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Q: $ var declaration in Javascript How should I declare an object variable in Javascript? By mistake, I thought I was in PHP and it worked. $(res.data).each(function(index, value){ $src = value.images.fixed_height; $('<a href="'+value.url+'" target="_blank"><img src="' + $src.url + '" width="' + $src.width +'" height="' + $src.height + '"></a>').load(function(){ $(this).appendTo("#results").fadeIn(); }) }); Then, when I tried to think in terms of Javascript it didn't work, $(res.data).each(function(index, value){ var src = value.images.fixed_height; $('<a href="'+value.url+'" target="_blank"><img src="' + src.url + '" width="' + src.width +'" height="' + src.height + '"></a>').load(function(){ $(this).appendTo("#results").fadeIn(); }) }); A: The only difference between the two is that $src in the first snippet is global (or at least outside the local scope of the anonymous function) and src in the second example is local to that function. Since the first thing you do is setting the variable, that shouldn't matter for this piece of code, so the second snippet should work exactly as the first one. The only explanation for different behaviour I can think of, is when another piece of code actually uses this global src, and therefor is affected by your second snippet. But this doesn't sound very likely to me, so my guess would be that your test was wrong and either both snippets work, or neither does.
This article is part of the Thematic Series \"Atomic scale interface design and characterisation: Theory -- Electronic properties\". Introduction ============ Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice \[[@R1]\]. With the discovery of graphene a new era of two-dimensional materials for science and technology has started. Due to its remarkable transport, optical and mechanical properties graphene has a great potential for being used in a wide range of applications \[[@R2]--[@R3]\]. For instance, high mobility of charge carriers \[[@R4]\] in graphene combined with its high optical transparency \[[@R5]\] and mechanical strength \[[@R6]\] makes graphene a promising material for ultrafast and flexible electronics \[[@R7]--[@R10]\]. Graphene is a zero gap semiconductor with its valence and conduction bands touching each other at the corners of the Brillouin zone in the so called Dirac points \[[@R11]--[@R12]\]. This implies that, neglecting the effect of thermal excitations, the intrinsic charge carrier concentration in graphene is, in principle, zero. However, for the development of graphene-based electronic devices the presence of charge carriers and the control of their type and concentration are required. Therefore, a lot of research has been devoted to find ways for controllable doping of graphene with electrons and holes. It has been shown that the deposition of different adsorbates, either atoms or molecules, on the graphene surface can result in both n- and p-type doping. In this paper, we present an overview of two mechanisms of graphene doping by surface adsorbates, namely, electronic and electrochemical doping and consider appropriate atomic and molecular dopants. Review ====== Mechanisms of doping -------------------- Charge carriers, either electrons or holes, can be induced in graphene by the application of an electric field or by chemical doping. The electric field effect doping is usually performed in graphene-based field effect transistors (FET), in which charge carriers are induced by changing the electric potential between graphene and a gate, which can be, for example, a Si^+^/SiO~2~ substrate \[[@R1],[@R13]\]. By varying the gate voltage, V~g~, the type of carriers and their concentration in graphene can be tuned. The sign of the induced carriers is opposite to the sign of the applied gate voltage. A positive V~g~ induces electrons while a negative V~g~ induces holes. It was shown that for graphene on Si^+^/SiO~2~ the concentration of charge carriers induced by this method can be as high as 10^13^ cm^−2^ \[[@R1]\]. Chemical doping involves interactions of graphene with other chemical species \[[@R14]\]. There are two types of chemical doping, surface transfer and substitutional doping. In the latter case doping occurs when some of carbon atoms in the graphene lattice are substituted by other atoms with a different number of valence electrons. This type of doping has been observed for boron, B~s~, and nitrogen, N~s~, substitutional atoms and leads to p- and n-type conductivity, respectively \[[@R15]--[@R16]\]. However, the incorporation of foreign atoms into the graphene lattice can result in a significant modification of the electronic structure of graphene. For instance, N~s~-doped graphene behaves like an n-type doped