRA about leaving trench space for a 4th track from Caufield to Moorabbin to later account for a sprawling Bayside corridor plus upgrades and electrification from Frankston to Baxter according to Laborís Anthony Albanese?
Electrification to Baxter is a good idea, because it would help serve the Peninsula (Leawarra) campus of Monash Uni, and it provides a chance to move the Frankston stabling yards out to Baxter, freeing up land for urban renewal.
Baxter is also a better location for a Peninsula Park And Ride.
I don’t know if it would necessarily result in a huge increase in passenger numbers, making four track express running necessary on the inner part of the line, but the LXRA has consistently said the project has passive provision for the fourth track (which basically means not doing much to provide it, other than not putting anything huge in its way). My assumption is it would result in demolition of platform 3 between Glenhuntly and Patterson, so the fact that the rebuilt stations are getting a third platform certainly indicates the fourth track won’t be happening any time soon.
Warwick: Why does a station need to be staffed to have gates? Is it for wheelchairs and the like?
Yes. One of the options I hope they’re exploring for Bentleigh (and in future for Ormond) is having the wide gate adjacent the booking office, so it can be monitored and opened by staff from within the office. This is commonly used around the world to minimise additional staff requirements, while still ensuring gates are kept closed.
They have used this design at modified setups at Parliament (northern end) and Flagstaff, though I don’t know if they make use of it yet.
(I’ll take your other points as comments!)
Michael (off-blog): Will any noise abatement treatments be applied to surfaces of the cuttings?
Based on what the project team has told me, apparently not.
D (off-blog) wanted to know what would be provided: Lifts, escalators, ramps, stairs?
Stairs and lifts for each platform, with an additional set at Ormond for the entrance on the south side of North Road.
Correction: Bentleigh and Mckinnon will have stairs and lifts. Ormond will have stairs and two lifts for each platform (eg one on each side of North Road), but no ramps.
It sounds like they’ve learnt lessons from Laverton and Epping, where stairs and lifts were provided, but at the former the lifts aren’t big enough to fit ambulance stretchers, and at both they have semi-regular problems due to power failures. These will have additional failsafes such as battery backup.
At Springvale and Mitcham, ramps were also provided, but these are problematic — for DDA compliance, the gradient has to be very slight, with regular flat rest areas, meaning they take a lot of space, and barely anybody uses them.
18/6/2016 – Liam via Twitter: any likelihood of better traffic management for the busses when the big shutdown happens? Caulfield to Ormond in the PM is atrocious
Yes, the northern section is problematic both in the AM peak and PM peak. Buses get stuck for long periods at some of the traffic lights, and in traffic around Glen Huntly, and of course (ironically) at the Neerim Road level crossing.
Metro is offering free parking at Caulfield Racecourse. It’s unclear how many people are using this, but obviously the more people do, the worse this will be for the buses along Queens Parade.
During the big shut, the express buses are likely to run via Bambra Road/Thomas Street. The stopping buses obviously won’t be subject to the Neerim Road crossing during this time, but other delays will be a problem.
Vicroads has been asked several times about allocating bus-only lanes. They’ve declined – of course unlike Ballarat Road, which used them, all the roads used for the bustitution routes here (apart from South Road) are max two lanes each way. All the same, it would make sense to look at specific bottlenecks and ensure buses (which may be carrying 70 or more people each) aren’t delayed.
I think they should also deploy some traffic control on Station Street at Caulfield, to ensure the buses turning right to loop back to the station waiting area aren’t held up as at present.
What Vicroads has said is that they’ll be monitoring traffic flow, and tweaking traffic light sequences. This seems to already be the case at North Road/Grange Road, where the southbound cycle is normally very short (if no pedestrians are crossing). Hopefully they’ve also looked closely at the right turns at Neerim/Grange Roads and Jasper/South Roads.
Keep the questions coming. There’s also an official Community Information Sessions: Monday 16th May 2016 from 2pm to 8pm (drop in at any time) at the Bentleigh Club, 33 Yawla Street, and every Wednesday (same location, 5pm-8pm) during the big shut from 25th June to 31st July.
Share this: Twitter
Facebook
LinkedIn
Reddit
|
You could sense how much it had all got to Cristiano Ronaldo that his only response to media - and his only real contribution of note on the night - was to double down on a dose of spite.
“I have five Champions Leagues,” he told Spanish reporters in the mixed zone, before referencing Atletico Madrid. “You have none.”
That’s true, but pretty irrelevant right now. The stats that really matter are that his side are 2-0 down, and that competition record also applies to the majority of his Juventus teammates and manager Max Allegri.
The Italians so badly crave that first Champions League since 1996. That was something Ronaldo’s vaunted signing was specifically supposed to deliver.
It puts an awful lot of pressure on him ahead of a second leg that is going to require the most sensational of turn-arounds, and maybe one of his best ever Champions League displays, if as much to prevent one of his worst ever performances in the competition and a considerable deal of embarrassment.
Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Show all 22 1 /22 Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Jan Oblak 8 Atletico Madrid's Slovenian goalkeeper Jan Oblak (R) makes a save beside Juventus' Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini (L) and Atletico Madrid's Brazilian defender Filipe Luis during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU / AFP)PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU/AFP/Getty Images PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Juanfran 7 Atletico defender Juanfran fights for the ball against Juventus defender Alex Sandro during the Champions League round of 16 first leg soccer match between Atletico Madrid and Juventus at Wanda Metropolitano stadium in Madrid, Wednesday, Feb. 20, 2019. (AP Photo/Andrea Comas) Andrea Comas AP Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Diego Godin 7 Atletico Madrid's Uruguayan defender Diego Godin (back) heads the ball over Juventus' Croatian forward Mario Mandzukic during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by OSCAR DEL POZO / AFP)OSCAR DEL POZO/AFP/Getty Images OSCAR DEL POZO AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Jose Gimenez 8 Juventus' Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo (back) challenges Atletico Madrid's Uruguayan defender Jose Gimenez during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Felipe Luis 7 German referee Felix Zwayer (C) talks to Atletico Madrid's Brazilian defender Filipe Luis beside Juventus' Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by JAVIER SORIANO / AFP)JAVIER SORIANO/AFP/Getty Images JAVIER SORIANO AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Partey 7 MADRID, SPAIN - FEBRUARY 20: Thomas Partey of Atletico Madrid breaks away from Mario Mandzukic of Juventus during the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 First Leg match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus at Estadio Wanda Metropolitano on February 20, 2019 in Madrid, Spain. (Photo by Angel Martinez/Getty Images) Angel Martinez Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Rodri 6 Atletico midfielder Rodrigo Hernandez, bottom, tries to stop Juventus forward Mario Mandzukic during the Champions League round of 16 first leg soccer match between Atletico Madrid and Juventus at Wanda Metropolitano stadium in Madrid, Wednesday, Feb. 20, 2019. (AP Photo/Manu Fernandez) Manu Fernandez AP Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Sail Niguez 6 Juventus' Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo (R) challenges Atletico Madrid's Spanish midfielder Saul Niguez during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Koke 6 Atletico Madrid's Spanish midfielder Koke (L) vies with Juventus' Argentine forward Paulo Dybala during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU / AFP)PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU/AFP/Getty Images PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Griezmann 6 Atletico Madrid's French forward Antoine Griezmann heads the ball during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Costa 7 Soccer Football - Champions League - Round of 16 First Leg - Atletico Madrid v Juventus - Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid, Spain - February 20, 2019 Atletico Madrid's Diego Costa reacts REUTERS/Juan Medina JUAN MEDINA REUTERS Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Szczesny 7 Juventus' Polish goalkeeper Wojciech Szczesny (BOTTOM) saves a ball beside Juventus' Italian defender Leonardo Bonucci (R) as Atletico Madrid's French forward Antoine Griezmann approaches during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by JAVIER SORIANO / AFP)JAVIER SORIANO/AFP/Getty Images JAVIER SORIANO AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus De Sciglio 6 Atletico Madrid's Uruguayan defender Diego Godin (R) challenges Juventus' Italian defender Mattia De Sciglio during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by OSCAR DEL POZO / AFP)OSCAR DEL POZO/AFP/Getty Images OSCAR DEL POZO AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Chiellini 7 Juventus' Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini controls the ball during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Bonucci 6 Juventus' Italian defender Leonardo Bonucci (L) vies with Atletico Madrid's Spanish forward Diego Costa during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by JAVIER SORIANO / AFP)JAVIER SORIANO/AFP/Getty Images JAVIER SORIANO AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Sandro 6 Juventus' Brazilian defender Alex Sandro controls the ball during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Bentancur 6 Juventus' Uruguayan midfielder Rodrigo Bentancur (L) vies with Atletico Madrid's Spanish midfielder Koke during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU / AFP)PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU/AFP/Getty Images PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Pjanic 6 Juventus' Bosnian midfielder Miralem Pjanic controls the ball during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Matuidi 6 Juventus' French midfielder Blaise Matuidi controls the ball during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Dybala 6 Atletico Madrid's Spanish midfielder Koke (L) vies with Juventus' Argentine forward Paulo Dybala during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU / AFP)PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU/AFP/Getty Images PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Mandzukic 6 Juventus' Croatian forward Mario Mandzukic gestures during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by OSCAR DEL POZO / AFP)OSCAR DEL POZO/AFP/Getty Images OSCAR DEL POZO AFP/Getty Images Player ratings from Atletico vs Juventus Ronaldo 6 Juventus' Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo reacts during the UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg football match between Club Atletico de Madrid and Juventus FC at the Wanda Metropolitan stadium in Madrid on February 20, 2019. (Photo by GABRIEL BOUYS / AFP)GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images GABRIEL BOUYS AFP/Getty Images
It was only Tuesday, and the eve of this defeat, that Giorgio Chiellini spoke of how the Portuguese was ensuring Juve were “going beyond what we thought we could be, new limits”.
No one anticipated those limits would be the last-16, which would represent the joint earliest Juventus have gone out of the competition in half a decade. Ronaldo himself hasn’t gone out before the semi-finals since 2009/10 with Real Madrid.
Then again, Ronaldo hasn’t had a Champions League goal return this bad - a mere one in six - since 2005/06, when he hit just one in eight.
His performance reflected that return: isolated flashes of quality amid a lot of nothing.
There was of course that brilliant early free-kick that forced such a save from Jan Oblak, and then when he put the afterburners on to drive into the Atletico box in the second half, but the way that move ended was indicative. Diego Godin raced across to so convincingly and cleanly to win the ball and clear.
Cristiano Ronaldo mocked Atletico Madrid despite Juventus suffering a 2-0 defeat (Getty)
Ronaldo was brought right down to earth, and literally left on the ground.
That was actually where he spent a lot of the match, petulantly complaining to the referee about perceived fouls.
It was of course all the more pointed that Ronaldo suffered this kind of night against Atletico, a team for who he used to represent an “ogre”. He has punished them so many times, with some of his 22 goals against them directly contributing to those five Champions League medals. He so willingly reminded their supporters of this before the game by raising those five fingers, but they were so gleefully giving it back, especially when they went ahead.
It was the sweetest revenge.
Atletico Madrid celebrate Diego Godin’s goal (EPA)
And there was a deeper football relevance there, too.
Atletico’s experience of so many Ronaldo masterclasses didn’t bring fear, or anxiety, in the way it might have done if it was his old club Real Madrid.
It only fired them, their previous knowledge of how he plays only giving them nous, as Godin displayed. They were wise to him.
The free-kick was the closest Ronaldo got to goal, until insult was added to his personal feeling of injustice as he diverted Godin’s effort into his own net for what may be the killer strike.
There is a chance that moment could finish the tie.
Cristiano Ronaldo struggled to make a big impact on the game (AFP/Getty Images)
There is a strong likelihood that - and this season - will bring a lot of talk Ronaldo is finished; that Juventus have finished this team as a project by spending so much on someone so past it.
That could be dangerous. You want Ronaldo wound up, sure, but you really don’t want him fired up. He has risen to such challenges in the past.
That record has more than proven that. |
An expat's view of 8 NYC neighborhoods (in 6 months)
Share this Article
Six months ago, my husband and I (both copywriting and web development freelancers, both British expats) moved to New York for six months. We’d both been loads of times before, but this time we wanted to experience as much of the city as possible.
So we made the slightly crazy decision to move every few weeks. (If you need help with packing suitcases, we’re your people.)
All in all, we lived in EIGHT different neighborhoods. Here’s what we observed about these areas -- in the order that we did them.
Upper East Side - East 77th street between Second and Third Avenues
I’d lived on the Upper East Side before, so I kind of knew what to expect: lots of little yappy dogs, heavily perfumed older ladies, 20-something women with high ponytails and spandex, posh stores, and supermarkets that sell cellophaned brownie bites and mini-cookies instead of anything remotely useful.
I’d expected right. But of course there’s more to the UES. The atmosphere is friendly and laid-back (especially on weekends), and there are plenty of cute little boutique shops that SoHo devotees possibly miss out on. I was also surprised by the number of fun sports bars east of Lexington - I’d just assumed the UES was too stuffy for that kind of thing.
Museum Mile means you can get a heckuva lot of culture without walking very far. And when you’re famished after a long day of looking at pretty pictures (or confusingly simplistic wooden blocks at the modern art repositories), there are some really unique and reasonably priced places to eat nearby, like Via Quadronno and Mimi’s Kitchen.
Of course everyone moans about the poor transportation links -- the 6 is the only local train -- and I agree: it can be a hassle to walk to your nearest station. But we found the 6 trains to be a dependable and regular mode of transportation to plenty of useful places downtown. And eventually, there’s going to be a new subway line along Second Avenue.
Lower East Side - Attorney Street (just south of East Houston Street)
If you want to experience a culture shock without traveling very far, forget Kuala Lumpur or India -- just move from the Upper East to the Lower East.
The Upper East screams wealth, privilege, outdoor brunching and $65 eyebrow waxes (no lie), whereas the Lower East looks how I imagine East Germany looked before 1989: monotonous gray buildings (albeit livened up with graffiti), inhabited by skinny people all wearing the same clothes and sneaking into underground “hush-hush” bars and restaurants late at night.
The LES is home to a particular kind of “fun” -- a fun that requires you to know secret phone numbers, learn special knocks and climb down hidden stairs before you’re allowed to eat or drink anything -- which you don’t (eat at least), because then you won’t fit into your already-too-tight clothes.
The neighborhood wasn’t always like this, and it’s still popular with the minority ethnic groups who’ve lived there for decades -- which means when you’re heading to an overpriced hidden bar, you notice kosher delis and Latin American cuisine.
Chelsea - West 29th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues
Two weeks living on the Lower East Side was crazy-fun, but we did feel very uncool living there, and there wasn’t much prettiness or a community-like atmosphere.
So I was REALLY looking forward to living in Chelsea. These days, everyone in Midtown West likes to say they live in Chelsea -- thanks to some restoration of the area as well as excellent propaganda by local realtors.
The realtors did a great job, because apart from a few lovely bits, we didn't think Chelsea was all that great. It looks like a tourist trap with its busy streets, traffic levels, ugly buildings, bad diners and neon signs, but the only tourists there are the ones who’ve gotten lost on the way to Times Square.
Now for those nice bits - which are worth a trip, but in my opinion not a lease. West of Tenth Avenue, everything’s quite lovely. You’ve got the High Line, which provides a beautiful way to walk downtown without needing to cross any streets. And then of course there are all the galleries, which can be found in awesome warehousey buildings and provide some fascinating art that’s definitely worth a look.
Upper West Side - West 82nd Street (between Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues)
Compared to Chelsea, the Upper West Side is like a beautiful suburban village where the parents are all soap-star polished, the kids act like they’re trying out for some “kid of the year” award and the dogs actually look like they’re smiling.
Seriously: this place is just so happy. It probably helps that there are massive green spaces everywhere you look (a slight exaggeration, but it felt like we were living in the countryside after Chelsea).
And there’s a great vibe along Amsterdam Avenue on summery evenings: all the restaurants have outdoor seating, so it almost felt like we were on vacation.
The UWS has yet more going for it: the brownstones are some of the prettiest you’ll find in Manhattan, and there are enough subway lines to get you to most places you’ll need to visit in the city.
One downside is that (as with the Upper East), you’re quite far from everything going on downtown. Although there are many train lines, it’s all too easy to decide not to head out to the East Village or Midtown for a party or event.
Astoria - Broadway (between 45th and 46th Streets)
Astoria is one of the more under-the-radar areas left in NYC, and (as British expats) we didn’t really know that much about it when we moved in for the week.
Here’s the first thing we noticed: whereas everyone basically looks the same on the Upper West, that’s definitely not the case in Astoria. The neighborhood is eclectic, to say the least.
Loads of nationalities have settled there over the years (including Dutch, German, Maltese and Bangladeshi), but today it’s all about the Italians, Greeks and Arabs. They all live in separate pockets of the neighborhood, and their respective restaurants are also grouped into separate areas. (And trust me: regardless of what Yelp says, once you’ve tried one plate of pasta or one Greek salad or one shish kebab in Astoria, you’ve tried them all.)
As well as all the fun-but-samey restaurants, there are plenty of relatively new and very cool bars and cafes; it’s surely only a matter of time before this place reaches the malfunctioning radars of inward-looking Manhattanites.
Park Slope - 8th Street (at Seventh Avenue)
It’s important to be a dog, a baby or a parent if you live in Park Slope. Or if you’re comfortable with being an outsider, that’s fine too.
Park Slope is the “suburb” to move to once you’ve grown too big for Manhattan apartments but are scared of real suburbs. And it does have a lot going for it: it’s pretty, for one thing - there are lots of brownstone houses and leafy streets. Then there’s all that green space in Prospect Park.
There are also enough restaurants, bars and events for parents to justify getting a babysitter every night of the week.
The neighborhood is the butt of many anti-gentrification jokes, but if you’re a fan of organic peanut butter, botox and bottles of red wine with a decent vintage, who cares? Park Slopers certainly don’t: everyone is so smug that it’s like joking about the decor in Donald Trump’s apartment and then remembering that he couldn’t give a rat’s ass what you think about his penchant for gold leaf.
And while Park Slope is, admittedly, fabulous, it lacks something -- some sort of excitement, or atmosphere, or even just smell -- that you get in lots of areas in Manhattan.
A month was too long in Park Slope, and we were excited to get away to something a bit grittier and more exciting.
Unfortunately, the smugness in Williamsburg is just as extreme - although this time it belongs to young hipsters who are aware that they noticed the area’s potential before anyone else.
A few years ago, Williamsburg was mostly just a building site with a really cool park in the middle (that’s McCarren Park, and it’s just as cool today).
Gentrification began, then stopped because of the recession. And then it re-started in earnest: there are beautiful new apartment buildings, an uber-cool hotel, and eccentric bars that Manhattanites are willing to change trains for (I base this on the fact that absolutely no one lives or works within walking distance of an L train stop).
Sure, the men’s beards will occasionally made us feel we were in a gorilla sanctuary, and their tight-tight trousers made us worry on their behalf about future fertility issues. But everyone’s so nice. And so happy. And so charming - even the girls whose butt cheeks are visible beneath their cut-off shorts.
East Village - East 6th Street (between First and Second Avenues)
When residents got priced out of the East Village, they moved to Williamsburg - so we were expecting our East Village experience to be similar to our Williamsburg one (bars, clubs, young people in skinny clothes...).
We were also expecting to notice the legacy of the 1970s: rastafarian artists, vegetarian pot-smokers, “lost souls” sketching away in cafes, etc. We did see those things, but these days there’s more than just hippie-dippie atmopshere and a crazy nightlife.
Proximity: that’s something no one really mentions. If you ever get tired of all the bars, amazing sandwich shops, parks, theaters, boutique stores and cafes, it’s so easy to get to practically anywhere else in the city - either by foot or subway.
It’s also surprisingly quiet during the day.
The homeless people -- of whom there are many -- are nocturnal (makes sense: the whole place comes alive at night), and everyone else seems to be either reading or working in one of the many, many cafes.
Surprisingly, there’s a lovely community feeling. Because it’s so clearly “different” from its neighboring areas, there’s more of a sense of “Hello, fellow East Villager!” when passing people in the street.
And our favorite area was...
Every time we moved to a new area, we wondered if it was the sort of place we’d live permanently (or at least for a whole year). We doubt we’ll ever have the opportunity to spend such a large chunk of time in the city, so for no reason whatsoever we drew up a “pros/cons” lists and tried to figure out our top place according to our own personal criteria.
We couldn’t decide on just one place, but we managed to whittle it down to two: the East Village and Upper West Side.
They seem so different on almost every level. But the things they both have in common are super-friendly people, a real community atmosphere, heaps of restaurants and bars to pick from, great transport links, and just about enough open space.
Topics:
Brick Underground articles occasionally include the expertise of, or information about, advertising partners when relevant to the story. We will never promote an advertiser's product without making the relationship clear to our readers. |
1. Field of the Invention
This disclosure relates to integrated circuit fabrication, and more particularly to a system and method for conditioning a polishing pad used in a chemical-mechanical polishing process.
2. Description of the Related Art
Modern integrated circuits (ICs) employ advanced transistor isolation and multi-level interconnect techniques to increase both circuit functionality and processing speed. Conventional transistor isolation fabrication techniques utilizing LOCOS (LOcal Oxidation of Silicon) have been virtually superceded by STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) technology to overcome the xe2x80x9cbird""s beakxe2x80x9d effect associated with LOCOS processing and allows for increased device packing densities. Multi-layer interconnects are pervasively used to facilitate interconnect routing between the transistors of the IC devices, also enabling increased packing densities. In addition, copper interconnects are being implemented in place of conventional aluminum interconnects, due to their improved conductivity and resistance to electromigration over aluminum, to reduce interconnect routing delays and thereby improve processing speed.
STI processing involves the formation of trenches recessed into a semiconductor substrate between adjacent active regions of the IC device. The trenches are then filled in with a dielectric material and subsequently planarized so that the uppermost surfaces of the dielectric and the substrate are approximately equal. Common dielectric materials include oxides, nitrides, or oxynitrides. Interconnect processing involves the formation of an interlevel dielectric between a lower level and an upper level. Contact areas, or vias, are then opened through the interlevel dielectric and subsequently filled in with a conductive material to electrically link the two levels together in the desired interconnect routing scheme. For metallization technologies using inlaid techniques, such as copper interconnects, the metal layers are also created by forming trenches into the interlevel dielectric and filling in the trenches with a conductive material. Additional levels of interconnects may be constructed in the same manner upon the prior levels to form a multi-level interconnect IC device. The interlevel dielectrics are frequently planarized prior to formation of the vias or trenches to minimize elevational disparity across the semiconductor substrate. This facilitates both photolithography of the vias and trenches and provides optimum step coverage of the conductive material being filled in. The conductive layers may also be planarized to form the final interconnect structures.
Modern IC devices simultaneously employ the use of STI and multi-level interconnect technologies to meet the demands for increased functionality and faster processing speeds. Accordingly, planarization of the interlevel dielectrics, conductive layers, and the trench dielectrics is required for optimum fabrication results. Planarization of these layers may be achieved through chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) techniques, which has received widespread acceptance in the semiconductor processing industry. Generally speaking, CMP processes may be used to globally planarize and remove surface topography irregularities of a material layer(s) through chemical reaction and mechanical abrasion. A typical CMP process involves placing a semiconductor substrate face-down on a polishing pad which is attached to a rotatable table, or platen. An abrasive fluid, known as slurry, is introduced onto the surface of the rotating polishing pad and the substrate is then pressed against the polishing surface by a downward force. The substrate may also be rotated in conjunction with the rotating polishing pad. The chemical-mechanical interaction is provided by solution chemistry and abrasives contained in the slurry. Typical abrasives used by CMP processes include silica, alumina, and ceria. Other abrasives may be utilized and are often matched with the material layer(s) to be removed. Chemical interaction between the slurry and the material layer(s) being polished initiates the polishing process. The abrasives, coupled with the rotational movement of the polishing pad, physically strip the reacted surface material from the substrate. The process continues until the desired thickness amount of the material layer(s) is removed. Upon completion of the polishing process, the substrate is then subjected to a cleaning process to remove residual slurry and foreign particulates, including polish by-products, that may remain on the substrate surface.
By semiconductor fabrication standards, CMP is inherently a dirty process. The use of slurry to facilitate removal of the material layer introduces a significant amount of particles to the substrate surface, which must be removed in the subsequent cleaning step. In addition, during planarization by a CMP process, the substrate surface may be subjected to extremely high local mechanical pressures and exposed to either highly acidic or caustic solutions. Therefore, a substrate planarized by CMP may result in many unwanted defects on or within the upper surfaces. These defects may include, for example, residual particles from the slurry or the abraded substrate surface, chemical contamination from the slurry and/or other fluids, and physical surface damage such as microscratches or film fractures from the mechanical force being applied during polish. These defects have the potential to become yield-limiting defects, affecting die yields of the finished IC devices. For example, microscratches may scratch the surfaces of active regions thereby resulting in higher transistor leakage currents due to crystallographic damages. In addition, a microscratch formed in the surface of the dielectric layer may result in a residual conductive material being trapped into the divots formed by the microscratches during CMP, and potentially short out desired interconnect features. Moreover, residual surface particles may affect areas on the substrate where subsequent photolithography processes occur. The presence of the particles may prevent proper formation of the features defined by the photolithography process. As a result, efforts to substantially reduce the defects introduced by CMP have received considerable awareness.
Efforts to remove residual particles from the polish due to CMP processing have included scrubbing the substrate with brushes, spraying the substrate surface with a pressurized flow of cleaning liquids, and acoustically removing the particles through ultrasonic or megasonic cleaning techniques. Reduction of microscratches have examined minimizing the down force applied to the substrate onto the polishing pad, employing slurries with smaller abrasive grain sizes, and reducing the abrasiveness of the polishing pad. Varying degrees of effectiveness have been gained by these described methods.
Despite the above-described efforts, CMP-induced defects may still be formed and potentially impact final device yields. Considering that CMP processes account for an increasing portion of the entire IC fabrication process flow (STI, local interconnect, inlaid vias and metal), the compounding rate of defects introduced by CMP processes may significantly influence final yields of the IC devices. It would therefore be desirable to provide a method and system for minimizing defects associated with CMW processes. A reduction in defect density of CMP-induced defects may translate into increased die yields of the IC devices being fabricated.
The problems outlined above are in large part addressed by a CMP pad conditioning system and method in which a chemical reagent may be introduced onto the polishing pad during conditioning of the polishing pad. In addition, the chemical reagent may further be introduced onto a storage apparatus that may be used to store the conditioning device and may further be introduced onto the conditioning surface of the conditioning device which is in abrasive contact with the polishing pad during pad conditioning. Introduction of the chemical reagent may reduce the accumulation of previously used slurry (hereinafter xe2x80x9cslurry buildupxe2x80x9d) and glaze present on the polishing pad, on the storage apparatus, and on the conditioning surface. The reduction in slurry buildup and glaze may minimize the formation of defects on the substrate being polished. These defects may include, for example, residual particles and microscratches. The reduction may also minimize reduced polishing rates and increased polishing non-uniformity. A rinsing fluid may also be introduced onto the polishing pad, the storage apparatus, and the conditioning surface to rinse away the accumulated glaze and slurry buildup.
Of the various performance parameters associated with CMP processing, there are two parameters which largely affect optimum CMP results. These parameters are polishing rate and polishing non-uniformity. Polishing rate, typically measured in units of angstroms/minute, is the rate at which the film thickness of the desired material layer is removed. Higher polish rates lead to shorten process times and are often desirable to reduce fabrication cycle times. However, higher polish rates result in increased process control difficulties. Polishing non-uniformity, typically given as a percentage, is the degree of non-planarity of the upper layer surface of the substrate upon completion of the CMP process. Ideal CMP processes exhibit 100% planarity and therefore, the non-uniformnity would be 0%. In reality, however, some degree of non-uniformity will be present and therefore minimizing the degree of polishing non-uniformity is desirable. Factors that may affect the polishing rate and polishing non-uniformity are numerous, and include, for example, slurry composition, applied down force, pad materials, pad rotational speed and slurry flow rate onto the polishing pad.
Polishing pads play an important role in optimum CMP performance. They provide mechanical abrasion for physically removing the material layer from the substrate surface. Polishing pad structure and material properties strongly influence polishing rate and polishing non-uniformity. In general, surface roughness and porosity of the polishing pad determine slurry transport to the substrate surface, material transport away from the substrate surface, and the contact area of the pad to the substrate surface. Therefore, maintaining optimum pad surface roughness and porosity over the useful life of the pad is essential to obtaining ideal polish results. In addition, extending the useful life of the pad is also desirable to minimize costs associated with CMP processes. By extending the pad life, pad changes may occur less frequently and thus reduce the cost of pad consumables. Unfortunately, polishing on the same polishing pad over an extended period induces an undesirable effect known as xe2x80x9cpad glazingxe2x80x9d. Pad glazing results when polishing by-products along with the abrasives in the slurry accumulate on the upper surfaces of the polishing pad, forming a glaze. The glaze smoothes the upper surface of the polishing pad thereby reducing the abrasive properties of the polishing pad. As a result, a reduction in the polishing rate is experienced. In addition, the glazed layers are often unevenly distributed over a polishing pad surface, resulting in localized differences in polishing rates. This results in increased polishing non-uniformity.
In order to minimize the glazing effect, a technique known as pad conditioning may be used to maintain the surface roughness and porosity of the polishing pad. The technique involves mechanically abrading the pad surface in order to remove the glaze and xe2x80x9crenewxe2x80x9d the pad surface. Renewing the pad surface may be accomplished by a conditioning device with a conditioning surface. The conditioning surface may include an abrasive surface to provide the mechanical abrasion. During pad conditioning, the conditioning device is positioned over the polishing pad and a downward force may be applied such that the conditioning surface is in abrasive contact with the polishing pad surface. The conditioning device may sweep back and forth across the polishing pad, which may be continuously rotated, to facilitate removal of the glaze across the entire lateral surface of the polishing pad. The device may also move in a lateral direction from an inner portion to an outer portion of the polishing pad. A rinsing fluid may be continuously injected onto the pad to aid in removing the abraded glaze from the pad surface.
Unfortunately, the mechanical abrasion provided by the conditioning device may not be sufficient to remove the glaze or may fail to remove the glaze from various areas of the polishing pad. In addition, the slurry buildup that may be present on the polishing pad may also fail to be removed. In addition, the glaze and slurry buildup may also be transferred to the conditioning surface of the conditioning device and accumulate on that surface. Upon completion of pad conditioning, the conditioning device is typically positioned away from the polishing pad surface and returned to a storage position. The glaze and slurry buildup may also begin to accumulate on a storage apparatus that may be used to store the conditioning device at the storage position. In a subsequent pad conditioning process, the conditioning device moves from the storage position and is positioned over the polishing pad surface to begin pad conditioning as previously mentioned. The accumulated glaze and slurry buildup on the conditioning surface and/or the storage apparatus may then be transferred back onto the polishing pad. The transferred glaze and slurry buildup may then negatively form defects such as residual particles and microscratches during a CMP process. Prevention or minimization of accumulated glaze and slurry buildup on the polishing pad surface, the conditioning surface, and the storage apparatus is therefore desirable to minimize defect formation, reduced polishing rates, and increased polishing non-uniformity. By introducing a chemical reagent onto the polishing pad, the conditioning surface, and/or the storage apparatus of the conditioning device, accumulated glaze and slurry buildup may be significantly reduced and thus minimize the above-mentioned undesirable effects.
In embodiments of the method and system recited herein, a conditioning device including a conditioning surface may be used to condition a polishing pad. The conditioning surface may preferably contain an abrasive surface including periodic protrusions that extend partially into the polishing pad surface during conditioning. The conditioning surface may be operated to abrade the surface of the polishing pad in order to remove the buildup of slurry and glaze that may be present on the polishing pad surface. During pad conditioning, the conditioning device is positioned over the polishing pad and a downward force may be applied. The downward force is applied such that the conditioning surface may be in abrasive contact with the surface of the polishing pad. To facilitate removal of the glaze and slurry buildup, the polishing pad may be continuously rotated during the pad conditioning process. The conditioning surface may further be rotated in the same direction or in the opposite direction of the rotating polishing pad. The conditioning surface may also be swept back and forth along the polishing pad to provide lateral coverage of the polishing pad. The conditioning surface may also be moved from an outer portion of the polishing pad to an inner portion of the polishing pad to facilitate lateral coverage. To remove the abraded glaze and slurry from the polishing pad, a rinse fluid, preferably deionized water, may be continuously injected onto the polishing pad during the pad conditioning process. The fluid aids to rinse away the abraded glaze and slurry from the polishing pad surface and may be disposed of by a drain residing below the polishing pad to receive the excess of fluids and material wastes generated during the conditioning process.
In the embodiments of the method and system recited herein, the polishing pad may be conditioned with a conditioning device for a predetermined pad conditioning time interval. In one embodiment, the duration of the pad conditioning time interval may be between approximately 20 seconds and approximately 60 seconds and preferably be about 45 seconds. In other embodiments, the duration may be less than approximately 20 seconds or more than approximately 60 seconds. During the predetermined pad conditioning time interval, a chemical reagent may be introduced onto the surface of the polishing pad. The chemical reagent operates to breakup the glaze and slurry buildup and therefore aids in their removal by the abrasive force provided by the conditioning device. The chemical reagent may be introduced for a duration of approximately 20 seconds. In other embodiments, the chemical reagent may be introduced for an entirety of the predetermined pad conditioning time interval, for a duration of more than approximately 20 seconds, or for a duration of less than approximately 20 seconds.
The chemical reagent may further be introduced onto a storage apparatus of the conditioning device while the conditioning device is conditioning the polishing pad. The chemical reagent also serves to breakup any glaze and slurry buildup that may be present on the storage apparatus and therefore prevent their transfer back to the polishing pad surface upon a subsequent pad conditioning process. In addition, when the conditioning device returns to the storage apparatus upon completion of conditioning the polishing pad, the chemical reagent present in the storage apparatus may be in fluid contact with the conditioning surface and serves to breakup any glaze and slurry buildup that may have accumulated on the conditioning surface as well. In one embodiment, the chemical reagent may be introduced onto the storage apparatus concurrently with the chemical reagent being introduced onto the polishing pad during the pad conditioning time interval. The chemical reagent may be introduced onto the storage apparatus for a duration of approximately 20 seconds. Alternatively, the chemical reagent may be introduced for an entirety of the predetermined pad conditioning time interval, for a duration of more than approximately 20 seconds, or for a duration of less than approximately 20 seconds. The chemical reagent may also continue to be introduced onto the storage apparatus while the conditioning device remains at the storage apparatus. A rinse fluid, preferably deionized water, may also be flowed onto the storage apparatus to rinse away the accumulated glaze and slurry buildup on the storage apparatus and the conditioning surface. The fluid may be operated to provide a continuous flow onto the storage apparatus to provide sufficient agitation to remove the accumulated glaze and slurry buildup from the storage apparatus and the conditioning surface. The removed glaze and slurry buildup may then be disposed of by a drain residing below the storage apparatus to receive the excess of fluids and material wastes.
For embodiments in which the conditioning device is not stored onto a storage apparatus but rather suspended in storage position such that the conditioning surface is exposed to the ambient environment, the chemical reagent may be introduced onto the conditioning surface to remove the accumulated glaze and slurry buildup. A rinsing fluid may also be injected onto the conditioning surface to further remove the accumulated glaze and slurry buildup. The fluids and material wastes may then be disposed of by a drain residing below the conditioning device. In addition, the embodiments described herein in regards to sequence and duration of the chemical reagent and rinsing fluid being introduced are understood to be equally applicable to the embodiments in which a storage apparatus is not present.
In the embodiments of the method and system recited herein, a chemical reagent may be introduced to aid in the breakup of accumulated glaze and slurry buildup present on the polishing pad, the storage apparatus, and the conditioning surface. The chemical reagent may preferably be introduced onto both the polishing pad and the storage apparatus during pad conditioning. In an alternative embodiment, the chemical reagent may be introduced onto the storage apparatus during pad conditioning. Although the composition of the chemical reagent being introduced onto the polishing pad, the storage apparatus and the conditioning surface is preferably equal, in alternative embodiments the compositions may be dissimilar. For example, the composition of the chemical reagent introduced onto the polishing pad may be a stronger concentration than the composition of the chemical reagent being introduced onto the storage apparatus or conditioning surface. The chemical reagent may be selected to have a pH approximately equal to the pH of the slurry used in the CUT process. In a more particular embodiment, the pH of the chemical reagent may be between approximately 10 and 11. By way of example, in another particular embodiment, the chemical reagent may include ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide has been experimentally observed to be effective a breaking up accumulated glaze and slurry buildup associated with CMP processes. In the particular embodiment, the ammonium hydroxide may be about 2% by volume. In alternative embodiments, the ammonium hydroxide may be greater than about 2% or less than about 2% by volume. In addition, the flow rates used to introduce the chemical reagent onto the polishing pad and storage apparatus may vary. The flow rate used to introduce the chemical reagent onto the storage apparatus may be between approximately 175 ml/min and approximately 225 ml/min. The flow rate used to introduce the chemical reagent onto the polishing pad may be between approximately 600 ml/min and approximately 700 ml/min. For larger or smaller polishing pad diameters and for longer or shorter durations of the pad conditioning time interval, the flow rates of the chemical reagent may be adjusted correspondingly.
