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Q:
ES6 javascript Subclass not inheriting all variables?
So basically I have an es6 js class where constructor variables are created then assigned within a class method. Later I create a sub class that extends the first and pass all variables I wish to use to the subclass constructor and subsequently to the super method. After this one variable is correct and the other is undefined, both are created passed and logged in the same manner. Why would it be undefined??
class socket {
constructor() {
this.socket = {};
this.base = '/*string*/';
this.mainIndex;
this.dashboard;
this.user_id;
}
socket_start() {
//do stuff here to start websocket
self.socket.onmessage = function ( event ) {
let stream = JSON.parse( event.data );
this.mainIndex = stream.url.mainIndex;
this.dashboard = stream.url.dashboard;
this.user_id = stream.staffInfo.id;
this.base = stream.base;
console.log( this.user_id ); // "1"
console.log( this.base); // "string"
}
}
}
class main extends socket {
constructor( user_id, base, socket, mainIndex, dashboard ) {
super( user_id, base, socket, mainIndex, dashboard );
console.log( this.user_id ); // undefined <--????
console.log( this.base); // "string"
}
A:
Your parent class ignores any arguments that it is passed. Compare the two versions below:
class A {
constructor() {
this.name;
}
}
class B extends A {
constructor(name) {
super(name)
}
}
> new B("Hunter");
B {}
Now an example with the correct behavior:
class A {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
class B extends A {
constructor(name) {
super(name)
}
}
> new B("Hunter");
B { name: 'Hunter' }
|
Q:
How to tick the check boxes on page load using javascript?
<input type="hidden" id="amenities" value="@Model.Amenities" />
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
arr = new Array();
var str = document.getElementById("amenities").value;
arr = str.split(",");
for(count =0;count<arr.length;count++)
{
$("input[type=checkbox][value=arr[count]]").prop("checked",true);
}
</script>
In the model there is an attribute called "Amenities" of type string. It stores all the amenities like wifi, pool , park etc with delimiter (,). When I go to the edit page I want all those amenities to be checked which were earlier stored for that particular property.
A:
I suggest to do it on the server when you generate the view. All you need is:
public class MyModel
{
...
public string[] Amenities { get; set; }
...
}
Then in the view:
@Html.Checkbox("WiFi", @Model.Amenities.Contains("WiFi"))
@Html.Checkbox("Pool", @Model.Amenities.Contains("Pool"))
Of course it's just an example and in real life you'll probably have a list of possible Amenities and you iterate through to render checkboxes for each of them. Also instead of strings as values I would recommend and enum.
|
I'll be stuffin' this motherf***in' muffin up in my grill, look at the carrot cake crumbs I spill. I don't even like it but I'm eatin' it still. I'm sitting here witherin' away to nothing, uh oh, eating carrot cake muffin.
What's my snack? It's so good, more like 'What's My Crack?' It's good. I dropped a crumb on the ground, I can't afford to drop a crumb! Can I be honest with you? This is my snack for tomorrow."
"#WHATSMYSNACK It is said that when you fast you have visions. It goes back to the Bible and probably before. It's a spiritual experience to say the least. I'm not fasting per se but I am definitely at the point in this diet where I've began metabolizing my own brain for energy. Not to brag.
If your body gets so hungry you start eating your own brain matter for energy, keep going! You're almost there! It means the love handles are next! And then you will be complete. You will have arrived at the destination. And forever you will be happy. Just kidding. Don't do it. Not worth it. Go get some Doritos or skittles. Both of which have Starlord's face on them right now!!!
This isn't the first 'What's My Snack' video Chris has done - it's actually become a reoccurring franchise (lol, is it a franchise?) on his Instagram since he started filming the new Jurassic World 2 film.
Cosmopolitan, Part of the Hearst UK Fashion & Beauty Network
Cosmopolitan participates in various affiliate marketing programs, which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites. |
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Description
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Workspace
version = "1.0">
<FileRef
location = "self:teleport.xcodeproj">
</FileRef>
</Workspace>
|
---
author:
- 'Sandeep Sharma, Kantharuban Sivalingam, Frank Neese, Garnet Kin-Lic Chan'
title: Supplementary Information
---
\[2Fe-2S\] complexes
====================
Geometry and orbitals
---------------------
We used a \[2Fe-2S\] dimer obtained from the complex of Mayerle [*et al*]{} [@Mayerle1975] by substituting the four terminal toluene groups with methyl groups. For the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{2-}$ complex, the geometry was derived from the experimental structure reported in [@Mayerle1975], as shown in Supplementary Table \[tab:\[fes2-geom\]\]. For the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{3-}$ complex, we considered two geometries: (i) the geometry in Supplementary Table \[tab:\[fes2-geom\]\] (the same geometry as the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{2-}$ complex), and (ii) a relaxed geometry, shown in Supplementary Table \[tab:\[fes3-geom\]\]. The relaxed geometry was obtained from a broken-symmetry DFT calculation on the $S_z$=1/2 state, using the BP86 functional and a split-valence with polarization (SVP) basis set [@svbasis] (denoted BP86/SVP) as implemented in Orca[@Neese2012]. As seen from the table, in the relaxed geometry the dimer becomes slightly asymmetric, with the bridging S atoms attracted towards one of the Fe atoms.
x y z
---- ---- ------ ------- --------
1 Fe 5.22 1.05 -7.95
2 S 3.86 -0.28 -9.06
3 S 5.00 0.95 -5.66
4 S 4.77 3.18 -8.74
5 S 7.23 0.28 -8.38
6 Fe 5.88 -1.05 -9.49
7 S 6.10 -0.95 -11.79
8 S 6.33 -3.18 -8.71
9 C 6.00 4.34 -8.17
10 H 6.46 4.81 -9.01
11 H 5.53 5.08 -7.55
12 H 6.74 3.82 -7.60
13 C 3.33 1.31 -5.18
14 H 2.71 0.46 -5.37
15 H 3.30 1.54 -4.13
16 H 2.97 2.15 -5.73
17 C 5.10 -4.34 -9.28
18 H 5.56 -5.05 -9.93
19 H 4.67 -4.84 -8.44
20 H 4.34 -3.81 -9.81
21 C 7.77 -1.31 -12.27
22 H 7.84 -1.35 -13.34
23 H 8.42 -0.54 -11.90
24 H 8.06 -2.25 -11.86
x y z
---- ---- ------ ------- --------
1 Fe 5.48 1.15 -8.03
2 S 4.05 -0.61 -8.75
3 S 5.47 1.25 -5.58
4 S 4.63 3.28 -8.77
5 S 7.49 0.42 -9.04
6 Fe 6.04 -1.22 -9.63
7 S 5.75 -1.50 -12.05
8 S 6.86 -3.41 -8.86
9 C 5.51 4.45 -7.51
10 H 6.49 4.83 -7.92
11 H 4.87 5.33 -7.25
12 H 5.72 3.84 -6.59
13 C 3.60 1.70 -5.54
14 H 3.01 0.80 -5.82
15 H 3.28 2.06 -4.52
16 H 3.42 2.48 -6.31
17 C 5.21 -4.22 -9.46
18 H 5.10 -4.01 -10.55
19 H 5.21 -5.32 -9.26
20 H 4.37 -3.72 -8.93
21 C 7.63 -1.85 -12.24
22 H 7.90 -2.06 -13.31
23 H 8.20 -0.96 -11.86
24 H 7.89 -2.72 -11.59
To generate the active space for the DMRG calculations, we performed an unrestricted DFT BP86/SVP calculation for the high spin ($S_z$=5) state. The alpha occupied and unoccupied orbitals were then separately localized (“split-localized”) [@bytautas] using the Pipek-Mezey algorithm [@pipek]. From the localized orbitals, iron 3d, 4s, 4d and sulfur 3p orbitals were identified by visual inspection. Some of these orbitals are shown in Supplementary Figure \[fig:fedimerorbs\].
DMRG calculations
-----------------
### Active spaces
Four types of active space DMRG calculations (labelled (1)-(4)) were performed on the [[[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{2-}$]{} complex to assess the effect of active space choice. For the [[[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{3-}$]{} complex, we used only active spaces (1) and (2), following the analysis in section \[sec:activechoice\].
All DMRG calculations were spin-adapted, using the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Block</span> code as described in Ref. [@sharma2012]. Thus all states obtained are eigenfunctions of $S_z$ and $S^2$, and $M$ refers to the number of spin-adapted renormalized states (the tensor link dimension in the one-dimensional tensor network underlying the DMRG) which corresponds to effectively twice the number of non-spin-adapted renormalized states in a standard DMRG calculation [@sharma2012]. The 4 types of DMRG calculations were:
1. DMRG-CI on a (30e, 20o) active space, with a maximum of $M$=3500 renormalized states. The 20 orbitals included Fe 3d, bridging S 3p, and one 3p orbital per terminal ligand S atom. This corresponds to a minimal full valence active space. For rapid convergence of the DMRG energy, the orbitals were ordered as follows: S4(3p), S3(3p), Fe1(3d), Fe1(3d), Fe1(3d), Fe1(3d), Fe1(3d), S2(3p$_1$), S5(3p$_1$), S2(3p$_0$), S5(3p$_0$), S2(3p$_6$), S5(3p$_6$), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), S7(3p), S8(3p), where the atom labels correspond to the labels in Supplementary Tables \[tab:\[fes2-geom\]\] and \[tab:\[fes3-geom\]\], and Figure \[fig:geom\], and the subscript on S 3p orbitals is the index of the atom they are pointing towards, with the exception that the subscript 0 means that it is pointing in the up-down direction as shown in Figure \[fig:fedimerorbs\].
2. DMRG-CI on a (30e, 32o) active space, with a maximum of $M$=4500 renormalized states. The 30 orbitals include Fe 4d and Fe 4s orbitals in addition to the 20 described in active space (1). The Fe 4d and 4s orbitals are expected to account for the principal dynamic and orbital relaxation contributions to the energy (i.e. double-shell correlation [@Andersson1992]). The orbitals were ordered as for the 20 orbital active space, with additional Fe 4s and Fe 4d orbitals placed in that order immediately following the 3d orbitals of the same Fe atom.
3. DMRG-SCF on the (30e, 20o) active space (cf. active space(1)). The active space orbitals were optimized using a self-consistent cycle. The DMRG calculations in the SCF optimization used $M$=2500 states. Subsequently a final calculation with $M$=3500 states, using the fixed optimized orbitals, was performed. The same ordering as in active space (1) was used.
4. DMRG-SCF on the (30e, 32o) active space (cf. active space (2)). Again, the DMRG calculations in the SCF optimization were performed with $M$=2500. Subsequently a final calculation with $M$=4500 states, using the fixed optimized orbitals, was performed. The same ordering as in active space (2) was used.
### Energy convergence
The DMRG energies and discarded weights at different values of $M$ can be used to extrapolate the energy to the $M=\infty$ (FCI) result, which corresponds to zero discarded weight. This also provides error estimates for the DMRG energy [@chan2003]. Extrapolations for state-specific DMRG-CI (active space 2) calculations are shown in Supplementary Table \[tab:dimerextrap\] and Supplementary Figure \[fig:dimerextrap\]. We find that the extrapolated (30e, 32o) singlet and triplet relative energies are converged to within 0.1 m$E_h$ of the FCI energy.
[cccccc]{} &&&\
M&Discarded weight& Energy&&Discarded weight& Energy\
1500 &2.45$\times 10^{-5}$& -5,104.138933&&2.54$\times 10^{-5}$& -5,104.135801\
2500 &1.14$\times 10^{-5}$& -5,104.139978&&1.23$\times 10^{-5}$& -5,104.137651\
3500 &5.63$\times 10^{-6}$& -5,104.140297&&8.54$\times 10^{-6}$& -5,104.138315\
4500 &3.60$\times 10^{-6}$& -5,104.140426&&6.03$\times 10^{-6}$& -5,104.138616\
$\infty$&&-5,104.140718&&&-5,104.139510\
For the \[2Fe-2S\] spectrum calculations, we computed the lowest 10 states in each spin-sector using a state-averaged DMRG calculation. Although the energies are not as well converged as for the state-specific calculations, the residual errors do not qualitatively affect the spectrum or the conclusions of our analysis.
### Assessment of active space {#sec:activechoice}
From the singlet-triplet gap in the active spaces (1)-(4), shown in Supplementary Table \[tab:dimerstgap\], we can assess the effect of the active space choice on the computed energy levels. We first observe that all 4 active spaces agree closely; even the minimal valence active space yields a reasonable gap. This is because the principle exchange pathway leading to the singlet-triplet gap is via the bridging S 3p ligand orbitals, which are included in the minimal active space. The effect of double-shell correlation in the larger active spaces is to increase the gap by less than 1.0m$E_h$, while the effect of orbital optimization is very small (0.1m$E_h$ in the larger active space). We take active space (2) (double shell correlation but no orbital optimization) as a practical compromise between accuracy and efficiency.
Method Active Space Gap/m$E_h$
---------- -------------- ------------
DMRG-CI (30e, 20o) 1.5
DMRG-CI (30e, 32o) 2.1
DMRG-SCF (30e, 20o) 1.2
DMRG-SCF (30e, 32o) 2.0
Local charge and spin
---------------------
To identify the distribution of electrons, we have computed local populations on the atoms. For atom $A$, the local population $N_A$ is $$N_A = \sum_{i\in A} n_i \label{eq:localpop}$$ where $n_i$ is the number operator of localized orbital $i$ on the $A$.
Further, since our states are eigenstates of $S^2$, there is no spin-density in the singlet states. Thus, we have computed local spins and spin-correlation functions to characterize the electronic structure. The spin-correlation function between atoms $A$ and $B$, $\langle S_A \cdot S_B\rangle$, is defined as [@Ramos2012; @Yamaguchi197735; @Yamaguchi1978117] $$\begin{aligned}
S_A \cdot S_B &=& \sum_\alpha S^\alpha_{A} S^\alpha_B \nonumber\\
S^\alpha_{A} &=& \sum_{i \in A} s^\alpha_{i} \label{eq:spincorr}\end{aligned}$$ where $\alpha\in \{x,y,z\}$. The local total spin on atom $A$ is defined as $\langle S_A \cdot S_A \rangle$.
Supplementary Tables \[tab:3-s2-2\]-\[tab:3-s2-relaxed-b\] show the relative energies, local populations, spins, and spin-correlation functions for the \[2Fe-2S\] complexes. All the relative energies reported in the tables are calculated using active space (2). For both geometries state averaged DMRG calculations are performed for the first 10 states with a largest M of 4500. In the case of unrelaxed geometries three sweeps with M=4500 were performed and then its value was reduced in steps of 1000 down to M=1500 to generate reliable extrapolated energies. We find that even though the extrapolation process improves the absolute energies, the energy differences reported in the tables are relatively unchanged. We expect to see the same trend for the relaxed geometries and thus forego the expensive extrapolation step to report the relative DMRG energies calculated with M=4500.
In Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-2\] and Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-relaxed\] only the 3d, 4s and 4d orbitals of a Fe atom are included in the summations in Equations \[eq:localpop\] and \[eq:spincorr\] to calculate the local electron density and electron spin; whereas in Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-2-b\] and Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-relaxed-b\] the first 16 orbitals and second 16 orbitals (see orbital ordering in previous section for the orbitals) are included in the summations for first and the second Fe atoms respectively. The ideal Fe$^{\mathrm{II}}$ and Fe$^{\mathrm{III}}$ populations are 6 and 5 respectively, while the ideal $S$=2 and $S$=5/2 total spins are 6 and 8.75 respectively. We see that the observed local populations and total spins are increased and reduced respectively in the complexes due to the effect of quantum fluctuations, such as delocalization onto adjacent sulfur orbitals. We also see from the spin-correlation functions that the spins progressively move from being anti-aligned to aligned as the the total dimer spin is increased.
Dimer $S$ $\langle N_1\rangle$ $\langle S_1^2\rangle$ $\langle S_1 \cdot S_2\rangle$
----------- ---------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------- --
0 6.18 5.47 -4.92
1 6.17 5.47 -4.22
2 6.17 5.49 -2.84
3 6.17 5.51 -0.79
4 6.16 5.54 1.84
5 6.13 5.74 3.74
### Asymmetry in the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{3-}$ complex
The relaxed geometry of the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{3-}$ complex is slightly asymmetric. The local populations and spins in Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-relaxed\] and \[tab:3-s2-relaxed-b\] show the effect of this asymmetry on the electronic structure. As observed in Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-relaxed\] the asymmetry in the Fe atoms appears rather small, amounting to up to 0.05 electron units in the population, and 0.2 spin units in the local spin. But when we compare the local spins shown in Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-relaxed-b\], the asymmetry is much larger with differences between the local spins as large as 2.4 in some cases. The difference in asymmetry between the two tables points to the fact that the asymmetry is largely due to the difference in the S 3p orbitals.
State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
$S$=1/2
$E$ 0 325 1132 2642 4264 4989 4905 5313 6448 7049
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.23 6.25 6.24 6.23 6.22 6.21 6.22 6.21 6.21 6.21
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.24 6.23 6.24 6.23 6.22 6.22 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.21
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.39 5.31 5.34 5.35 5.39 5.40 5.36 5.43 5.40 5.42
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.32 5.36 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.43 5.42 5.41 5.42
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -4.74 -4.77 -4.81 -4.62 -4.84 -4.72 -4.83 -4.89 -4.78 -4.77
$S$=3/2
$E$ 136 527 1710 4264 4451 5030 5131 6073 7870 8581
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.22 6.24 6.24 6.22 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.22 6.21 6.20
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.23 6.24 6.23 6.22 6.22 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.20
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.42 5.35 5.34 5.37 5.40 5.42 5.43 5.38 5.42 5.43
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.39 5.36 5.36 5.37 5.40 5.42 5.43 5.41 5.42 5.43
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -3.66 -3.77 -3.64 -3.38 -3.68 -3.79 -3.78 -3.47 -3.61 -3.59
$S$=5/2
$E$ 336 643 2871 4668 5300 5678 6248 7580 9459 10260
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.21 6.23 6.23 6.20 6.21 6.20 6.22 6.21 6.20 6.20
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.22 6.24 6.23 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.22 6.20 6.20 6.20
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.50 5.38 5.37 5.45 5.44 5.46 5.38 5.41 5.44 5.43
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.45 5.37 5.38 5.43 5.44 5.44 5.39 5.45 5.45 5.44
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -1.89 -1.96 -1.77 -1.81 -1.91 -1.95 -1.33 -1.51 -1.68 -1.67
$S$=7/2
$E$ 669 1330 4675 5441 6358 7049 8989 9589 9913 10115
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.19 6.22 6.22 6.19 6.19 6.20 6.20 6.25 6.22 6.28
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.20 6.23 6.22 6.19 6.21 6.19 6.21 6.27 6.24 6.30
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.56 5.43 5.43 5.50 5.51 5.50 5.45 5.02 5.29 4.76
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.55 5.42 5.44 5.51 5.46 5.54 5.40 5.00 5.25 4.76
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 0.55 0.60 0.78 0.78 0.67 0.61 1.38 2.16 1.72 2.49
$S$=9/2
$E$ 1071 2943 7357 7403 8496 9209 13263 13699 14803 15073
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.18 6.21 6.16 6.20 6.19 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.22
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.19 6.21 6.16 6.20 6.18 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.22
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.63 5.57 5.68 5.59 5.60 5.64 5.65 5.65 5.64 5.53
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.62 5.56 5.67 5.58 5.62 5.65 5.66 5.65 5.64 5.53
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 3.62 3.58 3.67 3.60 3.62 3.65 3.66 3.65 3.65 3.56
State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
$S$=1/2
$E$ 0 325 1132 2642 4264 4989 4905 5313 6448 7049
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.48 15.50 15.49 15.49 15.49 15.48 15.52 15.49 15.50 15.49
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.52 15.50 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.52 15.48 15.51 15.50 15.51
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.87 5.63 5.77 5.64 5.84 5.78 5.62 5.84 5.74 5.76
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.61 5.84 5.76 5.68 5.63 5.59 5.95 5.83 5.79 5.78
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -5.37 -5.36 -5.39 -5.28 -5.36 -5.31 -5.41 -5.46 -5.39 -5.40
$S$=3/2
$E$ 136 527 1710 4264 4451 5030 5131 6073 7870 8581
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.49 15.50 15.50 15.49 15.50 15.49 15.49 15.50 15.50 15.49
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.51 15.50 15.50 15.51 15.50 15.51 15.51 15.50 15.50 15.51
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 6.00 5.95 5.85 5.76 5.93 6.00 5.99 5.74 5.89 5.90
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.89 5.98 5.92 5.78 5.86 5.95 5.98 5.84 5.91 5.88
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -4.07 -4.09 -4.01 -3.90 -4.02 -4.10 -4.11 -3.91 -4.03 -4.01
$S$=5/2
$E$ 336 643 2871 4668 5300 5678 6248 7580 9459 10260
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.49 15.49 15.50 15.50 15.49 15.49 15.49 15.50 15.50 15.49
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.51 15.51 15.50 15.50 15.51 15.51 15.51 15.50 15.50 15.51
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 6.35 6.27 6.13 6.24 6.24 6.32 5.91 5.95 6.11 6.12
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 6.22 6.25 6.17 6.18 6.26 6.16 5.94 6.10 6.16 6.13
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -1.91 -1.89 -1.78 -1.84 -1.87 -1.87 -1.55 -1.65 -1.76 -1.75
$S$=7/2
$E$ 669 1330 4675 5441 6358 7049 8989 9589 9913 10115
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.49 15.49 15.50 15.50 15.48 15.50 15.48 15.46 15.46 15.54
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.51 15.51 15.50 15.50 15.52 15.50 15.52 15.54 15.54 15.46
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 6.76 6.67 6.55 6.56 6.70 6.62 6.31 5.59 5.98 5.46
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 6.78 6.69 6.61 6.67 6.62 6.76 6.19 5.65 5.97 5.21
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 1.10 1.19 1.30 1.26 1.22 1.19 1.63 2.26 1.90 2.54
$S$=9/2
$E$ 1071 2943 7357 7403 8496 9209 13263 13699 14803 15073
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.49 15.49 15.50 15.49 15.50 15.49 15.48 15.51 15.49 15.50
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.51 15.51 15.50 15.51 15.50 15.51 15.52 15.49 15.51 15.50
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 7.44 7.43 7.41 7.45 7.42 7.44 7.46 7.39 7.44 7.42
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.38 7.41 7.39 7.37 7.44 7.38 7.40
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.96 4.96 4.96 4.96 4.96 4.96 4.96
State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
$S$=1/2
$E$ 0 1218 2079 3790 4070 4314 4885 5731 6975 7644
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.26 6.24 6.16 6.18 6.21 6.21 6.20 6.17 6.17 6.17
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.14 6.16 6.28 6.25 6.16 6.16 6.16 6.23 6.22 6.22
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.32 5.37 5.67 5.63 5.45 5.42 5.48 5.62 5.65 5.64
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.73 5.67 5.18 5.26 5.68 5.67 5.65 5.33 5.34 5.31
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -4.96 -5.01 -4.85 -4.78 -5.03 -5.04 -5.02 -4.86 -4.90 -4.89
$S$=3/2
$E$ 266 1211 2374 4197 4493 4694 4925 6460 7693 8342
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.24 6.23 6.17 6.20 6.19 6.18 6.19 6.17 6.17 6.24
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.15 6.17 6.26 6.18 6.19 6.21 6.16 6.22 6.21 6.28
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.37 5.42 5.64 5.50 5.53 5.57 5.49 5.61 5.63 5.37
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.72 5.63 5.28 5.61 5.51 5.44 5.67 5.39 5.39 4.93
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -3.86 -3.97 -3.75 -3.90 -3.74 -3.67 -3.89 -3.61 -3.72 -2.71
$S$=5/2
$E$ 623 1323 2848 4619 4913 5200 5943 7536 8374 8715
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.23 6.22 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.19 6.18 6.17 6.24 6.18
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.15 6.18 6.22 6.20 6.17 6.16 6.23 6.21 6.28 6.21
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.44 5.47 5.59 5.57 5.55 5.52 5.60 5.62 5.34 5.61
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.70 5.62 5.44 5.52 5.61 5.67 5.38 5.43 4.98 5.41
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -2.03 -2.16 -1.96 -1.98 -2.04 -2.03 -1.43 -1.59 -0.24 -1.76
$S$=7/2
$E$ 786 1405 3375 5173 5368 5696 7528 8254 8863 9149
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.21 6.21 6.20 6.17 6.17 6.18 6.17 6.24 6.17 6.24
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.15 6.18 6.18 6.17 6.21 6.16 6.22 6.27 6.20 6.27
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.52 5.51 5.55 5.60 5.63 5.57 5.61 5.33 5.62 5.33
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.70 5.62 5.61 5.62 5.52 5.67 5.42 5.03 5.47 5.06
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 0.50 0.39 0.53 0.60 0.60 0.52 1.33 3.07 1.18 2.98
$S$=9/2
$E$ 984 1839 4254 5941 6458 6873 10136 11196 11377 12487
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 6.19 6.20 6.20 6.16 6.17 6.15 6.15 6.15 6.18 6.16
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 6.16 6.18 6.15 6.14 6.17 6.21 6.20 6.19 6.21 6.19
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.60 5.57 5.56 5.68 5.66 5.71 5.70 5.70 5.64 5.69
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 5.72 5.66 5.73 5.74 5.67 5.55 5.58 5.60 5.56 5.59
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 3.66 3.63 3.66 3.71 3.68 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.63 3.66
State 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
$S$=1/2
$E$ 0 1218 2079 3790 4070 4314 4885 5731 6975 7644
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.62 15.59 15.37 15.39 15.61 15.61 15.58 15.41 15.37 15.38
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.38 15.41 15.63 15.61 15.39 15.39 15.42 15.59 15.63 15.62
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.05 5.20 7.31 7.11 5.24 5.26 5.30 6.89 7.28 7.23
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 7.42 7.25 5.04 5.13 7.30 7.27 7.02 5.31 5.11 5.02
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -5.86 -5.85 -5.80 -5.74 -5.89 -5.89 -5.79 -5.72 -5.82 -5.75
$S$=3/2
$E$ 266 1211 2374 4197 4493 4694 4925 6460 7693 8342
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.61 15.56 15.40 15.57 15.53 15.46 15.58 15.43 15.40 15.30
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.39 15.44 15.60 15.43 15.47 15.54 15.42 15.57 15.60 15.70
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.38 5.70 7.11 5.79 5.95 6.57 5.55 6.80 7.09 6.21
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 7.38 7.10 5.51 6.96 6.43 6.05 7.07 5.53 5.47 5.11
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -4.51 -4.53 -4.43 -4.50 -4.32 -4.43 -4.44 -4.29 -4.41 -3.78
$S$=5/2
$E$ 623 1323 2848 4619 4913 5200 5943 7536 8374 8715
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.60 15.55 15.45 15.51 15.54 15.59 15.42 15.43 15.29 15.41
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.40 15.45 15.55 15.49 15.46 15.41 15.58 15.57 15.71 15.59
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 5.90 6.19 6.83 6.45 6.15 5.85 6.72 6.88 5.55 7.01
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 7.33 7.10 6.25 6.65 6.91 7.19 5.79 5.71 5.27 5.83
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ -2.24 -2.27 -2.16 -2.18 -2.16 -2.15 -1.88 -1.92 -1.03 -2.05
$S$=7/2
$E$ 786 1405 3375 5173 5368 5696 7528 8254 8863 9149
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.58 15.54 15.51 15.53 15.48 15.57 15.43 15.28 15.42 15.39
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.42 15.46 15.49 15.47 15.52 15.43 15.57 15.72 15.58 15.61
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 6.53 6.69 6.76 6.68 6.92 6.50 6.66 5.01 7.10 5.29
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 7.37 7.23 7.00 7.06 6.69 7.26 6.17 5.46 5.90 5.23
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 0.92 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.07 1.00 1.46 2.64 1.38 2.61
$S$=9/2
$E$ 984 1839 4254 5941 6458 6873 10136 11196 11377 12487
$\langle N_1 \rangle$ 15.56 15.54 15.57 15.55 15.54 15.42 15.48 15.29 15.37 15.44
$\langle N_2 \rangle$ 15.44 15.46 15.43 15.45 15.46 15.58 15.52 15.71 15.63 15.56
$\langle S_1\rangle$ 7.23 7.28 7.20 7.25 7.27 7.60 7.45 7.95 7.74 7.56
$\langle S_2\rangle$ 7.55 7.50 7.57 7.53 7.51 7.18 7.33 6.83 7.03 7.21
$\langle S_1\cdot S_2\rangle$ 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.98 4.99 4.98 4.99 4.98 4.99 4.99
Model Hamiltonian for the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]$^{3-}$]{} ]{}dimer
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
The energy levels of the HDE model for the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]$^{3-}$]{} ]{}mixed valence complex, as derived by Noodleman and Baerends, are given by $$E(S)=2J S_1 \cdot S_2 \pm B(S+1/2) \label{eq:hdereduced}$$ As demonstrated in the main text, the HDE energy levels do not fit the [*ab-initio*]{} DMRG spectrum well because of the assumptions used to derive Eq. (\[eq:hdereduced\]). Before deriving a more complete model that [*is*]{} compatible with the [*ab-initio*]{} spectrum, we briefly recall how Eq. (\[eq:hdereduced\]) is obtained from Anderson’s analysis of double exchange [@anderson-DE; @Noodleman1984; @shoji2007theory2].
We first consider an oxidized complex with two ferric ions (with spins $S_1=5/2$, $S_2=5/2$) as a “base” system. The extra electron in the reduced dimer is added to this base system, where it hops between a pair of local orbitals on each of the ions. Denoting the creation (annihilation) operators for the local orbitals on the first (second) ions by $c^{(\dag)}_{1}$, $c^{(\dag)}_{2}$ respectively, and the spin of the electron as $s_1$, $s_2$ respectively, Anderson’s analysis[@anderson-DE] leads to a Hamiltonian of the form
$$H = J(S_1\cdot S_2+S_1 \cdot s_2 + S_2 \cdot s_1) + \sum_{\sigma={\uparrow,\downarrow}} \beta(c^\dag_{1\sigma} c_{2\sigma} +
c^\dag_{2\sigma} c_{1\sigma})
\label{eq:andersondimer}$$
where the Hamiltonian is to be solved in the Hilbert space where the hopping electron is always anti-aligned with the spin of the ferric ion on which it is currently residing. The terms in $H$ have the following meaning:
1. The first corresponds to Heisenberg exchange coupling between spins on the two ions (the “base” ferric spins and the extra spin of the hopping electron).
2. The second describes the effective hopping of the electron between the two ferric ions (the sum over $\sigma$ is a summation over electron spin).
The eigenvalues of the Anderson Hamiltonian may be determined analytically to be the HDE energy levels in Eq. (\[eq:hdereduced\]), where $B=\beta/(2S+1)$, $S=S_1=S_2$.
As argued in the main text, the most commonly used version of the HDE model breaks down in the [[[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]$^{3-}$]{} ]{}]{} dimer because it assumes that there is a [*single*]{} pair of d orbitals on the ferric ions that participates in the hopping process. This assumption is valid if the double exchange splitting $B(S+1/2)$ is much smaller than the ligand-field splitting $\Delta$. However, this is clearly not the case for Fe ions with tetrahedral coordination which is typically associated with weak ligand fields. Instead, all 5 pairs of d orbitals participate in the hopping at low energies.
We can extend Anderson’s double exchange Hamiltonian to multi-orbital double exchange. We label each of the 5 local d orbitals by index $i$. This gives $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& \sum_{ij} J_{ij} s_{1i} \cdot s_{2j}
+ \sum_{i\sigma} \left[\beta_i (c_{1i\sigma}^\dag c_{2i\sigma} + c_{2i\sigma}^\dag c_{1i\sigma}) + \Delta_i (c_{1i\sigma}^\dag c_{1i\sigma} + c_{2i\sigma}^\dag c_{2i\sigma})\right]
\label{eq:multibaseh}\end{aligned}$$ where we once again restrict ourselves to states where the hopping electron is strictly antiferromagnetically aligned to the base spins (the base spins are all ferromagnetically aligned). The additional $\Delta_i$ term gives the ligand field splitting of the orbitals. The above form has a very large number of parameters from the general exchange couplings $J_{ij}$. However, in the limiting case where all spins are aligned on each Fe atom (e.g. as in the oxidized dimer), then it is sufficient to consider an exchange term of the form $\sum_i J'_i s_{1i} \cdot s_{2i}$ since the interaction of any spin on a given Fe atom, with any spin on the other Fe atom is the same, i.e. $s_{11} \cdot s_{21} = s_{1i} \cdot s_{21}$ for all $i$, and $J_i=\sum_j J_{ij}$. Keeping this form for the reduced dimer, we arrive at an Anderson Hamiltonian $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& \sum_i J_i s_{1i} \cdot s_{2i}
+ \sum_{i\sigma} \left[\beta_i (c_{1i\sigma}^\dag c_{2i\sigma} + c_{2i\sigma}^\dag c_{1i\sigma}) + \Delta_i (c_{1i\sigma}^\dag c_{1i\sigma} + c_{2i\sigma}^\dag c_{2i\sigma})\right]
\label{eq:multiorbitalhsup}\end{aligned}$$ which is the one used in the main text. Note that when solving for the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian, we restrict each ion to have at most one additional electron (i.e. the lowest oxidation state is ferrous).
The above multi-orbital Hamiltonian does not admit an analytic solution. However, we can solve for its eigenvalues and eigenvectors numerically. We have written a code to do this which works with an arbitrary number of base spins and hopping electrons and which we use also with the \[4Fe-4S\] Hamiltonian discussed later. The code is made efficient by working in the basis where the hopping electron is strictly anti-ferromagnetically aligned to the base spins. The hopping matrix elements in this basis can be calculated using Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, similar to Anderson’s original work [@anderson-DE]. The code can be downloaded with this paper.
$J_i$ $\beta_i$ $\Delta_i$
--- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
1 2656 ($\pm$513) 3512 ($\pm$280)
2 2743 ($\pm$682) 9679 ($\pm$294) 1536 ($\pm$271)
3 2151 ($\pm$518) 4653 ($\pm$296) 4433 ($\pm$196)
4 1756 ($\pm$675) 8472 ($\pm$294) 6167 ($\pm$268)
5 395 ($\pm$695) 6562 ($\pm$296) 6167 ($\pm$284)
A direct fit of the multi-orbital Hamiltonian to the DMRG [*ab-initio*]{} levels yields the parameters in Supplementary Table \[tab:multiparams\] and the levels in Supplementary Figure \[fig:multifit\]. As we can see the fit is very good; the r.m.s. error is only about 60 cm$^{-1}$. Further it is very robust: out of 12 random initial starting fits, all fits either converged to the same physical solution shown (to within the standard deviation in the parameters), or attempted to find unphysical solutions with negative parameters. Overall, this demonstrates that the multi-orbital Hamiltonian indeed captures the essential low-energy physics of the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]$^{3-}$]{} ]{}complex. Note that the plots in Fig. \[fig:multifit\] are for dimer spins $S$=1/2, 3/2, 5/2 only. This is because for the higher dimer spins, some of the excited states appear to have acquire d-d transition character, i.e. the Fe ions are not truly high spin. This can be seen, for example in states 8 and 10 for $S$=7/2 in Supplementary Table \[tab:3-s2-2\]. Such states probably exist in the weak-shoulder region below 10000 cm$^{-1}$ in the low-temperature absorption spectrum of ferredoxins [@Rawlings01011974], and cannot be described with the model Hamiltonians we are using.
As emphasized in the text, the multi-orbital Hamiltonian is [*not*]{} equivalent to the simple multi-pair generalization of the HDE model. This would correspond to extending the HDE energy levels in Eq. (\[eq:hdereduced\]) to 5 separate pairs of levels arising from each of the pair of d orbitals, $$E_i(S)=\Delta_i + 2J_i S_1 \cdot S_2 \pm B_i(S_i+1/2) \label{eq:multipair}$$ where the subscript $i$ denotes the pair involved in the hopping. This multi-pair HDE model in fact has the same number of parameters as the multi-orbital Hamiltonian (\[eq:multiorbitalhsup\]) itself. However, as seen in the Supplementary Figure \[fig:fe3spec\] in the main text, the naive form does [*not*]{} fit the [*ab-initio*]{} DMRG results. Multi-orbital double exchange [*cannot generally be viewed simply as the sum of individual orbital double-exchange processes*]{}. In particular, this means that to be precise we should not characterize double exchange by an effective $B$ parameter as in the HDE model, but rather by hopping integrals, $\beta$.
Further support for the multi-orbital nature of the double exchange is obtained from density difference plots, shown in Supplementary Figure \[fig:densitydiff\]. These plots are obtained as the difference density between different singlet states. If a single well-defined d orbital pair were to give rise to a pair of states, then we would expect the density difference to resemble a density associated with a particular d pair. However, we find that, aside from the lowest two pair of states (which appear to have some $e_g$ parentage), the remaining density differences involve contributions from all sets of d orbital densities.
We now briefly discuss the effect of geometry relaxation on the [[\[Fe$_2$S$_2$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]]{}]{}$^{3-}$ dimer energy levels. At the relaxed geometry, some localization of the charge occurs. The computed DMRG energy levels at the relaxed geometry are shown in Fig. \[fig:relaxedfe3levels\]. We find that our main observations are unchanged: there is little separation between the lowest two and higher energy levels, and the gap between the lowest two levels does not monotonically increase as required by the HDE model. We have not computed further relaxation effects from solvent and vibronic coupling, but it is clear from the above that our conclusions about the multi-orbital nature of double exchange and the need for the multi-orbital Anderson model hold quite generally.
4Fe-4S cluster
==============
Geometry and orbitals
---------------------
For the \[4Fe-4S\] cluster, we computed an optimized BS-DFT geometry using the BP86 functional and a triple zeta valence basis (TZV) basis set [@tzv-basis]. The optimized geometry is shown in Supplementary Table \[fig:fecubanegeometry\].
x y z
---- ---- ------- ------- -------
1 S 0.04 -1.78 -1.29
2 S -0.04 1.78 -1.29
3 S 1.78 -0.04 1.29
4 S -1.78 0.04 1.29
5 Fe 0.05 -1.37 1.01
6 Fe -1.38 0.05 -1.00
7 Fe -0.05 1.38 1.00
8 Fe 1.37 -0.05 -1.01
9 S 0.24 3.30 2.14
10 S -0.24 -3.29 2.14
11 S -3.29 -0.24 -2.14
12 S 3.29 0.24 -2.14
13 C -3.80 -1.84 -1.38
14 H -3.91 -1.71 -0.29
15 H -4.76 -2.17 -1.81
16 H -3.03 -2.60 -1.56
17 C 3.80 1.83 -1.38
18 H 3.91 1.71 -0.29
19 H 4.76 2.16 -1.81
20 H 3.03 2.59 -1.55
21 C -1.83 -3.80 1.38
22 H -2.16 -4.76 1.81
23 H -2.59 -3.03 1.55
24 H -1.70 -3.91 0.29
25 C 1.84 3.80 1.38
26 H 2.17 4.76 1.81
27 H 2.60 3.03 1.56
28 H 1.71 3.91 0.29
The active space orbitals are chosen in the same way as in the case of the \[2Fe-2S\] dimer. An unrestricted DFT BP86/SVP calculation was performed at the optimized geometry for the neutral \[4Fe-4S\] (all ferric) cluster in the high spin ($S_z$=10) state. The occupied and unoccupied alpha orbitals were then separately localized using the Pipek-Mezey localization technique. The 20 Fe 3d orbitals, 12 bridging S 3p orbitals, as well as 4 terminal ligand S 3p orbitals that point towards the Fe atoms, were identified by visual inspection. The occupancy of these orbitals in the [[[\[Fe$_4$S$_4$(SCH$_3$)$_4$\]$^{2-}$]{}]{}]{} cluster gives an active space of (54e, 36o). Some representative orbitals in the active space are shown in Supplementary Figure \[fig:fecubaneorbs\].
DMRG calculations
-----------------
### Active spaces
The DMRG-CI calculation with an active space of (54e, 36o) is performed with a maximum of $M$=7500 spin-adapted renormalized states. The 36 orbitals include 20 Fe 3d orbitals, 12 bridging S 3p orbitals, as well as 4 terminal ligand S 3p orbitals that point towards the Fe atoms. For rapid convergence of DMRG energy these orbitals were were ordered as follows: S4(3p$_5$), S10(3p$_5$), Fe5(3d), Fe5(3d), Fe5(3d), Fe5(3d), Fe5(3d), S3(3p$_5$), S1(3p$_5$), S1(3p$_6$), S4(3p$_6$), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), Fe6(3d), S11(3p$_6$), S2(3p$_6$), S4(3p$_7$), S2(3p$_7$), Fe7(3d), Fe7(3d), Fe7(3d), Fe7(3d), Fe7(3d), S3(3p$_7$), S9(3p$_7$), S3(3p$_8$), S1(3p$_8$), Fe8(3d), Fe8(3d), Fe8(3d), Fe8(3d), Fe8(3d), S2(3p$_8$), S12(3p$_8$), where the atom labels correspond to the labels in Supplementary Tables \[fig:fecubanegeometry\], and Supplementary Figure \[fig:geom\], and the subscript on S 3p orbitals is the index of the atom they are pointing towards.
### Energy convergence
As mentioned in the main text of the article (see panel A of Supplementary Figure \[fig:fe4pairs\]), in a perfect cubane cluster there are three equivalent pairings of the spins of the four Fe atoms to form a singlet ground state. In practice, structural distortion lifts this degeneracy, but the electronic distortion energy is quite small (associated with an energy scale of less than 8m$E_h$ as seen in \[fig:fe4singlettriplet\]). This small energy difference can make robust convergence of the DMRG wave function to the true ground state difficult because the wavefunction optimization can get stuck early on in the “wrong” pairing. To expedite the convergence of the wave function towards the correct ground state the Hamiltonian is artificially perturbed so that atoms pairs (Fe5, Fe6) and (Fe7, Fe8) gain a strong tendency to ferromagnetically align. This is done by artificially increasing the exchange integrals between the 3d orbitals of the paired up Fe atoms by 0.01 $E_h$ until the number of renormalized states $M$=1600 is reached. Subsequently this perturbation in the Hamiltonian is decreased to zero over the next few sweeps, and the rest of the DMRG calculation (up to $M$=7500) is performed on the unperturbed Hamiltonian.
In fact, the above method of perturbing the Hamiltonian can be used to “converge” the DMRG wavefunction towards any of the three pairings shown in Supplementary Figure \[fig:fe4pairs\]. The ground-state pairing is identified as the one with the lowest energy. The other pairings do not necessarily approximate exact eigenstates of the full Hamiltonian, but rather, are local minima in the parameter space of DMRG. They are a form of “broken-symmetry” DMRG solution, and can be thought of as the best DMRG states that can be obtained with a maximum $M$=7500, when the spin couplings of the various Fe centers is constrained to be non-optimal. The energy differences between these different solutions can be used to estimate the difference in the exchange coupling coefficients of the HDE model hamiltonian (see Section \[sec:fe4hdeham\]).
The DMRG energies and discarded weights at different values of $M$ are used to extrapolate to zero discarded weight, which also gives us the estimated energy errors. This is shown in Supplementary Figure \[fig:fe4singlettriplet\]. Our estimated error in the total energies is less than 1 m$E_h$.
Local charge and spin
---------------------
Local populations and spin correlation functions between different Fe atoms 1-4 can be calculated using the equations \[eq:localpop\] and \[eq:spincorr\] and are given in Supplementary Table \[tab:popspincorr\].
[cccccc]{} & &\
&&Fe1&Fe2&Fe3&Fe4\
\
Fe1&6.27& 5.27& 3.24& -4.05& -4.05\
Fe2 &6.27& 3.24 &5.26 &-4.05& -4.04\
Fe3 &6.27& -4.05& -4.05& 5.27& 3.24\
Fe4 &6.27& -4.05& -4.04& 3.24 &5.27\
\
Fe1& 6.25& 5.32& -4.03& 3.30& -4.18\
Fe2& 6.26 & -4.03& 5.32 & -4.18& 3.30\
Fe3& 6.26 & 3.30& -4.18& 5.32 & -4.03\
Fe4& 6.25& -4.18& 3.30 & -4.03& 5.32\
\
Fe1& 6.25& 5.32& -4.06& -4.18& 3.31\
Fe2& 6.25 &-4.06 &5.33 &3.32 &-4.17\
Fe3 &6.25 &-4.18 &3.32 &5.33 &-4.06\
Fe4 &6.25 &3.31 &-4.17 &-4.06 &5.32\
\
Fe1& 6.26& 5.29& 3.22& -3.77& -3.77\
Fe2& 6.26 &3.22 &5.27 &-3.95 &-3.95\
Fe3& 6.26 &-3.77 &-3.95 &5.28 &3.26\
Fe4& 6.26 &-3.77 &-3.95 &3.26 &5.28\
Model Hamiltonian for pairing and unequal exchange in the \[4Fe-4S\] cluster {#sec:fe4hdeham}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Single orbital Anderson model
The direct extrapolation of the simple (single orbital per Fe) Anderson model described in Eq. (\[eq:andersondimer\]) to the case of \[4Fe-4S\] cluster takes the form $$H = \sum_{ij}J_{ij}(S_i\cdot S_j+S_i \cdot s_j + S_j \cdot s_i) + \sum_{\sigma={\uparrow,\downarrow}} \beta_{ij}(c^\dag_{i\sigma} c_{j\sigma} +
c^\dag_{j\sigma} c_{i\sigma})\label{eq:andersonfe4}$$ with 6 Heisenberg coupling coefficients $J_{ij}$ and 6 hopping integrals $\beta_{ij}$. We assume that there are two hopping electrons, and that the two electrons cannot be on the same Fe atom due to on-site repulsion.
We solve the above Hamiltonian numerically in the space where the spins $s_i$ and $S_i=5/2$ are anti-ferromagnetically aligned. The nature of the states changes as the ratio of the exchange coupling coefficients changes. In Supplementary Figure \[fig:hdefe4\] we take $B=2J'$ and $J_{12}, J_{34}=J'$, $J_{13}, J_{14}, J_{23}, J_{24}=J$. For $J/J'>1.2$, we recover a single pairing picture for the $S_{12}$=9/2 dimer states that is assumed in the generalized HDE model of Noodleman et al. [@Noodleman1995; @yamaguchi1978extended; @Yamaguchi1989210; @QUA:QUA21843; @yama1998].
The difference in the $J_{ij}$ parameters can be estimated from energy differences between the ground state singlet and triplet states and the difference between the ground state singlet state (Singlet-I) and artificially paired singlet (Singlet-II). The energy difference between the singlet and the triplet state is given by $$E(S) - E(T) = J - 0.08|B| \label{eq:stgap}$$ and the energy difference between Singlet-I and Singlet-II states is given by $$E(S_I) - E(S_{II}) = 22.5 (J-J') \label{eq:ssgap}$$ In Eq. \[eq:stgap\] we assume $B=J$ so that the singlet-triplet gap is $0.92J$. In Eq. \[eq:ssgap\] we have assumed that difference in the value of $B$ for different couplings is relatively small. Using the converged DMRG energies we obtain $J=382$ cm$^{-1}$ and $J-J' = 84$ cm$^{-1}$, from which we conclude that $J/J'\approx 1.28$ and the \[4Fe-4S\] low-lying states with high effective dimer spin can be described by the single pairing picture, although they appear to lie close to the border of validity of that description.
### Multi-orbital Anderson model
To check that the above analysis holds in the more complex case of multi-orbital double exchange, we have also analyzed some multi-orbital (per Fe) Anderson models for the \[4Fe-4S\] cluster. These take the form $$H = \sum_{iAB} J_{iAB} s_{iA} \cdot s_{iB}
+ \sum_{iAB\sigma} \beta_{iAB} (c_{iA\sigma}^\dag c_{iB\sigma} + c_{iB\sigma}^\dag c_{iA\sigma}) +\sum_{iA\sigma} \Delta_{iA} c_{iA\sigma}^\dag c_{iA\sigma}$$ where $A$ and $B$ now range over the 4 Fe atoms. The index $i$ ranges over the number of d orbitals on each Fe atom. This would be 5 orbitals in the real cubans, but solving the Hamiltonian for all its levels would be prohibitively expensive. We have therefore considered simpler versions (which illustrate the appropriate trends) where each model Fe atom has respectively only 1 or 2 orbitals. Note that in the 1 orbital case, the maximum spin on each Fe is then only 1/2, and the maximum dimer spin is also 1/2, while in the 2 orbital case, the maximum spin on each Fe is 1 and the maximum dimer spin is 3/2. (The 1 orbital model is related to the Hubbard model on a tetrahedron as discussed in Refs. [@falicov1984exact]). In Supplementary Figures \[fig:fe4spin2\] and \[fig:fe4spin1\] we plot the effective dimer spins of the energy levels as a function of the exchange couping ratio (inequivalent $J$’s), for $\beta_{iAB}=2J'$ and $\Delta_{iA}=0$ (for all $i$, $A$). We see the same general trends as in the simple Anderson model above. Note that $J_c$ shifts to lower values as the number of orbitals on each Fe increases.
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|
Though prima facie the cause of the accident was overshooting of signal by the driver of the train, a thorough inquiry will be conducted and action will be taken against the guilty, said a senior Railway Ministry official.
An initiative of Impact India Foundation, Lifeline Express has treated around one million poor people in rural parts of the country free of charge since its inception in 1991. Nearly 2,00,000 medical professionals from around the world have donated their services. |
Q:
Target single record in MYSQL to export as CSV in a php user interface
What would be the best method to do this?
the Record is identified via a GUI and a variable $s which identifies the record ID.
could you please post resources that you have used (i.e. tutorials) that have helped you do this.
Any Help is greatly appreciated !!!!
A:
First
use MySQL select like
$query = "
SELECT
CONCAT('\"',ifnull(firstname,''),'\",\"',ifnull(middlename,''),'\",\"',ifnull(lastname,''),'\"')
FROM relatie
WHERE relatie.id = ".$s."
AND relatie.SomeOtherThing > 1
ORDER BY relatie.id
LIMIT 1;
";
$result = mysql_query($query);
The ifnull's are very important because otherwise null fields in a CONCAT will make the whole CONCAT to be null, suppose middlename is null, this code will output something like:
"Johan","","Smith"
Without the ifnull's it will just output nothing, because the null-middlename will make the whole concat expression null.
The Order by and limit are only needed if the id is not unique, because you said you only want one line.
Next put a CSV header in and output the line you saved in $result earlier.
header("Content-type: application/csv");
header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=file.csv");
header("Pragma: no-cache");
header("Expires: 0");
echo $result."\n";
|
Comparative in-vitro activity of sparfloxacin and eight other antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of non-tuberculous mycobacteria.
The in-vitro activity of sparfloxacin and eight other antimicrobial agents against 64 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (non-MAI) (40 rapidly growing and 24 slowly growing) was compared with those of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, amikacin, tobramycin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clarithromycin and doxycycline. Sparfloxacin presented the same activity as ciprofloxacin, being highly active against rapidly growing mycobacteria and showing good in-vitro activity against slowly growing mycobacteria. Amikacin was very active against rapidly growing mycobacteria and clarithromycin presented good activity against all mycobacteria tested. These results suggest that sparfloxacin is a valid agent to be considered in the treatment of Mycobacterium spp. infections. |
1. Field
Example embodiments of the present invention relate to a nozzle plate including a protrusion type nozzle and a method of fabricating the nozzle plate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Inkjet printing involves ejecting fine droplets of ink onto a printing medium using nozzles formed in a nozzle plate. Inkjet printing may be used to print a predetermined image by ejecting the fine droplets onto desired portions of the printing medium.
Inkjet printing technology may be applied in various fields of printable electronics, biotechnology, and bioscience, as well as in the image printing field. For example, a flexible substrate, besides a glass substrate, may be used to fabricate electronic circuits, and thus, the inkjet printing technology may be applied in the field of flexible display apparatuses. According to inkjet printing, a pattern may be formed by just one process, and thus, processing costs may be lower than that of a conventional photolithography process.
Inkjet printing technology may be classified into thermal type printing technology and piezoelectric type printing technology. In the thermal type printing technology, bubbles may be generated using a heat source and droplets may be ejected using an expansion property of the bubbles. The piezoelectric type printing technology ejects the droplets using a transformation of piezoelectric material.
Electro-hydrodynamic type printing technology ejects droplets of ink by using an electrostatic force. The electro-hydrodynamic type printing technology has an advantage that a volume of an ejected droplet may be greatly reduced when compared with the conventional thermal type and the conventional piezoelectric type printing technologies. |
Q:
PGFPlots polaraxis axis labels are swapped (or in the wrong place)
I have some problems with axis labels when using the polar axis, if I set the X and Y label they appear in the wrong place.
When using the polar axis;
x coordinate is the angle (azimuth, phi)
y coordinate is the radius (zenith, theta).
However, the xlabel is printed where one would expect it to be in a cartesian plot, except that that is now the y axis (using TeXLive 2015, PGFPlots v1.12.1).
Similar for the y label is is located where the y axis would be in a cartesian plot, except that is it rotated.
Here I used:
xlabel={Azimuth [rad] (x-label)},
xlabel style={red},
ylabel={Zenith [rad] (y-label)},
ylabel style={blue},
This is how it looks in TeXLive 2015, PGFPlots v1.12.1:
This is how it looks in TeXLive 2013/2014, PGFPlots v1.8/v1.10:
Using some shifts and rotations we get it to look nice, however, those shifts are different for TeXLive 2013-2014 and 2015:
This did require some ugly hacks, for the xlabel:
\coordinate (xlabel) at ([rotate=-45, yshift=1.5cm] xticklabel* cs: 0);
\node[rotate=-45] at (xlabel) { {{ xlabel }} };
The ylabel value is simply entered as xlabel and then shifted with the axis line, but that does not work for 2013/2014.
Should we resort to version detection to make it work in all versions?
And will this be fixed in the next PGFPlots?
(We created a Python package for plotting which outputs plots as TeX using PGFPlots, so compatibility with older versions would be nice.)
A:
The root cause is a bug in pgfplots: apparently, the ticklabel coordinate systems do not work as expected. This morning, I have managed to improve the polar library such that the default for pgfplots 1.13 will directly result in the label placement as in your screenshot. I will also simplify sloped tick labels and add some more fine tuning to it.
For the time being, you may want to replace your relative label placement by an absolute one, i.e. by something like
\documentclass{standalone}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.12}
\usepgfplotslibrary{polar}
\begin{document}
\pgfplotsset{
polar labels/.style={
every axis x label/.style={
at={(axis cs:45,\pgfkeysvalueof{/pgfplots/ymax}*1.3)},
anchor=center,
rotate=-45,
},
},
}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{polaraxis}[
xlabel=x axis,
]
\addplot coordinates {(0,1) (90,1)
(180,1) (270,1)};
\end{polaraxis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}
I have not provided a solution for the ylabel since you already appear to have that under control. My solution is to place it absolutely at 45 degrees and 130% of the y limit.
|
Q:
How to unwatch synonym tags
I have watched the tag [python-3] on Stack Overflow long ago.
However, it's now the synonym of the tag [python-3.x], and by clicking the tag [python-3] will redirect to [python-3.x]
My watch list
Please advise how to remove [python-3] out of my watch list, thanks.
A:
Spent hours of looking, here is what I've found.
There is an Edit link where you are able to remove existing watched tags and add new tags.
|
This invention relates to voltage reference circuits, and more particularly, to a bandgap voltage reference circuit for providing a stable output voltage operating independent of temperature and power supply variations.
Voltage reference circuits are common in many modern electronic designs for providing a stable reference signal. The bandgap voltage reference circuit is well suited for this niche due to its temperature independent characteristics as discussed in an article entitled "A SIMPLE THREE-TERMINAL IC BANDGAP REFERENCE" by A. Paul Brokaw, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. SC-9, No. 6, December, 1974. Briefly, the Brokaw article discloses a two transistor configuration conducting equal currents, but having dissimilar emitter areas, say eight-to-one, creating different current densities and base-emitter junction potentials (V.sub.be). The first transistor typically possesses the larger emitter area and, correspondingly, the lower current density and the lesser V.sub.be. By connecting two resistors in series with the emitter path of the first transistor and coupling the emitter of the second transistor to the interconnection thereof, a delta V.sub.be having a positive temperature coefficient is developed across the upper resistor. If the currents flowing through the first and second transistors are made of appropriate and constant magnitude and equal in value, the positive temperature coefficient of the voltage across the upper resistor tends to cancel the inherent negative temperature coefficient of the base-emitter junction of the first transistor thereby providing an output voltage at the collector of the second transistor which is insensitive to temperature variation, as is understood.
The current flowing through the first and second transistors is typically provided by a PNP transistor current mirror configuration having the emitters thereof coupled to the positive power supply conductor. Any transients appearing on the positive power supply are reflected in the current flowing through the first and second transistors, inducing variation in the V.sub.be 's thereof and the potential developed across the emitter resistors. This translates to movement in the collector potential of the second transistor, thus, the output voltage is dependent upon the power supply voltage. The fluctuation in the circuit signal levels attributed to power supply variation is commonly known as the Early voltage effect and is an undesirable condition which adversely influences the regulated output signal.
Hence, there is a need for an improved voltage reference circuit having an output voltage operating independent of temperature and power supply variations. |
I witnessed a stellar bit of one-
penny opera and graft the other day in a
taqueria on Lake Street.
See, it was twilight, and raining. Out the
window, in the dark sky, the old Sears tower
loomed with all its melancholy weight and
gothic height. Inside the taqueria, Baby
considered the glory days of tacos, which
are now upon us. The only other folks in the
joint were a gaunt, tall, gazellelike man
lurking by the trash cans and an agitated
man in a nice wool suit--one of those suits
with large gold buttons, the kind yacht
captains wear. It was double-breasted, and
the rain frosted the outside of it in a jaunty
way; he looked for all the world as if he had
just leapt off something with a teak deck. Or
he would have looked that way, if only he
hadn't been clutching a thin grocery bag
holding a rain-wet box of Kentucky Fried
Chicken.
As he stood behind me in line, he took out
his wallet, which held at least $500 in
twenties. While I took my numero and
awaited my tacos, the yachtsman explained
his plight to the guy behind the counter.
Desperately, he wished to use the taqueria's
phone. No, said the taco guy. Yes. No. Yes.
Look, explained the yachtsman, you'll make
a lot of money if you let me use the phone,
I'll give you $5. The yachtsman took out the
five and waved it around.
Needless to say, that changed things. Give
me the $5 first, said the taco guy. No, I'll give
you $1, said the yachtsman, changing his
mind, and taking out a dollar to wave
around. One now, and $5 later. The five and
the one flashed. Voices were raised. Both
the gazellelike man and I watched very
closely. I was musing on the way cell
phones have changed the world, and I was
noting that until this resolved there would be
no tacos for Baby.
Suddenly, the chicken entered the equation.
I don't know why, but the chicken was now
being shoved back and forth between the
taco guy and the yachtsman. As is usual
when wet fried chicken is at issue, yelling
ensued. The yachtsman took his chicken
and stalked back out into the rain, but not
before suggesting unusual uses that the
taco guy might find for his close female
relatives.
With that, the gazellelike man sought to
make peace, and rushing to the door,
recalled the yachtsman to the taqueria. He
asked the yachtsman something I couldn't
hear, and the yachtsman took out his $1 bill,
and his $5, and waved them around,
recounting the argument for the gazellelike
man, who seemed to assure the yachtsman
that he could make the taco guy come
around.
The gazellelike man took the bills. He
approached the taco counter. Oddly, he
seized hold of a duplicate printout that had
spooled out of a little receipt printer on the
taqueria counter. He brought the printout
over to the yachtsman, and, with the
theatrical display of a magician, held the
printout out in front of his head, and
crumpled it into a ball.
He showed the ball to all of us. The paper
ball, he seemed to say. He balanced it on
the back of his hand, and then flipped his
hand over, balancing it on the palm of his
hand, as if he would close up his hand and
open it again to reveal a dove. He threw the
paper ball high in the air, and, as it climbed
toward the ceiling, as it turned and twirled,
he left.
Lake Street, regulated by the pattern of
stoplights, was momentarily clear, and the
gazellelike man loped gracefully across the
rain-wet street, with the long-legged, easy
gait of a natural athlete. As we watched, a
burst of cars appeared, their headlights
tracing glittering arcs in the rain. As the cars
came, the gazellelike man turned into a
misty alley, vanishing. We watched the
paper ball on the floor.
Later, I got my tacos. The yachtsman
returned to the ever-chilling rain. The taco
guy cackled with glee.
Why do I tell you this? Is it merely to brag
about the homemade horchata I got that
evening, which was thick and full of just-
grated cinnamon? Is it because I am trying
to foment even greater divisions between
taco guys and yachtsmen? Is it because I
am on the payroll of the cell phone cartels?
Perhaps. But more importantly, I want you to
know that all over Lake Street there are now
tacos worth committing petty crimes for.
Clearly, the gazellelike man knew that six
bucks was the only thing separating him
from some of the best Mexican food
Minnesota has ever seen.
Personally, I have spent the last four months
trying to find the best, the definitively best,
reliably best tacos on East Lake Street, in
that sweet and spicy corridor that stretches
between I-35 and Hiawatha. I tried and
failed. It is impossible: Great taquerias on
Lake Street have lately made up their minds
to come and go as quickly as wildflowers.
However, I can tell you that, as I type this in
the last bit of October 2004, each of the
following places is a hall-of-fame favorite, for
the following reasons.
Taqueria La Hacienda: If you only
veer from your regular rut one time this year,
veer to Taqueria La Hacienda. This light-
filled, high-ceilinged, tangerine-tinted little
restaurant just off the highway in that weird
building with the outdoor chandelier
specializes in the street foods of Mexico
City, and especially in catastrophically
terrific "tortas." At La Hacienda these aren't
just sandwiches, these are hot, griddled,
baroquely filled sandwiches the size of
footballs. Eating one is kind of like getting hit
by a wonderful, wonderful bus. (Most cost
$5.96; the place is open till 11:00 p.m. every
day, and until 3:00 a.m. on Fridays and
Saturdays.)
The al pastor is the must-order: You see it
the second you walk in the door; it's that
psychedelic orange spit of spiced,
barbecued pork that's topped with a
pineapple core and spins like a gyro cone.
(Legend says that this style of al pastor
evolved when Lebanese immigrants settled
in Mexico City and Puebla, Mexico.) Order it
any kind of way and you'll revel in the sweet,
rich, spicy purity of the thing. It's everything
you like about meaty baby back ribs, given a
little tart spice.
However, if you order the al pastor alambres
you may never recover: For this, they take
the spicy meat and put it on the griddle with
onion, bacon--yes, I said bacon--and green
and red peppers, and fry the whole thing
until it's a roasty lace of barbecue and
bacon. Then they throw cheese on it--
heavens to murgatroid. If the al pastor is like
getting hit by a wonderful bus, the al pastor
alambre is like getting hit by a wonderful
bulldozer. This is the best thing to happen to
the after-bar experience since the invention
of the remote control.
José's Mexican Foods: I've
been to José's at least half a dozen
times, and feel I have only begun to scratch
the surface of the wonderful cooking here.
José's is the least typical of all the
Lake Street taco joints. It's got a sweet,
homey, rural, small-town feel--it reminds me
of an out-state, farm-country café.
Actually, it feels more Zumbrota than
Minneapolis, if you know what I mean. This
vibe might come from the way the large
room is filled with widely spaced
secondhand kitchen tables draped with
cheerful oilcloth toppers, or it might come
from the way everything that issues from the
kitchen here is gorgeously home-style and
hand-done.
I've had tamales ($1.50) here that were as
light and loose as matzo balls, the corn meal
so buoyant it barely held together around
the fillings. Each bite contrasts the rich and
fluffy tamale outside with the vibrantly spiced
fillings. I've had a lovely tomatillo chicken
tamale, the citrus pop of the tomatillos
energetic against the broth-cooked sheets of
chicken meat, and a feisty cheese-chorizo
one, in which the corn sheltered fiercely
spicy, colorful layers of chewy cheese and
finely ground sausage.