semiconductor but exhibits a low charge carrier mobility \[[@R16]\]. The surface transfer doping is non-destructive and occurs due to the charge transfer between graphene and surface adsorbates. Two mechanisms of charge transfer doping can be distinguished, electronic and electrochemical doping. The electronic doping is a consequence of the direct charge transfer between graphene and an adsorbate. This requires a difference in electronic chemical potentials at an interface, which is determined by the relative positions of the graphene Fermi level and the highest occupied (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbitals of an adsorbate. If the LUMO of the adsorbate lies lower in energy than the Fermi level of graphene, [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, electrons will flow from graphene to the adsorbate making graphene p-type-doped. Adsorbates with the HOMO lying above the graphene Fermi level, [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, act as donors and dope graphene n-type. Although surface transfer doping is an effective method to control the concentration of charge carriers in graphene the ionized dopants can act as an additional source of scattering for charge carriers and reduce their mobility. ![Scheme of the relative position of the highest occupied (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbitals of an adsorbate to the Fermi level of graphene for a) p-type and b) n-type dopant.](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g002){#F1} The electrochemical doping of graphene occurs when certain surface adsorbates participate in electrochemical redox reactions in which graphene plays the role of an electrode. Such reactions occur spontaneously if the total Gibbs free energy is negative and the diffusion and reaction barriers are sufficiently low for the reaction proceed at room temperature. The total Gibbs free energy change is given by ΔG + W for p-doping and ΔG − W for n-doping, where ΔG is the free energy for the molecular reaction and W is the work function of graphene. The work function of graphene is expected to be similar to that of graphite, about 4.5 eV \[[@R17]--[@R18]\]. Although ΔG can be estimated from the Nernst equation the barrier heights are unknown and it must be assumed that they are sufficiently low for the reaction to occur \[[@R19]\]. Whether a reaction will result in p- or n-type doping of graphene depends on the relative position of the electrochemical redox potential E ~redox~ to the graphene Fermi level. The E ~redox~ is the equivalent of the Fermi level of an electrolyte solution. It measures the energy required to add or remove an electron in redox couples and is usually referenced to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) \[[@R20]\]. Thus, ΔG and E ~redox~ measure the same property and are related by ΔG = −n·F·E ~redox~, where n and F are the number of electrons and the Faraday constant, respectively. Furthermore, while the E ~redox~ level lies higher (lower) than the Fermi level of graphene (E ~F~), electrons (holes) induced by a reaction will flow to graphene until equilibrium is reached, E ~redox~ = E ~F~, making graphene n- (p-)type doped. In contrast to electronic doping, which occurs instantaneously, electrochemical doping is a time-dependent process, which is affected by the rate of the reaction and diffusion rates of participating species. Therefore, in the case the reaction or diffusion rates are slower than the rate of change of gate voltage electrochemical doping can lead to hysteresis effects which are often observed in graphene-based FET devices \[[@R21]--[@R24]\]. Electronic dopants ------------------ The ability to dope graphene either n- or p-type has been demonstrated for various atomic and molecular adsorbates. Electropositive elements that easily donate their outer shell electrons are expected to be n-type dopants. Indeed, density functional theory (DFT) calculations predicted group I--III metals to be efficient electron donors for graphene \[[@R25]--[@R28]\]. Electron doping of graphene was observed experimentally for potassium (K) atoms (group I metal) deposited on graphene \[[@R29]\]. [Fig. 