A system for conditioning a polishing pad used in a CMP process is also contemplated. A conditioning device may be provided for conditioning the polishing pad. The conditioning device may include a conditioning surface that is operated to be in abrasive contact with the polishing pad during pad conditioning. In one embodiment, the system may include a first conduit for introducing a first chemical reagent onto the conditioning surface. In another embodiment, the system may also include a second conduit for introducing a second chemical reagent onto polishing pad. The system may also include a third conduit for introducing a rinsing fluid onto the conditioning surface. In one embodiment, the composition of the first and second chemical reagents may be equal. In one embodiment, the conduits may be fixtures external to the conditioning device. In another embodiment, the conduits may be fixtures integrated into the conditioning device.
Yet another system for conditioning a polishing pad used in a CMP process is also contemplated. A conditioning device may be provided for conditioning the polishing pad. A storage apparatus for storing the conditioning device may also be included. In one embodiment, the system may include a first conduit for introducing a first chemical reagent onto the storage apparatus. In another embodiment, the system may include a second conduit for introducing a second chemical reagent onto the polishing pad. The system may further include a third conduit for introducing a rinsing fluid onto the storage apparatus. In one embodiment, the composition of the first and second chemical reagents may be equal. In one embodiment, the conduits may be fixtures external to the conditioning device. In another embodiment, the conduits may be fixtures integrated into the conditioning device. |
The invention is directed to a process for the resolution of the racemate S-(carboxymethyl)-(RS)-cysteine, especially for the purpose of recovery of S-(carboxymethyl)-(R)-cysteine. This substance is needed for pharmaceutical purposes and serves for example, as a mucolyticum.
It is known to produce S-(carboxymethyl)-(R)-cysteine by reacting (R)-cysteine--also called L-cysteine--with chloracetic acid in alkali medium (Armstrong, J. Org. Chem. Vol. 16(1951) pages 749 to 753).
The (R)-cysteine needed for this purpose as starting material is generally obtained from keratin containing natural materials. For this purpose these are hydrolyzed; the (RR)-cystine set free is separated and reduced to (R)-cysteine (Org. Synth. Vol. 5(1925) pages 39 to 41); German OS No. 2653332 (and related Scherberich U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,177 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference and relied upon), Vigneaud, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol. 52(1930) pages 4500-4504). However, suitable natural materials are only available to a limited extent.
In the synthetic production of cysteine, for example, from thiazolines-3 substituted in the 2-position via the corresponding thiazolidin-4-carbonitriles the racemate (RS)-cysteine is formed. The entire disclosure of German OS 2645748 is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon. It is known to obtain (R)-cysteine by reacting the (RS)-cysteine with dicyandiamide to form (RS)-2-guanidine-1,3-thiazolidin-4-carboxylic acid, from this with the help of the copper complex salt of (R)-aspartic acid there is separated the (R)-2-guanidine-1,3-thiazolidin-4-carboxylic acid and subsequently there is split off from this the (R)-cysteine (German AS No. 1795021). This process is for the recovery of the (R)-cysteine thus is cumbersome and expensive, which is unsuited for use on an industrial scale. |
Alberta wildfires Canada's costliest disaster at C$3.58 bln- report
CALGARY, July 7 (Reuters) - Insured losses from the May
wildfires in Fort McMurray, Alberta, are expected to total
C$3.58 billion ($2.76 billion), making it the costliest-ever
Canadian natural disaster, an industry group for the country's
insurers said on Thursday.
The losses exceed the North American ice storm in 1998 and
the Alberta floods of 2013, which both cost about C$1.9 billion,
according to the Insurance Bureau of Canada. The biggest
insurance loss from a wildfire had been the C$700 million from
the one in Slave Lake, Alberta, in 2011.
($1 = 1.2986 Canadian dollars)
(Reporting by Catherine Ngai; Editing by Jeffrey Benkoe) |
Wednesday, May 31, 2006
So much for Cecelia Fire Thunder and her reservation abortion clinic
KeloLand television is reporting that Oglala Sioux tribal council has voted to ban abortion on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and to "suspend tribal President Cecelia Fire Thunder on grounds she asked for donations for an abortion clinic without the council's OK." Fire Thunder will be suspended for 20 days until an impeachment hearing can take place.
After South Dakota's legislature voted to ban abortion, Fire Thunder (a former abortion clinic worker ) received a fair amount of press coverage after promising to open an abortion clinic on her tribe's reservation. Jill Stanek did some basic research and it appeared fairly obvious that Ms. Fire Thunder had a nice little fund raising scam in the works. Even though Fire Thunder had a somewhat checkered past as the tribe's leader and South Dakota's attorney general noted that abortions performed by a non-tribal member on another non-tribal member on tribal land would still be in violation of state law, pro-choice individuals and groups still showed strong support for Fire Thunder.
Some pro-choice bloggers even had a pro-choice bingo event where they raised $500 and a portion of that went to Cecelia Fire Thunder. I wonder what Fire Thunder did with the bingo money? A nice dinner? Some furniture? A weekend trip, perhaps? |
Microarray bioinformatics in cancer- a review.
Bioinformatics is one of the newest fields of biological research, and should be viewed broadly as the use of mathematical, statistical, and computational methods for the processing and analysis of biological data. Over the last decade, the rapid growth of information and technology in both "genomics" and "omics" eras has been overwhelming for the laboratory scientists to process experimental results. Traditional gene-by-gene approaches in research are insufficient to meet the growth and demand of biological research in understanding the true biology. The massive amounts of data generated by new technologies as genomic sequencing and microarray chips make the management of data and the integration of multiple platforms of high importance; this is then followed by data analysis and interpretation to achieve biological understanding and therapeutic progress. Global views of analyzing the magnitude of information are necessary and traditional approaches to lab work have steadily been changing towards a bioinformatics era. Research is moving from being restricted to a laboratory environment to working with computers in a "virtual lab" environment. The present review article shall put light on this emerging field and its applicability towards cancer research. |
John Belushi replacement Jim Belushi believes Emile Hirsch is no John Belushi replacement
Noted John Belushi replacement expert Jim Belushi has, like everyone else, heard that Emile Hirsch will be playing his late brother in Steve Conrad’s upcoming biopic. But unlike everyone else, he has some very personal reasons for being skeptical about the casting: While he thinks Hirsch is a “terrific actor,” Jim Belushi knows that John Belushi can only be replaced by a younger Belushi, according to prophecy. In this case, that would be his own son Robert, who’s now 33 and thus “the same age that John passed away at, and he looks like him.” Of course, Robert Belushi’s close resemblance to John Belushi is certainly subject to debate, while his filmography, which mostly involves playing “Linus” on How I Met Your Mother, doesn’t necessarily argue for making the leap to feature film lead. But far more importantly, his name is “Belushi,” and taking over for John Belushi is every Belushi’s birthright, and occasionally John Goodman’s. The world ignores the order of things at its peril. |
April 15 (UPI) -- The Texas Supreme Court denied a request by "affluenza teen" Ethan Couch to be released from prison.
The state's high court denied Couch's request to have his two-year sentence invalidated on the grounds a judge didn't have the right to move his case to adult court.
Couch, now 20, was 16 when he killed four people in a 2013 drunk driving crash. During his trial, a psychologist for the defense said Couch was a product of "affluenza" -- a mental condition that resulted from his privileged upbringing which prevented him from being able to distinguish right from wrong.
Couch was sentenced to 10 years probation and ordered to stay away from drugs and alcohol. In December 2015, he fled to Mexico with his mother after a video surfaced purportedly showing him at a party where a beer-drinking game was being played, a possible parole violation. He and his mother, Tonya Couch, were found in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, on Dec. 28, 2015, after a two-week search. |
Prefrontal activation due to Stroop interference increases during development--an event-related fNIRS study.
Although it is well known that executive processes supported by the frontal lobe develop during childhood and adolescence, only one functional imaging study has used the Stroop task to investigate the relationship between frontal lobe function and cognition from a developmental point of view. Hence, we measured brain activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex of children with functional near-infrared imaging during an event-related, color-word matching Stroop task and compared results with a previous study, conducted with the same paradigm in adults. In children, the Stroop task elicited significant brain activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex comparable to adults. However, the hemodynamic response occurred later in children than adults. Individual brain activation due to Stroop interference varied much more in children than adults, which was paralleled by a higher behavioral variance in children. Data suggest that children differed in their individual cognitive development independent of their chronological age more than adults. Brain activation due to Stroop interference increased with age in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in correlation with an improvement of behavioral performance. In conclusion, our results indicate that neuromaturational processes regarding resolution of Stroop interference may depend on increased ability to recruit frontal neural resources. |
import { Box, Chip, TextField, TextFieldProps } from '@material-ui/core'
import { Field, getIn, useFormikContext } from 'formik'
import { createStyles, makeStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles'
import { Experiment } from 'components/NewExperiment/types'
import React from 'react'
import clsx from 'clsx'
const useStyles = makeStyles(() =>
createStyles({
muiSelectRoot: {
'& .MuiSelect-root': {
padding: 6,
paddingTop: 8,
},
},
})
)
const SelectField: React.FC<TextFieldProps & { multiple?: boolean }> = ({ multiple = false, ...props }) => {
const classes = useStyles()
const { values, setFieldValue } = useFormikContext<Experiment>()
const onDelete = (val: string) => () =>
setFieldValue(
props.name!,
getIn(values, props.name!).filter((d: string) => d !== val)
)
const SelectProps = {
multiple,
renderValue: multiple
? (selected: any) => (
<Box display="flex" flexWrap="wrap">
{(selected as string[]).map((val) => (
<Box key={val} m={0.5}>
<Chip
style={{ height: 24, margin: 1 }}
label={val}
color="primary"
onDelete={onDelete(val)}
onMouseDown={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
/>
</Box>
))}
</Box>
)
: undefined,
}
return (
<Box mb={2}>
<Field
{...props}
as={TextField}
className={clsx(multiple && classes.muiSelectRoot, props.className)}
variant="outlined"
select
margin="dense"
fullWidth
SelectProps={SelectProps}
/>
</Box>
)
}
export default SelectField
|
Does single Kanji process dominantly in the right hemisphere? Some implication from Stroop-test results.
Naming times to single character Kanji, which consisted of small alphabetic letters, Kanji (Stroop stimuli), and solid lines, presented in the left or the right visual field were measured. When subjects tried to respond to Alphabet Stroop stimuli, they showed a greater interference effect in the case of right visual field presentation. Kanji Stroop stimuli yielded no visual field difference in the size of interference effect. These findings suggest that Kanji has a different property from phonetic symbols and a specialization of the right hemisphere for single character Kanji processing. |
Monday, June 30, 2008
Gardening attire
Whenever I'm outside mowing the lawn, I know I shouldn't wear much because I'll end up being coated in a sheen of sweat. There's no need for a tuxedo. It's always best to wear as little as possible. Normally, I throw on a t-shirt and jeans if it's cool, or a pair of shorts if it's hot. But, the problem isn't what I wear, it's how I wear it.
When I have on a pair of jeans, I don't wear a belt because it's not necessary that I accessorize. Since the waistline is loose, the jeans fall lower than they normally would and show my ass crack (I don't wear any underwear while mowing the lawn). When I have on a pair of shorts, I put on a show when I bend my knees (again, because of the underwear thing) while trimming the edges.
And, I really don't want to show off my goods if I'm not getting paid for it.
So, from now on, my only clothing option will consist of anything plus a pair of underwear. And, maybe a cummerbund.
Friday, June 27, 2008
Bathroom adjustments
Note to self: It's always a good idea to adjust yourself in the bathroom stall because inevitably one of your co-workers will walk in while you have your hand down your pants, moving your penis from one side of your pant leg to the other while standing in front of the mirror.
Wednesday, June 25, 2008
Bitchy comments, part deux
Last week, when writing about bitchy comments, I made a point that people who post the worst comments are usually anonymous. And, a couple of them came out of the woodwork to prove my point. Not only did they write a couple of not-so-pleasant words, but some of them even sent me e-cards about the horrible person that I am.
First, I thought it was my sister playing a trick on me. But, then I thought she wouldn't do such a thing because she would rather a) make a personal comment that only she and I understand, b) tell me in person because she has the balls to do so, and/or c) not do a thing because she has better things to do than read my site and post bitchy comments about how insipid I am and how I am always posting photos of me in states of undress.
To top it off, the anonymous sentiments carried onto the next day.
In fact, someone commented on the use of the term "pretty awful" in my post, claiming how could I, a person who writes a lot for a living, use this oxymoron. Sadly, it would only be an oxymoron if the term was "pretty ugly." But, who am I to point a perfectly-manicured finger at them? I'm the judgemental one, not them.
The reason why they're doing this is because even though they're repulsed by me, they're also sexually attracted to me: the love-hate scenario. How many people would read your ramblings on a daily basis, only to tell you how what a shitty writer you are? And, they would take time out of their (supposedly busy) day to send you a card, telling you how much they dislike you.
Tuesday, June 24, 2008
Double entendre, double life
Not too long ago, while talking with a new acquaintance, I happen to mention something that didn’t fall well with him. In fact, he didn’t like it. Not at all. So much so that he stopped talking to me.
It wasn’t anything horrible, but something that (unwittingly) hit close to home. To paraphrase, while in the middle of a sarcastic conversation between the two of us, I tell him he’s leading a double life because of the duality of his work-life situation. I didn’t think it was wrong because it was true – he has two very different lives.
What I later find out, after not hearing back from him for a week is that he is leading a double life. Not the kind of life that entails dueling personalities, but the one of “happy homemaker” during the day and “dirty, dirty boy” at night. How was I supposed to know about that? It’s like Melrose Place come to life.
And because of his closeted existence, I no longer have a (potentially good) friend since I opened the doors to something that was supposed to remain shut.
Monday, June 23, 2008
They know what I look like under my clothes
Ever since I started Human Nature, I never expected to post any photos of me. It's existence was strictly due to the fact I wanted to be known for my writing and not my face/body. That changed with the medium, and images became a way to sell yourself more effectively (thereby increasing my appeal to various audiences). A digital camera came into my life and I've been snapping shots and posting them with regularity.
Later on in my online exploits, I met people who found me through HN and would eventually become my friends. What I didn't expect from our relationships is they'd know what I look like almost naked even when I'm fully-clothed. Every once in a while, one of them cracks a comment about my body and I look at them confusingly.
How would they know anything about my body? Oh wait, last Thursday... Yeah, that makes sense.
Still, it makes me feel uncomfortable because there are people who know what I look like with 98% of my clothes off. True, my eight readers also know, but I'll probably never meet them. If that was the case, I'll have to make sure to throw on a parka, just in case they have any ideas.
Either that, or I'll just remove every photo of me where I'm practically naked from this site.
Friday, June 20, 2008
I'm not picky, I'll drink just about anything
The event is running smoothly, but I'm running frantic. I have to greet several celebrities and I always feel strange around them. It's not because they're famous, it's because I'm not really good at schmoozing and small talk.
When a couple of celebs from a well-watched television show arrive, my co-worker calls me to go to the entrance and greet them, as per my instructions for her. Both of them look just like they do on television, only they're (miraculously) taller then what I originally thought. They're also wearing a bit of makeup. Sadly, they're men.
After introducing myself, I tell them about the itinerary and chat for a few seconds. When one of them brings up how he's been to several wine tastings around the world, I nod and smile, like one is supposed to do.
"I'm an alcoholic, so I'm not picky," I say. "I'll drink just about anything."
They look at me and laugh out loud.
Oh, my fucking God. Did I just say that? Out loud? To guests? Who happen to be celebrities?
"Please don't tell that to the organizers. They might get the wrong idea." I put my hand over my heart. "So, anyway..." I wave my arm outwards, "please enjoy the event. If you have any questions, let me know."
As they walk into the crowd, I exhale deeply and think to myself, I might not be good at schoozing and small talk, but I can feign indifference and make a segueway like a seasoned politician.
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Hair growing out of my shoulder
After taking a shower, I always rub myself down with a towel - vigorously - to remove any trace of water before I throw on my clothes. I find it hard to leave the warm and toasty bathroom while damp; I shiver and get chills.
When the towel drops to my waist, I normally check my arms, chest, stomach, etc. for any marks. Every once in a while, I look at my shoulders to see if there is anything there. Normally, there’s nothing. Sometimes, there’s something.
This something is a hair. A long, superfine hair.
Since I am fortunate not to have any back hair (*knocks wood*), I find it hard to believe how such a long hair can grow out of my shoulder. And, what’s really strange is the hair isn’t dark like the rest of my hair, but blonde. So blonde it’s almost white.
Hardly anyone gets to see my shoulders; if they do, I make sure the lighting is dim (or hope they’re dim – whatever is easier).
Before anything else happens, I grab it with two fingers, pull it up as high it can go, and mentally measure it. Fuck, it’s long. I let the hair go and find the tweezers. Hopefully, when I yank it, two won’t grow in its place.
Wednesday, June 18, 2008
One handed
You never know how useful something is until you don’t have it anymore. The same thing can be said about my right hand. I never realized how important it is in my quotodien life until I couldn’t use it.
**
It starts when I wake up in the morning, after having someone sleep on my arm for most of the night. They weren’t heavy, but their head was, apparently. I didn’t move my arm because I was asleep. When I’m unconscious, I have no idea what’s going on. For all I know, my arm could’ve been cut off and thrown across the room.
But that was then and this is now, and right now, I can’t feel my arm. And since my handed is connected to my arm, I can't feel it, either.
It’s the most disconcerting feeling, not being able to use your arm, especially the dominant one. How are you going to write, use a computer mouse, pick up the phone, or flip the bird to the bitch who cut you off in traffic?
This isn’t the same as phantom limb syndrome, where many individuals who have had their limbs amputated. My arm is still there and I can see it. The thing is I can’t use it because it’s “dead” and lacks feeling. If I was Golda Mair, my arm could be raised above my head to help with lymphatic drainage, but I can’t do that for a multitude of reasons (mainly because it would still render the arm useless if it was in a sling).
So, for now, I have to be one-handed and I can’t do anything about it.
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
Don't shoot the editor
Being someone who writes a lot for a living, I enjoy it when people ask me to look over their manuscripts in order to get an objective perspective on their work. Sometimes I’m pleasantly surprised by the quality, sometimes not so much.
Here in comes the problem: What do you do when someone asks you if it’s good? Should you tell them what’s wrong and offer constructive criticism, or just shut up and tell them it’s good (while lying through your teeth).
One time, someone gave me something to review and it wasn’t very good. In fact, it was pretty awful. Not only was there no story, but the grammar was poor. The only way it could ever be published was for reasons beside the written word (i.e. money, sex, blackmail, etc.). I handed it back and said nothing.
What’s worse is having to tell this to a friend. I find it akin to when someone asks you if they look fat in the jeans they’re wearing. The obvious answer is yes, but you don’t want to say that because it will hurt their feelings. So, you bite your tongue and tell them they’re not fat and look fantastic.
So, if you ever consider in having a professional opinion on any of your written works, please be advised that I will be honest in my assessment, while trying not to hurt your feelings. Try being the operative word.
Monday, June 16, 2008
Bitchy comments
Because I only have eight daily readers, there aren’t many opportunities for opposing opinions (how’s that for alliteration?) when posting a diatribe of mine. Even when I write something I consider to be provocative and thought-provoking, the comments are usually quite pleasant and irreverent; perfectly fine with me.
But, there are times when I wish I would have some ‘anonymous’ person write some bitchy comment just for the sake of it.
When I get some, I’m so happy. These comments seem like they come from someone who doesn’t even read what I post and comments for the sake of commenting. Basically, it’s the equivalent of the person who likes to hear the sound of their own voice so they never shut the fuck up.
So, why do I want the occasional bitchy comment? I enjoy feeling superior to their idoicy and vapidness. Oops, there goes a bitchy comment, and this time it’s mine.
Friday, June 13, 2008
Do I look like a hooker?
After jokingly talking to K about my talents and how I shouldn't talk about them because it makes me sound like a hooker.
Then comes irony and perfect comic timing, smacking me across the back of my head: I get an invite to take part in an orgy and am offered money for sex two days afterward.
Do I look like a hooker? Is that the impression I give? Apparently. Maybe I should consider raising my rates. At least I can make some extra cash on the side in case I don't have a tax rebate next year.
Thursday, June 12, 2008
Tantalising tickles
There are some erogenous zones on the body that make hairs stand on end and toes curl just because they’re being stimulated. My erogenous zones do the same thing, only instead of moaning, I break out in laughter because they’re also ticklish spots.
Now, I believe that laughter is a good break in an intimate moment because everyone takes sex too seriously. A little smile or a muffled laugh shows that you’re having a good time. And, who doesn’t like to laugh? Apparently, some people don’t.
Some people think of laughter as an insult, as if you’re making fun of them, and I can see their reasoning. Still, they should lighten up and enjoy what they’re doing and if they’re enjoying it, shouldn’t they be smiling?
To me, if you can make me laugh, you’re in my ‘good’ book. If you don’t make me laugh, well... you’re not in a ‘bad’ book because I don’t have one.
To finish (myself) off, the only thing I can say is to take a load off. No one wants to be around someone who is so serious about something that should be fun. Or maybe they should be just as ticklish as I am.
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Picking on my lips
A caricaturist focuses on a part of a person’s face and exaggerates it in his/her drawing. That’s pretty much the same with my younger niece, only she doesn’t draw faces, she grabs them.
For my father, she reaches for his nose. For my mother, it’s her jowls. When it comes to me, it’s my lips. Sometimes she pulls so hard with her pointy nails, she removes bits of skin from my lips, making them bleed. Her older sister was the same when she was smaller, as are other babies.
I think the reason why they attract those young hands is because they’re colourful and full and resemble a stuffed animal they might have in their toy box. But, I don’t want my lips to look like something that comes with a tag sewed on its ass, or the ones found on Mr. Potato Head.
When I was young, they were small (and pouty). As I’ve grown, they became an impediment of sorts – too large and always getting in the way of my other facial features. My face is composed of other features, the last time I checked.
I’m probably just picking on my lips because they’re a source of contention: other people like them (and the things they do) while I don’t.
Tuesday, June 10, 2008
I once caught a fish this big
There are some people who cannot stop talking about how amazing their life is. That isn’t a problem, per se. What is a problem is when you know they’re boasting when you know they’re stretching the truth.
One person I know has a habit of making everything he does sound so much better than what it really is. He goes to a fabulous casino (in some hick town, not in Las Vegas or Monte Carlo) wins a ton of money on the slots, but doesn’t mention he spent more money playing them. He celebrates a year at his “amazing” job (which is a crock since he complains about it all the time) even though he was on contract in several positions in the company (and the title he claims to have doesn't exist). He goes on a date and says this is the person he’s going to marry, even though the other person wasn’t aware it was a date at all. And, so on and so forth.
Basically, he’s the sort of person who would say Oprah blessed him with her immortal powers when what really happened was some big, ol’ black woman pushed him off the sidewalk when he was in her way.
But, maybe I’m misunderstanding the situation.
When I talk to S, he says that when I describe things that happen to me, I sound bored and indifferent. It’s true, I have done some fun things, but I tend to brush them off in a rather blasé manner. Is it because I don’t really find them interesting, or am I above it all and on the lookout for something so amazing that there’s nothing else that can compare to it?
Maybe it’s a mix of the two, or maybe it’s one and/or both. I don’t know and I’m not sure.
Monday, June 09, 2008
Promotion by proxy
Recently, I got a promotion in the worst possible way: Because of a serious injury to one of my co-workers (who I really like), I have his roster of clients (in addition to my own) and am now the director on two of them.
But, there are a few good points to come out of this: I was promoted in three months; I can tell people "no" (and direct them); and my status in the city's social calendar has my schedule booked for the next several months.
The bad parts include: The new position wasn't earned, but due to someone else's hospital stay and recovery plan; I don't get extra money; I have to research client information due to my co-worker lack of filing skills.
Friday, June 06, 2008
Everything's coming up roses
It's the final day of my trip and I decide I want to see a show. Not just any show, mind you, but the show with the mother of all stage mothers: Mama Rose. Even before the show was to be produced, I knew I had to see it because of LuPone. But, before I see the show, I have a few hours to spend.
Because M told me to call him up when in town, I do so. Unfortunately, he just had surgery and is feeling nauseous. He says he'll try to make it, but isn't too sure he'll survive. I take this as a confirmation that he won't be coming. Still, I have hope that he'll pop into the city, if only for just an hour, for us to have lunch. Even thin people eat, contrary to popular belief.
After purchasing my ticket at the TKTS booth (now located in the Marriott Marquis), I make my way down to 14th Street. M told me Chelsea is the best neighbourhood to get some brunch. As I stroll down, the clouds start to threaten the brightness that started off the day. Within a few minutes, I pull out my umbrella, if only for a few minutes. Water and curly hair do not (and should never) mix.
While waiting for M to call me back, I dial Chris' number. I spoken to since I've been in NYC. He knew I was coming down for the weekend, but he already had plans (which included bathing). At least he told me he was busy before I came down. We talk for a couple of minutes and he tells me he would rather tell someone that he doesn't want to go out instead of promising them and backing out at the last minute. It makes sense: just be non-committal.
I make a couple of other phone calls; namely to those I was supposed to "meet" while in town. Like everyone on my trip, they're not answering. Whatever. Fuck them. Or, to be precise, they're not fucked.
My stomach starts to grumble and I can't take it anymore. I walk into the nearest McDonald's and order something with a small iced tea. Strangely enough, a small iced tea comes in a container that resembles a slurpy cup and it tastes like brewed tea that's been cooled. I eat the burger in a minute, but carry the cup with me, taking the occasional sip.
When I look at my watch, I know I don't have too much time to waste, so I around and between the streets on my way up to the theatre. The rain starts again, and I get drenched. Stepping into Macy's dries me up for a second, but everyone else had the same idea. The store is crowded and steamy. Still, I make my way out in time to see LuPone.
Gypsy is amazing and I feel great empathy for the mother of all stage mothers. She does everything for her children, and loves them unconditionally. True, she has a vicarious way of showing that affection, but what mother doesn't? I start to think of my mother while watching the show and begin to dislike her a little less by the time the 11 o'clock number starts, ending the first act. Mama Rose and my ma can be the same person, only my ma can't belt out a song. By the end of the show, I'm crying. Now, I hate my mother for making me think of her while watching a Broadway show. Damnit.
I walk out with the crowd and stroll towards 46th Street where I spent some time with G last year when he was visiting. Memories, both good and bad start to pass through my mind. I pull out my phone and call M. He says he called me, but it went straight to voicemail. It happens when my phone is in roaming. We talk for a couple of minutes and make plans for his trip to Toronto in the fall. Not too long after, I get a call from my mother. That conversation is a lot shorter, since all I want to do is wish my father a safe flight (he's leaving the country for six months).
Now, as the day winds down, just like my holiday in NYC, I slow things down and take a couple of last looks around the city. I stroll through Lexington, Park and Fifth Avenues, peering into store windows, wanting to break them and running off with thousands of dollars of merchandise. I take photos of the sunset reflecting off of tall buildings. I walk in front of Central Park, on 59th Street and make my way to Columbus Circle since that's my subway entrance. Before going underground, I turn around, look up, breathe deeply, taking in as much of NYC before I go. Unlike Gypsy, it doesn't smell like everything's coming up roses, but diesel fumes.
No matter what happened this time around, I don't have any ill feelings towards the city. I'll keep coming back, year after year, if my schedule allows for it. Whether, or not, I'll be able to do the things (and people) I want to do depends on a series of variables; many of which I can't control (although someday, I will because I will rule the world).
From the sights to the sounds, friends and food, this is a place I will return to in 2009.
Monday, June 02, 2008
Ditched for dinner and drinks
The day is bright and shining. The sun is out and there isn't a trace of rain in sight. The only clouds in the sky are the ones that resemble fluffy lambs. To make the most of the beautiful weather, I decide to spend most of the day indoors at the Museum of Natural History.
On my way there, I call X about our plans tonight. He's in a bit of a tizzy, but I brush it off - no one is like that for too long. Our plans are to meet later on in the night. I'm still not sure if we're having dinner and/or drinks. Still, I leave the matter in his hands. I already plan for everything and might as well take something off my plate.
The museum is filled with families and tourists, which is no surprise. When I pay for my entrance ticket, I flash my student card and shy smile and get in with a discount. I might as well use that card for something; it cost me enough money.
For the next several hours, I'm walking along, taking pictures and seeing variations of my family in numerous exhibitions. Even though humanity has progressed throughout the years, there are still quite a few people who resemble neanderthals.
There's a period where it feels like I'm in the same room as this hot couple. I don't think they're following me, but it feels like it. I'm pretty sure they think I'm following them, but that's not the case. At least, it wasn't the case. Part of me wants to think they'll ask me to come along with them on a night out of debauchery. The other part of me wants the same thing.
By the time I get out of there, I'm famished. I didn't have a proper lunch in the caf because their prices were outragous. Did they think they're Per Se, or something? No matter, I'm going out with X tonight. The food will be secondary, as the company will come first.
I pull out my phone and check for messages. There aren't any. I dial X's number and leave a message. I still don't know what time we're meeting at. Fuck, I don't even know where we're meeting.
On the A train I go, back to Mike's place to decompress and get ready for my night out. Lucky for me, Mike left his laptop in his living room; I check my e-mail. There aren't any messages. No matter, X will call.
My clothes were already chosen for the night, so I didn't need to spend additional time getting ready. All I need is a shower to freshen up and a brush with toothpaste to get minty in the oral department. All of this takes about 15 minutes.
For the next two-and-a-half hours, I wait. And, I wait. And, I wait some more.
I make another series of phone calls, but get voicemail. I check my voicemail, but there isn't anything. I log onto my hotmail, facebook and gmail accounts and there isn't anything there. Part of me wonders what's going on, and the other part of me hopes X died in an incredibly painful accident.
Not knowing what to do, I try my best to contain my anger and disappointment from being stood up and write X a message: I'm all dressed up with no where to go. I wonder if he'll get the passive-aggressive hint.
Because it's almost 10 p.m., I'm starving. I haven't eaten since lunchtime. Making the most of a negative situation, I grab my coat and umbrella and walk outside. It begins to rain by the time I step out of the building. Funny, but not funny, at all. It's like I'm living some colossal weather joke that no one laughs at.
I grab a slice of pizza, a sundae at McDonald's and make my way back to Mike's. The rain stops when I walk into the apartment. I'm still not laughing with the weather.
Mary is still watching TV and I sit down on the couch, opposite her. We talk for a bit and she notices how disappointed I am. It's true. I'm also drawn. I hate making plans only to have them fall apart, but I hate when other people make plans and don't follow through with them. They know I'm in town for three days, and they know one of the reasons I came down was for them. The mind only remembers what it wants to, I suppose.
When Mike walks through the door, he makes me smile. He didn't ditch me. I regale him with my night and he listens. That's what I need right now. By the time everyone goes to bed, I fall asleep with a smile on my face. He didn't disappoint me like so many before him have. |
What is the value of (((-19)/3477)/((-11)/(-165)))/(20/(-1 - 3))?
1/61
Evaluate 47 - (3124/71 + -66).
69
What is the value of ((-38)/(-114))/((-5)/(-24))?
8/5
Calculate (-1481)/(-40) - (-17 - -54).
1/40
Calculate 19584/13872 - 3396/(-51).
68
Calculate 12/5 - (-68)/(-170) - (-1190)/17.
72
((-1560)/23660)/(2 - -1)
-2/91
What is 2751/(-84) - -32 - -2?
5/4
((-6)/4)/((-48)/128) + -6 + 104 + -110
-8
What is the value of (-150 - 37696/(-532)) + (20/(-7) - -2)?
-80
Calculate (55420/51)/(-20) - 266/57.
-59
(-133)/21*(-1 + -8) - (6 + 2)
49
What is (-41340)/(-600) + -15 - ((-2)/(-6))/(10/(-3))?
54
What is (133/28)/19 - 14/(616/3575) - -5?
-76
Evaluate (6984/(-2522))/((-90)/156).
24/5
Evaluate ((-38)/(-4902)*43)/((-2)/222).
-37
Calculate 38/(-2793)*3129/(-1937).
2/91
(-2 - (-5 + 32/10))/((-743)/(-75) - 10)
15/7
Calculate 4*325/5400*-9.
-13/6
Evaluate 141 - 120 - ((-388)/(-16) - 3).
-1/4
(-30)/(-21) + -2 + (15438/434 - 91)
-56
What is the value of (3 + (-1638)/560)/((-6)/(-48))?
3/5
What is the value of (-98 - -282)*(-9 + 19 + -7 - (-5)/(-2))?
92
What is the value of (-66748)/(-141192) - ((-320)/32 - 188/(-18))?
3/106
Evaluate (-93)/(-1426) - (-5883)/(-168498).
1/33
(-164)/28208*43 - ((-5)/36 + 0)
-1/9
What is the value of 1887/(-102) + 5916/319?
1/22
What is (10*(-207)/135)/((-8)/(-24))?
-46
Evaluate (-32886)/(-630) + -118 + (-9)/(-5).
-64
What is (8 - (-132)/(-24))/(2/(-8)) + 35?
25
Calculate 2158/747*(-351)/(-26).
39
Calculate 4/(16/(-42))*(12470/(-406) + 21).
102
Evaluate 75/(-100)*(-239568)/1449.
124
Calculate (7 + 6*92/(-78))/(11*11/121).
-1/13
2/(-8)*(-33 - 37882/(-1034))
-10/11
Evaluate 214/(-20) + (-2540)/(-254) + (252/15 - 16).
1/10
Calculate (30 + 2120/(-80))*(6 - (-2 - -2)).
21
(-4354)/(-50071) + ((-56)/(-414) - 0)
2/9
(8/(-5))/(-3 + (-582)/(-70)) - (-22)/66
1/31
(-2698)/10792*((-8)/94)/((-18)/36)
-2/47
((-5788)/1447)/(4/113)
-113
What is (2/(-120))/(2/(-316)) - (8905/390)/(-137)?
14/5
Evaluate 74 - (-43 - (-675)/9).
42
What is the value of (-4806)/(-37380)*7/6*(-16)/6?
-2/5
What is the value of ((-32)/(-2))/((792/(-55))/36)?
-40
Evaluate (63 + 1041/(-15))*(-105)/12.
56
-36 + 38 - (-96)/(-7 - (-7 + 16/8))
-46
Evaluate 19/114*((-3)/(-12) - 5022/216).
-23/6
Calculate (-16 - 3) + (1/2)/((-290)/(-1740)).
-16
(-22243)/(-9381) - (-1344)/(-432)*6/8
2/53
Evaluate (-81)/36*1156/102*2/(-4).
51/4
What is 6/10 - ((-44)/(-165))/(((-4)/(-2))/72)?
-9
What is the value of (-4)/(-30)*570/1064 + 1402/(-28)?
-50
Calculate (568/(-104) + 5)/(57/(-21) + 4/(-14)).
2/13
What is the value of ((-8)/45)/(-1)*((-6559290)/3348)/2351?
-4/27
Calculate (59/(-6))/(177*(-360)/(-95580)).
-59/4
(10/5125)/(905/22625)
2/41
2*-7 - (-104)/10530*1422
2/45
3422/58 - 89 - -8
-22
Calculate (19 - -6) + (265 - 266)/(18/(-20) + 1).
15
What is the value of (-228)/(-10944) + (-6924)/576?
-12
Evaluate 346*2/(-36) - -19.
-2/9
What is the value of ((-187)/((-28798)/(-1056)))/((-3)/28)?
64
Calculate ((-3456)/180 + 18)/(329/2820).
-72/7
What is ((-18)/(-8) - 112/64)*(-14)/4?
-7/4
4371/(-564) + (-3530)/(-440)
3/11
Calculate (-3 - 0/(-1))/(187 + -124 + -66).
1
What is 98/4 + (1 - 378/84)?
21
Evaluate 100/6*5841/1452 - -1*21/(-462).
67
What is the value of (-70)/(-40) - (-3875)/(-2356) - 1180/19?
-62
Calculate 2/(264/48*2/(-451)).
-82
Evaluate ((-1252)/(-180) - -3 - (-12)/(-30)) + -39 + 31.
14/9
What is (-115)/(4772040/(-17696)) - (-12)/(-26)?