The tacos at José's are lovely. I
especially like their al pastor, in which the
barbecued pork comes with itsy-bitsy
squares of pineapple, which adds a certain
festive air and brightness of flavor. I also
love their tinga, here chicken stewed with
well-grilled onions in a not-too-spicy but
very flavorful chipotle tomato sauce. Oh, I
almost forgot the fried chorizo and egg plate!
And the savory picadillo taco filling! Well,
suffice it to say that José's has a
solid dozen options to fill your taco, and I've
never had anything that was less than
excellent. (Tacos here are $1.39 Mexican-
style, or you can add 11 cents and have
them American-style with cheese, sour
cream, tomato, and lettuce.)
I did once have a bowl of pozole ($4.99) that
almost made me cry: The broth was that kind
of thick, flavorful, dense but clear joy that
comes from a day simmering on the stove.
This broth was loaded with pulled chicken
meat and tender bits of chopped-up pork
shoulder, and every time I sank a
soupspoon into the bowl, bits of pork and
soft, perfectly resilient islands of hominy
jumped into the bowl of the spoon. Every
bite was like being well cared for by your
new Mexican mom. If you've felt lately like
no one cares about you, José's
pozole begs to differ.
Carne Asada: The most
restaurantlike of the Lake Street taquerias,
Carne Asada is a newly built spot on the
corner of Chicago and Lake that is filled with
attractive Mexican tile work and industrial-
architectural copper and steel accents. They
serve beer; they have nice new wooden
chairs and tables. They also have some of
the best horchata on Lake street--
homemade, thick, rich with rice and freshly
grated cinnamon.
As you might expect, the carne asada is the
specialty here, and the stuff is addictive.
Imagine everything you like about a
hamburger that came off a perfect grill--the
char, the well-fried onions, the savor, the
smell you can bite into. Now imagine it in the
form of steak. That's the carne asada here,
and brother, it's good. The pierna, thinly
sliced pork stewed in a savory tomato-chile
sauce, is also good.
Whatever you get, though, I highly
recommend--no, strike that. Whatever you
get, I violently, I wildly, and I almost
hysterically recommend that you get your
topping on one of the homemade, griddled-
while-you-watch masa forms that Carne
Asada specializes in, be it gordita, sope,
itacates, tlacoyos, or dobladas. For any of
these a Carne Asada cook will take a kind of
half-cooked corn pancake and sear it until
it's crisp and crackling without, and steamy
and creamy inside. If you get the combo
platter number three ($6.95), you can get a
gordita, a doblada, and a sope, and then
fight it out with yourself over which version is
your favorite.
La Mexicana: Across the street from
Mercado Central, in that big, terra-cotta
painted building that used to hold the
antique mall, is now a huge Mexican
grocery store that I think is probably
currently the best Mexican grocery in
Minneapolis. It's got three great qualities:
One, the dazzling butcher shop, full of
everything you need to cook real Mexican,
or, for that matter, real French or Spanish,
food: pork in a hundred forms, pre-chilied
steaks, head-on blue shrimp, pork feet, skin,
blood. If you have ever thought about trying
your hand at pâté or cassoulet,
put La Mexicana on your short list.
Two, La Mexicana has a snack stand right
inside the front door that is ideal for picking
up a quick addition to dinner: Quarts of fruit
salad ($4) which they will garnish with chile
powder and freshly squeezed limes, hot
tamales ($2), and sometimes cups of hot
corn called elotes. These elotes are great--
they grill corn on the cob, cut it off, toss it
with leaves from a fresh, lemony herb called
epazote, and, when you order it, ladle it into
a cup for you, squeeze fresh lime juice over
it, add grated cheese and, if you want,
mayonnaise. Rich, sour, sweet, savory--it's
everything you like about au gratin potatoes,
in another culture's vernacular.
Finally, the last reason to love La Mexicana
is that, toward the back of the store, there is
a little cafeteria counter that serves some
great grub. The first thing to know about the
counter at La Mexicana is that there is
sometimes a gigantic glass jug on the main
counter full of agua fresca. Order whatever
is in it. Sometimes it might be a juice made
with watermelon purée, sometimes
it's homemade jamaica, a light, tart kind of
hibiscus tea. It's always good. Ask about the
Oaxacan tamales (pronounced "hwa-
hocken," or, in Spanish, oaxaqueño,
generally, "hwa-keenyo"), in which sections
of pork rib are wrapped with masa and a
spicy chile sauce inside giant banana
leaves and steamed until they're as tender
as jelly--eating one is like swimming in a
dream of a jungle.
One time at La Mexicana I had the tacos de
asada ($1.49), beef and onion griddled
together until they were as dark as coal and
as potent as thunder, and I thought they
might have been the best thing I had ever
tasted. However, I've been back since then,
and it hasn't been as good. I'll keep at it
though, because when chasing the dragon
comes with guaranteed quarts of fruit salad,
it just seems worth it.
Pineda: The first of the great Lake
Street stand-alone taquerias, Pineda
remains a treasure for anyone looking to eat
on the fly. It's certainly not the ambience that
does it--the place retains the uncomfortable
look of an abandoned Pizza Hut--it's the
food. Last time I was in, there were fully a
dozen different stews on offer for filling your
taco, torta, or burrito. I especially like the
chicken tinga for its smoky and complex,
almost mushroomy edge of vegetal dusk.
For a lark, though, I ordered something I
hadn't ever tried before, the alambre de res
($8.25). Holy buckets. They start with fajita
steak, red and green bell peppers, and
clumps of chorizo, just fry and fry and fry the
stuff until the peppers are charred, the
chorizo is crisp, and the steak is plump,
greasy, and delicious. Then they load it up
with cheese and serve it to you with fresh
slices of avocado, tomato, and lettuce,
alongside a pile of hot tortillas, beans, and
rice. Load up as many sliced radishes,
pickled jalapeños, onions, and piles
of cilantro as you can handle from the fresh
garnish bar and prepare to know what it
means to be full, and fully flabbergasted.
The only problem with Pineda is that they've
had too much success with the native
Minnesotan community, which means that
now the counter guys generally assume that
if you don't speak real Spanish you probably
want your taco with cheese, sour cream,
lettuce, and tomato. So you gotta watch 'em.
I mean, nice work, Dara-of-two-years-ago!
Why don't you screw up somebody else's
tacos instead of your own? I mean, just
watch this paper ball here. Watch it very
carefully. I'll be right back. |
It’s common for social animals to adopt and care for orphaned offspring. According to ScienceDaily, other loner species — like squirrels — may be learning such altruism.
In yesterday’s Daily Briefing, MNN touched on this story saying, “A team of Canadian researchers have discovered squirrels will sometimes adopt related pups that have lost their mother, revealing a soft side of the arboreal rodents that scientists previously hadn't seen.”
Evolutionary biologist and professor Andrew McAdam, from the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, along with researchers from the University of Alberta and McGill University were the scientists behind the study.
McAdam said, “Red squirrels live in complete isolation and are very territorial. The only time they will allow another squirrel on their territory is the one day a year when the females are ready to mate or when they are nursing their pups.”
Yet the study, published in Nature Communications, found that squirrels adopt orphaned pups if they are related … but even that is a rare occurrence.
How rare? McAdam and his team found five cases of adoption in more than two decades of research. But ScienceDaily says, “Jamie Gorrell, a PhD candidate at the University of Alberta, identified 34 cases of potential adoption over 20 years. An adoption is possible only if the mother dies and a nearby squirrel is also nursing.”
But even by that slightly higher standard, 34 cases out of the thousands of litters over the course of 20 years proves that the squirrels rarely adopt.
According to McAdam, relatedness plays a critical role in the decision by a neighboring squirrel to adopt. In the five examples in his study, the pups were nieces, nephews, siblings, or grandchildren to the adoptive mother.
"From an evolutionary perspective, the phenomenon of adoption raises the question of why an animal would adopt in the first place given that it jeopardizes the survival of their own offspring," said McAdam. "Under the right conditions, an animal can propagate more copies of its genes by helping relatives to raise their offspring than by producing offspring of their own. So in some cases it might be a good bet to adopt and accept these costs."
McAdam found that squirrels only adopt when the orphans carry a large percentage of the same genes, meaning that they are more likely to adopt siblings, nieces, or nephews rather than more distant relatives.
Amazingly enough, McAdam also noted that squirrels are able to assess which pups are related to them. Squirrels rarely interact with their neighbors, but an adoption may take place if they fail to hear the unique call of a nearby relative for several days, causing them to investigate. If they choose to take in the orphaned pups, they carry them back to their nest on their backs. |
This opinion is subject to revision before final
publication in the Pacific Reporter
2019 UT 54
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF UTAH
STATE OF UTAH,
Respondent,
v.
ROBERT S. APODACA,
Petitioner.
No. 20180673
Filed August 29, 2019
On Certiorari to the Utah Court of Appeals
Third District, Salt Lake
The Honorable Randall N. Skanchy
No. 121911274
Attorneys:
Sean D. Reyes, Att’y Gen., John J. Nielsen, Asst. Solic. Gen., Nathan
Evershed, Salt Lake City, for respondent
Lori J. Seppi, Salt Lake City, for petitioner
JUSTICE HIMONAS authored the opinion of the Court in which
CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT, ASSOCIATE CHIEF JUSTICE LEE,
JUSTICE PEARCE, and JUSTICE PETERSEN joined.
JUSTICE HIMONAS, opinion of the Court:
INTRODUCTION
¶1 Robert Apodaca asks us to reverse the court of appeals’
affirmance of his convictions for aggravated kidnapping,
aggravated robbery, and obstruction of justice. He contends that
the court of appeals erred in affirming the trial court’s conclusion
that his confession and other incriminating statements made to
police would have been admissible at trial as impeachment
evidence, despite an acknowledged violation of his Miranda rights,
which barred the statements from being used in the State’s case-in-
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
chief. Additionally, he contends that the court of appeals erred in
affirming his conviction for aggravated robbery in the face of a
faulty jury instruction that improperly recited the requisite mental
state for the offense.
¶2 The court of appeals—following the standard we set forth
in State v. Arriaga-Luna, 2013 UT 56, ¶ 9, 311 P.3d 1028, which
echoed the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in United States v.
Washington, 431 U.S. 181, 188 (1977)—properly surveyed the totality
of the circumstances surrounding the statements made by Apodaca
and held that Apodaca’s free will was not overborne in making
them. We agree. Apodaca’s confession and statements to police
were not coerced and would have been properly admissible against
him as impeachment evidence if he had chosen to testify.
Furthermore, although the jury instruction given at trial was faulty
as to the proper mens rea required to convict Apodaca of
aggravated robbery, we also agree with the court of appeals that it
did not result in prejudice to Apodaca. Accordingly we affirm the
decision of the court of appeals in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
The Crime
¶3 Apodaca’s co-defendant Brandon Montoya testified at trial
that on November 28, 2012, he had purchased a small amount of
oxycodone pills from J.H., 1 a sixteen-year-old drug dealer. Later
that same day, Montoya raised the idea of robbing J.H. with
Apodaca. Montoya testified that he contacted Apodaca because
Apodaca had a car and that he asked Apodaca to bring a gun or
someone with a gun so J.H. would “give [the drugs] up without a
fight.” Apodaca agreed to the plan and promised to “bring one of
his homies.”
¶4 Montoya then called J.H. to arrange to purchase a large
quantity of oxycodone pills. Montoya testified at trial that,
according to their plan, he, Apodaca, and Gilbert Vigil would drive
to J.H.’s house and ask to do the drug deal in Apodaca’s car. The
plan was that once J.H. was in the car, Vigil would “just pull out
the pistol and scare him, make him give the pills up, and then kick
him out of the car.” Montoya would feign surprise and encourage
J.H. to cooperate.
____________________________________________________________
1 Because the victim was a minor at the time of the events at
issue, we refer to him as J.H.
2
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Opinion of the Court
¶5 Montoya, Apodaca, and Vigil arrived at J.H.’s girlfriend’s
home and asked J.H. to do the drug deal in the car. J.H. got into the
backseat of the car. As J.H. counted the pills, Apodaca sped off.
Vigil struck J.H. in the head with a .22 caliber revolver, then
pointed it at J.H.’s head and demanded, “Give us those fucking
pills.” 2 As this happened, Montoya screamed, “Give them the pills.
. . . I don’t want to die.” J.H.’s pleas to be let out of the car were
ignored and he was unable to open the door while the car was in
motion. J.H. attempted to get the gun from Vigil, but Vigil shot him
in the stomach and multiple times in the legs. Apodaca then
stopped the car, and Montoya and J.H. got out while Apodaca and
Vigil drove away. Police arrested Apodaca after finding his car,
which had blood stains, a wet backseat, and missing floor mats.
Apodaca’s Interview
¶6 Apodaca’s interview with two detectives occurred in three
distinct segments. The first segment, a conversation between
Detective Martell and Apodaca in the squad car, was recorded. The
second segment, which was not recorded, occurred while Detective
Jensen transported Apodaca from the squad car to the interview
room. The third segment, which was recorded, was conducted by
both detectives in an interview room at the police station.
The First Segment
¶7 At the beginning of the first segment, which was recorded
in the squad car, Detective Martell told Apodaca he would explain
his rights to him. Apodaca replied, “After you give me my rights
though don’t ask me no questions cuz I answering no questions
bro.” Detective Martell recited Apodaca’s Miranda rights and
acknowledged that Apodaca had invoked his right to remain silent.
He then told Apodaca that he would give him “the opportunity to
tell . . . [his] side.”
¶8 Apodaca denied any wrongdoing and asked whether he
was “going to jail [that night] no matter what.” When Detective
Martell replied that he did not know whether Apodaca was going
____________________________________________________________
2 At trial, J.H. expressed some confusion about whether it was
Apodaca or Vigil who demanded the pills. On cross-examination,
J.H. conceded he could not recall who made the statement and that
it was possible that both Apodaca and Vigil demanded the pills.
Additionally, both J.H. and Montoya testified that someone said to
“pop” or “shoot” J.H. but it was disputed as to whether this
someone was Apodaca or Vigil.
3
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
to jail, Apodaca said, “How can I not go to jail, you guys got to start
making me feel more comfortable, cuz I could help anybody as
long as I’m gonna get something in the process.” Apodaca
consistently expressed his desire to make a deal and said that he
would not incriminate himself or anyone else without getting
“someone [to] tell [him] you ain’t going to jail.” Detective Martell
said he could not make a deal, but encouraged Apodaca to talk to
him because, unlike the other detectives, he understood Apodaca’s
background and his “hard life.” Apodaca again said that he would
not talk “unless [he was] getting some deals.” Additionally,
Apodaca said, “How about you ask them what it’s gonna take for
me not to go to jail and maybe I can tell them these things if they’re
gonna guarantee me to not go to jail.”
¶9 Detective Martell later told Apodaca, “[T]here’s no way
that you’re not going to jail tonight.” Apodaca then asked whether
the interview was being recorded. When the detective replied that
it was, Apodaca indicated that he would be willing to disclose
more information if the recorder was turned off. Apodaca then
expressed his understanding that the detectives would add charges
against him if he did not give a statement. Detective Martell
replied, “No dude that’s not how we work . . . it’s not up to us
okay? . . . It’s up to the prosecuting [attorneys] to make a decision.”
Before Detective Jensen took custody of Apodaca, Detective Martell
asked Apodaca if he was sick or injured, to which Apodaca replied,
“I’m pretty sick to my stomach and I’m gonna need my methadone
soon in the morning . . . . [W]hen I don’t have that I can’t even
function.” Apodaca was then transported from the police car to the
interview room.
The Second Segment
¶10 Because Detective Jensen and Apodaca conversed in the
forensic area while Apodaca was being transported, there is an
unrecorded “second segment” of his interview with police. The
trial court heard testimony from Apodaca and Detective Jensen
about the content of this unrecorded conversation. According to
Apodaca, he invoked his right to remain silent during the first
segment, but changed his mind and decided to waive his rights
because of the exchange he had with Detective Jensen in the second
segment. Apodaca said Detective Jensen told him that if he
explained what happened, Detective Jensen would “write the DA
and . . . make sure that [Apodaca would be] out by Christmas
Day.” Apodaca testified that he understood this as a “guaranteed”
promise that he would be treated with leniency if he cooperated.
4
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Opinion of the Court
He testified that if he had not received this promise, he would not
have talked to police.
¶11 According to Detective Jensen, “no deal was ever made”
during the second segment of the interview, and he did not give
Apodaca “any definite answers about jail or Christmas.” Detective
Jensen testified that he “struck up a conversation” with Apodaca
about tattoos in the forensics area of the police station after
Apodaca became upset when he overheard Detective Jensen telling
a technician that Apodaca may be charged with attempted
homicide. Apodaca asked about the charges and expressed that he
was “concerned about going to jail” and “did not want to snitch.”
Detective Jensen told Apodaca that “now was a good time to
cooperate if he was willing to do it.”
¶12 According to Detective Jensen, Apodaca expressed concern
that “his cooperation would not get back to the prosecutors in
charge of his case,” so Detective Jensen told Apodaca that if he
decided to cooperate, he, Detective Jensen, “would let the
prosecution know that he decided to cooperate and take
responsibility.” The detective testified that when he said he was
giving his word to Apodaca, he was only reassuring Apodaca that
he would pass along the information about Apodaca’s cooperation
to the prosecuting attorneys.
The Third Segment
¶13 The third segment took place in an interview room with
Detectives Martell and Jensen and was recorded. The interview
transcript begins with the following exchange:
[Apodaca]: I just hope that prosecuting attorney sees
how much I’m giving up.
[Det. Jensen]: I guarantee they will.
[Apodaca]: I just hope I get out.
[Det. Jensen]: Hey you’ve got my word alright.
[Apodaca]: That would be the shit if I was out by
Christmas man.
[Det. Jensen]: No I hear ya.
¶14 After Detective Jensen repeated Apodaca’s Miranda rights,
Apodaca began making incriminating statements but did not
identify the shooter. Detective Jensen told Apodaca that he already
knew “everything” but was giving Apodaca “a chance to let [him]
know [what happened]” because “it always looks better if you
5
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
cooperate.” Apodaca then told his story, which involved admitting
to the plan to rob J.H. of a “big amount” of pills and his function as
getaway driver. He also admitted to knowledge of the portion of
the plan involving scaring J.H. with a gun, and talked about his
own actions cleaning out his car and disposing of evidence.
Apodaca expressed reluctance to identify the shooter, explaining, “I
guess I have to go to jail because . . . I can’t do that man. It’s gonna
be me on the paperwork snitching on my homeboy.” Apodaca also
expressed concern that he would be in danger when he was
released from jail if he identified anyone. Detective Jensen assured
him, “When you get out . . . [if] you feel like you’re in jeopardy you
need to call me and I will take care of it.”
¶15 Detective Martell entered the room and encouraged
Apodaca to cooperate but said, “I can’t guarantee what’s going to
happen in court, but I, I could tell you that it’s gonna be helpful to
know that you’re being cooperative, and that’s all we’re trying to
do here is give you the opportunity to do so.” Apodaca asked if his
cooperation would “make [him] go home faster” and Detective
Martell responded, “I can’t promise you something that I can’t
guarantee . . . I want you to tell me the truth of what you witnessed
and I guarantee you that [the prosecutors are] gonna look at that
hard and they’re gonna realize that you’re being helpful with this
investigation.” At the end of the interview, Apodaca asked
Detective Martell how long he thought he would spend
incarcerated and Detective Martell replied, “[I]t’s not up to us[,] it is
something that the, the courts make a decision on.”
Procedural History
¶16 Apodaca was charged with one count of aggravated
kidnapping, one count of aggravated robbery, one count of
obstruction of justice, and four counts of felony discharge of a
firearm. The aggravated robbery and the discharge of a firearm
charges were based on a theory of accomplice liability.
¶17 Before the case went to trial, Apodaca moved to suppress
the incriminating statements he made to police, asserting that police
obtained his statements in violation of his Miranda rights. Apodaca
also argued that his statements were obtained through coercive
inducement in violation of his Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth
Amendment rights, and that his statements were therefore
involuntary and could not be used against him for any purpose.
¶18 The State stipulated to the Miranda violation and agreed to
not use Apodaca’s statements in its case-in-chief, but argued that
the statements were voluntary and therefore admissible for
6
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Opinion of the Court
impeachment purposes. After conducting an evidentiary hearing,
the trial court found that the confession was voluntary and ruled
that Apodaca’s statements could be used for impeachment because
“there was no coercion or duress associated with the statements.”
The court explained,
[O]n the spectrum of this idea of trickery or
coercion—the suggestion that somebody . . . engages
in voluntary conversations doesn’t rise to the level of
what might otherwise be duress or coercion, nor is a
promise to pass on information associated with Mr.
Apodaca’s cooperation, which is what this Court
understands that testimony to be—an inducement
for which somehow would obviate the voluntary
nature of freely given information.
¶19 In opening statements at trial, Apodaca’s defense counsel
argued that Apodaca was compelled to play the role of getaway
driver. Defense counsel stated that Apodaca thought he was simply
engaging in a drug deal and did not know that Vigil had a gun.
Defense counsel also argued that Apodaca obeyed Vigil’s orders to
drive because he was afraid of Vigil and that Apodaca “didn’t assist
anyone,” “was doing what he was told, [and was] found in the
circumstances that he didn’t want to be in.” Additionally, defense
counsel explained to the jury that Apodaca had planned to testify in
his own defense. 3
¶20 At the end of the trial, the court instructed the jury on
accomplice liability and relevant mental states. Relevant to this
appeal, the instruction for aggravated robbery stated that the jury
had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Apodaca “intended that
Gilbert Vigil commit the crime of Aggravated Robbery; or was
aware that his conduct was reasonably certain to result in Gilbert
Vigil committing the crime of Aggravated Robbery.” In other
words, the jury instruction allowed the jury to convict Apodaca of
aggravated robbery if he acted intentionally or knowingly. The jury
acquitted Apodaca on all four counts of felony discharge of a
firearm, but convicted him of aggravated kidnapping, aggravated
robbery, and obstructing justice. Apodaca appealed.
____________________________________________________________
3 Because of the trial court’s ruling on Apodaca’s motion to
suppress, Apodaca did not testify at trial because doing so would
have subjected him to impeachment with his confession and
incriminating statements.
7
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
¶21 Apodaca argued two issues before the court of appeals: (1)
that the trial court erred in holding that his statements to police
were voluntary, and (2) that the trial court improperly instructed
the jury that it could convict him of aggravated robbery as a party if
it found that he acted knowingly. See State v. Apodaca, 2018 UT App
131, ¶¶ 31–32, 428 P.3d 99. Apodaca raised the instruction issue
under plain error, manifest injustice, and ineffective assistance of
counsel. Id. ¶ 32.
¶22 The court of appeals held that the trial court correctly ruled
that the statements were not coerced and that Apodaca could not
show prejudice from the faulty jury instructions. In doing so, the
court of appeals considered the totality of the circumstances—
including “the details of the interrogation” and “the characteristics
of the accused”—in determining that Apodaca’s statements were
not coerced. Id. ¶ 36. Regarding the alleged Christmas release
promise made during the unrecorded second segment, the court of
appeals found that the trial court’s ruling implied that it believed
Detective Jensen—who testified that he merely promised to relay
any cooperation to the prosecuting attorney—and disbelieved
Apodaca. Id. ¶ 43. Accordingly, the court of appeals found that the
alleged promises did not weigh in favor of coercion. Id. ¶ 46.
However, the court of appeals did find that the Miranda violation
weighed in favor of coercion. Id. ¶ 50. But because it found that no
other factors indicated coercion, the court of appeals held that,
under a totality of the circumstances, Apodaca’s statements were
made voluntarily and were therefore admissible for impeachment
purposes. Id. ¶ 67.
¶23 The court of appeals also found that the aggravated
robbery instruction was incorrect as to the mens rea required to
convict Apodaca, and that counsel had performed deficiently by
not objecting to it. Id. ¶¶ 70–76. Specifically, the jury instruction on
aggravated robbery allowed the jury to convict Apodaca for
knowing conduct when aggravated robbery rightfully requires a
finding of intentional conduct. Id. However, the court of appeals
agreed with the State that Apodaca had not shown that this
instruction was prejudicial because he did not show that there was
a reasonable likelihood that the jury could conclude he acted
knowingly without also concluding that he acted intentionally. Id.
¶ 84. Additionally, it found insufficient evidentiary support for
Apodaca’s assertion that he had acted out of fear. Id. ¶ 79.
Accordingly, the court of appeals ruled that the faulty jury
instruction did not prejudice Apodaca. Id. ¶ 85.
8
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Opinion of the Court
¶24 We exercise jurisdiction under Utah Code section
78A-3-102(3)(a).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶25 On certiorari, “we review the decision of the court of
appeals and not that of the trial court.” Longley v. Leucadia Fin.
Corp., 2000 UT 69, ¶ 13, 9 P.3d 762. We review the court of appeals’
decision for correctness. State v. Trujillo, 2019 UT 5, ¶ 9, 439 P.3d
588. “The correctness of the court of appeals’ decision turns, in part,
on whether it accurately reviewed the trial court’s decision under
the appropriate standard of review.” State v. Levin, 2006 UT 50,
¶ 15, 144 P.3d 1096.
ANALYSIS
¶26 The court of appeals’ robust opinion admirably analyzes
both the facts and the law behind Apodaca’s case. We see little to
correct in its analysis. We do, however, take time to flag a potential
issue regarding the appropriate standard of review when analyzing
a trial court’s determination of voluntariness. And we note the need
for trial courts to clarify and explain any implicit findings they
make. We also highlight the holistic and open-ended nature of the
totality of circumstances analysis required of the court when
assessing whether confessions or incriminating statements made to
police were coerced, and therefore not given voluntarily. Lastly, we
affirm the court of appeals’ holding that the jury instructions
regarding aggravated robbery were not prejudicial.
I. APODACA’S STATEMENTS WERE VOLUNTARILY MADE
AND THEREFORE ADMISSIBLE FOR IMPEACHMENT
¶27 Neither party disputes that Apodaca’s statements were
obtained in violation of his Miranda rights and were therefore
unavailable for the state’s case-in-chief. We have echoed the United
States Supreme Court in holding that individuals are protected
from being compelled to incriminate themselves under the Fifth
and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. See
State v. Arriaga-Luna, 2013 UT 56, ¶ 9, 311 P.3d 1028. But we have
also agreed with the United States Supreme Court that, while
statements “taken in violation of only the prophylactic Miranda
rules may not be used in the prosecution’s case in chief, they are
admissible to impeach conflicting testimony by the defendant.”
State v. Troyer, 910 P.2d 1182, 1190 (Utah 1995) (quoting Michigan v.
Harvey, 494 U.S. 344, 350–51 (1990)). The rationale for this rule is
that “if defendants exercise their right to testify on their own behalf,
they assume a reciprocal ‘obligation to speak truthfully and
accurately.’” Id. (quoting Harvey, 494 U.S. at 351). The law does not
9
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
allow “a defendant to ‘turn the illegal method by which evidence in
the Government’s possession was obtained to his own advantage,
and provide himself with a shield against contradiction of his
untruths.’” Id. (quoting Harvey, 494 U.S. at 351). In this case, the trial
court ruled that Apodaca’s statements were available to be used as
impeachment evidence as the prior inconsistent statements of a
declarant if he chose to testify. 4 Legally, such statements, in this
case those made by Apodaca in violation of his Miranda rights, are
admissible as impeachment evidence if they are made voluntarily.
¶28 “The ultimate goal of analyzing whether a confession was
coerced” and therefore involuntary “is to determine ‘whether,
considering the totality of the circumstances, the free will of the
witness was overborne.’” Arriaga-Luna, 2013 UT 56, ¶ 9 (quoting
United States v. Washington, 431 U.S. 181, 188 (1977)). It may be true
that no one single issue or specific circumstance is egregious
enough by itself to qualify as coercive. However, coercion may still
result from the cumulative effect of many relatively minor issues. This is
a review of the totality as a totality, not a checklist of discrete and
isolated factors. “[T]he totality of circumstances [includes] both the
characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation.”
State v. Rettenberger, 1999 UT 80, ¶ 14, 984 P.2d 1009 (alterations in
original) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). And
we have noted that “as interrogators have turned to more subtle
forms of psychological persuasion, courts have found the mental
condition of the defendant a more significant factor in the
‘‘voluntariness’ calculus.” Id. ¶ 15 (citation omitted) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “Additionally, for a confession to be
involuntary there must be a causal connection between the coercion
and the confession.” Arriaga-Luna, 2013 UT 56, ¶ 10. The State bears
the burden of demonstrating “by a preponderance of the evidence
____________________________________________________________
4 Not all impeachment evidence is admissible. Due to the
Miranda violation, Apodaca’s statements to the detectives were not
admissible in the State’s case-in-chief. However, if Apodaca were to
testify, they could have been introduced as prior inconsistent
statements. See UTAH R. EVID. 801(d)(1)(A) (“A statement that meets
the following conditions is not hearsay: The declarant testifies and
is subject to cross-examination about a prior statement, and the
statement: is inconsistent with the declarant’s testimony . . . .”)
10
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Opinion of the Court
that the statement was made voluntarily.” Rettenberger, 1999 UT 80,
¶ 45 (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). 5
¶29 The court of appeals did an excellent job in reviewing the
trial court’s determination of voluntariness. And we agree with the
court of appeals that Apodaca’s statements to police were not the
product of coercion. The court of appeals conducted a thorough
analysis addressing Apodaca’s arguments “regarding the
detectives’ use of threats and promises[,] . . . the conceded Miranda
violation, the false friend technique, misrepresentations, isolation,
denial of medication, and the alleged use of Apodaca’s subjective
characteristics to coerce his confession.” State v. Apodaca, 2018 UT
App 131, ¶ 39, 428 P.3d 99. Because we agree with the court of
appeals’ opinion, we quote from its analysis extensively.6
____________________________________________________________
5 We pause to note that, since Apodaca’s original trial, we have
updated the Utah Rules of Evidence by the passage of rule 616(b),
which states that “evidence of a statement made by the defendant
during a custodial interrogation in a place of detention shall not be
admitted against the defendant in a felony criminal prosecution
unless an electronic recording of the statement was made and is
available at trial.” Accordingly, law enforcement should record all
statements made in places of detention.
6 We have previously said that the “ultimate determination of
voluntariness is a legal question; accordingly, we review the district
court’s ruling for correctness.” Rettenberger, 1999 UT 80, ¶ 10. Based
on this language, both parties, and hence the court of appeals,
advanced a correctness analysis. But the voluntariness analysis
requires an inquiry into the “totality of the circumstances” of the
individual case to understand whether the “free will of the witness
was overborne.” Arriaga-Luna, 2013 UT 56, ¶ 9 (citation omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the question of
voluntariness is a legal standard applied to and guided by specific
facts. We question if this is in fact more akin to a mixed question of
law and fact than a naked legal issue. See Murray v. Utah Labor
Comm’n, 2013 UT 38, ¶ 24, 308 P.3d 461 (“Mixed questions
‘involv[e] application of a legal standard to a set of facts unique to a
particular case.’”) (alteration in original) (citation omitted) (internal
quotation marks omitted). And, indeed, many other jurisdictions
have recognized the mixed nature of the review of voluntariness.
See, e.g., People v. Humphrey, 132 P.3d 352, 364 (Colo. 2006) (Coats, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“[A]n ultimate finding of
voluntariness has come to be understood as a mixed question of
(continued . . .)
11
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
Threats and Promises
¶30 Apodaca first argues that his will was overcome as a result
of threats and promises made by the detectives. Specifically,
Apodaca asserts that Detective Jensen promised him that he would
be out by Christmas if he cooperated. According to Apodaca, he
understood this as a guaranteed promise of leniency and would not
have waived his rights without such a promise. However, the State
argues that Detective Jensen only promised to “relay any
of Apodaca’s cooperation to the prosecuting attorney.” The trial
court found that the detective only promised to relay Apodaca’s
cooperation to the prosecution—and therefore the promise was not
coercive—and the court of appeals ruled that the trial court’s
finding was not clear error. Id. ¶ 42.
¶31 We have said that “[t]he mere representation to a
defendant by officers that they will make known to the prosecutor
and to the court that [the defendant] cooperated with them” is not a
coercive promise. State v. Strain, 779 P.2d 221, 225 (Utah 1989). The
fact and law . . . .”); Linares v. State, 471 S.E.2d 208, 211 (Ga. 1996)
(“The issue [of voluntariness] presents a mixed question of fact and
law.”); Rosky v. State, 111 P.3d 690, 694 (Nev. 2005) (noting that
“voluntariness determinations present mixed questions of law and
fact”). In mixed questions the “applicable standard [of review]
depends on the nature of the issue and the marginal costs and
benefits of a less deferential, more heavy-handed appellate touch.”
In re Adoption of Baby B., 2012 UT 35, ¶ 42, 308 P.3d 382. We have
articulated how this cost-benefit analysis should be conducted
through the three-factor Levin evaluation. See, e.g., Sawyer v. Dep’t of
Workforce Servs., 2015 UT 33, ¶ 12, 345 P.3d 1253 (citing State v.
Levin, 2006 UT 50, ¶ 25, 144 P.3d 1096).
We acknowledge that here this may be a distinction without a
difference. Even if we were to say that voluntariness is a mixed
question of law and fact, an analysis under the Levin factors may
well show voluntariness questions to be heavily “law-like,” in
which case we would still review the district court’s decision with
minimal deference. Because neither the court of appeals nor this
court were asked to do so, we do not undertake such an analysis
here. We do, however, note this hiccup in our precedent and invite
briefing in future cases on what the appropriate standard of review
should be when reviewing trial court determinations of
voluntariness.
12
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Opinion of the Court
district court found that Detective Jensen only promised Apodaca
that he would relay Apodaca’s cooperation to the prosecuting
attorney. As noted above, see supra ¶ 22, this finding required
implicitly finding that Detective Jensen was more credible than
Apodaca. And because the trial court did not explain this implicit
finding, it deserves less deference than we would normally afford a
trial court’s findings of fact. Nevertheless, Apodaca has failed to
demonstrate error in the trial court’s finding, even under a less
deferential standard of review. Although the third interview
segment begins with Apodaca expressing that he would like to be
released by Christmas, there is nothing else in the recorded
interviews to suggest that the detectives made any promise
regarding Apodaca’s release. Instead, the recorded interviews are
replete with instances of the detectives explaining to Apodaca that
they cannot make any guarantees and that the prosecuting attorney
would make the final decisions, not the detectives. Accordingly, we
cannot say that the trial court’s finding was in error and therefore
this fact, on its own, does not tend to demonstrate that Apodaca’s
testimony was coerced. See Strain, 779 P.2d at 225. We leave for later
whether, when all the factors are considered in their totality,
Apodaca’s statements were coerced.
The Guarantee of Leniency
¶32 Apodaca’s second argument is closely related to his first.
He asserts that his statements were coerced because the detectives
guaranteed him leniency in exchange for his cooperation.
Specifically, Apodaca points to Detective Jensen’s statements that
“it always look[s] better to cooperate” and that he would “let the
prosecution know” about Apodaca’s cooperation. The court of
appeals held that such statements were not coercive because the
detectives repeatedly stated that they could not make promises or
guarantees to Apodaca regarding his incarceration. Apodaca, 2018
UT App 131, ¶ 49.
¶33 We agree with the court of appeals that the detectives did
not make any guarantee of leniency to Apodaca in return for his
cooperation. The detective’s statements to Apodaca that the
prosecutors would “look at [his cooperation] hard and . . . realize
that [he was] being helpful with this investigation” were not a
guarantee of leniency when viewed in the full context of the
interview—as the court of appeals carefully clarified. 7 Id. ¶ 48. This
____________________________________________________________
7 “[T]he statement’s context demonstrates that it was not made to
coerce a confession from Apodaca about his involvement in the
(continued . . .)
13
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
is especially clear from the detective’s response to Apodaca when
Apodaca asked if he could go home faster if he cooperated, to
which the detective replied, “I can’t promise you something that I
can’t guarantee.” As the court of appeals noted, “[o]n its face and in
context, the detective’s statement does not guarantee Apodaca a
certain result. Instead, the context shows that the detective was
suggesting to Apodaca that cooperating would be his best option;
such a suggestion is not coercive.” Id. We agree. Accordingly, this
alone does not tend to demonstrate coercion. But we leave for later
the effect these statements have on a totality analysis.
The Miranda Violation
¶34 Apodaca’s third argument is that his statements were
coerced because they were taken in violation of his Miranda rights.
The State conceded that a Miranda violation occurred during the
initial interview with Apodaca and accordingly did not use
Apodaca’s statements in its case-in-chief. The only remaining
question is whether this violation was so coercive as to render his
statements involuntary, and therefore inadmissible for
impeachment purposes. We agree with the trial court and the court
of appeals that the Miranda violation favors a finding of coercion,
but is alone insufficient for a finding of coercion. See id. ¶ 50 (“[A]
Miranda violation alone is insufficient grounds for suppressing
statements offered to impeach the defendant’s testimony.”
(alteration in original) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
¶35 In this case, Apodaca’s statements, while obtained in
violation of Miranda, are still admissible for impeachment purposes
unless our totality of the circumstances review proves them to be
coerced. See Met v. State, 2016 UT 51, ¶ 54, 388 P.3d 447. The
violation is itself part of the totality analysis and certainly weighs in
favor of Apodaca’s case. But as the court of appeals noted, it alone
is insufficient to prove coercion and we leave for later analysis
whether Apodaca’s statements were coerced.
crime; the detective was encouraging Apodaca to identify the
shooter rather than assume greater responsibility for the crime.”
Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 48 n.8; cf. Strain, 779 P.2d at 226
(explaining that police conduct is impermissibly coercive when it
“carrie[s] a threat of greater punishment or a promise for lesser
punishment depending on whether [the accused] confesse[s]”).
14
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Opinion of the Court
False Friend Technique
¶36 Apodaca’s fourth argument is that Detective Martell used
the false friend technique to coerce statements from Apodaca.
Specifically, Apodaca points to Detective Martell’s statements that
he understood Apodaca’s “hard life” and that other officers might
not be so understanding, and Detective Jensen’s offer to protect
Apodaca from retribution if he named the shooter. The court of
appeals held that these facts did not weigh in favor of a finding of
coercion. Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 54. We agree.
¶37 As the court of appeals noted, “[t]he false friend technique
is one ‘whereby the interrogator represents that he is a friend acting
in the suspect’s best interest.’” Id. ¶ 52 (citation omitted). “Standing
alone, the false-friend technique is not sufficiently coercive to
produce an involuntary confession, but may be significant in
relation to other tactics and factors.” Id. (citation omitted) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Additionally, the false friend technique
may be coercive if the defendant suffers from some form of
cognitive impairment. See Rettenberger, 1999 UT 80, ¶ 26.
¶38 In this case, Apodaca has not shown that any cognitive
impairment made him especially susceptible to the false friend
technique. While it was clear that both detectives tried to establish
rapport with Apodaca, the statements made by both detectives
simply demonstrate a desire to work with Apodaca to solve the
case. The statement that comes closest to coercing Apodaca through
the false friend technique is Detective Jensen’s offer to protect
Apodaca if he gave the name of the shooter. But as the court of
appeals stated, “the detective’s offer to personally protect Apodaca
was made after Apodaca had implicated himself and in response to
Apodaca’s expression of concern about retaliation if he were to
name the shooter.” Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 54. Therefore, it is
highly unlikely that any of Apodaca’s incriminating statements
were given solely based on Detective Jensen’s offer of protection.
Because Apodaca has not shown that he was highly susceptible to
the false friend technique, and because Apodaca gave incriminating
statements before the alleged use of the false friend technique, these
facts do not weigh in favor of a finding of coercion. We leave the
effect of these facts on our totality analysis for later.
Misrepresentations
¶39 Apodaca’s fifth argument regarding coercion is that the
detectives made several misrepresentations that overbore his will.
Specifically, Apodaca points to Detective Martell’s statement at the
beginning of the first interview that, “my opportunity here is not to
15
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
question you, not to interrogate you but to give you the
opportunity to tell me your side.” In Apodaca’s view, these
statements were designed to make Apodaca underestimate the
importance of the conversation and believe that cooperation was in
his best interest. Additionally, Apodaca claims that the detectives
misrepresented the strength of the evidence when they told him
that they already knew everything and that they just needed to hear
it from him. The court of appeals concluded that Apodaca had not
demonstrated that any of these representations were sufficient to
overcome his will. Id. ¶ 56.
¶40 We agree with the court of appeals that the detectives
made no misrepresentations to Apodaca sufficient to overbear his
will. With respect to Detective Martell’s statement regarding the
purpose of the conversation, we cannot say that this statement was
misleading. While the detective was obviously trying to extract
information from Apodaca, Apodaca has presented no evidence to
suggest that it was misleading for Detective Martell to tell Apodaca
that he had an opportunity to tell his side of the story. And with
respect to the statements regarding the strength of the State’s
evidence, “[w]e have recognized that ‘[a] defendant’s will is not
overborne simply because he is led to believe that the government’s
knowledge of his guilt is greater than it actually is.’” Rettenberger,
1999 UT 80, ¶ 20 (second alteration in original) (citation omitted).
Accordingly, these facts do not tend to weigh in favor of a finding
of coercion, but we leave their effect on our totality analysis for
later.
Isolation and Medication
¶41 Apodaca’s next argument centers on his isolation and his
methadone prescription. Apodaca argues that his statements were
coerced because he was questioned late at night in a police vehicle
and in an interrogation room, and because the detectives denied his
requests to speak to his girlfriend. Additionally, Apodaca asserts
that his statements were coerced because he needed access to his
methadone prescription by morning. The court of appeals held that
Apodaca did not suffer or experience a level of isolation that would
amount to coercion, Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 59, and that
Apodaca was not denied any request for immediate medical
attention, id. ¶ 62.
¶42 In the past, we have found that five to six hour
interrogations are not in and of themselves coercive. See State v.
Ashdown, 296 P.2d 726, 729 (Utah 1956); see also State v. Leiva-Perez,
2016 UT App 237, ¶¶ 14–15, 391 P.3d 287. Apodaca’s isolation while
16
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Opinion of the Court
being interviewed was at most four hours, and Apodaca has not
pointed to other facts to suggest that his isolation rose to a coercive
level. While the detectives ignored his request to speak with his
girlfriend, Apodaca only made one request before he began making
incriminating statements. Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 60. In other
words, the detectives did not repeatedly deny Apodaca access to
his friends or family. Accordingly, this factor does not weigh in
favor of coercion.
¶43 We also agree with the court of appeals that Apodaca was
not denied medication during the course of his interrogation.
During the first segment of the interview, Apodaca told the
detective “I’m pretty sick to my stomach and I’m gonna need my
methadone soon in the morning . . . . [W]hen I don't have that I
can't even function.” We agree with the court of appeals that this
amounts to a request for future medication and does not express
any immediate need. We see no evidence that Apodaca told the
detectives then, or at any later point, that he had an urgent need for
medication, and the detectives never conditioned receipt of
medication on his cooperation. “Because the record does not
support Apodaca’s claim regarding the denial of medication, this
factor weighs against a conclusion of coercion.” Id. ¶ 62.
Apodaca’s Subjective Characteristics
¶44 Finally, Apodaca argues that the detectives exploited his
subjective characteristics, namely his lack of legal training and his
desire to avoid jail, in order to coerce his statements. The court of
appeals found that Apodaca did not exhibit any subjective
characteristics that would make him especially susceptible to
coercion. Id. ¶ 66. We agree.
¶45 Courts consider a defendant’s “subjective characteristics,
especially as known to the interrogating officers, to determine the
extent to which those characteristics made [them] more susceptible
to manipulation.” Rettenberger, 1999 UT 80, ¶ 37. We share the court
of appeals’ view that the record in this case does not support
Apodaca’s argument that he was especially susceptible to
manipulation. Apodaca was in constant negotiation with the
detectives for a deal, and expressed on multiple occasions his
awareness of his rights and of the paperwork that would be filed
should he speak out against his accomplices. Even though Apodaca
may not have any formal legal training, he appears throughout the
record to have a detailed understanding of the criminal system and
the rights that the system affords to him. Furthermore, Apodaca’s
desire to avoid jail is hardly a subjective characteristic that would
17
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
make someone especially susceptible to manipulation.8
Additionally, “Apodaca does not cite any evidence that his mental
health, mental deficiency, [or] emotional instability affected the
voluntariness of his statements to the detectives, and our review of
the record reveals none.” Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 66
(alteration in original) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Accordingly, this factor does not weigh in favor of
coercion.
Cumulative Effect of the Evidence
¶46 We conclude by reemphasizing that this review is meant to
be a total and cumulative inquiry. There may be a hypothetical
circumstance in which all factors considered in isolation do not rise
to the level of compulsion, but when taken together can weigh in
favor of coercion. However, in this case we agree with the court of
appeals that the totality of the circumstances demonstrates that
Apodaca’s statements to police were made voluntarily. Only one
factor, the Miranda violation, weighs in favor of coercion.
Otherwise, the record conclusively demonstrates that Apodaca’s
will was not overcome. From the start, Apodaca demonstrated that
he was a shrewd negotiator and had a good understanding of what
was going on. While the detectives tried to build rapport with
Apodaca by promising to relay his cooperation to the prosecuting
attorneys, the detectives never made promises or guarantees that
would have overcome Apodaca’s free will. Nor did the detectives
deny Apodaca access to friends, family, or medication, or threaten
Apodaca in any way such that he would have felt coerced to make
incriminating statements. Accordingly, Apodaca has not
demonstrated that his confession and statements were coerced, and
therefore we affirm the court of appeals.
II. THE AGGRAVATED ROBBERY JURY INSTRUCTION
¶47 Apodaca next challenges his conviction of aggravated
robbery due to the fact that the jury was improperly instructed as to
the appropriate mens rea required for the offense. Although the
court of appeals agreed that Apodaca’s defense counsel performed
deficiently by not objecting to the incorrect instruction, the court
held that Apodaca was not prejudiced because Apodaca “fail[s] to
articulate a theory of the evidence that supports his contention that
____________________________________________________________
8 If the opposite were true, then it would seem to follow that the
majority of the general populace would be especially susceptible to
manipulation. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine that the vast majority
of people do not desire to avoid jail.
18
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Opinion of the Court
it is reasonably likely that the jury found that his participation in
the aggravated robbery was knowing but not intentional.” State v.
Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 79, 428 P.3d 99. We agree. 9
¶48 In order to be convicted of a crime, the State must prove
that the defendant acted “with the mental state required for the
commission of an offense.” UTAH CODE § 76-2-202. “[A]ccomplice
liability adheres only when the accused acts with the mens rea to
commit the principal offense.” State v. Calliham, 2002 UT 86, ¶ 64, 55
P.3d 573. The parties agree that the elements of the principal
offense, aggravated robbery, required intentional conduct.
Therefore, Apodaca could be convicted of aggravated robbery
under an accomplice theory of liability only if the jury found that he
acted intentionally.
¶49 But the jury was instructed to find Apodaca guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt if he “intended that Gilbert Vigil commit the
crime of Aggravated Robbery; or was aware that his conduct was
reasonably certain to result in Gilbert Vigil committing the crime of
Aggravated Robbery.” This is an incorrect statement of law. While
the instruction correctly allowed the jury to find Apodaca guilty of
aggravated robbery if it found he acted intentionally, the
instruction also permitted the jury to find Apodaca guilty of
aggravated robbery if he acted merely knowingly rather than
intentionally. This error thus allowed for a conviction at a lower
threshold of mental culpability. However, this error is not enough
to overturn a conviction without a showing of prejudice. See
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
¶50 To show prejudice, Apodaca must demonstrate that “but
for the error, there is a reasonable probability that the verdict
would have been more favorable to [him].” State v. Dunn, 850 P.2d
1201, 1229 (Utah 1993), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Silva,
2019 UT 36, ---P.3d---. As the court of appeals noted, this
requirement “is a relatively high hurdle to overcome.” Apodaca,
2018 UT App 131, ¶ 77 (quoting State v. Garcia, 2017 UT 53, ¶ 44, 424
P.3d 171). Most notably this means that a mere potential effect on
the outcome is not enough. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. Instead,
“[t]he likelihood of a different result must be substantial.”
____________________________________________________________
9 Because we ultimately conclude that Apodaca was not
prejudiced by the erroneous instruction, we need not consider
whether counsel’s failure to object to the instruction constituted
deficient performance.
19
STATE v. APODACA
Opinion of the Court
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 112 (2011). Apodaca has failed to
carry this burden.
¶51 In assessing whether Apodaca was prejudiced, we “must
consider the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury and
then ask if the defendant has met the burden of showing that the
decision reached would reasonably likely have been different
absent the errors.” See Garcia, 2017 UT 53, ¶ 42 (citation omitted)
(internal quotation marks omitted). Put another way, we ask
whether the “failure to instruct the jury properly undermines
confidence in the verdict.” Id. In this case, that inquiry focuses on
whether there is a reasonable probability that the jury found
Apodaca acted knowingly, rather than intentionally, with respect to
the aggravated robbery charge. We agree with the court of appeals
that Apodaca has not demonstrated such a probability.
¶52 Apodaca has not shown prejudice because the evidence
presented at trial amply demonstrated that he actively and
intentionally planned, participated in, and attempted to cover up
the aggravated robbery. J.H. testified that Apodaca drove away
while he was counting out the pills, encouraged the handing over
of said pills, and told his friend to shoot J.H. when J.H. did not
comply. Apodaca’s co-defendant testified that Apodaca had a
detailed agreement with him to rob the victim, drive the car, and
bring along a “homie” with a gun. As the State points out, this set
of facts matches many of our precedents affirming convictions for
aggravated robbery as an accomplice. See, e.g., State v. Jimenez, 2012
UT 41, ¶ 14, 284 P.3d 640 (affirming a conviction for aggravated
robbery as an accomplice where defendant acted as getaway driver
and knew that co-defendant had a gun during the robbery); State v.
Smith, 706 P.2d 1052, 1056 (Utah 1985) (affirming a conviction for
aggravated robbery as an accomplice where defendant helped plan
and recruit other co-defendants and drove the getaway vehicle).
¶53 We have said that “there exists a narrow set of
circumstances where a person may act ‘knowingly’ without acting
‘intentionally.’” State v. Casey, 2003 UT 55, ¶ 47, 82 P.3d 1106.
However, “most ‘knowing’ conduct also fits accurately within the
statutory definition of ‘intentional’ conduct.” Id. Therefore, despite
the ineffectiveness of Apodaca’s counsel it is still his “burden to
show that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s performance” by
demonstrating how the jury could have reasonably concluded that
he acted knowingly without also concluding that he acted
intentionally. Garcia, 2017 UT 53, ¶ 37. This he has failed to do.
Besides the mere suggestion that “it is reasonably likely that the
jury would have acquitted him of aggravated robbery if it believed
20
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Opinion of the Court
he did not originally plan to rob [J.H.], Apodaca has not articulated
how the jury reasonably could have concluded that he acted
knowingly without also concluding that he acted intentionally.”
Apodaca, 2018 UT App 131, ¶ 84. Accordingly, Apodaca has not
demonstrated that there is a reasonable probability that the verdict
would have been more favorable to him if the jury instruction had
not been incorrect, and therefore he did not suffer prejudice as a
result of the erroneous instruction.
CONCLUSION
¶54 The court of appeals correctly reviewed the trial court’s
findings and affirmed that Apodaca’s statements to police were
voluntary. His confession and incriminating statements could be
used for impeachment purposes in the event that Apodaca chose to
testify. Furthermore, there is no evidence presented or reason to
suspect that the faulty jury instruction given at trial affected the
outcome or the verdict. We affirm the court of appeals.
21
|
[article Boost.Quaternions
[quickbook 1.3]
[copyright 2001-2003 Hubert Holin]
[purpose Quaternions]
[license
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
(See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
[@http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt])
]
[authors [Holin, Hubert]]
[category math]
[last-revision $Date: 2006-12-29 11:08:32 +0000 (Fri, 29 Dec 2006) $]
]
[def __R ['[*R]]]
[def __C ['[*C]]]
[def __H ['[*H]]]
[def __O ['[*O]]]
[def __R3 ['[*'''R<superscript>3</superscript>''']]]
[def __R4 ['[*'''R<superscript>4</superscript>''']]]
[def __quadrulple ('''α,β,γ,δ''')]
[def __quat_formula ['[^q = '''α + βi + γj + δk''']]]
[def __quat_complex_formula ['[^q = ('''α + βi) + (γ + δi)j''' ]]]
[def __not_equal ['[^xy '''≠''' yx]]]
[def __asinh [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.asinh asinh]]
[def __acosh [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.acosh acosh]]
[def __atanh [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.atanh atanh]]
[def __sinc_pi [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.sinc_pi sinc_pi]]
[def __sinhc_pi [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.sinhc_pi sinhc_pi]]
[def __log1p [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.log1p log1p]]
[def __expm1 [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.expm1 expm1]]
[def __hypot [link boost_quaternions.math_special_functions.hypot hypot]]
This manual is also available in
[@http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost-docs/
printer friendly PDF format].
[section Quaternions]
[section Overview]
Quaternions are a relative of complex numbers.
Quaternions are in fact part of a small hierarchy of structures built
upon the real numbers, which comprise only the set of real numbers
(traditionally named __R), the set of complex numbers (traditionally named __C),
the set of quaternions (traditionally named __H) and the set of octonions
(traditionally named __O), which possess interesting mathematical properties
(chief among which is the fact that they are ['division algebras],
['i.e.] where the following property is true: if ['[^y]] is an element of that
algebra and is [*not equal to zero], then ['[^yx = yx']], where ['[^x]] and ['[^x']]
denote elements of that algebra, implies that ['[^x = x']]).
Each member of the hierarchy is a super-set of the former.
One of the most important aspects of quaternions is that they provide an
efficient way to parameterize rotations in __R3 (the usual three-dimensional space)
and __R4.
In practical terms, a quaternion is simply a quadruple of real numbers __quadrulple,
which we can write in the form __quat_formula, where ['[^i]] is the same object as for complex numbers,
and ['[^j]] and ['[^k]] are distinct objects which play essentially the same kind of role as ['[^i]].
An addition and a multiplication is defined on the set of quaternions,
which generalize their real and complex counterparts. The main novelty
here is that [*the multiplication is not commutative] (i.e. there are
quaternions ['[^x]] and ['[^y]] such that __not_equal). A good mnemotechnical way of remembering
things is by using the formula ['[^i*i = j*j = k*k = -1]].
Quaternions (and their kin) are described in far more details in this
other [@../../../quaternion/TQE.pdf document]
(with [@../../../quaternion/TQE_EA.pdf errata and addenda]).
Some traditional constructs, such as the exponential, carry over without
too much change into the realms of quaternions, but other, such as taking
a square root, do not.
[endsect]
[section Header File]
The interface and implementation are both supplied by the header file
[@../../../../../boost/math/quaternion.hpp quaternion.hpp].
[endsect]
[section Synopsis]
namespace boost{ namespace math{
template<typename T> class ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.quat quaternion]``;
template<> class ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.spec quaternion<float>]``;
template<> class ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternion_double quaternion<double>]``;
template<> class ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternion_long_double quaternion<long double>]``;
// operators
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_addition_operators operator +]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_subtraction_operators operator -]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_multiplication_operators operator *]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.binary_division_operators operator /]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.unary_plus operator +]`` (quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.unary_minus operator -]`` (quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.equality_operators operator ==]`` (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.equality_operators operator ==]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.equality_operators operator ==]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.equality_operators operator ==]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.equality_operators operator ==]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.inequality_operators operator !=]`` (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.inequality_operators operator !=]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.inequality_operators operator !=]`` (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.inequality_operators operator !=]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.inequality_operators operator !=]`` (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
::std::basic_istream<charT,traits>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.stream_extractor operator >>]`` (::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & is, quaternion<T> & q);
template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.non_mem.stream_inserter operator <<]`` (::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os, quaternion<T> const & q);
// values
template<typename T> T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.real_and_unreal real]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.real_and_unreal unreal]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.sup sup]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.l1 l1]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.abs abs]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.norm norm]``(quaternion<T>const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.value_op.conj conj]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_spherical spherical]``(T const & rho, T const & theta, T const & phi1, T const & phi2);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_semipolar semipolar]``(T const & rho, T const & alpha, T const & theta1, T const & theta2);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_multipolar multipolar]``(T const & rho1, T const & theta1, T const & rho2, T const & theta2);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_cylindrospherical cylindrospherical]``(T const & t, T const & radius, T const & longitude, T const & latitude);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_cylindrical cylindrical]``(T const & r, T const & angle, T const & h1, T const & h2);
// transcendentals
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.exp exp]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.cos cos]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.sin sin]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.tan tan]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.cosh cosh]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.sinh sinh]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.tanh tanh]``(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.trans.pow pow]``(quaternion<T> const & q, int n);
} // namespace math
} // namespace boost
[endsect]
[section:quat Template Class quaternion]
namespace boost{ namespace math{
template<typename T>
class quaternion
{
public:
typedef T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_typedef value_type]``;
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(T const & requested_a = T(), T const & requested_b = T(), T const & requested_c = T(), T const & requested_d = T());
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(::std::complex<T> const & z0, ::std::complex<T> const & z1 = ::std::complex<T>());
template<typename X>
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<X> const & a_recopier);
T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
quaternion<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
T ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
::std::complex<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_1]``() const;
::std::complex<T> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_2]``() const;
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<T> const & a_affecter);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<X> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(T const & a_affecter);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(::std::complex<T> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(T const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(T const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(T const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(T const & rhs);
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
};
} // namespace math
} // namespace boost
[endsect]
[section:spec Quaternion Specializations]
namespace boost{ namespace math{
template<>
class quaternion<float>
{
public:
typedef float ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_typedef value_type]``;
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(float const & requested_a = 0.0f, float const & requested_b = 0.0f, float const & requested_c = 0.0f, float const & requested_d = 0.0f);
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(::std::complex<float> const & z0, ::std::complex<float> const & z1 = ::std::complex<float>());
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<double> const & a_recopier);
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<long double> const & a_recopier);
float ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
quaternion<float> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
float ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
float ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
float ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
float ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
::std::complex<float> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_1]``() const;
::std::complex<float> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_2]``() const;
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<float> const & a_affecter);
template<typename X>
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<X> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(float const & a_affecter);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(::std::complex<float> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(float const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(float const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(float const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(float const & rhs);
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(::std::complex<float> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<float>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
};
[#boost_quaternions.quaternion_double]
template<>
class quaternion<double>
{
public:
typedef double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_typedef value_type]``;
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(double const & requested_a = 0.0, double const & requested_b = 0.0, double const & requested_c = 0.0, double const & requested_d = 0.0);
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(::std::complex<double> const & z0, ::std::complex<double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<double>());
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<float> const & a_recopier);
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<long double> const & a_recopier);
double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
quaternion<double> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
::std::complex<double> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_1]``() const;
::std::complex<double> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_2]``() const;
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<double> const & a_affecter);
template<typename X>
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<X> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(double const & a_affecter);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(::std::complex<double> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(double const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(double const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(double const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(double const & rhs);
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(::std::complex<double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
};
[#boost_quaternions.quaternion_long_double]
template<>
class quaternion<long double>
{
public:
typedef long double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_typedef value_type]``;
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(long double const & requested_a = 0.0L, long double const & requested_b = 0.0L, long double const & requested_c = 0.0L, long double const & requested_d = 0.0L);
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(::std::complex<long double> const & z0, ::std::complex<long double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<long double>());
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<float> const & a_recopier);
explicit ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.constructors quaternion]``(quaternion<double> const & a_recopier);
long double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts real]``() const;
quaternion<long double> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.real_and_unreal_parts unreal]``() const;
long double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_1]``() const;
long double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_2]``() const;
long double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_3]``() const;
long double ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_real_components R_component_4]``() const;
::std::complex<long double> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_1]``() const;
::std::complex<long double> ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.individual_complex__components C_component_2]``() const;
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<long double> const & a_affecter);
template<typename X>
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(quaternion<X> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(long double const & a_affecter);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.assignment_operators operator = ]``(::std::complex<long double> const & a_affecter);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(long double const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.addition_operators operator += ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(long double const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.subtraction_operators operator -= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(long double const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.multiplication_operators operator *= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(long double const & rhs);
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(::std::complex<long double> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<long double>& ``[link boost_quaternions.quaternions.mem_fun.division_operators operator /= ]``(quaternion<X> const & rhs);
};
} // namespace math
} // namespace boost
[endsect]
[section:mem_typedef Quaternion Member Typedefs]
[*value_type]
Template version:
typedef T value_type;
Float specialization version:
typedef float value_type;
Double specialization version:
typedef double value_type;
Long double specialization version:
typedef long double value_type;
These provide easy acces to the type the template is built upon.
[endsect]
[section:mem_fun Quaternion Member Functions]
[h3 Constructors]
Template version:
explicit quaternion(T const & requested_a = T(), T const & requested_b = T(), T const & requested_c = T(), T const & requested_d = T());
explicit quaternion(::std::complex<T> const & z0, ::std::complex<T> const & z1 = ::std::complex<T>());
template<typename X>
explicit quaternion(quaternion<X> const & a_recopier);
Float specialization version:
explicit quaternion(float const & requested_a = 0.0f, float const & requested_b = 0.0f, float const & requested_c = 0.0f, float const & requested_d = 0.0f);
explicit quaternion(::std::complex<float> const & z0,::std::complex<float> const & z1 = ::std::complex<float>());
explicit quaternion(quaternion<double> const & a_recopier);
explicit quaternion(quaternion<long double> const & a_recopier);
Double specialization version:
explicit quaternion(double const & requested_a = 0.0, double const & requested_b = 0.0, double const & requested_c = 0.0, double const & requested_d = 0.0);
explicit quaternion(::std::complex<double> const & z0, ::std::complex<double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<double>());
explicit quaternion(quaternion<float> const & a_recopier);
explicit quaternion(quaternion<long double> const & a_recopier);
Long double specialization version:
explicit quaternion(long double const & requested_a = 0.0L, long double const & requested_b = 0.0L, long double const & requested_c = 0.0L, long double const & requested_d = 0.0L);
explicit quaternion( ::std::complex<long double> const & z0, ::std::complex<long double> const & z1 = ::std::complex<long double>());
explicit quaternion(quaternion<float> const & a_recopier);
explicit quaternion(quaternion<double> const & a_recopier);
A default constructor is provided for each form, which initializes
each component to the default values for their type
(i.e. zero for floating numbers). This constructor can also accept
one to four base type arguments. A constructor is also provided to
build quaternions from one or two complex numbers sharing the same
base type. The unspecialized template also sports a templarized copy
constructor, while the specialized forms have copy constructors
from the other two specializations, which are explicit when a risk of
precision loss exists. For the unspecialized form, the base type's
constructors must not throw.
Destructors and untemplated copy constructors (from the same type) are
provided by the compiler. Converting copy constructors make use of a
templated helper function in a "detail" subnamespace.
[h3 Other member functions]
[h4 Real and Unreal Parts]
T real() const;
quaternion<T> unreal() const;
Like complex number, quaternions do have a meaningful notion of "real part",
but unlike them there is no meaningful notion of "imaginary part".
Instead there is an "unreal part" which itself is a quaternion,
and usually nothing simpler (as opposed to the complex number case).
These are returned by the first two functions.
[h4 Individual Real Components]
T R_component_1() const;
T R_component_2() const;
T R_component_3() const;
T R_component_4() const;
A quaternion having four real components, these are returned by these four
functions. Hence real and R_component_1 return the same value.
[h4 Individual Complex Components]
::std::complex<T> C_component_1() const;
::std::complex<T> C_component_2() const;
A quaternion likewise has two complex components, and as we have seen above,
for any quaternion __quat_formula we also have __quat_complex_formula. These functions return them.