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} shows plots of the conductivity of graphene versus the gate voltage for different exposures to K. The shift of the neutrality point towards negative V ~g~ with the increase of the potassium concentration is a clear indication of n-type doping. It was also observed that the mobility of the charge carriers decreases with the increase of the doping concentration. This is attributed to the additional scattering caused by the ionized potassium atoms. In agreement with the experimental results, DFT calculations have shown that K atoms act as electron donors \[[@R25]--[@R28]\]. Electronic band structure calculations show that adsorption of a K atom on graphene results in the shift of the Fermi level above the Dirac point, indicating the n-type doping of graphene, [Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}. Furthermore, it has been shown that the 4s^1^ electronic level of potassium, [Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, which is occupied for an isolated K atom, becomes empty when the K atom is adsorbed on graphene (level marked A in [Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). On the other hand, the wavefunctions of the occupied levels above the graphene Dirac point (marked B in [Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) are delocalized over the carbon atoms of graphene ([Fig. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}) indicating the presence of free electrons. These results confirm that n-type doping of graphene occurs due to the transfer of electrons from K atoms to graphene. Integration of the graphene density of states between the Dirac point and the Fermi level shows that approximately one electron is transferred per adsorbed K atom. ![Conductivity as a function of the gate voltage (σ(V ~g~)) of graphene at different exposures to K. The shift of neutrality point to negative gate voltages indicates an increase of n-type doping with increasing exposure to K atoms. The change in the slope of the curves suggest a reduction of the mobility of the charge carriers. Reprinted with permission from \[[@R29]\]. Copyright 2008 Nature Publishing Group.](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g003){#F2} ![a) Electronic band structure (eV) of a K atom on top of a graphene layer in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. The Fermi level is set to zero. Full lines denote occupied states while dashed lines show empty levels. The bands around B, unoccupied for pristine graphene, are now occupied. b,c) Plots of the real part of the wavefunctions of electronic levels marked A and B in the electronic band structure of K on top of graphene. The wavefunction of the level marked A is localized on the K atom while the wavefunction of the highest occupied level, marked B, is delocalised over the graphene layer. These results confirm that charge transfer has occurred from the 4s occupied level of K to graphene. Reprinted with permission from \[[@R28]\]. Copyright 2010 American Physical Society.](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g004){#F3} The doping properties were also explored for different transition metal clusters (Ti, Fe and Pt) deposited on graphene by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) \[[@R30]\]. The Ti and Fe metal clusters were found to be n-type dopants with Ti being the most effective donor. Interestingly, deposition of Pt may lead to either n- or p-type doping depending on the Pt coverage. The n-type doping observed at low Pt-coverages is attributed to the formation of a strong interfacial dipole, causing a potential step which in this case promotes the n-type doping \[[@R31]\]. Whereas one expects that electropositive adsorbates will dope graphene n-type, electronegative species should lead to p-type doping. By using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy Gierz et al. \[[@R32]\] demonstrated the doping of epitaxial graphene (EG) with holes by metal atoms with high electron affinity such as bismuth, antimony and gold. In the case of doping with bismuth and antimony the electron extraction from graphene only reduced the natural intrinsic n-type character of EG on SiC while gold actually shifted the Dirac point above the Fermi level, that is a clear evidence of induced p-type doping. Graphene layers with p-type conductivity can also be produced by deposition of some organic molecules. Tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F~4~-TCNQ), shown in [Fig. 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, is an organic molecule with a strong electron affinity, which was previously demonstrated to be an efficient acceptor for diamond \[[@R33]\] and carbon nanotubes \[[@R34]\]. ![Molecular geometry of tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F~4~-TCNQ).](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g005){#F4} As the workfunctions of diamond and graphene are similar, the F~4~-TCNQ molecule was considered to be a good candidate for p-type doping of graphene. The effect of the F~4~-TCNQ molecule on the electronic properties of epitaxial graphene was studied by synchrotron-based high resolution photoemission spectroscopy (PES) \[[@R35]\]. The increase of the graphene work function due to the deposition of F~4~-TCNQ ([Fig. 