-2/57
What is the value of 3/(1/((-26 - -30) + (1 - 4)))?
3
3/(-1)*(5/(-125))/((-222)/(-185))
1/10
Calculate (47096/(-123627))/((-5)/((-150)/4)).
-20/7
Calculate 53 + -122 + (-2)/(18/(-27)).
-66
What is the value of ((35/(-63))/(876/72 - 13))/(20/(-2670))?
-89
Calculate 6/(-2) + ((-13209)/(-68))/21 - (2 - -4).
1/4
What is ((-13)/13 - 0)*(51/6)/(9/54)?
-51
Evaluate (-23)/874 - 1162019/(-15086).
77
What is the value of (24336/(-84))/(-26)*(-308)/440?
-39/5
Evaluate (338/13 - 363/14)*1.
1/14
What is the value of 28/(-4)*(-330)/154?
15
What is the value of 70/(-34)*1750/24500?
-5/34
What is (-65330)/(-1109200) + (7/(-40))/7?
2/59
Evaluate ((-9)/(-4))/(-3)*((-26)/18)/((-884)/82416).
-101
Calculate 165 + -18 + -111 - (-7890)/(-219).
-2/73
What is the value of (224/(-21) - -9)/(65/117*-3)?
1
(-2)/4*(3300/7150 + (-184)/286)
1/11
Calculate -9 + 3 + (-2109)/(-361).
-3/19
What is the value of 4/(-10) + (-356359)/4115?
-87
Evaluate (6/4*1104/(-414))/4.
-1
((-8)/(32/58))/((-1296)/864)
29/3
Evaluate (-125350)/20710 - (-2)/38.
-6
What is (5/(-4))/((-46940)/880 - -53)?
11/3
Calculate ((-62415)/190*(-4)/96)/(33/44).
73/4
Calculate (12950/(-259))/(4/(-2)).
25
Evaluate 8385/234 + (-11 - 33) + 9.
5/6
Evaluate (24/56)/(44/(-14))*3744/702.
-8/11
30*((-4606)/(-882) - (9 - 1 - 3))
20/3
What is (8/(-7))/((-180)/(-1260)) - 14?
-22
What is 920/(-1265)*330/(-520)?
6/13
((-30100)/(1032/(-24)))/28
25
Calculate (((-10)/(-25))/(3/(-110)))/(-1 - 28/(-42)).
44
2/(-1512)*(-1512)/54
1/27
(-2)/(-22) - 105560/(-2860)
37
Calculate ((-126)/49)/(69/552 + (-25)/(-56)).
-9/2
Calculate (((-8724)/(-18175))/(-1 + 1 + 3))/(-2).
-2/25
What is (-182)/1404*-27 + 34/(-5) + 3?
-3/10
What is the value of (341/11 - (-3102)/(-198))/(2/(-3))?
-23
What is the value of (3412/(-264) + 13)/((-115)/(-207))?
3/22
What is the value of 75/(-45) + 372/18?
19
Evaluate ((15/(-40))/(12/(-176)))/(-9*(-17)/153).
11/2
What is the value of 7/(52854/170982 - (-16)/(-84))?
59
Evaluate 0 + 6888/70 + (-12 - -24) + 114/(-10).
99
(28/189)/(27/((-27945)/(-46)))
10/3
What is (-120411)/(-7083) + 1 + 86?
104
What is the value of (-89 + 77154/858)*8/(-16)?
-6/13
What is the value of (((-19536)/(-55))/(-74))/(60/(-25))?
2
(-107)/((-5136)/1152) - 2144/88
-4/11
What is -107 - -23 - ((-2)/(-31) - 6*(-1108)/744)?
-93
What is (196/12)/(((-5)/3)/(-9 + 14))?
-49
Calculate 1036/(-48) + 470/564 - (-14 - -2).
-35/4
((-75)/6 - -8)*4408/348
-57
Evaluate ((-6)/(-4) - (-2646)/252)*19/((-114)/28).
-56
What is (2/(-21)*-2)/((-4368)/6006*(-33)/234)?
13/7
Evaluate (201/(-21) + 11)*((-16)/(-24) + -3).
-10/3
What is 17 - 12048/160 - 4/(560/(-42))?
-58
Calculate (-152)/(-6)*(-3444)/2296.
-38
Calculate ((-7593939)/(-17955) + -423)*((-2)/(156/(-146)) - 2).
2/273
(15984/(-370)*(3 + -2))/(30/100)
-144
52/(-169)*(-122 - -125)
-12/13
Evaluate (39/(-234))/((-11 + 3 + 9)/((-78)/1)).
13
What is the value of (-53 + 69621/1311)/(-1)?
-2/19
Calculate (5/(-2))/(-61 + (-24178)/(-396)).
-45
Evaluate (7923 + -7895)/((-70)/(-26) + -3).
-91
68/(-102)*((-285)/(-38))/((-2)/4) - 78
-68
What is the value of -2*(5 + -8)/6*(-47)/((-1175)/(-800))?
-32
What is the value of (-6)/(-126)*(6/(-135))/((-24)/840)?
2/27
What is (-2555)/13140 + (1561/140 - 11)?
-2/45
Calculate 190*(-28)/(-210)*(2 - 14/4) - -6.
-32
What is (((-7)/(-7))/14)/(((-60)/24)/((-70)/(-8)))?
-1/4
Calculate (-26660)/9331 - 180/(-14).
10
What is (-4106 + 4141)/(5/(-14))?
-98
Calculate (27521/(-598) + 46)*-1.
1/46
Evaluate (-40)/(-28)*(-46 + 32).
-20
What is (-9)/21 - 514150/(-11074)?
46
Calculate (336/20)/(-4)*(-2595)/1557.
7
What is 424/2067*(0 + (-2)/4)*(-18)/(-4)?
-6/13
Calculate 3/(31065/843115 - 4/(-182)).
51
Calculate (4193/(-833) + 5)/(58/(-203)).
2/17
Calculate (-33)/(-10) - (-30613254)/241620.
130
What is the value of 64/432*((-1098)/(-3416))/((-6)/(-7))?
1/18
What is (-2)/(-74) - (73 - 427671/4551)?
21
186/38 + (-12158)/(-115501)
5
(20*2/(-35)*(-811)/1622)/((-2)/(-168))
48
Evaluate (-5)/(-1) - 2 - ((-5376)/4480)/(2/(-9)).
-12/5
(-951)/26199 - (-119)/14637
-2/71
(-8258)/(-486) - ((-884)/(-39) + 374/(-66))
-2/243
What is (22/((-2310)/(-315)))/(1/(-9)*-1)?
27
62 + (-130210)/2088 - (-1)/9 - (-27)/76
2/19
Evaluate (-488)/24 - -7 - 17/(-51).
-13
Evaluate (66/28)/((-37 - -15)/(-616)).
66
What is (216/3072*32)/((-39)/(-8))?
6/13
What is the value of 10/995 - (-1326170)/115420?
23/2
Calculate (-27)/(61425/50120) + 220/10.
-2/65
(-98)/((-7644)/(-6318)) - -73
-8
(-1287)/132*44/11
-39
Calculate (44289/59644)/57 - 2/62.
-1/52
What is 342/7 + (-2100)/(-12250)*5/(-1)?
48
-15 - ((-38 - -56) + -38)
5
What is (12/(-16))/((-185)/(-3700))?
-15
Calculate 1 + -16 - 147275/(-9675) - (-32)/18.
2
What is the value of 8103/146 - (-27 - -85)?
-5/2
2/((49 - 4)*16/(-24)*1)
-1/15
What is the value of (5 - 1)/8*-25 + (-6 - 34/(-4))?
-10
What is the value of 3/1 + 8001/(-10287) + (-344)/9?
-36
What is (-59 - -55)*12/4152?
-2/173
((-124)/6)/( |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package org.openjdk.skara.test;
import org.openjdk.skara.bot.*;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.*;
public class TestBotRunner {
@FunctionalInterface
public interface AfterItemHook {
void run(WorkItem item);
}
public static void runPeriodicItems(Bot bot) throws IOException {
runPeriodicItems(bot, item -> {});
}
public static void runPeriodicItems(Bot bot, AfterItemHook afterItemHook) throws IOException {
try (var scratchFolder = new TemporaryDirectory()) {
runPeriodicItems(bot, afterItemHook, scratchFolder.path());
}
}
public static void runPeriodicItems(Bot bot, Path scratchFolder) throws IOException {
runPeriodicItems(bot, item -> {}, scratchFolder);
}
public static void runPeriodicItems(Bot bot, AfterItemHook afterItemHook, Path scratchFolder) throws IOException {
var items = new LinkedList<>(bot.getPeriodicItems());
for (var item = items.pollFirst(); item != null; item = items.pollFirst()) {
Collection<WorkItem> followUpItems;
try {
followUpItems = item.run(scratchFolder);
afterItemHook.run(item);
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
item.handleRuntimeException(e);
// Allow tests to assert on these as well
throw e;
}
if (followUpItems != null) {
items.addAll(followUpItems);
}
}
}
}
|
Q:
XPath expression help
I have an xml file like this:
<students>
<student name=....>
</student>
<student name=....>
</student>
<student name=....>
</student>
<student name=....>
<failedcourses>
...
</failedcourses>
</student>
<student name=....>
<failedcourses>
...
</failedcourse>
</student>
</students>
I.e. I have a list of students, a portion of which have a subelement , but most of the students don't have this subelement.
I want to get the name of the nth student that has failed a course, how do I do that?
I want an XPath expression that works, I don't care about performance.
A:
(/students/student[failedcourses])[3]/@name
|
Programs Overview
Welcome to Kerala Ayurveda Academy, Ayurveda’s authentic seat of learning in the U.S.
Kerala Ayurveda Academy (KAA) and its teachings are rooted in Kerala, the capital and birthplace of Ayurveda in India. We currently offer programs at our flagship Academy & Wellness Center in Fremont, CA and at satellite locations in Washington and New Jersey, as well as live streamed online programs.
Since Kerala Ayurveda Academy opened its doors in the U.S. in 2006, more than 1,000 students have been enriched with our authentic Ayurvedic education. With the support of Kerala Ayurved Ltd (KAL), a full-spectrum Ayurvedic company based in India, KAA provides a wide scope of authentic educational programs and electives to its U.S. students rooted in the ancient texts and traditional methods.
Long Term Certifications
Our long term Ayurvedic Wellness Counselor (AWC) and Ayurvedic Wellness Practitioner (AWP) certification programs are designed to educate students on two levels. The curriculums for both levels focuses on prevention and management of disorders, respectively. Both programs meet the requirements mandated by the National Ayurvedic Medical Association (NAMA). These programs are open to anyone who is interested in holistic healing.
These long term certification programs are approved to operate in the states of California and Washington. Through the academy's eLearning system, the certification programs are offered online in our Distant Learning Program. We have several locations throughout the US where we offer on site classes on a rotating basis: Seattle, WA; Los Angeles, CA; Iselin, NJ; Boston area, MA; Colorado Springs, CO; Chicago, IL; and southern CT.
Kerala Ayurveda Academy, in the State of California, is a privately owned institution that is approved to operate by the Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education under School Code #72482254. BPPE address: 2535 Capital Oaks Drive, Suite 400, Sacramento, CA 95833. Phone: +1 (888) 370-7589. Learn more and read our annual report at: www.bppe.ca.gov.
Kerala Ayurveda Academy, in the state of Washington, and the Distance Education Program, are licensed under Chapter 28C.10 RCW. Inquiries or complaints regarding this private vocational school may be made to the" Workforce Board, 128 10th Ave SW, Bost 43105, Olympia, WA 98504. Phone: (360) 709-4600 Web: wtb.wa.gov. Email: wtecb@wtb.wa.gov. |
111 renal neoplasms of childhood: a clinicopathologic study.
The aim of this study was to perform a clinicopathologic evaluation of a single pediatric institution renal tumor series. Most patients were treated within the frame of 3 consecutive SIOP trials, which included preoperative chemotherapy as their main feature. Medical records and diagnoses of 111 patients were reviewed. The association of pathologic features with outcome was investigated by means of the Kaplan-Meier method, the Cox model, and a logistic multivariate analysis. Comparison among different trial results was carried out. In 98 patients (88%), nephroblastoma was diagnosed, followed by 6 adult-type renal tumors, 3 cystic nephromas, 2 mesoblastic nephromas, and 2 clear cell sarcomas. For nephroblastoma, a statistically significant correlation between grade and both disease-free survival rate and 5-year survival rate, and between stage and overall survival rate was shown. Lymph node involvement, local relapse, nephrogenic rests, and older age at presentation appeared to be less important prognostic factors. Tumor spillage was very sensitive to chemo or radiotherapy. No significant difference in outcome was observed among different trials. Wilms' tumor was the most frequent neoplasm and resulted in a 5-year cure rate of 90%. Clinical course was influenced mainly by diffuse anaplasia and, to a minor extent, by lymph node involvement. Because some tumors followed an unpredictable course, it is likely that also other biological factors played a significant role. |
Q:
Printing PDF from browser using Aspose.NET
I want to force a PDF to print from browser by clicking a link. It says here that embedding javascript using a PDF toolkit can make this possible, so would anyone know if/how this can be done with Aspose?
A:
Found the answer, brilliantly simple and works a treat! (You can also use a stream instead of a path name in OpenPdfFile)
//create PdfViewer object
PdfViewer viewer = new PdfViewer();
//open input PDF file
viewer.OpenPdfFile(@"c:\input.pdf");
//print PDF document
viewer.PrintDocument();
//close PDF file
viewer.ClosePdfFile();
|
/*
* Copyright 2017 The Netty Project
*
* The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
* version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package io.netty.buffer;
public interface ByteBufAllocatorMetricProvider {
/**
* Returns a {@link ByteBufAllocatorMetric} for a {@link ByteBufAllocator}.
*/
ByteBufAllocatorMetric metric();
}
|
Speaking of Dividends
General Mills Pours It On
Also upping their payouts: Williams-Sonoma, Vail Resorts, Douglas Dynamics, and First American Financial
When General Mills' fiscal year comes to an end on May 31, it will have returned 17% more in dividends to investors than in fiscal 2013. That's because last Tuesday, the giant packaged-food maker sweetened its quarterly common payout another 8%, to 41 cents a share from 38 cents, putting an additional $75 million in stockholders' cupboards annually. With General Mills trading a stone's throw from its 52-week high of $53.07 on the New York Stock Exchange, the shares (ticker: GIS) yield 3.3% with the enriched payout, which marks... |
Management
Hamilton’s father and former manager Anthony expressed a clear view about the root of his son’s problems in the aftermath of the Singapore race:
“You look up and down the pit lane and every driver, except for Lewis [Hamilton], has a driver-manager in his life, not people from a company.
“I am sure his management are very good ?óÔé¼ÔÇ£ I don?óÔé¼Ôäót know ?óÔé¼ÔÇ£ but Formula 1 drivers need people personally involved in the driver?óÔé¼Ôäós life because it is a big pressure. They have got to be here and I don?óÔé¼Ôäót think you can do the job by sending someone else.”
The elder Hamilton obviously has a vested interest in making such remarks. But we shouldn’t be quick to dismiss them – Hamilton enjoyed his greatest successes in Formula 1 under his father’s management.
Anthony Hamilton now manages Paul di Resta
And his father’s new young charge, Paul di Resta, is clearly thriving, finished one place behind Hamilton in Singapore.
Hamilton is not the only driver without a conventional F1 management team. Sebastian Vettel doesn’t have one at all, and it clearly isn’t holding him back.
Hamilton has defended his right to pursue interests outside of Formula 1. Even so, it seems they are a more consuming part of his life than they are for his rivals at the sharp end of the grid.
Nor can it be said that his closest advisors have helped him handle his recent problems well: recall his notorious outburst at Monaco and his vanishing act last Sunday having failed to given an account of his latest blunder.
Button
Button celebrates victory in Canada
When Jenson Button joined McLaren at the beginning of last year, the widely-held view was that he was risking his reputation by joining ‘Hamilton’s team’.
Hamilton has never finished behind a team mate in the world championship. But Button has beaten him in all of the last four races. With five rounds to go he is 17 points ahead – a gap that would be far greater without his car problems in Britain and Germany.
Of course, Hamilton is no stranger to having a top-line driver in the other car. His F1 reputation was built on that stunning debut season alongside Fernando Alonso.
But while Hamilton has Button out-classed on Saturdays (10-4 this year, 13-6 last year), in the races it is increasingly a different matter.
As was expected before the season began, Button has usually been able to coax more life out of Pirelli’s soft rubber than Hamilton. This has clearly helped him in some races this year.
But there’s more to it than that. Like Hamilton, Button has had to make his way through the field at times this year, and has done so without falling into the traps his team mate has.
Mistakes
Button benefits as Hamilton hits Webber in Montreal
Whatever problem Hamilton is having, the result is a growing number of costly mistakes that have ruined his season.
In Canada, a race he could have won, he had two collisions in the space of four laps – one with Mark Webber followed by terminal contact with his team mate. He was also in the hunt for victory at Spa before colliding with Kamui Kobayashi.
On top of that are the detail mistakes: the wrong tyres and the spin in Hungary, not putting a banker lap in during qualifying in Monaco and so on.
These kind of mistakes are not a new feature in Hamilton’s driving. Even in his championship year he had that notorious collision with Kimi R?â?ñikk?â?Ânen in the Montreal pit lane, and copped another penalty in the following race by going off the track while passing Sebastian Vettel.
But of late the costly mistakes have far outweighed the command performances. Both his wins this year – in China and Germany – were from the top drawer. Those aside, there’s been little for Hamilton to cherish in 2011.
A single answer?
When trying to work out what’s going wrong between a driver’s brain and the steering wheel, it’s tempting to fall for single-line explanations: ‘his team mate’s rattled his cage’, ‘he can’t make the tyres work’.
The heart of the matter is rarely that simple or convenient. And there’s always much more going on beneath the surface than the glimpses on show at a race weekend.
There are enough worrying signs around Hamilton to conclude that something fundamental is amiss here. Are we looking at a driver whose team mate is putting him under pressure, who can’t make his racing car behave the way he wants it to – and perhaps doesn’t care about it quite as much as he should?
Whatever the root of the problem is, it threatens to turn the career of a driver who produced one of the greatest rookie performances ever seen, into a case study in squandered potential.
245 comments on What’s gone wrong for Lewis Hamilton in 2011?
Constantly having to deny rumours about getting married to his much older girlfriend can’t help his state of mind too much. I suspect that behind the scenes there is/has been more pressure on Hamilton here than is common knowledge.
Even as an Alonso fan I want to see Hamilton back on form; at least when he wins a race I usually feel that I’ve witnessed a worthy winner unlike the utterly hollow feeling I have seeing Vettel win yet another race from pole.
And I wouldn’t be at all surprised if he upsets the Whitmarsh/Button/BBC love-in by finishing ahead of Button this season.
The problem with Lewis is that he believes he’s channeling the Late Ayrton Senna’s spirit in his racing. This would be fine if Lewis was indeed in same league as the late master but unfortunately he is simply not. There will never be another Ayrton Senna. If Lewis is serious about leaving his mark in the sport he would do very well instead to take a leaf or two out of the Alain Prost book of cerebral racing without overly abandoning the jaw droppingly blsitering natural speed that has come to define and deify in the eyes of his many fans.
The problem with Lewis is that he believes he’s channeling the Late Ayrton Senna’s spirit in his racing. This would be fine if Lewis was indeed in same league as the late master but unfortunately he is simply not. There will never be another Ayrton Senna. If Lewis is serious about leaving his mark in the sport he would do very well instead to take a leaf or two out of the Alain Prost book of cerebral racing without overly abandoning the jaw droppingly blsitering natural speed that has come to define and deify him in the eyes of his many fans.
Lewis is simply the BEST in F1 right now. Vettel is NOT on his level (Vettel is probably in the same league as Button, Rosberg, Massa and the like).
Lewis’ only competition on the grid right is Alonso, whom he beat a rookie :-) |
BRICS leaders
MOSCOW, March 30. /TASS/. BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) share the position that the conflict in Ukraine should be solved exclusively by political means, with respect for territorial integrity of the country, Russian Foreign Ministry’s Ambassador-at-Large Vadim Lukov told a press conference in Moscow on Monday.
Lukov stressed that a separate statement on the situation in Ukraine was included in the declaration adopted in Brazil’s Fortaleza. "Our common position is that the conflict should be settled exclusively by political means in the framework of international law, with respect for human rights and territorial integrity of Ukraine," the ambassador added.
"I think that these principles will be included in the BRICS’ position at the upcoming summit in Ufa," Lukov said.
Russia against G20 politicization
Russia is firmly opposed to the politicization of the G20 group, whose forums should discuss economic issues, Lukov went on to say.
"We’re strongly opposed to the politicization of G20," the diplomat said. We believe that the discussion of pressing political issues at its financial and economic forums will distract the G20 group from taking decisions on the issues intrinsic to it. These are the questions of the monetary policy, financial relations, economic development and labor-management relations.". |
We place these articles at no charge on our website to serve all the people who cannot afford Monthly Review, or who cannot get access to it where they live. Many of our most devoted readers are outside of the United States. If you read our articles online and you can afford a subscription to our print edition, we would very much appreciate it if you would consider purchasing one. Please visit the MR store for subscription options. Thank you very much. —Eds.
Probably the passage in the Communist Manifesto most frequently cited these days is a portrayal of the global spread of capitalism:
All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the productions of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands. We have universal inter-dependence of nations…. All nations, on pain of extinction, [are compelled] to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to introduce what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e., to become bourgeois themselves. In a word, it creates a world after its own image.
Certainly, the history of the past half-century has more than confirmed that the trend described 150 years ago is still in operation. There is, however, an integral feature of the capitalist penetration just described which is missing from the Manifesto. While capitalism by its very nature lives by accumulation and geographic expansion, it does so in a most unequal fashion. Even though nothing in economics follows strict mathematical rules, there are notable tendencies which are produced by the inner springs of capitalism. An outstanding example of such a tendency is found in the distinct and marked widening of the gap between a handful of rich nations and the rest of the world. The accelerating globalization of our times demonstrates this polarization in no uncertain terms.
A recent study of the income distribution of the world from 1965 to 1990, summarized in the accompanying table, shows that in our day 20 percent of the world’s population live in countries which produce and benefit from over 83 percent of the world’s output of goods and services (the share of the top 10 percent of world population came to 56 percent) while the share of global output of the poorest 20 percent of the world’s people is 1.4 percent. Now look at the difference in the trends in income distribution between the 20 percent in the richest countries and the rest of the world. The share of the world’s income in each one of the four lowest (income) groups of countries declined steadily from 1965 to 1990. On the other hand, the share of the richest 20 percent steadily increased from about 70 to over 83 percent. All this took place when, for most of the period, the rich countries were in a stage of stagnation and when ever more capital was flowing from the rich into the poor countries, presumably to develop new industries and develop financial and other services. (An examination of similar data available in World Bank reports for later years indicates that the polarization continued in full force during the 1990s.)
Thus, at the end of centuries of capitalist expansion, here is how things stand: 60 percent of the world’s population has 5.3 percent of the world output and income, while more than 83 percent (see last column of table below) is in the hands of the richest 20 percent.
Relevant to this commentary is another oft-cited sentence from the Manifesto: “The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together.” As with so much more in the Manifesto, this point can be made with even more emphasis 150 years later. And yet once again, we need to recognize how incredibly uneven is the distribution of the productive forces from region to region. On the one hand, the miracles of electronics; on the other hand, according to the latest UN Human Development Report, over a billion people do not have access to safe water. The list of absent productive and collateral forces needed to meet the basic needs of 80 percent of the world’s people is a long and miserable one.
There is much talk these days in radical circles about the need for a socialist vision. Too often that vision is strongly influenced by the material achievements of the rich capitalist nations and the living standards of the advantaged sectors. However, in view of the way capitalism has spread throughout the world as well as in the most advanced nations of the world, it is essential that the vision of socialism focus on a social transformation which will put first and foremost: the empowerment and meeting the basic human needs of the poorest, the most oppressed, and disadvantaged. |
Beacon Blog
Facebook
Beacon Academy, an extra year of school between 8th and 9th grades, prepares smart, hard-working and kind urban students for success in independent high schools.
It is the first school of its kind in the country.
Fresh from break, our current Beacon class has gotten back to work. Not only do they have a rigorous few months of schoolwork ahead – deadlines for high school applications are here.
While the road ahead is tough, they are prepared. The first months at Beacon have armed them with the skills and determination they need to power through. As Davida Wright says, “It’s not getting easier, it’s just feeling more normal.”
Davida admits that her attitude wasn’t great at the start of the year. But the supportive, yet tough, nature of her teachers has helped her be open to criticism so she can improve. “Now I want more constructive criticism because I want to become better,” she says.
Jerry Lamothe, one of Davida’s classmates, has also seen some changes in himself over his time at Beacon. In addition to learning the importance of planning, he says he has never felt more serious about his education.
“I knew getting a good education is important, but I never really took the time to think about what I should do to get me to where I want to be in life,” Jerry says. “Beacon changed that.”
Equipped with their new skills and perspectives, Davida and Jerry are charging into their last few months with us. Both have goals of good grades and acceptance into their preferred schools, but each of them also has personal goals with which they know Beacon can help.
For Davida, it’s all about being proud of the time she’s spent here. “I need to make sure I look back and see that I’ve done what I need to do and I’m happy.”
And for Jerry, it’s about becoming a better version of himself. “I hope to become a better person. Not really change who I am. But to know who I am, and to be a kinder person.”
Davida, Jerry, and the rest of the Class of 2017 have high goals for themselves and each other. We know they’ll make us proud.
Facebook & Twitter
Beacon Academy, an extra year of school between 8th and 9th grades, prepares smart, hard-working and kind urban students for success in independent high schools.
It is the first school of its kind in the country. |
25 Marconi Scientists, 1982-88
There have been at least 25 mysterious deaths of people who worked for GEC-Marconi (the defence arm of GEC) on the Sting Ray torpedo project betwen 1982 and 1988. The death of the British defense journalist Jonathan Moyle , who was found hanged in his Santiago hotel room on April 1, 1990, has also been the subject of speculation as being connected to the Marconi deaths.
Most incidents occurred after the men have successfully completed important projects or left one job for another.
Four of the dead men were employees of the GEC group – three at Marconi and one at Easams Ltd. Two others worked at separate times at the Royal Military College of Science at Shrivenham. An investigation by Computer News established that most of the men were involved in computer simulation, a key part of defence procurement.
At the time GEC-Marconi was Britain's only torpedo supplier and in 1986 was awarded a £400 million order from the Ministry of Defence for advanced anti-submarine Sting Ray torpedoes. The Royal Military College at Shrivenham is also involved in a number of Britain's leading edge defense projects. The college develops new testing devices for the Ministry of Defence and is engaged as a subcontractor to defence companies on research and development.
All the men involved were ambitious and demonstrated a special ability in their particular field. After every death, police gave unofficial press briefings providing journalists with plausible though unconfirmed explanations for the accidents or apparent suicides. The major problem for police has been the lack of obvious signs of depression in any of the cases. Several British MPs demanded a government inquiry. The UK Ministry of Defence denied that these scientists had been involved in classified Star Wars Projects and that the deaths were in any way connected.
March 1982: Professor Keith Bowden , 46
Expertise: Computer programmer and scientist at Essex University engaged in work for Marconi, who was hailed as an expert on super computers and computer-controlled aircraft.
Circumstance of Death: Fatal car crash when his vehicle went out of control across a dual carriageway and plunged onto a disused railway line. Police maintained he had been drinking but family and friends all denied the allegation.
Coroner's verdict: Accident.
April 1983: Lt. Colonel Anthony Godley , 49
Expertise: Head of the Work Study Unit at the Royal College of Military Science.
Circumstance of Death: Disappeared mysteriously in April 1983 without explanation. Presumed dead.
March 1985: Roger Hill , 49
Expertise: Radar designer and draughtsman with Marconi.
Circumstance of Death: Died by a shotgun blast at home.
Coroner's verdict: Suicide.
November 19, 1985: Jonathan Walsh , 29
Expertise: Digital communications expert who had worked at GEC and at British Telecom's secret research centre at Martlesham Heath, Suffolk.
Circumstance of Death: Died as a result of falling from a hotel room in Abidjan, West Africa, while working for British Telecom. He had expressed fears that his life was in danger.
Coroner's verdict: Open.
August 5, 1986: Vimal Dajibhai , 24
Expertise: Computer software engineer with Marconi, responsible for testing computer control systems of Tigerfish and Stingray torpedoes at Marconi Underwater Systems at Croxley Green, Hertfordshire, and was also working on an SDI related simulation system.
Circumstance of Death: Dajibhai told his wife he would be working late, and then drove a hundred miles to Bristol (a city with which he had no known connection) and fell 260 feet (80 m) from the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the River Avon. The police report on the body mentioned a needle-sized puncture wound on the left buttock, but this was later dismissed as being a result of the fall. Dajibhai had been looking forward to starting a new job in the City of London and friends had confirmed that there was no reason for him to commit suicide. At the time of his death he was in the last week of his work with Marconi.
Coroner's verdict: Open.
October 1986: Arshad Sharif , 26
Expertise: Reported to have been working on systems for the detection of submarines by satellite.
Circumstance of Death: Died as a result of placing a rope around his neck, tying the other end to a tree and then driving off in his car with the accelerator pedal jammed down. His unusual death was complicated by several issues: Sharif lived near Vimal Dajibhai (see above) in Stanmore, Middlesex, he committed suicide in Bristol and, inexplicably, had spent the last night of his life in a rooming house. He had paid for his accommodation in cash and was seen to have a bundle of high-denomination banknotes in his possession. While the police were told of the banknotes, no mention was made of them at the inquest and they were never found. In addition, most of the other guests at the rooming house worked at British Aerospace. Prior to working for Marconi, Sharif had also worked at British Aerospace on guided weapons technology.
Coroner's verdict: Suicide.
January 1987: Richard Pugh , 37
Expertise: Ministry of Defence computer consultant and digital communications expert.
Circumstance of Death: Found dead in his flat in with his feet bound and a plastic bag over his head. Rope was tied around his body, coiling four times around his neck.
Coroner's verdict: Accident.
January 8, 1987: Avtar Singh-Gida , 26 |
// Copyright lowRISC contributors.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0, see LICENSE for details.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// test 2 kinds of loopback
// 1. system loopback, any outgoing bits to TX are received through RX
// 2. Line loopback, incoming bits (on RX) are forwarded to TX
class uart_loopback_vseq extends uart_tx_rx_vseq;
`uvm_object_utils(uart_loopback_vseq)
constraint en_tx_c {
en_tx == 1;
}
constraint en_rx_c {
en_rx == 1;
}
`uvm_object_new
task body();
for (int i = 1; i <= num_trans; i++) begin
`DV_CHECK_RANDOMIZE_FATAL(this)
uart_init();
randcase
1: drive_system_loopback();
1: drive_line_loopback();
endcase
`uvm_info(`gfn, $sformatf("finished run %0d/%0d", i, num_trans), UVM_LOW)
end
endtask : body
virtual task drive_system_loopback();
byte unsigned tx_byte;
`uvm_info(`gfn, "Start system loopback", UVM_HIGH)
ral.ctrl.slpbk.set(1);
csr_update(ral.ctrl);
`DV_CHECK_STD_RANDOMIZE_FATAL(tx_byte)
`DV_CHECK_MEMBER_RANDOMIZE_FATAL(dly_to_next_trans)
cfg.clk_rst_vif.wait_clks(dly_to_next_trans);
// drive tx data and expect to receive it rx fifo
send_tx_byte(tx_byte);
// wait for loopback to complete
spinwait_txidle();
spinwait_rxidle();
csr_rd_check(.ptr(ral.rdata), .compare_value(tx_byte));
// clear TxEmpty interrupt
csr_wr(.csr(ral.intr_state), .value(1 << TxEmpty));
// check status is default value
csr_rd_check(.ptr(ral.status), .compare_value(ral.status.get_reset()));
ral.ctrl.slpbk.set(0);
csr_update(ral.ctrl);
endtask
// when line loopback is enabled, RX data will be wired to TX w/o any synchronizer
// drive RX with random data and random delay, and check same value at TX
virtual task drive_line_loopback();
`uvm_info(`gfn, "Start line loopback", UVM_HIGH)
ral.ctrl.llpbk.set(1);
csr_update(ral.ctrl);
// disable monitor, as it can't handle these random data
cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.en_tx_monitor = 0;
cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.en_rx_monitor = 0;
fork
begin // isolation_fork
fork
// drive RX with random data and random delay
repeat ($urandom_range(100, 1000)) begin
cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.vif.uart_rx = $urandom_range(0, 1);
`DV_CHECK_MEMBER_RANDOMIZE_WITH_FATAL(dly_to_next_trans,
dly_to_next_trans > 0;)
#(dly_to_next_trans * 1ns);
end
// RX has same value as TX without any synchronizer in the data path
forever begin
@(cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.vif.uart_tx || cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.vif.uart_rx);
#1ps; // avoid race condition
if (!cfg.under_reset) begin
`DV_CHECK_EQ(cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.vif.uart_tx, cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.vif.uart_rx)
end
end
join_any
disable fork;
end // isolation_fork
join
cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.vif.uart_rx = 1; // back to default value
cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.en_tx_monitor = 1;
cfg.m_uart_agent_cfg.en_rx_monitor = 1;
// if noise filter is on, need 3 cycles delay to make sure internal rx value is 1, otherwise,
// unexpected value (0) may be propagated to RX datapath
if (en_noise_filter) cfg.clk_rst_vif.wait_clks(3);
ral.ctrl.llpbk.set(0);
csr_update(ral.ctrl);
endtask
endclass : uart_loopback_vseq
|
California Bill Aims to Lure Tesla’s Gigafactory
June 9, 2014—Two California Senators are attempting to convince Tesla Motors Inc. to choose the state as the location for its planned “Gigafactory,” or battery plants.
Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg (D-Sacramento) and Ted Gaines (R-Rocklin) are both sponsoring a bill, SB 1309, which would offer financial benefits and faster regulatory approvals to the automaker, according to NASDAQ.
When Tesla originally announced its plan to build the $5 billion factory in February, it identified four states as possible sites, but California was not on the list, according to the Los Angeles Times. Since then, California has made its way to Tesla’s attention.
The new Tesla battery factory would bring around 6,500 new jobs to the state it chooses, according to NASDAQ.
But California isn’t the only one that would benefit from a local Gigafactory. Tesla’s assembly plant is currently in Fremont, Calif., so choosing a localized battery manufacturing plant could drastically reduce transportation costs, NASDAQ reported.
Tesla plans to break ground on one of three planned battery plants as early as this month, the Albuquerque Journal reported. Construction on the second plant could begin a month or two later. |
Initial staging examinations for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: are they appropriate?
Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
The presence of distant metastases affects the therapeutic regime in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This study evaluated the necessity to undertake bone scanning, chest computed tomography and abdominal ultrasonography in patients presenting with primary advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
STUDY DESIGN:
Retrospective analysis, university setting.
METHODS:
One hundred and sixty-three patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma who were scheduled for major surgery underwent screening for distant metastases. Chest, head and neck computed tomography, abdominal ultrasonography and bone scanning were performed in all patients.
RESULTS:
Distant metastases were detected in 5.52 per cent of the 163 patients. All of these patients had locoregional advanced (stage IV) tumours. Computed tomography scanning of the lungs revealed metastases in six patients. Bone metastases were found in three patients. Only one patient with primary liver metastases was detected by abdominal ultrasonography; this patient also had pulmonary metastases.
CONCLUSIONS:
Computed tomography of the thorax is the most important technique for screening patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. |
Bleeding oesophageal varices in alcoholic cirrhosis: long-term follow-up of endoscopic sclerotherapy.
Between 1977 and 1984, 53 consecutive unselected patients with bleeding oesophageal varices and alcoholic cirrhosis were treated by endoscopic sclerotherapy. Ten died during their index bleed, and 10 died within the following year due to hepatic failure (five), non-liver related causes (three), bleeding varices (one) and hepatocellular carcinoma (one). After the first year, a further three patients died of bleeding varices, eight died of hepatic failure (including one hepatocellular carcinoma) and six died of unrelated problems. Patients with hepatic disease of Childs-Pugh grade C died earlier than those of grade A and B grade (p < 0.01). There were 24 variceal recurrences within 1 year of completing sclerotherapy and seven recurrences later. Abstemious alcoholics rarely rebled and none developed recurrent varices after 18 months without recurrence. The size of the original varices, the number of sessions required to obliterate them, and the total volume of sclerosant used did not correlate with duration of remission. Continuing drinkers were more likely to present with bleeding varices (six of nine) than asymptomatic recurrences (one of 23) (p < 0.0001). In this study endoscopic sclerotherapy prevented deaths from variceal bleeds but there was a continued risk of death from hepatic failure and other unrelated causes. |
Nov. 11, 2005 — Meditation is known to alter resting brain patterns, suggesting long lasting brain changes, but a new study by researchers from Yale, Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology shows meditation also is associated with increased cortical thickness.