The real part of `q.C_component_1()` is the same as `q.real()`.
[h3 Quaternion Member Operators]
[h4 Assignment Operators]
quaternion<T>& operator = (quaternion<T> const & a_affecter);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& operator = (quaternion<X> const& a_affecter);
quaternion<T>& operator = (T const& a_affecter);
quaternion<T>& operator = (::std::complex<T> const& a_affecter);
These perform the expected assignment, with type modification if necessary
(for instance, assigning from a base type will set the real part to that
value, and all other components to zero). For the unspecialized form,
the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
[h4 Addition Operators]
quaternion<T>& operator += (T const & rhs)
quaternion<T>& operator += (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& operator += (quaternion<X> const & rhs);
These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)+rhs` and store the result in
`*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards, which the specialized
forms do not, so as to insure exception safety. For the unspecialized form,
the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
[h4 Subtraction Operators]
quaternion<T>& operator -= (T const & rhs)
quaternion<T>& operator -= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& operator -= (quaternion<X> const & rhs);
These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)-rhs` and store the result
in `*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards, which the
specialized forms do not, so as to insure exception safety.
For the unspecialized form, the base type's assignment operators
must not throw.
[h4 Multiplication Operators]
quaternion<T>& operator *= (T const & rhs)
quaternion<T>& operator *= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& operator *= (quaternion<X> const & rhs);
These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)*rhs` [*in this order]
(order is important as multiplication is not commutative for quaternions)
and store the result in `*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards,
which the specialized forms do not, so as to insure exception safety.
For the unspecialized form, the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
[h4 Division Operators]
quaternion<T>& operator /= (T const & rhs)
quaternion<T>& operator /= (::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename X>
quaternion<T>& operator /= (quaternion<X> const & rhs);
These perform the mathematical operation `(*this)*inverse_of(rhs)` [*in this
order] (order is important as multiplication is not commutative for quaternions)
and store the result in `*this`. The unspecialized form has exception guards,
which the specialized forms do not, so as to insure exception safety.
For the unspecialized form, the base type's assignment operators must not throw.
[endsect]
[section:non_mem Quaternion Non-Member Operators]
[h4 Unary Plus]
template<typename T>
quaternion<T> operator + (quaternion<T> const & q);
This unary operator simply returns q.
[h4 Unary Minus]
template<typename T>
quaternion<T> operator - (quaternion<T> const & q);
This unary operator returns the opposite of q.
[h4 Binary Addition Operators]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator + (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator + (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator + (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator + (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator + (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
These operators return `quaternion<T>(lhs) += rhs`.
[h4 Binary Subtraction Operators]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator - (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator - (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator - (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator - (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator - (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
These operators return `quaternion<T>(lhs) -= rhs`.
[h4 Binary Multiplication Operators]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator * (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator * (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator * (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator * (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator * (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
These operators return `quaternion<T>(lhs) *= rhs`.
[h4 Binary Division Operators]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator / (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator / (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator / (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator / (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> operator / (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
These operators return `quaternion<T>(lhs) /= rhs`. It is of course still an
error to divide by zero...
[h4 Equality Operators]
template<typename T> bool operator == (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator == (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator == (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator == (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator == (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
These return true if and only if the four components of `quaternion<T>(lhs)`
are equal to their counterparts in `quaternion<T>(rhs)`. As with any
floating-type entity, this is essentially meaningless.
[h4 Inequality Operators]
template<typename T> bool operator != (T const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator != (quaternion<T> const & lhs, T const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator != (::std::complex<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator != (quaternion<T> const & lhs, ::std::complex<T> const & rhs);
template<typename T> bool operator != (quaternion<T> const & lhs, quaternion<T> const & rhs);
These return true if and only if `quaternion<T>(lhs) == quaternion<T>(rhs)` is
false. As with any floating-type entity, this is essentially meaningless.
[h4 Stream Extractor]
template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
::std::basic_istream<charT,traits>& operator >> (::std::basic_istream<charT,traits> & is, quaternion<T> & q);
Extracts a quaternion q of one of the following forms
(with a, b, c and d of type `T`):
[^a (a), (a,b), (a,b,c), (a,b,c,d) (a,(c)), (a,(c,d)), ((a)), ((a),c), ((a),(c)), ((a),(c,d)), ((a,b)), ((a,b),c), ((a,b),(c)), ((a,b),(c,d))]
The input values must be convertible to `T`. If bad input is encountered,
calls `is.setstate(ios::failbit)` (which may throw ios::failure (27.4.5.3)).
[*Returns:] `is`.
The rationale for the list of accepted formats is that either we have a
list of up to four reals, or else we have a couple of complex numbers,
and in that case if it formated as a proper complex number, then it should
be accepted. Thus potential ambiguities are lifted (for instance (a,b) is
(a,b,0,0) and not (a,0,b,0), i.e. it is parsed as a list of two real numbers
and not two complex numbers which happen to have imaginary parts equal to zero).
[h4 Stream Inserter]
template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator << (::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os, quaternion<T> const & q);
Inserts the quaternion q onto the stream `os` as if it were implemented as follows:
template<typename T, typename charT, class traits>
::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits>& operator << (
::std::basic_ostream<charT,traits> & os,
quaternion<T> const & q)
{
::std::basic_ostringstream<charT,traits> s;
s.flags(os.flags());
s.imbue(os.getloc());
s.precision(os.precision());
s << '(' << q.R_component_1() << ','
<< q.R_component_2() << ','
<< q.R_component_3() << ','
<< q.R_component_4() << ')';
return os << s.str();
}
[endsect]
[section:value_op Quaternion Value Operations]
[h4 real and unreal]
template<typename T> T real(quaternion<T> const & q);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> unreal(quaternion<T> const & q);
These return `q.real()` and `q.unreal()` respectively.
[h4 conj]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> conj(quaternion<T> const & q);
This returns the conjugate of the quaternion.
[h4 sup]
template<typename T> T sup(quaternion<T> const & q);
This return the sup norm (the greatest among
`abs(q.R_component_1())...abs(q.R_component_4()))` of the quaternion.
[h4 l1]
template<typename T> T l1(quaternion<T> const & q);
This return the l1 norm `(abs(q.R_component_1())+...+abs(q.R_component_4()))`
of the quaternion.
[h4 abs]
template<typename T> T abs(quaternion<T> const & q);
This return the magnitude (Euclidian norm) of the quaternion.
[h4 norm]
template<typename T> T norm(quaternion<T>const & q);
This return the (Cayley) norm of the quaternion.
The term "norm" might be confusing, as most people associate it with the
Euclidian norm (and quadratic functionals). For this version of
(the mathematical objects known as) quaternions, the Euclidian norm
(also known as magnitude) is the square root of the Cayley norm.
[endsect]
[section:create Quaternion Creation Functions]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> spherical(T const & rho, T const & theta, T const & phi1, T const & phi2);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> semipolar(T const & rho, T const & alpha, T const & theta1, T const & theta2);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> multipolar(T const & rho1, T const & theta1, T const & rho2, T const & theta2);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> cylindrospherical(T const & t, T const & radius, T const & longitude, T const & latitude);
template<typename T> quaternion<T> cylindrical(T const & r, T const & angle, T const & h1, T const & h2);
These build quaternions in a way similar to the way polar builds complex
numbers, as there is no strict equivalent to polar coordinates for quaternions.
[#boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_spherical] `spherical` is a simple transposition of `polar`, it takes as inputs
a (positive) magnitude and a point on the hypersphere, given by three angles.
The first of these, `theta` has a natural range of `-pi` to `+pi`, and the other
two have natural ranges of `-pi/2` to `+pi/2` (as is the case with the usual
spherical coordinates in __R3). Due to the many symmetries and periodicities,
nothing untoward happens if the magnitude is negative or the angles are
outside their natural ranges. The expected degeneracies (a magnitude of
zero ignores the angles settings...) do happen however.
[#boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_cylindrical] `cylindrical` is likewise a simple transposition of the usual
cylindrical coordinates in __R3, which in turn is another derivative of
planar polar coordinates. The first two inputs are the polar coordinates of
the first __C component of the quaternion. The third and fourth inputs
are placed into the third and fourth __R components of the quaternion,
respectively.
[#boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_multipolar] `multipolar` is yet another simple generalization of polar coordinates.
This time, both __C components of the quaternion are given in polar coordinates.
[#boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_cylindrospherical] `cylindrospherical` is specific to quaternions. It is often interesting to
consider __H as the cartesian product of __R by __R3 (the quaternionic
multiplication as then a special form, as given here). This function
therefore builds a quaternion from this representation, with the __R3
component given in usual __R3 spherical coordinates.
[#boost_quaternions.quaternions.creation_semipolar] `semipolar` is another generator which is specific to quaternions.
It takes as a first input the magnitude of the quaternion, as a
second input an angle in the range `0` to `+pi/2` such that magnitudes
of the first two __C components of the quaternion are the product of the
first input and the sine and cosine of this angle, respectively, and finally
as third and fourth inputs angles in the range `-pi/2` to `+pi/2` which
represent the arguments of the first and second __C components of
the quaternion, respectively. As usual, nothing untoward happens if
what should be magnitudes are negative numbers or angles are out of their
natural ranges, as symmetries and periodicities kick in.
In this version of our implementation of quaternions, there is no
analogue of the complex value operation `arg` as the situation is
somewhat more complicated. Unit quaternions are linked both to
rotations in __R3 and in __R4, and the correspondences are not too complicated,
but there is currently a lack of standard (de facto or de jure) matrix
library with which the conversions could work. This should be remedied in
a further revision. In the mean time, an example of how this could be
done is presented here for
[@../../../quaternion/HSO3.hpp __R3], and here for
[@../../../quaternion/HSO4.hpp __R4]
([@../../../quaternion/HSO3SO4.cpp example test file]).
[endsect]
[section:trans Quaternion Transcendentals]
There is no `log` or `sqrt` provided for quaternions in this implementation,
and `pow` is likewise restricted to integral powers of the exponent.
There are several reasons to this: on the one hand, the equivalent of
analytic continuation for quaternions ("branch cuts") remains to be
investigated thoroughly (by me, at any rate...), and we wish to avoid the
nonsense introduced in the standard by exponentiations of complexes by
complexes (which is well defined, but not in the standard...).
Talking of nonsense, saying that `pow(0,0)` is "implementation defined" is just
plain brain-dead...
We do, however provide several transcendentals, chief among which is the
exponential. This author claims the complete proof of the "closed formula"
as his own, as well as its independant invention (there are claims to prior
invention of the formula, such as one by Professor Shoemake, and it is
possible that the formula had been known a couple of centuries back, but in
absence of bibliographical reference, the matter is pending, awaiting further
investigation; on the other hand, the definition and existence of the
exponential on the quaternions, is of course a fact known for a very long time).
Basically, any converging power series with real coefficients which allows for a
closed formula in __C can be transposed to __H. More transcendentals of this
type could be added in a further revision upon request. It should be
noted that it is these functions which force the dependency upon the
[@../../../../../boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp] and the
[@../../../../../boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp] headers.
[h4 exp]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> exp(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the exponential of the quaternion.
[h4 cos]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> cos(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the cosine of the quaternion
[h4 sin]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> sin(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the sine of the quaternion.
[h4 tan]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> tan(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the tangent of the quaternion.
[h4 cosh]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> cosh(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the hyperbolic cosine of the quaternion.
[h4 sinh]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> sinh(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the hyperbolic sine of the quaternion.
[h4 tanh]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> tanh(quaternion<T> const & q);
Computes the hyperbolic tangent of the quaternion.
[h4 pow]
template<typename T> quaternion<T> pow(quaternion<T> const & q, int n);
Computes the n-th power of the quaternion q.
[endsect]
[section Test Program]
The [@../../../quaternion/quaternion_test.cpp quaternion_test.cpp]
test program tests quaternions specializations for float, double and long double
([@../../../quaternion/output.txt sample output], with message output
enabled).
If you define the symbol boost_quaternions_TEST_VERBOSE, you will get
additional output ([@../../../quaternion/output_more.txt verbose output]);
this will only be helpfull if you enable message output at the same time,
of course (by uncommenting the relevant line in the test or by adding
[^--log_level=messages] to your command line,...). In that case, and if you
are running interactively, you may in addition define the symbol
BOOST_INTERACTIVE_TEST_INPUT_ITERATOR to interactively test the input
operator with input of your choice from the standard input
(instead of hard-coding it in the test).
[endsect]
[section:exp The Quaternionic Exponential]
Please refer to the following PDF's:
*[@../../../quaternion/TQE.pdf The Quaternionic Exponential (and beyond)]
*[@../../../quaternion/TQE_EA.pdf The Quaternionic Exponential (and beyond) ERRATA & ADDENDA]
[endsect]
[section Acknowledgements]
The mathematical text has been typeset with
[@http://www.nisus-soft.com/ Nisus Writer]. Jens Maurer has helped with
portability and standard adherence, and was the Review Manager
for this library. More acknowledgements in the History section.
Thank you to all who contributed to the discution about this library.
[endsect]
[section History]
* 1.5.8 - 17/12/2005: Converted documentation to Quickbook Format.
* 1.5.7 - 24/02/2003: transitionned to the unit test framework; <boost/config.hpp> now included by the library header (rather than the test files).
* 1.5.6 - 15/10/2002: Gcc2.95.x and stlport on linux compatibility by Alkis Evlogimenos (alkis@routescience.com).
* 1.5.5 - 27/09/2002: Microsoft VCPP 7 compatibility, by Michael Stevens (michael@acfr.usyd.edu.au); requires the /Za compiler option.
* 1.5.4 - 19/09/2002: fixed problem with multiple inclusion (in different translation units); attempt at an improved compatibility with Microsoft compilers, by Michael Stevens (michael@acfr.usyd.edu.au) and Fredrik Blomqvist; other compatibility fixes.
* 1.5.3 - 01/02/2002: bugfix and Gcc 2.95.3 compatibility by Douglas Gregor (gregod@cs.rpi.edu).
* 1.5.2 - 07/07/2001: introduced namespace math.
* 1.5.1 - 07/06/2001: (end of Boost review) now includes <boost/math/special_functions/sinc.hpp> and <boost/math/special_functions/sinhc.hpp> instead of <boost/special_functions.hpp>; corrected bug in sin (Daryle Walker); removed check for self-assignment (Gary Powel); made converting functions explicit (Gary Powel); added overflow guards for division operators and abs (Peter Schmitteckert); added sup and l1; used Vesa Karvonen's CPP metaprograming technique to simplify code.
* 1.5.0 - 26/03/2001: boostification, inlining of all operators except input, output and pow, fixed exception safety of some members (template version) and output operator, added spherical, semipolar, multipolar, cylindrospherical and cylindrical.
* 1.4.0 - 09/01/2001: added tan and tanh.
* 1.3.1 - 08/01/2001: cosmetic fixes.
* 1.3.0 - 12/07/2000: pow now uses Maarten Hilferink's (mhilferink@tip.nl) algorithm.
* 1.2.0 - 25/05/2000: fixed the division operators and output; changed many signatures.
* 1.1.0 - 23/05/2000: changed sinc into sinc_pi; added sin, cos, sinh, cosh.
* 1.0.0 - 10/08/1999: first public version.
[endsect]
[section To Do]
* Improve testing.
* Rewrite input operatore using Spirit (creates a dependency).
* Put in place an Expression Template mechanism (perhaps borrowing from uBlas).
* Use uBlas for the link with rotations (and move from the
[@../../../quaternion/HSO3SO4.cpp example]
implementation to an efficient one).
[endsect]
[endsect]
|
---
abstract: 'We describe a new interactive database (GRDB) of geometric objects in the general area of differential geometry. Database objects include, but are not restricted to, exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations. GRDB is designed for researchers (and teachers) in applied mathematics, physics and related fields. The flexible search environment allows the database to be useful over a wide spectrum of interests, for example, from practical considerations of neutron star models in astrophysics to abstract space-time classification schemes. The database is built using a modular and object-oriented design and uses several Java technologies (e.g. Applets, Servlets, JDBC). These are platform-independent and well adapted for applications developed to run over the World Wide Web. GRDB is accompanied by a virtual calculator (GRTensorJ), a graphical user interface to the computer algebra system GRTensorII used to perform on line coordinate, tetrad or basis calculations. The highly interactive nature of GRDB allows for systematic internal self-checking and a minimization of the required internal records. This new database is now on line at *http://grdb.org*.'
author:
- 'Mustapha Ishak[@email] and Kayll Lake[@email2]'
title: |
An On Line Interactive Geometric Database:\
Including Exact Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations
---
Introduction
============
The study of exact solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations is an important part of the theory of General Relativity [@kramer] [@krasin]. This importance derives not only from more formal mathematical aspects associated with the theory ( e.g. the classification of space-times) but also from the growing importance of the application of general relativity to astrophysical phenomena. For example, exact solutions can offer physical insights that numerical solutions can not. There are of course a very large number of exact solutions offered in the literature. However, these include numerous re-discoveries, confusions and errors. In a recent study of static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solutions, for example, only 9 of 127 candidate solutions were found to be of physical interest [@delgaty].
It is not surprising that some of the earliest applications of computer algebra can be found in General Relativity [@D'Inverno80] [@MacCallum96]. Indeed, no effective study of exact solutions in the large can be carried on without it. With the recent rapid development of the World Wide Web (WWW) as an means of information transfer, it has become an effective medium for cataloguing exact solutions. The first such use of the WWW is due to J. Skea [@skea]. Skea’s database is primarily a classification database [@classification]. It is static in the sense that the information that can be retrieved is resident in the records.
In this paper we report on a non-static WWW based database, one for which the information that can be retrieved is not restricted to information resident in the records. This development has become feasible using more recent WWW technologies. This new database is now on line at *http://grdb.org* (henceforth GRDB) using several Java technologies and following a fully modular object-oriented design. The dynamic nature of the database is accomplished via the inclusion of GRTensorJ [@grtj]. This is an interactive programmable graphical user interface to the computer algebra system GRTensorII [@grtensor] which in turn runs under Maple [@maple].
GRDB is designed to be a database of geometric objects in the general area of differential geometry with no a priori restriction on the number of dimensions. It contains exact solutions of Einstein’s field equations without being restricted to them. By design the database is highly interactive. The records (manifolds) are generally stored only in terms of a metric or a set of basis vectors along with constraints and referencing data. Other elements can be calculated and displayed as required either interactively or from an extensive menu.
The database is designed for researchers (and teachers) in applied mathematics, physics and related fields and it is hoped that the database will find use over a wide spectrum of interests.
Description and Usage
=====================
GRDB offers many choices of operation. These operations are typically carried in the following order:
- i\) Search the database by fields of particular interest. A search by keywords or by an equation number e.g. as listed in the “Exact Solutions Book" [@kramer] is implemented. Other searches can be easily added as the project evolves, e.g. a search by the equation number as listed in any standard reference. The keyword choice searches the information field and the name of the metric field of each entry in the database. A common use is a search based on an author’s surname (e.g. Kruskal). The key word search must be at least 3 characters. Reference searches follow a simple referencing protocol. The search result is displayed in a list as shown on the bottom of Figure \[homepage\]. The record short name is displayed as a hyper-link. The record naming convention is explained in Appendix A.
- ii\) Select a record or records of interest from the search result list by clicking on its hyper-link. This will display a detailed description of the space-time starting with a suggestive line element representation of the record that is produced dynamically (not stored). Record details are then displayed as in Figure \[recordpage\] with a structure adapted to the type of the record examined (i.e. a metric, a tetrad or a basis type entry).
- iii\) Mark the viewed record(s) to be loaded into the on line calculator GRTensorJ. This calculator is described further bellow.
- iv\) Click on the Start Calculator button from the database home page in order to launch GRTensorJ and to do on line calculations for the loaded records.
- v\) Click on “Load/Select” from the menu inside the calculator (Figure \[calculator\]) and then click on “Load Marked Manifold(s) from Database”. The tagged manifolds will appear as choices under Load/Select. Click on the manifold you wish to use for calculations. This manifold is now loaded into the calculator and the user can now perform calculations. An extensive list of objects has already been implemented. This is summarized in Appendix B. Customized calculations are described below.
- vi\) Select the calculations commands through menu and sub-menu selections in the calculator as shown in Figure \[calculator\]. The first step is to select a space-time in coordinates, tetrads or basis. This choice automatically displays the components of the metric tensor, the tetrads, or the basis components. Then, the user can select the object(s) to be calculated from the corresponding menus. After the result of the calculation is displayed the user can apply to it any simplification procedure supported by the engine as listed under “Simplifications” in the menu bar. A help system is built into the menu system. Further, the user can define new objects through the definition facilities within GRTensorII. These are entered through a sub-interface and saved for the user’s work session. There are also other support and option selection functions. It is especially important to note that if a manifold is represented with constraints (e.g Kruskal - Szekeres) then the constraints (under “Simplifications") *must* be applied on the calculations, otherwise the user is not working with the selected manifold. A number of useful features are easily added to GRTensorJ. For example, automatic Latex has been implemented [@papers].
- vii\) New objects are defined in a sub-menu using the syntax of the GRTensorII `grdef` facility [@grtensor]. For example, the Bel-Robinson tensor (though pre-defined) would be entered as $\grave{} \; T\{(c d e f)\}:=C\{a c d b\}*C\{\hat{}\,a e
f\hat{}\,b\}+Cstar\{a c d b\}*Cstar\{\hat{}\,a e f \hat{}\,b\}\;
\grave{}$. In addition, there are objects that require an input from the user, e.g. the kinematical quantities associated with a field $u^{a}$. In order to create an object, select a manifold, then select under the menu item “Custom” the option “Create a new single definition object”. Follow the syntax explained under “Explanation” and the example shown on the object input interface, e.g. $\grave{} \; u{^a}:=[u^1,u^2,u^3,u^4] \;
\grave{}$ where $u^1$ etc. are the components. Once the object is created, it is saved during the user’s work session and related calculations can be performed, e.g. the acceleration, shear and rotation for $u^{a}$. For a full description of the syntax the user may consult GRTensorII [@grtensor] documentation on the command “grdef” or browse the on line help system from the GRTensorII WWW site [@grtensor].
- viii\) Input in the database. There are two forms of input into the database, a Public Input and a Private Input. It is our intention that all public input be refereed. Private input is password protected and reserved for maintenance and internal operations. The List-All option is currently for private usage. The public input includes three types of interfaces; a line element, a covariant or contravariant Newman-Penrose tetrad or a non-holonomic basis. Figure \[publicinput\] gives an example of a line element input interface.
Internal Design
===============
GRDB components
---------------
GRDB is built using fully modular Client/Server and object-oriented designs. It uses Java Servlet technology [@servlets], a platform-independent mechanism for programming applications over the WWW. Java is a pure object-oriented language, allowing multi-thread processes, specially adapted to network applications. Java Servlets are secure and portable applications that handle requests from a Web server that are originating from a client Web browser. The servlet runs on the server side and does not depend on the browser compatibility. Java Servlets also solve many access issue problems, as they can be used to develop fully distributed applications over the Web where the database can be on separate machines. GRDB also uses a JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity) module [@jdbc], a portable and flexible application that acts as an independent connector to the database, increasing the modularity of the architecture. PostgreSQL [@postgresql] was chosen and configured as the DataBase Management System (DBMS ), a system that is also object-oriented and that brings to GRDB all the power and performance of the Structured Query Language (SQL) commands. This language makes any kind of search or data manipulation very easy to implement. The SQL instructions are formulated within the Java Servlet code. The web-pages used in order to manipulate the Data are dynamic pages created while the programs are running. Only the help pages were left static. This HTML is also embedded in the Servlet code. The records (manifolds) are for the most part stored only in terms of a metric or set of basis vectors along with constraints and referencing data. This information is processed interactively through the Servlets and GRTensorJ which in turn runs on Maple. The program TTH [@tth] is used to translate TEX into HTML in order to produce mathematical html text.
The Calculator GRTensorJ
------------------------
GRTensorJ is also written in Java and has been designed using a full object-oriented approach. In addition, all communication between the user and the server is object-based. GRTensorJ has a multi-layer architecture that allows the generic functionality described above. This architecture is outlined below:
- GUI (Graphical User Interface)
- User Functional Interface
- User ICM (Interchange Module) Handler
- Interchange Modules
- Server ICM Handler
- Server Functional Interface
- Algebraic Engine - Server Structure
A Java Applet (a programmed application that runs on the client side) opens GRTensorJ by clicking on the applet button on GRDB home page. It appears as in Figure \[calculator\]. Behind the scenes, a computer algebra session in GRTensorII is started automatically. GRTensorJ uses Maple [@maple] as the algebraic engine. GRTensorJ is designed with an open architecture and is compatible with any other algebraic engine that can output an ASCII stream. This architecture also allows it to be expanded and programmed by the user. The commands are accessed through menu and sub-menu selections. When a session begins, GRTensorJ reads a directory on the server named TextSheets (not to be confused with “worksheets") and builds the menu and sub-menus for the interface from the underlying structure. All sub-directories to TextSheets will appear as primary menu bar items. The names of ASCII files contained within these sub-directories will be displayed as menu selections. These files contain a sequence of commands written in the syntax of the computer algebra engine being used. By selecting a menu item the user sends these commands to the engine. Items to be displayed in the interface window are distinguished simply by an asterisk in the file. In other words, creating new menu items and calculation commands is as simple as creating and editing very simple ASCII files. Yet, the file, and resultant menu item, can be the equivalent of an entire worksheet with only the result chosen for display. Of course, users need program nothing at all. The underlying simplicity of GRTensorJ is mentioned here simply to demonstrate its flexibility.
Further Developments
====================
When first released (July 2001), the database contained only about 300 entries. This is under continuous development and, for example, it is planed to have the entire content of [@kramer] and [@krasin] included in the database. An extension of the database to incorporate algorithmic classification is in progress [@pollney] as is the construction of specialized record data associated with, for example, static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solutions [@delgaty].
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
This work was supported by a grant (to KL) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and by an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (to MI).
\[sec:TeXbooks\]\
\
D. Kramer, H. Stephani, E. Herlt, M.A.H. MacCallum and E. Schmutzer, *Exact Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations* (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980 ). Referenced by the acronym KSHMS A. Krasinski, *Inhhomgeneous Cosmological Models*, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997).This study made use of ORTHOCARTAN . For a recent update see A. Krasinski, Gen. Rel. Grav. [**25**]{} 165 (1993), ibid [**33**]{} 145 (2001). M. Delgaty and K. Lake, Comput.Phys.Commun. **115** 395 (1998).(gr-qc/9809013) R.A. D’Inverno “A Review of Algebraic Computing in General Relativity", in [*General Relativity and Gravitation, One Hundred Years After the Birth of Albert Einstein*]{} A. Held, editor, (Plenum Press, New York, 1980) M.A.H. MacCallum “Computer Algebra and Applications in Relativity and Gravity“, in [*Recent Developments in Gravitation and Mathematical Physics: Proceedings of the First Mexican School on Gravitation and Mathematical Physics*]{}, A. Macias, T. Matos, O. Obregon, and H. Quevedo, editors, (World Scientific, Singapore, (1996)). This database is available at `http://edradour.symbcomp.uerj.br/` and at `http://www.astro.queensu.ca/^\simjimsk/`. A brief printed discussion is given by R. D’Inverno, Computer Physics Communications [**115**]{} 330 (1998). The database makes use of CLASSI ( see J. E. Aman, *Manual for CLASSI: classification programs in general relativity*, (University of Stockholm, Institute of Theoretical Physics Report, 1987). M. Ishak, P. Musgrave, J. Mourra, J. Stern and K. Lake 1999 ”GRLite and GRTensorJ: Graphical user interfaces to the computer algebra system GRTensorII", *General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics: Eighth Canadian Conference*, AIP Conference Proceedings **493** 316 (1999). (gr-qc/9911012) Maple is copyright Waterloo Maple Software and use of Maple through GRTensorJ on the Web is by special arrangement with Waterloo Maple Software. A latex call in Maple produces output suitable for use with LaTeX 2e and appears in the applet window. We are serious when we say that you can, for example, now go to the Web, do your calculation, and paste the answer into the paper you are writing! See `http://java.sun.com/products/servlets`. See `http://java.sun.com/products/jdbc`. See `http://postgresql.org`. See `http://hutchinson.belmont.ma.us/tth/`. See D. Pollney, J. E. F. Skea and R. A. d’Inverno, Class. Quantum Grav. **17** 2885, 2267, 643 (2000).
Record Naming Convention
========================
The record naming convention is not of significant interest to the user as it is merely a placeholder for links. The convention does, however, convey some information that can be quickly digested by the user. The naming convention is as follows: “abc”
- 1: No numbers
- 2: All lower case
- 3: a=name (e.g. bondi)
- 4: b=m (metric), or npd (covariant tetrad), or npu (contravariant tetrad), or b (basis)
- 5: c=a,...,z (version)
- 6: Default signature for metrics +2 for NP tetrads -2.
examples:\
kerrma means the Kerr spacetime in metric form version a\
kerrmb means the Kerr spacetime in metric form version b\
kerrnpda means the Kerr spacetime in NP tetrad covariant form version a\
kerrnpua means the Kerr spacetime in NP tetrad contravariant form version a.\
Initial set of preprogrammed objects available for calculation
==============================================================
[lll]{}
**GRTensorJ menu item** & **GRTensorJ sub-menu command** & **Object(s)**\
\
Metric & Metric & $g_{ab}$\
& Signature & $Sig$\
& Line Element & $ds^{2}$\
& Determinant of Metric & $det(g)$\
& Inverse Metric & $g^{ab}$\
& Partial Derivative of Metric & $g_{ab,c}$\
Christoffel Symbols & Chr(dn,dn,dn) & $\Gamma_{abc}$\
& Chr(dn,dn,up) & $\Gamma^{c}_{ab}$\
Geodesic & &Writes out the geodesic equations\
Riemann & R(dn,dn,dn,dn) & $R_{abcd}$\
& R(up,dn,dn,dn) & $R^a\,_{bcd}$\
& R(up,up,dn,dn) & $R^{ab}\,_{cd}$\
& R(up,up,up,up) & $R^{abcd}$\
& Kretschmann & $R_{abcd}R^{abcd}$\
Weyl & C(dn,dn,dn,dn) ... & $C_{abcd}$\
& Dual CStar(dn,dn,dn,dn)
... & $C^{*}_{abcd}\equiv\frac{1}{2}\epsilon_{abef}C^{ef}\,_{cd}$\
Ricci & R(dn,dn) ... & $R_{ab}\equiv R^c\,_{acb}$\
Trace-free Ricci & S(dn,dn) ... & $S_{ab}\equiv R_{ab}-\frac{1}{N}g_{ab}R$\
Einstein & G(dn,dn) ... & $G_{ab}\equiv R_{ab}-\frac{1}{2}g_{ab}R$\
Invariants & Invariants-Ricci & $R\equiv R^{a}\,_{a},\, R1\equiv\frac{1}{4}S^{a}\,_{b}S^{b}\,_{a}, \; R2\equiv\frac{-1}{8}S^{a}\,_{b}S^{b}\,_{c}S^{c}\,_{a}$\
& & $R3\equiv\frac{1}{16}S^{a}\,_{b}S^{b}\,_{c}S^{c}\,_{d}S^{d}\,_{a}$\
& Invariants-Weyl & $W1R\equiv\frac{1}{8}C_{abcd}C^{abcd}, \; W1I\equiv\frac{1}{8}C^{*}\,_{abcd}C^{abcd}$\
& & $W2R\equiv\frac{-1}{16}C_{ab}\,^{cd}C_{cd}\,^{ef}C_{ef}\,^{ab}$\
& & $W2I\equiv\frac{-1}{16}C^{*}\,_{ab}\,^{cd}C_{cd}\,^{ef}C_{ef}\,^{ab}$\
& Invariants-Mixed & $M1R \equiv \frac{1}{8}S^{ab}S^{cd}C_{abcd},\, M1I\equiv
\frac{1}{8}S^{ab}S^{cd}C^{*}\,_{abcd}$\
& & $M2R \equiv \frac{1}{16}S^{cd}S_{ef}(C_{acdb}C^{aefb}-C^{*}_{acdb}C_{*}^{aefb})$\
& & $M2I \equiv \frac{1}{8}S^{bc}S_{ef}(C^{*}_{abcd}C^{aefd})$\
& & $M3 \equiv \frac{1}{16}S^{cd}S_{ef}(C_{acdb}C^{aefb}+C^{*}_{acdb}C_{*}^{aefb})$\
& & $M4 \equiv \frac{-1}{32}S^{cg}S^{ef}S^{c}\,_{d}(C_{ac}\,^{db}C_{befg}+C^{*}_{ac}\,^{db}C^{*}_{befg})$\
& & $M5R \equiv \frac{1}{32}S^{cd}S^{ef}C^{aghb}(C_{acdb}C_{gefh}+C^{*}_{acdb}C^{*}_{gefh})$\
& & $M5I \equiv \frac{1}{32}S^{cd}S^{ef}C_{*}\,^{aghb}(C_{acdb}C_{gefh}+C^{*}_{acdb}C^{*}_{gefh})$\
& & $M6R \equiv \frac{1}{32} S_a{}^e S_e{}^c S_b{}^f
S_f{}^d C^{ab}{}_{cd}$\
& & $ M6I \equiv \frac{1}{32} S_a{}^e S_e{}^c S_b{}^f
S_f{}^d C^{*ab}{}_{cd}$\
Differential Invariants& diRicci & $R_{ab;c}R^{ab;c}$\
& diRiem & $R_{abcd;e}R^{abcd;e}$\
& diS & $S_{ab;c}S^{ab;c}$\
& diWeyl & $C_{abcd;e}C^{abcd;e}$\
Bel-Robinson & T(dn,dn,dn,dn) ... &
$T_{cdef}\equiv C_{acdb}C^{a}\,_{ef}\,^{b}+C^{*}\,_{acdb}C^{*}\,^{a}\,_{ef}\,^{b}$\
Weyl-Schouten & Weyl-Schouten ... &
$WS_{abc}\equiv R_{ab;c}-R_{ac;b}-( g_{ab}R^{e}\,_{e;c}-g_{ac}R^{f}\,_{f;b} )/4$\
Bach & B(dn,dn) ... & $B_{ac}\equiv
C_{abcd}\,^{;bd}+\frac{1}{2}R^{bd}C_{abcd}$\
Input field calculations& Field u & $u^{a}$\
& KillingCoords & Adapted coordinate check\
& KillingTest & Test for conformal/homothetic/Killing vector\
& Vector Kinematics & $\dot{u}^a\equiv
u^{b}u^{a}\,_{;b}, \; \theta\equiv u^{b}\,_{;b}, \;
\sigma_{a}\,^{b}\equiv
u_{(a}\,^{;b}\,_{)}+\dot{u}_{(a}u^{b}\,_{)}-$\
& &$\frac{1}{3}h_{a}\,^{b}\dot{\theta},\,\,\,\omega_{ab}\equiv u_{[a;b]}+\dot{u}_{[a}u_{b]}$\
& Electric Weyl E(dn,dn) ...& $E_{ac}\equiv
C_{abcd}u^{b} u^{d}$\
& Magnetic Weyl H(dn,dn) ...& $H_{ac}\equiv
C^{*}\,_{abcd}u^{b} u^{d}$\
\
[lll]{}
**GRTensorJ menu item** & **GRTensorJ sub-menu command** & **Object(s)**\
\
NPSpin & NPSpin: NPkappa, NPsigma, NPlambda, & spin coefficients,\
& NPnu, NPrho, NPmu, NPtau, NPpi, & $\kappa, \sigma, \ldots, \beta$\
& NPepsilon, NPgamma, NPalpha, NPbeta &\
\
NPSpinbar & NPSpinbar: NPkappabar, NPsigmabar, & spin coefficients\
& NPlambdabar, NPnubar, NPrhobar, & (complex conjugates)\
& NPmubar, NPtaubar, NPpibar, NPepsilonbar, & $\bar{\kappa}, \bar{\sigma},
\ldots \bar{\beta}$\
& NPgammabar, NPalphabar, NPbetabar &\
\
Ricci Scalars & Ricci Scalars: Phi00, Phi01, Phi02, & Ricci scalars,\
& Phi10, Phi11, Phi12, Phi20, Phi21, & $\Phi_{00}, \Phi_{01}, \ldots,
\Phi_{22},\Lambda$\
& Phi22, Lambda &\
\
Weyl Scalars & Weyl Scalars: Psi0, Psi1, Psi2, Psi3, Psi4 & Weyl scalars,
$\Psi_0, \ldots, \Psi_4$\
\
& Petrov & Petrov type\
& Petrov Report & A report on how the\
& & Petrov type was determined\
\
[lll]{}
**GRTensorJ menu item** & **GRTensorJ sub-menu command** & **Object(s)**\
\
Rotation Coefficients & lambda(bdn,bdn,bdn) & $\lambda_{(a)(b)(c)}:=
e_{(b)[i,j]} e_{(a)}{}^d e_{(c)}{}^e$\
& rot(bdn,bdn,bdn) & rotation coefficients,\
& & $\gamma_{(a)(b)(c)} := \frac{1}{2} \left(
\lambda_{(a)(b)(c)}+\lambda_{(c)(a)(b)} -
\lambda_{(b)(c)(a)} \right)$\
& str(bdn,bdn,bdn) & structure constants,\
& & $C_{(a)(b)(c)} := \gamma_{(a)(c)(b)}
- \gamma_{(a)(b)(c)}$\
\
![\[homepage\] GRDB Home Page (at the WWW address http://grdb.org). The operations on the database available at the time this paper was written are displayed, followed by the search form and the Calculator Applet button. Part of the search result by the key word “Kruskal” is displayed.](home)
![\[recordpage\] Details Of The Manifold’s Record. The corresponding line element is displayed in a suitable “Tex to Html” mathematical format. The fields contain the components of the metric tensor, the referencing data and an information line on the manifold. The button at the top serves to mark the record to be loaded in the Calculator.](record)
![\[calculator\] GRTensorJ Graphical User Interface. Calculation of the differential invariant (“diRiem”) $R_{a b c d ; e}R^{a b c d ; e}$ for the Kerr metric is shown. At the time of writing, this calculation executes in under one second on a contemporary PC. The calculation commands are selected from menus and sub-menus. The help is embedded in the menu and appears under “Explanation”.](calculation)
![\[publicinput\] GRDB Public Line Element Input Page. The fields are entered by the user following the syntax provided in the examples shown at the top of each box.](public)
|
2013-14: Played in 26 games, started 14...6.5 points per game, 5.0 rebounds per game, 56 blocks...ranked third in the NEWMAC in blocks...led the team in blocks and was third in rebounds (129)...posted 19 points and six rebounds against Wheaton (2/12)...totaled 13 rebounds, seven points, and four blocks at Clark (1/11)...recorded 11 points, eight rebounds, three blocks, and three steals at Wheaton in the NEWMAC tournament quarterfinals (2/26)...generated five blocks versus Wellesley (1/4 and 2/6) and Babson (2/19)...graduates ranked second at MIT in career blocks with 189.
2012-13: Played in 14 games, started six...52 rebounds, 30 blocks, 11 assists, and five steals...ranked sixth in the NEWMAC in blocks...scored a season-high seven points against Babson (1/10)...generated seven rebounds, six points, six blocks, and three steals versus Wellesley (1/23)...dished out three assists against Coast Guard (12/4) and Gordon (12/29).
2011-12: Played in and started 15 games before season-ending injury...8.7 points per game, 6.1 rebounds per game, 30 blocks, 26 assists, 20 steals...led the team in blocks and was fourth in rebounds...scored 16 points at Smith (1/4)...had 11 rebounds and 11 points, including a 9-of-10 performance from the free throw line, versus Albany College (11/20)...posted seven blocks against WPI (12/3)...tallied eight assists and five steals versus Wellesley (11/30).
2010-11: Played in 24 games, started 17...7.9 points per game, 5.8 rebounds per game, 73 blocks, 36 assists, 22 steals...ranked 19th in the country in blocks per game...was second in the NEWMAC in the same category...led the team in blocks, ranked second in scoring and rebounds, third in assists, and fifth in steals...scored 14 points versus Smith (2/19)...grabbed 14 rebounds against Wheaton (1/13)...totaled seven blocks versus Wellesley (12/10) and Smith (2/19)...had four steals at Mount Holyoke (1/15)...dished out four assists at Wellesley (2/5).
Off the Court at MIT: Majoring in biological engineering with a minor in brain and cognitive sciences...analytical development intern at Biogen Idec developing kinetics and quantitation assays using the Octet platform...cellular therapies research and development intern at Baxter Healthcare studying the characteristics of CD34+ cell populations through assay design and development...was a website project intern at Hallmark Data Systems where she tested and developed websites...undergraduate research assistant in the Clark K. Colton Laboratory contributing to the "Engineering Improved Beta Cell Replacements" project studying how human embryonic stem cells respond to different oxygen levels in the environment based on their resulting differentiation to ultimately make insulin-producing beta cells for the treatment of diabetes patients...also a member of the MIT women's volleyball team... vice-president of risk management for Alpha Phi sorority...previously served as the Alpha Phi served as the philanthropy and community service chair...panhellenic delegate for Alpha Phi...athletics promotion chair for the Student-Athlete Advisory Committee...also served as the SAAC publicity chair...associate advisor...Relay for Life team captain for Alpha Phi.
High School: A 2010 graduate of Prospect High School...captain...MSL all-conference...Daily Herald all-area...three-time all-tournament team selection...also played basketball...MSL all-conference...Daily Herald all-area...National Merit Commended Student...United States Army Reserve National Scholar-Athlete Award...AP Scholar...Illinois State Scholar...National Honor Society...Talent Development Program...High Honor Roll member for all eight semesters. |
Anxiety cannot increase forever and you cannot experience peak levels of anxiety forever. Physiologically there is a point at which our anxiety cannot become any higher and our bodies will not maintain that peak level of anxiety indefinitely. At that point, there is nowhere for anxiety to go but down. It is uncomfortable to reach that peak but it is important to remember this anxiety will even out and then go down with time.
There are also things that people with panic disorder can do to learn how to handle it and to make treatment more effective. Since substances like drinking alcohol or caffeinated beverages, or using illicit drugs can worsen panic attacks, those things should be avoided. Other tips to prevent or manage panic attacks include engaging in aerobic exercise and stress-management techniques like deep breathing, massage therapy, and yoga, since these self-help activities have also been found to help decrease the frequency and severity of panic attacks. Although many people use home remedies like breathing into a paper bag when afflicted by the hyperventilation that can be associated with panic, the benefit received may be the result of the individual believing it will remedy the symptoms (placebo effect). Also, breathing into a paper bag when one is already having trouble breathing can make matters worse when the hyperventilation is the result of conditions of oxygen deprivation, like an asthma attack or a heart attack.
The American Psychiatric Association (APA) has updated its Privacy Policy, including with new information specifically addressed to individuals in the European Economic Area. As described in the Privacy Policy, this website utilizes cookies, including for the purpose of offering an optimal online experience and services tailored to your preferences.
People who have panic attacks typically spend a lot of time worrying about having more attacks and often make seemingly unreasonable lifestyle changes in an attempt to avoid circumstances that will trigger future attacks. They may avoid situations that, they feel, have precipitated previous episodes or environments where they would not be able to escape easily if another attack should occur.
Some of these symptoms will most likely be present in a panic attack. The attacks can be so disabling that the person is unable to express to others what is happening to them. A doctor might also note various signs of panic: The person may appear to be very afraid or shaky or be hyperventilating (deep, rapid breathing that causes dizziness). Anxiety attacks that take place while sleeping, also called nocturnal panic attacks, occur less often than do panic attacks during the daytime, but affect a large percentage of people who suffer from daytime panic attacks. Individuals with nocturnal panic attacks tend to have more respiratory symptoms associated with panic and have more symptoms of depression and of other psychiatric disorders compared to people who do not have panic attacks at night. Nocturnal panic attacks tend to result in sufferers waking suddenly from sleep in a state of sudden fright or dread for no known reason. As opposed to people with sleep apnea and other sleep disorders, sufferers of nocturnal panic can have all the other symptoms of a panic attack. Although nocturnal panic attacks usually last no more than 10 minutes, it can take much longer for the person to fully recover from the episode.
Some research suggests that people who have panic disorder might be very sensitive to sensory experiences (such as sunlight, smells and changes in the weather), but there's not enough evidence yet to say for sure. Also it's not clear whether having a high level of sensitivity to these sorts of things is something that might cause you to develop panic disorder, or whether it may be an effect of having it.
People with panic disorder may also experience comorbid bipolar disorder, alcohol or substance use disorder, or medical problems that accompany their panic. It is common for individuals with panic disorder to have thyroid problems, respiratory issues, heart problems, or feelings of dizziness (APA, 2013). In general, it has been reported that 93.7% of people with panic disorder meet criteria for at least one other medical or mental disorder (Arch, Kirk, & Craske, 2017). That being said, comorbidity is not inevitable with panic disorder and it is important to discuss your symptoms thoroughly with a medical professional. Additionally, the causality of the link between panic disorders and medical problems remains unclear.
Antidepressants are medications used to treat symptoms of depression but can also used to treat anxiety symptoms as well. In particular, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the primary class of antidepressant used to treat anxiety. SSRIs commonly used to treat anxiety are escitalopram (Lexapro) and paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva). SNRI medications used to treat anxiety include duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor XR).
Prolonged exposure therapy is a specific type of CBT used to treat PTSD and phobias. The goal of this therapy is to help patients overcome the overwhelming disstress they experience when reminded of past traumas or in confronting their fears. With the guidance of a licensed therapist, the patient is carefully reintroduced to the trauma memories or reminders. During the exposure, the therapist guides the patient to use coping techniques such as mindfulness or relaxation therapy/imagery. The goal of this therapy is to help patients realize that trauma-related memories (or phobias) are no longer dangerous and do not need to be avoided. This type of treatment usually lasts 8-16 weekly sessions.
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Panic attacks (or anxiety attacks - the terms are interchangeable) are intense episodes of fear which are so powerful that they trick you into fearing that you are dying, going crazy, about to faint, or losing control of yourself in some vital way. The symptoms of a panic attack feel so powerful and threatening that they convince you that you're in terrible danger.
As the result of years of research, there are a variety of treatments available to help people who suffer from panic attacks learn how to control the symptoms. This includes several effective medical treatments, and specific forms of psychotherapy. In terms of medications, specific members of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRI), and the benzodiazepine families of medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for effective treatment of panic disorder. Examples of anti-anxiety medications include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), escitalopram (Lexapro), citalopram (Celexa), vortioxetine (Brintellix), and vilazodone (Viibryd) from the SSRI group, duloxetine (Cymbalta), venlafaxine (Effexor), desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and levomilnacipran (Fetzima) from the SSNRI group, and clonazepam (Klonopin) and lorazepam (Ativan) from the benzodiazepine group. Although alprazolam (Xanax) is often used to treat panic attacks, its short duration of action can sometimes result in having to take it several times per day. Medications from the beta-blocker family (for example, propranolol [Inderal]) are sometimes used to treat the physical symptoms, like racing heart rate associated with a panic attack. Some individuals who suffer from severe panic attacks may benefit from treatment with gabapentin (Neurontin), which was initially found to treat seizures, or benefit from a neuroleptic medication like risperidone (Risperdal), olanzapine (Zyprexa), quetiapine (Seroquel), aripiprazole (Abilify), paliperidone (Invega), asenapine (Saphris), iloperidone (Fanapt), or lurasidone (Latuda).
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides this online resource for locating mental health treatment facilities and programs. The Mental Health Treatment Locator section of the Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator lists facilities providing mental health services to persons with mental illness. Find a facility in your state at https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/. For additional resources, visit www.nimh.nih.gov/findhelp.
Panic attacks involve sudden feelings of terror that strike without warning. These episodes can occur at any time, even during sleep. People experiencing a panic attack may believe they are having a heart attack or they are dying or going crazy. The fear and terror that a person experiences during a panic attack are not in proportion to the true situation and may be unrelated to what is happening around them. Most people with panic attacks experience several of the following symptoms:
Without treatment, panic attacks tend to occur repeatedly for months or years. While they typically begin in young adulthood, the symptoms may arise earlier or later in life in some people. Complications, which are symptoms that can develop as a result of continued panic attacks and develop into other mental illnesses, may include specific irrational fears (phobias), especially of leaving home (agoraphobia) and avoidance of social situations. Other possible complications can include depression, work or school problems, suicidal thoughts or actions, financial problems, and alcohol or other substance abuse. For children and adolescents, panic disorder can even interfere with normal development. Panic disorder and other anxiety disorders also predispose sufferers to developing heart or gastrointestinal diseases, high blood pressure or diabetes, having more severe symptoms if they have a respiratory disease, and of dying prematurely.
People will often experience panic attacks as a direct result of exposure to an object/situation that they have a phobia for. Panic attacks may also become situationally-bound when certain situations are associated with panic due to previously experiencing an attack in that particular situation. People may also have a cognitive or behavioral predisposition to having panic attacks in certain situations.
Watch: Bullying Exerts Psychological Effects into Adulthood: Once considered a childhood rite of passage, bullying is no longer seen as benign. Its effects linger well into adulthood. Bullies and victims alike are at risk for psychiatric problems such as anxiety, depression, substance misuse, and suicide when they become adults, according to a study partially funded by the NIMH that was published in the April 2013 issue of JAMA Psychiatry.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, much more than the typical anxiety that most people experience in their daily lives. People may have trembling, twitching, muscle tension, nausea, irritability, poor concentration, depression, fatigue, headaches, light-headedness, breathlessness or hot flashes.
Cognitive distortions such as overgeneralizing, catastrophizing, mind reading, emotional reasoning, binocular trick, and mental filter can result in anxiety. For example, an overgeneralized belief that something bad "always" happens may lead someone to have excessive fears of even minimally risky situations and to avoid benign social situations due to anticipatory anxiety of embarrassment. In addition, those who have high anxiety can also create future stressful life events.[85] Together, these findings suggest that anxious thoughts can lead to anticipatory anxiety as well stressful events, which in turn cause more anxiety. Such unhealthy thoughts can be targets for successful treatment with cognitive therapy.
Psychotherapy is at least as important as medication treatment of panic disorder. In fact, research shows that psychotherapy alone or the combination of medication and psychotherapy treatment are more effective than medications alone in overcoming panic attacks. To address anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy is widely accepted as an effective form of psychotherapy. This form of therapy seeks to help those with panic disorder identify and decrease the self-defeating thoughts and behaviors that reinforce panic symptoms. Behavioral techniques that are often used to decrease anxiety include relaxation and gradually increasing the panic sufferer's exposure to situations that may have previously caused anxiety. Helping the anxiety sufferer understand the emotional issues that may have contributed to developing symptoms is called panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy and has also been found to be effective.
Phobic avoidance – You begin to avoid certain situations or environments. This avoidance may be based on the belief that the situation you’re avoiding caused a previous panic attack. Or you may avoid places where escape would be difficult or help would be unavailable if you had a panic attack. Taken to its extreme, phobic avoidance becomes agoraphobia.
I think i had an attack today while at work, I’ve been feeling overly anxious about going To work since my dad passed a month ago, I’ve been able to keep myself busy when I’m feeling anxious and will usually pass, but today I had the feeling I was trapped and I had to get out, Was shaking and couldn’t get my words out had the worst dry mouth, I literally got my things together and walked out of work, once home took me a good couple of hours of just sitting staring at the tv to feel ok again, in my profession being anxious is not a good thing, not sure on what is best to do
Antidepressants can take time to work, so it’s important to give the medication a chance before reaching a conclusion about its effectiveness. If you begin taking antidepressants, do not stop taking them without the help of a doctor. When you and your doctor have decided it is time to stop the medication, the doctor will help you slowly and safely decrease your dose. Stopping them abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms. |
I have commented on this many times. Android allows bloatware and crappy carrier and manufacturer builds. Apple doesn't. No matter how good or how big Android gets, this alone will assure Apple of a profitable and enduring share of the smartphone market.
I happen to love playing with my phones, changing settings, finding apps that will do exactly what I want (modifying the keyboard and limiting data usage when not on WiFi, to give two examples). But not everyone does, in fact most people don't. "Normal" people don't. Android phones need to be designed with that in mind, with the user in mind. I believe the base Android software does keep the user in mind, but I'm not so sure the carriers and manufacturers realize that.
Thursday, August 4, 2011
Confused about politics? Why did the Republicans spend so damn much when Bush was in power and Republicans controlled Congress? Why are the Democrats so incompetent that they couldn't pass the tax increases that they want when they controlled the presidency and Congress (less than a year ago)?
Wednesday, August 3, 2011
This is something that will come as no surprise to anyone who follows politics. But not enough people know this: When government says they are cutting spending, THEY ARE LYING. Including the the so-called cuts in the recent debt limit increase deal. Politicians need a basic English lesson. And everyone else needs to understand what abject liars politicians are.
"No plan under serious consideration cuts spending in the way you and I think about it. Instead, the 'cuts' being discussed are illusory, and are not cuts from current amounts being spent, but cuts in projected spending increases. This is akin to a family 'saving' $100,000 in expenses by deciding not to buy a Lamborghini, and instead getting a fully loaded Mercedes, when really their budget dictates that they need to stick with their perfectly serviceable Honda. But this is the type of math Washington uses to mask the incriminating truth about their unrepentant plundering of the American people."
"We pay 35 percent more for our military today than we did 10 years ago, for the exact same capabilities. The same could be said for the rest of the government. Why has our budget doubled in 10 years? This country doesn't have double the population, or double the land area, or double anything that would require the federal government to grow by such an obscene amount."
Tuesday, August 2, 2011
Here's an interesting article that confirms something I have long believed: Music (and movie) piracy is not the huge problem music companies believe it to be. I am passionate about this, because I have first-hand experience with this. This applies to music and movies, I believe. From Geek.com:
"GfK Group is one of the largest market research companies in the world and is often used by the movie industry to carry out research and studies into piracy. Talking to a source within GfK who wished to remain anonymous, Telepolis found that a recent study looking at pirates and their purchasing activities found them to be almost the complete opposite of the criminal parasites the entertainment industry want them to be."
"The study states that it is much more typical for a pirate to download an illegal copy of a movie to try it before purchasing. They are also found to purchase more DVDs than the average consumer, and they visit the movie theater more, especially for opening weekend releases which typically cost more to attend."
"The conclusion of the study is that movie pirates are generally more interested in film and therefore spend more money and invest more time in it. In other words, they make up some of the movie industries best customers."
"Unfortunately, we will never get to read the official version of the study as the unnamed client who paid for it to be created has decided it should not see a release."
I have long wondered why record labels don't make it much easier to try out music (partial song downloads and so forth). Looks like they're on board now, but what took them so long??? For a completely random example, see this page for SHAKIRA! :)
In my personal case, I used Napster. Yes, way back when it was in its heyday. Must have been in the late 90's, or maybe 2000. I downloaded a lot of songs. And I bought more music, much more, as a result. I would read about some obscure artist I hadn't heard of and immediately search Napster and download 2 or 3 songs. If I liked the songs, I'd buy the album. These are albums I NEVER would have bought without listening first.
In one specific case, in addition to buying the album I also went to see the artist live (in some tiny venue in Minneapolis--Minneapolis was GREAT for that). That artist was Ana D, all the way from Spain. Note that the review on her Last.fm page, from the St. Paul Pioneer Press, was the article that caused me to check her out in the first place. It was written by Jim Walsh, the best music critic I have ever had the pleasure of reading. His column alone was worth the subscription price to that particular newspaper.
Okay, so there are counter-arguments. Some people say that those who are passionate about movies or music are more likely to be consumers in all forms, whether paid or free. So if you cut off the free channels, they'll still keep paying for the other channels. I don't happen to agree with that. I mean, I'm sure it's partially true, but I believe that having access to music to try it out tends to boost sales if done well (consumer doesn't have to jump through too many hoops).
The large music companies remind me of newspapers. Giant, ponderous behemoths, too slow to react to a changing industry. They need to adapt or they will become extinct. And they won't be missed.
He explains the difference between the seen and the unseen in economic analysis. The Broken Window Fallacy is also a classic. Too much great information to even summarize here. Here is Bastiat on the seen and unseen:
"There is only one difference between a bad economist and a good one: the bad economist confines himself to the visible effect; the good economist takes into account both the effect that can be seen and those effects that must be foreseen."
"Yet this difference is tremendous; for it almost always happens that when the immediate consequence is favorable, the later consequences are disastrous, and vice versa. Whence it follows that the bad economist pursues a small present good that will be followed by a great evil to come, while the good economist pursues a great good to come, at the risk of a small present evil."
Bastiat makes a great point about the army creating jobs via the military. He asks, "If, all things considered, there is a national profit in increasing the size of the army, why not call the whole male population of the country to the colors?" We know why: Because anything the government provides must be taken first from others. And if it takes too much, there won't be enough to go around to fund the government. |
James Stosic
James Stosic (born 22 September 1981 in New Plymouth, New Zealand) is a former professional rugby league footballer who last played for the Easts Tigers in the Queensland Cup.
Early years
A Waitara Bears junior, Stosic attended New Plymouth Boys High School and represented Taranaki in 1998 as a 17-year-old alongside his brother Sasho. He attended New Plymouth Boys High. That year Stosic made the New Zealand Secondary School team and the New Zealand 18 years Academy Team. He played for the Academy team at the Under 19s Oceania Tournament and was named the forward of the tournament.
Playing career
Stosic previously Wakefield Trinity Wildcats in the Super League competition. His usual position is . He is of Macedonian descent.
Stosic signed for Wakefield Trinity Wildcats on 10 November 2008. Since then, he has played in 4 Super League matches for the Wildcats, before injuring his leg during the Wildcats victory over Warrington Wolves in round 4. He was out of action for 12 weeks.
Representative career
In 1999 he toured Papua New Guinea with the New Zealand Māori side.
He was named in the Serbian training squad for the 2009 European Cup.
References
External links
Cronulla Sharks profile
NRL profile
Stosic signs for Wildcats
Prop Stosic could leave Wakefield
Category:1981 births
Category:New Zealand rugby league players
Category:New Zealand people of Macedonian descent
Category:New Zealand people of Serbian descent
Category:New Zealand Māori rugby league players
Category:New Zealand Māori rugby league team players
Category:New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Category:Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players
Category:Gold Coast Titans players
Category:Wakefield Trinity players
Category:Taranaki rugby league team players
Category:Eastern Suburbs Tigers players
Category:Waitara Bears players
Category:Rugby league props
Category:Sportspeople from New Plymouth
Category:Living people |
Q:
get data from ajax as an attribute value for callback function
Im new to ajax. I was trying to find the answer but was not lucky to find the corresponsing one. Basically I need to use an ajax to get some data and after that to put this data to the variable that later will be used as an attribute for the callback function with custom code.
This ajax part is just a method of myObject.
So, in the end I need this kind of functionality:
myObject.getData(url, callback(data) {
//my custom code of what I wanna do after ajax is complete
});
My code
/*
HERE COME SOME PROPERTIES AND OTHER METHODS WICH IS NOT THE CASE
*/
//This is where Im stuck
var getData = function getFromUrl($url) {
$.ajax({
type: 'get',
url: $url,
dataType: 'html',
success: function(html) {
$obj = html;//Im lost on this step!
},
});
};
P.S. Im trying to find an async way (without using async:false). Hope its possible
A:
First I encountered many problems. My first problem was No Access-Control-Allow-Origin, most websites dont allow you to just scrap get their data for security reasons. Luckily someone already made a proxy: http://cors.io/ . Second problem is that you cant embed http on https, so I cant use jsfiddle to show you this working, it works on my local enviroment. After you get the raw html you have to parse it, you can do it with full regex, or you can power yourself with jquery like I'm doing on this example. What we're doing is checking stackoverflow.com and getting the amount of featured questions with .find(".bounty-indicator-tab").first().html(); But once you have the full html you can get any data you need.
var getData = function getFromUrl(url) {
$.ajax({
url: 'http://cors.io/?' + url,
crossDomain: true,
dataType: 'html',
success: function (html) {
var match = $(html).find(".bounty-indicator-tab").first().html();
console.log(match);
return match;
},
error: function(e) {
console.log('Error: '+e);
}
});
};
url = 'http://stackoverflow.com/';
data = getData(url);
//You cant use data yet because its working async
|
You say you want a revolution
The Breaking Light
What happens when a former anarchist becomes director of marketing
at a candy company, and the Christian Right unites at a shareholder
meeting to stand behind the risk-averse, evil head of Finance
who wants to put a stop to the new product, called "Shitballs"?
Not much.
It is unfortunate, because Sander Hicks is a gifted writer.
His poetic language combines the sharp banter of Mamet with the
poetry of Heiner Müller. With guns drawn in the boardroom,
the director of Finance speaks, "The tree of liberty is occasionally
fed with blood."
Hicks's understanding of poetic situation creates an executive
hunting trip in which interviewees for their motivational speaker
slot are shot down if their mental accuity did not keep pace.
The most glaring structural problem is when Fitz, the CEO, is
killed by the hated Leonard. Calculatrice has the perfect opportunity
to turn Leonard into the authorities and take control of the company.
Instead, she incomprehensibly hides the death of Fitz, while Leonard
gathers forces for a full attack on the firm.
The script winds up in an endless Marxist diatribe that seems
naively outdated, and is reminiscent of the worst in '60s political
drama: The rich are bad! The poor must unite!
Words don't change people, concrete action does. And in the final
analysis, no character changes.
Director Siedlecki created a particularly exquisite scene where
the poetry and visuals meet and explode. Calculatrice lies on
a desk in the form of a fallen deer. With a microphone near her
mouth, she intones a poem of the corporate life as hunt. A Kronos
quartet type piece plays as eerie accompaniment. Robert Wilson
and Richard Foreman's visions echo here. It is unfortunate that
there were not more magical moments like this.
SevernClay's set was clean, shiny and sleak - almost
all metal and on wheels. The fashionable black corporate attire
contrasted with the dressed-down blue-collar look in Robin
I. Shane's sleak and stunning costumes.
The sound design by Jennifer Leong--including birds, guns,
and various music--was indeed music to the ears. Though at times
it was hard to hear the actors.
Emme Shaw deftly played the knife-edged Calculatrice.
James Urbaniak managed to make the unlikable Leonard Kildare
endearing. Sean Gullette, Joe Golden, Mark Byrne,
Paul Albe, Daniel Pardo all put in admirable performances.
And Rosemarie Cepeda and Joyce Lee played a couple
of memorable moments as the all-but-forgotten confectioners' union
members, who would rather eat lunch and write a comedy than start
a revolution. Maybe Mr. Hicks should join them.Box Score: |
### `tf.assert_type(tensor, tf_type, message=None, name=None)` {#assert_type}
Statically asserts that the given `Tensor` is of the specified type.
##### Args:
* <b>`tensor`</b>: A tensorflow `Tensor`.
* <b>`tf_type`</b>: A tensorflow type (`dtypes.float32`, `tf.int64`, `dtypes.bool`,
etc).
* <b>`message`</b>: A string to prefix to the default message.
* <b>`name`</b>: A name to give this `Op`. Defaults to "assert_type"
##### Raises:
* <b>`TypeError`</b>: If the tensors data type doesn't match `tf_type`.
##### Returns:
A `no_op` that does nothing. Type can be determined statically.
|
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating neurological condition resulting from immune-mediated demyelination \[[@CR1]\]. Various etiologies increase the risk of developing MS, including genetic and environmental origins, but the exact causes are unclear \[[@CR2]\]. Several different murine models exist that partially recapitulate different aspects of MS and demyelination \[[@CR3]\]. Cuprizone is a copper-chelator that impacts cell metabolism and leads to demyelination, and if continued, eventual oligodendrocytic and neuronal death. Cuprizone is administered via food for a defined time period before returning the mice to standard chow to allow remyelination to occur. While the cuprizone model maintains an intact blood-brain barrier with no T cell infiltration, it extensively activates microglia and macrophages \[[@CR4]--[@CR6]\]. The cuprizone model is increasingly used because of its reversibility and reproducibility, reviewed in \[[@CR7], [@CR8]\].