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) suggests that there is an electron transfer from graphene to the molecule. In agreement with PES measurements DFT calculations have shown the electron transfer of 0.3 e per molecule from the highest occupied electronic state of graphene to the lowest unoccupied electronic state of the F~4~-TCNQ molecule \[[@R36]\]. ![Plot of the workfunction of graphene (eV) as a function of the thickness (nm) of deposited F~4~-TCNQ. The workfunction of graphene increases 1.3 eV after the deposition of 0.2 nm of F~4~-TCNQ. For higher thicknesses the workfunction remains constant suggesting that the charge transfer occurs at the graphene/F~4~-TCNQ interface. Reprinted with permission from \[[@R35]\]. Copyright 2007 American Chemical Socieity.](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g006){#F5} The p-type doping of graphene can also be achieved by depositing other organic molecules such as pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (TPA) or tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) \[[@R37]--[@R38]\], shown in [Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} and [Fig. 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, respectively. After the deposition of TPA, Raman spectroscopic studies showed upshifts of both Raman G and 2D frequencies compared to single layer graphene indicating p-type doping \[[@R37]\]. Electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory demonstrated that a p-type graphene can be obtained through charge transfer between the TCNE molecule and graphene \[[@R38]\]. ![Molecular structure of a) pyrenetetrasulfonic acid (TPA) and b) tetracyanoethylene (TCNE).](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g007){#F6} Electrochemical dopants ----------------------- It was observed that the exposure of graphene to a humid atmosphere causes p-type doping whereas exposure to toluene (C~6~H~5~CH~3~), [Fig. 7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, results in n-type doping \[[@R24],[@R39]--[@R40]\]. However, doping of graphene in the presence of water and toluene cannot be understood within the electronic model. For instance, according to DFT calculations the Fermi level of graphene lies between the HOMO and LUMO levels of the adsorbed toluene molecules, which indicates the absence of electronic doping \[[@R41]\]. The doping effects in the above cases are instead attributed to electrochemical redox reactions occurring in aqueous layers at the graphene interface \[[@R41]\]. ![Molecular structure of toluene (C~6~H~5~CH~3~).](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g008){#F7} The p-doping induced by humid atmosphere occurs via a redox reaction involving H~2~O/O~2~ and graphene as in ![](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-e001.jpg) The value of ΔG of this reaction can be calculated from the tables of free energies to be −4.82 eV \[[@R19]\]. Under the assumption that electrons for the above reaction are taken from graphene the total Gibbs free energy change is −4.82 + W or −0.3 eV. Thus, the reaction will occur spontaneously near the graphene surface, making graphene p-type doped. The rate of the reaction is, however, influenced by the molar concentration of O~2~ and OH^−^. According to the Nernst equation ΔG can range from −4.8 to −5.7 eV in basic (pH 14) and acidic (pH 1) conditions, respectively. Therefore, the reaction is inhibited in basic conditions and promoted in acidic conditions since the concentration of OH^−^ is low. The electrochemical p-type doping of graphene on a SiO~2~ substrate in the presence of O~2~ and H~2~O was confirmed experimentally by Raman spectroscopy measurements \[[@R39]\]. It was shown that the exposure of graphene to a mixture of O~2~ and H~2~O leads to a stronger doping than the exposure to O~2~ or H~2~O alone. The hysteresis effects commonly observed in graphene FETs doped under atmospheric conditions \[[@R21]--[@R24]\] were suppressed by treating the samples under vacuum for about 50 h or annealing at 473 K. The long evacuation time suggests that the doping species are strongly bound to graphene and difficult to be desorbed. Similarly, the n-type doping of graphene caused by toluene can be explained by the electrochemical mechanism. In this case it is difficult to determine which particular reaction takes place. One possibility is the electrochemical oxidation of toluene to benzyl alcohol ![](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-e002.jpg) This reaction is spontaneous as the change of the total Gibbs free energy is −0.5 eV. The released electron can be trapped by graphene and make it n-type doped. [Fig. 8](#F8){ref-type="fig"} shows the measured resistance of a typical graphene FET device as a function of the gate voltage V ~g~ at different stages