Abstract
Previous research indicates that long-term meditation practice is associated with altered resting electroencephalogram patterns, suggestive of long lasting changes in brain activity. We hypothesized that meditation practice might also be associated with changes in the brain’s physical structure. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess cortical thickness in 20 participants with extensive Insight meditation experience, which involves focused attention to internal experiences. Brain regions associated with attention, interoception and sensory processing were thicker in meditation participants than matched controls, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula. Between-group differences in prefrontal cortical thickness were most pronounced in older participants, suggesting that meditation might offset age-related cortical thinning. Finally, the thickness of two regions correlated with meditation experience. These data provide the first structural evidence for experience-dependent cortical plasticity associated with meditation practice.
Introduction
Meditation is a form of mental exercise that has become a popular US health practice. Regular practice of meditation is reported to produce changes in mental state and resting electroencephalogram patterns that persist beyond the time-period of active practice [1]. We hypothesized that regular meditation practice should also result in significant changes in the cortical structure in regions that are routinely engaged during this mental exercise. To test this hypothesis, we used magnetic resonance imaging to visualize differences in the thickness of the cerebral cortex of experienced Buddhist Insight meditation practitioners. This form of meditation does not utilize mantra or chanting. Rather, the main focus of Insight meditation is the cultivation of attention and a mental capacity termed ‘mindfulness’, which is a specific nonjudgmental awareness of present-moment stimuli without cognitive elaboration [2]. Formal practice involves sustained mindful attention to internal and external sensory stimuli. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that between-group and experience-dependent differences in cortical thickness would be found in brain regions involved in attention and sensory processing, thereby showing evidence of cortical plasticity.
Participants and methods
Twenty participants with extensive training in Insight meditation were recruited from local meditation communities. These participants were not monks, but rather typical Western meditation practitioners who incorporate their practice into a daily routine involving career, family, friends and outside interests. Two participants were full-time meditation teachers, three were part-time yoga or meditation teachers and the rest meditated an average of once a day for 40 min, while pursuing traditional careers in fields such as healthcare and law. On average, participants had 9.1 ± 7.1 years of meditation experience and practiced 6.2 ± 4.0 h per week. Participants were required to have participated in at least 1 week-long Insight meditation retreat, which entails approximately 10 h of meditation per day. Fifteen control participants with no meditation or yoga experience were also recruited. The meditation and control participants were matched for sex (meditators 65% male, controls 67%), age (meditators 38.2 years old, controls 36.8 years old), race (both groups 100% Caucasian) and years of education (meditators 17.3 years, controls 17.4 years). All participants were physically and psychologically healthy. Two meditation participants were left-handed; exclusion of the left-handed participants did not significantly alter results. All participants provided written, informed consent and the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Massachusetts General Hospital.
The present methods utilized a well-validated computational approach to measure the thickness of the cerebral cortex [3,4]. Cortical thickness was estimated from two magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) structural images collected from each participant that were then motion-corrected and averaged together to form a single high-resolution image [3–5]. An initial estimate of the gray/white matter boundary was constructed by classifying all white matter voxels in a magnetic resonance imaging volume using a combination of geometric and intensity-based information. A surface-deformation procedure was then used to obtain subvoxel resolution in the gray/white boundary and in the pial surface using a combination of smoothness constraints and intensity terms. The resulting cortical surface models for all participants were aligned to an atlas of cortical folding patterns using a high-dimensional nonlinear registration technique.
Results
The mean thickness across the entire cortex did not differ significantly between the groups for either hemisphere (P>0.10), indicating that it was not the case that the cortex of meditators is nonspecifically thicker everywhere. Statistical thickness-difference maps constructed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff statistics (one-tailed, α-level P=0.05), however, indicated that significant differences in the ‘distribution’ of thickness existed between groups across both hemispheres (k=3.89, P=0.0001), and in each hemisphere separately (k=3.02, P=0.0025 for left hemisphere; k=2.49, P=0.013 for right hemisphere). This finding indicates that the pattern of relative thickness across each hemisphere was different between groups. Protected by significant unidirectional results for the omnibus test for each hemisphere, an unpaired t-test was performed to test for specific loci of significant between-group differences in regional cortical thickness. Specifically, we tested the a priori hypotheses that differences would be observed within prefrontal, interoceptive and unimodal sensory cortical regions. A false discovery rate of 0.05 corresponding to an uncorrected P=3.5 × 10-4 was used to correct for multiple comparisons [6].
Within the search territory, a large region of right anterior insula (P=1.2 × 10-5) and right middle and superior frontal sulci corresponding approximately to Brodmann areas (BA) 9 and 10 (P=1.8 × 10-5) were significantly thicker in meditators than in controls (Fig. 1). The left superior temporal gyrus (auditory cortex, P=3.7 × 10-4) and a small region in the fundus of the central sulcus, (BA 3a, somatosensory cortex, P=6.0 × 10-4) showed trends towards a significantly thicker cortex in meditation participants than in controls. Analysis of the right frontal BA 9/10 subregion resulted in a significant age by group interaction, F(1,31)=10.85, P=0.002, with typical age-related decreases observed in the control group [r(13)=-0.76, P=0.001] but not in the meditation group [r(18)=-0.05, P=0.83]. Significant interactions were not observed in any other brain region.
Cortical regions thicker in meditators than in controls. (a and b) Statistical map depicting between-group differences in thickness at each point on the cortical surface overlaid on the inflated average brain. All points meeting a P < 0.01 threshold …
As a further confirmation that meditation can influence experience-dependent plasticity, we tested whether objective measures of meditation experience correlated with cortical thickness. As frequency of daily practice varies between meditation practitioners, using the total number of years of practice is not a sensitive metric of experience. One effect of regular meditation practice is a significant drop in respiration rate during formal practice [7,8]. We therefore tested whether changes in respiration rate between rest and meditation could serve as an objective measure of meditation experience. The change in mean respiration rate from a 6-min baseline period to the first 6 min of the meditation period was calculated for each participant and then correlated with the self-reported total number of hours of formal sitting meditation over the participant’s lifetime (r=-0.75, P<0.001). The correlation between respiration rate and total number of years the participant had been practicing was also significant (r=-0.57, P=0.009); however, the correlation with total hours of formal sitting practice resulted in a higher coefficient.
To directly test for cumulative effects of meditation experience on brain structure, a correlation was performed between cortical thickness and change in respiration rate. After correcting for multiple comparisons using a false discovery rate associated with a P=0.05, the analysis revealed one significant region within the inferior occipito-temporal visual cortex (Fig. 2). Among the meditation group, the zero-order correlation between thickness in this region and change in respiration rate was r(18)=0.72, P<0.001, which was effectively unchanged when controlling for individual right-hemisphere mean thickness (as a measure of nonspecific effects on cortical thickness), partial r(17)=0.73, P<0.001, and still further when controlling for age, partial r(16)=0.75, P<0.001. When controlling for age and individual right-hemisphere average thickness, a partial correlation between thickness in this region and years of experience remained significant [partial r(15)=0.627, P=0.007]. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that meditation practice promoted thickening in this region.
Visual area correlated with meditation experience. (a) Statistical map depicting cortical thickness correlated with change in respiration rate. (b) Scatter plot of mean cortical thickness of each participant from the circled region within the inferior …
The most experienced participants were also among the oldest. As age-related decreases in cortical thickness are greatest in frontal regions [5], it is possible that the effect of age may obscure the modest effects of meditation practice in these areas. The Pearson correlations between respiration rate and cortical thickness in the insula and BA 9/10 were not significant (r=-0.36, P=0.12 and r=-0.23, P=0.33, respectively), although they became so in the insula after controlling for age [partial r(17)=0.48, P=0.04]. The correlation between these parameters for the BA 9/10 region was essentially unchanged [partial r(17)=-0.25, P=0.30].
Discussion
Our data indicate that regular practice of meditation is associated with increased thickness in a subset of cortical regions related to somatosensory, auditory, visual and interoceptive processing. Further, regular meditation practice may slow age-related thinning of the frontal cortex. Previous studies of cortical plasticity in animals and humans have shown that when a task requires that attention be consistently directed towards a behaviorally relevant sensory stimulus (e.g. a somatosensory [9] or auditory stimulus [10]) over repeated practice sessions [11], robust changes in sensory cortical maps result ([12] and Kerr CE, Wasserman RH and Moore CI. Cortical plasticity as a therapeutic mechanism for touch healing, under reveiw). Additional studies suggest that relaxation facilitates the learning-based process that underlies such cortical plasticity [13]. It may be useful to conceptualize meditation practice as engaging in an analogous set of cortical remodeling processes: namely, directing attention towards behaviorally relevant sensory stimuli within a relaxing setting over repeated practice sessions [2,7]. Increased cortical thickness could be due to greater arborization per neuron, increased glial volume or increased regional vasculature. The methods employed do not distinguish between these possibilities; however, each of these mechanisms is supportive of increased neural function.
We hypothesized that meditation practice should promote neural plasticity in regions that are routinely engaged during formal practice. Many factors including age, sex, genetics, neuropathology and psychopathology [4,5,14,15], however, influence the thickness of cortex nonspecifically, confounding these analyses. Perhaps the largest of these confounds is the effect of age. The rate of age-dependent thinning is highly variable across the cortical surface [5]. Meditation-related effects on thickness may have been counterbalanced by the effects of age on cortical thinning, thereby minimizing our ability to detect significant correlations. Thinning is most pronounced in the frontal lobe, and indeed there were many regions in the parietal, temporal and occipital lobe where there was little if any difference in the average thickness in our older and younger participants (data not shown). Such age-related effects may account for the fact that the strongest correlation with experience was found in the occipitotemporal region, while other regions of interest, which all lie in frontal regions, had only low correlation with experience. Interestingly, despite the effects of aging on the prefrontal cortex, in one focal region of BA 9/10 the average cortical thickness of the 40-50-year-old meditation participants was similar to the average thickness of the 20-30-year-old meditators and controls, suggesting that regular practice of meditation may slow the rate of neural degeneration at this specific locus. Future longitudinal studies will be required to verify this finding.
Another factor possibly confounding our ability to detect correlations between thickness and experience is heterogeneity in the specific mental exercises that Insight practitioners engage in over time. Beginners are taught to maintain focused awareness on interoceptive stimuli and then are gradually taught to expand their awareness to focus on thoughts, emotions and external stimuli such as sounds, although there is no prescribed schedule or order in which these practices are taught. Correspondingly, the insula, an area associated with the interoceptive processes and breath awareness techniques common to beginning and experienced meditators, had the largest and most significant between-group difference, while unimodal sensory areas, which may be associated with more advanced and heterogeneous practices, had less significant differences.
As a result of the cross-sectional nature of the study, the findings are necessarily correlational, and a causal relationship between cortical thickness and meditation cannot be inferred. For example, it is possible that people with thicker sensory cortex are for some reason drawn to meditation. Several factors, however, suggest that these findings relate to the meditative practice itself. First, although there were significant ‘regional’ differences in thickness between groups, there was no between-group difference in ‘global’ mean cortical thickness, indicating that these findings are unlikely to be due to spurious between-group differences that might impact cortical structure nonspecifically. Second, the regions of cortical thickening correspond well to the specific activities that practitioners of Insight repeatedly engage in over time – paying attention to breathing sensations and sensory stimuli. It is unlikely that nonspecific lifestyle effects such as diet would be associated with the specific pattern of differences found. The most plausible explanation for the specific pattern observed is experience-dependent cortical plasticity.
Finally, both years of practice and change in respiration rate (a physiological measure of cumulative meditation experience) were correlated with cortical thickness in two regions, the inferior occipitotemporal visual cortex and right anterior insula. These findings are consistent with other cross-sectional reports of experience-dependent differences in neural volume [16,17]. In addition, a longitudinal study [18] has demonstrated that learning to juggle is associated with increases in visual motion cortical areas. Our finding of a correlation between the thickness in two regions and amount of experience lends support to the hypothesis that the observed differences are acquired through extensive practice of meditation, and are not simply due to preexisting or incidental between-group differences.
Most of the regions identified in this study were found in the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere is essential for sustaining attention [19], which is a central practice of Insight meditation. The largest between-group difference was in the thickness of right anterior insula. Functional imaging and electrophysiological studies in humans and monkeys have implicated the right anterior insula in tasks related to bodily attention and increased visceral awareness [20,21]. Structural measures of gray matter volume of the right anterior insula predict accuracy of objective measures of interoceptive performance, as well as subjective ratings of global visceral awareness [21]. The differential thickness between groups in this region is consistent with increased capacity for awareness of internal states by meditators, particularly awareness of breathing sensations. Right BA 9/10 has been shown to be involved in the integration of emotion and cognition [22]. It has been hypothesized that by becoming increasingly more aware of sensory stimuli during formal practice, the meditation practitioner is gradually able to use this self-awareness to more successfully navigate through potentially stressful encounters that arise throughout the day [2,23]. This eastern philosophy of emotion dovetails with Damasio’s theory that connections between sensory cortices and emotion cortices play a crucial role in processing of emotionally salient material and adaptive decision making [24].
Other forms of yoga and meditation will likely have a similar impact on cortical structure, although each tradition would be expected to have a slightly different pattern of cortical thickening based on the specific mental exercises involved [7,8,25]. Although numerous studies have shown that indices of cortical size can decrease as a result of aging and pathology (e.g. [4,5]), there are limited data indicating mechanisms that promote cortical thickening [16–18]. Our findings suggest that cortical plasticity can occur, in adults, in areas important for cognitive and emotional processing.
Conclusion
Our initial results suggest that meditation may be associated with structural changes in areas of the brain that are important for sensory, cognitive and emotional processing. The data further suggest that meditation may impact agerelated declines in cortical structure. |
Q:
Java Data Objects Specification using only Runtime Exceptions?
We are evaluating JDO for using as the Data Management Layer in our application . The requirement is to have a well abstracted Data management with zero dependencies with any of the Data stores.
We found JDO very promising and is understanding the Data nucleus implementation.
One prominent thing came into our consideration is that JDO is predominantly following a runtime exception strategy.
See
http://docs.tpu.ru/docs/oracle/en/fmw/11.1.1.6.0/apirefs.1111/e13946/jdo_overview_arch.html
The parent exception to all JDO exceptions are javax.jdo.JDOException and is extending the Runtime Exception.
We understand that exceptions that are raised while calling the API are obviously runtime. But if we had a checked exception had it been easy to manage ?
Please comment on this . Can some one help in understanding the philosophy of using Runtime exceptions through out the API .
A:
To understand the use of making the api throw Runtime exception.
Please follow this link. It is nice
http://onjava.com/onjava/2003/11/19/exceptions.html
One quote from above link says
Never let implementation-specific checked exceptions escalate to the higher layers. For example, do not propagate SQLException from data access code to the business objects layer. Business objects layer do not need to know about SQLException. You have two options:
Convert SQLException into another checked exception, if the client code is expected to recuperate from the exception.
Convert SQLException into an unchecked exception, if the client code cannot do anything about it.
Most of the time, client code cannot do anything about SQLExceptions. Do not hesitate to convert them into unchecked exceptions.
I think this clearly explains the benefit of runtime exceptions
|
Top current and former officials in the U.S. Military are raising the alarm over the disturbing combination of high rates of Traumatic Brain Injury in the armed forces and a lack of public policy solutions to adequetly address the problem. Researchers are only now getting their arms around the magnitude of the class of injuries that are difficult to treat and have affected an estimated 400,000 service members since the September 11th attacks in 2001.
A Thursday panel at the Brain Futures conference, just outside of Washington D.C., was dedicated to “Military Mental Health.” Retired General Peter Chiarelli, who served in Iraq and as the Vice Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, was the moderator. Chiarelli was flanked by former U.S. Representative Patrick Kennedy, who has made mental health a priority since leaving Congress, Marsden McGuire, a Veterans Affairs official, and Robert Koffman, a retired Navy medical officer.
The full effects of Traumatic Brain Injuries are only recently breaking into the public understanding. In addition to the scrutiny faced by the National Football League for its halting response to the long-term effects of concussive blows, the military and the federal bureaucracy has also had their high-profile difficulties in handling the hundreds of thousands of injured veterans returning from long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
“They say that every war, the [Department of Veterans Affairs] and the military, have an ‘aha’ moment on what they need to address, in terms of their health care,” said Kennedy. “Clearly brain health issues are the issues of this recent war.”
Head trauma in particular has been linked to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, addiction problems, depression, and a suicide rate that doubled in the decade after 2001. Because the scars associated with the injuries are internal, and symptoms straddle the line between the physical and the psychological, officials have struggled to adequately diagnose and treat the influx of cases.
Further muddying the waters, according to Chiarelli, is an under-discussed side effect of legislative action taken by Congress to address Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Because disability benefits are significantly greater for veterans with the illness, and because the illness is diagnosed through questionnaires, there is worry that some are gaming the system to qualify for benefits. Furthermore, once a medical professional has diagnosed and treated a veteran with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, the patients are almost never taken off the benefit rolls, according to Chiarelli.
“This culture of dependency is really a sad, sad thing that we as a nation have got to take a look at, but when it comes to veteran service organizations, there is no way that you are going to go in after a war and start taking away from benefits that which they feel they have earned in combat,” said Chiarelli.
On the other hand, in many cases veterans—and civilians—with mental health problems are not getting the support they need. In his remarks, Kennedy raged against a private insurance system that he said treats those suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury unfairly.
“Our medical system has always segregated things of the brain, mental health, as something separate and unequal from the rest of the medical system. The insurance system doesn’t pay for it in the same way that it pays for other medical, physical, surgical costs. And then we all wonder why we’ve got such a public health crisis on our hands,” said Kennedy, who has had his own struggles with addiction.
Among the most striking statistics to emerge from the discussion was that most Traumatic Brain Injury cases suffered by members of the military actually don’t occur during combat operations. In fact, according to Surgeon General statistics cited by multiple panelists, about 80 percent of head trauma cases in the military happen during training.
In other words, even without the two major wars the country has been embroiled in, head trauma cases would still be a fact of life for men and women in uniform. Chiarelli indicated that it would be impossible to eliminate the risks of Traumatic Brain Injury from routine training.
After citing the high rates of brain injury in everyday life among civilians, Chiarelli argued that the military wasn’t “doing anything wrong” when it comes to training its soldiers. “Quite frankly, the military can be a contact sport, and you’re gonna see some concussions occur when you’re jumping out of perfectly good aircraft,” he said.
Later, after the panel broke up , Chiarelli told InsideSources that the military could be doing more to look at how training impacts all kinds of brain health. “We need to understand what it means to stand behind a 150 millimeter artillery piece for an entire career for 15 years. I spent my time in the turret of a tank, shooting off 120 millimeter rounds. We’ve got to understand more about sub-concussive events as well as concussive events.”
When asked whether he thought the military is actually following up and leading enough of these research studies into brain health and training, however, Chiarelli was unequivocal.
“No. No, I don’t. I really don’t.”
Follow Leo on Twitter |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>表单元素</title>
<meta name="renderer" content="webkit">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../layuiadmin/layui/css/layui.css" media="all">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../layuiadmin/style/admin.css" media="all">
</head>
<body>
<div class="layui-fluid">
<div class="layui-row layui-col-space15">
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<div class="layui-card">
<div class="layui-card-header">输入框</div>
<div class="layui-card-body layui-row layui-col-space10">
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<input type="text" name="title" placeholder="请输入标题" autocomplete="off" class="layui-input">
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<input type="text" name="title" placeholder="用户名" autocomplete="off" class="layui-input">
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<input type="password" name="title" placeholder="密码" autocomplete="off" class="layui-input">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-card layui-form" lay-filter="component-form-element">
<div class="layui-card-header">下拉选择框</div>
<div class="layui-card-body layui-row layui-col-space10">
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<select name="city" lay-verify="">
<option value="">请选择一个城市</option>
<option value="010">北京</option>
<option value="021">上海</option>
<option value="0571">杭州</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<select name="city" lay-verify="">
<option value="010">北京</option>
<option value="021" disabled>上海（禁用效果）</option>
<option value="0571" selected>杭州</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<select name="quiz">
<option value="">请选择</option>
<optgroup label="城市记忆">
<option value="你工作的第一个城市">你工作的第一个城市？</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup label="学生时代">
<option value="你的工号">你的工号？</option>
<option value="你最喜欢的老师">你最喜欢的老师？</option>
</optgroup>
</select>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<select name="city" lay-verify="required" lay-search>
<option value="">带搜索的选择框</option>
<option value="1">layer</option>
<option value="2">form</option>
<option value="3">layim</option>
<option value="4">element</option>
<option value="5">laytpl</option>
<option value="6">upload</option>
<option value="7">laydate</option>
<option value="8">laypage</option>
<option value="9">flow</option>
<option value="10">util</option>
<option value="11">code</option>
<option value="12">tree</option>
<option value="13">layedit</option>
<option value="14">nav</option>
<option value="15">tab</option>
<option value="16">table</option>
<option value="17">select</option>
<option value="18">checkbox</option>
<option value="19">switch</option>
<option value="20">radio</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<select name="city" lay-verify="">
<option value="">请选择一个城市</option>
<option value="010">北京</option>
<option value="021">上海</option>
<option value="0571">杭州</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-card layui-form" lay-filter="component-form-element">
<div class="layui-card-header">复选框</div>
<div class="layui-card-body layui-row layui-col-space10">
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<input type="checkbox" name="" title="写作" checked>
<input type="checkbox" name="" title="发呆">
<input type="checkbox" name="" title="禁用" disabled>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<input type="checkbox" name="" title="写作" lay-skin="primary" checked>
<input type="checkbox" name="" title="发呆" lay-skin="primary">
<input type="checkbox" name="" title="禁用" lay-skin="primary" disabled>
<input type="checkbox" name="" lay-skin="primary">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-card layui-form" lay-filter="component-form-element">
<div class="layui-card-header">开关</div>
<div class="layui-card-body layui-row layui-col-space10">
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<input type="checkbox" name="xxx" lay-skin="switch">
<input type="checkbox" name="yyy" lay-skin="switch" lay-text="ON|OFF" checked>
<input type="checkbox" name="zzz" lay-skin="switch" lay-text="开启|关闭">
<input type="checkbox" name="aaa" lay-skin="switch" disabled>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-card layui-form" lay-filter="component-form-element">
<div class="layui-card-header">单选框</div>
<div class="layui-card-body layui-row layui-col-space10">
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="nan" title="男">
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="nv" title="女" checked>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="" title="中性" disabled>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-md6">
<div class="layui-card">
<div class="layui-card-header">文本域</div>
<div class="layui-card-body layui-row layui-col-space10">
<div class="layui-col-md12">
<textarea name="" placeholder="请输入" class="layui-textarea"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-card">
<div class="layui-card-header">响应式组合</div>
<div class="layui-card-body">
<form class="layui-form" action="" lay-filter="component-form-element">
<div class="layui-row layui-col-space10 layui-form-item">
<div class="layui-col-lg6">
<label class="layui-form-label">员工姓名：</label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<input type="text" name="fullname" lay-verify="required" placeholder="" autocomplete="off" class="layui-input">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-col-lg6">
<label class="layui-form-label">技术工种：</label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<select name="type" lay-verify="required" lay-filter="aihao">
<option value=""></option>
<option value="0">前端工程师</option>
<option value="1">Node.js工程师</option>
<option value="2">PHP工程师</option>
<option value="3">Java工程师</option>
<option value="4">运维</option>
<option value="4">视觉设计师</option>
</select>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-form-item">
<label class="layui-form-label">兴趣爱好：</label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<input type="checkbox" name="interest[write]" title="写作">
<input type="checkbox" name="interest[read]" title="阅读">
<input type="checkbox" name="interest[code]" title="代码" checked>
<input type="checkbox" name="interest[dreaming]" title="做梦">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-form-item">
<label class="layui-form-label">是否婚姻：</label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<input type="checkbox" name="marriage" lay-skin="switch" lay-text="是|否">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-form-item">
<label class="layui-form-label">所属职称：</label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<input type="radio" name="role" value="" title="经理">
<input type="radio" name="role" value="" title="主管">
<input type="radio" name="role" value="" title="码农" checked>
<input type="radio" name="role" value="" title="端水">
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-form-item">
<label class="layui-form-label">其它信息：</label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<textarea name="other" placeholder="" class="layui-textarea"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-form-item">
<label class="layui-form-label"> </label>
<div class="layui-input-block">
<input type="checkbox" name="agreement" title="同意" lay-skin="primary" checked>
</div>
</div>
<div class="layui-form-item">
<div class="layui-input-block">
<button class="layui-btn" lay-submit lay-filter="component-form-element">立即提交</button>
<button type="reset" class="layui-btn layui-btn-primary">重置</button>
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="../../../layuiadmin/layui/layui.js"></script>
<script>
layui.config({
base: '../../../layuiadmin/' //静态资源所在路径
}).extend({
index: 'lib/index' //主入口模块
}).use(['index', 'form'], function(){
var $ = layui.$
,admin = layui.admin
,element = layui.element
,form = layui.form;
form.render(null, 'component-form-element');
element.render('breadcrumb', 'breadcrumb');
form.on('submit(component-form-element)', function(data){
layer.msg(JSON.stringify(data.field));
return false;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html> |
NHL DEVILS BLUES
Credit: UPI
New Jersey Devils goaltender Cory Schneider can't stop a shot on goal by St. Louis Blues Alexander Steen in the first period at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis on January 28, 2014. UPI/Bill Greenblatt |
Things to See and Do
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after Los Angeles and New York City. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is a major, alpha+ global city, ranking seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index, and retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008, the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, the Chicago area has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
Metra - Chicago's public transportation system.
For those of you who are staying at the hotel but want to visit the city and either don't have the availability of a car or would rather not drive downtown and park, you can take Chicago's Metra system. You can catch the train a short ways from the hotel and ride it to the downtown area. Here's a link to their website. http://metrarail.com/metra/en/home.html |
EU biofuels policies fuelling global food prices - report
By Sylivester Domasa
26th April 2012
Email
Print
Comments
While the European Commission has been given an opportunity to revise the European Union (EU)’s biofuels targets for 2012, a new Action Aid report reveals that EU continues to ignore its biofuels policies, thus fuelling global food prices and pushing people in poor countries off their land.
The report, ‘Fuel for thought,’ points out that increased demand for biofuels may push global food prices to crisis levels while EU’s biofuel policies alone could push up oilseed prices by up to 33 per cent, maize by up to 22 per cent, sugar by up to 21 per cent and wheat by up to 10 pe rcent between now and 2020.
Laura Sullivan, ActionAid’s head of European Advocacy urges that “If it continues to ignore the impacts of its biofuels policy on people living in some of the poorest parts of the planet, the EU will effectively be sponsoring hunger and human rights abuses on a massive scale”.
With an estimated 13-19 million hectares of land outside Europe needed to meet the EU-wide targets, forced displacements of poor people from their land are set to increase, to grow fuel for the European market.
The ActionAid report, launched at a biofuels debate with participants from the European Commission, United Nations, NGOs and business, shows how a series of dodgy deals by European companies have led to mass displacements and rights abuses in countries in Africa and Latin America.
Eleven villages in Tanzania were affected when a British company seized 8,200 hectares of land to grow fuel for the European market. In Guatemala – a country that the EU labels as being a significant supplier of biofuels for the European market – the grabbing of land for sugar production has resulted in violent clashes and 3 deaths.
Sullivan said however that “Europe must start opening its eyes to the damage that its renewable energy policies are doing in poor countries – and has a chance to change them this year.
“Instead of pumping money into this fool’s gold, the EU needs to drop its targets and subsidies, and invest the money in truly sustainable alternatives, that support local farmers to produce food not fuel”.
The Renewable Energy Directive requires the European Commission to report this year on the social impacts of its renewable targets for transport – the vast majority of which will be filled by first generation industrial biofuels – and to propose ‘corrective action’ where relevant.
ActionAid calls on the European Commission to investigate the full impacts of the EU’s biofuels policies on human rights in its 2012 review and to drop its 10percent target for renewable energy in transport by 2020 – 88 per cent of which will come from first-generation biofuels. |
2004 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix
The 2004 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix was the last round of the 2004 MotoGP Championship. It took place on the weekend of 29–31 October 2004 at the Circuit de Valencia.
MotoGP classification
Kenny Roberts Jr. was replaced by Gregorio Lavilla after the first practice session due to injury.
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (motoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round sixteen has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Category:Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix
Valencian
Valencian Motorcycle Grand Prix
Category:21st century in Valencia |
A case of spontaneous multivessel coronary artery dissection presenting with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular tachycardia.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of myocardial ischemia. Multivessel SCAD is much rarer than single vessel involvement and acute coronary syndrome remains the most common clinical presentation of a patient with SCAD. It predominantly occurs in association with atherosclerosis or in the absence of atherosclerosis. We, hereby, present a case of spontaneous multivessel coronary artery dissection in a 35-year-old male patient presenting with chest pain and ventricular tachycardia following emotional stress and discuss the etiology and treatment options. |
Embed
Download:
Protégée in Film Annemarie Jacir speaks with a panel of film industry luminaries and colleagues who are linked to her work, including Danny Glover, who is producing her current film, and Peter Scarlet, Executive Director of the Abu Dhabi Film Festival, where Jacir has served on the jury. |
Q:
Angular Datatable page change and search event detection
I am using angular datatable, I want to detect page change and search event in controller, as I can detect it if I bind it in datatable id, but I want to detect it using angularjs scope
$scope.$on('page.dt', function () {
// Do something on page change
});
$scope.$on('search.dt', function () {
// Do something on search
});
Any suggestion for this.
A:
I figured this out. Once your dtInstance is defined run this code...
vm.dtInstance.DataTable.on('page.dt', function () {
//do stuff
});
|
Coats and vesicle budding.
Transport vesicles need coat proteins in order to form. The coat proteins are recruited from the cytosol onto a particular membrane, where they drive vesicle budding and select the vesicle cargo. So far, three types of coated transport vesicles have been purified and characterized, and candidates for components of other types of coats have been identified. This review gives a brief overview of what is known about the various coats and their role in transport vesicle formation. |
/*
* (c) Copyright 2015 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
(function() {
'use strict';
describe('hz-generic-table controller', function() {
var ctrl, listFunctionDeferred, actionResultDeferred,
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred, $scope, settingCall;
beforeEach(module('horizon.framework.util'));
beforeEach(module('horizon.framework.conf'));
beforeEach(module('horizon.framework.widgets.magic-search'));
beforeEach(module('horizon.framework.widgets.table'));
var resourceType = {
type: 'OS::Test::Example',
initActions: angular.noop,
getTableColumns: angular.noop,
list: angular.noop,
globalActions: [],
batchActions: [],
itemInTransitionFunction: angular.noop,
needsFilterFirstFunction: angular.noop,
filterFacets: [
{
label: "Name",
name: "name",
singleton: true,
isServer: true
},
{
label: "Age",
name: "age",
singleton: true
}
]
};
beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope, $controller, $q) {
$scope = $rootScope.$new();
var registry = {
getTypeNameBySlug: angular.noop,
getResourceType: angular.noop
};
listFunctionDeferred = $q.defer();
actionResultDeferred = $q.defer();
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred = $q.defer();
spyOn(resourceType, 'needsFilterFirstFunction')
.and
.returnValue(needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.promise);
spyOn(resourceType, 'list').and.returnValue(listFunctionDeferred.promise);
spyOn(registry, 'getResourceType').and.returnValue(resourceType);
var settings = {
getSetting: function() {
settingCall = $q.defer();
return settingCall.promise;
}
};
ctrl = $controller('horizon.framework.widgets.table.ResourceTableController', {
$scope: $scope,
'horizon.framework.conf.resource-type-registry.service': registry,
'horizon.app.core.openstack-service-api.settings': settings},
{resourceTypeName: 'OS::Test::Example'});
$scope.ctrl = ctrl;
$scope.$apply();
}));
it('exists', function() {
expect(ctrl).toBeDefined();
});
it('sets itemsSrc to the response data', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
listFunctionDeferred.resolve({data: {items: [1,2,3]}});
$scope.$apply();
expect(ctrl.itemsSrc).toEqual([1,2,3]);
});
it('should not set itemsSrc to the response data if needsFilterFirst is true', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(true);
$scope.$apply();
expect(ctrl.itemsSrc).toEqual([]);
});
describe('server search handler', function() {
var events;
beforeEach(inject(function($injector) {
events = $injector.get('horizon.framework.widgets.magic-search.events');
}));
it('passes search parameters to the list function', function() {
var input = {
magicSearchQuery: "name=happy&age=100&height=72"
};
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$broadcast(events.SERVER_SEARCH_UPDATED, input);
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith({name: 'happy', age: '100', height: '72'});
});
it('should not list if needsFilterFirst is set to true ' +
'and no search parameters were provided', function() {
var input = {
magicSearchQuery: ""
};
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(true);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$broadcast(events.SERVER_SEARCH_UPDATED, input);
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list.calls.count()).toBe(0);
});
it('should list when needsFilterFirst is set to true' +
' and server-side search parameters were provided', function() {
var input = {
magicSearchQuery: "name=happy&age=100"
};
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(true);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$broadcast(events.SERVER_SEARCH_UPDATED, input);
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith({name: 'happy', age: '100'});
});
});
describe('data watchers', function() {
var events;
beforeEach(inject(function($injector) {
events = $injector.get('horizon.framework.widgets.magic-search.events');
}));
it('lists resources on resourceTypeName change', function() {
delete ctrl.resourceType;
ctrl.resourceTypeName = 'Test::FooBar';
$scope.$apply();
expect(ctrl.resourceType).toEqual(resourceType);
});
it('does not list resources on resourceTypeName undefined', function() {
ctrl.resourceTypeName = 'Test::FooBar';
$scope.$apply();
ctrl.resourceType.list.calls.reset();
ctrl.resourceTypeName = undefined;
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list.calls.count()).toBe(0);
});
it('lists resources on listFunctionExtraParams change', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = {data: 'foobar'};
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it('does not list resources on listFunctionExtraParams undefined', function() {
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = {data: 'foobar'};
$scope.$apply();
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = undefined;
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list.calls.count()).toBe(0);
});
it('does not list resources on listFunctionExtraParams change ' +
'if resourceType undefined', function() {
delete ctrl.resourceType;
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = {data: 'foobar'};
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list.calls.count()).toBe(0);
});
it('passes listFunctionExtraParams to list function', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = {data: 'foobar'};
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list).toHaveBeenCalledWith({data: 'foobar'});
});
it('merges listfunctionExtraParams with new search query', function() {
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = {data: 'foobar'};
var input = {
magicSearchQuery: "name=happy&age=100&height=72"
};
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$broadcast(events.SERVER_SEARCH_UPDATED, input);
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith({name: 'happy', age: '100', height: '72', data: 'foobar'});
});
it('merges listFunctionExtraParams with prior search query', function() {
var input = {
magicSearchQuery: "name=happy&age=100&height=72"
};
$scope.$broadcast(events.SERVER_SEARCH_UPDATED, input);
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
ctrl.listFunctionExtraParams = {data: 'foobar'};
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list)
.toHaveBeenCalledWith({name: 'happy', age: '100', height: '72', data: 'foobar'});
});
});
describe('actionResultHandler', function() {
beforeEach(function() {
ctrl.itemsSrc = [{type: 'Something', id: -1}, {type: 'OS::Test::Example', id: 1}];
});
it('handles deleted items', function() {
actionResultDeferred.resolve({deleted: [{type: 'ignored', id: 0},
{type: 'OS::Test::Example', id: 1}]});
ctrl.actionResultHandler(actionResultDeferred.promise);
$scope.$apply();
expect(ctrl.itemsSrc).toEqual([{type: 'Something', id: -1}]);
});
it('handles updated items', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
actionResultDeferred.resolve({updated: [{type: 'OS::Test::Example', id: 1}]});
ctrl.actionResultHandler(actionResultDeferred.promise);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it('handles created items', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
actionResultDeferred.resolve({created: [{type: 'OS::Test::Example', id: 1}]});
ctrl.actionResultHandler(actionResultDeferred.promise);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it('handles failed items', function() {
actionResultDeferred.resolve({failed: [{type: 'OS::Test::Example', id: 1}]});
ctrl.actionResultHandler(actionResultDeferred.promise);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
});
it('handles falsy results', function() {
needsFilterFirstFunctionDeferred.resolve(false);
actionResultDeferred.resolve(false);
ctrl.actionResultHandler(actionResultDeferred.promise);
resourceType.list.calls.reset();
$scope.$apply();
expect(resourceType.list).toHaveBeenCalled();
});
});
describe('item in transition function', function() {
it('it calls resource type itemInTransitionFunction', function() {
spyOn(resourceType, "itemInTransitionFunction");
ctrl.itemInTransitionFunction();
expect(resourceType.itemInTransitionFunction.calls.count()).toBe(1);
});
});
});
})();
|
Latest custom guy in Blonde. This is basically a twin circuit with no trem, running EL34s and with an added presence control. It does the twin thing really well, and with added presence it can get into Hiwatt sonic territory. Loud as shit.