Cuprizone treatment leads to demyelination in the corpus callosum (CC). The CC in turn forms the roof of the subventricular zone (SVZ), a neural stem cell niche that generates neurons and glia throughout life \[[@CR9]\]. The cuprizone model therefore enables investigation into the SVZ response to demyelination and remyelination in the CC. A recent fate-mapping study demonstrated that SVZ cells contributed to remyelination in the CC after cuprizone-induced demyelination \[[@CR10]\]. These cells produced thicker myelin than oligodendrocytes derived from local oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) \[[@CR10]\]. These findings are consistent with previous research showing SVZ cells can differentiate into oligodendrocytes constitutively as well as after demyelination \[[@CR11]--[@CR13]\] and indicate SVZ cells migrate to the demyelinated CC in MS \[[@CR13]\]. OPCs may have broader reparative effects throughout the CNS than SVZ cells, but SVZ-derived progenitors contribute to repair around the lateral ventricles. This is clinically relevant since it has been known for close to a century that MS lesions frequently emanate from the ventricular surface \[[@CR14]\].
The SVZ thus provides a conveniently positioned nest of stem cells that could benefit MS. Interestingly, data from the past several years suggest inflammation is uniquely regulated in the SVZ, often exhibiting features dramatically different to the CC or other nearby regions. We found that even in the absence of injury, CD45 levels and microglial proliferation were significantly higher in the SVZ than in adjacent regions \[[@CR15]\]. We recently showed the SVZ expresses higher levels of chemokines than the nearby cerebral cortex \[[@CR16]\]. These chemokines rose markedly in the SVZ after Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) injections which induce demyelination. However loss of Gal-3 blocked these increases, suggesting a pivotal role in the inflammatory response in the TMEV model of demyelination \[[@CR16]\]. Perhaps because of these differences, the SVZ can exhibit inflammation in response to brain insults unlike adjacent regions. Traumatic brain injury induced massive inflammation in the CC, but all manifestations of inflammation remained stable in the SVZ \[[@CR15]\]. In contrast, TMEV specifically targeted the SVZ and led to greater inflammation there compared to surrounding regions \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\]. We had reported in a preliminary study that microglial density was maintained in the SVZ while rising in the CC after cuprizone \[[@CR17]\]. We therefore asked if inflammation was differentially regulated in the SVZ compared to the CC after cuprizone treatment. Initial studies suggested that inflammation can be detrimental to neurogenesis and brain repair \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\]. Further studies have shown however that microglia can enhance neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo \[[@CR20], [@CR21]\]. Thus, it is important to determine context-dependent inflammation in the SVZ and how this affects the reparative potential of this largest pool of endogenous brain stem cells.
Another clue that inflammation is uniquely regulated in the SVZ is that the pro-inflammatory protein galectin-3 (Gal-3) is homeostatically expressed in the SVZ and RMS although elsewhere in the central nervous system it is only detectable after injury \[[@CR22]\]. Gal-3 has been implicated in MS; it is expressed at high levels in active lesions around the lateral ventricles, and it modulates animal models of MS \[[@CR16], [@CR23]\]. Gal-3 was initially termed Mac-2 because it was identified in activated macrophages \[[@CR24]\]. However, in the SVZ, it is expressed by astrocytes and ependymal cells and serves to maintain speed and rostral directionality of SVZ neuroblast migration, thereby positively contributing to olfactory bulb neurogenesis rates \[[@CR22]\]. Gal-3 expression increases leukocyte infiltration into the SVZ in the EAE and TMEV demyelination models, leading to a worse phenotype \[[@CR16], [@CR25]\]. Gal-3 has also been reported to increase oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro and enhance myelination in vivo \[[@CR26]\] and loss of Gal-3 inhibited oligodendrocyte maturation and microglial activation after cuprizone \[[@CR27]\]. Here, we hypothesized that cuprizone-induced demyelination would cause SVZ inflammation and that Gal-3 would regulate SVZ progenitor after cuprizone treatment.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Animals {#Sec3}
-------
129Sv wild-type mice (*Gal-3*^*+/+*^) were obtained through the University of Oxford Biomedical Services Specific Pathogens Free Breeding Unit. Gal-3 knockout mice on a 129Sv background (*Gal-3*^*−/−*^) were obtained from Françoise Poirier's laboratory (Institut Jacques Monod, Paris; Colnot et al., 1998). *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice were bred to produce heterozygote mice (*Gal-3*^*+/−*^), which were subsequently mated with one another to produce *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ littermate controls. For experiments using adult animals, these animals were used. For experiments using postnatal animals, the littermate controls were bred with other mice of the same genotype to produce entire litters of *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ or *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ pups. Animals were maintained in individually ventilated cages on 12-h light/dark cycles with free access to food and water. Procedures were performed with University of Oxford Research Ethics Committee approval in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 (UK). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and distress.
Bromodeoxyuridine injections {#Sec4}
----------------------------
To create label retaining SVZ cells, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered via intraperitoneal (IP) injection at 50 mg/kg. It was given in six 12-hourly doses during the first 3 days of cuprizone administration.
Cuprizone administration {#Sec5}
------------------------
Cuprizone was administered at 0.2 % to 8-week-old male and female mice ad libitum in chow (International Product Supplies). Treated mice received cuprizone chow for 3 or 6 weeks to cause demyelination, or 6 weeks followed by 10 days of control chow to induce remyelination. Control mice received the same chow without cuprizone. The 6-week cuprizone period was chosen as oligodendrocytes decrease greatly by that time, while the speed of oligodendrogenesis should have peaked after \~10 days of remyelination \[[@CR28]\].
Fluorescent immunohistochemistry {#Sec6}
--------------------------------
Brains for immunohistochemistry were removed following IP pentobarbitone overdose and transcardiac perfusion with cold normal saline and 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA). They were postfixed in 4 % PFA overnight and then cryoprotected in 30 % sucrose in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. They were frozen in dry ice, stored at −80 °C and then sectioned into 30-μm coronal sections using a freezing microtome. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was performed as described previously \[[@CR29]\]. Primary antibodies are outlined in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. BrdU antigen retrieval was achieved with 1 M HCl at 38.5 °C for 1 h.Table 1Antibodies used in studyAntigenDilutionHostManufacturerProduct \#BrdU1:500SheepAbcamab1893CD451:500RatChemiconCBL1326Dcx1:100GoatSanta Cruzsc-8066Gal-31:100RabbitSanta Cruzsc-20157Gal-31:100RatSanta Cruzsc-23938GFAP1:400RatLife Technologies13-0300Iba11:400GoatAbcamAb5076Il1-β1:100RabbitAbD SerotecAAM13GMash11:200MouseBD Pharmingen556604MBP1:100GoatSanta Cruzsc-13914Olig21:1000RabbitChemiconAB9610PHi31:400RabbitUpstate06-570
Microscopy {#Sec7}
----------
Epifluorescence images were obtained using a Leica DMIRB microscope with a Hamamatsu C4742-95 digital camera or a Leica DMR microscope with a Leica DFC-500 digital camera. Images were acquired in Openlab software (Improvision) and processed in Volocity 4 software (PerkinElmer), or acquired in Leica Firecam 3.4.1 software. Confocal images were obtained on a Zeiss LSM 710 laser scanning confocal microscope using the Z-stack and tile functions as appropriate. They were analyzed in LSM Image Browser 4.2 (Zeiss). The majority of imaging, including all images for threshold analysis, used constant camera settings within a given experiment.
Image analysis {#Sec8}
--------------
All image acquisition, analysis and quantification, was performed blinded to the genotype and treatment, except for the initial acquisition of CC and cortical myelin basic protein (MBP) images. The sections analyzed were between Bregma 0.6 and 0.2 mm. The most caudal sections where just anterior to crossing of the anterior commissure. Live counting was used for BrdU+ and phosphohistone H3 (PHi3+) cells in the SVZ and CC, and Olig2+ cells in the SVZ. Sample images were acquired of other cell markers and then counted using ImageJ. Macros were developed that displayed only the DAPI channel, so that the appropriate region could be selected and cropped without the bias of seeing other channels. The macros then switched the view to other channels for cell counting. For MBP threshold analysis, regions were initially selected using only the DAPI channel. Histograms for fluorescence intensity levels between 0 and 255 were then obtained. Microsoft Excel was used to plot the intensity distribution and select an appropriate threshold above which MBP labeling was considered positive. The percentage of pixels with intensity greater than the threshold value was then calculated.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction {#Sec9}
-----------------------------------
SVZ tissue from individual 6-week *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice was microdissected in Hanks' Buffered Saline Solution (HBSS). The sample was centrifuged to pellet tissue and aspirate excess HBSS. It was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. RNA extraction was performed using an RNeasy Mini Kit. Before extraction, individual samples were pooled to provide three groups of four animals for each genotype. All samples provided a 260/280 ratio between 2.08 and 2.10, which was considered to provide satisfactory RNA quality. Reverse transcription was performed using a High Capacity RNA to cDNA Kit (Applied Biosystems). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) used TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Life Technologies) and TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix (Life Technologies). It was performed on a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using technical triplicates and standard curves and following the TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix Protocol for 384-well plates. Data was initially analyzed using SDS Software v2.4, and aberrant replicates were removed. EGFr and B2m had efficiency between 90 and 110 % and *R*^2^ ≥ 0.998 while CCL2 had *R*^2^ = 0.965, Ccr2 *R*^2^ = 0.948, and Mmp9 *R*^2^ = 0.987 (Egfr Mm00433023 m1; Ccl2 Mm00441242 m1; Ccr2 Mm00438270 m1; Mmp9 Mm00442991 m1; B2m Mm00437762 m1). Galectin-1 (Lgals1) Mm00839408 g1; Galectin-3 (Lgals3) Mm00802901 m1; Galectin-8 (Lgals8) Mm01332239 m1; Galectin-9 (Lgals9) Mm00495295 m1. Data were exported to Microsoft Excel, where individual gene quantities were normalized to B2m and divided by *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ quantities to create fold-change ratios. Statistics were performed on normalized values using a Student's *t* test as described later.
Neurosphere proliferation assay {#Sec10}
-------------------------------
Primary SVZ cultures were obtained from P4-5 *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice. Animals were sacrificed using anesthesia (hypothermia) followed by decapitation. Whole brains were dissected then cut into 500-μm coronal sections using a McIlwain tissue chopper. SVZ was microdissected in HBSS and stored on ice until dissection was complete. Cells were dissociated mechanically with fine iris scissors and enzymatically through Accutase incubation (Sigma, A6964) for 10 min at 37 °C. Cells were then washed three times in Neurobasal A+ (1×, B27 1×, glutamine 2 mM and penicillin/streptomycin 50k U/L) including centrifugation for 5 min at 1200 rpm for each wash, suspended in NB-A+ with growth factors (EGF and FGF-2, 20 ng/ml, R&D Systems), counted, and seeded in 96-well plates at 5 × 10^4^/mL of NB-GF. Cultures were incubated at 37 °C with 5 % CO~2~ for 7 days before whole wells were imaged using an AMF4300 EVOS® FL Imaging System (Life Technologies). Neurospheres were aspirated and then dissociated enzymatically, washed, suspended, counted, and seeded at 5 × 10^3^/mL of NB-GF. Cultures were then incubated for a further 7 days before imaging of secondary neurospheres. Images were analyzed in ImageJ using the Stack Sorter plugin to merge images (<http://www.optinav.com/Stack-Sorter.htm>).
Statistics {#Sec11}
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Data from the appropriate quantification was collated into Microsoft Excel. It was then analyzed using scripts written for SPSS 21. For experiments comparing one factor between two groups, a Student's *t* test was performed. For experiments comparing one factor between three or more groups, a one-way ANOVA was performed. For experiments comparing two factors, a two-way ANOVA was performed. For experiments comparing two factors for a variable quantified in multiple SVZ or CC anatomical regions, a repeated-measures ANOVA was performed. Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to determine significant pairwise comparisons in ANOVAs. Graphs were produced in Prism 5 (GraphPad) and show mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).
Results {#Sec12}
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We began by confirming demyelination in the CC, using MBP immunohistochemistry to assess myelin levels. As previously described, MBP is one of the key proteins associated with the myelin sheath \[[@CR30], [@CR31]\] and can be used to assess demyelination and remyelination \[[@CR27]\]. Gal-3 can affect the inflammatory response in multiple models of disease and injury \[[@CR27], [@CR32]\]. We did not detect differences in MBP immunofluorescence between *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice. The CC, however, showed decreased MBP immunofluorescence in both genotypes after cuprizone (Fig. [1a](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, [b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}), confirming CC demyelination as has been reported \[[@CR33], [@CR34]\].Fig. 1MBP levels decrease in the CC after cuprizone treatment and effects of Gal-3 on CC1+ oligodendrocytes. **a** Representative images of MBP immunohistochemistry in controls and after demyelination of *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ mice. *Scale bar* 100 μm. **b** Graph showing percentage of pixels above the MBP threshold of 150. Statistics calculated as two-way ANOVA with *N* = 6. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \*\**p* \< 0.01, \*\*\**p* \< 0.001. **c** Immunohistochemistry showing co-localization of CC1 and Olig2. *White arrows*: CC1+/Olig2+. *Yellow arrows*: CC1-/Olig2+. *Scale bar* 50 μm. **d** Percent of Olig2+ cells that are CC1+. Statistics were calculated as two-way ANOVA with *N* ≥ 6. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \*\**p* ≤ 0.01
While the number or density of Olig2+ cells provides information on the number of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, it does not indicate how mature these cells are. We therefore performed co-immunohistochemistry with the mature oligodendrocyte marker CC1 \[[@CR35]\] (Fig. [1c](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The labeling demonstrated a good overlap between CC1 and Olig2 immunofluorescence (Fig. [1c](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The CC1+ cells were interpreted as mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. The proportion of CC1+ oligodendrocytes increased with cuprizone treatment and then remyelination but was not affected by Gal-3 loss (Fig. [1d](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). The effect between treatment groups or interaction with genotype was not significant.
The number of Gal-3+ cells in the SVZ decreased after cuprizone treatment {#Sec13}
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We previously showed that Gal-3 is selectively expressed in the SVZ and regulates SVZ inflammation after injections of the demyelinating virus TMEV \[[@CR16], [@CR22]\]. We therefore hypothesized that Gal-3 would have a role in the SVZ response to cuprizone-induced demyelination. Interestingly, the density of Gal-3+ cells decreased in the SVZ following cuprizone treatment (*N* = 4 per group; Fig. [2a](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, [b](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). We included both dorsolateral SVZ astrocytes and ependymal cells in our quantification and noted that Gal-3 was lost from both cell types. The number of Gal-3+ cells/mm^2^ in control mice decreased significantly after 3-week cuprizone (*p* = 0.009 compared to control) and after 6-week cuprizone (*p* \< 0.0005 compared to control). The density then increased in the remyelination treatment group (*p* = 0.034 compared to 6-week cuprizone). In contrast to the SVZ, Gal-3+ cell density increased in the CC of control mice significantly in the 6-week cuprizone group (*p* \< 0.0005 compared to control and *p* = 0.002 compared to 3-week cuprizone) (Fig. [2c, d](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The density then decreased in the remyelination group (*p* = 0.010 compared to control and *p* = 0.122 compared to 6-week cuprizone). These unexpected results showed that the regulation of Gal-3 expression after cuprizone was opposite between the SVZ and the CC, even though they are immediately adjacent.Fig. 2The number of Gal-3+ cells in the SVZ decreases after cuprizone treatment. **a**, **c** Representative images of Gal-3+ cells in the SVZ and CC after cuprizone treatment. *Scale bar* 100 μm. *White dotted lines* define SVZ boundaries. **b**, **d** Graphs demonstrating the density of Gal-3+ cells in the SVZ (**b**) and CC (**d**). Statistics calculated as one-way ANOVA with *N* = 4. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \**p* \< 0.05, \*\**p* \< 0.01, \*\*\**p* \< 0.001. **e** Representative images of the SVZ from 6-week cuprizone or remyelination brains showing Gal-3 (*green*) colocalization with GFAP+ astrocytes/neural stem cells, Mash-1+ TAPs and CD45+ hematopoietic cells (which includes CD45+/Iba1+ microglia), and lack of Gal-3 colocalization with Dcx+ neuroblasts and Olig2+ oligodendrocytes. We used *N* = 4 for all groups. *Dotted box* shows magnified region. *Scale bars* 50 μm. **f**--**h** Graphs showing the quantification of colocalization in the CC. Statistics calculated as one-way ANOVA with *N* = 4 for **f** and **g**. No statistics performed for **h**. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \*\*\**p* \< 0.001. Note that GFAP+ and CD45+ cells were quantified in different experiments, so aggregates in **h** will not necessarily equal 100 %
We subsequently performed co-immunohistochemistry to determine the identity of Gal-3+ cells (Fig. [2e](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}--[h](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). They were mostly GFAP+ astrocytes or CD45+/Iba1+ microglia in both the SVZ and CC (*N* ≥ 4 for each group; Fig. [2e](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Mash1+ cells correspond to neural lineage transit amplifying progenitor (TAP) cells in the SVZ \[[@CR36]\]. Similar to what we had shown before \[[@CR22]\], the occasional Mash-1+ TAP was also Gal-3+. There were very few Gal-3+/Dcx + neuroblasts (1 Gal-3+/Dcx + cell out of 337 Gal-3+ and 42 Dcx + cells counted in the CC) or Olig2+ oligodendrocytes (2 Gal-3+/Olig2+ cells out of 337 Gal-3+ and 436 Olig2+ cells counted in the CC). Interestingly, we found that the percentage of CD45+/Iba1+ microglia in the CC expressing Gal-3 increased significantly following cuprizone treatment (*p* ≤ 0.001 for control compared to each other group) (Fig. [2g](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The percentage of astrocytes expressing Gal-3 remained stable (Fig. [2f](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Overall, these data suggested that Gal-3 expression increased mostly on microglia in the CC after cuprizone.
The subventricular zone contained fewer hematopoietic cells after cuprizone treatment {#Sec14}
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Previous work from our group showed that TMEV-induced demyelination targets inflammation to the SVZ \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\]. Here, we further investigated the density of CD45+ hematopoietic cells and CD45+/Iba1+ microglia in the SVZ and CC (Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The density of CD45+ hematopoietic cells decreased significantly in the SVZ yet increased in the CC during cuprizone treatment (*N* ≥ 6 per group; Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, [c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Although the density of CD45+ cells decreased in the SVZ after cuprizone, the proportion that were Iba1+ microglia was increased (Fig. [3d](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). This proportion, however, was similar across all conditions in the CC (Fig. [3e](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). There was no difference between Gal-3^+/+^ and Gal-3^−/−^ mice in the density of CD45+ cells nor the percentage of CD45+ cells that were Iba1+ in the SVZ and in the CC (Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}--[e](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Once again, the juxtaposition of CD45+ density between the SVZ and CC was noteworthy, as it suggested different inflammatory processes occurring in the two neighboring regions.Fig. 3The number of CD45+ cells decreases in the SVZ after cuprizone treatment. **a** Representative images of CD45 and Iba1 immunohistochemistry in the CC. *Scale bar* 100 μm. **b**, **c** Graphs demonstrating the density of CD45+ cells in the SVZ and CC. **d**, **e** Graphs demonstrating the proportion of CD45+ cells that are Iba1+ in the SVZ and CC. Statistics calculated as two-way ANOVA with *N* \< 5. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \**p* \< 0.05, \*\**p* \< 0.01, \*\*\**p* \< 0.001. **f** Representative image of Olig2+ immunohistochemistry from the CC of a WT remyelination mouse. **g**, **h** Graphs showing number of Olig2+ cells in the SVZ (**g**) and density in the CC (**h**). Statistics calculated using repeated-measures ANOVA for SVZ and two-way ANOVA for CC with *N* = 6 for each group. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \**p* \< 0.05, \*\*\**p* \< 0.001
We examined potential genes that might have compensated for Gal-3 loss in the knockout mice and created a shortlist based on genes that differed between *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice in previous qPCR and proteomic arrays and genes thought to be regulated by Gal-3 which are relevant for SVZ biology \[[@CR16], [@CR32]\]. qPCR on SVZ lysates obtained from adult mice showed no difference between genotypes for any of the genes (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1A). To investigate the possibility of *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ receiving compensation from other galectins, we carried out qPCR on SVZ samples from *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ littermates on galectins known to be expressed in the SVZ (Allen Brain Atlas) and \[[@CR37]\]. Lgals1, 8, and 9 also showed no difference between genotypes (Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}: Figure S1B). As expected, Lgals3 was absent in *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice (*p* \< 0.0005).
Oligodendrocyte-lineage cell density remained stable in the SVZ but decreased in the corpus callosum after cuprizone administration {#Sec15}
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Microglial cells and inflammation can influence oligodendrogenesis in the SVZ \[[@CR21]\]. We therefore investigated the number of Olig2+ oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in the SVZ following cuprizone treatment (Fig. [3f](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}--[h](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}) and found that the number of Olig2+ cells remained constant, the SVZ taken as a whole across treatment groups and genotypes (*N* ≥ 6 per group; Fig. [3g](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}; *p* \> 0.05 for relevant main effects and interactions in repeated-measures ANOVA). Furthermore, when we separated the SVZ into subregions (dorsolateral, striatal, ventral, septal, and subcallosal), we found there were no differences that occurred within subregions across treatment groups or genotypes (*p* \> 0.05 for relevant interactions in repeated-measures ANOVA; data not shown). In contrast to the SVZ, the density of Olig2+ cells in the CC decreased significantly in the 3-week cuprizone treatment groups (Fig. [3h](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The density then returned to control levels in the 6-week cuprizone and remyelination treatment groups. This finding is consistent with the spontaneous remyelination that has previously been reported around 5--6 weeks of cuprizone treatment \[[@CR27]\].
Reactive astrocytosis occurred in the SVZ and CC after cuprizone administration {#Sec16}
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It was important to determine if the reduced number of CD45+ cells in the SVZ neurogenic niche was associated with decreased astrocytosis. GFAP immunoreactivity increased dramatically both in the SVZ and in the CC in the 3-week, 6-week, and remyelination groups but with no obvious qualitative differences between *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice (Fig. [4a](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, [b](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 4Reactive astrocytosis increases in the SVZ and CC with cuprizone treatment. **a**, **b** Representative images of GFAP in the CC after cuprizone treatment. *Dotted white line* delineates CC from SVZ (note that SVZ was analyzed in separate images of dorsolateral SVZ). *Scale bar* 50 μm
Proliferation decreased in the SVZ but increased in the CC after cuprizone {#Sec17}
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Most models of brain disease increase proliferation in the SVZ \[[@CR38]\]. Nevertheless, the reduced numbers of Gal-3+ and CD45+ cells in the SVZ could have been associated with reduced proliferation since inflammation can influence SVZ proliferation \[[@CR20], [@CR21]\]. We therefore performed immunohistochemistry for PHi3+, which labels proliferating cells in the mitoitc (M) phase of the cell cycle \[[@CR39]\]. In the SVZs, we found reduced numbers of PHi3+ cells after 3 and 6 weeks of cuprizone treatment, and they returned to baseline levels in the remyelination group (Fig. [5a](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, [b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type="media"}: Table S1). In the CC, the number of PH3+ cells increased in the 6-week cuprizone and remyelination groups (*N* ≥ 6 per group; Fig. [5c](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). Thus, similar to the CD45+ and Gal-3+ cells, the number of Phi3+ cells decreased in the SVZ but increased in the CC.Fig. 5SVZ proliferation decreases after cuprizone treatment. **a** High-magnification images of the dorsolateral SVZ comparing PHi3+ cells in *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3* ^*−/−*^ mice across treatment groups. *Scale bar* 100 μm. **b**, **c** Quantification of PHi3+ cells in the SVZ (**b**) and CC (**c**). **d**--**g** Example of Ki67 and Mash1 double immunohistochemistry in the SVZ of a WT mouse in the remyelination group. *Arrow points* to a double-labeled cell. *Scale bar* 50 μm. **h**, **i** Quantification of Ki67+ and Mash1+/Ki67+ cells in the SVZ. Statistics used were one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \**p* \< 0.05, \*\**p* \< 0.01. **j**, **k** Il-1β immunohistochemistry in controls and the 6-week cuprizone group. Note that Il-1β was barely detectable in controls but upregulated in the CC and SVZ in WT and *Gal-3* ^*−/−*^ mice in the 6-week cuprizone group. *Scale bar* 50 μm
We previously showed that Gal-3 loss in KO mice did not alter SVZ proliferation \[[@CR16], [@CR22], [@CR32]\], and here, the *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice showed virtually the same changes after cuprizone treatment (Fig. [5b](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, [c](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). We found no significant difference between *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice in the SVZ (*p* = 0.051 for the main effect in ANOVA; *p* = 0.784 for the interaction of genotype with the treatment length in ANOVA) or the CC (*p* = 0.721 for the main effect; *p* = 0.421 for the interaction). To confirm our findings on proliferation and to determine if the decrease was due to loss of transit amplifying progenitor cells, we carried out double immunohistochemistry for the cell cycle marker Ki67 and for the TAP marker Mash1 (Fig. [5d](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}--[g](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, Additional file [3](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"}: Figure S2). Compared to controls, the number of Ki67+ cells decreased significantly at the 3- and 6-week time points (Fig. [5h](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}), confirming the PHi3 results. We also found statistically significant decreases in the number of cells that were double positive for Mash1 and Ki67 (Fig. [5i](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}). The number of Ki67+ cells and of Mash1+/Ki67+ cells returned to control levels in the remyelination group. Similar to our data above, we did not observe effects of genotype on KI67+ or Mash1+/Ki67+ cell numbers in the SVZ. These experiments indicate cuprizone treatment significantly reduces SVZ transit amplifying cell proliferation and that they rebound during remyelination.
Cuprizone feeding increases the expression of several genes important for inflammation \[[@CR40]\]. Il-1β is upstream of many inflammatory processes, it increases proliferation in multiple cell types, and it drives SVZ neurogenesis \[[@CR21]\]. We carried out Il-1β staining and found very little labeling in the CC and SVZ of control mice (Fig. [5j](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}) and in the 3-week group. Il-1β expression in the CC and SVZ increased in the 6-week cuprizone group (Fig. [5k](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}) and in the remyelination group. Whereas there was moderate variablity in immunofluorescence within groups of mice, we did not detect any obvious qualitative differences between Wt and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice at any of the time points (Fig. [5j](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, [k](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}).
To verify the lack of difference in proliferation between genotypes, we performed proliferation assays in primary and secondary SVZ neurospheres (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). SVZ cells from P4 *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice were cultured for 7 days to produce neurospheres and then passaged and cultured for a further 7 days for analysis (Fig. [6a](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). Once again, there was no difference between genotypes. The number of neurospheres was consistent for primary neurospheres from *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ compared to *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice (*p* = 0.788) and secondary neurospheres (*p* = 0.346) (Fig. [6c](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}, [d](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The average diameter was consistent for primary and secondary neurospheres (*p* = 0.493; Fig. [6e](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}, [f](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). The distribution of neurosphere sizes was consistent between genotypes for primary and secondary neurospheres (*p* \> 0.05 for each comparison; Fig. [6g](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}, [h](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). This in vitro data was consistent with all our in vivo data suggesting SVZ proliferation is not altered in *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice.Fig. 6Gal-3 loss does not alter neurosphere proliferation. **a** Diagram showing experimental outline. **b** Sample image of primary neurospheres. *Scale bar* 1 mm. **c**--**h** Graphs comparing *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3* ^*−/−*^ mice for number of neurospheres (**c**, **d**), average diameter (**e**, **f**), and distribution of neurosphere sizes (**g**, **h**) for primary (**c**, **e**, and **g**) and secondary (**d, f,** and **h**) neurospheres. Statistics performed using *t* tests with *N* = 5 for all groups except *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ secondary neurospheres for which *N* = 3. Graphs show mean ± SEM
Gal-3 absence decreased the number of labeling retaining SVZ cells after cuprizone treatment {#Sec18}
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We previously reported that loss of Gal-3 promotes SVZ progenitor emigration into the corpus callosum after TMEV injections \[[@CR16]\], so we next asked if it also does so after cuprizone. In order to label SVZ cells, we injected BrdU at the beginning of the experiment (Fig. [7a](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). We first looked for effects with all SVZ and CC subdivisions combined (Fig. [7b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). The number of BrdU+ cells left in the SVZ 3 weeks after cuprizone chow was not altered in WT mice (Fig. [7c](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}, [d](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). However, in *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice, there was a significant reduction in the number of BrdU+ cells (Fig. [7d](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). At the 6-week and remyelination time points, both WT and mutant mice had significantly reduced SVZ BrdU+ cell numbers compared to the 3-week group. These data suggest Gal-3 delays the cuprizone-induced emigration of BrdU+ cells. The number of PHi3+ mitotic cells in the CC before cuprizone and at 3 weeks was minimal. However, we found many BrdU+ cells in the CC at 3 weeks which is consistent with them having migrated from the SVZ (Fig. [7e](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}, [f](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). Though more PHi3+ mitotic CC cells were found in the 6-week and remyelination groups, the number of BrdU+ cells decreased at this time point (Fig. [7f](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). We queried the identity of the emigrated BrdU+ progenitor cells in the CC and found that only a minimal number were positive for the neuroblast marker doublecortin (data not shown). The SVZ generates oligodendrocyte progenitors in demyelinating injuries \[[@CR13]\], we therefore stained for Olig2. Across a sample of brains (*N* = 3 per group), we found that 56 % (117 out of 208 cells) of BrdU+ cells were Olig2+ (Fig. [7g](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 7BrdU+ label retaining cells after cuprizone treatment. **a** BrdU regimen administered to mice. **b** Subdivisions of the SVZ and CC that were quantified. **c**, **e** Representative images showing BrdU immunohistochemistry in *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3* ^*−/−*^ mice in the dorsolateral SVZ (**c**) and CC (**e**). *White dotted lines* delineate region of interest. *White arrows* show examples of BrdU+ cells. **d**, **f** Graphs showing quantification of BrdU+ cells in the SVZ overall (**d**) and CC overall (**f**). In addition to the statistics shown, cuprizone-treated mice had significantly fewer cells than control mice for all genotype/treatment combinations (*p* ≤ 0.011) except 3-week *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^. **g** Example of BrdU+ cells that were Olig2+ (*white arrows*) and a BrdU+/Olig2- cell (*yellow arrow*). Statistics calculated as repeated-measures ANOVA with *N* ≥ 3. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \*\*\**p* \< 0.005. *Scale bars* 100 μm
We next looked for effects in individual SVZ and CC subdivisions (Fig. [7b](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}). With further breakdown using pairwise comparisons, the key difference was fewer BrdU+ cells in the *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ compared to *Gal-3*^*+/+*^ SVZ after 3-week cuprizone specifically in the dorsolateral (*p* = 0.001) and ventral (*p* = 0.006) SVZ (Additional file [4](#MOESM4){ref-type="media"}: Table S2). When comparing control and cuprizone mice, there was an increase after cuprizone treatment in the medial CC (*p* = 0.007; Additional file [5](#MOESM5){ref-type="media"}: Table S3). The number of cells in the lateral CC did not change significantly from control to cuprizone mice (*p* = 0.852).
Demyelination occured in the olfactory bulbs after cuprizone treatment {#Sec19}
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We noticed MBP loss in several brain areas after cuprizone feeding and examined this more carefully in the olfactory bulb (OB), the target structure of SVZ neurogenesis. In the OB, there was extensive loss and then return of MBP expression in the glomerular, external plexiform, mitral cell, and internal plexiform layers (Additional file [6](#MOESM6){ref-type="media"}: Figure S3a and b; *N* = 6 per group).
Discussion {#Sec20}
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This study showed that the number of Phi3+, Ki67+, CD45+, and Gal-3+ cells decreased in the SVZ after cuprizone treatment which is in contrast to TMEV \[[@CR16]\] and most other disease models. The decrease was remarkable since immediately above the SVZ in the CC Phi3+, Ki67+, CD45+, and Gal-3+, cell numbers increased. Because inflammation was decreased in the SVZ, we hypothesized that proliferation would increase in the niche \[[@CR18]\]; however, it decreased after cuprizone treatment, suggesting the relationship between inflammation and proliferation in the niche is complex. We also showed that SVZ proliferation was not affected in *Gal-3* knockouts in vivo or in the neurosphere assay. This is in line with our previous work showing that Gal-3 loss does not directly affect SVZ proliferation \[[@CR16], [@CR22]\]. However, we labeled SVZ cells with multiple doses of BrdU and found that 3 weeks after cuprizone administration, *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice had significantly fewer cells in the SVZ compared to WT controls, suggesting Gal-3 limits emigration of SVZ cells.
The decrease in Gal-3+ SVZ cells was probably not due to the decrease in CD45+ cells since the large majority of SVZ Gal-3 expression is not in CD45+ microglial cells but in SVZ astrocytes and ependymal cells \[[@CR22]\]. Interestingly, we showed that cuprizone induced activation of GFAP expression and morphological changes in the SVZ consistent with reactive astrocytosis. Gal-3 expression can increase in striatal astrocytes in response to TMEV \[[@CR16]\]. In these experiments, despite the SVZ astrocyte reactivity, Gal-3 expression actually decreased, suggesting Gal-3 is not required for SVZ astrocytic reactivity. Similarly, Gal-3 knockout mice exhibited robust increases in GFAP expression both in the SVZ and the CC. A recent study showed that stab wound injury-induced reactive astrocytosis in the cerebral cortex depends on Gal-3 expression \[[@CR41]\]. Thus, it is likely that Gal-3 has different effects on astrocyte reactivity depending on the brain region or type of pathology.
This work adds to the growing list of studies revealing the SVZ as a unique inflammatory niche. We were surprised a number of years ago to find that SVZ microglia are semi-activated in healthy animals \[[@CR15]\]. We then made the remarkable observation that traumatic brain injury (TBI) \[[@CR15]\] and stroke \[[@CR32], [@CR42]\] induce massive inflammation in forebrain parenchyma, but not in the adjacent SVZ. This was in contrast to TMEV infection which was associated with consistent inflammation in the SVZ \[[@CR17]\]. In this manuscript, we provide data suggesting that SVZ microglial numbers and inflammation are actually decreased after cuprizone treatment. We have found that Gal-3 is expressed by the same cells in the healthy SVZ as in disease models. It was expressed by astrocytes and ependymal cells homeostatically, after TBI, TMEV, stroke, and cuprizone \[[@CR16], [@CR22], [@CR32]\] (and Szele lab unpublished studies). It is particularly surprising that few microglial cells express Gal-3 in the SVZ before or after injury since Gal-3 has been used as a marker of activated macrophages. Taken together, this study and previous work shows that inflammation in the SVZ is tightly regulated and is sensitive to pathological context.
The decrease in markers of inflammation in the SVZ was in sharp contrast with the increased number of Gal-3+ and CD45+ cells in the adjacent corpus callosum. Similar sharp contrasts between indices of inflammation in the SVZ and the adjacent CC, striatum, or cerebral cortex have been noted in TBI and TMEV \[[@CR15]--[@CR17]\]. CD45 labels all cells in the hematopoietic lineage so is insufficient to definitively phenotype them. Here, we found that the number of CD45+ SVZ cells that expressed Iba1 increased slightly after cuprizone. Since Iba1 is associated with microglia, these data suggest that though cuprizone decreased the number of CD45+ SVZ cells, the relative percent of microglia increased. Our previous work found a small number of dendritic cells \[[@CR17]\] and T cells \[[@CR16]\] in the SVZ; thus, it is possible that some of the CD45+/Iba1-negative cells we found in this study in the SVZ belonged to one of these cell types. Alternatively, a minority SVZ CD45+ microglial cells expressed Iba1 below the level of immunohistochemical detection. It is likely the unique extracellular molecular environment in the SVZ selectively autoregulates inflammation in the niche \[[@CR16], [@CR43], [@CR44]\]. We recently demonstrated the SVZ expresses higher levels of chemokine ligands than adjacent regions \[[@CR16]\]. A better understanding of how inflammation is regulated in the SVZ may help develop approaches to augment neurogenesis since immune cells cross talk with neural cells and can be either beneficial or detrimental to their homeostatic and reparative functions \[[@CR45]\].
Many types of brain injury increase SVZ proliferation \[[@CR38], [@CR46], [@CR47]\]; however, activation of neurogenesis depends on the model, species, and level of inflammation. Inflammation was originally shown to dampen adult neurogenesis \[[@CR18], [@CR19]\], but recent work has defined multiple modes of microglial activation, some of which increase neurogenesis \[[@CR20], [@CR21], [@CR45]\]. Therefore, we were uncertain whether the SVZ phenotype induced by cuprizone described above would be associated with altered proliferation. The demyelination groups had significantly diminished numbers of proliferative SVZ cells and rebounded to control levels in the remyelination group, suggesting a rapid return to homeostasis in the SVZ upon cessation of cuprizone. In contrast to the SVZ, CC proliferation increased at the 6-week and remyelination time points. This paralleled the discrepancy between the SVZ and CC described above and further suggests unique regulation of inflammation in the SVZ.
The proliferative response to cuprizone in the SVZ and the CC was not affected by loss of Gal-3. This was supported by our in vitro data: the number and size of SVZ neurospheres were unaffected by loss of Gal-3. Neurospheres were prepared from P4-5 pups, and it could be that loss of Gal-3 would affect neurosphere growth when prepared from adults. However, loss of Gal-3 did not alter constitutive proliferation in the adult SVZ in three separate murine strains \[[@CR16], [@CR22]\]. Similar results were obtained in the MCAO model of stroke---there were no differences between WT and Gal-3 nulls in SVZ or parenchymal proliferation \[[@CR32]\]. This is in contrast to a recent study in which loss of Gal-3 inhibited astrocyte proliferation after stab wound injury \[[@CR41]\]. Gal-3 binds to a large variety of proteins, has multiple functional effects depending on context, and is frequently expressed de novo after brain injury, together positioning it to have selective effects in different contexts.
One of the key features of SVZ progenitors is their capacity for long-distance migration to the OB and emigration towards injured regions of the brain. There is good evidence that SVZ progenitors are beneficial by a combination of neural replacement and neuroprotection \[[@CR48], [@CR49]\]. To track potential SVZ progenitor emigration, we labeled cells with BrdU at the beginning of cuprizone administration. The large majority of cells that are proliferative and get labeled by BrdU in the forebrain before damage are SVZ cells. Therefore, BrdU+ cells outside of the SVZ at later time points could be inferred to have migrated from the SVZ. Interestingly, we showed decreased BrdU+ cell numbers in the SVZ but increased numbers in the CC after cuprizone. At 3 weeks, the number of BrdU+ cells that were gone from the SVZ was significantly greater in *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ than in WT mice, suggesting that Gal-3 normally inhibits emigration. This is supported by our previous finding that lack of Gal-3 causes SVZ progenitors to switch migration from their rostral direction to a local exploratory motility as a prelude to emigration \[[@CR22]\]. It is also consistent with our TMEV demyelination model wherein loss of Gal-3 increased SVZ progenitor emigration \[[@CR16]\]. These data are consistent with cuprizone inducing BrdU+ cells to migrate from the SVZ to the CC.
Because of the decreased rostral migration previously observed in *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice \[[@CR22]\], the decreased number of BrdU+ cells in the SVZ of *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice in this study was probably not caused by greater rostral migration towards the OB. We demonstrated decreased MBP immunofluorescence in the OB of WT mice after cuprizone, suggesting demyelination. However, we do not know if OB demyelination was increased in *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice relative to WTs, which could have increased rostral migration and explained the decreased numbers of BrdU+ cells in the SVZ at 3 weeks post-cuprizone. Using immunohistochemistry for Gal-3 and CD45, we previously noticed that cuprizone and TMEV caused inflammation in multiple forebrain regions \[[@CR17]\], such as the OB. We have other data suggesting OB demyelination after TMEV based on reduced MBP immunofluorescence (Szele lab, unpublished observations). The extent of OB and olfactory tract demyelination in MS and neuromyelitis optica patients is correlated with disease severity \[[@CR50]\]. We propose the cuprizone and TMEV-IDD animal models will help elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms and functional consequences of OB inflammation and demyelination in MS.
The majority of cells that emigrated from the SVZ were likely in the oligodendrocyte lineage as many BrdU+ labeled cells in the CC were Olig2+. There is ample evidence that human MS and models of demyelination induce SVZ-derived oligodendrocytes to emigrate \[[@CR10]--[@CR13], [@CR51]\]. In this study, the number of Olig2+ cells in the CC decreased at 3 weeks post-cuprizone and then increased suggesting cuprizone initially killed oligodendrocytes which were then replaced by SVZ-derived oligodendrocyte precursors. Recent work has suggested Gal-3 alters the rate of oligodendrocyte maturation and extent of demyelination \[[@CR26]\]. We did not find any evidence for differences in Olig2+ cells in the SVZ or CC between WT and *Gal-3*^*−/−*^ mice. We also examined the expression of the mature oligodendrocyte marker CC1 \[[@CR35]\]. We did not find that the percent of Olig2+ cells that expressed CC1 differed between Wt and Gal-3^*−/−*^ mice. Both genotypes also exhibited an increased percent of Olig2+ that were CC1+ in the remyelination group. These results suggest Gal-3 loss does not affect oligodendrocyte differentiation. Finally, although SVZ neuroblast migration towards demyelination has been documented \[[@CR52]\], we found very few BrdU+ cells in the CC that expressed the immature neuronal marker Dcx.
A study by Hoyos and colleagues showed that loss of Gal-3 inhibited remyelination in the CC after cuprizone as measured by MBP, suggesting that Gal-3 normally has a positive effect on remyelination \[[@CR27]\]. Similar to that study, we showed loss of MBP immunofluorescence in the CC in the 6-week post-cuprizone group suggesting demyelination. However, we did not find that loss of Gal-3 affected MBP loss or return to normal values in the CC. We are not certain what accounts for this discrepancy; however, it is important to note that Hoyos et al. performed experiments in a different Gal-3 knockout mouse, which lacks exon V \[[@CR27]\], whereas the mouse used here lacks exons II, III, and IV \[[@CR53]\].
Conclusions {#Sec21}
===========
We provide further evidence in this study that inflammation in the SVZ is uniquely regulated. Compared to the recently published TMEV model of severe inflammation and demyelination \[[@CR16]\], the effects of Gal-3 are more subtle in the milder cuprizone demyelination. Nevertheless, we did show here that loss of Gal-3 is associated with increased SVZ progenitor emigration to demyelinated regions. Since Gal-3 is druggable, our combined studies suggest clinical trials of molecules that modulate Gal-3 function may be warranted.
Abbreviations {#Sec22}
=============
ANOVA, analysis of variance; BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine; CC, corpus callosum; CD45, complement of differentiation 45; Dcx, doublecortin; Gal-3, galectin-3; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; LV, lateral ventricle; MBP, myelin basic protein; MS, multiple sclerosis; OB, olfactory bulb; Olig2, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2; PHi3, phosphohistone 3; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RMS, rostral migratory stream; SEM, standard error of the mean; SVZ, subventricular zone; TAP, transit amplifying progenitor
Additional files {#Sec23}
================
Additional file 1: Figure S1.Gal-3 absence does not alter candidate gene expression. A: Graph shows the relative expression of the candidate genes Ccl2, Ccr2, Egfr, and Mmp9 in the SVZ of *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3* ^*−/−*^ mice. It demonstrates fold change compared to *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ mice for quantities normalized to the housekeeping gene B2m. Graph shows mean ± SEM. Graph demonstrates fold change compared to *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ mice. Statistics calculated as *t* test using SPSS. No significant differences found. B: Gal-3 absence is not compensated by other galectins. Graph shows qPCR comparison of SVZ galectin expression in *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ and *Gal-3* ^*−/−*^ mice. It demonstrates fold change compared to *Gal-3* ^*+/+*^ mice for quantities normalized to the housekeeping gene B2m. Genes include Lgals1, 3, 8, and 9, which correspond to Gal-1, 3, 8, and 9, respectively. Statistics calculated as *t* test with *N* = 3 samples per genotype, each sample containing pooled SVZs from four mice. Graph shows mean ± SEM. \*\*\**p* \< 0.001. (TIF 9099 kb)Additional file 2: Table S1.PHi3+ cells int he SVZ and CC after cuprizone treatment. (JPG 380 kb)Additional file 3: Figure S2.Ki67 and Mash1 immunohistochemistry in the SVZ. Representative examples of Ki67 and Mash1 immunohistochemistry in the SVZ. Scale bar 50 μm. (TIF 5734 kb)Additional file 4: Table S2.Pairwise comparisons for genotype within region\*length\*genotype interaction in the SVZ. (JPG 288 kb)Additional file 5: Table S3.Pairwise comparison for region\*treatment in the CC. (JPG 127 kb)Additional file 6: Figure S3.Cuprizone causes loss of MBP expression in the olfactory bulb. A and B: OB sections with MBP immunohistochemistry from WT mice. Dotted box shows region of images in B. GL: glomerular layer, EPL: external plexiform layer, MCL/IPL: mitral cell layer/internal plexiform layer, GrL: granular layer. Scale bars 500 mm (A) and 100 mm (B). C: Graphs showing percentage of pixels with fluorescence intensity above threshold in the glomerular, external plexiform, and granular layers. Statistics calculated as repeated-measures ANOVA with *N* = 6. Graphs show mean ± SEM. \**p* ≤ 0.05, \*\**p* ≤ 0.01, \*\*\**p* ≤ 0.001. (TIF 18577 kb)
Julie Davies and Mayara Vieira Mundim are joint second authors.
We would like to thank the following members of the Szele lab for reading the manuscript: Swip Draijer, Martin Ducker, and Abeer Al-Shammari. We would also like to thank Prof David Greaves and Prof Margaret Esiri for their helpful advice on the project.
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
JMH supported by a University of Oxford Clarendon Scholarship and an Oxford-Australia Scholarship. The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Availability of data and materials {#FPar2}
==================================
All raw data and materials will be made available for inspection or use upon request.
Authors' contributions {#FPar3}
======================
JMH designed and carried out the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. JD carried out the immunohistochemistry and analyzed the data. MVM carried out the immmunohistochmistry, prepared the neurospheres, and analyzed the data. OA carried out the qPCR and analyzed the data. FGS designed the experiments, oversaw the research, and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests {#FPar4}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication {#FPar5}
=======================
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar6}
==========================================
Procedures were carried out with University of Oxford Research Ethics Committee approval, in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of 1986 (UK) and with the approval of the UK Home Office PPL \#30/2496.
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Wintergreen Tobacco E-Liquid by Havana Juice Co. Review
Wintergreen Tobacco is another classic e-liquids in the Havana Juice series. It is a blend of minty wintergreen leaves and earthy tobacco flavor. Vaping Wintergreen Tobacco makes for a pleasant experience. It has an authentic taste that doesn’t get old. This is no doubt an all day vape.
Wintergreen Tobacco produces enormous clouds of vapor that will quickly fill up your room. If you are a cloud chaser, this is the e-juice for you. It will your taste buds on a delightful ride.
Wintergreen Tobacco has the same beautiful packaging design that is used for all the e-liquids in the Havana Juice series. It comes in a gorilla unicorn bottle which has the Humble logo on it. You will find other basic about the product on the bottle.
Humble Juice is one of the biggest players in the vaping industry. This California-based vape juice producer has more than five different e-liquid lines. If you have tried any e-juice from Humble, then you know that this company has some of the best e-liquids that you can purchase. All Humble e-liquids are made using USP vegetable glycerin, USP propylene glycol, NicSelect Nicotine as well as natural and artificial flavorings.
All Humble Juice Co. e-juice mixes are pre-steeped for around about two weeks before being shipped to customers. Nonetheless, you can choose to steep this e-juice again if it doesn’t taste as you figure it should. Steeping works best for e-liquids that contain nicotine.
This wintergreen and tobacco e-juice by Humble Juice Co. has vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG) ratio of 80/20. This e-juice is recommended for both flavor chasers and cloud chasers. You will love the refreshing flavor of this e-liquid. It produces plenty of thick clouds.
Havana Juice’s Wintergreen Tobacco e-liquid is available with different nicotine strength levels. You can opt for either 0mg, 3mg, 6mg or 12mg of nicotine when buying this e-juice. The nicotine level that you select will determine the intensity of the throat hit you will get from this e-juice. While the 0mg version of Wintergreen Tobacco will not give you any e-liquid, the 3mg and 6mg version will give you a mild throat hit. For a strong throat hit, you may be better off going for the 12mg version.
Wintergreen Tobacco is the kind of e-juice to vape when you want to kick up your feet and relax. I did not pick up any weird, artificial flavor from vaping on this e-liquid.
Wintergreen Tobacco by Havana Juice Co. is available at many physical and online vape shops, but you will get the best value for your money when you buy it from the Humble Juice online store. A 60ml bottle of this e-liquid is selling for just $18.49 at humblejuice.com.
You will not only find e-liquids at this shop but also vaping devices and accessories. Humble Juice provides the best customer service and speedy delivery of orders. |
Q:
Updating all columns of a table
I am using MS Access to connect to a linked Oracle database. I have table B that pulls only certain columns from table A (in the linked DB).
I am trying to execute a macro that runs Query1 to update table B with the data from A that is constantly changing.
The two are not necessarily related by some ID, so the UPDATE TABLE command doesn't seem logical to me. Should I be using JOIN? I just need a place to launch my query from.
A:
Based on the discussion in the comments, it sounds like Table B is simply a "view" on Table A. I am not confident that you need an UPDATE query.
In MS Access, the syntax to create a view is thus:
CREATE VIEW my_view AS
SELECT
col1, col2
FROM
[Table A]
|
Q:
Why is there ambiguity in this diamond pattern?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"A";} };
class B: public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"B";} };
class C: public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"C";} };
class D: public B,C { public: void eat(){ cout<<"D";} };
int main(){
A *a = new D();
a->eat();
}
I am not sure this is called diamond problem or not, but why doesn't this work?
I have given the defination for eat() for D. So, it doesn't need to use either B's or C's copy (so, there should be no problem).
When I said, a->eat() (remember eat() is not virtual), there is only one possible eat() to call, that of A.
Why then, do I get this error:
'A' is an ambiguous base of 'D'
What exactly does A *a = new D(); mean to the compiler??
and
Why does the same problem not occur when I use D *d = new D();?
A:
The diamond results in TWO instances of A in the D object, and it is ambiguous which one you are referring to - you need to use virtual inheritance to solve this:
class B: virtual public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"B";} };
class C: virtual public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"C";} };
assuming that you actually only wanted one instance. I also assume you really meant:
class D: public B, public C { public: void eat(){ cout<<"D";} };
A:
Imagine a slightly different scenario
class A { protected: int a; public: void eat(){ a++; cout<<a;} };
class B: public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<a;} };
class C: public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<a;} };
class D: public B,C { public: void eat(){ cout<<"D";} };
int main(){
A *a = new D();
a->eat();
}
If this would work, would it increment the a in B or the a in C? That's why it's ambiguous. The this pointer and any non-static data member is distinct for the two A subobjects (one of which is contained by the B subobject, and the other by the C subobject). Try changing your code like this and it will work (in that it compiles and prints "A")
class A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"A";} };
class B: public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"B";} };
class C: public A { public: void eat(){ cout<<"C";} };
class D: public B, public C { public: void eat(){ cout<<"D";} };
int main(){
A *a = static_cast<B*>(new D());
// A *a = static_cast<C*>(new D());
a->eat();
}
That will call eat on the A subobject of B and C respectively.
|
Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase, methotrexate transport, and growth of methotrexate-sensitive and -resistant L1210 leukemia cells in vitro by 5-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines.
A series of eighteen 2,4-diaminoquinazoline analogues of folic, isofolic, pteroic and isopteroic acids having various substituents at position 5 was studied. Each compound was evaluated as an inhibitor of L1210 dihydrofolate reductase, methotrexate influx into L1210 leukemia cells, and growth of methotrexate-sensitive and -resistant L1210 cells in vitro. Bridge reversal at positions 9 and 10 reduced the effectiveness of the classical analogues only with regard to the inhibition of the drug-sensitive cells as compared to methotrexate (MTX). Absence of the glutamate moiety adversely affected the potency of the compounds, particularly when coupled with reversal of the 9,10-bridge. However, the presence of -Cl at position 5 restored significantly the potency of these compounds. The pteroate and isopteroate analogue ethyl esters were generally more effective inhibitors of cell growth than their non-esterified counterparts. Regarding the effects of substituents at position 5, the data suggest that -Cl greater than -CH3 greater than -H for inhibition of methotrexate transport and growth of methotrexate-sensitive L1210 cells. The 5-Cl pteroate analogue and its corresponding ethyl ester were highly effective as growth inhibitors of methotrexate-resistant, transport-defective, L1210 cells in vitro. |
Q:
Couchbase N1QL query data between two days without time
I want to retrieve data from a Couchbase bucket with N1QL between two days (from 00:00:00.000 start date time until 23:59:59.999 end date time)
Is it enough to provide the dates without time, like this:
SELECT c.*
FROM customer c
WHERE c.start BETWEEN '2017-10-09' AND '2017-10-10'
Or do I need to provide the time explicitly:
SELECT c.*
FROM customer c
WHERE c.start BETWEEN '2017-10-09T00:00:00.000Z' AND '2017-10-10T23:59:59.999Z')
?
A:
Couchbase date in ISO-8601 are string comparable. The both queries are fine. Checkout more details https://developer.couchbase.com/documentation/server/current/n1ql/n1ql-language-reference/datefun.html
|
Q:
Javascript exception stack trace
In Firefox I can get the stack trace of an exception by using exception.stack.
Is there a way to get that in other browsers, too?
Edit: I actually want to save the stack trace automatically (if possible) and not debug it at the time (i.e. I know how to get the stack trace in a debugger).
A:
Place this line where you want to print the stack trace:
console.log(new Error().stack);
Note: tested by me on Chrome 24 and Firefox 18
May be worth taking a look at this tool as well.
A:
Webkit now has functionality that provides stack traces:
Web Inspector: Understanding Stack Traces, posted by Yury Semikhatsky on Wednesday, April 20th, 2011 at 7:32 am (webkit.org)
From that post:
|
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Do you support Truthout’s reporting and analysis? Click here to help fund it this week!
A new federal rule would give the public online access to detailed information on who is paying how much for political ads in the nation’s top TV markets as the 2012 election season heats up. Supporters say such information is crucial for tracking independent campaign spending in the post-Citizens United age of super PACs, but House Republicans want those records to stay where they are: buried as hard copies in broadcast station offices where they are only available to those who show up in person to dig them up.
Last week, House Republicans in an appropriations subcommittee won a party-line vote to approve a policy rider that would block the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from requiring TV broadcasters to post files detailing political ad buys on their web sites. Several of the GOP lawmakers have received thousands of dollars in campaign contributions in recent years from broadcasting groups opposed to the rule.
The House Republicans argued that the new rule, approved in April by the FCC chairs in a 2-1 party-line vote, was too burdensome on local television stations and broadcasters should have the right to keep fiscal matters private.
Democrats on the subcommittee pointed out that the files are already publicly available as hard copies at broadcasting stations. Republicans rejected an amendment offered by Rep. Jose Serrano (D-New York) defending the FCC rule.
The FCC would give smaller stations until the summer of 2014 to comply with the rule.
Special Interest Influence?
The National Association of Broadcasters, which recently sued the FCC to block the political ad file disclosure rule, has given a combined total of $22,000 to the Republicans on the subcommittee since 2007, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. Subcommittee Chair and bill sponsor Rep. Jo Ann Emerson (R-Missouri) and Rep. Steve Womack (R-Arkansas) receiving top contributions totaling $6,000 each.
The five Democrats of the committee who opposed blocking the FCC rule received a combined total of $4,500, with top contribution totals at $1,000.
Subcommittee member Rep. Mario Diaz-Balart (R-Florida) also received $6,000 in the past year from Broadcasting Media Partners, a lobbying group representing big media companies.
Corie Wright, senior policy counsel for the media reform group Free Press, which supports the new FCC rule, said it remains unclear where the policy rider came from, but such bits of legislation do not just appear from a vacuum.
“These kind of provisions that are so targeted don’t just arise without input from the industry,” Wright said. “The impetus of this has not been clear to me, and like I said, people don’t want to take responsibility for it.”
Wright said Emerson’s name is on the policy rider, but it remains unclear which lawmaker actually wrote it. Emerson’s Washington, DC, office did not respond to an inquiry from Truthout.
“If any member of Congress is willing to look a constituent in the eye and say they aren’t for transparency … then they are going to have an awkward time,” Wright said.
During a hearing in February, Emerson grilled FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski over the TV ad file rule, implying the proposed rule had political implications, according to an Adweek report.
“Why do you care about this?” Emerson asked. “You have more important things to worry about. Why in the world is this a big priority?”
Protecting Super PAC Spending
With super PACs already spending millions of dollars on TV ad buys, House Appropriations Committee ranking member Rep. Norm Dicks (D-Washington) was blunt about why he suspects his GOP colleagues attached such a specific policy rider to a bill providing funding to the FCC.
“It is obvious what this is all about and it is embarrassing, frankly,” Dicks said last week. “It looks like you are trying to cover up the fact that these fat cats are coming into these elections and they don’t want their names known.”
Republicans in the Senate may introduce companion legislation as early as this week, Wright said.
A broad GOP move to block the FCC rule could result in partisan squabbling over the virtues of Citizens United v. FEC, a 2010 Supreme Court ruling that allowed individuals and corporations to make unlimited campaign donations to super PACs and other groups. Republican candidates largely benefited from super PAC spending in the 2010 elections.
The legislation blocking the FCC’s rule on political ad could pass in the House, but is likely to face opposition from the Democratic majority in the Senate and the White House. |
Gunderson cars were selling like crazy. So well in fact that Gunderson couldn't keep up with the orders. Thrall wanted in on the business, but couldn't use Gunderson's proprietary design, so they came up with their LoPac 2000 low sided container car. The distinctive rib sides of the Thrall are a ready spotting feature that Thrall cars carry to this day. The Thrall cars were designed to take a 40 foot container in the bottom and a forty footer on top. Some of the cars were equipped with hard points to attach 2 20 footers in each well. All were able to carry a 40, 45, or 48 foot container in the upper position, once the use of IBC's (Inter Box Connectors) became common practice.
The LoPacs were contemporaries of the Twinstack, and sales efforts between the two companies were fevered. The Thrall group reached the lucrative APL company with their car, and snagged a number of sales. They made two distinct versions of the car for APL, and then sold them to other entities. The first was a "normal" well car for use with dry box containers. The second version was a powered version specifically designed to carry reefers. The car was colored red and a generator was mounted at one end. Extension cords were strung from the generator to each individual container to provide power to the reefer units mounted there. The Thrall braking arrangement on this car is the same as the Gunderson on the twinstack- one brakewheel at the B end. In later versions, there is a brakewheel painted orange at both the A and the B end. This arrangement indicates the longer 48 foot wells and dual braking system installed on the more recent production. Thrall has remained a force in Intermodal railroading with their more recent all purpose well car, continued 5 unit production, and many many spine cars. Their most recent product in the intermodal world is a three unit car capable of carrying 53 foot containers in the upper and lower positions of each well.
Road Name History:
The Florida East Coast Railway (reporting mark FEC) is a Class II railroad operating in the U.S. state of Florida and since 2007 has been a subsidiary of Railroad Acquisition Holdings, LLC, itself a subsidiary of Fortress Investment Group, LLC.
The FEC was historically a Class I railroad owned by Florida East Coast Industries (FECI) from 2000-2006, FOXX Holdings from 1983-2000, and the St. Joseph Paper Company prior to 1983.
Built primarily in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, the FEC was a project of Standard Oil principal Henry Morrison Flagler. Flagler originally visited Florida to aid with the health issues faced by his first wife, Mary. A key strategist who worked closely with John D. Rockefeller building the Standard Oil Trust, Henry Flagler noted both a lack of services and great potential during his stay at St. Augustine. He subsequently began what amounted to his second career developing resorts, industries, and communities all along Florida's shores abutting the Atlantic Ocean.
The FEC is possibly best known for building the railroad to Key West, completed in 1912. When the FEC's line from the mainland to Key West was heavily damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, the State of Florida purchased the remaining right-of-way and bridges south of Dade County, and they were rebuilt into road bridges for vehicle traffic and became known as the Overseas Highway. However, a greater and lasting Flagler legacy was the developments along Florida's eastern coast.
During the Great Depression, control was purchased by heirs of the du Pont family. After 30 years of fragile financial condition, the FEC, under leadership of a new president, Ed Ball, took on the labor unions. Ball claimed the company could not afford the same costs as larger Class 1 railroads and needed to invest saved funds in its infrastructure, fast becoming a safety issue. Using replacement workers, the company and some of its employees engaged in one of the longest and more violent labor conflicts of the 20th century from 1963 until 1977. Ultimately, federal authorities had to intervene to stop the violence, which included bombings, shootings and vandalism. However, the courts ruled in the FEC's favor with regard to the right to employ strikebreakers. During this time, Ball invested heavily in numerous steps to improve its physical plant, installed various forms of automation,was the first US Railroad to operate two man train crews, eliminate cabooses and end all of its passenger services (which were unprofitable) by 1968.
In modern times, the company's primary rail revenues come from its intermodal and rock trains. Since 2007, it has been owned by Fortress Investment Group,[citation needed] which acquired it for over US$3 billion (including non-rail assets). Fortress previously owned conglomerate short line railroad operator RailAmerica, which for a time operated FEC but the two companies never merged; Fortress no longer owns RailAmerica and RailAmerica no longer operates FEC. A former CSX official, James Hertwig, was named as President and Chief Executive Officer of the company effective July 1, 2010.
Wm. K. Walthers, Inc., was founded in Milwaukee in 1932 -- but really, it started years earlier, when seven-year-old Bill Walthers got his first taste of the hobby with a small, wind-up toy train for Christmas. He continued with the hobby and eventually had an attic layout comprised primarily of his own scratch-built creations. After he wrote a series of articles on building train control and signaling systems, he got so many letters from other modelers that he began manufacturing them. The first ad (in the May issue of The Model Maker) offered a 24-page, 15c catalog that listed rail, couplers, and electrical supplies. Sales were over $500.00 for the first year, and the fledgling company was off to a strong start.
Within five years, Walthers had grown so much that larger quarters were needed. Space was found on Erie Street, where everything -- from milled wood parts to metal castings to decals -- was made in-house. 1937 also saw a new line in HO Scale, featured in its own catalog. Bill brought operating layouts to the 1939 World's Fair, which gave the hobby a big boost. Soon, though, the growing possibility of war overshadowed these successes, and supplies were becoming increasingly difficult to obtain.
During the war, model manufacturers were ordered to stop production in order to conserve critical metal supplies. Walthers produced what it could from nonessential materials. A series of ads in 1943 saw Bill literally scraping the bottom of a barrel! The postwar boom meant rapid growth for the hobby; however, small homes and new families left no room for O scale layouts, and many modelers moved to HO Scale.
The next twenty years brought great change. In 1958, Bill retired and his son Bruce took over. Just as full-size railroads were being hard-hit by new technology, so too were model railroads. Leisure time was spent in front of the TV set, not the train set. In 1960, Walthers became a full-line distributor of other manufacturers' products while continuing expansion of the Walthers lines. By the start of the 1970's, business was booming again, and Bruce's son Phil joined the company.
Expansion and diversification continue under Phil's tenure. The establishment of the Walthers Importing Division added several international lines. The manufacturing plant was modernized. Code 83 track was introduced in 1985, giving layouts more realistic proportions. In 1990, the Cornerstone Series buildings were unveiled. Combining a freight car with a related industry, the Cornerstone Series makes it possible for modelers to duplicate authentic operations, enhancing layout realism. The Train Line Deluxe Sets and locomotives debuted in 1994. These sets feature the detailing of serious models and an affordable price -- allowing newcomers to get started, and then build-on to their first set, rather than replacing it.
In 2005, Walthers purchased Life-Like from Lifoam Industries. With this purchase Walthers acquired the Proto Lines that have become the backbone of their locomotive and rolling stock segments.
Today, Walthers continues to expand, improve and develop a wide range of products. Their latest selection can be found throughout Walthers.com and their printed catalogs, along with items from over 300 other manufacturers.
In December 2017, Lowell Smith announced the ‘purchase of tooling’ of the Walthers line of N Scale passenger cars (sleeper, coach and baggage cars), and in June 2018, Atlas announced that it will purchase all N scale locomotive and rolling stock tooling owned by Walthers, including the Walthers N tooling as well as former Life-Like tooling. This divestment puts an end to Walthers involvement as a manufacturer of N scale rolling-stock, though it will continue its range of N scale structures. |
Peter W. Heller
Peter W. Heller (born 5 September 1957) ) is a former Deputy Mayor of the City of Freiburg im Breisgau/Germany, environmental scientist, and venture philanthropist.
Early life
Peter W. Heller was born in Frankfurt am Main, the son of Wolfgang Heller, entrepreneur in the printing industry, and Ingeborg Heller. He studied economics and philosophy at the university of St. Gallen, university of Lausanne (Switzerland) and university of Freiburg (Germany) where he obtained his PhD (Dr. rer.pol.) in 1988 with a thesis on "The Problem of Environmental Degradation in Economic Theory". In 1988, he married Micaela Heller. They have two children, Julia (born 1989) and Jakob (born 1991).
Professional career
1984 Heller was elected to the City Council of Freiburg and served on the Council’s committees for the municipal budget, environment, and culture. He left the Council in 1990 after his election as Deputy Mayor.
1990 the Council of the City of Freiburg im Breisgau elected him as Deputy Mayor to head the local administration's environmental protection department, the first of its kind in Southern Germany (until 1996). It comprised the offices of municipal environmental law and regulations, waste management, urban park and forestry services, local energy management and climate policy.
1993 the Executive Committee of ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability elected him as Chairman (until 1997). ICLEI is a major global network and agency of local governments committed to environmental protection and local sustainability.
1997 Heller founded the investment company forseo GmbH which holds equity stakes in companies of the solar PV, windpower, and energy efficiency industry. He serves as Chairman of the Supervisory Boards of Streb AG (since 2012) and of Fahrenheit GmbH (since 2018). He co-founded solar PV and windpower development companies in Chile, Brazil and France, and provided seed capital for technology developers in the US and Germany.
Heller is the Co-Founder and Executive Director of the Canopus Foundation, a private non-profit organisation which became one of the pioneers of Venture Philanthropy in Germany. Since 2000 the foundation has been providing grants and business development assistance to social enterprises active in the field of rural energy access for low income communities in developing countries. In 2008 the Canopus Foundation and Ashoka International, Arlington Va. (US) jointly founded the Solar for All initiative,. Since 2014 the foundation has been promoting initiatives of new economic thinking towards more plurality in economic science, and encourages deliberation on the preconditions of a sustainable economy and society.
2001 he co-founded the „Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy (BASE)“, a „Collaborating Center“ of UNEP. Since 2011 Heller serves on the Board of Trustees of the European Environment Foundation, Basel, which holds an annual international convention of Environmental Laureates. In 2018 the Supervisory Board of HUMBOLDT-VIADRINA Governance Platform (HVGP) gGmbH elected him as Chairman.
Selected publications
Sustainable Human Development in a Medium-Sized City: The Example of Freiburg, Germany, 2002, edited by S. Sassen, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK,
Climate Change – Wanted: First Movers, Alliance Magazine Vol. 14, Nr. 1, March 2009, p. 39 ff.
Innovative Funding Mechanisms for Social Change, (ed.), Baden-Baden 2009
"Developing mutual success factors and their application to swarm electrification: microgrids with 100 % renewable energies in the Global South and Germany" (with Kirchhoff/Kebir/Neumann/Strunz) in: Journal of Cleaner Production Vol. 128 (2016), 190-200
"The Philosophy of Theory U: A Critical Examination", in: Philosophy of Management (2018), DOI 10.1007/s40926-018-0087-0, 1-20; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40926-018-0087-0?wt_mc=Internal.Event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst
References
Category:People from Freiburg im Breisgau
Category:Venture capitalists
Category:Environmental scientists
Category:German philanthropists
Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:University of St. Gallen alumni |
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'rails_helper'
require 'spree/testing_support/factories/option_type_factory'
RSpec.describe 'option type factory' do
let(:factory_class) { Spree::OptionType }
describe 'plain option type' do
let(:factory) { :option_type }
it_behaves_like 'a working factory'
end
end
|
// Copyright (c) 2019 Target Brands, Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
use crypto::digest::Digest;
use crypto::sha2::Sha512;
const GRID_NAMESPACE: &str = "621dee"; // Grid prefix
pub const PIKE_NAMESPACE: &str = "cad11d";
pub const PIKE_AGENT_NAMESPACE: &str = "00";
pub const PIKE_ORG_NAMESPACE: &str = "01";
pub fn get_product_prefix() -> String {
GRID_NAMESPACE.to_string()
}
pub fn compute_gs1_product_address(gtin: &str) -> String {
// 621ddee (grid namespace) + 02 (product namespace) + 01 (gs1 namespace)
String::from(GRID_NAMESPACE)
+ "02010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+ gtin
+ "00"
}
/// Computes the address a Pike Agent is stored at based on its public_key
pub fn compute_agent_address(public_key: &str) -> String {
let mut sha = Sha512::new();
sha.input(public_key.as_bytes());
String::from(PIKE_NAMESPACE) + PIKE_AGENT_NAMESPACE + &sha.result_str()[..62]
}
/// Computes the address a Pike Organization is stored at based on its identifier
pub fn compute_org_address(identifier: &str) -> String {
let mut sha = Sha512::new();
sha.input(identifier.as_bytes());
String::from(PIKE_NAMESPACE) + PIKE_ORG_NAMESPACE + &sha.result_str()[..62]
}
pub fn compute_schema_address(name: &str) -> String {
let mut sha = Sha512::new();
sha.input(name.as_bytes());
String::from(GRID_NAMESPACE) + "01" + &sha.result_str()[..62].to_string()
}
|
Sparks High School
Sparks High School is a public high school located at 820 15th Street, Sparks, Nevada, United States.
It serves about 1150 students as a member of the Washoe County School District. It is ranked in the top-1000 schools based on the number of AP exams. It's known around the area as the "Railroaders" and has a distinct train whistle when a game is taking place.
Motto
"Students will graduate as productive citizens prepared to access a full range of post-secondary educational and career opportunities."
Athletics
Sparks High School's sports clubs are known as the "Railroaders," a reference to the city of Sparks' beginnings as a small railroad town affiliate to Reno in the late 19th century - early 20th century. The Railroaders have competed in the NIAA 3A North League since 2005 and have shown good athletic performances in different sports. They have won numerous league, regional, and state titles throughout the school's history.
Football
The football Railroaders earned great success and respect throughout northern Nevada and surrounding areas by winning many championships, and undefeated seasons, through the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. Coach Edwin "Tip" Whitehead has been credited for building a football dynasty in the 1940s, which had numerous undefeated seasons and won State championships. The athletic complex at Sparks High is named after the iconic coach.
Soccer
Over the past years, Sparks has been renowned for their boys' soccer team, winning a State title in November 2011, defeating the Wolverines of Truckee High School of Truckee, CA by a scored of 1-0 on a lone goal from Roger Garcia for the 3A State title. The latest State winning team was captained by Noe España and Mitchell Garcia. Success in soccer has not only happened against the 3A, but also against the 4A, where the soccer Railroaders have proved themselves as one of the best teams in Nevada, and the West Coast. The team has been renowned enough as a soccer power to receive a sponsorship from Nike. In November 2016, Sparks had won a State title defeating the Warriors of Western High School of Las Vegas, NV by a scored of 2-0 a goal from Jesus Partida and Genaro Vazquez for the 3A State title. The State winning team was captained by Omar Vasquez, Eric Cervantes, Francisco Macias and Genaro Vazquez.
Basketball
Boys' Basketball has also been dominated by the Railroaders . After having fallen short in years before, the Railroader won the Nevada 3A State title in February 2010, knocking off the Buckaroos of Lowry High School of Winnemucca, NV in the championship match-up, at Lawlor Events Center on the campus of the University of Nevada in Reno.
Notable sports alumni
Randy Messenger, Former MLB player (Florida Marlins, San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners)
References
External links
Official site
Category:Washoe County School District
Category:Buildings and structures in Sparks, Nevada
Category:Schools in Washoe County, Nevada
Category:Public high schools in Nevada |
Volodymyr Herashchenko
Volodymyr Herashchenko (; ; born 27 April 1968) is a Ukrainian professional football coach and a former player. He is a coach with the youth teams of Dnipro.
Career
He made his professional debut in the Soviet Top League in 1985 for FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk.
He became secretary general of the Ukrainian National Olympic Committee, but was suspended in May 2012 after being recorded offering a British newspaper reporter, posing as a tout, up to 100 Olympic tickets. He subsequently said he was 'humouring' the reporter and not really offering the tickets.
Honours
Soviet Top League champion: 1988.
Soviet Top League runner-up: 1987, 1989.
Soviet Top League bronze: 1985.
Soviet Cup winner: 1989.
USSR Super Cup winner: 1989.
USSR Federation Cup winner: 1989.
USSR Federation Cup finalist: 1990.
Russian Premier League runner-up: 1993, 1997.
Russian Premier League bronze: 1996.
Russian Cup finalist: 1995.
Ukrainian Premier League bronze: 2001.
European club competitions
UEFA Cup 1988–89 with FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk: 1 game.
European Cup 1989–90 with FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk: 6 games.
UEFA Cup 1990–91 with FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk: 2 games.
UEFA Cup 1994–95 with FC Rotor Volgograd: 2 games, 1 goal.
UEFA Cup 1995–96 with FC Rotor Volgograd: 3 games.
UEFA Intertoto Cup 1996 with FC Rotor Volgograd: 3 games.
UEFA Cup 1997–98 with FC Rotor Volgograd: 5 games.
UEFA Cup 1998–99 with FC Rotor Volgograd: 2 games.
UEFA Cup 2000–01 with FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk: 1 game.
References
Category:1968 births
Category:Sportspeople from Dnipro
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Ukrainian football managers
Category:Soviet footballers
Category:Ukrainian footballers
Category:Soviet Top League players
Category:Russian Premier League players
Category:Ukrainian Premier League players
Category:FC Dnipro players
Category:FC Rotor Volgograd players
Category:FC Amkar Perm players
Category:FC Zorya Luhansk players |
<div id="cssdig-wrap">
<div id="cssdig-chrome">
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<ul class="success" style="display:none"></ul>
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<div id="empty-message" style="display:none">Sorry, but I couldn't find any Diggable CSS on this page.</div>
<button class="btn btn--large btn--accent btn--full js-dig">Start Digging</button>
<div class="close js-cancel">×</div>
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<li class="active"><a href="#tab-1" id="tab-properties">Properties</a></li>
<li><a href="#tab-2" id="tab-selectors" class="not-shown">Selectors</a></li>
</ul>
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<h3>Properties<span id="property-length"></span></h2>
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</div>
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<div id="specificity-table-controls" class="flex">
<h3 class="flex-1">Selectors<span id="selector-length"></span></h3>
<h3 id="sort-specificity" class="active">Specificity</h3>
<h3 id="sort-length">Length</h3>
</div>
<div class="flex-1 overflow-y">
<table id="specificity-table">
<!-- This is hidden, controls are external, triggering these -->
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Selectors</th>
<th>Specificity</th>
<th>Length</th>
</tr>
</thead>
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</table>
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<div class="flex flex-none push--bottom">
<h3>Combined CSS<span id="line-length"></span></h2>
<button class="btn btn--small btn--disabled js-css-reset anchor--right">Reset</button>
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<pre id="css-code"><!-- Full CSS Dropped Here --></pre>
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Credit
Caption
Satellite image of Hurricane Irma over the Dominican Republic, Hurricane Jose in the Atlantic Ocean, and Hurricane Katia off the Mexican Gulf coast. Irma made landfall on the Leeward Islands as a category 5 storm with sustained winds of 295 kilometres per hour in the early morning of the 6th September. First hit was Barbuda, where over 90% of buildings were destroyed. Significant damage and loss of life were reported on the other Leeward Islands as Irma continued northwards. Jose is gaining strength as it also heads towards the Leeward Islands. Katia became a category 1 hurricane on the afternoon of the 6th and is expected to strengthen as it heads west towards Mexico. Data obtained by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 13 on 7th September 2017. |
Lexxel
WARNINGS
Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions - Presumably because angiotensin-converting
enzyme inhibitors affect the metabolism of eicosanoids and polypeptides, including
endogenous bradykinin, patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) )
may be subject to a variety of adverse reactions, some of them serious.
Angioedema: Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis,
and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors, including enalapril. This may occur at any time during treatment.
In such cases LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) should be promptly discontinued, and appropriate therapy
and monitoring should be provided until complete and sustained resolution of
signs and symptoms has occurred. In instances where swelling has been confined
to the face and lips the condition has generally resolved without treatment,
although antihistamines have been useful in relieving symptoms. Angioedema associated
with laryngealedema may be fatal. Where there is involvement of the tongue,
glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy,
e.g., subcutaneous epinephrine solution 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) and/or measures
necessary to ensure a patent airway, should be promptly provided. (See ADVERSE
REACTIONS.)
Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may
be at increased risk of angioedema while receiving an ACE inhibitor (see also
INDICATIONS AND USAGE and CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Anaphylactoid Reactions During Desensitization: Two patients undergoing
desensitizing treatment with hymenoptera venom while receiving ACE inhibitors
sustained life- threatening anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these
reactions were avoided when ACE inhibitors were temporarily withheld, but they
reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.
Anaphylactoid Reactions During Membrane Exposure: Anaphylactoid reactions
have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated
concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been
reported in patients undergoing low-density lipoproteinapheresis with dextran
sulfate absorption.
Excessive hypotension is rare in uncomplicated hypertensive patients treated
with enalapril alone. Patients at risk for excessive hypotension, sometimes
associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia, and rarely with acute renal failure and/or death, include those with the following conditions or characteristics:
heart failure, hyponatremia, high dose diuretic therapy, recent intensive diuresis
or increase in diuretic dose, renal dialysis, or severe volume and/or salt depletion
of any etiology. It may be advisable to eliminate the diuretic (except in patients
with heart failure), reduce the diuretic dose or increase salt intake cautiously
before initiating therapy with enalapril maleate in patients at risk for excessive
hypotension who are able to tolerate such adjustments. (See PRECAUTIONS:DRUG INTERACTIONS and ADVERSE
REACTIONS.) In patients at risk for excessive hypotension, therapy should
be started under very close medical supervision and such patients should be
followed closely for the first 2 weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of
enalapril and/or diuretic is increased. Similar considerations may apply to
patients with ischemic heart or cerebrovascular disease, in whom an excessive
fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular
accident.
If excessive hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further doses of enalapril maleate, which usually can be given without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. If symptomatic hypotension develops, a dose reduction or discontinuation of enalapril or diuretic may be necessary.
Felodipine, like other calcium channel blockers, may occasionally precipitate significant hypotension and rarely syncope. It may lead to reflex tachycardia which in susceptible individuals may precipitate angina pectoris. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS.)
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis - Another angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitor, captopril, has been shown to cause agranulocytosis and bone marrowdepression, rarely in uncomplicated patients but more frequently in patients
with renal impairment, especially if they also have a collagenvascular disease.
Available data from clinical trials of enalapril are insufficient to show that
enalapril does not cause agranulocytosis at similar rates. Marketing experience
has revealed cases of neutropenia or agranulocytosis in which a causal relationship
to enalapril cannot be excluded. Periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts
in patients with collagen vascular disease and renal disease should be considered.
Hepatic Failure - Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a
syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic
necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood.
Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations
of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate
medical follow-up.
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality - ACE inhibitors can cause fetal
and neonatal morbidity and death when administered to pregnant women. Several
dozen cases have been reported in the world literature. When pregnancy is detected,
LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) should be discontinued as soon as possible.
The use of ACE inhibitors during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy has been associated with fetal and neonatal injury, including hypotension, neonatal skull hypoplasia, anuria, reversible or irreversible renal failure, and death. Oligohydramnios has also been reported, presumably resulting from decreased fetal renal function; oligohydramnios in this setting has been associated with fetal limb contractures, craniofacial deformation, and hypoplastic lung development. Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been reported, although it is not clear whether these occurrences were due to the ACE-inhibitor exposure.
These adverse effects do not appear to have resulted from intrauterine ACE-inhibitor exposure that has been limited to the first trimester. Mothers whose embryos and fetuses are exposed to ACE inhibitors only during the first trimester should be so informed. Nonetheless, when patients become pregnant, physicians should make every effort to discontinue the use of LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) as soon as possible.
Rarely (probably less often than once in every thousand pregnancies), no alternative to ACE inhibitors will be found. In these rare cases, the mothers should be apprised of the potential hazards to their fetuses, and serial ultrasound examinations should be performed to assess the intra-amniotic environment.
If oligohydramnios is observed, LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) should be discontinued unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Contraction stress testing (CST), a non-stress test (NST), or biophysical profiling (BPP) may be appropriate, depending upon the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury.
Infants with histories of in utero exposure to ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia. If oliguria occurs, attention should be directed toward support of blood pressure and renal perfusion. Exchange transfusion or dialysis may be required as means of reversing hypotension and/or substituting for disordered renal function. Enalapril, which crosses the placenta, has been removed from neonatal circulation by peritoneal dialysis with some clinical benefit, and theoretically may be removed by exchange transfusion, although there is no experience with the latter procedure.
No teratogenic effects of enalapril were seen in studies of pregnant rats and rabbits. On a body surface area basis, the doses used were 57 times and 12 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human daily dose (MRHDD).
In rats administered the combination of enalapril and felodipine (enalapril [E]=1.9-felodipine [F]=2.5 mg/kg/day), an increased incidence of fetuses with dilated renal pelvis/ureter was observed. However, there was no evidence of this effect in the offspring postweaning. In mice, with doses of E=23, F=30 mg/kg/day or greater, there was an increased incidence of both early and late in utero deaths. Other than a transient and slight decrease in body weight gain in the first generation offspring, there were no adverse effects in offspring with regard to sexual maturation, behavioral development, fertility or fecundity.
Enalapril-felodipine given to pregnant mice (enalapril 20.8, felodipine 27 mg/kg/day) and rats (enalapril =17.3, felodipine =22.5 mg/kg/day) produced plasma levels (Cmax and AUC values) of enalapril/enalaprilat that were 76 to 418-fold greater and plasma levels of felodipine that were 151 to 433-fold greater than those expected in humans (non- pregnant) at the dose to be used in humans.
PRECAUTIONS
General:
Aortic Stenosis/Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - As with all vasodilators,
enalapril should be given with caution to patients with obstruction in the outflow
tract of the left ventricle.
Impaired Renal Function - As a consequence of inhibiting the
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, changes in renal function may be anticipated
in susceptible individuals treated with enalapril. In patients with severe heart
failure whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone
system, treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including enalapril,
may be associated with oliguria and/or progressive azotemia and rarely with
acute renal failure and/or death.
In clinical studies in hypertensive patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, increases in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were observed in 20% of patients treated with enalapril. These increases were almost always reversible upon discontinuation of enalapril and/or diuretic therapy. In such patients, renal function should be monitored during the first few weeks of therapy.
Some enalapril-treated patients with hypertension or heart failure, with no apparent pre-existing renal vascular disease, have developed increases in blood urea and serum creatinine, usually minor and transient, especially when enalapril has been given concomitantly with a diuretic. This is more likely to occur in patients with pre-existing renal impairment. Dosage reduction of enalapril or discontinuation of the diuretic may be required.
Evaluation of the hypertensive patient should always include assessment
of renal function.
Hyperkalemia - Elevated serum potassium (greater than 5.7 mEq/L)
was observed in approximately 1% of hypertensive patients in clinical trials
treated with enalapril alone. In most cases these were isolated values which
resolved despite continued therapy. Hyperkalemia was a cause of discontinuation
of therapy in 0.28% of hypertensive patients. In clinical trials in heart failure,
hyperkalemia was observed in 3.8% of patients but was not a cause for discontinuation.
Risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia include renal insufficiency,
diabetes mellitus, and the concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium
supplements and/or potassium-containing salt substitutes, which should be used
cautiously, if at all, with enalapril. (See :DRUG
INTERACTIONS.)
Elderly Patients or Patients with Impaired Liver Function - Patients
over 65 years of age or patients with impaired liver function may have elevated
plasma concentrations of felodipine. (See DOSAGE
AND ADMINISTRATION.)
Cough - Presumably due to the inhibition of the degradation of
endogenous bradykinin, persistent nonproductive cough has been reported with
all ACE inhibitors, always resolving after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced
cough should be considered in the diagnosis of cough.
Surgery/Anesthesia - In patients undergoing major surgery or
during anesthesia with agents that produce hypotension, enalapril may block
angiotensin II formation secondary to compensatory renin release. If hypotension
occurs and is considered to be due to this mechanism, it can be corrected by
volume expansion.
Peripheral Edema- Peripheral edema, generally mild and not associated
with generalized fluid retention, was the most common adverse event in the felodipine
clinical trials. The incidence of peripheral edema was both dose and age dependent.
This adverse event generally occurs within 2-3 weeks of the initiation of treatment.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No long-term carcinogenicity tests have been performed with the combination. Enalapril-felodipine was not mutagenic with or without metabolic activation in vitro in the Ames microbial mutation assay, the V-79 mammalian cell forward mutation assay, the alkaline elution assay with rat hepatocytes or the CHO mammalian cell cytogenetics assay. An in vivo mouse bone marrow cytogenetics assay was also negative.
In rats given enalapril-felodipine, there was no effect on fertility in males at doses up to 6.9/9 mg/kg/day, and in females at doses up to 17.3/22.5 mg/kg/day.
There was no evidence of a tumorigenic effect when enalapril was administered for 106 weeks to male and female rats at doses up to 90 mg/kg/day or for 94 weeks to male and female mice at doses up to 90 and 180 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are 26 times (in rats and female mice) and 13 times (in male mice) the maximum recommended human daily dose (MRHDD) when compared on a body surface area basis.
Neither enalapril maleate nor the active diacid was mutagenic in the Ames microbial mutagen test with or without metabolic activation. Enalapril was also negative in the following genotoxicity studies: rec-assay, reverse mutation assay with E. coli, sister chromatid exchange with cultured mammalian cells, and the micronucleus test with mice, as well as in an in vivo cytogenic study using mouse bone marrow.
There were no adverse effects on reproductive performance of male and female rats treated with up to 90 mg/kg/day of enalapril (26 times the MRHDD when compared on a body surface area basis).
In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats fed felodipine at doses of 7.7, 23.1 or 69.3 mg/kg/day (up to 61 times† the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis), a dose-related increase in the incidence of benign interstitial cell tumors of the testes (Leydig cell tumors) was observed in treated male rats. These tumors were not observed in a similar study in mice at doses up to 138.6 mg/kg/day (61 times† the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis). Felodipine, at the doses employed in the 2-year rat study, has been shown to lower testicular testosterone and to produce a corresponding increase in serum luteinizing hormone in rats. The Leydig cell tumor development is possibly secondary to these hormonal effects which have not been observed in man.
In this same rat study, a dose-related increase in the incidence of focal squamous cell hyperplasia, compared to control, was observed in the esophageal groove of male and female rats in all dose groups. No other drug-related esophageal or gastricpathology was observed in the rats or with chronic administration in mice and dogs. The latter species, like man, has no anatomical structure comparable to the esophageal groove.
Felodipine was not carcinogenic when fed to mice at doses of up to 138.6 mg/kg/day (61 times† the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis) for periods of up to 80 weeks in males and 99 weeks in females.
Felodipine did not display any mutagenic activity in vitro in the Ames microbial mutagenicity test or in the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay. No clastogenic potential was seen in vivo in the mouse micronucleus test at oral doses up to 2500 mg/kg (1100 times† the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis) or in vitro in a human lymphocytechromosomeaberration assay.
A fertility study in which male and female rats were administered doses of 3.8, 9.6, or 26.9 mg/kg/day (up to 24 times† the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis) showed no significant effect of felodipine on reproductive performance.
Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects- Studies in pregnant rabbits administered
doses of felodipine 0.46, 1.2, 2.3, and 4.6 mg/kg/day (from 0.8 to 8 times†
the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m2 basis) showed digital
anomalies consisting of reduction in size and degree of ossification of the
terminal phalanges in the fetuses. The frequency and severity of the changes
appeared dose-related and were noted even at the lowest dose. These changes
have been shown to occur with other members of the dihydropyridine class and
are possibly a result of compromised uterine blood flow. Similar fetal anomalies
were not observed in rats given felodipine.
In a teratology study in cynomolgus monkeys, no reduction in the size of the terminal phalanges was observed, but an abnormal position of the distal phalanges was noted in about 40% of the fetuses.
Nonteratogenic Effects- A prolongation of parturition with difficult
labor and an increased frequency of fetal and early postnatal deaths were observed
in rats administered felodipine doses of 9.6 mg/kg/day (8 times† the maximum
human dose on a mg/m2 basis) and above.
Significant enlargement of the mammary glands, in excess of the normal enlargement for pregnant rabbits, was found with doses greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/kg/day (2.1 times the maximum human dose on a mg/m2 basis). This effect occurred only in pregnant rabbits and regressed during lactation. Similar changes in the mammary glands were not observed in rats or monkeys.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies with felodipine in pregnant women. If felodipine is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, she should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus, possible digital anomalies of the infant, and the potential effects of felodipine on labor and delivery, and on the mammary glands of pregnant females.
Nursing Mothers:
Enalapril and enalaprilat are detected in human breast milk. It is not known whether felodipine administered as monotherapy is secreted in human milk; studies of the combination of enalapril and felodipine in rats indicate that felodipine concentrates in milk to a level almost ten-fold that found in plasma.
Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from enalapril and felodipine in the infant, a decision should be made either to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Therefore, caution should be exercised when LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) is given to a nursing mother.
Pediatric Use:
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric Use:
Clinical studies of LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged
65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.
Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses
between the elderly and younger patients. Elderly patients may have elevated
plasma concentrations of felodipine and may respond to lower doses of felodipine.
In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually
starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency
of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease
or other drug therapy (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for information
on the individual components of LEXXEL (enalapril maleate-felodipine) ).
This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk
of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal
function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function,
care should be taken in dose selection. Evaluation of the hypertensive patient
should always include assessment of renal function (see CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY).
† Based on patient weight of 50 kg
Last reviewed on RxList: 10/25/2007
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances. |
Followers
Sunday, January 24, 2016
Fun with the Grimmlins
We made it to Birmingham with no problems at all! We stopped at Krispy Kreme and Chic Fil A before heading to the Hoover Grimm Home. We left the KK donuts in the car until the grands ate their lunch. We always stop and get donuts when we visit the kiddos so now they expect us to bring a box.
Margaret took this photo of her mom and dad on their anniversary. Katy gets on to Ben because he does not smile in pictures so he was cheesin it up. They went out for lunch and then just took some time to be by themselves. We enjoyed being with the children. Unfortunately the pictures I took of the boys did not turn out too well. But I did get one of Margaret and her new book, Pinkalicious.
While we were in Bham, the Ledlow Grands were in Gatlinburg with their dad and step mom.
Love Kendall's coral coat!!
Ready for sledding.
And Little Miss Audrey saw her first snow in Hotlanta.
I know I am biased but Audrey is the cutest baby....our littlest Grimmlin.
And today Ben and the children spent the afternoon with us while Katy and her sisters took their mom out for a birthday lunch. I had promised Margaret that we would make cookies. We made two kinds, GiGi's Oatmeal Cookies which are a favorite with Daddy and Grandpa, and chocolate chip cookies which are Aunt Mimi's favorite.
We had a good time baking together.
Don't you think she should have her own cooking show???
Grandpa says the cookies are DELICIOUS!
I am posting this tonight because Mr Elliott Grimmlin will be staying with us until Wednesday afternoon. He is sound asleep right now and who knows what we will be up to tomorrow?
Thank you Latane....I try. I want them to have special memories. My memory of my Grandmother Henderson is grape Koolaid and Popcorn that she served us every time we went to her house. Even now when I catch a whiff of Grape Koolaid, I think of her.
I always love to hear about the Grimmlins! And pictures to boot! Margaret is such a good little hostess. I'm wishing that I had some of those cookies! Love the ribbons in Miss Margaret and Miss Audrey's hair!
Thank you Gina...you know us Southern Nanas insist on bows.lol. I found a big sale on bows the1 other day while shopping in Hartselle. 7 bows for $15. I could not resist. The cookies were really good too!
Oh, what fun! I absolutely love Margaret's apron and she is such a wonderful little hostess as she offers the cookies to Grandpa. How fun that Audrey could see her first snow! She is the most adorable baby ... you are not biased, she truly is!
Mrs T, I must get Margaret an apron of her own. That pretty toile apron was a gift from Lanier to me many years ago and I just love it. Leslie Anne, Margaret has had that gorgeous hair since she was born but her mom and dad have good hair as well.lol Mari, she is a handful!! I have to say she is an expert egg cracker!! |
**help wanted** ドキュメントの英語化を手伝って頂けると嬉しいです 😇
モノレポ！そうです。モノレポで運用しています。
## Core
s2s の本体です。
- [s2s-cli](./s2s-cli)
### インストール
```
$ yarn add --dev s2s
```
## Handler
現在 BabelHandler をデフォルトのハンドラーとして利用しています。
Babel のバージョンは 6 です。
また、拡張子が`.ts`の場合、`s2s-handler-typescript`が選択されます。あなたが指定する必要はありません。
- [s2s-handler-babel](./s2s-handler-babel)
- [s2s-handler-babel-next](./s2s-handler-babel-next)
- [s2s-handler-typescript](./s2s-handler-typescript)
- [s2s-handler-css-to-flow](./s2s-handler-css-to-flow)
## Plugins
s2s 公式が提供している BabelPlugin です。
- [babel-plugin-s2s-action-creater](./babel-plugin-s2s-action-creater)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-action-root](./babel-plugin-s2s-action-root)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-action-types](./babel-plugin-s2s-action-types)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-initial-state-creater](./babel-plugin-s2s-initial-state-creater)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-jest-unit-test-case](./babel-plugin-s2s-jest-unit-test-case)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-reducer-case-creater](./babel-plugin-s2s-reducer-case-creater)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-reducer-root](./babel-plugin-s2s-reducer-root)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-reducer-test-case](./babel-plugin-s2s-reducer-test-case)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-state-root](./babel-plugin-s2s-state-root)
- [babel-plugin-s2s-variable-initializing](./babel-plugin-s2s-variable-initializing)
|
Malignant head and neck paragangliomas: treatment efficacy and prognostic indicators.
Malignant head and neck paragangliomas (MHNPs) are rare and occur in 6%-19% of all HNPs. We sought to identify predictors of survival and compare efficacy of treatment modalities to inform management of this rare disease. We performed a retrospective cohort study of MHNP cases in the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (SEER) from 1973 to 2009. We identified 86 patients with MHNP who had documented regional or distant tumor spread with a median follow-up of 74 months. We used Cox proportional hazard models to assess the significance of demographic factors and treatment on five-year overall survival. The most common treatment was surgery alone (36.0 %), followed by surgery with adjuvant radiation (33.7%). Five-year overall survival was 88.1% for surgery alone and 66.5% for adjuvant radiation (p = 0.2251). In univariate analysis, regional (vs. distant) spread (HR 0.23, p < 0.0001), surgery alone (HR 0.29, p < 0.0001) and primary site in the carotid body (HR 0.32, p = 0.006) conferred significant survival advantage whereas age > 50 (HR 4.04, p < 0.0001) worsened survival. Regional (vs. distant) spread (HR 0.42, p = 0.046) and age > 50 (HR 2.98, p = 0.005) remained significant in multivariate analysis. In patients with regional-only disease, five-year overall survival was 95.4% for surgery alone compared to 75.6% for surgery with radiation (p = 0.1055). This is the largest and most contemporary series of MHNP patients. Age and tumor stage are significant factors in predicting survival. Surgical resection significantly improves survival outcomes. From this analysis, the value of adjuvant radiation is not clear. |
FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
February 2, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee, No. 10-2104
v. (D. of N.M.)
JUAN GOMEZ-LUGO, (D.C. No. CR-09-310-BB)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before O’BRIEN, McKAY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges. **
Juan Gomez-Lugo, a federal prisoner, challenges his sentence arguing the
district court committed clear error in denying a safety-valve adjustment and that
his counsel was ineffective. The district court sentenced Gomez-Lugo to ten
years’ imprisonment after he pleaded guilty to one count of possession of
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
methamphetamine with intent to distribute. We have jurisdiction to hear his
appeal under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Gomez-Lugo’s counsel has filed an Anders brief stating the possible issues
that could be raised on appeal and explaining why the appeal ultimately has no
merit. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). After thoroughly
reviewing the record, we agree that Gomez-Lugo has no non-frivolous arguments
on appeal. 1
We therefore GRANT the motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.
I. Background
Gomez-Lugo pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea agreement. At the change-
of-plea hearing, the district court carefully explained to Gomez-Lugo and his
counsel the charges against him, including the elements of the crime. He then
admitted the facts necessary for his guilty plea, disclosing that he knowingly and
voluntarily possessed with intent to distribute 219 grams of pure
methamphetamine.
Gomez-Lugo faced a statutory sentence of ten years to life and a mandatory
term of supervised release of at least five years following any term of
1
As the government argues, Gomez-Lugo may have waived his right to
appeal altogether. See R., Vol. 1 at 12 (Gomez-Lugo Plea Agreement).
According to Gomez-Lugo’s counsel, however, Gomez-Lugo did not waive
appellate rights because he did not “knowingly and voluntarily” effect his waiver,
and because the government did not affirmatively enforce the plea agreement.
Because Gomez-Lugo’s appeal presents no meritorious arguments, we need not
decide whether he waived his appellate rights.
-2-
imprisonment. The presentence investigation report (PSR) calculated his total
offense level to be 31 and his criminal history category to be I. The guideline
range for this calculation was 108–135 months. Because the statute of conviction
requires a minimum term of 10 years, however, the guideline imprisonment range
was 120–135 months. Gomez-Lugo qualified for a three-level reduction pursuant
to United States Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 3E1.1 for accepting
responsibility for his offense. He was not, however, entitled to a safety-valve
adjustment under USSG § 5C1.2, because the district court found that Gomez-
Lugo had not truthfully provided the government with all information and
evidence he had concerning the offense.
II. Discussion
Gomez-Lugo has no meritorious arguments on appeal. Under Anders, 386
U.S. at 744, “if counsel finds his case to be wholly frivolous, after a conscientious
examination of it, he should so advise the court and request permission to
withdraw.” Gomez-Lugo’s counsel raises two potential issues but concluded they
are frivolous: (1) whether the district court erred in not finding him eligible for a
safety-valve adjustment under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f) and USSG § 5C1.2(a); and (2)
whether he is entitled to relief under Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010).
Under Padilla, an attorney’s failure to advise a non-citizen defendant of the
immigration consequences of pleading guilty to a crime can constitute ineffective
-3-
assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). A
thorough review of the record confirms these issues are without merit.
We review for clear error the district court’s determination that Gomez-
Lugo was not eligible for safety-valve relief. United States v. Cervantes, 519
F.3d 1254, 1256 (10th Cir. 2008). After a thorough review of the record, we find
there is nothing to suggest the district court clearly erred in denying Gomez-Lugo
a safety-valve adjustment. To qualify for the safety valve, a defendant must
“truthfully provide[] the Government all information and evidence that the
defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same
course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(5);
USSG § 5C1.2(a). It was Gomez-Lugo’s burden to prove by a preponderance of
the evidence that he was entitled to the safety-valve adjustment. United States v.
Altamirano-Quintero, 511 F.3d 1087, 1098 (10th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 553
U.S. 1019 (2008).
In his debriefing, Gomez-Lugo acknowledged his own complicity in the
offense but offered few details about his co-conspirators. Gomez-Lugo told the
government that he worked for “Gato,” but he provided very little information
that would help the government identify or locate Gato. Gomez-Lugo gave no
reason why his statements were so limited, and the district court “[did not] find
the defendant’s testimony to be fully forthright and convincing.” R., Vol. 3 at 27.
-4-
Gomez-Lugo cannot overcome the trial court’s determination that he failed to
make a complete and truthful disclosure concerning his offense.
The record is also clear that Gomez-Lugo is not entitled to relief under
Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct. 1473, 1486 (2010), for his counsel’s purported
failure to advise him about the immigration consequences to his plea. We have
consistently held that “[i]neffective assistance of counsel claims should be
brought in collateral proceedings, not on direct appeal. Such claims brought on
direct appeal are presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed.”
United States v. Calderon, 428 F.3d 928, 931 (10th Cir. 2005) (quoting United
States v. Galloway, 56 F.3d 1239, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995) (en banc)) (quotation
marks omitted). Indeed, on direct appeal, the record is not developed with the
purpose of showing counsel’s competence, and the district court has not yet had
an opportunity to consider counsel’s effectiveness. See Massaro v. United States,
538 U.S. 500, 505–06 (2003).
But in this case, even though the record is insufficiently developed to
reveal whether Gomez-Lugo’s lawyer’s professional conduct was deficient, it is
clear that any purported error was not prejudicial. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at
688, 694 (1984). Gomez-Lugo was plainly made aware that he could be deported,
whether or not he pleaded guilty. The PSR, which Gomez-Lugo read and
reviewed in Spanish, states that Gomez-Lugo “is a citizen and national of Mexico
with no legal authority to be in or reside [in] the United States” and, further, that
-5-
“[h]e plans to live with family after he is deported as a result of the instant
criminal conduct.” R., Vol. 2 at 8 (PSR). Given Gomez-Lugo’s awareness that
he would be deported, he cannot establish prejudice under Strickland.
III. Conclusion
After an independent review of the record, we agree that any potential issue
to be raised on appeal would be “wholly frivolous.” Anders, 386 U.S. at 744. We
therefore GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS the appeal.
Entered for the Court
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
-6-
|
Q:
OpenTBS/php problems with output
I've writing a php application on a LAMP server that takes a document(.odt) and populates it with the right information in the appropriate spots. While the code compiles it presents me with a print out of the header on one page and a stream of apparent gibberish on the other as follows:
''mimetypeapplication/vnd.oasis.opendocument.textPK?H?1?ﾡҡThumbnails/thumbnail.pngﾉPNG IHDR?g?ﾞﾡﾙIDATxﾜ????ﾧrҩ?Kﾖﾋ\䆻ﾱ ﾶ?l?R ﾤ )?ﾄﾄ?jﾨ&lcﾊ{??ٲz??ﾖovg?6?ﾰ=yoovvv?3ﾯ?R0B#4tD~?ﾡ+ﾍF 5BCL#ﾐﾡ!ﾦHﾍ??ﾤFhﾈiR#4?ﾩbﾁ? 1ﾍ@jﾄﾆﾘF 5BCL#ﾐﾡ!ﾦHﾍ??ﾇﾔL?Dﾸă? ﾞ?BﾂD?~??HgﾤKﾂ PWﾟﾽﾛ?ﾵ?>oLR+?쟰.ﾾ?w???ﾶ8Q???ﾀ??8&ﾠ/ﾌ?Ć??a?8/Wﾨﾥ?,tﾥP[tﾱ캁?Is.!??.7?BN?ﾨ?0\ﾂ%ﾎ>? }?!4?ﾃ'0?5ﾸ?xLﾀEﾸ?x^?4?Gﾬﾈ#ﾞ??+?<4ﾛ?ﾛﾰ<???ﾗz??ﾥﾛ?Dﾜxkﾞ??Fa'ﾌŜ -4ﾰg\ﾐ6z^°??ﾤ?yﾩ
I suspect it might be an encoding issue and I've tried different approaches but so far nothing. I haven't had much luck looking for similar situations online so any suggestions/recommendations/help would be appreciated
<?php
session_start();
include 'conn.php';
if(empty($_SESSION['username']) || empty($_SESSION['password']))
print("Access to database denied");
else {
$username = $_SESSION['username'];
$password = $_SESSION['password'];
$type = $_SESSION['type'];
if($type == "admin") {
include '../includes/aheader.html';
}
if($type == "user") {
include '../includes/uheader.html';
}
if(isset($_POST["searchButton"])) {
print_r($_POST);
$keyword = $_POST['keyword'];
$choice = $_POST['choice'];
if($choice == "company_name")
$sql = $mysqli -> prepare("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE company_name LIKE ?");
if($choice == "project_code")
$sql = $mysqli -> prepare("SELECT * FROM clients WHERE project_code LIKE ?");
$keyword = '%'.$keyword.'%';
$sql -> bind_param('s', $keyword);
$sql -> execute();
$result = $sql -> get_result();
if(!$result)
print("<p>Select query failed</p>");
else {
if($result -> num_rows == 0)
print("<p>No match found</p>");
else {
while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result)) {
$company_name = $row['0'];
$phone = $row['1'];
$address = $row['2'];
$approximate_employees = $row['3'];
$project_code = $row['4'];
extract($row);
}
include_once('tbs_class.php');
include_once('tbs_plugin_opentbs.php');
$TBS = new clsTinyButStrong;
$TBS -> Plugin(TBS_INSTALL, OPENTBS_PLUGIN);
$TBS -> LoadTemplate('document.odt');
$TBS -> Show(OPENTBS_FILE, 'document.odt');
$TBS -> MergeField('company_name', $company_name);
$TBS -> MergeField('address', $address);
$TBS -> MergeField('phone', $phone);
}
}
}
else {
include '../includes/searchForm.html';
include '../includes/footer.html';
}
}
$mysqli -> close();
?>
A:
You have to merge fields before to render the result.
And the result must be a file different from the template.
$TBS = new clsTinyButStrong;
$TBS -> Plugin(TBS_INSTALL, OPENTBS_PLUGIN);
// Load the template
$TBS -> LoadTemplate('document.odt');
// Merge fields
$TBS -> MergeField('company_name', $company_name);
$TBS -> MergeField('address', $address);
$TBS -> MergeField('phone', $phone);
// Render the result
$TBS -> Show(OPENTBS_FILE, 'document_result.odt');
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to photovoltaic roofing systems. The present invention relates more particularly to photovoltaic roof arrays and wiring systems for use therewith.
2. Technical Background
The search for alternative sources of energy has been motivated by at least two factors. First, fossil fuels have become more and more expensive due to increasing scarcity and unrest in areas rich in petroleum deposits. Second, there exists overwhelming concern about the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels on the environment, due to factors such as air pollution (from NOR, hydrocarbons and ozone) and global warming (from CO2). In recent years, research and development attention has focused on harvesting energy from natural environmental sources such as wind, flowing water and the sun. Of the three, the sun appears to be the most widely useful energy source across the continental United States; most locales get enough sunshine to make solar energy feasible.
There are now available components that convert light energy into electrical energy. Such “photovoltaic cells” are often made from semiconductor-type materials such as doped silicon in either single crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous form. The use of photovoltaic cells on roofs is becoming increasingly common, especially as device performance has improved. They can be used, for example, to provide at least a fraction of the electrical energy needed for a building's overall function, or can be used to power one or more particular devices, such as exterior lighting systems.
Photovoltaic roofing elements can be used to provide weather protection, like standard roofing elements, as well as photovoltaic power generation. Many such photovoltaic roofing elements take the form of a standard roofing element, such as a shingle or a tile, with one or more photovoltaic cells disposed thereon or integrated therewith. Photovoltaic roofing elements are generally difficult to install, as they must not only be physically connected to the roof in a manner that provides weather protection but also be electrically interconnected into a wiring system to be connected to the elements of a larger photovoltaic generation system (e.g., inverters, batteries and meters). Such installation often requires an electrical specialist to perform the electrical interconnections, which can be difficult to time appropriately with the physical installation of the photovoltaic roofing elements. Moreover, relatively large voltage differences (e.g., 100-600 V) are created in many photovoltaic roofing systems. As such, it is desirable to protect the electrical interconnections from the weather so as to avoid arcing and short circuits.
Accordingly, there remains a need for photovoltaic roofing systems having ease of both physical and electrical installability and in which electrical interconnections are protected from the weather. |
THCB Spotlights: Glen Tullman, Executive Chairman of Livongo
Was Martin Shkreli Arrested For Hiking Drug Prices?
I don’t subscribe to conspiracy theories. I never believed a second shot was fired. Nor do I believe that Bill Clinton was stalked on the grassy knoll. So I won’t speculate that Martin Shkreli’s arrest for alleged securities fraud that happened years ago is related to his raising Daraprim’s price by 5500 %.
Just because something isn’t suspicious doesn’t mean that it isn’t odd.
Shkreli is a perfect poster child for rapacious pharmacocapitalism – so perfect that it’s odd. He openly admits “I have a sworn duty to my shareholders to maximize profit.” Shkreli’s admission is odd not for its implausibility, but brazen honesty.
Who, in the business of making money, says they’re in the business for profit?
Elizabeth Holmes wants to change the world, including Africa, by biotechnology, and she has recruited Henry Kissinger, known for his contributions to emerging economies and biotechnology, to help. Even Goldman Sachs believe their work leads to greater good. Their CEO once said banking is “doing God’s work.” I developed a Richter’s hernia reading that.
In a land where capitalism is infused with puritanism, Shkreli is odd because he says it as it is. We’re not attuned to such honesty because we want to believe that people want to do the right thing first, that money is incidental. Shkreli says this is not so – if you want new and better drugs for rare diseases, you must please the shareholders by making them money.
Dear Lord, deliver us from the truth.
I haven’t decided what to make of Shkreli, but there is one thing I know. History’s Chaucerian frauds weren’t in your face capitalist pigs. They were pious peddlers of righteousness. They not only feasted on gullibility, but were revered by the insatiably gullible who were gagging to believe in someone. We, too, are gagging to believe, no longer in priests, but in entrepreneurs – our new pardoners.
The robber barons were in it for the money – the railroads were incidental. Healthcare’s puritans are in it for the progress – the money is incidental. We got railroads. We have yet to see Theranos’s amazing detectors work their magic.
Oddly, Shkreli wasn’t arrested for fleecing immunocompromised patients, but for a Ponzi scheme allegedly setup by his hedge fund. Unlike Enron, which collapsed because it kept digging ponzily, unlike the American Insurance Group, which would have collapsed but for the grace of socialism, Shkreli’s investors actually made money! What an odd Ponzi scheme.
Shkreli is shredding our gullibility. He is saying: children, this is how capitalism in the US healthcare works. Did mommy forget to tell you?
He is not fooling us, but reminding us that we’re fools for being so easily fooled by piety such as this:
“My startup will solve diabetes burden, including in the poor”
“Fantastic. Here’s a check for $400 million.”
We may not be fools, but we live in a kakistocracy. Recently, politicians demanded transparency from Gilead, the manufacturers of Sovaldi. After strutting in to Gilead’s office like Spanish Inquisitors, and reading company documents, and interrogating their staff they concluded that pharma prices drugs to maximize profit.
ROTFLMAO! What a revelation!
Maximizing profits. You really nailed them, Senators.
That high drug prices are irrational is part fallacious and part disingenuous. Yes they are irrational, but only if we limit the price for extending our lives. What’s irrational is that we believe we’re priceless but everything else should be cheap.
Another fallacy is that politicians know how to control drug prices. Neither Senator Sanders nor Senator Clinton show any understanding of, and any willingness to accept, the trade-offs of price control. Mercifully, Mr. Sanders has not blamed high drug prices on global warming. As for the Republican front runners – I can only assume drug pricing is still not taught in kindergarten.
Some say Shkreli is a narcissistic sociopath. Be that as it may, it is rather irrelevant. Because when you stop obsessing about Shkreli’s moral compass and follow him, he will show you the worst warts our regulatory system has created. The more we focus on the gamers of the system, the less likely we’ll fix a system that’s so easily gamed.
Pharma is suddenly interested in benznidazole. This drug treats Chagas disease, an infection uncommon in the US, but common in Latin America. How did pharma’s compassion for poor Latinos, who suffer the disproportionate burden of Chagas, suddenly arise?
FDA recently gave Chagas a “rare disease” status. If pharma brings a rare disease drug to the market – it matters not that they didn’t develop that drug – they get a voucher for an expedited review for another drug. This “jump the Disneyworld queue” voucher sells for hundreds of millions of dollars in the market. The price should signal something.
The CDC, which buys benznidazole from a Brazilian company, dispenses it free. Yet Shkreli spotted an opportunity, and a need – doctors must fill reams of paperwork because the CDC can’t dispense benznidazole unless for experimental purposes. Hospitals want a distributor.
After the nearly-bankrupt KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, bought rights to one version of benznidazole, under the auspices of a Shkreli-led firm, their shares soared. Because the market, spared of the fog of piety, knew that Shkreli would make money.
KaloBios may raise benznidazole’s price by factor of 100, 000. A course of benznidazole is $60 in Latin America. It may cost $100, 000 to treat Chagas here. If KaloBios wins FDA’s approval, it will have exclusive rights to sell benznidazole for 5 years in the US. Welcome to the rule of law.
I know you’re seething with pious rage. Before grabbing the pitchforks answer the following:
a) Why, like the CDC, can’t/ don’t hospitals buy benznidazole directly from that company in Brazil?
c) What will motivate a startup to sell benznidazole in the US at Latin American prices? Please don’t say compassion for poor Latinos. Christmas is no excuse for being that naïve.
d) Why did no US pharmaceutical company (capitalist or righteous, large or small) bother looking at benznidazole before the FDA declared Chagas a rare disease?
e) We have an FDA-approved diagnostic kit for Chagas but no FDA-approved drug for Chagas. Why?
When Shkreli says big pharma doesn’t care about rare diseases unless they’re profitable, he speaks an inconvenient truth. The Roche Group, the developers of Avastin, developed benznidazole. But benznidazole wasn’t making money because poor Latinos aren’t a lucrative market. So Roche did what we do with our most useless possessions – donated it to charity. Roche gave supplies and rights to Lafepe, a company owned by the Brazilian state. Roche could have distributed benznidazole in the US – they would barely have noticed a dip in their profits.
It’s more profitable making pills which lower cholesterol, pills which make kids quieter, pills which remind old men transiently of their youth, than pills which cure multiple sclerosis. This strikes me as a decidedly upside down world. But, then again, piety never really helped the most vulnerable.
Shkreli is boldly articulating to you what classy CEOs of big pharma won’t dare admit to themselves, even in their sleep. Ladies and gentlemen, this is how it works. To draw hyenas you throw leftover food. To draw pharma you show $$$$.
Enjoy the schadenfreude over his arrest. Remember, though, our regulatory warts won’t magically disappear, even if Martin Shkreli is convicted.
I don’t know, isn’t there an implied ethics to do good for society as a reward for profit? Old fashioned I guess. If not why is capitalism better than oligarchy.
What did Shkreli do except corner the market, there was no added value. Are we that stupid not to see the difference between pharma’s larceny and Shkreli’s grand theft? If tax evasion worked for Capone good, it’s not hard to grasp the needed comeuppance.
If the theory that there are political motivations involved is correct, the analogy is the Al Capone tax evasion strategy. We’ll get ’em however we can get ’em.
I’m not ready to say it is, but the argument is certainly plausible enough to consider. Few would contest that Martin Shkreli is wonderful political theater.
From a writer’s point of view, there is an interesting narrative shaping up around figures like Martin Shkreli and Elizabeth Holmes. I think you’ll see a series of stories digging into this story as authors attempt to work out what it all means.
If Mr. Shkreli and Elizabeth Holmes are any indication of what’s coming as young pharma and biotech leaders adopt a “we’re reinventing the world, we deserve to be paid for it” tech industry mindset, things are going to get crazier before they get better
29 page pdf. I have it. Not one word about drug pricing. He’ll eventually be Pleading for some relatively soft time in a Club Fed. Probably have to spend some of whatever money he has left for one of those Successfully-Coping-With-Your-Prison-Time consultants. Whatever this tangentially, inferentially “says” about the corrupt Pharma world is utterly beside the point. This kid is just an arrogant boiler room grifter, a poseur Master-of-the-Universe wannabee (and a laughable repeat failure at that) who’d have tried to pull the same crap with companies in other business lines were he focused on them.
Beyond the indictment specs, read up on his KaloBios CusterFluck. Boy, THAT was a short CEO & Board Chair hostile takeover tenure (all of about 5 weeks).
Don’t hold your breath for a Michael Lewis book and movie about this loser. He won’t even merit a Vanity Fair article.
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University students in their caps and gowns are silhouetted as they line up for graduation ceremonies in 2016. [AP Photo]
SmartAsset has released its 2018 report of the Best Value Colleges in the U.S. Annalists looked at five factors that determine what students spend and what they get in return: tuition, student living costs, scholarship and grant offerings, retention rate from freshman to sophomore year and starting salary after graduation.
The report lists four private and six public universities as Oklahoma’s Top 10 Best Value Colleges.
The University of Tulsa came in No. 1 in the state and No. 124 nationally. Other private schools on the list are Southern Nazarene University, Bethany, No. 5; Oklahoman City University, No. 7; and Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, No. 8.
What public universities made the list of Oklahoma’s Top 10? |
List is missing the filmography of Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. A string of supposed spoof movies, most of them box office hits, and there is nothing resembling anything even remotely like a joke in any of them.
I'm not usually a fan of drinking games, but The Room demands to be watched with a group of friends and a drink should be taken when any of the following happens:
Someone comments on Lisa's beautySomeone states that Mark is Johnny's best friendSomeone dismisses a serious issue with 'Don't worry about it' (the more serious the issu the bigger the drink)A football is tossed less than 15 feetSomeone clucks like a chicken
There are a million other drink-worthy things to pick from, but we've found that these core 5 lead to the best understanding of the movie's awsomeness. |
LONDON/BERLIN, Germany, 24 June 2019 — FairPlanet, a global non-profit journalistic platform and organisation, concerned with human rights and the environment, has integrated with SatoshiPay, a blockchain payment provider, to fund content and operations through micro-donations. Visitors can now voluntarily make a donation for any article on the platform or make a general donation for the non-profit organisation to support its impact driven mission.
FairPlanet and SatoshiPay have partnered to bring an easy-to-use and fully integrated, blockchain-based donation solution to the independent nonprofit journalistic website. As one of the first integrators of the SatoshiPay micropayment platform, FairPlanet readers see a donation option at the end of each article or on its general donation page. This new feature is in line with the rising trend of tipping and donation options across leading content platforms such as The Guardian, which doesn’t use a paywall and recently announced its break even due to one million donating users.
With its independent impact driven journalism focussing on human rights and the environment, FairPlanet connected with the global inclusiveness of blockchain.
“While we maintain an open and free publication for everyone to use, it’s great to now include a financial support option for our readers who are situated all across the globe. Using borderless cryptocurrency aligns perfectly with the principles of our nonprofit content and global impact strategy,” says Murat Suner, Co-Founder & Managing Director of FairPlanet. “And, with our global network of editors and journalists, financial inclusion is also an essential cornerstone of our exemplary worldwide equal pay policy, ensuring all our colleagues are being paid equally around the globe regardless of their country of residence.“
He further states:
“The SatoshiPay micropayment platform has offered us a solution which seamlessly integrates into our publishing platform, which has facilitated an easy and straightforward implementation process.”
SatoshiPay enables publishers to add a micro-payment and donation feature which integrates into existing platforms. Readers see the option at the end of the article keeping the feature non-intrusive and and the user never leaves the article to make the payment. Readers avoid the hassle of inputting credit card details as payment is made via their SatoshiPay wallet which uses the Stellar Lumens cryptocurrency — all done in a quick, safe and easy process of just one-click.
Due to a grant by the Stellar Foundation each first user receives a free amount of 100 Lumens (appr. 10€).
“We are very grateful to the Stellar Foundation. The starting credits help us to familiarise readers with this breakthrough payment method.”,
says Murat Suner.
Meinhard Benn, CEO SatoshiPay comments:
“Accepting instant, one-click donations is a great way for publishers to easily monetise content. As part of our platform strategy we are offering easy-to-use APIs, enabling our partners to quickly integrate and start accepting micropayments with minimal technical overhead. Having FairPlanet as one of our first donation API integrators is an exciting win and we look forward to growing our partnership with them in the future.”
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Strengthen your eyewear game with these Italian-made titanium sunglasses from Bvlgari. Light yet durable, the sleek pair features a retro profile and polarised lenses to reduce glare and sharpen natural contrasts and colour. |
Q:
$httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation() leading to "No response defined !" error
My understanding of $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation() is that it basically says "Make sure all of the requests that are $httpBackend.expect()-ed by your tests were made by your code. If any of them weren’t, I’ll throw an exception."
1) This seems redundant. Isn't it the case that the corresponding $httpBackend.expect() would fail, and thus alert you?
2) I'm getting a No response defined ! error when I use $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation(). The error goes away and my test passes when I remove $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation(). Why would this be?
admin.controller.spec.js:14 refers to the $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation() call.
admin.controller.spec.js
describe('AdminController', function() {
var AdminController, scope, $httpBackend;
beforeEach(module('mean-starter'));
beforeEach(inject(function($controller, $rootScope, _$httpBackend_) {
$httpBackend = _$httpBackend_;
scope = $rootScope.$new();
AdminController = $controller('AdminController', {
$scope: scope
});
}));
afterEach(function() {
$httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation();
// $httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingRequest();
});
it('gets users', function() {
$httpBackend.expectGET('/users');
});
});
admin.controller.js
angular
.module('mean-starter')
.controller('AdminController', AdminController);
function AdminController(User, Auth, $state) {
var vm = this;
User
.list()
.success(function(data) {
vm.users = data;
})
.error(function() {
console.log('Problem getting users.');
});
vm.delete = function(id) {
User
.delete(id)
.success(function(data) {
if (Auth.getCurrentUser()._id === id) Auth.logout(); // deleting yourself
else $state.reload();
})
.error(function() {
console.log('Problem deleting user.');
});
};
}
A:
The error message clearly states the problem - You need to define the expected response before you can verify that the expectation has been satisfied.
Change
$httpBackend.expectGET('/users');
to
$httpBackend.expectGET('/users').respond([{
//Response object or array
}]);
|
:020000023000CC
:10FC000001C0F3C0112484B790E890936100109272
:10FC10006100882369F0982F9A70923049F081FF33
:10FC200002C097EF94BF282E80E002D10C94000010
:10FC300085E08093810082E08093C00088E180931A
:10FC4000C1008FE18093C40086E08093C2008EE003
:10FC5000EFD0279A84E02CE73CEF91E030938500C9
:10FC60002093840096BBB09BFECF1F9AA89540912D
:10FC7000C00047FD02C0815089F7CED0813479F4AD
:10FC8000CBD0C82FDBD0C23811F480E004C088E0AC
:10FC9000C13809F083E0B9D080E1B7D0EECF82342B
:10FCA00019F484E1D3D0F8CF853411F485E0FACF8C
:10FCB000853581F4B1D0E82EAFD0F82E87FF07C08C
:10FCC0008BB781608BBFEE0CFF1CB8D0E5CF8BB734
:10FCD0008E7FF8CF863579F49FD08D3451F49CD047
:10FCE000CBB79AD0C170880F8C2B8BBF81E0AED080
:10FCF000CCCF83E0FCCF843609F046C08DD0C82F2E
:10FD0000D0E0DC2FCC2788D0C82B86D0D82E5E013F
:10FD10008EEFB81A00E012E04801EFEF8E1A9E0A4B
:10FD20007BD0F801808384018A149B04A9F786D0D4
:10FD3000F5E410E000E0DF1609F150E040E063E098
:10FD4000C70153D08701C12C92E0D92EF601419111
:10FD500051916F0161E0C80148D00E5F1F4F22979B
:10FD6000A9F750E040E065E0C7013FD095CF608142
:10FD7000C8018E0D9F1D79D00F5F1F4FF801FE5FE8
:10FD8000C017D107A1F788CF843701F545D0C82F18
:10FD9000D0E0DC2FCC2740D0C82B3ED0D82E4ED080
:10FDA0008701F5E4DF120BC0CE0DDF1DC80155D071
:10FDB0002CD00F5F1F4FC017D107C1F76DCFF801CF
:10FDC00087918F0122D02197D1F766CF853739F4FB
:10FDD00035D08EE11AD088E918D081E05CCF81352A
:10FDE00009F073CF88E024D070CFFC010A0167BF0F
:10FDF000E895112407B600FCFDCF667029F0452B6D
:10FE000019F481E187BFE89508959091C00095FFAE
:10FE1000FCCF8093C60008958091C00087FFFCCF7F
:10FE20008091C00084FD01C0A8958091C60008950E
:10FE3000E0E6F0E098E1908380830895EDDF803282
:10FE400019F088E0F5DFFFCF84E1DFCFCF93C82F33
:10FE5000E3DFC150E9F7CF91F1CFF999FECF92BD21
:10FE600081BDF89A992780B50895262FF999FECF7C
:10FE70001FBA92BD81BD20BD0FB6F894FA9AF99AC7
:06FE80000FBE019608957B
:02FFFE000008F9
:040000033000FC00CD
:00000001FF
|
Saturday, 28 September 2013
In praise of the North Korean Diet
Gareth Morgan is featured in today's Christchurch Press. Alas, no online version. From Nikki Macdonald's article:
He's barely off the plane after a 40,000-kilometre ride across Russia and Korea. Controversy trailed after him like his billowing motorcycle exhaust, with critics accusing him of becoming a propaganda pawn on his six-year-in-the-planning tour of North Korea.
But he's still gushing about the experience, and how he lost 6kg in the absence of the processed food - "crap basically" - that dominates the New Zealand food supply. That and the fact there was less food in general, and the wine was terrible.
There it's all whole food, that fills you up, takes longer to eat and delivers more nutrients for less energy.
And there, in a nutshell, is the thrust of Morgan's new book, Appetite for Destruction, co-written with offsider Geoff Simmons. Fake food, he says, is killing us.
Ah, the wonders of North Korea. Where there is no fake food to kill them.
Juche, the ideology of self-reliance launched by dictator Kim Il-sung in the 1950s, is wiping out North Korea. So many North Koreans are hungry that they are resorting to eating wild grasses, when they find it, or just starving to death. Looming on the horizon is a popular uprising that might lead to a mass exodus to the South, this according to officials from five US-based aid agencies who have sounded the alarm after returning from a trip to North Korea....“It is all true,” a Korean source told AsiaNews. “People have nothing to eat. I have seen personally children eat dirt."
Dirt: it fills you up and takes longer to digest. Low carb I suppose. And see here and here and here.
Note: updated to correct a couple of typos helpfully pointed out in comments.
“Unspeakable atrocities” reported by the UN Inquiry into the Human Rights Situation in North Korea
The head of a UN-appointed inquiry into human rights in North Korea reported Tuesdaythat testimony heard so far by his panel pointed to widespread and serious violations in every area it had been asked to investigate.
“What we have seen and heard so far – the specificity, detail and shocking character of the personal testimony – appears without doubt to demand follow-up action by the world community, and accountability on the part of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,” Michael Kirby, chair of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the DPRK, said in an oral update to the Geneva-based UN Human Rights Council.
While the inquiry’s final conclusions and recommendations must await the end of the investigation and a final report in March, Kirby told the council that testimonies received in a series of just-completed public hearings in South Korea and Japan indicated a large-scale pattern of abuse that may constitute systematic and gross human rights violations in the DPRK. He cited a host of alleged abuses, ranging from abductions, torture and a policy of inter-generational punishment to arbitrary detention in prison camps marked by deliberate starvation and “unspeakable atrocities.”