Finished up that amp-top boost I was working on. Single, simple EF86 boost. Adds a nice amount of pentode tone coloring, boosting the odd-harmonic content. It wont create any overdrive itself but like a rangemaster it does an awesome job of smashing the front end of an amp.
[quote="Dr Tony Balls"]Latest custom guy in Blonde. This is basically a twin circuit with no trem, running EL34s and with an added presence control. It does the twin thing really well, and with added presence it can get into Hiwatt sonic territory. Loud as shit. |
import memoize from "memoizee";
import { BIDS, ASKS } from "modules/orders/constants/orders";
import { createBigNumber } from "src/utils/create-big-number";
// The last entry in the order array is a boolean denoting whether the order is selectable or not.
const orderForMarketDepth = orderBook => {
const rawBids = ((orderBook || {})[BIDS] || []).slice();
const bids = rawBids.reduce(
(p, order) => [
...p,
[order.cumulativeShares, order.price.value, order.shares.value, true]
],
[]
);
const rawAsks = ((orderBook || {})[ASKS] || []).slice();
const asks = rawAsks
.sort((a, b) => a.price.value - b.price.value)
.reduce(
(p, order) => [
...p,
[order.cumulativeShares, order.price.value, order.shares.value, true]
],
[]
);
if (asks.length > 0) {
const minAsksDepthOrder = asks.reduce(
(lastValue, nextValue) =>
lastValue[0].lte(nextValue[0]) ? lastValue : nextValue,
asks[0]
);
asks.unshift([
createBigNumber(0),
minAsksDepthOrder[1],
minAsksDepthOrder[2],
false
]);
}
if (bids.length > 0) {
const minBidDepthOrder = bids.reduce(
(lastValue, nextValue) =>
lastValue[0].lte(nextValue[0]) ? lastValue : nextValue,
bids[0]
);
bids.unshift([
createBigNumber(0),
minBidDepthOrder[1],
minBidDepthOrder[2],
false
]);
}
return {
[BIDS]: bids,
[ASKS]: asks
};
};
export default memoize(orderForMarketDepth);
|
Relentless sarcasm for your reading pleasure
The Onslaught of Vultures
In my neighborhood, the Homeowner’s Association Nazi Squad doesn’t allow you to have individual garage sales. That would be too average. They don’t like their subdivision with homemade garage sale signs made out of cardboard, strewn hither and yon since it makes the ‘hood look “messy”. They also don’t allow For Sale signs to be posted in your front yard – oh, I’m sorry….THEIR front yard. You can only put for sale signs in your window. And, on the weekends only (like they think this is the only time people go house hunting), are you allowed to put your for sale sign on your front lawn.
Anyway, I’ll rant about my Nazi Homeowner’s Association in a later post.
The fact is, we have a neighborhood garage sale which costs me, as a homeowner $10 or $15 bucks to be in. They state they use it to advertise in three different newspapers. Really? Ads aren’t that expensive and with hundreds of homeowners antying up money to be in a garage sale, you can probably guess the money isn’t being used solely for newspaper ads.
Having a neighborhood garage sale isn’t entirely all that bad. You get alot of people to come all at once to your neighborhood, buy up all your stuff, you get all the cash and then give it to your college bound kid for beer money.
But, there’s a downside. Vultures.
On the Friday before our annual garage sale which is held on a Saturday, there is always a preview for the neighbors. This never happens. Why? Because all the neighbors are getting ready for their own garage sales. Who has time to go looking at everyone else’s junk? Plus, I don’t understand why I would want to get rid of all my old stuff, only to go to my neighbors house and buy some MORE old stuff….
What DOES happen is as you are readying your garage by setting up tables, cleaning up your dusty, moldy, can’t find a place where this will go anywhere anymore stuff, there are “vultures” slowly driving by your house. They see something……
They stop.
They get out of their car and slowly approach your driveway. They’re kinda like Jehovah’s Witnesses who walk door to door, but don’t want you to know that that’s what they’re doing.
I’m somewhat put off by this type of activity. This is akin to having a rewards card from Jewel or Dominicks and you get the better deals, or the nicer stuff, before everyone else does. But, there is NO rewards card. They just want “in” earlier. So, I’ve resorted to something this year that I’ve never done before.
There is no way I’m allowing vultures to swarm in onto my stuff (and let me tell ya, it’s GOOD stuff this year), and start pecking at it piece by piece until there is nothing but scraps left over and I have nothing for the honest folk who drive into my subdivision when they are supposed to.
You have to understand that our annual garage sale draws thousands of people to our subdvision from 9 am to 3pm (Even though people actually drive into our streets and park there car there around 7 am and wait for a garage door to open). If you want any chance of getting out of my subdivision to run an errand on that day, you had better park your car in a different subdivision and walk to it. I’m terrified of running over a small dog, small child, or dwarf like person.
So, the big day arrives and who reading this hasn’t had a garage sale? You can price items, but you’re wasting your time. Everyone wants it cheaper than what you’ve priced it at.
My theory is to not price anything. I ask them to give me their best price and we go from there. If I don’t feel it’s fair I give them my best price and if they don’t like it, I guess someone else will….or it goes to charity. I had one women who wanted to give me a quarter for something I had priced at a $1.00. This was crystal – a vase. I told her, “No. $1.00 is the lowest I’ll go.” She felt insulted that I didn’t take her quarter bid.
The other thing to look out for is people taking stuff that is NOT for sale. We have to cover up everything else we aren’t selling with tarps or sheets so people don’t think it’s for sale. “Is your CAR for sale?” “How about all those bikes?” “Hey! That beer brewer is for sale, right?” NO. If it was for sale, it would be removed from under the sheet where we had it. Quit pecking at my hidden stuff, Vulture – it’s not for sale.
I actually have 9 bags of clothes to give away, but I’m not selling them. I used to work retail and straightening out clothes at a garage sale is like cleaning up a retail store the day after Christmas sale. Clothes are a HUGE hassle at a garage sale. I’d rather give it all to charity. However, I am getting rid of a couple sets of golf clubs, a guitar, some jewelry, two computers, sports equipment, a PSP with games, lots of picture frames (and I mean LOTS), a bunch of tchotchkies, and a kegerator, kitchen stuff including 3 big stainless steel pots, amongst many other things. My garage is PACKED with stuff to sell and I feel………………………………FREE!!!!!
I went thru every closet, drawer, cabinet, and cubby you can think of (including under every bed). I found stuff I forgot I had, which of course meant I had to get rid of it. I mean, if you find something you forgot you had and then decide to keep it, isn’t that against the very principle of getting rid of stuff you never use?
So, now I have all this stuff staged in my garage with tarps over it…waiting. Whatever doesn’t get sold will be given to a Parish when a truck goes from house to house on Monday to pick up the leftovers.
I’d like to hear your garage sale stories. How much did you make? What was the best/worst thing that happened? |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting apparatus fitted with light-emitting devices and, more particularly, to a light emitting apparatus on which a display portion for displaying multiple colors is formed. The invention also relates to a driving method for displaying multiple colors.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, a light emitting apparatus using light-emitting devices that are self-emitting devices have been studied and developed. These light emitting apparatus are widely used as the display screens of mobile phones and as a light emitting apparatus when personal computers are used, by making use of their merits including high image quality, thinness, and lightweight.
In this light emitting apparatus, a known method to display multiple colors consists of fabricating all light-emitting devices of the pixel portion using monochrome light-emitting materials and obtaining desired colors of light using color filters or color conversion layers corresponding to RGB light-emitting devices. In particular, in one type of system, light-emitting devices emitting white light and color filters are combined. In another type of system, light-emitting devices emitting blue light are combined with color conversion layers. In a further known system, a light-emitting material emitting light of a different color is applied to each of RGB light-emitting devices.
When multiple colors are displayed on a light emitting apparatus by the method of fabricating all light-emitting devices of the pixel portion using monochrome light-emitting materials and obtaining desired colors of light using color filters or color conversion layers corresponding to the RGB light-emitting devices, the light transmittances of the color filters or color conversion layers are sometimes not uniform among red (R), green (G), and blue (B)(also simply abbreviated RGB). The apparent brightness obtained by transmission through such a color filter or color conversion layer is (brightness of monochrome light-emitting device)×(light transmittance of color filter or color conversion layer).
Accordingly, even if the light-emitting devices are uniform in brightness, the apparent brightnesses obtained by passage through the color filters or color conversion layers will differ unless the color filters of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) or color conversion layers are uniform in light transmittance.
The manifestation of these brightness variations is not limited to the color filters or color conversion layers. Therefore, color filters or color conversion layers are collectively referred to as colored layers. |
Zimbabwe retain the COSAFA Cup
by SuperSport
09 Jun 2018 at 18:43hrs | Views
Zimbabwe defeated arch-rivals Zambia 4-2 after extra time at the Peter Mokaba Stadium on Saturday to claim the 2018 Cosafa Cup title.
The Warriors, who trailed right to the death of regulation time before pulling the game out of the fire, have now won a record-extending six Southern African Championships - including the last two in succession.
Zimbabwe got off to flying start thanks to a terrible error in defence from Zambia's Martin Sikoanga, whose square pass was intercepted by Philana Kadewere - the striker sprinted clean in on goal and got the better of Toaster Nsabata to put his side 1-0 up in just the fourth minute.
Yet Zambia hit back in the eighth minute to level the game at 1-1, with Lazarous Kambole running onto a great defence-splitting pass from John Ching'andu before rounding George Chigova and tapping into an empty net.
Zimbabwe went on to dominate the remainder of the first half, though they never really troubled Nsabata again - their best effort arrived in the 22nd minute when Talent Chawapiwa's pull-back from the left found Khama Billiat, but his effort grazed the top of the crossbar.
Chipolopolo claimed the lead for the first time in the 50th minute, as a great counter attack saw Clatous Chama put Kambole through on goal with a great pass, and the striker showed his superb finishing skills by sending a low shot through the legs of Chigova to make it 2-1.
Zimbabwe pushed hard for the equaliser and should have drawn level in the 82nd minute when a free-kick driven into the danger area was missed by Nsabata and found the head of Alex Mudimu, but the defender couldn't direct his effort on target.
Zambia should have wrapped up the game in the third minute of injury time when substitute Ronald Kampamba had only the goalkeeper to beat, but sent his shot against the upright. Zimbabwe counter attacked and dramatically claimed an equaliser, with Billiat's cushioned header allowing Kadewere to send a low shot past Nsabata's right hand.
The match ended 2-2 after the regulation 90 and went to extra time. Eight minutes into the extra half hour, Kampamba was again at fault for Zambia as he pulled down Billiat in the 18-yard area to give Zimbabwe a penalty. The Mamelodi Sundowns forward took the spot kick himself and coolly converted to make it 3-2 to the Warriors.
Chipolopolo had no reply in what remained of the game and had to suffer the ignominy of another Billiat goal to wrap up the score at 4-2, with the mercurial forward latching onto an assist from Kadewere on a counter attack in the 117th minute. |
Oestrogen action in the endometrium and oviduct of rhesus monkeys during RU486 treatment.
Two experiments were conducted to determine how RU486 affected oestradiol action in the non-human primate female reproductive tract. In the first experiment, spayed rhesus monkeys were first treated with a sequential regimen of oestradiol and progesterone to cause regression and deciliation in the oviduct and progestational development in the endometrium. The ability of oestradiol to stimulate oviductal differentiation and endometrial regeneration in the presence of RU486, progesterone, and progesterone plus RU486 was then tested. RU486 was found to block the ability of oestradiol to increase endometrial growth but did not prevent oestradiol-dependent oviductal differentiation. Also, in the endometrium but not the oviduct, RU486 action differed from simple progesterone withdrawal by causing stromal compaction and glandular apoptosis. In the second experiment, spayed monkeys were first treated with oestradiol for 2 weeks to produce a fully differentiated, ciliated-secretory oviduct and an hypertrophied, proliferative endometrium. The ability of oestradiol to maintain these conditions in oviduct and endometrium during treatment with RU486, progesterone, and progesterone plus RU486 was then tested. It was found that RU486 suppressed the ability of oestradiol to maintain the endometrium in a hypertrophied state but not its ability to maintain the oviduct in a fully ciliated-secretory state. As before, RU486 induced extensive glandular apoptosis and stromal compaction in the endometrium, but not the oviduct. These endometrial effects appeared to be due to a combination of a decrease in proliferation, an increase in epithelial cell death by apoptosis, an increase in stromal compaction and a concomitant decrease in interstitial fluid content, all of which led to a decrease in endometrial wet weight and thickness. These effects of RU486 on oestradiol action were similar in the presence and absence of progesterone and were therefore separate and distinct from the classical antiprogestin effects of RU486. Because RU486 did not inhibit the ability of oestradiol to either stimulate or maintain oviductal differentiation or wet weight, these results suggest that the endometrium is much more sensitive to the anti-proliferative effects of RU486 than the oviducts. |
Q:
templates and typedef
I have some class like :
template<int DIMENSION, typename T> Vector { ... }
Now, I want to specialize the typename and provide a new type using a typedef. I thus found an answer on StackOverflow at C++ typedef for partial templates
I thus did :
template < int DIMENSION> using VectorDouble= Vector<DIMENSION, double>;
This does not compile (error C2988: unrecognizable template declaration/definition). Is this because my compiler (Visual Studio 2008) doesn't allow it, or did I miss something ?
Thanks.
A:
Template typedefs are supported in the next Standard- that is, basically, only the really, really, really new compilers support it. Even the newest VS doesn't support it becaue, well, it's not new enough, that's how new C++0x is.
In C++03, then typically, you use a struct.
template<int dimension> struct vector_double {
typedef Vector<dimension, double> type;
};
Now it can be accessed like
int main() {
vector_double<5>::type vec_double;
}
A:
The answer you refer to says:
If you have a C++0x/C++1x compiler
C++1x is not yet current, so most compilers don't support its features. In particular, VC++9.0 (VS2008) has almost no support for them. VC++10 (VS2010) does support some features, but I don't know if what you need is one of those.
|
The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner
The Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner () is a 1974 documentary film by German filmmaker Werner Herzog. It is about Walter Steiner, a celebrated ski jumper of his era who worked as a carpenter for his full-time occupation. Showcased is Steiner's quest for a world record in ski flying, as well as the dangers involved in the sport. Herzog has called it "one of my most important films."
Production
The film includes footage shot in the German towns of Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, as well as Planica in Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). The film was made as part of a series for a German television station, which restricted in some ways the content. Herzog's original cut was 60 minutes long, but it was edited down to 45 minutes to fit in a one-hour television spot. The station also required Herzog himself to appear on camera, which he had not typically done in his previous documentaries.
See also
Ski flying
List of the longest ski jumps
References
External links
Review at Fanzine
Category:1974 films
Category:1974 television films
Category:West German films
Category:German television films
Category:German-language films
Category:German-language television programs
Category:Documentary films about spirituality
Category:German documentary films
Category:1970s documentary films
Category:Films directed by Werner Herzog
Category:Films scored by Popol Vuh (band)
Category:Films set in the Alps
Category:Skiing films |
ISLAMABAD: The situation in Tharparkar, Umerkot and Sanghar districts is vulnerable and may slip to a ‘humanitarian emergency’, a joint United Nations observation mission says.
The UN report made available on Monday observed that the situation might deteriorate if no or little rains were received in the coming monsoon season. The main vulnerabilities pertain to water scarcity, healthcare and remoteness.
In contrast, Sindh government officials informed the UN mission that the situation in all the three districts was not precarious as of now, and it was much better as compared to 2014-15.
The officials said the desert areas in Umerkot and Tharparkar practised mono-cropping, but no cultivation was reported by the communities in Sanghar during last year’s Kharif season.
The situation in Umerkot appears poorer compared to the other two districts because of low rainfall during 2016 resulting in less production of millet and guar in the desert areas.
However, since a large part of Umerkot was irrigated, people hailing from desert areas found alternative opportunities to make their living within the district, the officials claimed.
The officials at the same time admitted that during the past six months, no food assistance had been provided by the government in any of the three districts where malnutrition had been a major problem among women and children. Most of the women were anaemic and newborn underweight.
The Provincial Disaster Management Authority and the Singh government had requested the UN to send a quick joint observation mission to assess the impacts of the long dry spell on agriculture, food security, health and nutrition, and livelihood strategies of the population and their cropping capacity in the districts previously affected by drought.
The report revealed that the areas had received limited assistance during the past six months and apparently no action had been taken on the recommendations of the studies carried out on the situation.
The situation had not much changed in the area since the Sindh Drought Needs Assessment (SDNA) was conducted. Vulnerabilities still existed in these communities which were not new. The SDNA had thoroughly assessed all the vulnerabilities and had listed short- and long-term recommendations to deal with the situation.
The report recommended that the needs pointed out in the SDNA and also identified during the mission should be addressed simultaneously, by short- and long-term interventions, humanitarian assistance and development projects that respected and responded to the community needs.
The receipt of food assistance along with nutrition support would be very helpful for the targeted households. Just nutrition support might not be very helpful when overall food deprivation was prevalent, it said.
Published in Dawn, March 14th, 2017 |
With Skinny out of play, Tobi and Doc sit back and focus on the Netflix original series; Iron Fist. Leading up to the series discussion the boys also touch on the racial angle surrounding some of the Marvel characters. Tune in to this one if you have seen at up to and including episode 4 of Iron Fist OR you are 100% ok with spoilers. Also catch the end with our rapid fire discussion on a possible Morpheus themed Matrix prequel and Deadpool 2 News & Rumours. |
Stéphane Gillet
Stéphane Gillet (born 20 August 1977) is a Luxembourgian footballer. He played in goal twenty times for Luxembourg. He has played for clubs in several countries, including Jeunesse Esch and Racing FC Union Luxembourg in Luxembourg, Chester City in England, SV Elversberg in Germany, and FC Wil in Switzerland.
Club career
Gillet started his career with Belgian side Standard Liège but made his senior debut with Luxembourg outfit Spora Luxembourg in the 1998/1999 season. He was then lured away by German Regionalliga Süd side SV Elversberg where he spent two seasons before moving to French giants Paris Saint-Germain as the team's third goalkeeper. Although he played for the return leg of the second round of the 2001/2002 UEFA Cup, he spent most of his time in the reserves. He joined Swiss Superleague team FC Wil in 2003 and experienced relegation as well as winning the Swiss Cup with them. After that season he returned to Luxembourg but had a two-month spell with English lower league team Chester City.
In 2007, Gillet was contracted to Jeunesse Esch for three years.
He has joined Rugby Club Luxembourg, for whose second team he plays as a back row.
International career
Gillet made his debut for Luxembourg in an October 2000 World Cup qualification match against Russia. He went on to earn 20 caps. He played in 8 World Cup qualification matches.
He played his final international match in November 2006 against Togo.
Honours
Swiss Cup: 1
2004
References
External links
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Luxembourg City
Category:Luxembourgian footballers
Category:Luxembourgian expatriate footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Standard Liège players
Category:SV Elversberg players
Category:Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Category:FC Wil 1900 players
Category:Racing FC Union Luxembourg players
Category:Chester City F.C. players
Category:Jeunesse Esch players
Category:Ligue 1 players
Category:Swiss Super League players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany
Category:Expatriate footballers in France
Category:Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Luxembourg international footballers |
SJP’s Genderless Eau de Parfum
Sarah Jessica Parker is an icon when it comes to fashion and beauty. She is the epitome of authentic class and unique style so you know that anything she puts out is going to be amazing. I recently got her newest perfume, Stash, which is honestly so original because it is such a fierce and sensual fragrance but it can be used by both genders. As SJP said, it’s a “fragrance for the human being.” Hector is always nosing around my perfume collection and I wouldn’t be surprised if he starts stealing this one for himself. In case you were wondering about the name, SJP worked for years on this to perfect the scent so it’s been “stashed” away for so long and is now finally here! It has a very woody scent but also contains things like grapefruit zest, ginger lily, patchouli and even pistachio! Trust me, it’s one to definitely try out. |
Tottenham Hotspur legend Terry Dyson believes current manager Mauricio Pochettino is the club’s modern-day version of Bill Nicholson.
Dyson told the Daily Express that the Argentinian is on his way to emulating the achievements of the club's best ever manager, given the work he's carried out in just a short space of time at White Hart Lane.
Pochettino was appointed at Spurs in the summer of 2014 after a successful spell with Southampton, and has guided the club to second in the Premier League with 13 games to go of the current season. They trail league leaders Leicester by five points, but each of the top four face off against a direct rival in fixtures coming up on Sunday.
And Dyson, who won the league with Spurs in 1961, thinks Pochettino has got his side playing in a similar fashion to the teams Nicholson managed in his heyday.
He said: “I don’t really know him but just from seeing how he has put his team together there seems to be a similarity. We do play well at times.
“He has got the respect of all the players and seems to have developed a system where players arrive and simply slot in and play some good football.
“People used to ask me how come we scored so many goals? It was because we played the same way away from home as we did at White Hart Lane. We just attacked teams. Pochettino’s side does the same.
“This current side is entertaining to watch, which is what we were. People used to like watching us play. Bill used to say to us our responsibility was to please the spectators and we had to give everything we had to make sure they went home happy. And we usually did.”
Nicholson was in charge of Spurs’ first-team from 1958 to 1974.
Tottenham Legend and Hero of '61 Terry Dyson talks comparing eras and Mauricio Pochettino #COYS pic.twitter.com/bAfQMbbg1G — Spurs Nostalgia (@thfcnostalgia) February 11, 2016
Follow @_scottsaunders on Twitter! |
Anwsers to the Problem can't connect to the net after restart
Hi yoyoyhyh1,Welcome to Microsoft Answers Forum.A.Do you face this problem on wired or wireless?B.Do you get any error message?C.Check if that device is getting detected in device manager?
I would suggest you to update the network card drivers from the manufacturer’s website and see if that helps.1.Open Device Manager by clicking the Start button, clicking Control Panel, clicking System and Maintenance, and then clicking Device Manager. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.2.In Device Manager, locate the device you want to update, and then double-click the device name.3.Click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver and follow the instructions.Additional Information: http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/Update-a-driver-for-hardware-that-isnt-working-properlyif that does not help, I would suggest you to disable all firewalls on the computer and then connect the external devices like Skype and see if that helps.Troubleshoot network connection problemshttp://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/Troubleshoot-network-connection-problemsWireless networking questions http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows7/Wireless-networking-frequently-asked-questionsNetwork connectivity fails when you try to use Operating system behind a firewall devicehttp://support.microsoft.com/kb/934430Hope this helps.Let us know the results.Thanks & Regards, Vijay – Microsoft Support Visit our Microsoft Answers Feedback Forum and let us know what you think
To install drivers and other optional updates
To install optional updates, you need to review and then select them from the list of updates that Windows finds for your computer. Optional updates are not installed automatically.
Open Windows Update by clicking the Start button Picture of the Start button, clicking All Programs, and then clicking Windows Update.
In the left pane, click Check for updates, and then wait while Windows looks for the latest updates for your computer.
If any updates are found, click View available updates.
Select the optional updates that you want, and then click Install. Administrator permission required If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
Recommended Method to Fix the Problem: can't connect to the net after restart:
How to Fix can't connect to the net after restart with SmartPCFixer?
1. Click the button to download Error Fixer . Install it on your system. Open it, and it will perform a scan for your system. The junk files will be shown in the list.
2. After the scan is finished, you can see the errors and problems need to be repaired. Click Fix All.
3. The Fixing part is done, the speed of your computer will be much higher than before and the errors have been removed. |
Designed with every aspect of bonsai tree care in mind, these care kits are the perfect compliment to both indoor and outdoor bonsai trees. If you would like help with bonsai care we have free online bonsai advice on watering bonsai, feeding bonsai, positioning bonsai and pruning bonsai. For more in-depth information on bonsai care please also see our bonsai wiring and bonsai re-potting tutorials. Expert advice and products from the professionals. |
Witt vector
In mathematics, a Witt vector is an infinite sequence of elements of a commutative ring. Ernst Witt showed how to put a ring structure on the set of Witt vectors, in such a way that the ring of Witt vectors over the finite field of order p is the ring of p-adic integers.
History
In the 19th century, Ernst Eduard Kummer studied cyclic extensions of fields as part of his work on Fermat's Last Theorem. This led to the subject now known as Kummer theory. Let k be a field containing a primitive nth root of unity. Kummer theory classifies degree n cyclic field extensions K of k. Such fields are in bijection with order n cyclic groups , where corresponds to .
But suppose that k has characteristic p. The problem of studying degree p extensions of k, or more generally degree pn extensions, may appear superficially similar to Kummer theory. However, in this situation, k cannot contain a primitive pth root of unity. If x is a pth root of unity in k, then it satisfies . Because raising to the pth power is the Frobenius homomorphism, this equation may be rewritten as , and therefore . Consequently Kummer theory is never applicable to extensions whose degree is divisible by the characteristic.
The case where the characteristic divides the degree is now called Artin–Schreier theory because the first progress was made by Artin and Schreier. Their initial motivation was the Artin–Schreier theorem, which characterizes the real closed fields as those whose absolute Galois group has order two. This inspired them to ask what other fields had finite absolute Galois groups. In the midst of proving that no other such fields exist, they proved that degree p extensions of a field k of characteristic p were the same as splitting fields of Artin–Schreier polynomials. These are by definition of the form . By repeating their construction, they described degree p2 extensions. Abraham Adrian Albert used this idea to describe degree pn extensions. Each repetition entailed complicated algebraic conditions to ensure that the field extension was normal.
Schmid generalized further to non-commutative cyclic algebras of degree pn. In the process of doing so, certain polynomials related to addition of p-adic integers appeared. Witt seized on these polynomials. By using them systematically, he was able to give simple and unified constructions of degree pn field extensions and cyclic algebras. Specifically, he introduced a ring now called Wn(k), the ring of n-truncated p-typical Witt vectors. This ring has k as a quotient, and it comes with an operator F which is called the Frobenius operator because it reduces to the Frobenius operator on k. Witt observes that the degree pn analog of Artin–Schreier polynomials is
where . To complete the analogy with Kummer theory, define to be the operator . Then the degree pn extensions of k are in bijective correspondence with cyclic subgroups of order pn, where corresponds to the field .
Motivation
Any -adic integer (an element of , not to be confused with ) can be written as a power series , where the 's are usually taken from the integer interval . It is hard to provide an algebraic expression for addition and multiplication using this representation, as one faces the problem of carrying between digits. However, taking representative coefficients is only one of many choices, and Hensel himself (the creator of p-adic numbers) suggested the roots of unity in the field as representatives. These representatives are therefore the number together with the roots of unity; that is, the solutions of in , so that . This choice extends naturally to ring extensions of in which the residue field is enlarged to with , some power of . Indeed, it is these fields (the fields of fractions of the rings) that motivated Hensel's choice. Now the representatives are the solutions in the field to . Call the field , with an appropriate primitive root of unity (over ). The representatives are then and for .
Since these representatives form a multiplicative set they can be thought of as characters. Some thirty years after Hensel's works Teichmüller studied these characters, which now bear his name, and this led him to a characterisation of the structure of the whole field in terms of the residue field. These Teichmüller representatives can be identified with the elements of the finite field of order by taking residues modulo in , and elements of are taken to their representatives by the Teichmüller character . This operation identifies the set of integers in with infinite sequences of elements of .
Taking those representatives the expressions for addition and multiplication can be written in closed form. We now have the following problem (stated for the simplest case: ): given two infinite sequences of elements of describe their sum and product as -adic integers explicitly. This problem was solved by Witt using Witt vectors.
Detailed motivational sketch
We derive the ring of -adic integers from the finite field using a construction which naturally generalizes to the Witt vector construction.
The ring of -adic integers can be understood as the projective limit of Specifically, it consists of the sequences with such that for That is, each successive element of the sequence is equal to the previous elements modulo a lower power of p; this is the inverse limit of the projections .
The elements of can be expanded as (formal) power series in
where are usually taken from the integer interval Of course, this power series usually will not converge in using the standard metric on the reals, but it will converge in with the p-adic metric. We will sketch a method of defining ring operations for such power series.
Letting be denoted by , one might consider the following definition for addition:
and one could make a similar definition for multiplication. However, this is not a closed formula, since the new coefficients are not in the allowed set
There is a better coefficient subset of which does yield closed formulas, the Teichmuller representatives: zero together with the roots of unity. They can be explicitly calculated (in terms of the original coefficient representatives ) as roots of through Hensel lifting, the p-adic version of Newton's method. For example, in to calculate the representative of , one starts by finding the unique solution of in with ; one gets . Repeat this in , with the conditions and gives and so on; the resulting Teichmüller representative is the sequence The existence of a lift in each step is guaranteed by the greatest common divisor in every
This algorithm shows that for every , there is exactly one Teichmuller representative with , which we denote Indeed, this defines the Teichmüller character satisfying if we denote Note that is not additive, as the sum need not be a representative. Despite this, if in then in
Because of this one-to-one correspondence given by , one can expand every -adic integer as a power series in with coefficients taken from the Teichmüller representatives. An explicit algorithm can be given, as follows. Write the Teichmüller representative as Then, if one has some arbitrary p-adic integer of the form one takes the difference leaving a value divisible by . Hence, . The process is then repeated, subtracting and proceed likewise. This yields a sequence of congruences
So that
and implies:
for
Hence we have a power series for each residue of x modulo powers of p, but with coefficients in the Teichmüller representatives rather than . It is clear that
since
for all as so the difference tends to 0 with respect to the p-adic metric. The resulting coefficients will typically differ from the 's modulo , except the first one.
The Teichmuller coefficients have the key additional property that which is missing for the numbers in . This can be used to describe addition, as follows. Since the Teichmüller character is not additive, is not true in . But it holds in as the first congruence implies. In particular,
and thus
Since the binomial coefficient is divisible by , this gives
This completely determines by the lift. Moreover, the congruence modulo indicates that the calculation can actually be done in satisfying the basic aim of defining a simple additive structure.
For this step is already very cumbersome. Write
Just as for a single th power is not enough: one must take
However, is not in general divisible by but it is divisible when in which case combined with similar monomials in will make a multiple of .
At this step, it becomes clear that one is actually working with addition of the form
This motivates the definition of Witt vectors.
Construction of Witt rings
Fix a prime number p. A Witt vector over a commutative ring R is a sequence: of elements of R. Define the Witt polynomials by
and in general
The are called the ghost components of the Witt vector , and are usually denoted by The ghost components can be thought of as an alternative coordinate system for the R-module of sequences.
The ring of Witt vectors is defined by componentwise addition and multiplication of the ghost components. That is, that there is a unique way to make the set of Witt vectors over any commutative ring R into a ring such that:
the sum and product are given by polynomials with integral coefficients that do not depend on R, and
projection to each ghost component is a ring homomorphism from the Witt vectors over R, to R.
In other words,
and are given by polynomials with integral coefficients that do not depend on R, and
and .
The first few polynomials giving the sum and product of Witt vectors can be written down explicitly. For example,
.
These are to be understood as shortcuts for the actual formulas. If for example the ring R has characteristic p, the division by p in the first formula above, the one by that would appear in the next component and so forth, do not make sense. However, if the p-power of the sum is developed, the terms are cancelled with the previous ones and the remaining ones are simplified by p, no division by p remains and the formula makes sense. The same consideration applies to the ensuing components.
Examples
The Witt ring of any commutative ring R in which p is invertible is just isomorphic to (the product of a countable number of copies of R). In fact the Witt polynomials always give a homomorphism from the ring of Witt vectors to , and if p is invertible this homomorphism is an isomorphism.
The Witt ring of the finite field of order p is the ring of p-adic integers written in terms of the Teichmuller representatives, as demonstrated above.
The Witt ring of a finite field of order pn is the unramified extension of degree n of the ring of p-adic integers.
Universal Witt vectors
The Witt polynomials for different primes p are special cases of universal Witt polynomials, which can be used to form a universal Witt ring (not depending on a choice of prime p).
Define the universal Witt polynomials Wn for n ≥ 1 by
and in general
Again, is called the vector of ghost components of the Witt vector , and is usually denoted by .
We can use these polynomials to define the ring of universal Witt vectors over any commutative ring R in much the same way as above (so the universal Witt polynomials are all homomorphisms to the ring R).
Generating Functions
Witt also provided another approach using generating functions.
Definition
Let be a Witt vector and define
For let denote the collection of subsets of whose elements add up to . Then
We can get the ghost components by taking the logarithmic derivative:
Sum
Now we can see if . So that
if are the respective coefficients in the power series . Then
Since is a polynomial in and likewise for , we can show by induction that is a polynomial in
Product
If we set then
But
.
Now 3-tuples with are in bijection with 3-tuples with , via ( is the least common multiple), our series becomes
So that
where 's are polynomials of So by similar induction, suppose
then can be solved as polynomials of
Ring schemes
The map taking a commutative ring R to the ring of Witt vectors over R (for a fixed prime p) is a functor from commutative rings to commutative rings, and is also representable, so it can be thought of as a ring scheme, called the Witt scheme, over The Witt scheme can be canonically identified with the spectrum of the ring of symmetric functions.
Similarly, the rings of truncated Witt vectors, and the rings of universal Witt vectors correspond to ring schemes, called the truncated Witt schemes and the universal Witt scheme.
Moreover, the functor taking the commutative ring to the set is represented by the affine space , and the ring structure on makes into a ring scheme denoted . From the construction of truncated Witt vectors, it follows that their associated ring scheme is the scheme with the unique ring structure such that the morphism given by the Witt polynomials is a morphism of ring schemes.
Commutative unipotent algebraic groups
Over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, any unipotent abelian connected algebraic group is isomorphic to a product of copies of the additive group . The analogue of this for fields of characteristic p is false: the truncated Witt schemes are counterexamples. (We make them into algebraic groups by forgetting the multiplication and just using the additive structure.) However, these are essentially the only counterexamples: over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p, any unipotent abelian connected algebraic group is isogenous to a product of truncated Witt group schemes.
See also
Formal group
Artin–Hasse exponential
Necklace ring
References
, section II.6
Category:Ring theory
Category:Algebraic groups
Category:Combinatorics on words |
List of historic places in Summerside, Prince Edward Island
This article is a list of historic places in Summerside, Prince Edward Island entered on the Canadian Register of Historic Places, whether they are federal, provincial, or municipal.
List of historic places
See also
List of historic places in Prince County, Prince Edward Island
List of historic places in Prince Edward Island
List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Prince Edward Island
Heritage Places Protection Act
Summerside
Summerside
Category:Prince Edward Island-related lists |
1. Field
The present disclosure relates to an electrode assembly for a secondary battery and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Technology
A secondary battery is generally manufactured by accommodating an electrode assembly having a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator interposed therebetween into an exterior case together with an electrolyte.
In a high capacity secondary battery, a wound electrode assembly including a plurality of unit electrodes and separators may be used. In the wound electrode assembly, in a case where the number of turns of winding increases, it is not easy to accurately align the unit electrodes with the separators interposed therebetween. |
Of all the issues facing New York City’s next mayor—from improving public education to creating jobs to affordable housing—who would have thought that one of the most talked-about subjects throughout this year’s campaign would be the fate of the Central Park carriage horse industry?
The debate as to whether to ban horse-drawn carriages has been a focus of animal rights activists from the beginning of the mayoral race, with forums on the issue and vociferous protests, pitting these advocates against the Teamsters union that represents the industry. Both Democratic mayoral nominee Bill de Blasio and Republican nominee Joe Lhota have stated their opposition to the carriages—a longtime favorite of tourists and romantics alike—as well as their support for a City Council bill that would essentially end the industry altogether.
In September de Blasio, who now looks increasingly likely to become the city’s next mayor given his sizable advantage over Lhota in recent polls, pledged to end the industry “right away.”
There has been speculation, however, that after de Blasio received the endorsement of the Teamsters’ union in September following his victory in the Democratic primary, he might become less inclined to ban horse-drawn carriages. However, de Blasio reaffirmed his opposition to the industry in a recent debate.
“I said very clearly we are ending horse carriages in New York City,” he said. “Yes, I received support from a union that feels the other way, but that doesn’t change my opinion one bit, and I’ve made that clear to that union, so I’m moving forward on this plan.”