“We heard from ordinary people who faced torture and imprisonment for doing nothing more than watching foreign soap operas or holding a religious belief,” said Kirby, a retired Australian judge with broad international experience.
“Women and men who exercised their human right to leave the DPRK and were forcibly repatriated spoke about their experiences of torture, sexual violence, inhumane treatment and arbitrary detention. Family members of persons abducted from the Republic of Korea and Japan described the agony they endured ever since the enforced disappearance of their loved ones at the hands of agents of the DPRK…”
18. How will greater public awareness improve the human rights situation in North Korea?Despite the fact that many testimonies about the human rights situation in DPRK have been provided, including through televised programs in South Korea, much of the world remains largely unaware of the scale of the problem. By hearing testimonies in public, the Commission of Inquiry hopes to raise the profile of this issue -- not just with a general international audience, but also with members of the United Nations. A video recording of the hearings will also be made available to all members of the Human Rights Council. It is hoped that the testimony will eventually be added to appropriate websites and available online to the public and the international community.
But maybe what we really need are bike tours talking about the wonders of the North Korean diet. |
---
abstract: 'In this short note, further to Ng’s study, we extend Bekka amenability and weak Bekka amenability to general locally compact quantum groups. We generalize some Ng’s results to the general case. In particular, we show that, a locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable if and only if the contra-corepresentation of its fundamental multiplicative unitary $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable, and ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is amenable if and only if its dual quantum group’s fundamental multiplicative unitary $W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is weakly Bekka amenable.'
address: 'School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong Province 264209, China.'
author:
- Xiao Chen
date: 'Received: 24 January 2017; Revised: 10 April 2017; Accepted: 4 May 2017. '
title: 'Bekka-type amenabilities for unitary corepresentations of locally compact quantum groups'
---
[^1]
Introduction
============
The notion of amenability essentially begins with Lebesgue (1904). In 1929, von Neumann introduced and studied the class of amenable groups and used it to explain why the Banach-Tarski Paradox occurs only for dimension greater than or equal to three. In 1950, Dixmier extended the concept of amenability to topological groups (see [@Pie] and [@Vok]). In 1970s, amenability and co-amenability for Kac algebras were introduced by D. Voiculescu, studied further by M. Enock and J.-M. Schwartz and later by Z.-J. Ruan (see [@Voi] and [@Ruan]). In [@Ng], following Bekka’s paper [@Bek], C.-K. Ng introduced Bekka amenability and weak Bekka amenability for unitary co-representations of Kac algebras, and used them to characterize amenability and co-amenability for Kac algebras. Later, amenability and co-amenability for Hopf $C^*$-algebras was investigated by C.-K. Ng (see [@Ng00] and [@Ng02]). In 2003, E. B$\acute{e}$dos, R. Conti and L. Tuset extended amenability and co-amenability to algebraic quantum groups and locally compact quantum groups (see [@BCT] and [@BT]).
In this short note, we give some remarks on Ng’s paper [@Ng]. We extend Bekka amenability and weak Bekka amenability to general locally compact quantum groups. Furthermore, we prove that a locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable if and only if the contra-corepresentation of its fundamental multiplicative unitary $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable, and ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is amenable if and only if its dual group’s fundamental multiplicative unitary $W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is weakly Bekka amenable. These results generalize the corresponding propositions for Kac algebras in Ng’s paper [@Ng].
The notions of Bekka-type amenabilities, studied in this note, originate from Bekka’s paper [@Bek]. In the case of locally compact groups, all of Bekka-type amenabilities for unitary corepresentations are equal to amenability (introduced by Bekka in [@Bek]) for unitary representations. Remarkably, Bekka showed, in [@Bek], that amenability for a locally compact group is equivalent to the fact that every unitary representation is amenable. These justify the use of the term “Bekka-type amenabilities".
This note is organized as follows. After some preliminaries in Section 2, we discuss in Section 3 Bekka amenability and weak Bekka amenability for locally compact quantum groups.
Notations and definitions
=========================
Some notations {#subsec:ntn}
--------------
In this note, we use the convention that the inner product $\langle \cdot , \cdot \rangle$ of a complex Hilbert space ${\mathfrak{H}}$ is conjugate-linear in the second variable. We denote by ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}})$ and ${\mathcal{K}}({\mathfrak{H}})$ the set of bounded linear operators and that of compact operators on ${\mathfrak{H}}$, respectively. For any $x,y\in{\mathfrak{H}}$ and $T\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}})$, we denote by $\omega_{x,y}$ the normal functional given by $$\omega_{x,y}(T):=\langle Tx,y\rangle.$$
The symbol $\otimes$ denotes either a minimal $C^*$-algebraic tensor product or a tensor product of Hilbert spaces, and ${\bar{\otimes}}$ denotes a von Neumann algebraic tensor product. Moreover, we denote by ${{\rm id}}$ the identity map. Finally, if $X$ and $Y$ are $C^*$-algebras or Hilbert spaces, we use the symbol $\Sigma$ to denote the canonical flip map from $X\otimes Y$ to $Y\otimes X$ sending $x\otimes y$ onto $y\otimes x$, for all $x\in X$ and $y\in Y$. Note that $\Sigma^2={{\rm id}}$.
For a $C^*$-algebra ${A}$, we use ${\mathrm{Rep}}({A})$ to denote the collection of unitary equivalence classes of non-degenerate $*$-representations of ${A}$. Let us also recall some notations concerning ${\mathrm{Rep}}({A})$.
Suppose that $(\mu, {\mathfrak{H}}),(\nu, {\mathfrak{K}})\in {\mathrm{Rep}}(A)$. We write $\nu\prec \mu$ if $\ker \mu\subset \ker \nu$.
Locally compact quantum group
-----------------------------
Let $(C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}), \Delta, \varphi,\psi)$ be a reduced locally compact quantum group as introduced in [@KV1 Definition 4.1] (for simplicity, we denote it by ${{\mathbb{G}}}$). The dual locally compact quantum group of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is denoted by $(C_0({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}), \widehat{\Delta}, \widehat{\varphi},\widehat{\psi})$ (or simply, ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$). We use $L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})$ to denote the Hilbert space given by the GNS construction of the left invariant Haar weight $\varphi$ and consider both $C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$ and $C_0(\widehat{{{\mathbb{G}}}})$ as $C^*$-subalgebras of ${\mathcal{L}}(L^2({{\mathbb{G}}}))$. Notice that $L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})=L^2({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$.
Let ${\mathbf{1}}$ be the identity of $M(C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}))$. There is a unitary $$W_{{\mathbb{G}}}\in M(C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})\otimes C_0({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}))\subseteq {\mathcal{L}}(L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})\otimes L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})),$$ called the *fundamental multiplicative unitary*, that implements the comultiplication: $$\Delta(x)=W_{{\mathbb{G}}}^*({\mathbf{1}}\otimes x)W_{{\mathbb{G}}}\quad (x\in C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})).$$ We denote by $W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ the fundamental multiplicative unitary for the dual quantum group ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ given by $\Sigma W^*_{{\mathbb{G}}}\Sigma$, where $\Sigma$ is the flip map as defined above. For more details, the readers may refer to [@KV1] and [@Tim].
The von Neumann subalgebra $L^{\infty}({{\mathbb{G}}})$ generated by $C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$ in ${\mathcal{L}}(L^2({{\mathbb{G}}}))$ is a Hopf von Neumann algebra under a comultiplication $\widetilde{\Delta}$ defined by $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ as in the above (see [@KV2] or [@Tim Section 8.3.4]). We usually call $L^{\infty}({{\mathbb{G}}})$ the von Neumann algebraic quantum group of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$. Then $L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})$ denotes the predual of $L^{\infty}({{\mathbb{G}}})$, and $L^1_*({{\mathbb{G}}}):=\{\omega\in L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})\ |\ \exists\eta\in L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})\ s.t.\ (\omega\otimes{{\rm id}})(W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})^*=(\eta\otimes{{\rm id}})(W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}) \}$ is a dense $^*$-subalgebra of $L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})$ as introduced in [@Kus Page 294-295].
Corepresentation
----------------
For any Hilbert space ${\mathfrak{H}}_U$, a unitary $U\in M({\mathcal{K}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)\otimes C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}))$ is called a *unitary corepresentation* of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on ${\mathfrak{H}}_U$ if $$\label{eqt:defn-corep}
({{\rm id}}\otimes\Delta)(U)=U_{12}U_{13},$$ where $U_{ij}$ is the usual “leg notation” (see [@KV1 Page 13] and [@Tim Section 7.1.2]).
Let ${\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$ denote the collection of unitary corepresentations of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$.
For $U,\ V\in {\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$, $T$ is called an *intertwiner* between $U$ and $V$, and we write $T\in{\mathrm{Intw}}(U,V)$, if $T\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U,{\mathfrak{H}}_{V})$ such that $$T({{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(U)=({{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(V)T,\ \text{for any}\ \omega\in L^1_*({{\mathbb{G}}}).$$ We say that $U$ is *unitarily equivalent* to $V$ and write $U\cong V$, if there exists $T\in{\mathrm{Intw}}(U,V)$ such that $T$ is a unitary.
Universal quantum group {#subsec:univ-quant-gp}
-----------------------
The universal quantum group $C^*$-algebra of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is denoted by $(C_0^{\mathrm{u}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}),\widehat{\Delta}^{\mathrm{u}})$ (see [@Kus Section 4 and 5]). As shown in [@Kus Proposition 5.2], there exists a unitary $$V_{{\mathbb{G}}}^{\mathrm{u}}\in M(C_0^{\mathrm{u}}(\widehat{{{\mathbb{G}}}})\otimes C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}))$$ that implements a bijection between unitary corepresentations $U$ of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on ${\mathfrak{H}}$ and non-degenerate $*$-representations $\pi_U$ of $C_0^{\mathrm{u}}(\widehat{{{\mathbb{G}}}})$ on ${\mathfrak{H}}$ through the correspondence $$U = (\pi_U\otimes{{\rm id}})(V_{{\mathbb{G}}}^{\mathrm{u}}).$$ The identity ${\mathbf{1}}_{{\mathbb{G}}}=1\otimes {\mathbf{1}}$ of ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathbb{C}})\otimes M(C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}))\cong M({\mathcal{K}}({\mathbb{C}})\otimes C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}))\cong M(C_0({{\mathbb{G}}}))$ is a trivial unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on ${\mathbb{C}}$ and $\pi_{{\mathbf{1}}_{{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is a character of $C_0^{\mathrm{u}}(\widehat{{{\mathbb{G}}}})$.
As in the literature, we write $U\prec W$ when $\pi_U\prec \pi_W$ (see, e.g., [@BT Section 5] and Section \[subsec:ntn\]).
Contra-corepresentation
-----------------------
Let $U$ be a unitary coreprsentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on a Hilbert space ${\mathfrak{H}}_U$. As in [@BT Page 871], we define the *contra-corepresentation* $\overline U$ of $U$ by $$\overline{U}:=(\tau\otimes R)(U),$$ where $\tau$ is the *canonical anti-isomorphism* from ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$ to ${\mathcal{L}}(\overline{{\mathfrak{H}}}_U)$ (with $\overline {\mathfrak{H}}_U$ being the conjugate Hilbert space of ${\mathfrak{H}}_U$) and $R$ is the unitary antipode on $C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$. Then $\overline U$ is a unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on $\overline {\mathfrak{H}}_U$. Notice that, it is unique up to equivalence $\cong$, and that $$\overline{\overline{U}}\cong U.$$
If $W$ is another unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on a Hilbert space ${\mathfrak{K}}$, we denote by $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W$ the unitary corepresentation $U_{13}W_{23}$ on ${\mathfrak{H}}\otimes{\mathfrak{K}}$ and call it the *tensor product* of $U$ and $W$. In this case, $$\label{eqt:ten-prod}
\pi_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W} = (\pi_{U}\otimes\pi_{W})\circ \widehat{\Delta}^{\mathrm{u}}.$$
Amenability, co-amenability and Bekka-type amenabilities
========================================================
Let us first recall the following definitions of amenability and co-amenability of a locally compact quantum group.
\[def:coamen-amen\][([@BT Definition 3.1 and 3.2])]{} Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group.
\(a) We say that ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is *co-amenable* if there exists a state $\epsilon$ of $C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$) such that $({{\rm id}}\otimes\epsilon)\Delta={{\rm id}}$.
\(b) A *left invariant mean* for a locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is a state $m$ on $L^{\infty}({{\mathbb{G}}})$ such that $m(\omega\overline{\otimes}{{\rm id}})\Delta=\omega({\mathbf{1}})m$, for all $\omega\in L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})$. We say that a locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is *amenable* if it has a left invariant mean.
\[rem:right-inv-mean\] Similarly, we also can define: a *right invariant mean* for ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is a state $m$ on $L^{\infty}({{\mathbb{G}}})$ such that $m({{\rm id}}\overline{\otimes}\omega)\Delta=\omega({\mathbf{1}})m$, for all $\omega\in L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})$. Clearly, $m$ is a right invariant mean if and only if $m\circ R$ is a left invariant mean. Thus, ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is amenable if and only if it has a right invariant mean.
Co-amenability may be characterized by the following equivalent formulations, which were obtained by E. B$\acute{e}$dos and L. Tuset in [@BT].
\[thm:coamen\][([@BT Theorem 3.1])]{} For a locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$, the following statements are equivalent:
\(a) ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable.
\(b) The canonical surjective homomorphism $\Lambda: C_0^{\mathrm{u}}({{\mathbb{G}}})\rightarrow C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$ is an isomorphism.
\(c) There exists a $^*$-character on the $C^*$-algebra $C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$.
\(d) There exists a net of unit vectors $\{\xi_i\}$ in $L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})$ such that $$\lim_i {\left\|W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}(\xi_i\otimes v)-(\xi_i\otimes v)\right\|}=0,\ \ \forall v\in L^2({{\mathbb{G}}}).$$
\[rem:amen-ng\] Comparing Theorem \[thm:coamen\] with [@Ng Theorem 2.3], we easily see that the “amenability" for a Kac algebra in the Ng’s paper [@Ng00] is actually the co-amenability for its dual in the sense of Definition \[def:coamen-amen\].
Now, we extend Bekka amenability and weakly Bekka amenability introduced in [@Ng] to the general case.
\[defn:wcp-bekkaamen\] For any $U\in {\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$, we say that
\(a) $U$ has *WCP (weak containment property)* if ${\mathbf{1}}_{{\mathbb{G}}}\prec U$ (equivalently, $\pi_{{\mathbf{1}}_{{\mathbb{G}}}}\prec \pi_U$, see Section \[subsec:ntn\] and \[subsec:univ-quant-gp\]). The WCP is actually the property $(A)$ introduced in [@Ng Proposition and Definition 2.4].
\(b) $U$ is *Bekka amenable* if $\pi_{{\mathbf{1}}_{{\mathbb{G}}}}\prec \pi_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}}$ (equivalently, ${\mathbf{1}}_{{\mathbb{G}}}\prec U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}$), i.e., $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}$ has the WCP.
\(c) $U$ is *weakly Bekka amenable* if there exists a positive functional $M$ on ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$ with $M({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U})=1$ such that $$M[({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U}\otimes\omega)(\alpha_U(T))]=M(T),$$ for any positive functional $\omega\in L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})$ with $\omega({\mathbf{1}})=1$ and $T\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$, where $$\alpha_U(T):=U(T\otimes{\mathbf{1}})U^*$$ is called a *coaction* of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$. Those $M$ satisfying the above condition are called *$\alpha_U$-invariant means*.
\[rem:conjbekkaamen\] (a) Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group of Kac type, and $U$ be an arbitrary finite dimensional unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$. In [@Ng Proposition 3.10], C.-K. Ng proved that $U$ is Bekka amenable. Clearly, so is $\overline{U}$, since $\overline{U}$ is also finite dimensional.
\(b) When ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is actually a locally compact group $G$, its reduced $C^*$-algebraic quantum group $C_0(G)$ is commutative. It can be obviously seen from the commutativity that, for any two $U,\ V\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$, we have $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}V=V{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}U$. So, we have $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}=\overline{U}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}U$, which implies that $U$ is Bekka amenable if and only if $\overline{U}$ is Bekka amenable. In this case, Bekka amenability is in fact the amenability for unitary representations in Bekka’s paper [@Bek].
\[thm:wcp\][([@BT Theorem 5.2] and [@Ng Proposition and Definition 2.4])]{} Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group and consider $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$. Then the following are equivalent:
\(a) $U$ has the WCP.
\(b) There exists a state $\psi$ on ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$ such that $\psi({{\rm id}}\overline{\otimes}\omega)(U)=\omega({\mathbf{1}})$, for $\omega\in L^1({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$.
\(c) There exists a net $\{\xi_i\}$ of unit vectors in ${\mathfrak{H}}_U$ such that $$\lim_i {\left\|U(\xi_i\otimes v)-(\xi_i\otimes v)\right\|}=0,\ \text{for all } v\in L^2({{\mathbb{G}}}).$$
\[cor:coamen-wcp\] A locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable if and only if $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has the WCP as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$.
Since $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ can be viewed as an element in ${\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$, the corollary easily follows from Theorem \[thm:coamen\](d) and Theorem \[thm:wcp\](c).
The WCP is stable under some operations, for example, contra-gredient and tensor product.
For any $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$, we denote by ${\mathbf{1}}_U$ the trivial unitary corepresentation ${{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U}\otimes {\mathbf{1}}$ of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ on ${\mathfrak{H}}_U$.
\[prop:wcp\][([@BT Proposition 5.3])]{} Suppose that ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is a locally compact quantum group and consider $U,\ V\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$.
\(a) If $U$ has the WCP, then so does $\overline{U}$.
\(b) If both of $U$ and $V$ have the WCP, then so does $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}V$.
\(c) If $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}{\mathbf{1}}_{V}$ or ${\mathbf{1}}_{V}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}U$ has the WCP, then so does $U$.
Next, we present a lemma and a proposition. These results are probably known. Since we have not found them or their proof explicitly stated in the literature, we give complete arguments for the benefit of the reader.
\[lem:contra-tensor\] Let $U$ and $V$ be two unitary corepresentations of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$. Then one has $$\overline{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}V}\cong\overline V{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline U.$$
Since the unitary antipode $R$ is a $^*$-anti automorphism, one has $$\begin{aligned}
\overline{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}V}
&=&(\tau\otimes\tau\otimes R)(U_{13}V_{23})\\
&=&(\tau\otimes R)(V)_{23}(\tau\otimes R)(U)_{13}\\
&=&\overline{V}_{23}\overline{U}_{13}=(\Sigma_{12}\otimes{\mathbf{1}})\overline{V}_{13}\overline{U}_{23}(\Sigma_{12}\otimes{\mathbf{1}})\\
&=& (\Sigma_{12}\otimes{\mathbf{1}})(\overline{V}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U})(\Sigma_{12}\otimes{\mathbf{1}}).\end{aligned}$$ So, it follows that, for any $\omega\in L^1_*({{\mathbb{G}}})$, we have that $$\Sigma({{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(\overline{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}V})= ({{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(\overline{V}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U})\Sigma,$$ since $\Sigma^2={{\rm id}}$. This implies that the unitary $\Sigma$ lies in ${\mathrm{Intw}}(\overline{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}V},\overline V{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline U)$. Hence, the Lemma holds.
The following proposition is usually called *the absorption principle*, which is the generalization of Fell’s absorption principle for locally compact groups. E. B$\acute{e}$dos, R. Conti and L. Tuset in their paper [@BCT] proved the analogue in algebraic quantum groups (see [@BCT Proposition 3.4]).
\[prop:absorb\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group. For any $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$, one has that $$U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}\cong{\mathbf{1}}_U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}.$$
Let $U$ be an arbitrary unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$. Set $T$ to be the image of $U$ on ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U\otimes L^2({{\mathbb{G}}}))$.
For any $\omega\in L^1_*({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$, one has $$\begin{aligned}
T({{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})
& = & ({{\rm id}}\otimes{{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(U_{12}U_{13}(W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})_{23})\\
& = & ({{\rm id}}\otimes{{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)((W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})_{23}U_{12})\\
& = & ({{\rm id}}\otimes{{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)(({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U}\otimes 1)_{13}(W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})_{23}U_{12})\\
& = & ({{\rm id}}\otimes\omega)({\mathbf{1}}_U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}})T,\end{aligned}$$ where the second “$=$" comes from the pentagonal relation (see [@BS Definition A.1]): $U_{12}U_{13}(W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})_{23}=(W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}})_{23}U_{12}$ for any $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$.
The above calculation implies that $T$ is a unitary intertwiner between $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}$ and ${\mathbf{1}}_U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$. Hence, the equivalence of $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}$ and ${\mathbf{1}}_U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$, as two elements in ${\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$, is obtained.
\[cor:conj-absorb\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group. For any $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$, one has that $$\overline{W}_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}U\cong\overline{W}_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}{\mathbf{1}}_U.$$
For any $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$, it is obvious that $\overline{U}$ is also in ${\mathrm{Corep}}({{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}})$. By proposition \[prop:absorb\], one has that $$\overline{U}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}\cong{\mathbf{1}}_{\overline{U}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}.$$ Hence, since ${\mathbf{1}}_{\overline{U}}\cong\overline{{\mathbf{1}}_U}$, by Lemma \[lem:contra-tensor\], we have that $$\overline{W}_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}U\cong \overline{\overline{U}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}}\cong\overline{{\mathbf{1}}_{\overline{U}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}}\cong\overline{\overline{{\mathbf{1}}_U}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}}\cong \overline{W}_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}{\mathbf{1}}_U.$$
\[cor:bekkaamen-conjbekkaamen\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group. If $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$, then $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is also Bekka amenable.
Consider $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$. If $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable, then $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has WCP. Hence, combining Corollary \[cor:conj-absorb\] and Proposition \[prop:wcp\](c), we have that $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has WCP as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$. Hence, by Proposition \[prop:wcp\](a) and (b), both $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ and $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ also have the WCP, i.e. $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable.
Using the results above and the concept of the WCP, we can get a characterization of co-amenability for locally compact quantum groups.
\[prop:coamen-conjbekkaamen\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group. The following statements are equivalent:
\(a) ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable.
\(b) $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$.
First, assume that ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable, that is, $W_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}$ has the WCP by Corollary \[cor:coamen-wcp\]. Using the assertions (a) and (b) of Proposition \[prop:wcp\], we know that $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has the WCP and so does $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$. Hence, by Definition \[defn:wcp-bekkaamen\](b), $\overline{W}_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is Bekka amenable as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$.
Conversely, if $\overline{W}_{{{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is Bekka amenable, then $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has the WCP. Considering $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$, it follows from Proposition \[prop:absorb\] that ${\mathbf{1}}_{\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}}{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has the WCP. Consequently, by Proposition \[prop:wcp\](c), we know that $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ has the WCP. Therefore, using Corollary \[cor:coamen-wcp\] again, we know that ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable.
\[cor:coamen-bekkaamen\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group. If ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable, then $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$.
It follows directly from Corollary \[cor:bekkaamen-conjbekkaamen\] and Proposition \[prop:coamen-conjbekkaamen\].
In [@Ng], using Bekka amenability of the fundamental multiplicative unitary, C.-K. Ng gave a characterization of “amenability" of a Kac algebra. Using our terminology, we rewrite Ng’s proposition as follows.
\[prop:ng-amen-bekkaamen\][([@Ng Proposition 3.6])]{} Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group of Kac type. Then ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable if and only if $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$.
As a direct consequence of Proposition \[prop:coamen-conjbekkaamen\] and Proposition \[prop:ng-amen-bekkaamen\], the following corollary implies that, in the Kac case, $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable if and only if $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable. Note that the equivalence of (a) and (b) in this corollary is in fact Proposition \[prop:ng-amen-bekkaamen\] proved by C.-K. Ng in [@Ng Proposition 3.6]. We list these statements here just for comparison with the other results.
\[cor:kac-conjbekkaamen-bekkaamen\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group of Kac type. Consider $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ and $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ as two unitary corepresentations of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$. The following statements are equivalent:
\(a) ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is co-amenable.
\(b) $W_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable.
\(c) $\overline{W}_{{\mathbb{G}}}$ is Bekka amenable.
In the following, we focus on weak Bekka amenability of unitary corepresentations. Using this property, we give another characterization for amenability, and generalizes some results on weak Bekka amenability in Ng’s paper (see [@Ng Proposition 3.4]). Some proofs of these results below follow from similar lines of argument as that of [@Ng Proposition 3.4]. For completeness, we present the argument here.
\[prop:amen-weakbekkaamen\] Let $G$ be a locally compact quantum group. The following statements are equivalent:
\(a) ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ is amenable.
\(b) the fundamental multiplicative unitary $W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ of its dual group is weakly Bekka amenable as an element in ${\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$.
\(c) every $U\in{\mathrm{Corep}}({{\mathbb{G}}})$ is weakly Bekka amenable.
To obtain that (a) implies (c), we first note that, by Remark \[rem:right-inv-mean\] and amenability of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$, there exists a right invariant mean $m$ on ${{\mathbb{G}}}$. Let $U$ be an arbitrary unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$. For any positive functional $\omega$ on ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$ with $\omega({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U})=1$, we can define a linear map $\Phi_\omega$ from ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$ to $C_0({{\mathbb{G}}})$ by $$\Phi_\omega(T)=(\omega\otimes{{\rm id}})\alpha_U(T),\ \text{for any}\ T\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U).$$ Furthermore, one can easily show that $\Phi_\omega$ is a completely positive map such that $\Delta\circ\Phi_\omega=(\Phi_\omega\otimes{{\rm id}})\circ\alpha_U$ and $\Phi_\omega({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U})=1$. Thus, we have that $M=m\circ\Phi_\omega$ is an $\alpha_U$-invariant mean for $U$, and so $U$ is weakly Bekka amenable. By arbitrariness of the choice of $U$ , the statement (c) holds.
It is clear that (c) implies (b), since $W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ can be viewed as a unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$.
To show that (b) implies (a), assume that $W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ is weakly Bekka amenable, and let $\omega$ be an $\alpha_{W_{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}}$-invariant mean. Hence, statement (a) follows from the fact that the restriction $\omega|_{L^{\infty}({{\mathbb{G}}})}$ is indeed a left invariant mean for ${{\mathbb{G}}}$.
As in the Kac case, Bekka amenability is still stronger than weak Bekka amenability in the general case.
\[prop:bekkaamen-weakbekkaamen\] Let ${{\mathbb{G}}}$ be a locally compact quantum group and $U$ be any unitary corepresentation of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$. If $U$ is Bekka amenable, then $U$ is weakly Bekka amenable.
\(a) If $U$ is Bekka amenable, then, we know that $U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}$ has the WCP. Consequently, by Theorem \[thm:wcp\](c), there exists a net of unit vectors $\{\xi_i\}\subset{\mathfrak{H}}_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}}$ such that, for any $v\in L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})$, $$\lim_i {\left\|(U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U})(\xi_i\otimes v)-\xi_i\otimes v\right\|}=\lim_i {\left\|(U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U})^*(\xi_i\otimes v)-\xi_i\otimes v\right\|}=0\ (*)$$ Then the net of the vector states $\{\omega_{\xi_i,\xi_i}\}$ has a subnet weak$^*$-convergent to some positive functional $m\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}})^*$.
For any unit vector $v\in L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})$ and $T\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}})$, one has $$\begin{aligned}
&& m[({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}}}\otimes\omega_{v,v})(\alpha_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}}(T))]\\
&=& \lim_i\omega_{\xi_i,\xi_i}[({{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_U}\otimes\omega_{v,v})(\alpha_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}}(T))]\\
&=& \lim_i\langle(T\otimes{{\rm id}}_{L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})})(U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U})^*(\xi_i\otimes v),(U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U})^*(\xi_i\otimes v)\rangle\\
&=& \lim_i\langle(T\otimes{{\rm id}}_{L^2({{\mathbb{G}}})})(\xi_i\otimes v),\xi_i\otimes v\rangle\quad(By\ Equation\,(*))\\
&=& \lim_i\omega_{\xi_i,\xi_i}(T){\left\|\xi\right\|}^2=m(T).\end{aligned}$$ Because every $\omega\in L^1({{\mathbb{G}}})$ is a linear combination of $\omega_{v,v}$’s, the equalities above imply that $m$ is an $\alpha_{U{\raisebox{.6pt}{\textcircled{\raisebox{-.5pt} {$\scriptstyle\top$}}}}\overline{U}}$-invariant mean. Define the positive functional $M$ on ${\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$ by $M(T)=m(T\otimes{{\rm id}}_{{\mathfrak{H}}_{\overline{U}}})$ for any $T\in{\mathcal{L}}({\mathfrak{H}}_U)$. Then, we can obtain weak Bekka amenability of $U$ by checking that $M$ is indeed an $\alpha_U$-invariant mean as required.
Finally, we conclude, from the results above, that for any locally compact quantum group ${{\mathbb{G}}}$, the following relation holds:
> co-amenability of ${{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}$ $\Leftrightarrow$ Bekka amenability of $\overline{W}_{{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}}$ $\Rightarrow$ Bekka amenability of $W_{{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}}$ $\Rightarrow$ weak Bekka amenability of $W_{{{\widehat{\mathbb{G}}}}}$ $\Leftrightarrow$ amenability of ${{\mathbb{G}}}$,
where “$\Leftrightarrow$" means“equal to" and “$\Rightarrow$" means “imply".
[**Acknowledgments.**]{} The author sincerely appreciates Professor Chi-Keung Ng (Nankai University) for valuable suggestions. Meanwhile, the author also thanks the referees for valuable comments which improve this paper a lot. The author are supported by the Post-doctoral Scientific Research Grant of Shandong University (1090516300002).
[99]{}
S. Baaj and G. Skandalis, *Unitaires multiplicatifs et dualité pour les produits croisés de $C^{*}$-algèbres*, Ann. scient. Éc. Norm. Sup. [**26**]{} (1993), 425-488.
E. Bédos and L. Tuset, *Amenability and co-amenability for locally compact quantum groups*, Internat. J. Math. [**14**]{} (2003), 865-884.
E. Bédos, R. Conti and L. Tuset, *On amenability and co-amenability for algebraic quantum groups and their representations*, Canad. J. Math. [**1**]{} (2005), 17-60.
M. E. B. Bekka, *Amenable unitary representation of locally compact groups*, Invent.Math. [**100**]{}(1990), 383-401.
J. Kustermans, *Locally compact quantum groups in the universal setting*, Internat. J. Math. [**12**]{} (2003), 289-338.
J. Kustermans, S. Vaes, *Locally compact quantum groups*, Ann. scient. Éc. Norm. Sup. (4) [**33**]{} (2000), 837-934.
J. Kustermans, S. Vaes, *Locally compact quantum groups in the von Neumann setting*, Math. Scand. [**92**]{} (2003), 68-92.
C.-K. Ng, *Amenability of Hopf $C^*$-algebras*, Proceedings of the 17th Operator Theory Conference (2000), 269-284.
C.K. Ng, *Amenable representations and Reiter’s property for Kac algebras*, J. Funct. Anal. [**187**]{} (2001), 163-182.
C.-K. Ng, *Examples of amenable Kac algebras*, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. [**130**]{}(2002), 2995-2998.
J.-P. Pier, *Amenable locally compact groups*, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wiley (1984).
Z.-J. Ruan, *Amenability of Hopf von Neumann algebras*, J. Funct. Anal. [**139**]{} (1996), 466-499.
T. Timmermann, *An Introduction to quantum groups and duality, from Hopf algebras to multiplicative unitaries and beyond*, EMS Publishing House, Zurich (2008).
D. Voiculescu, *Amenability and Katz algebras*, in Alg$\acute{e}$bres d’Ope$\acute{e}$rateurs et leurs Applications en Physique Math$\acute{e}$matique, N274, Colloques Internationaux C.N.R.S., 1977, 451-457.
V. Runde, *Lectures on Amenability*, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, [**1774**]{}, Springer (2002).
[^1]: Copyright 2016 by the Tusi Mathematical Research Group.
|
Solution-state 2D NMR spectroscopy of plant cell walls enabled by a dimethylsulfoxide-d6/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate solvent.
Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose and hemicellulose and the polyphenol lignin. Many current methods for analyzing the structure of lignocelluloses involve a sequential extraction of the material and subsequent analysis of the resulting fractions, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. The work presented here assesses the dissolution of whole lignocellulosic material, focusing on biomass derived from the perennial bioenergy grass Miscanthus. The solvent dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-d6 containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim]OAc) was able to dissolve lignocellulosic material completely and gave high-resolution 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR spectra of the entire array of wall polymers. Extrapolated time-zero HSQC was applied using DMSO-d6/[Emim]OAc-d14 and enabled quantitative analysis of structural traits of lignocellulose components. |
The proposed work is to generate broadly-protective influenza virus vaccines. The basic experimental approach that we will use to accomplish the goal of vaccine generation is divided into two phases. Aim 1 involves characterization of human and murine monoclonal antibodies with broad protective activity against hemagglutinins of distinct influenza virus strains. Efforts will be made to determine the precise region of binding of these broadly-protective antibodies on the hemagglutinin molecule. Aim 2 of this work will involve the design and production of novel vaccine constructs that focus immunity towards those epitopes determined to mediate broad protection. We will construct a set of novel immunogens: several will be based on conserved, continuous, polypeptidic regions of the hemagglutinin, others are based on conformational, discontinuous moieties or on chimeric hemagglutinins. The vaccination strategies will involve the use of DNA, recombinantly purified protein or purified (chimeric) virus. In collaboration with Projects 2 and 3, the vaccine constructs will be optimized by use of complementary adjuvant preparations and will be evaluated for efficacy in both mouse and in ferret models of disease. RELEVANCE (See instructions): Present influenza virus vaccines have to be newly manufactured every year because the circulating influenza virus strains are continuously changing. We are attempting to design novel universal influenza virus vaccines which would be cross-protective against different strains and thus last longer, avoiding the necessity of annual revaccinations; this will be done by first identifying cross-protective monoclonal antibodies (directed against the viral hemagglutinin) and the precise epitopes/sequences they recognize. These epitopes will then be used to guide the design of vaccine constructs which induce cross-protective immune responses against many different influenza virus variants. |
LIONEL 8 ASSORTED 1024 - O27 MANUAL SWITCHES
LIONEL 8 ASSORTED 1024 - O27 MANUAL SWITCHES...........THIS IS ORIGINAL ... .. YOU GET ALL IN THE PICTURE. ....PRIORITY SHIPPING 13.50 IN U.S. PAYMENT MUST BE RECEIVED WITHIN 10 DAYS OR AUCTION IS VOID. ... I WILL CONTACT YOU RIGHT AFTER THE AUCTION. SEE MY OTHER AUCTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL ITEMS...I COMBINE ORDERS TO SAVE ON SHIPPING. |
Beavers are famous for their buckteeth and large, flat tails. These two well-known features aid beavers in their lives from day to day.
The beaver’s teeth never stop growing. Chewing on tree trunks and branches helps keep the teeth from getting too long. A beaver’s front teeth stick out in front of their lips. That way, beavers can cut and chew underwater wood without getting water in their mouths. Beavers have a coating on their teeth that contains iron, which helps prevent tooth decay.
A beaver’s paddle-shaped tail is black and scaly. In water, it functions like a boat rudder, helping steer the beaver as it moves logs to its dam.
Beavers are builders! They spend much of their time building and maintaining their houses: dams and lodges—large dome-shaped piles of branches in lakes, rivers and larger streams. Beavers access their lodges through underwater entrances, which lead into dry living areas.
As the colder months approach, they spread a thin layer of mud on top of the lodge to keep out any predators, such as lynx and wolves. If a beaver feels threatened, it will slap its tail on the surface of the water to warn other beavers in the area, then it will dive deep underwater to stay safe.
Beavers can be found around lakes and streams all over Canada. In the past, beavers were over-hunted for their fur and meat, threatening the population. They have come back, however, thanks to wetland rehabilitation and other conservation efforts.
Fast Facts: Beaver
Scientific name: Castor canadensis
Average size: 74 to 90 centimetres
Average weight: Can weigh up to 32 kilograms
Super Swimmers
Beavers have clear membranes over their eyes that help them to see underwater, like goggles.
Record Holder
The world’s longest beaver dam is found in Alberta’s Wood Buffalo National Park and measures 850 metres. Dams usually average about 100 metres in length.
National Symbol
The beaver was made an official emblem of Canada in 1975 in recognition of the importance of the fur trade.
Did you know?
The beaver has long been an animal of importance to First Nations in North America, and beaver pelts formed the basis of trade with European settlers starting in the 1530s. |
If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
April 23, 2019
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 340034
Sanilac Circuit Court
JASON DOUGLAS NELSON, LC No. 17-007643-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: MURRAY, C.J., and SAWYER and REDFORD, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his conviction by jury of assault with a dangerous weapon
(felonious assault), MCL 750.82. The trial court sentenced defendant to 180 days in jail, of
which 135 days were held in abeyance pending his successful completion of 12 months of
probation. Six months after sentencing defendant moved for a new trial on the ground that his
constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury was violated because his former wife’s
marriage counselor was seated on his jury. Following an evidentiary hearing, which included
testimony from the juror and defendant in which the trial court found the juror to be a very
credible witness, the trial court denied defendant’s motion, concluding that defendant had not
suffered actual prejudice because no evidence established that the juror was biased. We affirm.
The prosecution charged defendant of feloniously assaulting the boyfriend of his ex-
wife’s daughter from a previous relationship. During jury selection, the trial court asked the
prospective jurors whether they knew any of the parties associated with the case. Because
defendant’s ex-wife was not a witness, the trial court did not include her name. Juror No. 11
stated that he believed he knew defendant’s parents from school, and defendant stated, “That’s
probably the case . . . . I don’t know [Juror No. 11] himself.” The prosecution later asked Juror
No. 11 if he had “ever actually met” defendant to which he responded, “Not that I know of.”
Juror No. 11 was seated on the jury.
During opening statement, to provide context concerning the relationship between the
witnesses and defendant, the prosecution explained that defendant and his ex-wife, who the
-1-
prosecution identified by name, went through a contentious divorce. After the parties rested their
cases and before the jury began deliberations, the trial court instructed them to:
use your own common sense and general knowledge in weighing and judging the
evidence but you should not use any personal knowledge you may have about a
place, person or event. To repeat once more, you must decide this case based
only on the evidence admitted during the trial.
The jury found defendant guilty.
In February 2018, six months after his conviction and sentencing, defendant submitted an
affidavit in support of his motion for a new trial in which he stated that he and his ex-wife
attended a 30- to 40-minute marriage counseling session with Juror No. 11 during 2013, in which
his ex-wife said that defendant assaulted her during their marriage. Defendant stated that in
response, Juror No. 11 called defendant a “woman beater” which led to a heated argument and
exchange of profanities between defendant and Juror No. 11 before defendant and his ex-wife
left the session. Defendant explained in his affidavit that not until after he left the courthouse on
the day in June 2017 of his trial did he realize that he knew Juror No. 11.
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing, at which Juror No. 11 testified that he “did not
remember knowing” defendant and that he “wasn’t sure all through the trial that [he] actually
met with” defendant. Juror No. 11 explained that when he heard defendant’s ex-wife’s name,
“it’s like a light came on,” and he remembered that he had several counseling sessions with her.
However, he “did not remember” whether he met with defendant. Juror No. 11 testified that he
did not disclose that he had been defendant’s ex-wife’s marriage counselor because he had
concerns that a privilege precluded him from disclosing the information. The trial court asked
Juror No. 11 whether he had any bias against defendant as a result of his counseling sessions
with defendant’s ex-wife. Juror No. 11 responded, “there was no prejudice in that sense.” Juror
No. 11 explained, “In my dealings with [defendant’s ex-wife], if anything, I had compassion
about [defendant].” He testified:
once I knew that I could have talked with [defendant], I made sure that I kept my
opinions and my mouth shut during the deliberations because I did not want to
prejudice the rest of the people in any way[,] shape[,] or form because of what
little knowledge I had of [defendant], which was—I didn’t remember him.
Defendant testified that he did not recognize Juror No. 11 during the trial because he was
“focused on everything else” and that he did not tell the trial court that he knew Juror No. 11 at
the sentencing hearing based on his attorney’s advice. The trial court concluded that it could not
“find, in any way, that . . . [Juror No. 11] was biased or prejudiced or that defendant was denied a
fair trial . . . .” Therefore, the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial.
Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by finding that Juror No. 11
lacked partiality and that defendant did not suffer actual prejudice because of his presence on the
jury. We disagree.
We review for clear error a trial court’s findings of fact regarding a juror’s qualifications.
People v Miller, 482 Mich 540, 544; 759 NW2d 850 (2008). “Clear error exists if the reviewing
-2-
court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quotation
marks and citation omitted). We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s denial of a
motion for a new trial. Id. A trial court’s decision constitutes an abuse of discretion only when
it appears that it chose an outcome falling outside the range of principled outcomes. Id.
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury. US Const
Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. Jurors are presumed to be impartial, and the party alleging
disqualification bears the burden of proving that a juror was partial or that reasonable doubt
exists regarding the juror’s impartiality. Miller, 482 Mich at 550. The impaneling of a jury is
governed by MCR 2.511, which allows excusing jurors either for cause or through peremptory
challenges. MCR 2.511(D) provides, in relevant part, that a potential juror may be challenged
for cause when he or she “(2) is biased for or against a party or attorney; [or] (3) shows a state of
mind that will prevent the person from rendering a just verdict[.]” Further, under MCL
600.1337, if the trial court finds that a potential juror is not qualified, the court must discharge
that person from jury service. MCL 600.1354(1), however, provides in relevant part as follows:
Failure to comply with the provisions of this chapter shall not . . . affect
the validity of a jury verdict unless the party . . . claiming invalidity has made
timely objection and . . . demonstrates actual prejudice to his cause and unless the
noncompliance is substantial.
“A juror’s failure to disclose information that the juror should have disclosed is only
prejudicial if it denied the defendant an impartial jury.” Miller, 482 Mich at 548. In Miller, our
Supreme Court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the defendant’s
motion for a new trial because the defendant offered no evidence that the juror lacked
impartiality or that the defendant suffered actual prejudice. Id. at 552-553. The Court explained
that there existed “no evidence that this juror improperly affected any other jurors.” Id. at 554.
In this case, despite defendant’s assertion that it would have been impossible for Juror
No. 11 to serve as an impartial juror, he failed to present any evidence to establish Juror No. 11’s
partiality. Juror No. 11 testified that he intended to “rule fairly,” that he focused on the trial and
“not what [he] did as a counselor,” and that “what [he] perceived of [defendant he] learned
through the trial.” Further, Juror No. 11’s testimony demonstrated that he did not attempt to
improperly influence or persuade the other jurors during deliberations. This testimony was
buttressed by the affidavit testimony of another juror who served on the defendant’s jury. He
testified that no juror provided any outside information regarding defendant and the only
evidence that the jury considered regarding the case was evidence presented during the trial.
In People v Rose, 289 Mich App 499, 529; 808 NW2d 301 (2010), this Court considered
the issue of juror bias in relation to a juror’s failure to disclose during jury selection that he knew
some of the victim’s relatives. During the trial, the juror alerted the trial court that he might have
known a potential witness from junior high school. In denying the defendant’s motion for a new
trial, the trial court concluded that the defendant lacked entitlement to “relief on the basis of a
juror’s limited knowledge of a single witness . . . who did not actually testify at trial.” Id. at 504.
The potential jurors were not asked whether they knew the particular witness and “[a]ccordingly,
there was no evidence that the juror misled the court when he denied knowing any of the
potential witnesses.” Id. at 530. The defendant failed to establish the juror’s impartiality or “the
-3-
prejudice required in order to warrant a new trial on the basis of [the juror’s] failure to
spontaneously bring up the fact that he knew some members of [the victim’s] family before the
trial began.” Id. at 531. Therefore, this Court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it denied the defendant’s motion for a new trial. Id.
In this case, as in Rose, the trial court did not ask prospective jurors if they knew
defendant’s ex-wife. She was not identified as a witness nor did she testify at trial. The record
does not support a finding that Juror No. 11 misled the court by not disclosing that he previously
served as defendant’s ex-wife’s marriage counselor, and the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by denying defendant’s motion for a new trial on the basis that Juror No. 11 failed to
spontaneously disclose that he knew defendant’s ex-wife.
In reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact for clear error, “regard shall be given to the
special opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses who appeared
before it.” MCR 2.613(C). A trial court’s findings constitute clear error only “if the reviewing
court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Miller, 482 Mich
at 544 (quotation marks and citation omitted). In this case, the trial court found “no evidence
showing that [Juror No. 11 had] any interest in helping or hurting [defendant],” and it found him
“to be a very credible and believable witness, together with having no motive to say anything
that’s not true.” Further, the trial court instructed the jury to rely only on the evidence that was
presented, and to not take into account any personal knowledge they may have had about the
parties or the facts of the case. “It is well established that jurors are presumed to follow their
instructions.” People v Graves, 458 Mich 476, 486; 581 NW2d 229 (1998). Nothing in the
record warrants concluding that Juror No. 11 failed to follow the instructions provided by the
trial court.
The record contains no evidence that Juror No. 11 lacked impartiality and no evidence
establishes that defendant suffered actual prejudice because of Juror No. 11’s presence on the
jury. The trial court did not clearly err in finding that defendant failed to carry his burden.
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s motion for a new
trial.
Affirmed.
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ James Robert Redford
-4-
|
Identification of amylase inhibitor deficient mutants in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millisp.).
We have developed and analyzed several mutant lines (M6 generation) of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) for the content of defensive proteins and antinutritional factors. Inhibitors of proteinase and of amylase, lectins, and raffinose family oligosaccharides were analyzed in mature seeds of different pigeonpea accessions (untreated) and compared with mutant lines. Proteinase inhibitor profiles were similar in terms of number and intensities of activity bands but they differ marginally in the activity units in pigeonpea accessions and mutants. Pigeonpea mutants showed significant differences in amylase inhibitor profiles as well as activity units from those of pigeonpea accessions. Interestingly, two mutants (A6-5-1 and A7-3-2) were identified to have absence of amylase inhibitor isoforms. Hemagglutinating activity and raffinose family oligosaccharides content were found to be significantly higher in mutants than in accessions. It is evident from the results that proteinase inhibitors of pigeonpea are stable while amylase inhibitors, lectins, and raffinose family oligosaccharides show altered expression upon mutagen treatments. These mutants will be ideal candidates for further evaluation. |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package androidx.wear.widget;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.res.Resources;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.MotionEvent;
import android.view.VelocityTracker;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewConfiguration;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.FrameLayout;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.annotation.RestrictTo;
import androidx.annotation.RestrictTo.Scope;
import androidx.annotation.UiThread;
/**
* Special layout that finishes its activity when swiped away.
*
* <p>This is a modified copy of the internal framework class
* com.android.internal.widget.SwipeDismissLayout.
*
* @hide
*/
@RestrictTo(Scope.LIBRARY)
@UiThread
class SwipeDismissLayout extends FrameLayout {
private static final String TAG = "SwipeDismissLayout";
public static final float DEFAULT_DISMISS_DRAG_WIDTH_RATIO = .33f;
// A value between 0.0 and 1.0 determining the percentage of the screen on the left-hand-side
// where edge swipe gestures are permitted to begin.
private static final float EDGE_SWIPE_THRESHOLD = 0.1f;
/** Called when the layout is about to consider a swipe. */
@UiThread
interface OnPreSwipeListener {
/**
* Notifies listeners that the view is now considering to start a dismiss gesture from a
* particular point on the screen. The default implementation returns true for all
* coordinates so that is is possible to start a swipe-to-dismiss gesture from any location.
* If any one instance of this Callback returns false for a given set of coordinates,
* swipe-to-dismiss will not be allowed to start in that point.
*
* @param xDown the x coordinate of the initial {@link android.view.MotionEvent#ACTION_DOWN}
* event for this motion
* @param yDown the y coordinate of the initial {@link android.view.MotionEvent#ACTION_DOWN}
* event for this motion
* @return {@code true} if these coordinates should be considered as a start of a swipe
* gesture, {@code false} otherwise
*/
boolean onPreSwipe(SwipeDismissLayout swipeDismissLayout, float xDown, float yDown);
}
/**
* Interface enabling listeners to react to when the swipe gesture is done and the view should
* probably be dismissed from the UI.
*/
@UiThread
interface OnDismissedListener {
void onDismissed(SwipeDismissLayout layout);
}
/**
* Interface enabling listeners to react to changes in the progress of the swipe-to-dismiss
* gesture.
*/
@UiThread
interface OnSwipeProgressChangedListener {
/**
* Called when the layout has been swiped and the position of the window should change.
*
* @param layout the layout associated with this listener.
* @param progress a number in [0, 1] representing how far to the right the window has
* been swiped
* @param translate a number in [0, w], where w is the width of the layout. This is
* equivalent to progress * layout.getWidth()
*/
void onSwipeProgressChanged(SwipeDismissLayout layout, float progress, float translate);
/**
* Called when the layout started to be swiped away but then the gesture was canceled.
*
* @param layout the layout associated with this listener
*/
void onSwipeCanceled(SwipeDismissLayout layout);
}
// Cached ViewConfiguration and system-wide constant values
private int mSlop;
private int mMinFlingVelocity;
private float mGestureThresholdPx;
// Transient properties
private int mActiveTouchId;
private float mDownX;
private float mDownY;
private boolean mSwipeable;
private boolean mSwiping;
// This variable holds information about whether the initial move of a longer swipe
// (consisting of multiple move events) has conformed to the definition of a horizontal
// swipe-to-dismiss. A swipe gesture is only ever allowed to be recognized if this variable is
// set to true. Otherwise, the motion events will be allowed to propagate to the children.
private boolean mCanStartSwipe = true;
private boolean mDismissed;
private boolean mDiscardIntercept;
private VelocityTracker mVelocityTracker;
private float mTranslationX;
private boolean mDisallowIntercept;
@Nullable
private OnPreSwipeListener mOnPreSwipeListener;
private OnDismissedListener mDismissedListener;
private OnSwipeProgressChangedListener mProgressListener;
private float mLastX;
private float mDismissMinDragWidthRatio = DEFAULT_DISMISS_DRAG_WIDTH_RATIO;
SwipeDismissLayout(Context context) {
this(context, null);
}
SwipeDismissLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
this(context, attrs, 0);
}
SwipeDismissLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle) {
this(context, attrs, defStyle, 0);
}
SwipeDismissLayout(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyle, int defStyleRes) {
super(context, attrs, defStyle, defStyleRes);
ViewConfiguration vc = ViewConfiguration.get(context);
mSlop = vc.getScaledTouchSlop();
mMinFlingVelocity = vc.getScaledMinimumFlingVelocity();
mGestureThresholdPx =
Resources.getSystem().getDisplayMetrics().widthPixels * EDGE_SWIPE_THRESHOLD;
// By default, the view is swipeable.
setSwipeable(true);
}
/**
* Sets the minimum ratio of the screen after which the swipe gesture is treated as swipe-to-
* dismiss.
*
* @param ratio the ratio of the screen at which the swipe gesture is treated as
* swipe-to-dismiss. should be provided as a fraction of the screen
*/
public void setDismissMinDragWidthRatio(float ratio) {
mDismissMinDragWidthRatio = ratio;
}
/**
* Returns the current ratio of te screen at which the swipe gesture is treated as
* swipe-to-dismiss.
*
* @return the current ratio of te screen at which the swipe gesture is treated as
* swipe-to-dismiss
*/
public float getDismissMinDragWidthRatio() {
return mDismissMinDragWidthRatio;
}
/**
* Sets the layout to swipeable or not. This effectively turns the functionality of this layout
* on or off.
*
* @param swipeable whether the layout should react to the swipe gesture
*/
public void setSwipeable(boolean swipeable) {
mSwipeable = swipeable;
}
/** Returns true if the layout reacts to swipe gestures. */
public boolean isSwipeable() {
return mSwipeable;
}
void setOnPreSwipeListener(@Nullable OnPreSwipeListener listener) {
mOnPreSwipeListener = listener;
}
void setOnDismissedListener(@Nullable OnDismissedListener listener) {
mDismissedListener = listener;
}
void setOnSwipeProgressChangedListener(@Nullable OnSwipeProgressChangedListener listener) {
mProgressListener = listener;
}
@Override
public void requestDisallowInterceptTouchEvent(boolean disallowIntercept) {
mDisallowIntercept = disallowIntercept;
if (getParent() != null) {
getParent().requestDisallowInterceptTouchEvent(disallowIntercept);
}
}
@Override
public boolean onInterceptTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
if (!mSwipeable) {
return super.onInterceptTouchEvent(ev);
}
// offset because the view is translated during swipe
ev.offsetLocation(mTranslationX, 0);
switch (ev.getActionMasked()) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
resetMembers();
mDownX = ev.getRawX();
mDownY = ev.getRawY();
mActiveTouchId = ev.getPointerId(0);
mVelocityTracker = VelocityTracker.obtain();
mVelocityTracker.addMovement(ev);
break;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_DOWN:
int actionIndex = ev.getActionIndex();
mActiveTouchId = ev.getPointerId(actionIndex);
break;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_UP:
actionIndex = ev.getActionIndex();
int pointerId = ev.getPointerId(actionIndex);
if (pointerId == mActiveTouchId) {
// This was our active pointer going up. Choose a new active pointer.
int newActionIndex = actionIndex == 0 ? 1 : 0;
mActiveTouchId = ev.getPointerId(newActionIndex);
}
break;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL:
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
resetMembers();
break;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
if (mVelocityTracker == null || mDiscardIntercept) {
break;
}
int pointerIndex = ev.findPointerIndex(mActiveTouchId);
if (pointerIndex == -1) {
Log.e(TAG, "Invalid pointer index: ignoring.");
mDiscardIntercept = true;
break;
}
float dx = ev.getRawX() - mDownX;
float x = ev.getX(pointerIndex);
float y = ev.getY(pointerIndex);
if (dx != 0 && mDownX >= mGestureThresholdPx && canScroll(this, false, dx, x, y)) {
mDiscardIntercept = true;
break;
}
updateSwiping(ev);
break;
}
if ((mOnPreSwipeListener == null && !mDisallowIntercept)
|| mOnPreSwipeListener.onPreSwipe(this, mDownX, mDownY)) {
return (!mDiscardIntercept && mSwiping);
}
return false;
}
@Override
public boolean canScrollHorizontally(int direction) {
// This view can only be swiped horizontally from left to right - this means a negative
// SCROLLING direction. We return false if the view is not visible to avoid capturing swipe
// gestures when the view is hidden.
return direction < 0 && isSwipeable() && getVisibility() == View.VISIBLE;
}
/**
* Helper function determining if a particular move gesture was verbose enough to qualify as a
* beginning of a swipe.
*
* @param dx distance traveled in the x direction, from the initial touch down
* @param dy distance traveled in the y direction, from the initial touch down
* @return {@code true} if the gesture was long enough to be considered a potential swipe
*/
private boolean isPotentialSwipe(float dx, float dy) {
return (dx * dx) + (dy * dy) > mSlop * mSlop;
}
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
if (!mSwipeable) {
return super.onTouchEvent(ev);
}
if (mVelocityTracker == null) {
return super.onTouchEvent(ev);
}
if (mOnPreSwipeListener != null && !mOnPreSwipeListener.onPreSwipe(this, mDownX, mDownY)) {
return super.onTouchEvent(ev);
}
// offset because the view is translated during swipe
ev.offsetLocation(mTranslationX, 0);
switch (ev.getActionMasked()) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP:
updateDismiss(ev);
if (mDismissed) {
dismiss();
} else if (mSwiping) {
cancel();
}
resetMembers();
break;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL:
cancel();
resetMembers();
break;
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
mVelocityTracker.addMovement(ev);
mLastX = ev.getRawX();
updateSwiping(ev);
if (mSwiping) {
setProgress(ev.getRawX() - mDownX);
break;
}
}
return true;
}
private void setProgress(float deltaX) {
mTranslationX = deltaX;
if (mProgressListener != null && deltaX >= 0) {
mProgressListener.onSwipeProgressChanged(this, deltaX / getWidth(), deltaX);
}
}
private void dismiss() {
if (mDismissedListener != null) {
mDismissedListener.onDismissed(this);
}
}
private void cancel() {
if (mProgressListener != null) {
mProgressListener.onSwipeCanceled(this);
}
}
/** Resets internal members when canceling or finishing a given gesture. */
private void resetMembers() {
if (mVelocityTracker != null) {
mVelocityTracker.recycle();
}
mVelocityTracker = null;
mTranslationX = 0;
mDownX = 0;
mDownY = 0;
mSwiping = false;
mDismissed = false;
mDiscardIntercept = false;
mCanStartSwipe = true;
mDisallowIntercept = false;
}
private void updateSwiping(MotionEvent ev) {
if (!mSwiping) {
float deltaX = ev.getRawX() - mDownX;
float deltaY = ev.getRawY() - mDownY;
if (isPotentialSwipe(deltaX, deltaY)) {
// There are three conditions on which we want want to start swiping:
// 1. The swipe is from left to right AND
// 2. It is horizontal AND
// 3. We actually can start swiping
mSwiping = mCanStartSwipe && Math.abs(deltaY) < Math.abs(deltaX) && deltaX > 0;
mCanStartSwipe = mSwiping;
}
}
}
private void updateDismiss(MotionEvent ev) {
float deltaX = ev.getRawX() - mDownX;
mVelocityTracker.addMovement(ev);
mVelocityTracker.computeCurrentVelocity(1000);
if (!mDismissed) {
if ((deltaX > (getWidth() * mDismissMinDragWidthRatio) && ev.getRawX() >= mLastX)
|| mVelocityTracker.getXVelocity() >= mMinFlingVelocity) {
mDismissed = true;
}
}
// Check if the user tried to undo this.
if (mDismissed && mSwiping) {
// Check if the user's finger is actually flinging back to left
if (mVelocityTracker.getXVelocity() < -mMinFlingVelocity) {
mDismissed = false;
}
}
}
/**
* Tests scrollability within child views of v in the direction of dx.
*
* @param v view to test for horizontal scrollability
* @param checkV whether the view v passed should itself be checked for scrollability
* ({@code true}), or just its children ({@code false})
* @param dx delta scrolled in pixels. Only the sign of this is used
* @param x x coordinate of the active touch point
* @param y y coordinate of the active touch point
* @return {@code true} if child views of v can be scrolled by delta of dx
*/
protected boolean canScroll(View v, boolean checkV, float dx, float x, float y) {
if (v instanceof ViewGroup) {
final ViewGroup group = (ViewGroup) v;
final int scrollX = v.getScrollX();
final int scrollY = v.getScrollY();
final int count = group.getChildCount();
for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
final View child = group.getChildAt(i);
if (x + scrollX >= child.getLeft()
&& x + scrollX < child.getRight()
&& y + scrollY >= child.getTop()
&& y + scrollY < child.getBottom()
&& canScroll(
child, true, dx, x + scrollX - child.getLeft(),
y + scrollY - child.getTop())) {
return true;
}
}
}
return checkV && v.canScrollHorizontally((int) -dx);
}
}
|
load("//tools/scripts:openocd.bzl", "openocd_flash")
openocd_flash(
name = "breakout_flash",
artifact = "//clock:clock_flash_artifact",
target = "/usr/share/openocd/scripts/target/stm32l1.cfg"
)
|
Poland's conservative president Andrzej Duda called for stationing NATO military bases in eastern Europe during his visit to Estonia on Sunday.
At a press-conference during Duda's visit to Tallin, Poland's head of state said he expects the allied forces to be present at NATO's actual border, which would be fair and rightful from a historical point of view.
"The allied forces should be present at NATO's actual frontiers. That's my offer, and our partners should consider it. It would not only be rightful from the historical point of view but also fair", Duda stressed.
Duda's visit to Estonia marks the beginning of his campaign aimed at pressuring NATO to place permanent bases on the eastern flank of the alliance.
Estonian leader Hendrik Ilves officially supported Duda in his hopes to see the reinforcement of NATO's presence in eastern Europe.
"I said it and I'll say it again. If our security is guaranteed, it may deter someone from the potential aggression", Ilves said at a conference, implying the alleged "Russian threat".
Duda also plans to visit London, New-York and Berlin, despite Germany's fear of heightening the tension between Europe and Russia.
NATO has been building up in Eastern Europe since Crimea's March 2014 reunification with Russia, in response to what it calls the "aggressive" foreign policy by Moscow.
Russia has repeatedly stated that the bloc's increased activities near its borders undermine regional and international stability. |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to biomedical devices, and more particularly relates to a polyurethane of high stability to body fluids which are suitable for long term implants.
2. Background of the Invention
Extensive investigations have been undertaken over many years to find materials that will be biologically and chemically stable toward body fluids. This area of research has become increasingly important with the development of various objects and articles which can be in contact with blood or other body fluids, such as artificial organs, vascular grafts, probes, cannulas, catheters and the like. Biostability is particularly important for articles intended for long term contact with the body environment.
Synthetic plastics are preferred materials for such articles. Polyurethanes in particular possess an outstanding balance of physical and mechanical properties and superior blood compatibility compared to other polymers such as silicone rubber, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and perfluorinated polymers. As a result, they have come to the fore as the preferred polymeric biomaterials for fabrication of various medical device components. Some important device applications for polyurethanes include peripheral and central venous catheters, coatings for heart pacemaker leads and the Jarvik heart.
Polyurethanes are synthesized from three basic components, a polyisocyanate, a polyglycol and an extender, usually a low molecular weight diol, diamine, aminoalcohol or water. If the extender is a diol, the polyurethane consists entirely of urethane linkages. If the extender is water, aminoalcohol or a diamine, both urethane and urea linkages are present and the polyurethane is more accurately and conventionally termed a polyurethaneurea. In the present disclosure, polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas are generically referred to as polyurethanes.
Polyurethanes are known to develop microdomains conventionally termed hard segments and soft segments, and as a result are often referred to as segmented polyurethanes. The hard segments form by localization of the portions of the polymer molecules which include the isocyanate and extender components and are generally of high crystallinity. The soft segments form from the polyglycol portions of the polymer chains and generally are either noncrystalline or of low crystallinity. Crystallinity and hard segment content are important contributing factors to polymer properties. A discussion of the effect of structure on the stability of polyurethanes has been presented by Lemm in Polyurethanes in Biomedical Engineering, H. Planck et al., ed., Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1984, p 103.
The usual polyglycols for polyurethane synthesis are polyetherglycols and polyester lycols. It is, however, well-known that both of these classes of polyglycol soft segment components are subject to degradation in the body environment and may not be suitable for biomedical applications. On one hand, segmented polyurethanes produced from polyester diol soft segments may be subject to rapid hydrolysis of the ester functional group. On the other hand, polyurethanes produced with polyether diol soft segment have been reported to undergo extensive oxidative degradation. It is therefore desirable to eliminate these functional groups during the initial design of a potentially biostable polyurethane, and various disclosures have been directed to polyurethanes having other soft segments. Thus, Coury et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,308 discloses polyurethanes in which the soft segment is a hydrocarbon diol. Likewise, Murai et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,691 discloses polyurethanes in which the soft segment is a polycarbonate diol.
A second problem with respect to use of polymers for biomedical devices is the thrombogenic potential of polymeric surfaces in contact with blood. Thrombogenicity has conventionally been counteracted by the use of anticoagulents such as heparin. Various procedures for attachment of heparin to otherwise thrombogenic surfaces have been disclosed. Eriksson et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,634,123 discloses steeping a plastic surface sequentially in a solution of a cationic surface active agent and an aqueous solution of heparin to ionically bond the heparin. Improvements in the surface active agent method have been disclosed by Eriksson in U.S. Pat. No. 3,810,781, by Williams et al. in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,349,467 and 4,613,517 and by Hu et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,870.
Ferruti et al. disclose the heparin binding capacity of crosslinked polyamidoamines prepared by reacting diamines with bis acryloylpiperazines (Biomaterials, 218 (1983). Azzuoli et al., in Biomaterials 8,61 (1987) coats a polyurethane with a diisocyanate, and reacts the diisocyanate with the polyamidoamine of Ferruti et al. supra. The grafted polyamidoamine is then protonated and treated with a heparin salt.
Covalent bonding of aldehyde-actuated heparin to an amine rich polyurethane surface is disclosed by Solomon et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,521,564.
While the above disclosures have improved materials for biomedical devices, further improvements, in particular long term stability are needed. The present invention is directed to fulfilling this need. |
Even though building with LEGO has now become his day job, it’s wonderful that Mark still finds time to churn out awesome creations of his own at home. As to this creation in particular, that’s one big freakin’ gun! The canopies on the shoulder work very well, and the well-proportioned limbs make mecha-building look easier than it actually is.
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8 comments on “The Confessor comes for sinners’ souls”
I find it odd that they can make such wonderful MOCs and yet the design of many lego sets is lacking. But I guess if they made the awesome all the time, the lego sets would be all $200 , because they need to be underdesigned and flimsy because they can’t use too many parts to keep the price down. Even still, they show more talent than what we end up getting in the box.
Exxos: I actually had the opportunity to speak with Mark about this once. I think he has mentioned that sets can be several times more elaborate than they end up being, and that’s a fault (and a necessity) of those above them. Several factors such as keeping the number or type of bricks to a minimum, and keeping the new molds to a minimum, all while keeping the set looking beefy and worth the cash the consumer is paying leads to the severe cutting down of sets. It’s not a fault of the designers at all, but one of practicality and cost-effectiveness.
That being said, this is an awesome MOC. For some reason I can’t help but feel I have seen this before (and not just on Young Spacers), was this a V.2 of something made within the past year? |
Light valves have been known for over sixty years for modulation of light. As used herein, a light valve may be described as a cell formed of two walls that are spaced apart by a small distance, at least one wall being transparent, the walls having electrodes thereon usually in the form of transparent electrically conductive coatings. The cell contains a light-modulating element (sometimes herein referred to as an "activatable material"), which may be either a liquid suspension of particles or a plastic film in which droplets of a liquid suspension of particles are distributed.
The liquid suspension (sometimes herein referred to as "a liquid light valve suspension") comprises small particles suspended in a liquid suspending medium. In the absence of an applied electrical field, the particles in the liquid suspension assume random positions due to Brownian movement, and hence a beam of light passing into the cell is reflected, transmitted or absorbed, depending upon the cell structure, the nature and concentration of the particles and the energy content of the light. The light valve is thus relatively dark in the OFF state. However, when an electric field is applied through the liquid light valve suspension in the light valve, the particles become aligned and for many suspensions most of the light can pass through the cell. The light valve is thus relatively transparent in the ON state. Light valves of the type described herein are also known as "suspended particle devices" or "SPDs".
Light valves have been proposed for use in numerous applications including e.g., alphanumeric displays and television displays; filters for lamps, cameras, optical fibers and for displays; and windows, sunroofs, sunvisors, eyeglasses, goggles and mirrors and the like to control the amount of light passing therethrough or reflected therefrom as the case may be. Examples of windows, without limitation, include architectural windows for commercial buildings, greenhouses and residences, windows for automotive vehicles, boats, trains, planes and spacecraft, windows for doors including peepholes, and windows for appliances such as ovens and refrigerators including compartments thereof.
For many applications, it is preferable for the activatable material, i.e. the light modulating element, to be a plastic film rather than a liquid suspension. For example, in a light valve used as a variable light transmission window, a plastic film, in which droplets of liquid suspension are distributed, is preferable to a liquid suspension alone because hydrostatic pressure effects e.g., bulging associated with a high column of liquid suspension can be avoided through use of a film, and the risk of possible leakage can also be avoided. Another advantage of using a plastic film is that, in a plastic film, the particles are generally present only within very small droplets and, hence, do not noticeably agglomerate when the film is repeatedly activated with a voltage.
A "light valve film" as used herein refers to a film having droplets of a liquid suspension of particles distributed in the film or in part of the film.
Light valve films made by cross-linking emulsions are known. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,491, 5,463,492 and 5,728,251 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/941,599, now U.S. Pat No. 6,081,272, all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention. All of the above patents and patent applications and any other patents and references cited therein or elsewhere herein are incorporated into this application by reference thereto. |
Category: Uncategorized
Caelob O’Neill 19 years who was missing from Stradbally, County Laois has been located safe and well.
Gardaí are seeking the public’s assistance in tracing the whereabouts of 19 year old Caelob O’Neill missing from Stradbally, County Laois since Monday 5th September 2016.
Caelob was last seen at the Charlie Chaplin Campsite, Electric Picnic on Monday morning 5th September 2016 shortly after 9am. Caelob is described as being 5’10” in height, of medium build with short brown hair and brown eyes. When last seen Caelob was wearing a black jacket, dark navy bottoms, a multi coloured t shirt, Dunlop wellingtons and light coloured waterproofs.
Caelob’s family and Gardaí are concerned for his welfare and anyone with information is asked to contact Portlaoise Garda Station on 057 8674122, The Garda Confidential Line, 1800 666111 or any Garda Station.
Gardaí are seeking the public’s assistance in tracing the whereabouts of 17 year old Paul Long, missing from his home on Colepark Road, Ballyfermot since Sunday evening 1st May, 2016.
Paul was last seen when he left his home on Sunday evening at about 7p.m. 1st May, 2016. Paul is described as being 6ft 1′ in height, medium build, blue eyes and blonde hair cut short. When last seen he was wearing a black north face jacket with black track suit bottoms and yellow adiddas runners.
Gardaí are concerned for Paul’s welfare and anyone with information are asked to contact Ballyfermot Garda Station on 01 – 6667200, The Garda Confidential Line, 1800 666111 or any Garda Station.
A man, 32 years, discovered at an apartment complex on Upper High Street, Killarney, County Kerry on Sunday 6th of March 2016 with serious injuries, was pronounced dead at Cork University Hospital this afternoon, Thursday 10th March 2016.
Gardaí also discovered the body of an 11-month-old baby boy after being called to an incident at the apartment complex on the 6th March 2016. The baby was treated at the scene by emergency services personnel but pronounced dead a short time later. The Assistant State Pathologist, Dr. Bolster, carried out a preliminary examination at the scene.
An incident room has been established at Killarney Garda Station and a Garda Family Liaison Officer has been appointed in the case. Members from the Garda Technical Bureau examined the scene.
Investigating Gardaí continue to appeal for witnesses. They are particularly appealing to anyone who was in the vicinity of Park Place Apartments between 1pm and 6pm yesterday evening (6/3/2016) to contact them. Anyone with information is asked to contact Killarney Garda Station 064-6671160, the Garda Confidential Line 1800 666 111 or any Garda Station. |
Jayco Announces Its Move Into The Park Trailer Market With The New Jay Flight Bungalow™
Jayco’s new Park Trailer is Perfect for Extended Getaways
Jayco®, maker of America’s Most Liveable RVs™, has unveiled the Jay Flight Bungalow™, the new park trailer that allows you to take your home with you to your favorite vacation spot. The Bungalow’s spacious and comfortable living space is ideal for a long-term springtime or summer stay at the lake or in the mountains.
The Bungalow park trailer is more permanent and home-like than a traditional RV but less expensive than on-site building. Because the Bungalow is a travel trailer, it’s easy to move from a summer in the mountains to a winter by the sea. |
Hennepin County Public Health is investigating an illness outbreak among people who were on Lake Minnetonka over the Fourth of July holiday.
Public Health Epidemiology Manager Dave Johnson says more than 100 people have called to report vomiting or diarrhea after being on the lake in recent days, especially in the Big Island area. The department has confirmed about 30 cases of illness.
"I would say that the symptoms are consistent with a water or food exposure and so we've been interviewing the ill persons to evaluate all potential exposures," Johnson said. "So we're asking them about, were they in the water, were they swimming, did they potentially accidentally ingest some water."
Johnson said the county does not yet know how many cases of illness are connected to an exposure on Lake Minnetonka.
A few people have reported seeking medical care for dehydration. "Some have reported needing to get fluids intravenously which is consistent with vomiting and diarrhea, sometimes people can get dehydrated in those situations," Johnson said.
The Minnesota Department of Health is running tests to identify the pathogen causing the illness, and Johnson said results are expected later this week.
Hennepin County is testing the lake water for pathogens.
Johnson said there have been similar outbreaks of illness related to Lake Minnetonka in the past. The most recent he could recall was in 2013, when three people became ill from E. coli bacteria in the water, according the Health Department records. |
Introduction
============
Life science databases play a crucial role in the organization of scientific knowledge in the life science domain. The vastity and complexity of the life sciences require the presence of 'knowledge brokers' who identify, organize and structure information derived from experimental results and extracted from the literature. This important role is played by database curators, who act as intermediary between the producers of the knowledge (experimental scientist) and its consumers.
This important role requires highly-skilled individuals who have the biological expertise needed to recognize the crucial information that has to be inserted in a specific database. The complexity of the task, and the specific competences required, cannot be fully replaced by automated systems, if the aim is to obtain the same quality of results.
Nevertheless, it is becoming increasingly clear that this traditional approach cannot possibly cope with the deluge of new information being created by experimental scientists. PubMed, the reference repository of biomedical literature, at present contains \>25 million bibliographical entries, and it grows at a rate of about two publications per minute. Even if individual databases do not need to process such a huge amount of literature, and can adopt partially automated triage strategies to quickly select only relevant articles, they are still left with a large amount of literature to process. Considering that for several databases only a very small subset of the information contained in an article is actually required for the curation process, it appears as a waste of time and resources that curators often have to read full articles in order to find those items that they need.
In this article, we propose automated strategies that help curators quickly locate that crucial information, and provide tools that support them in transposing this information from the article to the database. Through a combination of text mining and a user-friendly interface, based on text filters and partially pre-filled forms, curators can considerably enhance their efficiency, thus giving them the opportunities to process larger amount of documents, without losing the quality of the traditional manual curation approach. The ultimate goal is to obtain a high throughput curation with the same quality as manual curation, or, when such level of quality cannot be reached, at least be able to provide a quantifiable measure of the difference in quality.
The work presented here is part of an NIH-sponsored collaborative project (^'^High Throughput Literature Curation of Genetic Regulation in Bacterial Models^'^) aimed at improving the curation process of the RegulonDB database. RegulonDB (<http://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx/>) is a database developed and maintained during years by our research group. This is the primary database on transcriptional regulation in *Escherichia coli* K-12 containing knowledge manually curated from original scientific publications, complemented with high throughput datasets and comprehensive computational predictions. Our team is also in charge of curating regulation of transcription initiation in EcoCyc ([@bax012-B7]), the *E. coli* model organism database with added curated knowledge on metabolism and transport (<http://ecocyc.org/>). One of the aims of the project is to integrate and further develop text mining technologies, previously developed as part of the OntoGene project (<http://www.ontogene.org/>), in order to improve the curation process of RegulonDB. OntoGene aims at improving biomedical text mining through the usage of advanced natural language processing techniques ([@bax012-B19], [@bax012-B22]).
In the context of the SASEBio project (Semi-Automated Semantic Enrichment of the Biomedical Literature), the OntoGene group previously developed a user-friendly interface (ODIN: OntoGene Document INspector) which presents the results of the text mining pipeline in an intuitive fashion, and allows a deeper interaction of the curator with the underlying text mining system ([@bax012-B15]).
In the rest of this article, we first briefly describe the purpose of the RegulonDB database (Section 2), then explain how our existing OntoGene relation mining system has been customized for RegulonDB (Section 3), including a brief overview of our ODIN curation interface (Section 4).
Notes about RegulonDB
=====================
RegulonDB ([@bax012-B6], [@bax012-B23]) is a manually curated standard resource about the regulation of gene expression in *E.coli* K-12, the best characterized microbial organism. It aims at integrating in a single database all the scattered information about genetic regulation in this microorganism. RegulonDB has had a great impact on scientific research; \>800 scientific publications with works related to analysis of gene regulation, bioinformatics, comparative genomics and systems biology have mentioned our published articles related to our database.
RegulonDB contains many elements about transcriptional regulation, such as promoters, transcription units (TUs), transcription factors (TFs), effectors that modify the behavior of TFs, active and inactive conformations of TFs, transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), regulatory interactions (RIs) of TFs with their target genes/TUs, terminators, riboswitches, small RNAs and their target genes. It also contains regulatory molecules that do not bind to DNA but bind to RNA polymerase, such as the ppGpp and DksA, a small molecule and protein, respectively. Furthermore, we proposed new concepts such as 'regulatory phrase' which is the module in which multiple TFBSs are organized ([@bax012-B23]), and the 'Genetic Sensory Response Units' ([@bax012-B4]) that integrates gene regulation as a complete process starting with an environmental (or internal) signal, followed by the reactions of signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and ending in a cellular response to the given signal. On the other hand, we have initiated the complex curation of data generated by massive expression experiments (high throughput), such as GSELEX and dRNA-seq experiments, among others.
On the basis of our previous curation activities for RegulonDB, we estimate that we could capture the information contained in much less than one fourth of all sentences available in the articles that we curated so far (6008 articles for RegulonDB 8.8). This estimate is based on the number of sentences behind our knowledge about TFs, TFBSs and their functions affecting genes and TUs. On the basis of this diagnosis, we decided to improve the efficiency of biocuration process by leveraging upon natural language processing technologies in text mining systems.
The curation process of RegulonDB starts with a triage phase, in which articles are identified in PubMed using specific keywords related to transcriptional regulation and operon organization in *E.coli K-12*. Additionally, the EcoCyc staff sends monthly suggestions of articles to curate. The abstracts of the articles are read and if selected, the complete articles are obtained. The traditional curation process involves reading each article and adding the corresponding data to EcoCyc ([@bax012-B7]) through their capture forms. The data are then shared with RegulonDB.
Biomedical text mining can be used to partially automate the process of biomedical literature curation by using sophisticated algorithms for discovering biomedical entities together with interaction and events in which they participate. A successful biomedical text mining system can be based on a pipeline which first discovers entities of interest in the text of a scientific article and subsequently looks for interactions between them. As described above, finding the unique database identifiers of the entities in focus is an important step in this process. Which database identifiers are used in this process depends largely on the application for which a text mining system is built, or in other words, the database for which the system is designed to extract information.
In order to accomplish the goal of digitally-assisted curation, we are working simultaneously on two main lines of research: (i) finding information relevant for curation, and present it in an adaptive interface, and (ii) use sentence-similarity techniques to create interlinks across articles thus allowing a process of knowledge discovery. These steps are described in detail in this article, together with the preliminary design of the integrated system.
Text mining pipeline
====================
The OntoGene group (<http://www.ontogene.org/>) at the University of Zurich (UZH) specializes in mining the scientific literature for evidence of interactions among entities of relevance for biomedical research (genes, proteins, drugs, diseases and chemicals). The quality of the text mining tools developed by the group is demonstrated by top-ranked results achieved at several community-organized text mining competitions ([@bax012-B16], [@bax012-B19], [@bax012-B21]).
In this section, we provide a brief description of the OntoGene system which is used to provide the basic text mining services required by the advanced applications described in this article. In particular OntoGene performs all of the standard text pre-processing tasks (identification of sections, sentence splitting, tokenization, part of speech tagging, lemmatization and stemming), and can optionally perform syntactic analysis using a dependency parser (which is then used for helping the recognition of interactions). The OntoGene pipeline has been described extensively in previous publications ([@bax012-B14], [@bax012-B15], [@bax012-B17]).
The OntoGene pipeline includes a module for entity recognition and disambiguation, based on an extensive database of biomedical terminology, which is used to identify mentions of domain entities and assign them an identifier from a reference database. We have separately designed a process to collect names of relevant domain entities from several life science databases and store them in an internal format which is used by the OntoGene pipeline to verify if any string in the document could be a reference to one of those entities ([@bax012-B3]). The OntoGene system takes automatically into account a number of possible minor variants of the terms (e.g. hyphen replaced by space), thus increasing the flexibility of term recognition. The annotation step automatically adds to the internal representation of the document a list of possible database identifiers for each term where a match was found ([@bax012-B18]).
Since it is possible (and quite frequent in this domain) that the same term indicates several possible entities, that is, corresponds to several different identifiers in a reference database, it is necessary to perform a step of disambiguation in order to (ideally) assign an unique identifier to each marked entity. A simple example of ambiguity is the name of a protein, which could also refer to the corresponding gene, but also could be the same for several different proteins which are orthologs across different species.
OntoGene uses a machine learning method to attempt the disambiguation of such ambiguous references. In order to train a machine learning system, reference annotations are needed, where the identifiers are unambiguously known. Typically, systems use a manually annotated corpus to learn to perform similar tasks effectively. However, annotated corpora are small and few, and might introduce a bias towards the particular choice of articles. OntoGene is based instead on a distant learning approach which takes life science databases as provider of the 'ground truth', which is used for learning a disambiguation approach ([@bax012-B20]). The basic assumption is that if the database provides a reference to entity A in article B, any term identified by the OntoGene pipeline as 'A' in the same article will be considered as correct. Even if this assumption might not be true in all cases, the number of incorrect cases is likely to be sufficiently small to be ignored by the machine learning algorithm, if a sufficiently large dataset is used for training.
The OntoGene system performs a complete syntactic analysis of each sentence in the input documents. In most cases, it is relatively easy to recover from such analysis the information which is necessary to provide a relation type. For example, [Figure 1](#bax012-F1){ref-type="fig"} shows a simplified representation of the analysis of the sentence 'Activated OxyR then induces transcription of antioxidant genes, including katG, ahpCF, and oxyS'. This sentence mentions interactions between a transcription factor (OxyR) and the genes katG, ahpCF, and oxyS. From the graphical representation it can be intuitively seen that the word which indicates the interaction verb 'induce' can be recovered as the uppermost node at the intersection of the syntactic paths leading to the arguments (only the interaction between OxyR and OxyS is explicitly indicated in the figure). Figure 1.Example of using the syntactic structure to validate a potential relationship.
Another planned addition to the system is a module capable of computing semantic similarity between sentences across the entire collection of articles to be curated (semantic linking). Currently, when doing biocuration, the experts read one by one a set of topic-related articles to annotate relevant information. This technique works well in the sense that relevant information is identified but having to read the whole article sequentially is very time consuming. So, based on the fact that the documents have several topics in common, we propose to complement the current curation approach with a new approach based on cross-linked sentences on a collection of related articles. Therefore, we have designed a system that uses sentence similarity to link sentences about the same subject across all the articles in the set. For instance, complex sentences (like examples a, b and c) will be related, since they are about the same topic: *The oxidized form of OxyR is a transcriptional activator of a multitude of genes that assist in protecting the cell from oxidative damage(*[@bax012-B26]*).Activated OxyR then induces transcription of a set of antioxidant genes, including katG (hydroperoxidase I), ahpCF (alkylhydroperoxidase), dps (a non-specific DNA binding protein), gorA (glutathione reductase), grxA (glutaredoxin I)and oxyS (a regulatory RNA)(*[@bax012-B27]*).A hallmark of the E. coli response to hydrogen peroxide is the rapid and strong induction of a set of OxyR-regulated genes, including dps, katG, grxA, ahpCFand trxC(*[@bax012-B28]*).*
This way the regular reading is modified, allowing the reader to choose one sentence of interest and jump/navigate through other articles, guided by the current topic of interest.
This first design of the similarity engine is based on the simplest distributional representation of the sentences. A sentence is characterized by the frequency of appearance of each word on it, and each of these counts represents a dimension in a vector that states for the sentence, resulting in a Vector Space Model (VSM). Once each sentence is transformed to a vector, their proximity can be obtained by computing the cosine (We are using Efficient Java Matrix Library ([@bax012-B6]) for the matrix computations.) between each two vectors (sentences) and this proximity in the Euclidean space should correspond with their proximity in their meaning based on the bag of words hypothesis. This hypothesis states that frequencies of words in a document tend to indicate the similarity of the document to another document (documents are phrases in this case) ([@bax012-B11], [@bax012-B24]). A simplified example can be seen in [Figure 2](#bax012-F2){ref-type="fig"}. Figure 2.Simplified example of distributional vectors.
This is a well-known strategy to measure text similarity and although state-of-the-art strategies are more sophisticated, differences are mainly in the way vectors are constructed. Therefore, our plan is to improve this particular component through new versions that try other approaches to build up these vectors. It is worth to note that, before transforming sentences into vectors, an important step is to apply a series of text 'normalization' tasks in order to alleviate the huge variability of natural language. Some of these tasks are intended to reduce words to their stem and in that way lower the space dimensionality by collapsing words with the same lexeme (snowball stemmer ([@bax012-B7])), and to identify words of similar grammatical function by applying a Part-of-Speech tagging (POS-tagging) (using the Stanford POS tagger ([@bax012-B19])).
We are interested in sentence similarity in the context of similarity of their meaning. In this sense, besides having a qualitative evaluation, it is desirable to have a quantitative evaluation of how well our system computes the similarity between two given sentences. That is why the new version of the similarity comparator module is being designed not just to incorporate more sophisticated state-of-the-art strategies for score sentence similarity, but also to be easily evaluated. This new version that we are currently working on includes a different approach to the measurement of semantic similarity. In the new version, instead of relying on a single metric, we are opting for a more robust strategy consisting in combining several similarity metrics, semantic and syntactic. At the time of this report, we have explored the use of a lexical database, Wordnet ([@bax012-B10]), which we use to compute the semantic similarity between a pair of words (one word for each sentence of evaluated pair). So far, the measure which has given us better results is Lin98 ([@bax012-B9]). We have also tested another semantic metric based on word embeddings, using the Glove library ([@bax012-B13]), and as a proof of concept, we decided to start with the smallest pre-trained model and the vectors of 50 dimensions.
With this new version we are able to take advantage of resources from SemEval ([@bax012-B12]). SemEval is an international workshop in automatic semantic evaluation in which one of the tasks is to grade the semantic similarity between two sentences, giving them a similarity score. Using the SemEval corpus to test the semantic similarity engine can provide us a comparison of how good is our engine to discover semantic similarities in a general context. It is true that the Semeval corpus is based on very general sources and that is not directly comparable to the biomedical text, but the new proposed similarity engine relies not just on context-dependent metrics but in context-independent ones as well. For example, the syntactic metrics can be evenly applied in different literature contexts. Moreover, if we train a context specific word-embedding model, the overall semantic similarity measurement strategy it is not going to change, therefore it is very valuable to test it on a general task like Semeval task 1. Training the system with biomedical data would be a key aspect to consider and we must search for a strategy and the relevant corpus to evaluate the system in biomedical texts.
In the SemEval challenge, the maximum allowed score is five, meaning that both phrases convey exactly the same meaning, and the minimum score is zero, when the semantic of the phrases are completely independent. In the workshop the scores given by the systems are then compared against a gold standard manually assigned by human judges. Currently training data and test data, including gold standards, from year 2012 to 2015 are available, comprising around of 20 000 sentences and their human assigned score. We are preparing the new semantic comparator version in order to be easily configured to receive these sentences and give a result score in the SemEval scale. Then the system performance can be computed by calculating the Pearson correlation between the system results and the gold standards. This evaluation has the advantage of allowing us to compare the performance of our system against the performance of systems in previous years of SemEval and in this way give us a global picture of how good our semantic comparator engine is.
Clearly, we expect that performance will change when we consider biomedical texts. SemEval data sets are mainly formed by relatively short sentences extracted from different domains, whereas, sentences from biomedical articles could be larger and more complex. However, there is a lack of gold standards in biomedical domain to be used to compare the system.
The ODIN interface
==================
The results of the OntoGene text mining system are made accessible through a curation system called **ODIN** which allows a user to dynamically inspect the results of their text mining pipeline (see [Figure 3](#bax012-F3){ref-type="fig"}). A previous version of ODIN was used for participation in the 'interactive curation' task (IAT) of the BioCreative III competition ([@bax012-B1]). This was an informal task without a quantitative evaluation of the participating systems. However, the curators who used the system commented positively on its usability for a practical curation task. An experiment in interactive curation has been performed in collaboration with curators of the PharmGKB database ([@bax012-B8], [@bax012-B25]). The results of this experiment are described in ([@bax012-B20]), which also provides further details on the architecture of the system. Figure 3.A screenshot of the curation system's interface.Figure 4.Example of novel growth conditions added to RegulonDB.
Another adaption of ODIN was performed for the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) in the context of the BioCreative 2012 evaluation challenge ([@bax012-B16]). Although the goal of the challenge was to evaluate triage and information extraction capabilities of the participating text mining systems for the purpose of CTD curation, we also adapted our user interface, allowing curation of arbitrary PubMed abstracts using CTD entities and relationships.
At first access, the user will be prompted for a 'curator identifier', which can be any string. Once inside ODIN two panels are visible: on the left the article panel, on the right the results panel. The panel on the right has two tabs: concepts and interactions. In the *concept* tab a list of terms/concepts is presented. Selecting any of them will highlight the terms in the article. In the *interactions* panel the candidate interactions detected by the system are shown. Selecting any of them will highlight the evidence in the document. Selecting any concept or interaction in the results panel will highlight the supporting evidence in the article panel. Selecting any term in the article panel prompts the opening of a new panel on the right (annotation panel), where the type assigned to the term can be modified (or removed) if needed. It is also possible to add new terms by selecting any token or sequence of tokens in the article.
Among the recent innovations for curation of RegulonDB, one of the most useful is the introduction of 'filters', which can be used by curators to restrict the amount of text that they have to inspect (see [Figure 5](#bax012-F5){ref-type="fig"}). A filter in the sense defined by ODIN is simply a selector of sentences that satisfy a simple logical condition, such as containing at least one mention of a TF, and a mention of an effect, which is taken from our collection of words related to the type of regulatory effect of the TF on the regulated gene (e.g. 'activates', 'activation', 'repress', 'repression', 'regulated', 'regulate', 'upregulates'). Filters can be easily defined by curators, using forms included within the ODIN interface, according to their needs. The usage of filters reduces the amount of text that a curator has to inspect in search for a particular item. The usefulness of filters was previously demonstrated through an experiment aimed at the identification of *'growth conditions (GC)'* in which RIs are active ([@bax012-B5]). GC had not been curated before, and were therefore not part of the RegulonDB database. Compared with the version presented in the cited article, filters have now been extended to allow the definition of a more complex logical condition. Concretely, previously we had only the possibility to define a simple AND condition (the presence of two or more desired items in the same sentence). Now filters can include OR and NOT conditions, allowing a more flexible specification. Figure 5.Using filters to focus on sections of the text more likely to contain the desired information.
A more recent innovation is the introduction of partially self-filling forms for curation of specific types of entities (see [Figure 6](#bax012-F6){ref-type="fig"}). When the curator identifies in text a novel entity that he wishes to curate, he can open a specific form by simply clicking on the corresponding text item, and picking one of the options for the entity type. Depending on the type of the entity, a pre-defined form will appear, and the system will try to fill the fields of the form using knowledge derived from the context in which the item appears and the background knowledge present in the RegulonDB database. The curator is then free to edit those fields in case any error is spotted, and once he is satisfied of the correctness of all the fields, can save the content of the form, which will be stored together with the document in a format which can later be used for exporting it to RegulonDB and EcoCyc. While a couple of such forms have already been implemented, we are in the process of designing them for all the objects of relevance in RegulonDB: gene, gene product, promoter, TF, TU, RI, GC, TF conformation, terminator, Effector, small RNA and ppGpp-DksA regulation. For each of the forms, a specific set of attributes is defined, for example for promoter, the following are considered: promoter name, synonyms, transcription start site (TSS), evidence of the TSS, promoter sequence, sigma factor, sigma factor evidence, -10 and -35 boxes sequence, TU name, comments, promoter evidence and references. Figure 6.Self-filling forms can be used to speed up the curation process.
We are currently designing a novel web interface which will integrate ODIN functionalities with the semantic linking capabilities described at the end of Section 3 (see [Figure 7](#bax012-F7){ref-type="fig"}). This new interface provides to the user the means to search key words on one or several articles. Once the results are presented, and the user decides to select one of the listed articles, the article's sentences (content) are displayed, and those which have semantic relations with other sentences, either in the same article or in others, are decorated with hyperlinks. When the user selects a hyperlink, the related sentences that are located inside the current article are highlighted, and those which reside in others are listed in a panel along with the article name and the corpus to which it belongs to. In that way the user is provided with an instrument to navigate across different articles and corpus as a means to follow up on a specific idea. Figure 7.Preliminary version of the new interface, including cross-document semantic linking.
The linking functionality is aimed to provide a way of navigating to other publications within the same corpus to which the publication belongs to. The semantic links are computed as an offline process that is triggered when the publication is integrated into the corpus, so the linking functionality would be already available when the user performs the curation.
Results
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This article describes primarily technical innovations in the curation process of RegulonDB. The improvements generated by these innovations feed into novel results which have been independently tested and published.
An initial version of the improved system was used in an experiment aimed at the identification of *'GC'* in which RIs are active ([@bax012-B5]). An initial set of articles, likely to be relevant for the given task, was identified through conventional information retrieval (IR) techniques. The curators used ODIN filters to restrict their view of the selected articles to the set of sentences satisfying a given logical condition (e.g. containing an entity of type *'transcription factor'* and an entity of type *'effect'*). The manual analysis of the selected sentences allowed them to identify the missing information in 75% of the cases, but having to inspect only ∼10% of the articles, thus providing a considerable improvement in efficiency ([@bax012-B5]). Thanks to this strategy, GC for 53 RIs that involved three TFs (OxyR, SoxS and SoxR) were added to RegulonDB. More recently, a similar approach has been used to obtain GC for RIs concerning 28 TFs in RegulonDB. This experiment has once again shown a considerable improvement in curation efficiency compared with manual curation.
A separate experiment has been performed using the methods described in this article to curate microRNAs potentially involved in a pulmonary disease (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) ([@bax012-B2]). This experiment has shown an improvement of curation efficiency of up to 12 times. The unexperienced curators used for that experiment could not curate \>1 article per day using the traditional methodology. Using the novel approach supported by the tools described in this article, it was possible in some cases to curate up to 12 articles per day.
Finally, the sentence similarity approach has been evaluated through an experiment aimed at finding if navigating across different articles guided by similar sentences could help the curators to efficiently identify specific information without having to read the whole documents. We tested the system using three sets of scientific articles: 42 articles of SoxRS: oxidative stress in *E.coli* K1235 articles of *Salmonella typhimurium* pathogenicity island SP110 articles of role of EZH2 gene in cancer
We had six domain experts that worked with these sets (two per set). The goal for the test exercise was to read the articles looking for specific information, as it is done in the curation process. Then, the experts had to extract and save all the information they could find within 2 h. One person from each set had access to the system, the other did not, instead they were provided with the PDF files. The users that had access to the system were able to review more articles, so they extracted in total more sentences with similar information. The users with the files could not read all articles within the given time, but they extracted more sentences per reviewed article.
The general opinion from the experts was that the system could be very powerful if the similarity is improved to detect more topic-related sentences. They also made some suggestions to the web interface in order to be more intuitive. The prototype has proved to be useful for the curation process, and we are now working to add more capabilities, improve the interface design by implementing User eXperience (UX) techniques, and integrate all components in a single unified system. We are also working on enhancing the similarity score and proposing a way to measure the quality of relationships.
Conclusions
===========
As part of our activities within the scope of the NIH-funded project 'High-Throughput Literature Curation of Genetic Regulation in Bacterial Models' we are implementing a process of digital assisted curation, which involves the integration of advanced text mining techniques within the curation pipeline of the RegulonDB database. Human experts will be able to leverage upon the best results of text mining technologies in order to improve the effectiveness of the curation process without sacrificing its quality.
The previously existing OntoGene text mining pipeline has been adapted and customized in order to provide entity recognition services for RegulonDB. The ODIN curation interface has been enriched with new functionalities in order to speed up the process of curation, in particular content filters that allow curators to quickly locate the information that they need, and partially self-filling forms which allow them to insert new entities and their metadata in the database. Additionally, we are in the process of integrating a method to interlink information across several articles. The new system will constitute a very powerful curation tool that will allow semiautomatic data annotation, and a new way of knowledge discovery, reducing reading time without affecting understanding.
Funding
=======
National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (Award Number R01GM110597). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The OntoGene group at the University of Zurich is partially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant CR30I1_162758); F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
*Conflict of interest*: None declared.
[^1]: Citation details: Rinaldi, F., Lithgow, O., Gama-Castro, S. *et al.* Strategies towards digital and semi-automated curation in RegulonDB. *Database* (2017) Vol. 2017: article ID bax012; doi: 10.1093/database/bax012
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Physiological and haematological indices suggest superior heat tolerance of white-coloured West African Dwarf sheep in the hot humid tropics.
Coat colour contributes to physiological adaptation in mammals and mediates response to thermal stress. Twenty-four adult West African Dwarf sheep of both sexes and with different coat colour types were used in this study. We measured rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and pulse rate (PR) before sunrise and sunset during the late dry season (January-March) and early rainy season (April-June) as well as packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, plasma sodium (Na(+)) and potassium (K(+)). Animals with black coat colour had the highest (P < 0.05) mean values of 38.92 ± 0.03 °C, 65.09 ± 1.06 breaths/min, 81.35 ± 0.78 beats/min, 1.70 ± 0.01 for RT, RR, PR and heat stress index (HSI), respectively, followed by brown mouflon and brown with extensive white, while the Badger Face coloured sheep had the least mean values. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences between male and female sheep for RT, RR, PR and HSI. Season had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on RT, RR, PR and HSI. Coat colour and sex also significantly (P < 0.01) affected RBC, WBC, Na(+) and K(+). Seasonal variation (P < 0.05) in all the blood parameters was observed, with the exception of PCV. Interaction effect of coat colour and sex was significant (P < 0.05) on RT and HSI. Correlation coefficients among the measured traits ranged from positive to negative values. These results indicate that selection of white-coloured sheep to attenuate heat stress is desirable in the hot humid tropics. |
Procedures
1
Use a spoon to remove 1/2 cup of the cream that has risen to the top of the coconut milk can. Heat cream in a wok over medium-high heat until bubbling. Add massaman curry paste, stir constantly, and cook until the fat starts to separate, about 5 minutes.
2
Add the chopped eggplant and potatoes and stir well to coat in the paste. Cook until eggplant starts to soften, two to three minutes.
3
Add sugar, fish sauce, and remaining coconut milk, and add enough water to barely cover the vegetables, about 1 cup. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat to a simmer. Cook until the potatoes are tender, ten to fifteen minutes.
4
Add broccoli, stir well, and simmer until tender but still crisp, three to five minutes. Pour in lime juice and season to taste with salt or more fish sauce if desired. Stir in basil and serve curry with rice.
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Part 4: Abbas and the prospect of “peace”
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas promised U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry that the new government that will be formed following the Palestinian reconciliation will recognize Israel, State Department Spokeswoman Jen Psaki said Friday. Psaki said that Abbas told Kerry that the future unity government with Hamas will be his government and represent his policies – it will recognize Israel, abide by past agreements and will renounce violence. “It’s a positive thing,” she said.
Upon the agreement of a unity government between the Palestinian Liberation Organization (plo) and Hamas, plo President Mahmoud Abbas was quick to sell its merits to the international community. Western media hurriedly picked up on Abbas’s comments and ran with the idea that the unity government would pacify the historically violent Hamas.
Abbas assured the international community that the unity government would recognize Israel and renounce violence. The news seemed to be a glimmer of hope for peace among the ruins of the recently-failed negotiations.
But as quickly as the media and Abbas charged off to propagate the “good news” of the unity deal, Hamas responded. At a press conference in Gaza City, Hamas deputy leader Mussa Abu Marzuq declared, “We will not recognize the Zionist entity.” Marzuq also denied Abbas’s claim that the new unity government would bring an end to Arab-Israeli violence.
Apparently Hamas didn’t go to the same reconciliation meeting Fatah’s negotiators did, because the two factions reached diametrically opposite conclusions. Abbas said the new government would recognize Israel; Hamas said that it would never recognize Israel. Abbas said that the unity government would bring peace; Hamas said that its military would neither disarm nor give up its fight against Israel.
Shortly after Abbas began selling his naive predictions, Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal spoke to crowds of Hamas supporters in Ramallah. “Our path is the resistance and jihad is our choice,” he said. “In the West Bank and Gaza Strip, inside and outside, our choice is resistance and the rifle is our way. There is no history or future without jihad and resistance.”
A children’s show on Al-Aqsa TV, the official Hamas-run television channel broadcasting from Gaza, broadcast a segment calling for the mass killing of Jews.
The host asks what policemen do, and, after establishing that they catch criminals, adds that “they shoot Jews, right?” and stresses to her young guest that “you want to be like him.”“I will shoot the Jews!” the little child says.“All of them?” the host asks.“Yes,” the girl says“Good,” the host answers.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=57Q8K5TmivM
Palestinian Authority (PA) Chairman Mahmoud Abbas thinks that Hamas, with whom he recently signed a reconciliation pact, does not need to recognize Israel. A senior PA official on Sunday told the London-based Al-Hayat newspaper that Abbas insists that Hamas does not need to recognize Israel or renounce terrorism, even after the unity pact with his Fatah movement.
A senior Palestinian official says that Abbas will make it clear to Kerry that the Palestinian unity gov’t would recognize Israel and reject violence. Abbas planned to make it clear to Kerry that the proposed government would recognize Israel and reject violence, a senior Palestinian official in Ramallah said.
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More on Palestinian Authority and Hamas regarding the “peace” process and a “unity government”
Hamas is committed to holy war against Israel, its leader Khaled Mashaal affirmed on Wednesday, one week after it signed a reconciliation pact with Fatah. “Our path is resistance and the rifle, and our choice is jihad,”he said, in his first public comments since the deal with Fatah was announced.
Fathi Hamad, Hamas’s Interior Minister, claimed in a speech honoring the anniversary of Operation Cast Lead that “Palestine” would replace the Jewish State by 2022.
Hamad noted in his speech that the Palestinian Arabs, according to Islamic prophecies, will enter the Al Aqsa Mosque “in jubilation and victory like they entered it the first time”. He said that Israel has failed in previous wars waged against the Palestinians, while the Palestinians are progressing nationally towards the stage where they are capable of conquering Jerusalem.
After the “liberation” of Al-Aqsa Mosque, said Hamad, the “Hittin” system will prevail. That statement refers to he means by which Saladin conquered the Land of Israel against the Crusaders, in particular during the Battle of Hittin/Hattin; namely, by slaughtering or enslaving the non-Muslim forces arrayed against him.
“We’ll destroy the enemy,” Hamad assured his audience, noting that achieving that goal would take “eight years.” Hamad also claimed that the Palestinians are at the stage of readiness for “jihad and martyrdom in the way of Allah”.
Hamas has threatened Israel’s existence constantly, reiterating in November its oft-stated threats of genocide.
“[You] Zionists, you have no place on the land of Palestine … we shall expel you from our land and we will fight against you on it [on the land], we will kill you or expel you from it when you are submissive,” Hamas parliamentarian Khalil Al-Hayya stated. “The jihad and the martyrdom in the way of Allah are our road and our track which are meant to fulfill our triumphs and fulfill and protect our [Muslim] nation.”
Hamas Threatens Israel with Genocide: Members of Hamas have recently implied that once the balance of power changes, the terror group will commit genocide against Israelis;Israel National News, 11/22/2013.
Hamas has threatened Israel’s existence constantly, reiterating in November its oft-stated threats of genocide.
“[You] Zionists, you have no place on the land of Palestine … we shall expel you from our land and we will fight against you on it [on the land], we will kill you or expel you from it when you are submissive,”Hamas parliamentarian Khalil Al-Hayya stated. “The jihad and the martyrdom in the way of Allah are our road and our track which are meant to fulfill our triumphs and fulfill and protect our [Muslim] nation.” |
Did you know that there's a bill in Congress right now to repeal the income tax? Seems like something that ought to make the news, doesn't it?
In a letter to his colleagues in the House of Representatives, Congressman Ron Paul of Texas explains why he "recently introduced The Liberty Amendment, which repeals the 16th Amendment and thus paves the way for real change in the way government collects and spends the people's hard-earned money." He points out that "the 16th Amendment enabled Congress to do something the Supreme Court had always said it was forbidden to do under the original Constitution: levy a direct income tax on individuals."
Paul complains that "income taxes give the federal government a direct claim on the lives of American citizens, and enable government to expand far beyond its proper limits, invade our privacy, and penalize our every endeavor. The Founding Fathers realized that 'the power to tax is the power to destroy,' which is why they did not give the federal government the power to destroy our liberties through the income tax. The Founders," he asserts, "would be horrified to know that Americans today give more than a third of their income to the federal government."
According to Paul, "Income taxes not only diminish liberty; they also act as a drag on the economy by discouraging work and production and forcing Americans to waste valuable time and money on compliance with an ever-more complex tax code. The increased interest in flat-tax and national sales tax proposals, as well as the increasing number of small businesses who are questioning the IRS' 'withholding' system, provides further proof that America is tired of the labyrinthine tax code and the abusive IRS."
Congressman Ron Paul emphasizes that "America survived for 140 years without an income tax, with a federal government that generally adhered to strictly constitutional functions, and operated with modest excise revenues. The income tax," he contends, "opened the door to the era (and errors) of Big Government." Paul urges his colleagues to "help close that door and take a stand for freedom, economic growth, and constitutional government." Why not ask your representatives where they stand on repeal of the income tax? And ask the members of the mainstream media why Ron Paul's proposal isn't considered newsworthy.
Unfortunately, we can't tell you where we stand on this proposal, nor can we offer any support to Congressman Paul. It's not because we don't want to; it's because we're not allowed to. You see, our status as a 501c3 nonprofit educational organization prohibits us from endorsing specific candidates or legislation. However, if the federal income tax -- both personal and corporate -- were abolished, along with all the tyrannical requirements and restrictions in the accompanying code, then we would be free to support any legislation we pleased, including this one, and we could enthusiastically recommend legislators, like Ron Paul, who propose measures designed to reinvigorate our Constitution. With no tax status to stifle our speech or influence the decisions of our contributors, the American Policy Foundation would be truly free, and so would you. |
Two Saudi terrorists detained in Lebanon
Lebanese security forces have arrested more than a dozen suspected terrorists in the country, two of whom are Saudi Arabian natives.In a Friday dispatch, Al-Alam’s correspondent in Lebanon reported that Lebanese forces detained 15 suspected terrorists in the capital Beirut, a number of whom are natives of Arab and non-Arab nations.
The sources said that investigators are examining the documents and computers belonging to the 17 detainees to determine what, if any, connection they have to an alleged terror plot."So far, we cannot talk about a terrorist cell at the hotel," one source said.The development comes as a number of ISIL elements have reportedly vowed to take their terror campaign to Lebanon next.">
According to the report, two of those arrested by Lebanese agents are Saudi citizens.
The report further cites Lebanese security sources as saying that the arrested terror elements were preparing to engage in subversive operations.Local press reports also indicate that Lebanese forces originally arrested over 100 individuals in massive sting operation on two hotels in Beirut, following up on a tip of a possible terror plot, but most were later released.The reports further cited Lebanese security sources as saying that out of all those arrested, 17 suspects from Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Syria, Morocco and Egypt remained in custody.Those arrested are suspected of plotting to engage in suicide attacks across Lebanon."One of the [alleged] suicide bombers is a Saudi," one source said, adding that 15 of the suspects were arrested from the Napoleon hotel in Beirut's Hamra district, while the other two were arrested as a nearby hotel.The sources said that investigators are examining the documents and computers belonging to the 17 detainees to determine what, if any, connection they have to an alleged terror plot."So far, we cannot talk about a terrorist cell at the hotel," one source said.The development comes as a number of ISIL elements have reportedly vowed to take their terror campaign to Lebanon next. |
SCOTLAND NOW FEATURE ARTICLE
Scotland now have run a follow up feature on John’s book SPIRIT to coincide with renewed interest in famous conservationist John Muir.
On April 22nd 2014, Scotland’s First Minister Alex Salmond officially opened the John Muir Way, a 134-mile path from Helensburgh in the west to Dunbar in the east named in honour of the Scots-born environmentalist who is revered across the Atlantic.
Walkers, cyclists and horse riders can enjoy the rocky coasts of East Lothian where Muir played as a child, Blackness Castle on the Forth, Linlithgow Palace, Roman hill forts on Antonine’s Wall and the Falkirk Wheel, among other highlights. The First Minister declared the John Muir Way open yesterday afternoon as a flare was sent up from a RNLI lifeboat, with ramblers, runners, cyclists, flag-bearers and street performers blazing a trail through the first section of the path. Mr Salmond said: “John Muir was a remarkable Scot – a man whose passion for nature and the outdoors left an incredible environmental legacy that resonates to this day. “From humble beginnings in Dunbar, his influence spread across the world and his name now adorns parks, glaciers and mountains. His legacy is celebrated in an annual commemorative day in California and his image has featured on two US postage stamps. “There is no more fitting tribute, in 2014 the 100th anniversary of his death and in our Year of Homecoming, than to officially open the John Muir Way from Helensburgh to Dunbar and take walkers and cyclists through 134 miles of splendid scenery in Scotland’s heartland. Click here to read the feature. |
The season-turning meeting that Kentucky's seniors called on Tuesday night has been well documented.
The four veterans asked to come to Matthew Mitchell's house to talk about the state of their team entering the final week of the regular season. They told their coach he needed to turn up the discipline and accountability with the Wildcats in the midst of a three-game losing streak.
Five days and two wins later - including an upset of No. 2 South Carolina on Sunday - it's clearly worked.
"All of them said, 'Listen, this thing's going to go off the cliff if we don't stop it. But if we stop it, we've got great things we can accomplish,' " Mitchell said. "As you saw something like beating South Carolina today and we were heavy underdogs."
Mitchell had spoken emotionally and at length about the power of the message prior to handing the Gamecocks (27-2, 15-1 Southeastern Conference) their first SEC loss, 67-56, but he had never revealed which senior had actually initiated the meeting. After No. 15/13 UK (21-8, 10-6 SEC) celebrated Senior Day with a signature win, he did.
It wasn't the most likely suspect. In spite of remaining the consistent vocal presence she's been throughout her four years, it wasn't Bria Goss who placed that phone call. It was Jennifer O'Neill, the soft-spoken fifth-year guard, which made it all the more meaningful.
"I was so happy that they called the meeting," Mitchell said. "And that Jen called the meeting - Jen was the person that called me - because Bria's been a rock her entire career and she's just done everything she can do. She's really worked hard. And I'd really been after Jennifer to step up and accept her importance to this team."
O'Neill has always been a potent scorer, capable of outbursts like the program-record 43 points she poured in against Baylor a season ago. She's always been a gifted player who can take over a game at a moment's notice, but she's still shied away from the spotlight at times.
"Her importance to the program is something that she has not always embraced," Mitchell said. "And I just could hear in her voice for the first time it kind of hit her. Like, 'This thing is winding down and I need to meet with you. All of us need to meet with you.' "
O'Neill, motivated by mounting losses and the on-rushing end of her college career, stepped up. Her willingness to do so is already paying off.
"When we had the three-game losing streak, it was just miserable," O'Neill said. "I hate losing and just to get this win meant a lot."
In both the win on Sunday and Thursday's potentially even more important victory at Arkansas, O'Neill proved it wasn't just talk either. She scored a team-high 15 points and added a career-high-tying eight rebounds, but her defense was even more important.
"She was all over the place," Mitchell said. "She really understood the game plan. She was really terrific defensively and I think that's what this team needs her to do. The offense will be there. It'll come. But we need her to be a lockdown defender."
Once again, O'Neill stepping up meant a great deal.
"Thursday night, her defense changed the game," Mitchell said. "I've always wanted her to value defense. When we've been good this year, she's cranked it up on defense. And she did it again today. She was the energy defensively that changed it. Bria's always there. Bria's always there. And so sometimes when you're always there, you're taken for granted."
The only time O'Neill wasn't there to provide a defensive spark was when she was on the bench saddled with foul trouble.
With 11:35 left, O'Neill picked up her fourth foul and went to the bench. At the time, UK had a commanding 48-29 lead on the strength of stifling defense spearheaded by O'Neill. Over the next six minutes, South Carolina outscored Kentucky 17-5 to trim the deficit to seven. It was then that Mitchell reinserted her as part of offense-defense substitutions with Linnae Harper.
"I was thinking I need to get back in," O'Neill said. "And once I got back in, I was just like, 'I have to play smart.' "
O'Neill promptly earned and hit two free-throw attempts to steady the ship. The Gamecocks would get no closer than nine points the rest of the way.
"It was a great performance and we need her to do that down the stretch," Mitchell said. "We might can do something special."
With UK set to open the SEC Tournament as the No. 6 seed on Thursday night at approximately 9:30 p.m. ET against either Vanderbilt or Alabama, O'Neill feels the same way.
"I just think we have to focus on what we're doing right now that makes us such a great team, constantly communicating with each other and showing up for practice and not taking any days off," O'Neill said.
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When No. 2 South Carolina makes its way to Lexington on March 1, the stakes will be much higher for No. 13 Kentucky than a typical rematch with the toughest opponent on the Wildcats' schedule.
Sunday's game marks the last time seniors Jennifer O'Neill, Bria Goss, Azia Bishop, and Jelleah Sidney will ever take the floor at Memorial Coliseum. However, because of their accomplishments off the court, as well as on it, head coach Matthew Mitchell believes their legacy will live in UK lore forever.
"The seniors have had a great week, and in my mind, have really solidified their standing in this program, and how they'll be remembered for the job they did this week," Mitchell said. "Not just winning the game (Thursday at Arkansas), but the responsibility that they took on, and the passion that they have for the program, and the insight that they gave me to help coach the team better."
After rattling off three straight wins, the Cats dropped three in a row at the hands of No. 6 Tennessee (in Knoxville), at home versus No. 15 Texas A&M and on the road at Ole Miss. Before Kentucky's latest contest with the Razorbacks, UK's four seniors organized a private meeting with their head coach to discuss the state of the program and the prospect of administering adjustments before the season comes to an end.
"As a coach, you're trying to give your players the ability to grow up and be adults, and do what they need to do and learn," said Mitchell. "You don't want to be such a taskmaster all of the time, but that's what this particular group needed right now. (They were) kind of down in a funk and on a downward spiral."
Mitchell's seniors realized the team was on a negative trajectory, so they made sure their concerns were vocalized.
"They basically said, 'Hey, listen. If you don't step in here and really shake this thing up, and let people know this is a serious deal, I don't think it's going to change,'" Mitchell said. "Nobody was acting up, nobody was acting ugly, nobody was out late at night partying. It was just young kids lacking focus. We need to mature as a basketball team, and I needed to take a greater role of how the structure of the day has unfolded."
It wasn't the content of Tuesday's impromptu meeting that had Mitchell so taken aback with the leadership of his four seniors, but rather the initiative the group showed by calling the meeting in the first place.
"It's not anything earth-shattering," said Mitchell. "I just think it's more powerful. At this point of the season, they could have just said, 'Hey, I'm out the door here in 30 days, and I've had a good run. We've won the SEC, and we've been a championship-caliber program,' and just rolled off into the sunset. But, they care enough to say, 'Hey, Coach, we need a little bit more structure. We need to get focused.' "
Kentucky's top three contributing seniors -- O'Neill, Goss and Bishop -- combined for 34 of UK's 56 points in the Cats' win over the Hogs following Tuesday's consultation. The remarkability of one of the all-time most accomplished senior classes in school history has continued to shine throughout each season over the past four years.
O'Neill came to Kentucky as a consensus top-30 high school prospect and the first McDonald's All-American in program history. After missing her entire sophomore season in 2011-12 with a right foot stress fracture, O'Neill emerged as a full-time starter in 2012-13 and led the Wildcats to a 27-5 (13-3 SEC) record and an Elite Eight appearance in the NCAA Tournament.
As a redshirt junior, O'Neill led Kentucky in scoring off the bench (with 12.6 PPG) en route to being named SEC Co-6th Player of the Year and All-SEC Second Team. This year, the 5-foot-6 Bronx native is second on the team in scoring with 14.1 PPG, and leads the Cats in 3-point field goals by a large margin.
Named the state of Indiana's Miss Basketball in 2011, Goss made her presence known upon her first season in Lexington as a freshman in 2011-12. After starting every game, the 5-foot-10 defensive specialist was named SEC Freshman of the Year on the Wildcats' road to the Elite Eight. S
tarting in 56 of UK's 71 games over the next two seasons, Goss entered 2014-15 as the one of five former McDonald's All-Americans on the Kentucky roster. The Indianapolis native averages 8.9 PPG and 3.6 RPG on the year.
As a freshman, Bishop led the team in blocked shots with 31, good for fifth most by a freshman in school history. As a junior, she recorded a career-high five blocks in one contest, tied for UK's sixth most in one game by any player. At 6-foot-3, the Toledo native is the tallest player on Kentucky's roster. Bishop averages 6.4 PPG and 5.6 RPG on the season, accounting for 48 blocks in 2014-15.
Unlike her three senior colleagues, Sidney is in only her third season in a Kentucky uniform. The former high school teammate of O'Neill began her collegiate career at Chipola Junior College in Marianna, Fla., where she averaged 11.8 PPG and 8.3 RPG in 2011-12.
Appearing in 57 games as a sophomore and junior, Sidney sealed her Wildcat legacy in the 2013 NCAA Tournament with an outstanding defensive effort on eventual No. 2 overall WNBA Draft selection Elena Delle Donne of Delaware. The 6-foot-2 post player averages two points and 3.4 rebounds in 10.8 minutes per game this season.
When Sunday afternoon's monstrous matchup with South Carolina is all said and done, Mitchell will remember his latest group of seniors for much more than baskets and rebounds.
"I'll just remember Tuesday night when they came to my house and let me know what I needed to do," Mitchell said. "They also let me know what the program has meant to them, and you couldn't have tripled my bank account, or bought me a new car, or sent me on a vacation, or anything that would have been worth what Tuesday night was. No matter what happens going forward, what happened in that meeting... that solidified their legacy to me."
Kentucky (20-8, 9-6 SEC) will face South Carolina (27-1, 15-0 SEC) March 1 at 5:00 p.m. on ESPN2. The Gamecocks defeated the Wildcats 68-60 in Columbia, S.C. earlier this season.
"They've accomplished a lot on the court, but what they did on Tuesday night was more valuable than anything they could have ever done," Mitchell said. "They were not only concerned about this season and how we finished, but they were concerned about us going forward and what our young players needed to learn right now so a year from now, they would know what to do and how we needed to be. To me, that summed it up for them. So now we are really motivated to try and finish strong, and I think we are capable of that."
Five of the Wildcats' last six games have come against ranked opponents, most recently including a stretch of three straight against top-15 teams. No. 11/10 UK (19-7, 8-5 SEC) has survived it with three wins, but lost back-to-back games to close it out, both by double digits.
On Thursday, the Cats fell behind by as many as 23 points in an 81-69 defeat at the hands of Texas A&M. In the loss, the Aggies got to the rim at will and didn't even need to attempt a 3-pointer to top the 80-point mark.
"Well, there's two things and one's on me," Mitchell said. "I really need to get our half-court defense shored up. And that's my responsibility from a schematic standpoint I need to get a couple things taken care of there and then the energy is on them and we had a good discussion about that (Friday)."
UK's first opportunity to address that energy comes on Monday at Ole Miss (15-11, 5-8 SEC). The Cats will have their regular Thursday-Sunday schedule interrupted by the SEC Network's Monday Night Showcase, but Mitchell doesn't see that as a bad thing.
"(Ole Miss head coach) Matt (Insell) has them playing extremely hard and he's just done an amazing job with their turnaround," Mitchell said. "So tough game for us and we're going to really put a poor performance behind us last night and focus on getting better defensively today. So actually is good we have an extra day to do that."
The game will be a rematch between the Cats and Rebels, with UK winning a tough one on Jan. 4, 64-58. It wasn't a work of art, but the win does offer a lesson.
"So we watched the A&M game, and then we popped the Ole Miss game in and our energy level - we didn't do everything right that day, and we weren't just fantastic on offense, but we played much more energetic than we did (Thursday) night," Mitchell said. "That was good for the players to see. That's how you need to play."
A two-game losing streak has made the big wins the Cats have notched this season a distant memory, but Mitchell is working to remind them what they're capable of.
"You know, over the course of a 35-game season it's a long season and I just don't think you can get too weighed down when you sort of hit a little trough like it seems like we're in," Mitchell said. "We've always found some way to bounce back from that and we have to stay real positive and real encouraging."
He's convinced they'll bounce back again.
"I won't stop believing in this team," Mitchell said. "What's great about basketball is that if you can get it right at the end of the year, that's the best time to get it right. I am very optimistic that we can help our players do a better job defensively and we are going to work at that today."
Since the goal is constant improvement, Matthew Mitchell can't always separate himself from that.
"You just kind of view your team differently," Mitchell said. "You know all of the deficiencies your team has and you know what you feel like they're capable of doing and what they're not doing and all those things kind of roll into you maybe being a little more critical of your team than anyone else's."
But when he takes a step back, Mitchell can remember that Kentucky is in a good place. The No. 11/10 Wildcats (19-6, 8-4 Southeastern Conference) are well-positioned for the postseason. UK is in the top 10 of the RPI and currently projected to host first- and second-round NCAA Tournament games, an impressive fact considering the Cats have dealt with a month-long injury to senior defensive stopper Bria Goss and a season-ending one suffered by point guard Janee Thompson.
"I think all in all it could a lot different right now," Mitchell said. "So I'm really, really proud of the position they've put themselves in. We just need to finish. We need to finish and keep getting better. I think if we can do that we can do some special things here down the stretch."
The stretch run for Kentucky begins with a Thursday matchup with No. 15 Texas A&M (20-6, 8-4 SEC) that will go on as scheduled in spite of winter weather in Lexington. The Aggies are led by dynamic juniors Courtney Williams and Courtney Walker, who are averaging a combined 29.4 points, 9.5 rebounds and 3.6 assists.
"Texas A&M is a very good team," Mitchell said. "Some of the best players in the conference are on their team. It will be a difficult challenge. Our team is upbeat and excited for the game, and we are going to work hard and see if we can earn a very, very important victory for our team."
The victory is important because the Cats and Aggies are competing not only in the SEC but for NCAA Tournament seeding. The two teams are currently knotted in conference standings in pursuit of a bye in the SEC Tournament and separated by a single seed line in ESPN.com's latest Bracketology. UK is a No. 3 and Texas A&M No. 4.
"It would be a significant victory," Mitchell said. "We're right there with them in competition for some positioning in the SEC and probably the NCAA, too. So, it's a big game. Big game tomorrow night. The thing I tell the team is that we still have an opportunity to get it together and really play some good basketball and see how good we can be."
As has been the case most of the season, Mitchell is targeting improvement first in the post. With a group now made up of two seniors and three freshmen with the return of veteran Jelleah Sidney, inconsistency has been an issue, including in a loss on Sunday at Tennessee.
UK was outrebounded 46-36 in the loss, a far cry from the 39-38 advantage the Cats enjoyed in a previous matchup with the Lady Volunteers.
"That was just a real rough game," Mitchell said. "It was a real rough game and if you didn't stick your nose in there and really play tough you weren't going to be successful. That's what I was disappointed in. I just thought we were out-toughed in the post a lot of times."
The Aggies are capable of inflicting damage similar to what Tennessee did if they Cats don't come ready.
"They look like an A&M team: Big and physical in the post, a good power game and if you don't play real, real tough they can make some plays and have great size," Mitchell said. "It's a very good A&M team and really tough in the post. We'll have to play well."
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The last time Kentucky faced Tennessee, UK sophomore Makayla Epps led the way in scoring for both teams, but failed to convert one of Kentucky's several potential game-winning field goal attempts as time expired.
As the Wildcats (16-5, 5-3 SEC) prepare for Sunday's matchup in Knoxville almost two weeks later, the narrative is slightly different.
Once again, Epps is fresh off a career night in which she not only led all scorers, but also found the ball in her hands in the contest's closing seconds. This time, however, with the game on the line, she would not be denied the victory.
"I'm pretty sure after last night, a lot of teams are going to key in on me more, if they weren't already," said Epps. "Last night's performance was crazy."
Since losing to Tennessee 73-72 at Memorial Coliseum on January 29, No. 10 Kentucky has rattled off three straight wins over No. 21 Georgia, Vanderbilt, and No. 13 MSU. Epps leads the Southeastern Conference in scoring, with 17.3 points per game in league play.
"I'm a small-town kid from Marion County, Kentucky. Nobody expects people like me, from small places, to do anything big." said Epps. "I'm just here and happy to play."
The last time Mitchell's Wildcats visited Thompson-Boling Arena, UK emerged victorious for the first time in school history. The sixth-ranked Lady Vols, winners of eight national championships since 1987, lead the all-time series 51-10.
"Tough game ahead on Sunday," Mitchell said. "It'll be tough. It'll be a big crowd and not many will be for us. I'll be happy for (last year's road victory) to be a benefit, but it won't be something where I'm saying, 'We won last year, so mark it down this year.' That's not my approach."
The Cats will travel to Tennessee (21-3, 11-0 SEC) Sunday for a 3 p.m. nationally televised matchup on ESPN2.
"As it stands now, Tennessee is a No. 1 seed, so they're a great team and it was a tough game here," said Mitchell. "A lot of work between now and Sunday afternoon at 3. We need to put our nose to the grindstone and see if we can go down there and compete."
From the final play to the whole 50-minute game to her 42-point performance in it, Makayla Epps didn't need to say much more to describe what had just happened.
"Crazy," Epps said. "Complete craziness."
Epps, however, was talking only about the final possession that led to the buzzer-beating shot she used to send No. 10 Kentucky (19-5, 8-3 Southeastern Conference) to a thrilling 92-90 double-overtime win over No. 13/15 Mississippi State (23-4, 8-4 SEC).
The play started when the Wildcats took possession following a Breanna Richardson basket with 35 seconds left. Matthew Mitchell didn't call timeout, instead opting to tell Epps to run the clock down and attack as the shot clock neared zero.
"I just thought it was kind of silly to have it in anybody else's hands but hers there at the end, no matter if four were guarding her," Mitchell said.
Epps would get a good first look, but missed a short jumper. Somehow, Jelleah Sidney came away with the offensive rebound in a mad scrum as the clock reached five seconds remaining.
"I feel like all 12 of my teammates crashed the glass on that one," Epps said.
From there, Sidney could do little else but fire the ball back into the fray.
"Jelleah Sidney, sometimes she has the tendency to throw the ball really hard at us," Epps said. "And she threw it really hard and it was bouncing off faces and noses and ears. And then I looked up and it was right there. 'Go get it, Epps!' "
Epps got it, and put the ball on the glass and through the basket with 0.6 seconds on the clock.
"And then Epps, we'd missed so many, and that one was as tough as any one that you'll ever shoot and we make that one," Mitchell said. "So go figure. Who knows? I can't figure all this stuff out. I don't know how we're winning all these games."
Epps has a lot to do with it, especially on this night.
Her buzzer beater brought her career high in scoring to 42 points, just one point shy of the school-record 43 Jennifer O'Neill scored in five overtimes against Baylor last season. She made 18-of-30 field goals and added six rebounds and five assists for good measure to outduel Bulldog star Victoria Vivians, who had 39 points of her own.
"Especially at the level we're at in the SEC, that's not common," Epps said. "That's not something you see every month or every week or (anything) like that."
With Epps leading the way - including scoring UK's final eight points in double overtime - the Cats weathered multiple furious Mississippi State rallies. Kentucky built and lost double-digit leads on four different occasions and the Bulldogs tied the game in the final seconds of regulation on a basket by Moran William.
"I was glad she scored 42 and not 39," Mitchell said. "We needed those extra three points that she had. So that was incredible. We didn't look like we could win any other way tonight."