Sources say that the Teamsters Joint Council—the larger Teamsters’ union has many local chapters in the city—went with de Blasio because Lhota was less amenable to negotiating a new contract for some of the larger local chapters. As a result Local 553, which represents the carriage drivers, was forced to fall in line.
At the core of the debate is the treatment of the horses that drive the carriages. Animal rights advocates argue that the 1,200-pound horses are overworked, pounding the pavement for nine hours a day, seven days a week, and are not meant to be part of midtown traffic, noting that there have been 20 accidents in the past two and a half years involving horse carriages. Advocates add that when horses get spooked they bolt in the opposite direction of whatever stimuli scares them, and when that happens they can overturn their carriages and can crash into cars.
One often-cited incident happened two years ago when a carriage horse named Charlie dropped dead on his way to work in 2011, though it’s unclear if the cause of death was related to pulling a carriage. Three horses have died in accidents over the last three decades.
The carriage drivers, however, assert that since tighter regulations were put in place in 2010, horses now have regular veterinary checkups and the industry goes through regular inspections by the city.
Teamsters Local 553 has stated that it is committed to fighting for the jobs of the carriage drivers. As a compromise on that point, the New Yorkers for Clean, Livable and Safe Streets (NYCLASS), a nonprofit animal protection group, has proposed phasing out the carriages in favor of a new, cleaner tourist experience: electric antique replica cars.
“The idea is that the drivers would transfer the medallions they have for the horse carriages, a one-for-one medallion exchange, and instead get the medallion for the electric car, and simply drive that instead, and we would take care of making sure that the horses are retired to loving homes,” said Allie Feldman, the executive director of NYCLASS.
The Teamsters did not respond to a request for comment as to the union’s opinion of NYCLASS’ proposal.
Feldman argues that the electric cars would allow the carriage horse drivers to keep their jobs, and that the new business could potentially be even more lucrative than the carriage horse industry. Carriage horses are a cash-only field that rakes in $15 million per year, with their rates regulated by the City Council at $50 per 20-minute ride. Feldman says the advent of the electric antique cars could potentially double the revenue for the industry because carriage drivers typically miss up to 60 days of work per year due to weather, and the cars would be able to take longer trips.
“We’ve actually had a number of drivers who have contacted us and said they’re interested in making the switch to the electric cars. There’s just not consensus among the group, but they have politely and quietly contacted us,” Feldman said.
Unfortunately for NYCLASS, that lack of consensus is what will keep the electric car plan from coming to fruition any time soon. Stephen Malone, a spokesman for the Horse and Carriage Association of New York, said that the animal rights group has put out misleading information about the electric cars. Malone claims that the cost of purchasing the car will still fall on the drivers.
“The prototype that’s made is supposed to cost upwards of $400,000, and every car thereafter is supposed to run between $125[,000] and 175,000 apiece, which the carriage operators would have to pay for— which is completely unconstitutional and, in our view, un-American,” Malone said.
Malone also questioned the motives of NYCLASS. A co-founder of the group, Steve Nislick, was a top real estate executive at Edison Properties. Malone believes Nislick would like to take over the buildings that house the horse stables on the West Side of Manhattan, close to where the Hudson Yards development is being built, which led to him founding NYCLASS and donating large amounts of money to the de Blasio campaign.
Records show that Nislick has personally donated $5,500 to de Blasio’s campaign. A spokesman for Edison Properties said that the company has no connection with NYCLASS, which operates as an independent organization.
Malone said that should the City Council bill pass, his organization would “absolutely” challenge the legislation in court. He added that NYCLASS’ claims that it will find homes for the horses are disingenuous, citing the prohibitive costs of caring for horses. He insisted that the horses are more likely to be slaughtered.
“The horse is the celebrity, the horse is the star,” Malone said. “If people want to come see the park, they can take a walk through the park or a bicycle. The horse aspect is the main attraction. That’s why our business is established as a good business.”
Correction: An earlier version of this post said the Steve Nislick is a top real estate executive at Edison Properties. In fact, Nislick stepped down as CEO in August 2012 and now serves in an advisory capacity as a consultant. |
The pharmaceuticalisation of society? A framework for analysis.
Drawing on insights from both medical sociology and science and technology studies this article provides a critical analysis of the nature and status of pharmaceuticalisation in terms of the following key dimensions and dynamics: (i) the redefinition or reconfiguration of health 'problems' as having a pharmaceutical solution; (ii) changing forms of governance; (iii) mediation; (iv) the creation of new techno-social identities and the mobilisation of patient or consumer groups around drugs; (v) the use of drugs for non-medical purposes and the creation of new consumer markets; and, finally, (vi) drug innovation and the colonisation of health futures. Pharmaceuticalisation, we argue, is therefore best viewed in terms of a number of heterogeneous socio-technical processes that operate at multiple macro-levels and micro-levels that are often only partial or incomplete. The article concludes by drawing out some broader conceptual and reflexive issues this raises as to how we might best understand pharmaceuticalisation, based on our analysis, as a framework for future sociological work in this field. |
comcast_truck_portland.jpg
Typical rates are going up $5 a month -- plus an additional $3 a month in broadcast and sports fees for the majority of cable TV subscribers.
(Mike Rogoway/The Oregonian)
Comcast will raise rates on many Oregon cable TV and internet plans by $5 a month in October, and boost additional fees most subscribers pay for sports and local channels by as much as 50 percent. That adds another $3 to most monthly TV bills.
The Northwest's largest cable TV company has 600,000 subscribers in Oregon and Southwest Washington. Comcast's rate hikes come in the context of growing competition from online services that offer many channels without a subscription, and from local providers CenturyLink and Frontier Communications.
Comcast, meanwhile, has steadily upped its own internet speeds, dramatically improved its cable TV box, and Comcast SportsNet Northwest just signed a new contract to carry every Portland Trail Blazers game.
None of that has had an appreciable impact on Comcast's share of the Portland market, nor its pricing. Nationally, the company said its prices are going up by about 3.9 percent this year, which is nearly five times the rate of inflation but in line with past Comcast rate hikes.
"Unfortunately, the cost to deliver programming continues to increase significantly - especially broadcast television and sports programming - which are the largest drivers of increases in price adjustments," Comcast Oregon spokeswoman Amy Keiter said in a written statement.
Comcast owns one of the biggest broadcast networks, NBC, and it has cumulatively paid billions of dollars for sports programming. That includes the winter and summer Olympics, Sunday night NFL football, and now the extension of its deal with the Blazers.
Comcast lists more than two-dozen Oregon packages. Here's a sampling:
A "starter" combination of internet service and cable TV, for example, now costs $130 a month - up from $125 a month previously.
The monthly cost of a similar "triple play" combo, which adds home phone service and a high-definition picture, is $155 a month, up from $150 a month.
Standalone internet service at 25 megabits per second is now $65 a month, up from $60 a month.
Those rate hikes don't affect viewers currently under contract, and many subscribers get discounts for signing up for new service or signing a contract to remain with Comcast. However, Comcast is also boosting special broadcast and sports fees, and those price hikes apply to all cable viewers who subscribe to the local broadcast channels or to sports channels, such as ESPN.
The "broadcast fee" will rise from $3 a month to $6.50 a month. And the "sports fee" climbs from $3 a month to $4.50. Together, they add $3 to most Comcast TV bills regardless of whether subscribers are already under contract or have a promotional deal.
Most viewers in the Portland area have other options for cable TV and internet. Frontier serves most of Washington County and much of east Multnomah County, while CenturyLink has been adding fast, fiber-optic internet and cable TV service in much of Portland.
One competitor Portland's not getting - at least not anytime soon - is Google Fiber.
The company was preparing to announce the launch of its own fast internet and cable TV service in Portland by fall. In July, though, Google Fiber put those plans on hold indefinitely while it explores other, less-expensive internet technologies such as point-to-point wireless internet access.
-- Mike Rogoway
mrogoway@oregonian.com
503-294-7699
@rogoway |
Q:
Android- method is permanently changing the value of variable
I have this method which I dont understand.
2 global variables which are important for this questions:
-mNextButton;
-mCurrentIndex;
mNextButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
mCurrentIndex = (mCurrentIndex + 1) % mQuestionBank.length;
int questionID = nameOfArray[mCurrentIndex].getQuestion();
mQuestionTextView.setText(question);
}
});
how is it possible that mCurrentIndex is increased permanently every time user clicks mNextButton?
A:
Try to be more specific. What do you really what to know?
In your code you setup a callback, which will be called, when user press the button. Inside that code you updating your "global" variables (since java has no global variables, I will assume you mean class field variable inside activity)
mCurrentIndex = (mCurrentIndex + 1) % mQuestionBank.length;
this will update mCurrentIndex exactly as specific - it increase the index for one, and fold it, when the value increase more than mQuestionBank.length. % is a standard modulo operator.
For gaining more understanding check out your mQuestionBank.length parameter or write a better question. Good luck.
|
On Friday, the Overwatch League released an official list stating the contract status of every player in the league. The majority of the Philadelphia Fusion are now considered free agents. Being a free agent means that the player’s contract has expired, and they can look for opportunities elsewhere. The only exceptions on the Fusion are Gael “Poko” Gouzerch, Isaac “Boombox” Charles, and Finley “Kyb” Adisi. Kyb is currently the only member listed under “team option.” Team option means that it is ultimately up to the team whether they decide to renew or let a player’s contract expire. Technically, Elijah “Elk” Gallagher is also under team option according to the list. However, Elk has stated that the Fusion is letting him try out for other teams, essentially making him a free agent.
With the majority of the roster under free-agent status, it is likely fans will see an entirely new lineup for the Fusion next season. However, there is still a chance that most of the players will stay on the team.
Eqo and Neptuno
Out of everyone, Josh “Eqo” Corona and Alberto “neptuNo” González have the most potential to stay. Although both are talented players in their own right, neither performed at the level that fans are used to seeing them at this season. This could potentially make things harder for them while looking for other opportunities. They are also two major faces of the team, and a Fusion without them seems strange.
That being said, the Fusion needs to shake things up in terms of their roster for next season. Last season, Philly became notorious for their stubbornness when it came to their starting six. By putting Simon “snillo” Ekström on a two-way contract alongside Elk, while also refusing to play Joona “Fragi” Laine (and ultimately trading him to the Guangzhou Charge), the Fusion backed themselves into a corner from which they could not escape. This cannot happen again. If the Fusion wants to succeed, they need to revamp their roster, and the first place they need to start is with their main tank.
SADO
Su-min “SADO” Kim received the brunt of the fan’s backlash this season as he struggled to be the tank that GOATS required him to be. Despite his struggles, SADO is by no means a bad player. Some of the Fusion’s better moments this season were when SADO was able to play his main character, Winston. He’s a great Winston player, but that isn’t enough, especially when characters like Reinhardt or Orisa are in the meta.
His cautious playstyle also does not gel well alongside his more aggressive teammates. SADO could do well on another team, but it is difficult to place him somewhere else when there are so many other talented main tanks currently looking for team. The Fusion could potentially move him down onto a two-way contract if they want to keep him within the family, but he would struggle to make a comeback to the League if they were to do so.
When looking for a new main tank, Philly may bring up Chang-sik “ChangSik” Moon from Fusion University next year. However, there are two other options outside of FUNI that the Fusion could pursue. Tae-sung “Mag” Kim, currently a member of Runaway, would be an incredible pickup for the Philadelphia Fusion. His aggressive playstyle would be a perfect fit for the Fusion’s current roster. The Fusion lost their fire this season, and having a bold main tank could bring back that spark that fans have been missing. Another option would be Sang-hoon “Kaiser” Ryu, who has made a name for himself while playing for O2 Blast. Both Kaiser and Mag have similar playstyles that would benefit the Fusion greatly, and if they aren’t already on the Fusion’s radar, they should be.
Should I stay, or should I go?
The Philadelphia Fusion had a rough season. As the season progressed, the team seemed to wilt before the audience’s eyes. During Season 1, the Fusion were one of the more fun teams to watch play on stage every week. This year, fans could only grimace in pain as the boys struggled throughout GOATS meta. The players themselves looked tired and unmotivated. Even when they won games, they looked more relieved to have the match over with than anything else. That unhappiness and frustration could play a factor in a couple of them leaving the team next season.
Carpe – London Spitfire or Seoul Dynasty
While fans adore him, Jae-hyeok “Carpe” Lee did not have a great season. It is tough to shine when one is being forced on to a role they are not comfortable playing. While the Fusion struggled with GOATS overall, Carpe’s Zarya was especially hard to watch considering his mechanical skill. Many hoped that he, and Eqo, would return to their former DPS glory once the meta shifted, but the duo continued to struggle throughout Stage 4.
Rumors that Carpe is unhappy on the Fusion have been swirling around Reddit for ages. Now that he is a free agent, Carpe might be looking to move a little closer to home. The Seoul Dynasty would be an excellent move for Carpe if that is a high priority on his list. Another more likely option would be with the London Spitfire. After letting Ji-hyeok “birdring” Kim and Hee-dong “Guard” Lee go, the Spitfire needs another hitscan player. Carpe would fill that slot with ease, and his familiarity with most of the players on the Spitfire would make him an ideal candidate overall.
Snillo/Kyb – Los Angeles Gladiators
The Swedish DPS player did well during the inaugural season while playing for the Fusion’s main roster. However, it was not until he started playing for Fusion University that fans were able to see just how versatile of a player he can be. Although Fusion University struggled after transitioning to Korea earlier this summer, Snillo still shined. He has matured into a great leader and an even better player over the season.
While it would be ideal that Snillo stays with the Fusion, he has a good chance of finding a better offer with another team. A possible landing spot is with the Los Angles Gladiators. With none of the Gladiators under contract, their future is entirely up in the air at the moment. A new roster could be in the works; if that is the case, Snillo’s newly founded leadership qualities could make him a good fit for the team. Another possible option would be trading Kyb to the Gladiators. Even though Kyb is a recent addition to the Fusion’s roster, one does not see him getting much playtime next season, especially if Eqo remains on the roster. If the Gladiators are genuinely looking to rebuild next season, either Snillo or Kyb would be great additions to the team.
Elk – Washington Justice
Elk had an unfortunate debut in the Overwatch League. During Stage 1, Elk was forced onto the role of flex support while Isaac “Boombox” Charles was ill. The Fusion lost two important games that weekend, and the blame was put on Elk’s shoulders by the community. While he got a chance at redemption later on during the season, Elk would decide to move on with Fusion University to Korea during the last two stages of the regular season. Unfortunately for Elk, he would struggle with FUNI as well. In a team decision, he was sent back home where he has waited in a strange limbo ever since.
Considering he never got the chance to truly show what he is capable of, many are hoping that Elk will stick around with the Fusion for a bit longer. Especially if Kyungbo “Alarm” Kim is to be acquired for next season like fans are hoping. The dynamic duo made a name for themselves early on with Fusion University, but fans are not sure if the pair would do well now considering the weird situation when FUNI moved to Korea. However, there is a possible new home for Elk should he wish to move on.
A potential landing for the main support would be the Washington Justice. With most of Washington’s roster currently under “team option” or “free agent” status, the Justice might be looking to rebuild entirely. It is still possible that both Yeon-Jun “Ark” Hong and Nikola “Sleepy” Andrews end up staying with the Justice, but Elk is a magnificent shot-caller. He could add more stability to their starting lineup, which is something that Washington needs. Elk is a hardworking player who has a vast knowledge of the game. He deserves a chance to start on a roster that will utilize his skills, and the Justice could be that perfect fit for him.
In the next installment of this series, potential coaching moves will be discussed alongside the players currently listed as “under contract” for the Fusion!
Stay Connected
Follow me on Twitter: @Sybil_OW! You can also message me on Discord @ Sybil#3517! I’m always happy to discuss anything I’ve written!
Follow The Game Haus for the latest on all things sports and esports:
Twitter: TGH Esports
Facebook: The Game Haus Esports
Want to show off how much you like TGH? Check out our merch shop here! |
Email
This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Officine Panerai’s Madrid boutique is located on Calle Ortega y Gasset, the main street in the famous residential district of Salamanca, in an area known as “La Milla del Oro” (the Golden Mile) due to its high concentration of elegant boutiques displaying luxury goods from the world’s finest names. Panerai’s Madrid store was designed by Italian architects and inspired by the sea, as demonstrated by all the details with a nautical inspiration, the perfect setting in which to display the Radiomir and Luminor models. Amongst the materials used to recreate the nautical theme, teak and steel predominate, along with metallic mesh panels that stylize the shapes of the watches. |
//
// JBBarChartView.h
// JBChartView
//
// Created by Terry Worona on 9/3/13.
// Copyright (c) 2013 Jawbone. All rights reserved.
//
// Views
#import "JBChartView.h"
@class JBBarChartView;
@protocol JBBarChartViewDataSource <JBChartViewDataSource>
@required
/**
* The number of bars in a given bar chart is the number of vertical views shown along the x-axis.
*
* @param barChartView The bar chart object requesting this information.
*
* @return Number of bars in the given chart, displayed horizontally along the chart's x-axis.
*/
- (NSUInteger)numberOfBarsInBarChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView;
@optional
/**
* A UIView subclass representing the bar at a particular index.
*
* Default: solid black UIView.
*
* @param barChartView The bar chart object requesting this information.
* @param index The 0-based index of a given bar (left to right, x-axis).
*
* @return A UIView subclass. The view will automatically be resized by the chart during creation (ie. no need to set the frame).
*/
- (UIView *)barChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView barViewAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index;
@end
@protocol JBBarChartViewDelegate <JBChartViewDelegate>
@required
/**
* Height for a bar at a given index (left to right). There is no ceiling on the the height;
* the chart will automatically normalize all values between the overal min and max heights.
*
* @param barChartView The bar chart object requesting this information.
* @param index The 0-based index of a given bar (left to right, x-axis).
*
* @return The y-axis height of the supplied bar index (x-axis)
*/
- (CGFloat)barChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView heightForBarViewAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index;
@optional
/**
* Occurs when a touch gesture event occurs on a given bar (chart must be expanded).
* and the selection must occur within the bounds of the chart.
*
* @param barChartView A bar chart object informing the delegate about the new selection.
* @param index The 0-based index of a given bar (left to right, x-axis).
* @param touchPoint The touch point in relation to the chart's bounds (excludes footer and header).
*/
- (void)barChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView didSelectBarAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index touchPoint:(CGPoint)touchPoint;
- (void)barChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView didSelectBarAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index;
/**
* Occurs when selection ends by either ending a touch event or selecting an area that is outside the view's bounds.
* For selection start events, see: didSelectBarAtIndex...
*
* @param barChartView A bar chart object informing the delegate about the deselection.
*/
- (void)didDeselectBarChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView;
/**
* If you already implement barChartView:barViewAtIndex: delegate - this method has no effect.
* If a custom UIView isn't supplied, a flat bar will be made automatically (default color black).
*
* Default: if none specified - calls barChartView:barViewAtIndex:.
*
* @param barChartView The bar chart object requesting this information.
* @param index The 0-based index of a given bar (left to right, x-axis).
*
* @return The color to be used to color a bar in the chart.
*/
- (UIColor *)barChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView colorForBarViewAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index;
/**
* The selection color to be overlayed on a bar during touch events.
* The color is automatically faded to transparent (vertically). The property showsVerticalSelection
* must be YES for the color to apply.
*
* Default: white color (faded to transparent).
*
* @param barChartView The bar chart object requesting this information.
*
* @return The color to be used on each bar selection.
*/
- (UIColor *)barSelectionColorForBarChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView;
/**
* Horizontal padding between bars.
*
* Default: 'best-guess' algorithm based on the the total number of bars and width of the chart.
*
* @param barChartView The bar chart object requesting this information.
*
* @return Horizontal width (in pixels) between each bar.
*/
- (CGFloat)barPaddingForBarChartView:(JBBarChartView *)barChartView;
@end
@interface JBBarChartView : JBChartView
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<JBBarChartViewDataSource> dataSource;
@property (nonatomic, weak) id<JBBarChartViewDelegate> delegate;
/**
* Vertical highlight overlayed on bar during touch events.
*
* Default: YES.
*/
@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL showsVerticalSelection;
/*
* Bars can be (vertically) positoned top to bottom instead of bottom up.
* If this property is set to YES, both the bar and the selection view will be inverted.
* For the inverted orientation to take effect, reloadData must be called.
*
* Default: NO.
*/
@property (nonatomic, assign, getter=isInverted) BOOL inverted;
@end
|
Face to face: Javier Zanetti
World Soccer: When your Achilles tendon snapped last season did you think that was it?
Javier Zanetti: Not at all. I knew it was my tendon, but the first thing that went through my mind was the following calculation: if I go under the surgeon’s knife tomorrow, then by October I’ll be able to run again.
After the injury, you got loads of messages of support. Which was the one that surprised you most?
The one from David Beckham. I’ve played against him a lot of times, but he’s not a friend of mine. He wrote: “Don’t worry, I had the same injury. You’ll be back stronger than ever.” And then – but this is not a surprise – there was the one from Jose Mourinho. He was one of the very first people to call.
Is the fact that Mourinho still continues to stay in touch with you and other players not counter-productive for the team? Is it not better to make a clean break?
It’s impossible to be too far from him, he’s still part of us and he will be forever. Now he’s rejoined Chelsea, but I think that, sooner or later, he’ll be back here. I strongly doubt, though, that I’ll still be on the pitch when that happens!
So how long do you think you can play on for? One more year?
Maybe two years, or maybe even three, if my body allows me to. I’ve read Stanley Matthews won the Ballon d’Or at 41. If it wasn’t for Messi, I could think about it.
Speaking of Lionel Messi, who is better: him or Diego Maradona?
Based on what he has done, and above all for the consistency levels he has reached, Messi has surpassed Diego. Leo is the greatest.
Who has been the most difficult opponent to mark?
I have two names for you: Ryan Giggs and Kaka, when he was at Milan. Both of them were devastating. Ryan is a peer of mine and I admire him a lot.
Who has been the funniest team-mate you’ve had?
That’s an easy one: Taribo West.
Your young team-mate Mateo Kovacic is causing a lot of excitement at the moment. Is he the best youngster you’ve seen in your 18 years at Inter?
With the exception of Ronaldo, who arrived here when he was 21 [Kovacic is 19], yes. Mateo is the most promising. He “exploded” in what was a very difficult season for us. He has enormous skills; now he just has to confirm that potential, to grow up. But you should bear in mind that in my time here I’ve not seen that many youngsters. In the past, we used to buy fully formed players, whereas now we’re taking a gamble on the kids. I like this philosophy.
Which coach did you have the hardest relationship with?
Well, let’s say that I didn’t have a good relationship with Marco Tardelli.
What do you make of the booing directed at Mario Balotelli recently? Is it a case of racism, or is it a case of Mario paying for his own arrogance?
Mario has a very peculiar temperament and I can understand that the opposition fans don’t like him. To whistle him is OK, but those howls are pure racism and must be punished.
Which Milan player would you most like to have had at Inter?
Paolo Maldini. But he was a Rossoneri icon. He’s a friend of mine, but I wouldn’t even have bothered trying to convince him to join us.
If you follow the transfer market rumours, you’ll be reading that Inter are chasing players for your right-back position: Dusan Basta, Bacary Sagna, Juan Zuniga…are you ready to spend the next season on the substitutes’ bench?
If it means helping Inter, I’d happily sit on the bench. The most important thing is to get back to fitness so I can get back to playing again.
Is there any truth in the reports that there is a seat waiting for you as coach at Inter?
That’s bullshit. As is the talk of the “asado agreement”, which suggests that Argentinians rule the dressing room and the club. I am able to give my opinion if the club’s president, Massimo Moratti, calls me, but anyone who thinks that I influence his choices overestimates my role and underestimates him.
So what would you like to do once you finish your playing career?
I’d like to be the link between the squad and the president, the one you guys in the media like to call “the strong man”. |
Introduction {#s1}
============
The complexity of the nervous system continues to protract efforts to understand its development. The relatively simple invertebrate neural systems have been the subject of intense study in the last few decades [@pcbi.1001044-Vactor1], helping to shed light on mechanisms involved in development like axon guidance and molecular cues. We looked at the development of the neuronal network of *C. elegans* using information from 279 of the 302 neurons (see [methods](#s4){ref-type="sec"} and [@pcbi.1001044-Kaiser1]). Information on embryonic and post-embryonic lineages of the neurons [@pcbi.1001044-Sulston1], [@pcbi.1001044-Sulston2], [@pcbi.1001044-Altun1], [@pcbi.1001044-White1] formed the basis of our developmental data.
Our work marks the first attempt to computationally and statistically represent the neural development of *C. elegans* based on available biological data, enabling a spatio-temporal analysis of the developing neuronal network. Graph theory [@pcbi.1001044-Costa1] is increasingly being applied to elucidate the function based on the structures of complex networks like the brain [@pcbi.1001044-Kaiser2], [@pcbi.1001044-Bullmore1] and here we carry out a structural analysis of neuronal networks during different stages of *C. elegans* development. We observe neuronal growth (see [Video S1](#pcbi.1001044.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), development times of different classes of neurons, and the time windows for establishing short- and long-distance connectivity.
It is now known that *C. elegans* displays a higher than expected wiring cost with the total wiring length of all connections being twice as high as for an optimized network with spatially rearranged neurons [@pcbi.1001044-Kaiser1], [@pcbi.1001044-Ahn1]. Instead, processing speed indicated by the number of intermediate neurons in a pathway and made possible by long-distance connections, seems to be a critical constraint [@pcbi.1001044-Kaiser1]. Establishing accurate connectivity, particularly long-distance, is a critical challenge in development. While the role of guidance molecules is well established in correctly wiring neurons, our results suggest that temporal and possible spatial closeness permitting early neuron-neuron interaction could also have an important role to play in the process. It may be conjectured that this would serve to reduce metabolic costs during development and also increase the probability of accurately establishing long-distance connections. Long-distance connections are vital and known to be affected in several neurological disorders in humans [@pcbi.1001044-Stam1].
Results {#s2}
=======
Our analysis was primarily four-fold. First, we traced the time course of neuron establishment. Second, we looked at temporal patterns emerging from birth times of neurons and their known connectivity details. Third, we looked at spatial network features in particular focusing on the onset of short, medium, and long distance connection-pairs. The analysis was further refined by segregating connections based on the nature of transmission (i.e. gap junctions or chemical synapses) as well as their membership in functional circuits. Finally, we analyzed possible networks at the various stages identified.
Time course of neuron formation {#s2a}
-------------------------------
The growth in the neuronal network was visualized with respect to the spatial positions of neurons in the nematode body. In the development phase, neurons are born in two bursts -- a relatively brief embryonic burst lasting around four hours and a longer post-embryonic phase stretching across seventeen hours. These intervals have been sub-divided into smaller time intervals to enable a more detailed visualization of the sequential appearance of neurons during these bursts. In [Figure 1](#pcbi-1001044-g001){ref-type="fig"} neurons appearing at a particular stage are indicated in black, while previously existing neurons are coloured in gray. In the first stage, at the end of 350 minutes of embryonic growth, neurons that eventually reside in the head, along the ventral cord (classes DAn, DBn and DDn) and tail of the nematode have appeared, with neurons in the head constituting the majority. By the end of the embryonic burst nearly all of the neurons in the head have appeared. Ventral cord neurons belonging to the other five classes namely, ASn, VAn, VBn, VCn and VDn as well as the rest of the tail neurons are born in the latter phase, towards the end of the first larval stage. A relevant question is whether the spatial clustering of neurons in the head, body and tail of the worm also relates to their topology. We find that neurons in the head are mostly connected to neurons in the head (74% of all connections) while 46% of connections of neurons in the body are to other neurons also in the body. Within spatial cluster connectivity is least for neurons in the tail at 29%. [Figure S1](#pcbi.1001044.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"} shows the successive appearance of neurons with respect to their final 3-dimensional positions in the adult body on a colour scale.
{#pcbi-1001044-g001}
Analysis of temporal features {#s2b}
-----------------------------
We plotted a histogram of the differences in birth-times of connected neurons to assess the time interval available for formation of connections ([Figure 2A](#pcbi-1001044-g002){ref-type="fig"}). For comparison, we looked at the outcomes from twenty random networks (see [Methods](#s4){ref-type="sec"} for details). The values from the trials were separated into ten time bins and the mean and standard deviation values were calculated for each of the bins. It can be seen that approximately two-thirds of connected neurons appear less than 200 minutes apart and this proportion is much higher than that seen in random networks. A zoom-in on time differences of up to 500 minutes shows that most connected neurons within this interval are born less than 50 minutes apart ([Figure 2B](#pcbi-1001044-g002){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pcbi-1001044-g002}
Neurons appearing in the embryonic burst go on to make most of their connections, approximately 80%, with other neurons born in the same phase, while this figure is around 46% for neurons born in the post-embryonic burst. These values in randomly shuffled networks are on an average 62.1% and 38.2%, for the embryonic and post-embryonic phases, respectively. This observation could well be attributed to high degree neurons being born in the embryonic phase (discussed below), however a statistical comparison of the ratio of connections made within and outside the temporal cluster for the embryonic and post-embryonic phases to random development, highlights significance with *p* value less than 0.001 in a one sample t-test.
Early stages are also crucial for the formation of highly connected neurons (hubs). [Figure 3](#pcbi-1001044-g003){ref-type="fig"} shows node degree (the number of connections of a neuron) with respect to birth times of neurons and their positions along the body of the worm, namely head, body or tail. Neurons that appear early on in development are more likely to have a higher degree than those that are born later. As would be expected, the highest degree is possessed by neurons in the head. There are 112 neurons with 20 or more connections. This number drops sharply to 46 and then to 9, for degrees more than or equal to 30 and 60, respectively. Of all neurons with degree 20 or more, two thirds appear before hatching (840 minutes), and nearly all neurons (∼98%) with more than 30 connections are born before hatching. It needs to be noted however, that correlation of early birth and higher degree is less obvious for neurons with less than 30 connections. To gauge the significance of these results we repeated the test for twenty random networks (details in [Methods](#s4){ref-type="sec"}). For this random connection formation, approximately 74% (±5.5) of neurons with degrees above 30 could appear before hatching, which using two-sided t-test corresponded to a *p* value of less than 0.001 indicating significant difference between actual and random networks. We also analyzed how the connected neighbors of a neuron appeared over time, particularly to examine if longer time windows served to receive connections from late appearing neurons. This was indeed the case: all neurons with a degree of more than 60 were connected to more than one late forming neighbour. However in random networks, this was on average true for 60% of the cases (based on 20 random observations) and had a statistically lower connectivity with late appearing neurons, with *p* = 0.001. Thus availability of time between neuron birth and nematode maturation appears to be important to hub neurons.
{#pcbi-1001044-g003}
The time differences of bilaterally paired neurons were also compared for examining symmetry during development. All bilateral pairs of neurons were born within approximately ten minutes of each other. [Figure S2](#pcbi.1001044.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"} shows the development of motor, sensory and interneurons. More than 80% of sensory and interneurons appear before hatching whereas this figure was found to be lower at around 50% for motor neurons. However, several of these motor neurons were polymodal, functioning also as inter-neurons. Only around 30% of exclusive motor neurons appeared before hatching. During such early development, there is less need for motor control: for example, earliest movements inside the shell do not involve neural coordination and first signs of neural activity are only observed around 30 minutes before hatching [@pcbi.1001044-Hall1].
Analysis of spatial features -- Connection-pairs {#s2c}
------------------------------------------------
The distance between any two connected neurons was calculated in three-dimensional space to determine the approximate length of the connection between them. Numerically, this was calculated as the three-dimensional Euclidean distance between two connected neurons and provided a useful measure to assess the length distribution of all edges. Although there is little information on the timing of synaptogenesis, we wanted to visualize how many of the neuron pairs forming short-, medium-, or long-distance connections in the adult were present at each stage. Hence, when we use the term '*connection pair*' - it does not imply synaptogenesis and is merely indicative of the birth of both neurons that will eventually connect. For the adult nematode, out of the 2,990 actual connections pairs 391 are long-distance (∼14%), 298 are medium-distance (∼10%) and 2,301 (∼76%) are short-distance (see [Methods](#s4){ref-type="sec"} for details).
[Figure 4A](#pcbi-1001044-g004){ref-type="fig"} shows the percentage of short, medium and long-range connection-pairs appearing at each stage of development. By the time of hatching (840 minutes), approximately 73% of short, 36% of medium and 68% of long-range connections-pairs had appeared, accounting for 69% of total connections pairs. For twenty random networks ([Figure 4B](#pcbi-1001044-g004){ref-type="fig"}) on the other hand, 52% (±3.5), 53% (±6.7) and 51% (±5.7) of short-, medium-, and long-distance connection-pairs respectively, occurred before hatching. In none of the cases did the actual value fall within the data domain of random tests. Further analysis revealed that the observed difference between the percentage of connection-pairs appearing before hatching in real and random systems was statistically significant, with *p*\<0.001 in each case.
{#pcbi-1001044-g004}
To determine whether there was any relation between the degree of neuron and the proportion of short or long distance connections that they possessed, we computed the Pearson\'s coefficient for degree versus short and long connections. No significant correlation was found, with the correlation coefficient of degree with short and long connections being −0.03 and 0.11 respectively.
We then segregated the three types of junctions, namely, gap junction, chemical synapse or a combination of both. (If both gap junctions and chemical synapses existed between any two neurons, then the connection was termed as a combination.). The proportion of short-, medium- and long-length connections in each category is listed in Supplementary [Table S1](#pcbi.1001044.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. [Figure 5](#pcbi-1001044-g005){ref-type="fig"} compares the time of appearance of connection-pairs linked by gap junctions and chemical synapses in the adult, for short and long-distance connection lengths. Around 35% of short- and 27% of long-distance connections in *C. elegans* are electrically coupled ([Figure 5A](#pcbi-1001044-g005){ref-type="fig"}), together constituting more than one-third of all connections in the nematode. Interestingly, electrically and chemically connected neuron pairs appear at the same rate with approximately 70% of each category appearing before hatching.
{#pcbi-1001044-g005}
A bar chart was also plotted to visualize the distribution of long, medium, and short-distance connection-pairs during each of the developmental stages ([Figure S3](#pcbi.1001044.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Short distance connection-pairs are most abundant during all stages of development. The frequency of short-distance connections is followed by long-distance and then by medium-distance connection-pairs.
Analysis of functional circuits {#s2d}
-------------------------------
The neurons of *C. elegans* have membership in various functional circuits [@pcbi.1001044-White1] and we analyzed the appearance of connection-pairs in relation to this functional segregation. The percentage of each circuit that had appeared was measured in relation to the birth of connection-pairs. If a connection-pair involved neurons from two different circuits, then it was considered to belong to both circuits. [Figure 6](#pcbi-1001044-g006){ref-type="fig"} shows how the various circuits appear over time. In the analysis of temporal features it was shown that approximately 80% of sensory and 50% of motor neurons appeared before hatching. Here, more specifically, analysis showed that the connection-pairs associated with circuitry of amphids, motoneurons in the nerve ring and other sensory receptors in the head, which are understandably more relevant to the early life of the worm are born sooner than other circuits like that of egg-laying, not required in the embryonic stages. Hence although we observe connection pairs belonging to all circuits present to various degrees in the earliest embryonic stages, the order of functional precedence may also influence the likelihood of early contact or interaction.
{#pcbi-1001044-g006}
Analysis of topological features of possible networks {#s2e}
-----------------------------------------------------
The networks at each stage were predicted based on the earliest possible time of synaptogenesis - when both neurons had appeared. Here, the network represents the neurons present at each stage with adult connectivity (see [Methods](#s4){ref-type="sec"}). Our motivation behind this was to present the potential of network analysis in inferring development features like significant periods, from even discrete data. The global network over time was analyzed for topological changes such as number of nodes and edges ([Figure S4A,B](#pcbi.1001044.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), clustering coefficient ([Figure S4C,E](#pcbi.1001044.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and characteristic path length ([Figure S4D,F](#pcbi.1001044.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The ratio of actual clustering coefficient to random of more than 2 and actual average path length to random of less than 1.5 are considered to signify a small-world network. The adult *C. elegans* network has already been shown to have small-world characteristics [@pcbi.1001044-Watts1], here we find that all the networks display small-world characteristics with the ratio of actual clustering coefficient to that of random networks being above 4 at all times ([Figure S4C](#pcbi.1001044.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and the ratio of characteristic path length in the actual to the random network being consistently below 1.15 ([Figure S4D](#pcbi.1001044.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Although this analysis does not consider the effect of pruning, as the ratios are well beyond the characteristic ratios, the results are likely to be robust for small changes. The random networks created for these calculations were Erdős-Rényi networks which only maintained the total number of neurons and connections without preserving the degree distribution.
Discussion {#s3}
==========
Detailed analysis on the developing neural network in *C. elegans* revealed that timings of neurons as well as the connections between them were reflected in characteristic patterns of development. Based on the three-dimensional positions of the neurons and their known connectivity data, we showed that long-distance connection-pairs often appear in the early stages of development. At these times before hatching, neurons are nearby so that there is less need for long-distance cues and axon guidance. Finally, early-born neurons were highly connected (hubs) in contrast to neurons born later, which could be attributed to the longer time frame available to them to establish connections.
A significant proportion of connected neuron births were temporally close, with over half of the connected neurons appearing within an hour of each other. At the time of hatching (840 minutes), when the worm would be less than 20% of its final size [@pcbi.1001044-Altun1], approximately 68% of long-length and 73% of short-length connection-pairs had already appeared. In contrast, random growth of a network of similar degree distribution as the actual network resulted in approximately half of all connection lengths appearing by the time of hatching. It may be noted that the connection length throughout this study refers to the spatial separation of the soma of the neurons that are connected and is not with respect to the location of synapse. The axonal length may be different from the overall connection length depending on the proximity or separation of the pre-synaptic neuron from the synapse or junction.
Temporal closeness in early development would imply spatial proximity, therefore reducing hurdles in wiring neurons that are far apart in the adult. It is therefore likely that early contact with subsequent axon extension will be preferred. This presumably would aid in minimizing metabolic costs sustained in wiring establishment during development, as axon outgrowth is an inherently more resource intensive pathway than axon extension [@pcbi.1001044-Goldberg1], [@pcbi.1001044-Zheng1]. Note that this cost minimization is only with respect to establishing the wiring. It should not be compared with sustained metabolic cost optimization through alternative wiring or cell migration costs that would be incurred irrespective of the time of synaptogenesis. The *C. elegans* neuronal network that has been the subject of several studies, is understood to be wired for efficiency of processing [@pcbi.1001044-Kaiser1], [@pcbi.1001044-Ahn1]. It has also been shown that while this spatial organization is not the one that minimizes total wiring length, the neurons are placed close to their optimal positions within the worm body for reducing wiring [@pcbi.1001044-Chen1]. Here our results suggest that *C. elegans* has also evolved a pattern of development that enables it to establish this known connection pattern (particularly the substantial number of long-range connections) efficiently during growth.
The need for early contact has also been observed in other systems including the development of the excretory canal in *C. elegans* [@pcbi.1001044-Buechner1]. The canal tip is guided to and makes contact with the basement membrane early on in development. Subsequent growth involves a passive extension of the canal along the hypodermal membrane. It has been found that absence of this early contact, results in a slowing of growth in the larval stage, with the canal being unable to reach its target region [@pcbi.1001044-Chen2]. The influence of early guidance has also been observed in the migration of the sex myoblast [@pcbi.1001044-Chen2], [@pcbi.1001044-Branda1]. There are two mechanisms involved in guiding the sex myoblasts to the gonads, one acting early and the other much later, with absence of early guidance resulting in delays in the migration.
It is generally accepted that the most significant aspect of forming a synapse is contact between the neurons or neurites. While the role of pioneer axons has been studied in *C. elegans* [@pcbi.1001044-Benard1], the fact that nearly 70% of connected neurons appear much before hatching, makes it more likely that cell-cell contact or interaction is established early on, particularly within circuits having functional significance in early life. There is evidence showing that several guidance molecules like Netrin and Nerfin-1 are expressed in the early stages of development. Netrin is a protein involved in axonal guidance in vertebrates as well as in invertebrates [@pcbi.1001044-Adler1], [@pcbi.1001044-Serafini1], [@pcbi.1001044-Gillespie1] and is specifically known to influence early path-finding events [@pcbi.1001044-Gillespie1], [@pcbi.1001044-Wadsworth1], [@pcbi.1001044-Kuzin1]. Nerfin-1 belonging to a highly conserved family of Zn-finger proteins, is found transiently expressed in neuron precursors and plays a role in early path finding. Studies involving pioneering neurons in the central nervous system of *Drosophila melanogaster* have shown that Nerfin-1, whose expression is spatially and temporally regulated [@pcbi.1001044-Kuzin1], is essential in early axonal guidance. Disruption of genes involved in early guidance and migration could result in improper connectivity [@pcbi.1001044-Hidalgo1], [@pcbi.1001044-Ang1], as could delays in cell division. Our results suggest that neuron-neuron contact in early development could be important for achieving accurate connectivity. This would be significant not just in invertebrates but also in vertebrates where similar temporal expression profiles are seen for genes involved in early guidance. Inaccurately timed appearances of long-range connections or pioneer neurons would also influence subsequent connectivity. In addition, in *C. elegans*, as over two-thirds of long distance connection-pairs are born early on, it is likely that the interactions among the growing axons will play a role in fasciculation as observed in *Drosophila* [@pcbi.1001044-Hidalgo1].
The analysis of the formation of connection-pairs with respect to the nature of the junction has highlighted another interesting feature while also raising an important question. Approximately a third of all junctions are electrically coupled with around 70% each of long- and short-range connection-pairs appearing early in development. While little is known about the formation of gap junctions, they are most often seen in adjacent cells and hence it is likely that the 70% of connection-pairs appearing early will connect early. However, the interesting question raised here is of the remaining 30% of long-range connections coupled by gap junctions that appear in the later stages of development. Specifically, how are the neurites guided to their correct targets for the formation of gap junctions? The role of connexin proteins [@pcbi.1001044-Goodenough1] and cell adhesion molecules like cadherins [@pcbi.1001044-Takeichi1] in gap junction formation has been studied, however they would be insufficient to explain the formation of long-range axonal gap-junctions between neurons that are far apart. Theses gap junctions are mostly between late-forming ventral cord neurons and the existing pharyngeal ring neurons in the head. As the ventral cord neurons appear at later stages in development when the worm has already grown to approximately half of its final size, neuronal contact with subsequent migration is highly unlikely. While it is interesting to consider a dependence on chemically guided axons through fasciculation, in the absence of experimental data, these remain speculations.
Another important finding was that availability of time would be an important factor in the generation of network hubs. In the *C. elegans* network, nearly all neurons (∼98%) with degree more than 30 were born before hatching, whereas only 74% (±5.5) would have occurred for random growth. Developmental time windows have been identified in the past [@pcbi.1001044-Nisbach1] as playing a role in generating network hubs. A high probability in random networks, with an even higher value in the actual network, is indicative of the importance of time availability in establishing hubs. Indeed functional significance cannot be undermined and it needs to be emphasized that while being essential for achieving high number of connections, time is unlikely to be the deterministic factor attributing high degree connectivity to a particular neuron. Additionally, bilaterally symmetric neurons were born close to each other in time. Hence although time of birth is known to play an important role [@pcbi.1001044-Miller1], [@pcbi.1001044-Kaiser3], [@pcbi.1001044-Hobert1], in *C. elegans*, the asymmetry in function is less likely to be a result of environment-mediated change.
Conclusion {#s3a}
----------
The neuronal network of *C. elegans*, being the only fully characterized connectome to date, has provided the opportunity to observe changes occurring during the course of its neural development. Based on available data, we have extracted time of creation of neurons to capture changes during growth and have identified features of neural development that would be significant in establishing long-range connections and network hubs. Continuous monitoring of synaptic connectivity during development is a steep challenge that goes beyond the current approaches for determining the adult connectome of different species [@pcbi.1001044-Sporns1], [@pcbi.1001044-Hagmann1]. We present an alternative, more feasible approach of employing global analysis on networks existing at discrete times of growth. With the aid of recent advances, obtaining connectivity information for these time stages could be possible in the near future. Availability of such data on connectivity will permit more detailed analyses, to give an insight into the structural changes unfolding during development. An interesting question that has been raised here is what mechanism ensures accuracy of wiring in late-forming, electrically coupled long-distance connections, and a clear answer is as yet unavailable. We hope that this work will stimulate further experimental and theoretical work on the network development of neural systems and *C. elegans* in particular.
Materials and Methods {#s4}
=====================
We have produced a spatial representation of the neuronal network of *C. elegans* in three-dimensional space, so that the network resembled the anatomical network as much as possible. Three-dimensional coordinates were based on the two-dimensional spatial information of *C. elegans* neurons [@pcbi.1001044-Choe1], which were updated with spatial information of three neurons that had been excluded. The data for neurons that did not have associated spatial information were obtained based on the spatial data of corresponding bilateral counterparts. The connectivity details from earlier studies [@pcbi.1001044-Hall1], [@pcbi.1001044-Chen1], [@pcbi.1001044-Achacoso1] published in the Worm Atlas was used for the analysis. The ventral cord neuron VC6 that only makes connections through neuro-muscular junctions was not included here. Three loop connections (connections of a neuron to itself) were also excluded; as such connections did not influence our spatial and topological measures. Thus a total of 279 neurons and corresponding 2,990 connections were used. This included 1,584 uni-directional and 1,406 bi-directional connections. Biologically, they represent 672 gap junctions, 1962 chemical sysnapses and 376 connections where both gap junctions and chemical synapses exist between the neuron pairs. The latter were represented as bi-directional edges in the connection matrix. Neuro-muscular junctions were not included in the analysis. The coordinate information represents the positions of the soma of the neurons in three-dimensional space. The third dimension of each of the neurons was obtained by treating the body of the worm as a cylinder, guided by the actual shape of the worm. The third spatial coordinate for any neuron was then calculated as a function of the radius of the body of the worm and its known position along the y-axis, as follows:where, *r* -- radius of the worm, was assumed to be constant along the length of the nematode (50 µm). This returned a positive value of *z*, and as many neurons in *C. elegans* have a left or right orientation, the physiological information available [@pcbi.1001044-Altun1] was also used in determining the third coordinate. The three-dimensional coordinate was computed so that the spatial properties were closer to reality. Although as *C. elegans* has a very high length to diameter ratio, the results are unlikely to be affected even if the data had been two-dimensional. The left and right neurons were differentiated into positive and negative values, while those lying along the dorsal and ventral line had their third coordinate as zero.
To trace the growth of the network over time, we used the time estimates provided by Sulston *et al.* (1977 & 1983), in the cell lineage charts. The image files representing the lineage charts were read in and then analyzed to obtain the time of creation of each of the neurons. Based on this information, the neuronal network of *C. elegans* was obtained at different stages of growth. The margin of error in the embryonic lineage, as published, is 10% and 2% in the post-embryonic lineages. We produced spatial representations of the network at times of 350, 400, 500, 800, 2000 and 2700 minutes after fertilization. The embryo hatches at around 840 minutes [@pcbi.1001044-Sulston1], and the network at that time stage was found to be identical to that at 600 minutes in terms of neurons present. The choice of the time interval between the successive stages was based on the number of neurons appearing at different stages. It can be seen from the postembryonic lineage chart that there are very few neurons being created within first 20 hours after hatching (1200 minutes after hatching or 2000 minutes from fertilization). We therefore chose 2000 minutes post-fertilization as the next stage of development. As all but two neurons in *C. elegans* derive from the AB cell lineage, cross lineage comparisons were not performed. Although the network contained chemical synapses connecting one neuron to another as well as gap junctions coupling both neurons, the networks were treated as unweighted and directed as more than half of the connections (53%) were unidirectional. Gap junctions were represented as bi-directional. The node degree included both the incoming and outgoing connections.
Random networks created for comparative analysis had the same degree distribution as the actual *C. elegans* network. Neuron identities were randomly shuffled, so that all quantities estimated such as connection-length, birth-time difference, etc, would be modified. A neuron\'s identity referred to its spatial position and birth-time.
At any given time, a connection-pair existed if both neurons forming that connection (as in the adult) were present, without however, implying the formation of a synapse between them. The pair-wise, time-difference in the birth of neurons forming each of the 2990 connection-pairs was determined. The values were then separated into ten bins and mean of the time-differences in each bin was computed for enabling comparisons with random networks. The connection length between two connected neurons was the Euclidean distance between them in three-dimensional space. The lengths at each stage were separated into ten bins of size 0.12 mm each, the first three were considered to be short distance (i.e. shorter than 0.36 mm), the middle four as medium-range and the final three as long-range connections (i.e. longer than 0.84 mm). This classification was used as the first three bins and the final three bins displayed a very high frequency of connections, whereas the intermediate bins were sparsely populated.
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
Neurons formed at successive stages of growth. Neuron positions are shown at the adult stage (orientations are along the Anterior (A)-Posterior (P), and Dorsal (D)-Ventral (V) axes). Note that some ventral cord neurons are established early whereas most occur at late stages of development.
(0.31 MB TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Growth pattern of sensory, motor and inter neurons. The vertical dashed line indicates the approximate time of hatching. The plot shows the percentage of neurons formed at each time step for the three neurons types (sensory, inter, and motor neurons). Note that while sensory and inter-neurons are formed early on, less than fifty percent of the motor neurons are formed at the time of hatching (800 minutes). By excluding poly-modal neurons, the percentage drops further to around 30%.
(0.13 MB TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Distribution of approximated metric connection lengths during development as a reflection of neuron births. The metric lengths correspond to the adult and the presence at a particular development stage signifies the existence of both neurons that are connected in the adult. The proportion of small-, medium-, and long-distance connection pairs are shown in each bar and identified in the legend (See also [Figure S1](#pcbi.1001044.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
(0.13 MB TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Change in topological network organization during development represented at each discrete time stage. (A) The total number of neurons formed by the end of each of the discrete time steps (black dots) superimposed on the actual birth times of neurons (gray dots) (C) Ratio of the clustering coefficient of the actual network compared to a random network (C/Crand). (D) Ratio of the characteristic path length of the actual network compared to a random network (L/Lrand). (E) and (F) absolute values of the clustering coefficient C and characteristic path length L, respectively. Time of hatching (approximately 840 minutes) is soon after the third discrete time step (800 minutes).
(0.29 MB TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Number of short, medium and long-length connections for each type of synapse (electrical synapse, chemical synapse, or a combination of both features).
(0.03 MB PDF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
The movie shows the growth of the neuronal network with neurons being added at each stage. There are four different views, shown in succession, for each of the six identified stages of development.
(0.61 MB MPG)
######
Click here for additional data file.
We thank Dr. David Hall for helpful comments on the manuscript.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This work was supported by EPSRC (EP/G03950X/1), the EPSRC Carmen project (EP/E002331/1), Royal Society (RG/2006/2, and the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R32-10142). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: SV MK. Performed the experiments: SV. Analyzed the data: SV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SV MK. Wrote the paper: SV MK.
|
Q:
Why is it that if $|G|=p^{n}$ then $|Z(G)|\neq p^{n-1}$?
I am reading a proof about why If $|G|=p^{n}$ (where $p$ is prime) then $|Z(G)|\neq p^{n-1}$?
That proof says that if $|Z(G)| = p^{n-1}$ then $G/Z(G)$ is cyclic which makes $G$ abelian.
My question is: So what if $G$ is abelian? because in the questions it doesn't say that $G$ is not abelian.
Is a group of order $p^{n}$ can't be abelian?
A:
If $G$ is abelian then $G=Z(G)$ .What will be the quotient group then?Does it contradict what is given to you?
|
package rocks.inspectit.shared.cs.ci.sensor.platform.impl;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlRootElement;
import rocks.inspectit.shared.cs.ci.sensor.platform.AbstractPlatformSensorConfig;
import rocks.inspectit.shared.cs.ci.sensor.platform.IPlatformSensorConfig;
/**
* Sensor configuration for the threads information.
*
* @author Ivan Senic
*
*/
@XmlRootElement(name = "thread-sensor-config")
public class ThreadSensorConfig extends AbstractPlatformSensorConfig implements IPlatformSensorConfig {
/**
* Sensor name.
*/
public static final String SENSOR_NAME = "Thread Information";
/**
* Implementing class name.
*/
public static final String CLASS_NAME = "rocks.inspectit.agent.java.sensor.platform.ThreadInformation";
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getName() {
return SENSOR_NAME;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*/
@Override
public String getClassName() {
return CLASS_NAME;
}
}
|
Methane flux and oxidation at two types of intermediate landfill covers.
Methane emissions were measured on two areas at a Florida (USA) landfill using the static chamber technique. Because existing literature contains few measurements of methane emissions and oxidation in intermediate cover areas, this study focused on field measurement of emissions at 15-cm-thick non-vegetated intermediate cover overlying 1-year-old waste and a 45-cm-thick vegetated intermediate cover overlying 7-year-old waste. The 45 cm thick cover can also simulate non-engineered covers associated with older closed landfills. Oxidation of the emitted methane was evaluated using stable isotope techniques. The arithmetic means of the measured fluxes were 54 and 22 g CH(4) m(-2)d(-1) from the thin cover and the thick cover, respectively. The peak flux was 596 g m(-2)d(-1) for the thin cover and 330 g m(-2)d(-1) for the thick cover. The mean percent oxidation was significantly greater (25%) at the thick cover relative to the thin cover (14%). This difference only partly accounted for the difference in emissions from the two sites. Inverse distance weighing was used to describe the spatial variation of flux emissions from each cover type. The geospatial mean flux was 21.6 g m(-2)d(-1) for the thick intermediate cover and 50.0 g m(-2)d(-1) for the thin intermediate cover. High emission zones in the thick cover were fewer and more isolated, while high emission zones in the thin cover were continuous and covered a larger area. These differences in the emission patterns suggest that different CH(4) mitigation techniques should be applied to the two areas. For the thick intermediate cover, we suggest that effective mitigation of methane emissions could be achieved by placement of individualized compost cells over high emission zones. Emissions from the thin intermediate cover, on the other hand, can be mitigated by placing a compost layer over the entire area. |
Mapping
Positive engagement.
It can feel like an oxymoron at times.
“How did they engage with what you were saying?”
“Oh, you know, positively. In the sense that they at least turned up and sat in the room”
Thursday was different. Thursday was about my CEO (and me, as sidekick) introducing a new process to a team who absolutely, positively knew that they wanted to engage. They had to challenge the way things were.
It also helps when someone, in this case Rachel, stands in front of them with an assured presence. A knowledgeable, comforting, “been there – bought the whole shop, let alone the t-shirts” way about them. Rachel really has. For when the group we were working with at the Royal Opera House used the word unique, Rachel simply scanned through her mental rolodex of unique situations she has been in before, and brought out the commonality in every one of those cases.
Likewise for me. I have worked in lots of unique places. Unique in the sense that we all felt that our problems, were ours alone.
So Rachel introduced the Wardley Mapping technique – which helps you to identify your value chains (I know, I know – get a work blog, Chris) and areas to develop, buy or simply “get from the wall” to meet the demands of your customers. In a way that even I understood.
And you know what. They all got it. They all positively engaged with what we were saying. No one sighed at a flip chart as we mentioned a “group exercise”. Post-its were grabbed. No one took a step back. No one shied away from the challenges they had to deal with. This was a transformative group, working in the open – with answers, not grumbles.
Here’s to engaging further. Hopefully the positivity will be infectious with others, if we do. |
Born in Kagoshima in 1960, Yasuhiro Yamashita obtained his master’s degree at the Shibaura Institute of Technology in 1986. After working turn by turn at Yutaka Saito Architect & Associates, PANOM and then Shunji Kondo Architects, in 1991 he created his own agency, which was renamed the Atelier Tekuto in 1995. Yasuhiro Yamashita has to his name a large number of house projects, but each project, for him, is an opportunity to implement new processes and materials, forever looking for novel spatial compositions. By clearly declaring his determination to limit the risks associated with the industrial manufacturing processes used for housing, he has based his architectural approach on a tireless quest for craftsmanlike procedures. |
// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef BASE_TEST_TEST_SIMPLE_TASK_RUNNER_H_
#define BASE_TEST_TEST_SIMPLE_TASK_RUNNER_H_
#include <deque>
#include "base/compiler_specific.h"
#include "base/macros.h"
#include "base/single_thread_task_runner.h"
#include "base/test/test_pending_task.h"
#include "base/threading/thread_checker.h"
namespace base {
class TimeDelta;
// TestSimpleTaskRunner is a simple TaskRunner implementation that can
// be used for testing. It implements SingleThreadTaskRunner as that
// interface implements SequencedTaskRunner, which in turn implements
// TaskRunner, so TestSimpleTaskRunner can be passed in to a function
// that accepts any *TaskRunner object.
//
// TestSimpleTaskRunner has the following properties which make it simple:
//
// - It is non-thread safe; all member functions must be called on
// the same thread.
// - Tasks are simply stored in a queue in FIFO order, ignoring delay
// and nestability.
// - Tasks aren't guaranteed to be destroyed immediately after
// they're run.
//
// However, TestSimpleTaskRunner allows for reentrancy, in that it
// handles the running of tasks that in turn call back into itself
// (e.g., to post more tasks).
//
// If you need more complicated properties, consider using this class
// as a template for writing a test TaskRunner implementation using
// TestPendingTask.
//
// Note that, like any TaskRunner, TestSimpleTaskRunner is
// ref-counted.
class TestSimpleTaskRunner : public SingleThreadTaskRunner {
public:
TestSimpleTaskRunner();
// SingleThreadTaskRunner implementation.
bool PostDelayedTask(const tracked_objects::Location& from_here,
const Closure& task,
TimeDelta delay) override;
bool PostNonNestableDelayedTask(const tracked_objects::Location& from_here,
const Closure& task,
TimeDelta delay) override;
bool RunsTasksOnCurrentThread() const override;
const std::deque<TestPendingTask>& GetPendingTasks() const;
bool HasPendingTask() const;
base::TimeDelta NextPendingTaskDelay() const;
// Clears the queue of pending tasks without running them.
void ClearPendingTasks();
// Runs each current pending task in order and clears the queue.
// Any tasks posted by the tasks are not run.
virtual void RunPendingTasks();
// Runs pending tasks until the queue is empty.
void RunUntilIdle();
protected:
~TestSimpleTaskRunner() override;
std::deque<TestPendingTask> pending_tasks_;
ThreadChecker thread_checker_;
private:
DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TestSimpleTaskRunner);
};
} // namespace base
#endif // BASE_TEST_TEST_SIMPLE_TASK_RUNNER_H_
|
(NaturalNews) During a recent speech he made before thein Rome on December 3, Pope Benedict XVI, the current leader of the Roman Catholic Church, called for what can only be described as a unified world government, which he dubbed a "new evangelization of society" that aligns with the spirit of visions brought forth by previous popes.While addressing the council, Pope Benedict XVI made numerous references to this "new evangelization" as an integral part of the Roman Catholic Church's world mission. And when defining what this phrase actually means, Pope Benedict XVI spoke about how individualism must be transformed into a type of communalism marked by interconnectedness and "family formation" on a global scale.Part of this entails the "construction of a world community," as translated from the original speech, which was given in Italian. And to guide this world community will be a "corresponding authority" whose purpose it is to serve and promote the "common good of the human family." In other words, a "New World Order," in no uncertain terms, is the ultimate goal of the Roman Catholic Church.Pope Benedict XVI is not interested in just any New World Order, however. He made it clear that the Roman Catholic Church's responsibility is to guide those who are actually bringing about this world government in how to promote an "anthropological and ethical framework around the common good." Along with this, will be a comprehensive reform of the corrupt international monetary and financial systems, of course in line with Roman Catholic doctrines.Such language may initially sound benevolent to some, but what does it all really mean? Based on the Roman Catholic Church's sordid history of consolidating power and mandating its religion on societies through a blending of church and state, it is hard to call such a proposition by Pope Benedict XVI anything other than a call for a dictatorial New World Order guided and controlled by the Roman Catholic Church."These latest remarks made by the Pope and the Catholic Church come as no surprise considering that in 2010 the Catholic Church sought the establishment of a new Central World Bank that would be responsible for regulating the global financial industry and the international money supply," wrote Andrew Puhanic fromabout Pope Benedict XVI's latest speech."It was reported (back in 2011) that the Vatican sought 'a supranatural authority' which would have worldwide scope and 'universal jurisdiction' to guide and control global economic policies and decisions." ( http://www.infowars.com/vatican-calls-for-central-world-bank/ |
Q:
'NOT GREATER THAN' condition Mysql
I have a mysql table with columns userid and createdon where createdon column has DATE datatype.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ID UserId CreatedOn
1 65 2013-06-13
2 54 2013-07-03
3 34 2013-08-23
4 65 2013-09-13
5 89 2013-09-13
Now I want the userids where last createdon was before 2013-09-08. The correct answer will be userids 54,34
Using
select userid from table where createdon <'2013-09-08'
returns 65,54,34 and usind
select userid from table where userid notin (select userid from table where createdon > '2013-09-07')
takes a lot of time.
How to get the rows where last createdon < 2013-09-08
A:
Try
SELECT UserID, MAX(CreatedOn) CreatedOn
FROM table1
GROUP BY UserId
HAVING CreatedOn < '2013-09-08'
Output:
| USERID | CREATEDON |
|--------|-------------------------------|
| 34 | August, 23 2013 00:00:00+0000 |
| 54 | July, 03 2013 00:00:00+0000 |
Here is SQLFiddle demo
|
Orthodox Video, Audio, Software (11)
From the Little Mountain takes you through a year at the Hermitage of the Holy Cross in West Virginia. This video is an attempt to portray some of the beauty and struggle of monastic life using quotes from the Scriptures and the Holy Fathers of the Orthodox Church. Insights about monasticism from one of the senior monks at the monastery are given as you are visually taken through the Church liturgical year and the changing seasons in the mountains. This is a unique documentary of an Orthodox monastery in the 21st century, but the imagery and principles set forth are as ancient (and relevant) as those written by the 6th century instructor of monks, Abba Dorotheos.
This DVD is intended to be used and enjoyed by beginners of any age. Luba guides you through the process until you have your own unique and beautiful egg. Two additional step by step designs and Christian symbols are included.
Winner of 5 Nika Awards (Russian Oscars) including Best Film. Somewhere in Northern Russia in a small Russian Orthodox monastery lives a very unusual man. His fellow-monks are confused by his bizarre conduct. Those who visit the island believe that the man has the power to heal, exorcise demons and foretell the future. However, he considers himself unworthy because of a sin he committed in his youth. The film is a parable, combining the realities of Russian everyday life with monastic ritual and routine.
Read by the Monks of the Hermitage of the Holy Cross pronounced clearly and calmly (in English), are the basic daily prayers said by all Orthodox Christian of the Rusian Tradition. The monks produced this recording to help those of us who, through a multitdue of worldly cares and responsibilities, are sometimes tempted to skip our daily prayers.
The Canons to the Savior, the Mother of God, and the Guardian Angel: The Akathist to the Mother of God; the Psalms, Canon, and Prayers for Holy Communion. Part I, Tracks 1 - 15, consist of the Canons and Akathist as read by a monk of the Hermitage of the Holy Cross running for 36 minutes and 20 seconds. Part II, Tracks 16 - 35, is the reading of the Order of Preparation for Holy Communion and runs for 29 minutes and thirteen seconds.
The Hermitage of the Holy Cross has recorded the reading of the Psalter on three compact discs.
The Psalms are read in a manner common to Orthodox prayer services: a simple intonation minimizing any possibility of subjective interpretation. The arrangement of the Psalms into tracks on this disc also follows the liturgical practice of the Orthodox Church, where the whole Psalter is divided into twenty Kathismata and each Kathisma into three stases. Each stasis is concluded with a Trinitarian Doxology. The Psalter is read by a monk of the Hermitage of the Holy Cross. The packaging is full-color, with the three discs attached to a tri-fold digi-pak, all of which slides into a sturdy slipcover. Our hope is that those who purchase this recording will reap years of spiritual benefit from the use of the recording, which is an excellent accompaniment on a daily commute, road trip, or a day at work.
Living the Orthodox Worldview is a recording of a lecture given by Fr. Seraphim Rose at the 1982 St. Herman Pilgrimage at the St. Herman Monastery in Platina, California. It was the final pastoral talk of Fr. Seraphim`s life—the fruit of his spiritual growth as an Orthodox Christian and his matured outlook as an Orthodox pastor. It contains many of the themes that he emphasized during the final years of his life: the need to have one`s Orthodox Faith enter into and transform the whole of one`s life, not just certain compartments of it; the need to cultivate a loving, merciful, and forgiving heart, to be simple and innocent in one`s spiritual life; the need to have a conscious Orthodox Faith, an Orthodox worldview, so that one will not be easily influenced by worldly ways of thinking and behaving; the need to be aware of the signs of the times and of the totalitarian demands that the modern world makes on one; the need to be down-to-earth and at the same time to have one`s heart in the other world with Christ; the need to nourish oneself with the Divine services, the Holy Mysteries, the Holy Scriptures, the Lives of Saints, and the writings of the Holy Fathers; the need to form the soul through the best artistic expressions of Christian culture, including Western Christian culture; and finally the need to take lessons from the experience of suffering Orthodox Christians behind the iron curtain.
This complete set of the writings of the Early Church Fathers translated into English is one of the most important collections of historical, philosophical and theological writings available to the student of the Christian Church. Includes the Libronix Digital Library System viewer. |
The Attorney General of Texas
December 4, 1980
MARK WHITE
Attorney General
Honorable Joe Resweber Opinion No. NW-285
Harris County Attorney
1001 Preston, Suite 634 Re: Application of rabies control
Houston, Texas 77002 statutes
Dear Mr. Resweber:
Harris County adopted rabies control regulations pursuant to article
2372m, V.T.C.S., which authorizes (but &es not require) the commissioners
court of any county to do so. Subsequently, in 1979, the legislature enacted
article 4477-6a, V.T.C.S., a statewide rabies control measure administered
by the Texas Board of Health that did not expressly repeal article 2372m.
You ask if Harris County is sdject to the 1979 statute and if the county is
required thereunder to hold animals for an additional 15 days following the
final day of a rabies quarantine.
The recent legislation, among other things, places mandatory rabies
control responsibilities upon cities, towns, and counties, and requires that
cats, as well as dogs, be vaccinated. Although the two statutes have several
similar provisions, there are significant differences. For example, the
criminal penalty for failing to vaccinate a dog is different.
Under the 1979 statute, a knowing failure of a dog owner to vaccinate
a dog at the proper time is a Class C misdemeanor offense for which a $200
fine is the maximum penalty. See V.T.C.S. art. 4477-6a, S8; Penal Code
S12.23. Under article 2372m, the offense is a misdemeanor for which
penalties are graduated. The maximum penalty for a first offense is a $50
fine; for the second, a $100 fine; and for each subsequent offense, 60 days in
jail and/or a $200 fine. V.T.C.S. art. 2372m, S3.
The penalties imposed by article 4477-6a apply only to persons who
violate its requirements that dogs and cats be vaccinated, certificated and
registered as required by the Texas Board of Health, and to persons who
bring into the state animals listed by the board as constituting a danger to
the public health because of the high probability that they carry rabies.
V.T.C.S. art. 4477-6a, S8. Although section 2 of the act gives the Texas
Board of Health other rule-making powers, article 4477-6a &es not attach a
penalty to violations of the board’s other rules. Conversely, article 2372m
subjects dog owners to its penalties for violating any provision of any order
of the commissioners court promulgated pursuant to the act or any provision
p. 909
” .
Honorable Joe Resweber - Page Two (MN-285)
of any regulation established by the court, and authorizes the court to establish all
regulations necessary for the control of domestic animals to prevent the introduction
or spread of rabies, including requirements for restraint, quarantine, and reporting.
cf. V.T.C.S. art. 192-3 (dogs at large); Attorney General Opinion MW-154 (1980).
A criminal statute that indicates an intention to repeal prior laws may have that
effect notwithstandirg a failure to expressly so provide. See Lane v. State, 305 S.W.
2d 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 1957); 16 Tex. Jur. 2d Criminal Law-l, at 107. In our opinion,
the enactment of article 4477-6a deprived Harris County of the power to enact or
enforce orders or regulations requiring the quarantine, vaccination, or certification of
dogs for rabies except as provided by rule of the Texas Board of Health under the
authority of article 4477-6a. In Attorney General Opinion MW-167 (1980) we concluded
that section 1.03(b) of the Texas Penal Code makes conduct embraced by statutes such
as article 4477-6a, V.T.C.S., “conduct covered by” the code within the meaning of
article 1.08 of the Penal Code, which reads:
No governmental subdivision or agency may enact or enforce a
law that makes any conduct covered by this code an offense
stiject to a criminal penalty. . . .
The Penal Code and article 4477-6a were enacted subsequent to the most recent
amendment of article 2372m, and notwithstand& its failure to expressly so provide,
we believe the 1979 legislation worked a partial repeal of article 2372m to the extent
of conflict. See Attorney General Opinion M-1150 (1972). Harris County is thus
subject to theprovisions of article 4477-6a, V.T.C.S., and must comply with its
requirements. Section 5 thereof provides:
(a) The local health authority shall quarantine for at least 10
days any animal that the authority has probable cause to believe
is rabid or has attacked an individual.
. . . .
(f) . . . The local health authority may sell and retain the
proceeds, keep, grant, or destroy an animal that the owner or
custodian does not take possession of on or before the 15th day
following the final day of the quarantine.
The “15 day” requirement applies only to animals not diagnosed as rabid and for
whom an owner does not make other arrangements. Owners of animals quarantined are
required by the act to pay to the local health authority the reasonable costs of
quarantining and disposing of the animal. Id. If an owner has not done so within the 15
day period, the health authority may takFaction as allowed by the statute. Rule
301.58.03.008(a) of the Texas Department of Health, published March 4, 1980, in
Volume 5, No. 17 of the Texas Register specifies that unowned animals may be
destroyed for purposes of rabies diagnosis prior to the end-quarantine period,
and that owned animals may be disposed of according to written agreements with the
p. 910
. -
Honorable Joe Resweber - Page Three (MN-285)
owners, and rule 301.58.03.007(a) allows local health authorities to permit home
quarantine of owned animals under certain conditions. Thus, it will not be necessary
for Harris County to hold animals for the additional 15 day period in every case.
The fact that the county has contracted for use of city of Houston facilities and
services in its rabies control effort &es not alter the situation. Article 4477-6a,
V.T.C.S., is applicable to cities as well as counties. The provisions of the statute
govern quarantine facilities and practices of the city of Houston employed for the
account of Harris County. See Tex. Dept. of Health, Rule 301.58.03.008, 5 Tex. Reg.
814 (1980) (Rabies Control andradication Rule). -Cf. Attorney General Opinion MW-113
0979).
SUMMARY
Harris County is subject to the rabies control and eradica-
tion provisions of article 4477-6a, V.T.C.S.
Very truly yours,
Attorney General of Texas
JOHN W. FAINTER, JR.
First Assistant Attorney General
RICHARD E. GRAY III
Executive Assistant Attorney General
Prepared by Bruce Youngblood
Assistant Attorney General
APPROVED:
OPINION COMMITTEE
Susan L. Garrison, Acting Chairman
Jon Bible
Rick Gilpin
Peter Nolan
Bruce Youngblood
p. 911
|
Q:
Lazy Catalan Numbers in Haskell
How might I go about efficiently generating an infinite list of Catalan numbers? What I have now works reasonably quickly, but it seems to me that there should be a better way.
c 1 = 1
c n = sum (zipWith (*) xs (reverse xs)) : xs
where xs = c (n-1)
catalan = map (head . c) [1..]
I made an attempt at using fix instead, but the lambda isn't lazy enough for the computation to terminate:
catalan = fix (\xs -> xs ++ [zipWith (*) xs (reverse xs)])
I realize (++) isn't ideal
Does such a better way exist? Can that function be made sufficiently lazy? There's an explicit formula for the nth, I know, but I'd rather avoid it.
A:
The Catalan numbers [wiki] can be defined inductively with:
C0 = 1 and Cn+1=(4n+2)×Cn/(n+2).
So we can implement this as:
catalan :: Integral i => [i]
catalan = xs
where xs = 1 : zipWith f [0..] xs
f n cn = div ((4*n+2) * cn) (n+2)
For example:
Prelude> take 10 catalan
[1,1,2,5,14,42,132,429,1430,4862]
A:
I'm guessing you're looking for a lazy, infinite, self-referential list of all the Catalan numbers using one of the basic recurrence relations. That's a common thing to do with the Fibonacci numbers after all. But it would help to specify the recurrence relation you mean, if you want answers to your specific question. I'm guessing this is the one you mean:
cat :: Integer -> Integer
cat 1 = 1
cat n = sum [ cat i * cat (n - i) | i <- [1 .. n - 1] ]
If so, the conversion to a self-referential form looks like this:
import Data.List (inits)
cats :: [Integer]
cats = 1 : [ sum (zipWith (*) pre (reverse pre)) | pre <- tail (inits cats) ]
This is quite a lot more complex than the fibonacci examples, because the recurrence refers to all previous entries in the list, not just a fixed small number of the most recent. Using inits from Data.List is the easiest way to get the prefix at each position. I used tail there because its first result is the empty list, and that's not helpful here. The rest is a straight-forward rewrite of the recurrence relation that I don't have much to say about. Except...