Epps is now seven games into her run as UK's full-time point guard in place of the injured Janee Thompson. She's now averaging 21 points in those games and the Cats have won five of them, two against ranked opponents.
"I'm hoping that after every game she's proud of me and that she's happy I'm out here handling my business as she would if she was out there with us," Epps said. "At the end of the day, it's all for Janee. Regardless if I'm playing, Bria's (Goss) playing good, the team's playing good, in the back of our minds we're all thinking about Janee."
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Makayla Epps stepped into a full-time role as Kentucky's point guard in mid-January.
At the time - as Epps replaced injured junior Janee Thompson - Matthew Mitchell said she could develop into one of the best point guards in the Southeastern Conference.
Almost exactly a month later, that's exactly what's happened.
"I think Epps is really, really good," Mitchell said. "And so when you have a point guard that's near the top of the league, that helps everybody. That helps everybody, especially a scoring point guard."
In six games since Thompson went down, Epps is averaging 17.5 points , 4.7 rebounds and three assists. She has led No. 10 UK (18-5, 7-3 SEC) to wins in four of the games, including an 82-68 win over Vanderbilt on Sunday in which she posted 18 points.
Entering a tough Thursday matchup with No. 13/15 Mississippi State (23-3, 8-3 SEC), Epps is getting better by the day.
"I think when you're a player like Makayla, it's just constant attention to detail, which will lead to continuous improvement," Mitchell said.
For Epps, the little things go well beyond the physical. The sophomore who has played four positions is figuring out the intricacies that accompany the role she's settled into.
"Makayla Epps is starting to go and grab people off the floor and get people in the huddle like a point guard needs to," Mitchell said. "And I really complimented her on that yesterday."
Epps earned praise again from Mitchell during a defensive drill in practice on Tuesday. He said she was "working as hard as a human being could work.
"If she'll do that, it'll be hard to find a better player than her around because she can do everything that you need her to do to be a good player offensively and defensively," Mitchell said.
Mitchell, however, doesn't want Epps to settle for merely being good. He believes she has too much natural talent for that.
"She's one of these players that when she has her mind right and mindset doing the little things, she's a fantastic player," Mitchell said. "So once you get to that point, you just have to learn the mental discipline to keep striving for your best. And that's what, to me, what separates the good ones from the great ones."
No matter what she does, Mitchell sees a bright future for Epps in both the short and long term. If she accepts the challenge to make the small changes she's starting to make permanent, the sky is the limit.
"Let's just say if she just incrementally better just from being here and through experience, it'd be hard to find a lot better player than her," Mitchell said. "She'll be fine and she can help us win some games. But if she'll really do what we're asking her to do, she'll be a 10-year pro and be one of the best players that's ever played here." |
A lawsuit was filed in 2017 on behalf of a transgender student who alleged the district was restricting her from equitable access to changing facilities. Oral arguments for the case were scheduled to take place in the Daley Center in Chicago on Friday January 19. The arguments come three weeks after a federal judge rejected a request for a preliminary injunction to suspend the current trans-inclusive guidelines in place in the school district.
The request was submitted by the group “Students and Parents for Privacy” which is represented by anti-LGBT hate group Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF) along with the Thomas More Society. The most recent decision stated that transgender students should be permitted to continue using the restrooms and locker rooms consistent with their gender identity. The judge added that the policy had been in place for three years without incident which undermined the “plaintiffs’ claim of irreparable harm.” Through the ruling does not impact the ultimate outcome of the civil case filed on behalf of the group, it does suggest that the judge “ doesn't believe the claim at the heart of the lawsuit — that the transgender policy infringes on the privacy rights of other students — has merit.”
This most recent legal struggle comes a year after a failed campaign to gain a majority share of the school board and a previous legal challenge to the districts’ accommodation policies. In 2015, a trans student from Palatine filed a complaint after being prohibited from accessing the restrooms and locker rooms appropriate for her gender. The Office of Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education agreed with the student and the district ultimately implemented a more inclusive accommodations policy. As a result, a group of 50 families founded the group Students and Parents for Privacy that continues to fight the trans inclusive policy today.
Alliance Defending Freedom has been hyperfocused on trans students in their ongoing attacks at nondiscrimination protections. Reports by Media Matters documented that ADF has been actively working to undermine policies aimed at protecting trans students in at least eight states, including Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota. Media Matters reported that representatives from ADF have also been in attendance at several school board meetings in order to testify against inclusive accommodations policies. ADF has notoriously brought elements of hate and vitriol to public testimonies. At past school board meetings, parents engaged in anti-trans rhetoric and incendiary name calling. ADF has also targeted elected officials with prejudicial testimony, most recently in Wyoming. |
Strauss-Kahn sex case: French inquiry dropped Published duration 13 October 2011
image copyright AFP image caption Ms Banon had accused Mr Strauss-Kahn of attempted rape in 2003
A French inquiry into attempted rape claims against ex-IMF chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn has been dropped.
The prosecutor's office said the evidence suggested sexual assault - a less serious offence than attempted rape, with a shorter statute of limitations.
Writer Tristane Banon had accused Mr Strauss-Kahn of attempted rape in 2003.
Her accusation emerged while Mr Strauss-Kahn was accused of rape in New York; that case was later dropped.
Prosecutors said in a statement that "it is clear that, for lack of sufficient proof, a prosecution may not be initiated over the count of attempted rape, but facts that could be described as sexual assault have meanwhile been recognised".
Under French law, the statute of limitations for attempted rape is 10 years, but three years for sexual assault.
Ms Banon's lawyer described the decision as a victory: "[Mr Strauss-Kahn] will have to be satisfied with being an unconvicted sex attacker, protected by the statute of limitations, allowing him to escape criminal prosecution, but not a legitimate suspicion," lawyer David Koubbi said.
The ruling demonstrated "the facts that [Ms Banon] complained of were not 'imaginary' contrary to Mr Strauss-Kahn's claims", he added.
Mr Strauss-Kahn's lawyer has said the decision means her client has been "completely cleared".
'Advance'
Ms Banon has indicated she may still file a civil suit against Mr Strauss-Kahn.
As part of the police inquiry, Mr Strauss-Kahn and Ms Banon confronted each other at a Paris police station at the end of September.
Ms Banon said Mr Strauss-Kahn had tried to rape her during an interview for a book.
Mr Strauss-Kahn was previously said to have admitted making "an advance" on Ms Banon, but denied any violence and is suing for slander.
He resigned from his job as head of the International Monetary Fund after a New York hotel maid accused him of attempted rape earlier this year.
He still faces a civil suit in the US by his alleged victim in New York, Nafissatou Diallo. |
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"What I like most about Fruitport is how much many of the teachers care about students. I can tell that they want us to be successful when we leave high school. What I don't like about Fruitport is the lack of AP courses, the lack of racial diversity, and the lack of support for the art and music program."
Topic: Overall Experience | Rating:Posted 2017-05-01
"My experience at Fruitport High School has been amazing. I have enjoyed playing sports and being involved in the schools activities. The teachers at Fruitport are great leaders in and outside of the classroom. I have also enjoyed having many of my teachers as coaches for sports. Another thing I enjoy is that Fruitport is a small school so everyone here knows each other and shares similar connections. I would only have positive things to say about my school if I were asked about it."
Topic: Overall Experience | Rating:Posted 2017-01-01
"Fruitport will always be my home. It is a kind and caring community full of good people. The school was not as great. It is a very old school, being built in the 60's and has hardly been renovated since. There are no actuall safety precautions besides all of the side doors being locked but the front doors are always unlocked to anyone. There is no air conditioning and the heat is hardly ever on and very few good staff members. However, the library is very nice and very useful, every student has their own personal chromebook, there are many clubs / teams to join, all the the athletic complexes are very nice. And the student culture is great, with many students going out to support all of our athletic teams and set up fund raisers for the school and the community. Fruitport's English 12A class requires 20 hours of community service which is a great thing because it motivates the youth to go out and be contributing factors throughout the community."
Topic: Overall Experience | Rating:Posted 2016-12-01
"I am currently a senior at Fruitport. I love the community of Fruitport and the high school that I have attended for four years. The students and staff are friendly people that will be happy to help whenever needed. I am prepared for college after my long years at school thanks to the wonderful teachers that truly care about their students. The buildings need improvements, but the Fruitport Community did recently pass the plan for the new high school. Overall, my time at Fruitport High School has been great. I would recommend Fruitport any day. Go blue!"
Topic: Overall Experience | Rating:Posted 2016-11-01
"I'd like a more classes offered, more AP class options, and more focus on the arts. The school building itself is always either too hot or freezing, and the bathrooms are never clean.The culture of the school is terrible, because there is no redeemable culture here at all. I've never personally eaten cafeteria food, but every dish I've seen looks disgusting and smells that way too (save for the school-wide "calzone day", when the food actually looks appetizing). Overall, I think sports is mildly prioritized over academics and extremely prioritized over the arts and extracurriculars; the gym floor has been redone multiple times while we've run out of pottery glaze basically every year I've been here. The only thing that really makes Fruitport High School special in literally any way is the fact that ducks nest on school grounds every year." |
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An Update on the Shaniya Davis Case
Fayetteville, N.C. — Members of a Fayetteville church came together Sunday to help stop child trafficking.
The congregation of Manna Church, at 5117 Cliffdale Road, organized a 5K walk to raise awareness and money for the organization “Stop Child Trafficking Now.”
Organizers said not enough resources are being used to stop child trafficking.
“An average trafficker, with a child, can make $200,000 a year on one child, and there’s just no law enforcement set up to protect them. We have got a huge army after drugs but tiny, tiny little efforts after child trafficking,” said Michael Fletcher, pastor of Manna Church.
Organizers of the Fayetteville walk said the Shaniya Davis case has focused attention on the issue of child trafficking.
The 5-year-old girl was reported missing from her Fayetteville home on Nov. 10. Her body was found in a patch of kudzu off a rural road near the Lee-Harnett County line six days later.
Mario Andrette McNeill, 29, has been charged with first-degree murder, first-degree rape of a child and first-degree kidnapping in Shaniya’s death. Police have characterized him as a family acquaintance.
An autopsy determined that Shaniya died of asphyxiation and that injuries she suffered were consistent with a sexual assault.
Shaniya’s mother, Antoinette Nicole Davis, 25, has been charged with human trafficking, felony child abuse–prostitution, filing a false police report and obstructing a police investigation. Arrest warrants state that Davis “did knowingly provide Shaniya with the intent that she be held in sexual servitude” and “did permit an act of prostitution with Shaniya.” |
Q:
css th:hover to change background - color
i have table with below structure:
<table class="cedvel">
<caption>
count:
<%:Html.Encode(TempData["RowsCount"])%></caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th id="thAfield1" class="field1,asc">
<span>field1</span><span id="spanAfield1" class="spanAscDesc">↑↓</span>
</th>
<th id="thfild2" class="field2,asc">
<span>field2</span> <span id="spanfield2" class="spanAscDesc">↑↓</span>
</th>
................................
</thead>
<tbody>
<%if (Model.<----->.Count() > 0)
{
foreach (var abonent in Model.<---->)
{%>
<tr>
<td>
data
</td>
<td>
data
</td>
................................
</tr>
<tr class="noData">
<td colspan="11">
no info
</td>
</tr>
<% }%>
</tbody>
</table>
now i want to change background - color when hovering on th. but can not do it. but simply i can change color when hovering on tr. but on th i can not.
table.cedvel th
{
background-color: #c3dde0;
background-image: url(../Content/SiteImages/1.png);
border-width: 1px;
padding: 8px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #a9c6c9;
}
table.cedvel th:hover
{
background-color: Red;
}
i simply setting background-image: none when hovering. here was my problem. when i hovered on it. it changed background color. but my pic. hided it.
A:
Have a look at this fiddle : http://jsfiddle.net/jomanlk/Bcayc/ It works form e
You probably have an issue with your CSS.
|
Welcome to the FJC Big O. Your's is a tough question as FJ makes, and has made, so many great shoes. Of the current offerings, the Dry Joy Tour is my personal favorite. The DJT offers fantastic traction and classic style, especially in their saddle style. The XPS-! offers the best traction I've found and the FJ Sport was lightweight, had a firm sole and great traction. the BOA lacing system is awesome and I have a pair of black ICON BOA that is my favorite shoe to wear with slacks.
Thank you and great answer. I love the BOA system and I hope that FootJoy offers it in many more models in the future. The BOA system is immensely popular here in Japan and my last two FJ shoe purchases have had the BOA system (M Project and EXL- Japanese model). I'm looking forward to ordering a set of MyJoys ICON BOA in the near future. I like to keep it classic though, although I love the pimped out purple base with purple croc skin, I like the traditional Black with white accent. I can pretty much wear those with anything. |
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The White House seems to think that it’s on the shoals of victory on health care. This comes as Freedom Caucus Chairman Rep. Mark Meadows and Tuesday Group Co-chairman Rep. Tom MacArthur neared an agreement this week to try to sell to their colleagues. There was no sign on Thursday, however, that this agreement would be enough to corral the 216 votes necessary to revive the long presumed dead health care bill. And as ever, there is a strong disconnect between what President Trump wants—any sort of legislative “achievement” before his first 100 days are up—and what the House Republican conference is capable of delivering.
The amendment that MacArthur and Meadows negotiated, an outline of which was first reported by the Huffington Post on Wednesday night, follows the same “opt-out” structure as the proposal that crashed the week before members went on recess. (The new amendment would make these modifications to the original bill that spectacularly imploded in March.) It would allow states to apply for waivers for some of Obamacare’s regulations—essential health benefit requirements and certain community ratings. The twist this time, as my colleague Jordan Weissmann explained, is that states would only be able to waive out of community rating by health status if “the state has established a high risk pool or is participating in a federal high risk pool”—i.e., a fallback receptacle for all of the sick people who would be priced out of regular insurance markets if carriers were allowed to discriminate by individual health status.
This doesn’t appear to resolve any of the problems either conservative or moderate holdouts had two weeks ago when the waiver option was first floated.
Several Freedom Caucus members told me two weeks ago that waivers still constituted an affront to states’ rights, since they required a state to “beg” the federal government to conduct its health care policy the way it desired. They wanted the regulations repealed outright. This proposal still doesn’t do that.
And moderates were furious two weeks ago at the audacity of treating community rating by health status—a key regulation to ensure that those with serious pre-existing conditions can afford insurance—as negotiable. This new proposal still allows states to waive out of it, but with the addition of the high-risk pool requirement. We are still waiting to see the legislative text, but every description of the amendment I’ve read sounds awfully flaky on what funding levels and requirements there would be for those high-risk pools—you know, to ensure that they work. One phrase in particular from the description on MacArthur’s own Facebook page is worth considering (italics mine): “States have the option to obtain a waiver from some federal standards, but the state must attest that its purpose is to reduce the cost of health care or increase the number of people with health care coverage.” It is very easy to “attest” one’s “purpose.” Our president, for example, attests that his purpose is to Make America Great Again. He also attested during a news conference on Thursday that the idea that health care was dead was a media construct, having previously attested that he was giving up on health care for the moment and that his last offer to House Republicans was “take it or leave it.” Talk is cheap, and functioning high-risk pools are expensive.
Lest we forget, these changes would be layered atop an existing bill—the American Health Care Act—that has always been extraordinarily unpopular. One prior “no” vote, Staten Island Rep. Dan Donovan, told me Thursday afternoon that the new proposal doesn’t move him because it doesn’t address his existing concerns: the hundreds of billions of dollars in Medicaid cuts, the “Buffalo buyoff” provision that effectively transfers Medicaid costs from upstate New York counties to New York City, and the soaring Congressional Budget Office premium projections for lower-income seniors. It was always going to be a tremendous ask of vulnerable members to vote for the AHCA, and it’s no salve for a congressman like Donovan that his blue state’s government wouldn’t opt out of popular regulations. The bill does far too much damage already.
Say what you will about the House GOP, but they’re cognizant by now of their own shortcomings as a cohesive governing body. You will not find them spreading much optimism or building up expectations about this latest proposal. Here, for example, is the response I got from a senior GOP aide to the question of whether it was fair to use the word deal to describe this amendment: “The question is whether it can get 216 votes in the House and the answer isn’t clear at this time,” the aide said. “There is no legislative text and therefore no agreement to do a whip count on.” Another Republican aide involved in the talks, when asked how many moderates this could bring on board, said only that “discussions are still ongoing with moderates.”
The optimism and unnecessarily built-up expectations are coming from the White House, and our president, who does not in any way understand Capitol Hill. What he does understand is that panel after idiotic cable news panel keeps saying that Trump’s first 100 days are nearly up, and he doesn’t have any significant legislative “wins.” Because he knows nothing about governing, he appears to have bought into the myths that a) the “first 100 days” is a useful measuring stick of success that anyone actually cares about and b) enactment of the AHCA would be a “win” because it would put “points on the board.” And so he’s demanding that his staff find a way to get this done before the culmination of his first 100 days, to solve an impossible problem the same week the House’s attention needs to be focused on keeping the government open. When asked if he had to choose which of these he would prefer get done next week at Thursday’s news conference, Trump said he wanted “both.”
Sounds like they’ve got it all figured out. |
Q:
Guard statement with two conditions in Swift
My understanding is that having two conditions in a guard statement separated by a comma functions imposes the requirement that they both be true. I can write a guard statement with either one independently and the code compiles but when I combine them with a comma, it gives an error. Is there anything wrong with my syntax or can anyone explain why it fails to compile?
guard (mode != "mapme") else { //compiles
}
guard (!annotation is MKUserLocation) else { //compiles
}
guard (mode != "mapme",!(annotation is MKUserLocation)) else { //gives error:'(Bool, Bool)' is not convertible to 'Bool'
}
A:
You are using too many pointless parentheses, basically don't use parentheses in if and guard statements in simple expressions.
The error occurs because the compiler treats the enclosing parentheses as tuple ((Bool, Bool)), that's what the error message says.
guard mode != "mapme" else {
guard !(annotation is MKUserLocation) else { // here the parentheses are useful but the `!` must be outside of the expression
guard mode != "mapme", !(annotation is MKUserLocation) else {
|
80 F.Supp.2d 1357 (1999)
Victor HENKIN, et al., individually and on behalf of all those similarly situated, and on behalf of the AT & T Voluntary Retirement Incentive Program and the AT & T Management Pension Plan, Plaintiffs,
v.
AT & T CORPORATION, and the AT & T Employees' Benefit Committee, Defendants.
No. Civ.A. 1:98-CV-2198.
United States District Court, N.D. Georgia, Atlanta Division.
October 13, 1999.
*1358 Christopher David Adams, Adams & Alford, Athens, GA, Michael Owen Crain, Crain & Davis, Athens, GA, Pratt H. Davis, Crain & Davis, Atlanta, GA, for plaintiffs.
Charles Clark Jackson, Robert L. Jackson, III, Allegra R. Rich, Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson, Chicago, IL, pro hac vice, Peter Norbert Farley, John T. Murray, Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson, Atlanta, GA, for defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
STORY, District Judge.
Plaintiffs, both current and former employees of Defendant AT & T Corporation ["AT & T"], bring this proposed class action alleging Defendants violated the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ["ERISA"], 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. by excluding putative class members from participating in an early retirement program offered to certain AT & T managerial employees. Plaintiffs also bring related federal claims under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ["ADEA"], 29 U.S.C. §§ 621, et seq. (1994) and the Older Worker Benefits Protection Act ["OWBPA"], 29 U.S.C. § 626.
Before the Court is Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint [20-1], Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Brief in Response [26-1], Plaintiffs' Motion for Oral Argument [26-2], and Plaintiffs' Motion to Stay the Time Period for Filing Class Certification [26-3]. As a preliminary matter, Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Brief in Response [26-1] is GRANTED and Plaintiffs' Motion for Oral Argument [26-2] is DENIED. With regard to the remaining motions, after reviewing the entire record and considering all arguments of the parties, this Court enters the following Order.
I. Factual Background
During a January 21, 1998 meeting, the AT & T Board of Directors took the first step in implementing a voluntary early retirement incentive program by amending the AT & T Management Pension Plan ["Plan"] through the adoption of a series of resolutions. The January resolutions provide, in pertinent part, as follows:
RESOLVED: that, effective January 1, 1998, the AT & T Management Pension Plan ("AT & TMPP") be amended to provide that an employee shall be eligible for benefits under a voluntary retirement incentive program for management ("VRIP") being offered during a limited window period from January 1, 1998 through December 31, 1998, inclusive, ... if ... (5) he or she is not part of a group of employees designated by the Company (as described in the directive to the Executive Vice President *1359 Human Resources below) to be excluded from the VRIP....
(January Resolution Ex. at 1-2.) The "directive to the Executive Vice President" also included in the January resolutions provides, in part, as follows:
RESOLVED: that the Executive Vice President Human Resources (or his delegate), with the advice of the Law Department, is directed to study issues relating to the final design of the VRIP and to make recommendations for further Board approval of final specific plan design matters including, but not limited to, the following:
(i) ...;
(ii) determining whether, and to what extent, a limit should be imposed on the number of eligible employees in any group of employees;....
(Id. at 10.)
Two months later on March 18, 1998, the Board, by a series of resolutions, completed the VRIP Plan, and, in doing so, accepted the vice president's recommendation and limited the number of managers eligible to accept VRIP benefits within each employee group. The March resolutions provide, in pertinent part, as follows:
RESOLVED: that, for the business reasons presented to the meeting, the number of employees in certain groups of employees who may be eligible for the VRIP shall not exceed the limits presented to the meeting;
RESOLVED: that if, with respect to an employee group identified in the immediately preceding resolution, the number of employees who volunteer to leave the Company under the VRIP is greater than the limits set forth in the immediately preceding resolution, the determination of which employees within the employee group shall be eligible for the VRIP shall be in order of seniority based on the employees' term of employment as defined in the AT & T Management Pension Plan ("AT & TMP") for purposes of eligibility to retire.
(March Resolution Ex. at 2.) Application of these employee group eligibility limitations caused Defendants to reject the putative class members' applications for VRIP benefits. (Sec.Am.Comp. at ¶ 97.)
II. Discussion
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) empowers the Court to grant a defendant's motion to dismiss when a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. In considering whether to grant or deny such a motion, the Court may only look to the pleadings. Fed.R.Civ.Pro. 12(b). The pleadings are, in addition, construed broadly so that all facts pleaded therein are accepted as true and all inferences are viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Cooper v. Pate, 378 U.S. 546, 546, 84 S.Ct. 1733, 12 L.Ed.2d 1030 (1964). Thus, a motion to dismiss should be granted when "it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).
Defendants argue their Exhibit A may be considered a part of the pleadings for purposes of the Motion to Dismiss because the March resolutions, filed with the Second Amended Complaint, incorporate by reference Exhibit A by stating "the number of employees in certain groups of employees who may be eligible for the VRIP shall not exceed the limits presented to the meeting." (March Resolution Ex. at 2.) Consistent with the March resolution, Defendants' Exhibit A sets forth limits on the number of employees within certain employee groups who may accept the VRIP offer, and it very well may be the same limits presented to the Board and adopted by the March resolution. But nothing in the text of the exhibit or in the text of the March resolutions indicate these are the same limits presented to the Board, and the Court cannot say with certainty the March resolutions incorporate by reference Defendants' Exhibit A. The Court will therefore not consider Exhibit A when ruling on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss.
*1360 A. ERISA CLAIMS
1. Section 1054(g) Claim
Although the January and March resolutions expressly condition eligibility on whether an employee is excluded because of employee group eligibility limitations, Plaintiffs argue the January and March resolutions conferred upon the putative class members accrued VRIP benefits the limitations list subsequently took away. The employee group limitations list thus, according to Plaintiffs, constitutes a VRIP Plan amendment that eliminated the putative class members' VRIP early retirement benefits to which they were entitled under preamendment conditions in violation of 29 U.S.C. § 1054(g) (1999). "This provision, known as the `anti-cutback' rule, was intended to prevent employers from `pulling the rug out from under' employees participating in a plan." Williams v. Cordis Corp., 30 F.3d 1429, 1431 (11th Cir.1994). As the Senate Report on § 1054(g) states, "`the prohibition against reduction of a benefit subsidy ... applies to a participant only if the participant meets the conditions imposed by the plan on the availability of the subsidy.'" Blessitt v. Retirement Plan for Employees of Dixie Engine Co., 848 F.2d 1164, 1175 (11th Cir.1988) (quoting S.Rep. No. 575, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 31 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2547, 2577 (emphasis added)). Because the putative class members never satisfied the conditions for VRIP eligibility set forth in the January and March Resolutions, Defendants never "pulled the rug out from under" the putative class members, and Plaintiffs' anti-cutback claim must be dismissed.
The January and March Board resolutions amend the Plan to create, for the first time, the VRIP Plan, and, for this reason, Plaintiffs correctly treat these resolutions together as a benefits plan separate and distinct from the terms of the Pension Plan.[1] Plaintiffs contend they were entitled to VRIP benefits under the January and March resolutions and that the eligibility limitations list subsequently amended the VRIP Plan to restrict eligibility to a certain number of the most senior employees in each employee group. This contention, however, ignores the fact that both the January and March resolutions expressly condition eligibility on whether an employee is excluded because of employee group eligibility limitations.
The January resolutions provide, in pertinent part, that "an employee shall be eligible for benefits under [VRIP] ... if ... (5) he or she is not part of a group of employees designated by the Company (as described below) to be excluded from the VRIP...." (January Resolution Ex. at 1-2.) The resolutions subsequently direct the executive vice president of human resources to "determin[e] whether, and to what extent, a limit should be imposed on the number of eligible employees in any group of employees...." (Id. at 10.) Surely, then, Plaintiffs cannot look to the January resolutions by themselves and argue they satisfied all of the conditions for eligibility.
The March resolutions pick up where the January resolutions left off by imposing limits on the number of employees who are eligible for VRIP benefits within certain employee groups. Specifically, the March resolutions provide "that, for the business reasons presented to the meeting, *1361 the number of employees in certain groups of employees who may be eligible for the VRIP shall not exceed the limits presented to the meeting." (March Resolution Ex. at 2.) If the number of employees within an employee group who wished to participate in VRIP exceeded these adopted limits, the March resolutions provided eligibility should be determined by "order of seniority based on the employees' term of employment...." (Id.) The March resolutions thus offer even less support for Plaintiffs' contention that they satisfied conditions for VRIP eligibility under the VRIP Plan.
Realizing the difficulty the aforementioned provisions of the January and March resolutions pose to their § 1054(g) claim, Plaintiffs wish to strike any reference to numerical limitations on employee groups in the March and January resolutions because the Board did not include the limitations list in its March resolution. In the Eleventh Circuit, material modifications or amendments to an ERISA plan "can be implemented or applied only after the amendment has been appropriately adopted in a formal, complete, and written form." Smith v. National Credit Union Admin. Bd., 36 F.3d 1077, 1081 (11th Cir. 1994). Applying this rule, courts have struck material plan amendments or modifications made orally or by informal written communications. See Smith, 36 F.3d at 1080-81 (holding oral amendment to raise retirement age from sixty-two to sixty-five was ineffective and subsequently formalized, written amendment could not be applied retroactively); Mohalley v. Kendall Health Care Prods. Co., Inc., 903 F.Supp. 1530, 1536-38 (M.D.Ga.1995) (concluding creation of two-tiered classification and premium contribution system by informal inter-office correspondence could not be considered document comprising portion of ERISA plan).
The most obvious difficulty with Plaintiffs' argument is the limitations list did not modify or amend the January or March resolutions; instead it simply satisfied the January resolutions' requirement that such limitations be explored and provided substance to the March resolutions' adoption of these limitations. This is not a case where the plan administrator attempted to amend key portions of the plan orally or by informal correspondence without ever bothering to formally amend the plan itself to reflect the changes. In stark contrast to Smith and Kendall, the Board in the case sub judice set forth every material amendment to the original Plan in its formal, written resolutions that erect the structure of the VRIP Plan, and both sets of resolutions make no secret of the fact eligibility would be limited within the employee groups. The March resolutions go even further by explaining eligibility determinations under the employee group limitations would be made based on seniority.
At most, one could argue the actual limitations list itself should be stricken as a material, informal, unwritten plan amendment or modification, but even this does not entitle the putative class members to relief under § 1054(g). As explained above, the putative class members still never satisfied the conditions for eligibility set forth in the January and March resolutions. In addition, without the list, a reasonable person could not, from the surrounding circumstances, ascertain the class of VRIP beneficiaries from the January and March resolutions, and the VRIP Plan would therefore fail to qualify as an ERISA employee pension benefit plan. Whitt v. Sherman Int'l Corp., 147 F.3d 1325, 1330 (11th Cir.1998). Without a valid ERISA plan, Plaintiffs' ERISA claims are subject to dismissal.
In a final effort to strike all mention of the employee group limitation from the VRIP Plan, Plaintiffs contend the absence of the limitations list in the January and March resolutions renders the requirement that participants fall outside the excluded group not "definitely determinable." This requirement, Plaintiffs argue, is therefore ineffective under Treasury Department regulations promulgated pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 401(a) of the Internal *1362 Revenue Code. The Court disagrees because, as the Fourth, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits have concluded, "the provisions of 26 U.S.C. § 401(a) and the regulations promulgated under them cannot form the basis of an ERISA action" because they relate solely to the issue of tax qualification under the Internal Revenue Code. Stamper v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 188 F.3d 1233, 1237-1240 (1999). The specific Treasury Regulations Plaintiffs cite support this conclusion as they do not govern the extent to which modifications of an ERISA plan must convey detailed information regarding eligibility; instead, they require plans to set forth definitely determinable criteria for the calculation of benefits. See, e.g. 29 C.F.R. § 1.401-1(b) ("A pension plan within the meaning of section 401(a) is a plan established and maintained by an employer primarily to provide systematically for the payment of definitely determinable benefits to his employees over a period of years, usually for life, after retirement.")
2. Section 1104(1)(D) Claim
The Plan, like § 1054(g), prohibits the enactment of any amendment that divests participants of previously accrued rights or benefits. Plaintiffs claim Defendants violated this Plan provision and thus breached their duty under 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(D) (1999) to abide by the Plan's provisions. As discussed in Part II.A.1. of this Order, however, Defendants did not divest the putative class members of any previously accrued rights under the VRIP Plan, and Plaintiffs' § 1104(a)(1)(D) claim must therefore be dismissed.
3. Misrepresentation Claim
Plaintiffs contend in their response brief that Defendants disseminated to the putative class members a series of "comprehensive, but grossly misleading, communications ... to induce them to leave AT & T's employment." These communications allegedly led Plaintiffs to believe they were eligible for VRIP benefits and caused them to apply for VRIP early retirement, only to have Defendants reject their applications. The Second Amended Complaint allegations and exhibits attached thereto, however, clearly show Plaintiffs can prove no set of facts in support of this claim.
To establish a claim for breach of fiduciary duty based on alleged misrepresentations or concealment of material information concerning coverage under a plan, the plaintiff must show: (1) the defendant was acting in a fiduciary capacity when it made the alleged misrepresentations or concealed information; (2) the defendant made a material misrepresentation or concealed material information; and (3) the plaintiff suffered injury as a result.
Cerasoli v. Xomed, Inc., 47 F.Supp.2d 401, 405 (W.D.N.Y.1999) (citations omitted). The facts as presented in the Second Amended Complaint and its exhibits satisfy the first factor, but Plaintiffs have failed to allege any misrepresentation or concealment of material information or any detrimental reliance that caused them to suffer damages.
Plaintiffs allege Defendants placed misrepresentations concerning the putative class members' eligibility for VRIP benefits in: (1) the VRIP Summary section of AT & T's web site; (2) the VRIP Package Instructions; (3) the VRIP benefits guide; and (4) the VRIP Agreement. The Court has reviewed every exhibit to the Second Amended Complaint, however, and none of them promises that every AT & T manager who meets the first four criteria listed in the January resolutions will receive VRIP benefits. To the contrary, every document that discusses at any length the availability of VRIP benefits contains at least one statement informing managers limits may be imposed on the number of managers eligible to accept VRIP benefits, and none of the documents contain any promise VRIP benefits will be offered to every manager. See Armstrong Announcement ("The [VRIP] Program will be offered to most A-D band managers in most of the business.") (emphasis added); *1363 February VRIP Overview (explaining that VRIP applies to all managers who meet all other criteria and "are not a part of a group of employees excluded from the program"); Web site VRIP Information ("The [VRIP] Program will be offered to most A-D band managers in most of the business.") (emphasis added); VRIP Offer Letter (encouraging recipient to read enclosed VRIP package carefully); VRIP Calculations ("Because your employee group is subject to a limit on the number of employees who may terminate under the VRIP, you will be informed no later than June 15, 1998, about whether or not you will be permitted to terminate under the VRIP.").
In addition, even if Defendants did inform the putative class members there would be no limits on the number of managers eligible to accept VRIP benefits, the putative class members could not have suffered any injury as a result of their reliance on such a misrepresentation. Plaintiffs did not quit their jobs in reliance on statements by Defendants they would be eligible for VRIP benefits. Instead, they simply filled out an application for VRIP early retirement benefits Defendants rejected.
4. Section 1054(h) Claim
Plaintiffs contend the list of employee group eligibility limitations amended the January and March resolutions to "provide for a significant reduction in the rate of future benefit accrual" so that written notice should have been sent to all participants pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1054(h) (1999). But, as discussed in Part II.A.1. of this Order, the list of employee group eligibility limitations does not amend the VRIP Plan to eliminate any accrued VRIP benefits of the putative class members. Plaintiffs' § 1054(h) claim is therefore dismissed.
B. Age Discrimination Claims
Plaintiffs bring a disparate treatment claim and a disparate impact claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act ("ADEA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621, et seq. alleging application of the caps under the VRIP Plan "constitutes intentional age discrimination under the [ADEA]" and "had a disparate impact on those applicants over the age of forty [40] not otherwise justified by business necessity." (Sec.Am.Compl. at ¶¶ 129, 132.) For the reasons expressed below, the Court concludes Plaintiffs can prove no set of facts in support of these claims, and they are therefore dismissed.
The most obvious problem with Plaintiffs' age discrimination claims based on application of the eligibility limitations as set forth in the VRIP Plan is the VRIP Plan does not treat older employees less favorably by denying them VRIP benefits in favor of younger employees. Quite the contrary, the VRIP Plan actually treats older employees more favorably by providing that
if, with respect to an employee group identified in the immediately preceding resolution, the number of employees who volunteer to leave the Company under the VRIP is greater than the limits set forth in the immediately preceding resolution, the determination of which employees within the employee group shall be eligible for the VRIP shall be in order of seniority based on the employees' term of employment as defined in the AT & T Management Pension Plan ("AT & TMP") for purposes of eligibility to retire.
(March Resolution Ex. at 2.)
1. Disparate Treatment
As stated above, Defendants determined which employees within employee groups would be excluded by application of the eligibility limitations by "order of seniority based on the employees' term of employment...." (March Resolution Ex. at 2.) Even assuming consideration of the seniority factor caused applicants over the age of forty to be treated less favorably under the VRIP Plan, employee decisions based on years of service do not constitute age discrimination. The Supreme Court has held that "[b]ecause age and years of *1364 service are analytically distinct, an employer can take account of one while ignoring the other, and thus it is incorrect to say that a decision based on years of service is necessarily `age-based.'" Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins, 507 U.S. 604, 611, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 1707, 123 L.Ed.2d 338 (1993). Although Plaintiffs allege Defendants sometimes used factors other than seniority when applying the eligibility limitations, the only example given is that "some business managers decided to limit the participation of employees within their particular units to the top fifteen (15) percent based upon seniority." (Sec.Am.Compl. at ¶ 98.) The Court sees no distinction, however, because application of the eligibility limitations in this example is still based on seniority and not age. As Defendants point out, "[n]otably absent from the complaint, however, is any allegation that even one of the 247 named plaintiffs was denied the VRIP because of his or her age. This glaring omission defeats any claim of intentional age discrimination." (Defs.' Br. at 13.)
2. Disparate Impact
As Justice Kennedy explained in Hazen Paper, the Supreme Court has "not yet addressed the question whether [a disparate impact claim] is cognizable under the ADEA, and there are substantial arguments that it is improper to carry over disparate impact analysis from Title VII to the ADEA." Id. at 618, 113 S.Ct. at 1710. The Eleventh Circuit has never expressly allowed disparate impact claims under the ADEA, and has reserved for another day a ruling on whether the ADEA permits such claims. Turlington v. Atlanta Gas Light Co., 135 F.3d 1428, 1437 n. 17 (11th Cir. 1998). The Middle District of Alabama is the only court within the Eleventh Circuit to address the issue after Hazen Paper, and it agreed with the Tenth Circuit's conclusion in Ellis v. United Airlines, Inc., 73 F.3d 999, 1007 (10th Cir.1996), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1245, 116 S.Ct. 2500, 135 L.Ed.2d 191 (1996) that "the statutory language of the ADEA cannot support a disparate impact claim." Davidson v. Quorum Health Group, Inc., 1 F.Supp.2d 1321, 1326 (N.D.Ala.1997).
Including the Tenth Circuit, seven circuits have addressed the issue after Hazen Paper. Three agreed with the Tenth Circuit and concluded that disparate impact is not a viable theory of liability under the ADEA. See Mullin v. Raytheon Co., 164 F.3d 696, 700-702 (1st Cir.1999); E.E.O.C. v. Francis W. Parker School, 41 F.3d 1073, 1076-78 (7th Cir.1994), cert. denied, 515 U.S. 1142, 115 S.Ct. 2577, 132 L.Ed.2d 828 (1995). See also DiBiase v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 48 F.3d 719, 732-34 (3rd Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 916, 116 S.Ct. 306, 133 L.Ed.2d 210 (1995) (opining disparate impact is not viable theory of liability under ADEA, but reserving ruling on issue until another day). Three circuits have held to the contrary, but all "have done so in reliance on pre-Hazen Paper precedents and the law of the circuit doctrine." Mullin, 164 F.3d at 701. See District Council 37 v. New York City Dep't of Parks & Recreation, 113 F.3d 347, 351 (2d Cir.1997); Houghton v. SIPCO, Inc., 38 F.3d 953, 958-59 (8th Cir.1994). See also Lyon v. Ohio Educ. Assn. & Professional Staff, 53 F.3d 135, 139 n. 5 (6th Cir.1995) ("There is considerable doubt as to whether a claim of age discrimination may exist under a disparate impact theory.... However, this circuit has stated that a disparate-impact theory of age discrimination may be possible.").
This Court has carefully studied the aforementioned opinions, finds the reasoning of the First, Third, Seventh, and Tenth Circuits persuasive, and therefore concludes "the imposition of disparate impact liability would not address the evils that Congress was attempting to purge when it enacted the ADEA." Mullin, 164 F.3d at 701. Plaintiffs' disparate impact claim is therefore dismissed.
C. OWBPA Claim
The waiver agreement Plaintiffs signed is unenforceable because no consideration was provided and the condition *1365 precedent that Defendants accept Plaintiffs' VRIP application was not satisfied. Plaintiffs nevertheless seek relief under 29 U.S.C. § 626(f)(1)(H) of the OWBPA alleging Defendants failed to make available to them certain information regarding the VRIP Plan so Plaintiffs could not have waived their claims knowingly and voluntarily. Because the waiver agreement is unenforceable, however, Plaintiffs have suffered no injuries as a result of any failure by Defendants to ensure they entered into the agreement knowingly and voluntarily. Plaintiffs therefore do not have standing to bring this claim, and it is dismissed. See Harris v. Evans, 20 F.3d 1118, 1121 (11th Cir.1994) (plaintiff must have suffered an actual or threatened injury to have standing). See also Ellison v. Premier Salons Int'l, Inc., 164 F.3d 1111, 1115 (8th Cir.1999) ("Because Ellison has not waived his rights under the ADEA, and in fact has litigated his ADEA claim, he has not been denied the benefit of the OWBPA.").
III. Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint [20-1] is GRANTED, Plaintiffs' Motion for Leave to File Supplemental Brief in Response [26-1] is GRANTED, Plaintiffs' Motion for Oral Argument [26-2] is DENIED, and Plaintiffs' Motion to Stay the Time Period for Filing Class Certification [26-3] is DENIED AS MOOT.
NOTES
[1] Any argument that the January resolutions constitute the VRIP Plan by themselves is meritless, as it is clear this was not the Board's intent. The January resolutions simply announced for the first time the upcoming offering of the VRIP Plan, set forth some of the eligibility and benefits information, and expressly left other matters to be resolved after further discussion. Plaintiffs argue the January resolutions constitute an ERISA Plan on their own because they "define[] the criteria necessary to be an `eligible employee.'" (Pls.' Supp. Br. at 4.) This is simply not true. The January resolutions expressly leave open the question of who will and who will not be eligible to receive VRIP benefits and direct the human resources department to look into the matter further before the Board takes any action.
|
Situated in a beautifully converted Victorian pub, this centre provides luxury, individual offices in a warm and friendly atmosphere for small to medium businesses and professional people looking for short term or flexible office space solutions. Along with a prestigious Highgate address, The centre offers all the facilities and benefits you would need to successfully – and comfortably – run your business; individually air-conditioned and heated rooms, on-site parking, wireless internet, use of the on-site gym and private telephone numbers, along with a host of other benefits.
The consulting rooms are located in a quiet building in Swains Lane, set back from the road. Swains Lane is one of Highgate's most charming streets. It is within 50 metres of Hampstead Heath and with easy access to bus, train and underground. Local restaurants and cafés add to the friendly, village atmosphere.•Located in charming north London area, Swains Lane•Purpose-built for psychotherapy•Architect-designed and elegantly furnished•Soundproofed•Fully ventilated•Entryphones to all rooms•Waiting areas•Full-time receptionist and support staff•Rent by hour or session•Available anytime, evenings and weekends, 7 days a week•Group and individual bookings•Broadband free of charge
This is a brand new business centre catering for the discerning client looking for a prestigious location to house their business. The centre is situated across the whole of the first floor offering 18 luxury private offices of various sizes, 2 meeting rooms/boardroom with screens, refreshment bar and manned reception all within a high quality luxury environment. There is fibre optic broadband and Wi Fi throughout the centre. Allocated parking is available and there is parking on the surrounding roads. There are local amenities close by the centre and in nearby Temple Fortune.
A rendered exterior with a gated archway to the central courtyard around which the business space is arranged, comprising of a variety of open-plan units; small offices and studios, some with wooden floors and exposed beams. The majority of the spaces are self-contained and have their own entrances making it a great office space for individual businesses.
Big units 10-20 people....This unique business centre has a quiet, professional atmosphere with eight self-contained office units each with their own car parking space. Situated in bustling Archway with it's many shops, cafes and wine bars. |
CHALLENGES OF A RELATIONSHIP
WHAT IT TAKES TO BE IN A RELATIONSHIP
Relationship are of different kinds and this includes that of a mother, father to children, boys and girls, husband and wife, friends to friends, relationship in the church with other members, the clergy and relationship at work with colleagues. Every relationship has its own challenges and in reality, challenge are like someone trying to calculate mathematics and having a test on English, but the result of the calculation and test is what really counts. whatever the case or situation we find ourselves, we should understand that life is full of challenges and there are various kinds of challenges e.g challenges in marriage, parenting, life challenges, social issues or challenges. We need to understand that we humans cannot occupy a space like a home or office without transgressing and having problems with others sometimes, that is why families, work places, churches, schools and neighborhoods. The relationship between a mother and a child could be very challenging especially when the kids are growing up and when they become teenagers.
In reality relationships are tough, hard sometimes due to the situations and challenges that comes with it. It is unfortunate that we all have gone through life situations one way or another and sometimes we might hurt or be hurt due to this circumstances, we always want better relationship, despite that have received many relational injuries, either at work or at home, with friends and acquaintances. We have all one way or the other insulted or injured our parents , siblings, spouse , children and a lot of other people by causing them pain which we kind of regret when we look back. The good thing is that with every challenge comes forgiveness. We have to forgive and forget the past and that is the only way we can overcome some life challenges . The result for challenges and forgiveness is simply a decision to let go of our regrets and views, so getting rid of your partner does not get rid of the problem you have , because half of the “problem” is yours . You can walk out on your relationship, but you can’t run away from yourself, no matter how hard you try! Rather than blaming each other, couples can learn how to work as a team and coach each other through the troubled and struggling times.
In order to avoid any kind of regrets or challenges in a relationship we must :
Learn to forgive others
Learn to deal with physical distance in marriage
we must try to resolve what ever conflict we have .sleepless nights,headaches,stomach pain can all result from unresolved conflict at work
try not to work too hard, so that your kids will not miss you and you will see them often
No matter what situation you find yourself into,you must learn to love your partner.
Create better relationship at work
build the best relationship with our children as parents
Be as liberal as possible
patience could be a source of a very good relationship with kids and anybody |
Simple synthesis and spectroscopic studies on cobalt added ZnO nanocrystals.
Cobalt doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared through simple wet chemical method. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the prepared particles are in wurtzite structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy studies show the shape and morphology of the particles. To identify the presence of cobalt in ZnO, Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis was done. Optical absorption measurements show the presence of exciton peak at 375 nm. Photoluminescence studies were done with the excitation wavelength of 330 nm, which shows the emission because of exciton recombination and oxygen vacancy. |
Health Food Packaging And Its Feature Which Makes It Different From Normal Packaging
Introduction: Health food industry is one of the fast-growing industries at present. Health food packaging is most important part of the food industry. It is not packed in the proper manner will leave a bad impression on consumers as well the quality of food will get impacted. It is always necessary to use proper Food Bagging Machine to avoid such situation.
Features offered by Food Bagging Machine: Foods are generally packed in bags or pouches and to maintain their freshness it is important to seal it properly for use. There are so many types of food bagging machine like semi-automatic or automatic Bagging Machine.
Proper seal: These automatic machines do proper sealing of the food products which avoid the leakage and damages to the products. Bagging machines do all packing job perfectly to protect the food kept inside the packet.
Maintains the nutrition: Proper bagging helps in keeping the food product fresh and maintain the nutrition of the product until the packet is not opened.
Easy usage: These bagging machines are easy in use and no particular knowledge is required. Any person can operate bagging machine. These machines are capable of doing all the process in one go. Once labor needs to watch the all the operating process carefully and next time he is able to operate the machine.
Saves time and money: Once companies have invested in this bagging machine than there is no need of reinvestment of money in other machines and in one go machine does all the bagging process without any harm and delay. In a fraction of second, food will be packed perfectly.
Improves production: Bagging machines requires one or two labors to operate it so other labors can do different work and it takes less time in packing the food products and improves the production of the factory and utilizes the productivity of the labor.
Require less space: Bagging machines are not huge. They require less space to keep it and their maintenance charges are low and budget friendly. As per the need and space machine can be selected.
Summary: As per the required food companies can buy the bagging machines and of course, the budget is a major concern so need not to worry bagging machines are nominal and it is a one-time investment for the business and gives a long-term return. You may find these bagging machines at local store also online. Before buying you need to check these feature as per the usage and can place an order. These machines are very efficient and cost-effective in nature. They are in huge demand these days because of its benefits provided to the food industry. |
Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in central Italy.
Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children aged 3-5 years in central Italy who were attending day-care centres or hospital outpatient clinics. One hundred and twenty-one strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated were tested for susceptibility to penicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. A high prevalence of penicillin-resistant (14%), erythromycin-resistant (60%) and multiply resistant strains (53%) were found. An unusual finding was that 49 of the 64 (76.6%) multiply resistant strains were penicillin-susceptible, 28 serogroup 6 strains also being resistant to the other antibiotics tested. Such strains have not previously been reported from Italy but have the same features as strains recently found in child carriers in the eastern Mediterranean area. |
h - 3312. Is h a multiple of 46?
True
Let g(m) = -4*m**3 - 1 + 4*m**2 + 1905*m - 3 - 1906*m + 1. Is g(-3) a multiple of 36?
True
Let f(o) = 17*o**2 + 9. Let y be f(3). Let r = 288 - y. Is r a multiple of 7?
True
Let z = -778 - -5815. Does 86 divide z?
False
Let g(s) be the first derivative of 5*s**3 + 5*s**2 + 4*s - 27. Let m be g(-4). Suppose h - 179 = -4*z, 5*h + m = 5*z + 1099. Is 34 a factor of h?
False
Let m = 729 + -743. Let n(l) = -125*l - 120. Is n(m) a multiple of 10?
True
Does 11 divide (5188428/5292)/((-1)/(-84))?
False
Suppose 4*v = -4*n + 159 - 927, 0 = -n - 2*v - 194. Let k = n - -255. Is 35 a factor of k?
False
Let x be 0*(-3 - (0 - 2)). Suppose w + 15 + x = -s, -2*w = -4*s - 72. Let c = 59 + s. Is 6 a factor of c?
True
Let f(c) = -c**3 - 7*c**2 - c - 12. Let u be f(-6). Let w be (u/4)/(27/(-36)). Does 23 divide (w - -22)/((-6)/(-8))?
False
Let c(u) = u**3 + 14*u**2 - 3*u - 4. Let k be c(-15). Let h = k + 371. Is 1 + -3 - h/(-11) a multiple of 3?
True
Let f be 989 - ((-1 - -7) + (7 - 9)). Let b = f + -655. Is b a multiple of 33?
True
Suppose 975 = -5*o + 7650. Is 6 a factor of o?
False
Does 18 divide (-19233)/(-4) - (2 + 15/60)?
True
Let h(v) be the third derivative of v**6/120 - v**5/12 + v**4/3 + 2*v**2 + 36*v. Suppose -4*n = 2*b - 20, 5*b = n + 3 + 25. Is h(b) a multiple of 21?
True
Suppose 0*v = -3*v - 4*l + 20, -5*v = -3*l - 14. Let t = -1453 - -1482. Suppose a = -v + t. Does 5 divide a?
True
Let r(b) = -11*b**3 - b**2 - 7*b - 16. Suppose -5*h + 86 = -48*h. Does 13 divide r(h)?
False
Let l = 261 + -107. Suppose h = -3*s + 35 + 7, 5*h - l = -s. Suppose 0 = -5*z + h + 150. Does 12 divide z?
True
Let k(c) = 59*c**2 + 9*c + 11. Is k(10) a multiple of 28?
False
Does 10 divide 3/6*(-63120)/(156/(-13))?
True
Let l(c) = -2*c + 24. Let w be l(0). Suppose -28*k = -w*k - 420. Is 20 a factor of k?
False
Let n(l) = 372*l**3 - l**2 + l + 2. Let p be n(-1). Let u = -347 - p. Is 3 a factor of u?
False
Let o be (3 - 4)/((-7)/(-1435)). Let r = o + 541. Is r a multiple of 48?
True
Suppose 0 = 7*a - 12*a + h + 52, 5*h - 37 = -2*a. Suppose 10*c + 127 = a*c. Is c a multiple of 15?
False
Let k = 1449 + 14160. Does 121 divide k?
True
Let o = -505 + 1016. Let r = o + -290. Is 13 a factor of r?
True
Is (-9014 - (-1 - -5))/(2/(-10)*5) a multiple of 167?
True
Suppose 0 = 8*s - 187 - 117. Suppose -s*b - 108 = -41*b. Does 9 divide b?
True
Let f(l) = -4*l**3 - 155*l**2 - 264*l - 76. Is 20 a factor of f(-41)?
False
Suppose 0 = 19*g - 22*g + 6. Suppose -d + 0*d + 4*w - 67 = 0, 3*w = g*d + 134. Let c = d - -75. Is 6 a factor of c?
False
Let c = -1431 + 1971. Does 4 divide c?
True
Let g = -1752 - -4950. Does 41 divide g?
True
Let n(u) = u**2 + 109*u - 333. Is n(34) a multiple of 12?
False
Let p = 603 + -591. Suppose -8 = 4*w, -8*g - 4450 = -p*g - w. Is 17 a factor of g?
False
Let z(x) = 39*x + 21. Let p be z(8). Suppose d + p = -8*d. Let j = d - -50. Does 13 divide j?
True
Let n be ((-23328)/6)/(-3) - -7. Let a = -924 + n. Is 21 a factor of a?
False
Suppose 421 = -5*y + 171. Let w = 44 + y. Does 3 divide 24/((-15)/w*2/5)?
True
Let r = 210 + -207. Suppose -n - 122 = -3*n + 3*m, -3*n = -r*m - 186. Does 20 divide n?
False
Let u = 79 + -68. Suppose -10*h = -u*h + 5. Suppose -h*j - 4*j + 45 = 0. Is 5 a factor of j?
True
Let t = 4127 + 7364. Is t a multiple of 172?
False
Let s be 7/((-28)/(-32)) - 0/2. Let h be (-9)/3 + -1 + s. Suppose -4*u + f + 4*f = -22, -h*u = -f - 14. Is 3 a factor of u?
True
Let l(y) = 11*y**2 - 7*y - 81. Let q(f) = 12*f**2 - 8*f - 79. Let t(m) = 5*l(m) - 4*q(m). Does 22 divide t(-7)?
False
Let w(q) be the second derivative of 33*q**5/10 - q**4/6 + q**3/2 + q**2 - 4*q + 3. Does 33 divide w(2)?
True
Suppose 3*g - 15154 = -2*c, -3*g + 17204 = -3*c + 2030. Is g a multiple of 16?
False
Suppose 6 = -2*a + a. Let s(f) = 0 - f + 6 + 2*f**2 + f - 2 + 3*f. Is 33 a factor of s(a)?
False
Suppose 44*a - g + 89959 = 46*a, 4*a + g - 179919 = 0. Is a a multiple of 19?
False
Let x be (-49 + 5)*75/12. Let u = 906 + x. Does 15 divide u?
False
Suppose 12*m + 8 + 16 = 0. Let p be (-8592)/(-6)*1*m/(-4). Suppose -2*h - 2*h = -p. Does 26 divide h?
False
Let n(q) = -5*q + 2. Let w be n(0). Suppose 0 = -2*b + 10, o + 3*o - w*b = 2. Suppose o*u - 144 = -3*u. Is 3 a factor of u?
True
Suppose -24*c + 16556 = 3*d - 28*c, -9*c = 2*d - 11084. Does 11 divide d?
False
Let g be 2/13 - 20140/(-65). Let t = 454 - g. Is 12 a factor of t?
True
Is (-3)/(-1 + (-144)/(-54) - 121088/72651) a multiple of 61?
True
Let j = -465 + 553. Is 3 a factor of j?
False
Let k = -295 + 289. Is 13 a factor of (-1664)/(-160)*((-423)/k - -2)?
True
Let s = -957 + 1602. Let v = s - 206. Is v a multiple of 7?
False
Suppose -70560 = -25*h - 58*h - 13*h. Is h a multiple of 21?
True
Let g(j) = 3*j + 7*j**2 - 9 - 33*j**3 + 2*j**2 + 3*j**2. Let n(h) = -22*h**3 + 8*h**2 + 2*h - 6. Let t(q) = 5*g(q) - 7*n(q). Is 9 a factor of t(-2)?
True
Let y = 5081 + -4858. Is 28 a factor of y?
False
Suppose 59*h + 432 = 57*h. Let r be (3*2/9)/(16/h). Is ((-356)/12 - -3)*r/6 a multiple of 4?
True
Let h = 294 - 296. Is 83 a factor of (h - -1)*1364/2*-1?
False
Suppose -a + 29 = 3*d + 12, -a = -5*d + 15. Suppose 3*q + 0*q - a*o - 177 = 0, -59 = -q - 3*o. Is q even?
False
Suppose n + 10 = 4*v + 5, 5*n - 4*v = 7. Suppose h - 725 = -n*t, 2*t - 478 = -5*h + 3*h. Is 81 a factor of t?
True
Let g(s) = -3*s**2 + 18*s - 47. Let l(b) = 2*b**2 - 8*b + 1. Let q be l(5). Let u(d) = -d**2 + 6*d - 16. Let y(r) = q*u(r) - 4*g(r). Is y(12) a multiple of 21?
True
Suppose 7380*r = 7369*r + 81983. Is r a multiple of 180?
False
Let v = -26 - 30. Let n = 105 + v. Suppose r = -4*b - b + 70, 0 = -r + 2*b + n. Is r a multiple of 7?
False
Let c(o) = -3*o**2 + 326*o - 45. Is 5 a factor of c(90)?
True
Suppose -27*m = -25*m + 2*o - 8568, 3*m - 4*o = 12873. Is 15 a factor of m?
False
Let l(a) = a**2 + 34*a - 797. Is l(-65) a multiple of 4?
False
Does 197 divide (((-9)/12)/(3/(-394)))/((-11)/(-5500))?
True
Suppose 2*q = 5*h - 37, -3*q - 5 = -5*h + 33. Let j(d) = -4*d + d**3 - 4*d**3 + 2*d**3 + 3 + h*d**2 + 3. Is 10 a factor of j(3)?
True
Is 153 a factor of 1186044/114 + ((-12)/(-57))/2?
True
Let a(l) = l**2 + 16*l - 14. Let c = 42 - 52. Let k be a(c). Let g = k - -106. Does 8 divide g?
True
Let d = 386 + -385. Does 8 divide -168*d*(-7 - -6)?
True
Suppose 0 = 4*h + 5*x - 3*x - 10, -3*x = -4*h + 5. Is 7 a factor of (6958/(-28))/(h/(-4))?
True
Let m = 964 - 1454. Let y = 748 + m. Is 43 a factor of y?
True
Suppose 3*x - 5*x + 860 = 0. Does 9 divide 50/150 - x/(-6)?
True
Let f = -103 + 105. Suppose 4*t - 118 = -f*q, 4*q + 0*q - 214 = 3*t. Does 3 divide q?
False
Let l = 249 + -245. Is (l - -3) + 107 + -5 a multiple of 5?
False
Suppose 114849 - 384089 = -20*q. Suppose 1658 = 21*u - q. Is u a multiple of 18?
True
Let r(s) = 0*s**2 - 2*s**2 - 67 + 45*s + 33 + 41. Is r(11) a multiple of 16?
False
Is (-3)/(-18) - (-1 + (-315164)/24) a multiple of 12?
False
Let w be (-4)/2 - (-2 + 5 + -49). Let u = w + -36. Let l(m) = 27*m - 15. Is l(u) a multiple of 12?
False
Let w(l) = -l - 7. Let v be w(-7). Suppose v*p - 6*p = -1014. Suppose -5*h + 96 = -p. Does 20 divide h?
False
Let c be (-287)/(-14)*4/(-2). Let p = 68 + c. Is 2 a factor of p?
False
Does 78 divide 78/7*(757 - 1)?
True
Let n = -133 - -176. Suppose 175 = 4*b - 349. Let r = b - n. Does 44 divide r?
True
Let d be (-8)/(-6)*-1 + 79/3. Let b = d + -29. Does 14 divide -22*b/(-16)*-20?
False
Let h(q) be the third derivative of -q**5/30 - q**4/3 + q**3/2 - 49*q**2. Let v be h(-4). Suppose v*p - 258 = 2*w, -1 - 11 = 4*w. Is p a multiple of 6?
True
Let y be -5 + -3 + 60 + -4. Is 3 a factor of 25713/72 + (-6)/y?
True
Suppose 3*f + 25441 = 16*f. Is 102 a factor of f?
False
Suppose -10*r + 66 = -74. Does 19 divide 138 + r + (-1 - -1)?
True
Let m(l) = l**3 + 3*l**2 + l + 7. Let c be m(-5). Let a = -44 - c. Suppose 125 + 15 = a*n. Is 5 a factor of n?
True
Let k = 163 + -301. Let u = k - -300. Is u a multiple of 6?
True
Suppose -31*c = -32*c - 1. Let i be c/((-3)/(-9)*-1). Is (-172)/(-12)*i*3/3 a multiple of 37?
False
Suppose -a - 3*c = 2*a - 75, -2 = c. Let z(x) = 19 + a*x - 6 - 17*x. Does 15 divide z(6)?
False
Suppose 0*m - 2*m - 70 = 0. Let z be ((-140)/m)/(1 - (-24)/(-23)). Let c = 140 + z. Is 12 a factor of c?
True
Let |
Incidence Rate, Subtype Frequency, and Occurrence Site of Malignant Lymphoma in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Population-Based Analysis in Miyagi, Japan.
Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGIL) has been reported in many studies of lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract worldwide. However, there have been few accurate population-based reports on lymphomas, and it is difficult to apply the strict definition of PGIL to all lymphomas occurring in the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, instead of using PGIL, this study included newly diagnosed lymphomas with biopsy or excision specimens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract (GI-related lymphomas) and aimed at presenting the incidence rate, subtype frequency, and occurrence site of GI-related lymphomas. Additionally, we examined GI-related lymphomas diagnosed using flow cytometry (FCM) analysis, cytogenetics analysis, and molecular analysis (multimetric and/or integrated analysis). We extracted data on GI-related lymphomas from 2,098 lymphoma cases registered from the entire Miyagi Prefecture in Japan. The number of GI-related lymphomas was 350, and the incidence rate was 2.97 per 100,000 persons. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common subtype (47.4%), followed by extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (32.6%) and follicular lymphoma (8.3%). The stomach was the most common site (62.6%), followed by the large intestine (15.4%), small intestine (14.3%), and duodenum (6.0%). Of the 350 included cases, 111 were diagnosed using multimetric and/or integrated analysis, in which the proportions of positive results for FCM analysis, cytogenetics analysis, and molecular analysis were 81%, 33%, and 51%, respectively. These results may provide a representation of lymphomas occurring in the gastrointestinal tract in Japan. Multimetric and/or integrated analysis of GI-related lymphomas could enable us to acquire useful information for the diagnosis. |
Q:
Count of subsets, that consist of 4 elements where the sum is even
Let $n \ge 4$.
$G_4$(n) is the total count of subsets, that consist of four elements $ A \subseteq$ {1,...n}, where the sum of elements of A is even.
How can I count $G_4$(n)?
I think I can calculate it with the binomial coefficient, where k = 4, but what would my n be?
A:
Hint
The sum of four elements will be even, if there is even ammount of odd elements.
If it's not enough...
Split the set into two subsets - one contains only even numbers ($B$), and second - only odd numbers ($C$).
We have two cases:
$n=2k$. In this case we have: $|B|=|C|=\frac{n}{2}$
$n=2k+1$. In this case we have: $|B|=\frac{n-1}{2}$, $|C|=\frac{n+1}{2}$
Now, for $n\leq 6$ we can select elements in:
$$G_4(n)=\binom{|B|}{2}\binom{|C|}{2}$$
For $n=7$ (at least 4 odd numbers, but only 3 even numbers):
$$G_4(n)=\binom{|B|}{2}\binom{|C|}{2}+\binom{|C|}{4}$$
And for $n>7$ (at least 4 odd and 4 even numbers):
$$G_4(n)=\binom{|B|}{4}+\binom{|B|}{2}\binom{|C|}{2}+\binom{|C|}{4}$$
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Interactions of a new antitumor antibiotic BBM-928A with deoxyribonucleic acid. Bifunctional intercalative binding studied by fluorometry and viscometry.
A new actinoleukin-like antitumor antibiotic, BBM-928A, has been shown to interact with isolated DNA molecules. BBM-928A contains two substituted quinolines linked by a cyclic decapeptide. Quenching effects of the covalently closed superhelical PM2 DNA on the BBM-928A fluorescence revealed a strong interaction with an apparent association constant of 1.93 x 10(7) M-1 and with 11 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotides per BBM-928A binding site. Viscometric studies indicated the BBM-928A induced an unwinding-rewinding process of the closed superhelical PM2 DNA typically observed for DNA intercalators. The unwinding angle (43 degrees) induced by BBM-928A was almost twice that of the ethidium bromide (26 degrees), a monofunctional intercalator. The BBM-928A-induced increase of the helix length of sonicated rodlike calf thymus DNA was approximately 1.5-fold that induced by the ethidium bromide. On the basis of these observations, we concluded that BBM-928A bifunctionally intercalated with DNA in a manner similar to the bifunctional intercalation of echinomycin. |
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