It's going to perform pretty badly. I mean, it's better than the exponential recursive calls of my cat function, but there's a lot of list manipulation going on that's allocating and then throwing away a lot of memory cells. That recurrence relation is not a very good fit for the recursive structure of the list data type. You can explore a lot of ways to make it more efficient, but they'll all be pretty bad in the end. For this particular case, going to a closed-form solution is the way to go if you want performance.
A:
Apparently, what you wanted is
> cats = 1 : unfoldr (\ fx -> let x = sum $ zipWith (*) fx cats in Just (x, x:fx)) [1]
> take 10 cats
[1,1,2,5,14,42,132,429,1430,4862]
This avoids the repeated reversing of the prefixes (as in the linked answer), by unfolding with the state being a reversed prefix while consing onto the state as well as producing the next element.
The non-reversed prefix we don't have to maintain, as zipping the reversed prefix with the catalans list itself takes care of the catalans prefix's length.
You did say you wanted to avoid the direct formula.
|
NUMBER 13-07-0049-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
RUBEN ALEMAN A/K/A “MADDY” Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 156th District Court
of Bee County, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Yañez, Rodriguez, and Vela
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Vela
A jury convicted appellant, Ruben “Maddy” Aleman, of murder1 and engaging in
organized criminal activity,2 and assessed punishment at life imprisonment on both counts.
1
See T EX . P EN AL C OD E A N N . § 19.02 (Vernon 2003).
2
See T EX . P EN AL C OD E A N N . § 71.02 (Vernon Supp. 2007).
By three issues, appellant complains 1) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient
to support the verdict, 2) the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte grant a mistrial, and
3) the punishment was disproportionate to the seriousness of the offense. We affirm.
A. Background
1. Facts Surrounding the Murder
On April 17, 2005, Rebecca Rodriguez, Raymond Lemon, John Phillip Aleman
(John Phillip), Anna Farias, and appellant attended a dance at a Beeville nightclub called
the “Chick-A-Saw.” Appellant was an “Hermandad de Pistoleros Latinos” (HPL) gang
member, and his nephew, John Phillip, was a “prospecto” of HPL, a prospective member
who had not yet earned his HPL membership. Two other HPL members, Johnny Villareal
and Joe Quin Villareal, were also present at the nightclub.
That evening, Donald Bonham, also an HPL member, entered the Chick-A-Saw’s
bar without acknowledging his fellow HPL members. Bonham, who had recently been
released from prison, had renounced his HPL membership. Pursuant to HPL rules, a
renouncement meant Bonham had a “green light,” which the gang defined as “marked for
death” by other HPL members.
About midnight, Pedro Pena saw a man with an open knife in his hand leave the
Chick-A-Saw bar. Outside the bar, he saw the man with the knife, along with two or three
other men, fighting with Bonham. Bonham appeared to be trying to retreat from the men
and ”fight them off.” Pena saw Bonham trip over a curb, and then he saw that Bonham
had been shot. Appellant, John Phillip, Johnny Villareal, Joe Quin Villareal, and Bonham
were later identified as participants in the fight, which resulted in Bonham’s death.
That night, Carrie Campos was babysitting at Lemon’s apartment. About 1:40 a.m.,
appellant, Rodriguez, Lemon, John Phillip, and Farias “rushed” into the apartment. They
2
appeared “scared” or “nervous.” Even though someone turned off the lights, Campos,
aided by the light from the TV, saw a rag wrapped around appellant’s hand. His shirt was
ripped open, and he had a cut lip. Frightened by what she saw, Campos told Rodriguez
she wanted to go home. While Campos and Rodriguez were outside the apartment,
Lemon came out, locked the door behind him, and told Rodriguez they needed to hide the
cars. Campos left in her car, and Lemon and Rodriguez left quickly in separate cars.
On Monday, April 18, 2005, Rodrigo Chapa picked up appellant and drove to their
work site. When they stopped for breakfast, he saw scratches on appellant’s face.
Appellant laughed when Chapa teased him about being in a “cat fight” with his girlfriend.
That morning, two police officers came by looking for appellant, but appellant had
disappeared from the job site. After work, as Chapa was driving off the job site, he saw
appellant approaching his vehicle, yelling at him to stop. Chapa asked him what was going
on, and he replied that he had “problems.”
Rebecca Rodriguez, appellant’s niece, testified that on the night of the murder, she
and Raymond Lemon were at the Chick-A-Saw Bar. On the way there, they picked up
appellant, John Phillip, and Anna Farias. During the dance, Farias pointed to Bonham,
who stood at the bar wearing a white hat. As they left the bar, Rodriguez saw Johnny
Villareal and Joe Quin Villareal running across the street toward Bonham. Rodriguez,
Lemon, and Farias got into the car. Appellant and John Phillip then got into the car, and
they went to Lemon’s apartment. There, Rodriguez saw a cut on appellant’s face. She
also saw a stab wound on the side of his abdomen.
2. The Investigation and Autopsy
Officer Jason Alvarez gathered evidence from the crime scene. He found two
knives, a cell phone, blood, a white cowboy hat, and two brass casings from a .22
3
Remington gun. During the search of Joe Quin Villareal’s car, officers found a .22 gun in
the glove compartment. In the trunk, they found a silver-plated .380 pistol, numerous
boxes of ammunition, a stolen Benelli shotgun, large amounts of marihuana, a digital scale,
and a white envelope containing HPL’s constitution.
A forensic firearm and tool marks examination confirmed that the gun that was
found in the glove compartment of Joe Quin Villareal’s car was the weapon that killed
Bonham. A forensic serology examination confirmed that DNA blood tests on materials
and clothing found at the scene positively identified appellant’s blood on the front of
Bonham’s jeans.
Bonham’s autopsy showed he had fourteen sharp-force injuries caused by a sharp-
edged weapon, two gunshot wounds, and abrasions. Several wounds on his left forearm
were defensive, and his thigh had an abrasion as if hit by an object. He had a cut on the
side of his face and earlobe. Death was caused by multiple, close-range gun-shot wounds
in combination with sharp-force injuries caused by a knife.
3. Details on HPL
Officer Reagan Scott testified that HPL is a prison-and-street gang that is primarily
involved in narcotics sales and transporting firearms and illegal immigrants. He stated that
Johnny Villareal, the gang’s local boss, agreed to act as a confidential informant and give
information about gang activities. The morning after Bonham’s murder, Scott and Villareal
had a meeting, at which time Villareal identified appellant, John Phillip, and Joe Quin
Villareal as those involved in the murder. Johnny Villareal told Scott that John Phillip was
not actually a gang member; rather, he was a “prospecto.” To earn gang membership, a
4
prospecto must do a “good act” or “honorable act,” which means some type of aggravated
assault.
Clemente Rodriguez, a TDCJ security threat group coordinator, testified he was
familiar with prison gangs, including HPL. He confirmed that Bonham was an HPL member
and that while in prison, he tried to leave HPL by signing a "renouncement" form.
Rodriguez stated that if an HPL member refused to participate in the gang, he is marked
to be killed. If an HPL member gets out of jail and does not report to HPL immediately, he
is considered "AWOL per HPL regulations," and the "only way out is death." He also
testified that a “green light” means that an individual is marked for death and that if a
person has a “green light” and does not talk to other HPL members, as Bonham failed to
do, it is perceived as shunning and disrespecting the other members which Rodriguez said
"is a very dangerous thing to do." He further testified that appellant had been an HPL
member since 1990. Rodriguez stated that if John Phillip was involved in the murder, he
would automatically be validated and would become an HPL member.
4. Appellant’s Voluntary Statements and Testimony
Appellant gave two voluntary statements. In one statement, he acknowledged a cut
on his face, but did not admit that he was involved in a fight. He claimed to have cut his
face on barbed wire. In the other statement, he stated that while at the dance, Johnny
Villareal approached his table and said, "[W]e have to take care of business." Appellant
told him to “hold up, man, I ain’t going to do nothing I ain’t supposed to do.” Appellant went
outside, saw the fight, and ran to the fight in order to grab John Phillip. He stated that John
Phillip was trying to break the fight up, too. He told John Phillip to "get out of there."
During the fight, appellant was stabbed, thus explaining how his blood got onto Bonham’s
5
jeans. He did not know who stabbed him, but stated that he fell on top of Bonham when
he was stabbed. When he was getting up, he saw Johnny stabbing Bonham. He then saw
Joe Quin Villareal shoot Bonham twice. Appellant stated that he said, “hey, man, that’s
enough, man.” Afterwards, appellant ran to Rebecca Rodriguez’s car, went to her house,
and cleaned up. He burned his clothes at his mother’s house. He stated that Johnny
ordered the hit “cause something to do with that dude, Donald, something in prison,
something happened in prison. And it came out that they wanted him out of the way."
Appellant stated that John Phillip was not an HPL member.
At the guilt/innocence phase, appellant testified he knew Bonham had a “green
light,” but did not know he was going to show up at the Chick-A-Saw Bar. When he saw
Bonham enter the bar, he hoped HPL members did not see Bonham. At some point during
the night, appellant saw everyone going into the restroom. He followed them inside and
heard them discussing “who was going to do what.” When Johnny Villareal gave John
Phillip a gun, appellant said no, took the gun from John Phillip, and gave it back to Johnny.
Appellant left the restroom and later saw people fighting outside. He went to the fight to
see if John Phillip was involved. As he approached, he saw Johnny Villareal, John Phillip,
and Joe Quin Villareal fighting with Bonham. Appellant told John Phillip to "get back in the
car," but John Phillip ignored him. Appellant saw Joe Quin Villareal shoot Bonham, who
had a knife. While appellant was trying to get John Phillip out of the way, appellant tripped
and was stabbed by Johnny Villareal because appellant refused to participate in Bonham’s
murder. Appellant and Bonham fell on each other. Afterwards, appellant ran from the
scene.
6
Appellant stated he joined HPL in 1987 and that he had convictions for aggravated
assault, burglary of a building, and burglary of a habitation. He also stated that once a
person is in HPL, the only way out is to be killed. He said that contrary to John Phillip’s
desires, he did not want him to join HPL.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
By his first issue, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence to support the verdict. In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to
support a conviction, we view all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict in
order to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319
(1979); Hampton v. State, 165 S.W.3d 691, 693 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). This standard
gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony,
to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
facts. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The trier of fact is the sole judge of the weight and
credibility of the evidence. TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . ANN . art. 38.04 (Vernon 1979);
Margraves v. State, 34 S.W.3d 912, 919 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Thus, when performing
a legal-sufficiency review, we may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence
and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder. Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735,
740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We must resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence in favor
of the judgment. Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we view all the evidence in
a neutral light, favoring neither party. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006); Drichas v. State, 175 S.W.3d 795, 799 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). We will set
7
aside the verdict only if: (1) the evidence supporting the conviction, although legally
sufficient, is nevertheless so weak that the fact-finder’s determination is clearly wrong and
manifestly unjust; or (2) the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the
evidence. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15, 417; Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000). We cannot conclude a conviction is “clearly wrong” or “manifestly
unjust” simply because we would have voted to acquit. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417. In
other words, we may not simply substitute our judgment for the fact-finder’s judgment.
Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 12; Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
To reverse for factual sufficiency, we must determine, with some objective basis in
the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the
verdict. Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 417. In examining a factual sufficiency challenge, we
defer to the fact-finder’s determination of the credibility of the evidence. Swearingen v.
State, 101 S.W.3d 89, 97 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
1. Murder
A person commits murder if he or she intentionally or knowingly causes the death
of an individual. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 19.02(a) (Vernon 2003).3 Intent can be inferred
from the defendant’s acts, words, and conduct. Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 487
(Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Lee v. State, 964 S.W.2d 3, 8 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1997,
pet. ref'd).
Here, the jury charge included an instruction on the law of parties. A person is
“criminally responsible as a party to an offense if the offense is committed by his own
3
In this case, the indictm ent alleged, in relevant part, that appellant “did then and there, intentionally
or knowingly cause the death of Donald W esley Bonham by shooting and stabbing said Donald W esley
Bonham with a knife and a firearm . . . .”
8
conduct, by the conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.” TEX .
PENAL CODE ANN . § 7.01(a) (Vernon 2003). A person is criminally responsible for an
offense committed by another if, “acting with intent to promote or assist the commission
of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the other person
to commit the offense.” Id. § 7.02(a)(2). “Each party to an offense may be charged with
commission of the offense.” Id. § 7.01(b).
While the presence of an accused at the scene of an offense is not alone sufficient
to support a conviction, it is a circumstance tending to prove guilt, which, combined with
other facts, may suffice to show that the accused was a participant. Beardsley v. State,
738 S.W.2d 681, 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Further, participation in an enterprise may
be inferred from circumstances and need not be shown by direct evidence. Id. at 684.
In this case, a rational jury could have determined the following from the evidence:
(1) appellant was a long-time HPL member; (2) the only way out of HPL was to be killed;
(3) Bonham, by renouncing his HPL membership, had a “green light,” which meant he was
marked for death by other HPL members; (4) Bonham showed up at the bar without
acknowledging his fellow HPL members; (5) appellant saw Bonham at the bar and knew
Bonham had a “green light;” (6) Johnny Villareal and Joe Quin Villareal were HPL
members; (7) they and appellant were at the nightclub the night of Bonham’s murder; (8)
on the night of the murder, Pena saw Bonham fighting with three or four other men outside
the club; (9) Pena testified Bonham appeared to be trying to both retreat from the men and
“fight them off;” (10) appellant, John Phillip, Johnny Villareal, Joe Quin Villareal, and
Bonham were later identified as participants in the fight which resulted in Bonham’s death;
(11) at approximately 1:40 a.m. on the night of Bonham’s murder, Campos saw that
9
appellant’s shirt was ripped open and that he had a cut lip; (12) the night of Bonham’s
murder, appellant left the nightclub with his niece, who saw that he had a cut to his face
and a bleeding stab wound to his abdomen; (13) the day after Bonham’s murder, Chapa
saw scratches on appellant’s face; (14) when police officers came to the job site, appellant
had disappeared from the job site; (15) Johnny Villareal identified appellant, John Phillip,
and Joe Quin Villareal as being involved in Bonham’s murder; (16) forensics revealed that
appellant’s blood was on Bonham’s jeans; and (17) after the fight, appellant burned his
clothes.
Appellant provided controverting evidence showing that: (1) he cut his face on
barbed wire; (2) when Bonham entered the bar, he hoped HPL members did not see
Bonham; (3) after Johnny Villareal gave a gun to John Phillip, appellant took the gun from
John Phillip and gave it back to Johnny; (4) appellant was at the fight in order to break it
up and to get John Phillip away from it; (5) during the fight, appellant was stabbed,
explaining his blood on Bonham’s jeans; (6) appellant was stabbed by Johnny Villareal
because he refused to participate in Bonham’s murder; and (7) appellant saw Johnny
Villareal stab Bonham, and he saw Joe Quin Villareal shoot him twice.
The jury was entitled to disbelieve appellant's testimony that he tried to break up the
fight and to keep John Phillip away from it. See Margraves, 34 S.W.3d at 919; see also
Roy v. State, 997 S.W.2d 863, 868 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref'd). Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude the evidence is legally
sufficient for a rational jury to find appellant guilty as a party to Bonham’s murder beyond
a reasonable doubt. We also conclude that the evidence supporting the conviction is not
10
so weak that the fact-finder’s determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or that
the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
2. Engaging in Organized Criminal Activity
The court charged the jury that they could convict appellant of engaging in organized
criminal activity if he committed murder as a member of a criminal-street gang. A person
commits the offense of engaging in organized criminal activity if, “with the intent to
establish, maintain, or participate . . . as a member of a criminal street gang,” he commits
or conspires to commit one or more specified offenses, here, murder. TEX . PENAL CODE
ANN . § 71.02(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2007). The Texas Penal Code defines “criminal street
gang” as “three or more persons having a common identifying sign or symbol or an
identifiable leadership who continuously or regularly associate in the commission of
criminal activities.” Id. § 71.01(d) (Vernon 2003). Under the plain language of section
71.02(a), a defendant is guilty of engaging in organized criminal activity when the State
proves the first element–that the defendant committed a specific offense that is listed
under that chapter, such as murder–and the second element, that the defendant
committed that offense “with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate . . . as a
member of a criminal street gang.” Id. § 71.02(a).4
Here, the evidence showed HPL is a prison-and-street gang involved in narcotics
sales as well as transporting firearms and illegal immigrants. Johnny Villareal was its local
boss. Thus, HPL meets the definition of a criminal-street gang. See TEX . PENAL CODE
ANN . § 71.01(d) (Vernon 2003). The evidence also showed that appellant, with the intent
4
See Curiel v. State, No. 01-05-00724-CR, 2007 W L 1119887, at *3 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.]
Apr. 12, 2007 pet. ref'd) (m em . op.) (not designated for publication).
11
to participate as an HPL member, committed the specified offense of murder. See TEX .
PENAL CODE ANN . § 71.02(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2007).
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that a
rational trier of fact could have determined beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant
committed the underlying murder with the intent to participate as a member of the criminal-
street gang, HPL. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 71.02(a) (Vernon Supp. 2007). We also
conclude that the evidence supporting the conviction is not so weak that the fact-finder’s
determination is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or the verdict is against the great
weight and preponderance of the evidence. Issue one is overruled.
C. Failure to Declare Mistrial
By issue two, appellant asserts the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte grant a
mistrial because of the “poor acoustical conditions” of the courtroom in which his case was
tried. A trial court has discretion to declare a mistrial sua sponte when “in [its] opinion,
taking all the circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest necessity for the act,
or the ends of public justice would otherwise be defeated.” Torres v. State, 614 S.W.2d
436, 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). The power to grant a mistrial sua sponte should be used
with “the greatest caution, under urgent circumstances, and for very plain and obvious
causes.” Id.; Parrish v. State, 38 S.W.3d 831, 834 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001,
no pet.) (citing Ex parte Little, 887 S.W.2d 62, 64 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (concluding trial
judge's discretion to declare mistrial based on manifest necessity limited to “very
extraordinary and striking circumstances”)). There must be a “high degree” of necessity
that the trial come to an end. Torres, 614 S.W.2d at 442.
12
A review of the record shows that on several occasions, a witness was asked to
speak louder. However, there is no indication that any objection was made to any
acoustical conditions in the courtroom. Having reviewed the trial record, we conclude the
circumstances presented here do not create the type of “urgent circumstances” required
for the trial judge to have granted a sua sponte mistrial. See id. Because the complained-
of courtroom acoustics did not create a “manifest necessity” for granting a mistrial or
otherwise defeat the “ends of public justice,” we conclude the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in failing to sua sponte grant a mistrial. See Torres, 614 S.W.2d at 442. Issue
two is overruled.
D. Punishment
By issue three, appellant argues that the punishment assessed was disproportionate
to the seriousness of the offenses, in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments
of the United States Constitution. See U.S. CONST . amends. VIII and XIV. The Eighth
Amendment provides “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.” U.S. CONST . amend. VIII.
Appellant did not object to the sentence at trial. Additionally, he did not file any
post-trial motions or objections complaining that his sentence was either disproportionate
to the seriousness of the offense, or complaining about the disparity, cruelty, unusualness
or excessiveness of the sentence.
To preserve error for appellate review, a party must present a timely objection to the
trial court, state the specific grounds for the objection, and obtain a ruling. TEX . R. APP. P.
33.1(a); Dixon v. State, 2 S.W.3d 263, 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). The failure to
specifically object to an alleged disproportionate sentence in the trial court or in a post-trial
13
motion waives any error for our review. Jacoby v. State, 227 S.W.3d 128, 130 (Tex.
App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. ref'd); see, e.g., Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d 760, 768
(Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd) (failure to complain to trial court about
consecutive sentencing waived error); Solis v. State, 945 S.W.2d 300, 301 (Tex.
App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. ref'd) (holding that a claim of a grossly disproportionate
sentence violative of Eighth Amendment was forfeited by failure to object). Here, appellant
neither objected to the alleged disproportionality of the sentence in the trial court, nor
raised the issue in a post-trial motion; he is raising it for the first time on appeal. His
argument, therefore, is not preserved for review. See TEX . R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Jacoby, 227
S.W.3d at 130.
Even assuming appellant preserved the complaint, we conclude that his life
sentences were within the statutorily prescribed punishment range. The maximum
punishment range for a first-degree felony is life imprisonment. TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . §
12.33(a), (b) (Vernon 2003). Punishment assessed within the statutory limits is generally
not cruel and unusual punishment. Harris v. State, 656 S.W.2d 481, 486 (Tex. Crim. App.
1983) (holding that punishment which falls within the limits prescribed by a valid statute is
not excessive, cruel or unusual); Samuel v. State, 477 S.W.2d 611, 614 (Tex. Crim. App.
1972); Swinney v. State, 828 S.W.2d 254, 259 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no
pet.).
Appellant asks this Court to apply the Solem proportionate analysis test to his
sentence. See Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 291 (1983). This Court has recognized that
“the viability and mode of application of proportionate analysis . . . has been questioned
since the Supreme Court's decision in Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991).”
14
Trevino v. State, 174 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2005, pet. ref'd) (citing
McGruder v. Puckett, 954 F.2d 313, 315-16 (5th Cir.1992) (discussing the various opinions
issued in Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 957, and their impact on the Solem decision)); see Sullivan
v. State, 975 S.W.2d 755, 757-58 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (discussing the
implications of the Harmelin opinion and reviewing the proportionality of appellant's
sentence under the Solem and McGruder tests). Assuming, arguendo, the viability of a
proportionality review, as we did in Sullivan, we will apply both the Solem and McGruder
tests to the facts of this case.5 See Sullivan, 975 S.W.2d at 757-58. In both Solem and
McGruder, we look first at the gravity of the offense and the harshness of the penalty.
Solem, 463 U.S. at 290; McGruder, 954 F.2d at 316.
1. Gravity of the Offense
The evidence showed that appellant participated as an HPL member in Bonham’s
murder. He acted as an “enforcer” of HPL’s “green light” rule. Bonham was murdered
because he renounced his HPL membership.
2. Harshness of the Penalty
Appellant was found guilty of murder and engaging in organized criminal activity.
He was indicted as an habitual-felony offender. Based upon his instant convictions, his
criminal history, and the punishment range available, we conclude that appellant's life
sentences are not grossly disproportionate to his crimes. This finding ends our analysis
under McGruder. See McGruder, 954 F.2d at 316; see also Sullivan, 975 S.W.2d at 757.
Because there is no evidence in the appellate record of the sentences imposed for other
5
McGiffin v. State, No. 13-05-561-CR, 2006 W L 2294553 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi August 10, 2006,
no pet.) (m em . op.) (not designated for publication).
15
crimes in Texas or for the same crime in other jurisdictions, we may not perform a
comparative evaluation using the remaining Solem factors. See Solem, 463 U.S. at 292;
see also Sullivan, 975 S.W.2d at 757-58. Therefore, we conclude that appellant's
sentence is neither grossly disproportionate nor cruel and unusual. Issue three is
overruled.
The trial court's judgment is affirmed.
ROSE VELA
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this 24th day of April, 2008.
16
|
Hawaiian Navigation
PART 1 OF A 5-PART SERIES ON HAWAIIAN TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5
Story by Judy Edwards
Long ago, the fishermen at Mala, a village near Lahaina, would paddle out in search of ‘ōpelu—a silvery, schooling mackerel scad, delicious and highly prized. Maneuvering through channels in the reef to the open ocean, a fisherman might repeatedly thump his canoe with the paddle, and an ‘ōpelu māmā (barracuda) would glide into view and hover close by. When he sighted ‘ōpelu, the man would toss some tempting morsel into the water to attract them, then cast his net. The ‘ōpelu māmā, a top ocean predator feared by nearly all fish, would go to work, intimidating the school from above, herding them into a huddle near the bottom of the net. Hauling the teeming net into the canoe, the fisherman would feed his companion from the catch—a guaranteed reward that saved the barracuda the trouble and energy of hunting, always a hit-or-miss proposition. This relationship, once established, would endure their whole lives.
For Charles Robert Lindsay, this is no fish story, but family lore. “My grandfather fished that way, from Lahaina to Ukumehame,” says Lindsay, a kama‘āina (native-born) whose roots in the region go back generations. When I ask him how the practice of fishing with another fish came to be, he says his ancestors “probably noticed that the barracuda hung around when they were fishing, and worked with the natural inclination of the fish. Hawaiians were incredible observers. They were part of nature, and nature was part of them.”
The Kumulipo, a Hawaiian creation chant, says that, at the beginning of time, when matter solidified from the chaos of the new universe, the first animal to take form was the coral polyp, builder of the reef, and after its arrival the world of the ocean began to populate:
O ke au i kahuli wela ka honua
O ke au i kahuli lole ka lani
Hanau ka po
Hanau ka ‘Uku-ko‘ako‘a, hanau kana, he ‘Ako‘ako‘a, puka
At the time when the earth became hot
At the time when the heavens turned about
The night gave birth
Born was the coral polyp, born was the coral, came forth
—Lines 1, 2, 12 & 15 of the Kumulipo, translated by Martha Warren Beckwith
Centuries before Darwin conceived the theory of evolution, Hawaiians knew: On the spinning earth, covered in a dark sea, life began in the oceans. |
Television's favorite legal eagles from fictional Los Angeles law firm McKenzie, Brackman, Chaney and Kuzak are back for another docket of cases loaded with both high emotions and irreverence when L.A. LAW returns for a second season on DVD. Featuring an outstanding ensemble cast including Harry Hamlin, Susan Dey, Corbin Bernsen, Jill Eikenberry, Alan Rachins, Michele Greene, Jimmy Smits, Michael Tucker, Susan Ruttan, Blair Underwood and Richard Dysart.
Television's favorite legal eagles from fictional Los Angeles law firm McKenzie, Brackman, Chaney and Kuzak are back for another docket of cases loaded with both high emotions and irreverence when L.A. LAW returns for a second season on DVD. On May 20, 2014, Shout! Factory will release the long-awaited L.A. LAW: The Complete Second Season, featuring all 20 memorable episodes. This 5-DVD set is priced to own at $29.93 SRP.
Created by award-winning writers/producers Steven Bochco and Terry Louise Fisher, the critically acclaimed television series L.A. LAW held court in primetime during the course of its eight-season run on network television from 1986 through 1994. All 20 episodes from the second season showcase the quality writing and acting that has made L.A. LAW one of television's finest dramas in TV history. L.A. LAW: The Complete Second Season boasts an outstanding ensemble cast including Harry Hamlin, Susan Dey, Corbin Bernsen, Jill Eikenberry, Alan Rachins, Michele Greene, Jimmy Smits, Michael Tucker, Susan Ruttan, Blair Underwood and Richard Dysart. The high powered legal team adds some new faces to their ranks: the charismatic young associate Jonathan Rollins and Benny Stulwicz, a developmentally disabled clerk. Together, they tackle some of the City of Angels' toughest trials - both in the courtroom and in their personal lives.
Twentieth Century Fox Television
A 21st Century Fox company, Twentieth Century Fox Television is the flagship studio which leads the industry in supplying award-winning and blockbuster primetime television programming and entertainment content. Led by Chairmen and CEOs Dana Walden and Gary Newman, the studio comprises the production banners Twentieth Century Fox Television, Fox 21, Fox Television Studios, as well as the syndication division Twentieth Television and the worldwide licensing and merchandising division Fox Consumer Products. Founded in 1949, Twentieth Century Fox Television has delivered a wide array of classic television series to audiences worldwide, from M*A*S*H* to Modern Family. Its animated powerhouse The Simpsons, now in its 26th year of production is the longest running primetime scripted series in the history of television.
About Shout! Factory
Shout! Factory, LLC is a diversified multi-platform media company devoted to producing, uncovering, preserving and revitalizing the very best of pop culture. Founders Richard Foos, Bob Emmer and Garson Foos have spent their entire careers sharing their music, television and film favorites with discerning consumers the world over. Shout! Factory's DVD and Blu-Ray(TM) offerings serve up feature films, classic and contemporary TV series, animation, live music and comedy specials in lavish packages crammed with extras. Shout's audio division boasts GRAMMY(R)-nominated box sets, Broadway cast albums, new releases from storied artists, lovingly assembled album reissues and indispensable "best of" compilations. In addition, Shout! Factory maintains a vast digital distribution network which delivers video and audio content to all the leading digital service providers in North America. Shout! Factory also owns and operates Timeless Media Group, Biograph Records, Majordomo Records, HighTone Records and Video Time Machine. These riches are the result of a creative acquisition mandate that has established the company as a hotbed of cultural preservation and commercial reinvention. Shout! Factory is based in Santa Monica, California. For more on Shout! Factory, visit shoutfactory.com |
Old Hobart’s flagship whisky, aged in 100 litre French oak, ex-port quarter casks. The small casks help the spirit develop more intense flavours, showing off the quality of both the new make and the French oak.Price: £140.00 Inc. VAT… B |
Q:
Function that copies into byte vector reverses values
Hey, I've written a function to copy any variable type into a byte vector, however whenever I insert something it gets inserted in reverse.
Here's the code.
template <class Type>
void Packet::copyToByte(Type input, vector<uint8_t>&output)
{
copy((uint8_t*) &input, ((uint8_t*) &input) + sizeof(Type), back_inserter(output));
}
Now whenever I add for example a uint16_t with the value 0x2f1f it gets inserted as 1f 2f instead of the expected 2f 1f.
What am I doing wrong here ?
Regards, Xeross
A:
If you are on a little-endian machine (e.g., an x86), the bytes will appear reversed (i.e., the lower order bytes will appear before the higher order bytes).
If you really want to reverse the order of the bytes, you can use std::reverse.
A:
You're not doing anything wrong. You are working on a little endian machine (e.g. Pentium). On these, the lower significant byte of a multiple bytes value is stored at the smallest address. Hence the result.
|
Q:
Evaluate: $\int \frac {\sec (x)}{\sec (x)+\tan (x)} dx$
Evaluate: $\int \dfrac {\sec (x)}{\sec (x)+\tan (x)} dx$
My Attempt:
$$=\int \dfrac {\sec (x)}{\sec (x)+\tan (x)} dx$$
$$=\int \dfrac {\sec^2 (x)}{\sec^2 (x)+\sec (x).\tan (x)}$$
A:
$$\int \dfrac {\sec (x)}{\sec (x)+\tan (x)} dx =\int \sec (x)(\sec x - \tan x) dx
= \int \sec^2 x -\tan x \sec x dx \\= \tan x - \sec x + C$$
A:
Or...if you are not too keen on working with trig reciprocal functions: Multiply top and bottom by $\cos x$ to arrive at $\int{\frac{dx}{1+\sin x}}$.
Then multiply top and bottom by $1-\sin x$ to arrive at $\int{\frac{1-\sin x}{\cos^2 x}}dx$. Now split the fraction and it becomes standard work. It may not be quicker but at least you are working with the more familiar $\sin/\cos$ functions...
|
The key arrangement of the conventional type keyboard has been in use for many years, and has remained unchanged notwithstanding a variety of suggestions for rearranging the keyboard to increase the keystroking efficiency or reduce the burden on the keyboard operator. The conventional key arrangement is sometimes referred to as QWERTY, representing the first five letters in the uppermost row of alphabetic characters.
Many of the suggestions, which involve rearranging the keyboard, have fallen by the wayside for the simple reasons that such a rearranged keyboard would be unfamiliar to the large population of keyboard operators and therefore represent an additional burden to those operators in "learning" a new keyboard.
Other suggestions have involved adding one or more different "control" keys so as to enable encoding different character or character combinations with respect to a number of the keys. A big disadvantage in suggestions of this sort is a substantial amount of retraining required in order for an operator to effectively use the additional coding levels provided by the "control" keys.
For example, Bullock in U.S. Pat. No. 1,275,657, suggested adding additional keys to the conventional keyboard, each of which, when depressed, would enable the printing of a word or phrase. Seiber, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,717,686, suggested using standard keys for phrase or word printing when an additional key or foot pedal was simultaneously actuated. In the absence of depression of the additional key or foot pedal, a single character or symbol is printed. Seiber also disclosed, in the same patent, that by providing a plurality of such special keys, the word or phrase printing capacity could be multiplied. In still another arrangement, Schaefer, U.S. Pat. No. 3,289,804, disclosed an extension of the well-known Selectric typewriter which employed a wholly conventional keyboard. However, when selected ones of the keys were depressed beyond normal depression distance, the machine simulated the result of depression of a specific key sequence, i.e., a specific alpha sequence, function sequence, numeric sequence or a mixed sequence.
The present invention seeks to improve on this prior art by providing a text recorder which enables improved keyboard efficiency for an operator by reducing the number of input strokes required during text typing. The term text recorder, in the present application, has reference to conventional typewriters, i.e, those producing a printed output via impact printing or otherwise, or typewriter-like devices which produce a text display employing a CRT or equivalent techniques, or devices capable of both types of outputs.
Frequency of word usage studies show that half of all communications in English are accomplished with less than 100 different words; every fourth word is among the 10-12 most common words in the written language, and two or three words make up about 10% of all communication. English is not unique in this usage of redundant words, indeed, this characteristic is found in the rest of the major languages. It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve keyboard efficiency by providing a practical and usable text recorder wherein many of these common words can be encoded and printed or displayed, with a single stroke. Reduction in keystroke effort is not limited to writing complete words from a single keystroke, indeed, it is also important to provide for commonly used syllables.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, words or syllables are associated with those conventional keys in the keyboard which are infrequently used during text typing applications. In a normal mode of operation, the text recorder produces a conventional output, however, in a multi-character mode, the text recorder produces a word or syllable when the associated key is stroked. One large group of such keys are numerical keys. In order to expand the number of words or syllables comprising multiple characters which can be recorded with a single keystroke, each of the numeric keys can be associated both with a word and with a suffix if it is realized that words are called for after functions such as a space function or carriage return, and suffixes are only called for when preceded by an alphabetic character or a hyphen. Thus, stroking a single one of the numeric keys can produce, in a normal mode of operation, the recording of the associated numeral and in a multi-character mode, the recording of a suffix, if preceded by an alphabetic character or hyphen, or recording of an entire word is preceded by a keyboard function such as a space or carriage return operation. In addition to the numeric keys, the punctuation marks and other miscellaneous or graphic symbols on the conventional typewriter keyboard can similarly be employed. Further expansion of this capability can be achieved by providing for commonly used multiple word phrases, such as the phrases: "will be"; "and the"; "for the"; "in the"; "of the"; "from the". This is effected by associating each of the keys arranged to produce the words: "and"; "for"; "in"; "of"; "from"-with a second character sequence representing: space "be"; space "the"; space "the"; space "the"; space "the"; space "the"-. On the first actuation of the associated key in the multi-character mode, the text recorder produces the first word of the phrase, the second sequential actuation of the identical key produces the second sequence.
To further enhance the effectiveness of additional equipment required to provide the above-mentioned features, the codes representative of words or syllables produced in response to a single keystroke can be stored, and by providing a response to a shift or shift lock status, the first character in the sequence can be capitalized, a preselected character(s) in the sequence can be capitalized, or the entire sequence can be capitalized.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, when in a multi-character mode, actuation of any of the punctuation marks results in automatic production of a space function following the punctuation mark. |
Q:
Is it true that if $\partial^{m+1} f(x_0)$ exists then $\partial^{m} f(x)$ exists for all $x$ in the domain of $f$?
I'm reading about higher derivative from textbook Analysis I by Amann.
In this section, the author said that
Suppose now that $m \in \mathbb{N}^{\times}$ and $\partial^{m-1} f: X \rightarrow \mathcal{L}^{m-1}(E, F)$ is already defined.
In my understanding, "$\partial^{m-1} f: X \rightarrow \mathcal{L}^{m-1}(E, F)$ is already defined" means that $\partial^{m-1} f (x)$ exists for all $x \in X$. It follows from this statement that if $\partial^{m} f\left(x_{0}\right)$ exists then $\partial^{m-1} f\left(x\right)$ exists for all $x \in X$. Hence, we only define the $m$-th derivative at $x_0$ if the $(m-1)$-th derivative exists for all $x$ in the domain of $f$.
Could you please confirm if my understanding is correct? Thank you for your help!
A:
Taking the given definition literally, what you have written is correct. However, the given definition is not standard, since to define $\partial^mf(x_0)$, you really only need $\partial^{m-1}f(x)$ to be defined for all $x$ in some neighborhood $U$ of $x_0$, since that's all you need to define the derivative of $\partial^{m-1}f$ at $x_0$. So, when most people talk about $\partial^mf(x_0)$, they do not require $\partial^{m-1}f$ to be defined everywhere, but only in a neighborhood of $x_0$.
(Very often this is a moot point because you want $\partial^mf$ to exist not just at a single point $x_0$ but at every point of $X$, in which case the two definitions are equivalent.)
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.