of the toluene-doping experiment. Firstly, the sample was annealed in vacuum and the resistance peak at positive V ~g~, [Fig. 8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}, is an indication that the graphene is doped with holes. The exposure of graphene to toluene shifts the resistance peak to negative V ~g~ showing that toluene acts as n-type dopant on graphene, [Fig. 8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}. It is worth emphasizing that redox reactions are slow and thus graphene needs to be exposed to toluene for long periods of about 1 h for a doping effect to be seen. Furthermore, hysteresis is observed in the R(V ~g~) measurement. The position of the resistance peak changes with the direction of the V ~g~ sweep. The hysteresis vanished when the toluene is pumped out, but the doping effect remains, [Fig. 8](#F8){ref-type="fig"}. ![Resistance (kOhm) as a function of the gate voltage (V ~g~) a) for pristine graphene after annealing in vacuum, b) after exposure to toluene and c) and pumping out the toluene vapour. The shift of the resistance peak towards negative (V ~g~) after the exposure of toluene indicates that the molecule acts as a n-type dopant. Pumping out the toluene from the chamber removes the hysteresis but the doping effect remains. Reprinted with permission from \[[@R24]\]. Copyright 2011 Elsevier.](Beilstein_J_Nanotechnol-05-1842-g009){#F8} Hysteresis effects are often observed in graphene FETs based on Si^+^/SiO~2~ substrates \[[@R21]--[@R24]\]. Such effects are not expected in the case of electronic doping. However, they can be explained within the electrochemical doping model if a chemical reaction rate or diffusion rates of species involved in the reaction are slower than the rate of gate voltage change. The most obvious reaction in this case is the reaction in [Eq. 1](#FD1){ref-type="disp-formula"}. The water molecules required for the reaction are assumed to be located at the graphene/SiO~2~ interface. Indeed, the presence of water layers on the surface of SiO~2~ films grown on Si has been confirmed by Kelvin probe microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy and FTIR measurements \[[@R42]--[@R43]\]. Water molecules are also believed to be present in small voids in amorphous SiO~2~. It has been found that for graphene FETs operating under ambient conditions the hysteresis is suppressed when Si^+^/SiO~2~ substrate was covered with a thin hydrophobic layer \[[@R23]\]. Another experiment showed that atmospheric doping does not occur in free standing graphene \[[@R39]\], supporting that the main source of water molecules is within the substrate or at the graphene/SiO~2~ interface. The binding energy of OH^−^ to the SiO~2~ network was estimated to be about 0.3 eV indicating that OH^−^ can easily diffuse through SiO~2~ at room temperature \[[@R44]\]. Therefore, the concentration of OH^−^ at the graphene/SiO~2~ interface and thus the rate of the reaction is influenced by the gate voltage. A positive V ~g~ results in the reduction of the OH^−^ concentration at the graphene interface promoting the further dissociation of H~2~O molecules, which consequently increases the concentration of holes in graphene, as it was observed experimentally \[[@R21]\]. Some of these redox reactions were first discussed for diamond and carbon nanotubes \[[@R17],[@R45]\] and were investigated for graphene because of the similarity in all their work functions. For instance, the exposure of hydrogenated diamond to a humid atmosphere results in p-type doping \[[@R46]--[@R47]\], which can be suppressed by NH~3~ and enhanced by NO~2~ \[[@R48]\]. Similar effects were reported for carbon nanotubes \[[@R49]--[@R50]\]. It would be interesting to see whether they could apply to graphite or indeed if some of the variant reactions tried on graphene could be applied to diamond, graphite and carbon nanotubes. Conclusion ========== In this article we have revisited the surface dopants of graphene and the charge transfer mechanisms. The deposition of atoms or molecules is an effective method to control the type and concentration of charge carriers in graphene. Surface charge transfer can be mediated by two mechanisms, electronic and electrochemical doping. The electronic doping occurs by direct exchange of electrons between graphene and the adsorbates, either atoms or molecules. Electropositive elements that easily donate their outer shell electrons, such as potassium, are expected to be n-type dopants while adsorbates with a strong electron affinity, such as F~4~-TCNQ, have been proved to be very efficient p-type dopants. This type of doping occurs instantaneously and should not cause hysteresis effects. However, the ionized dopants become additional charge scatterers leading to a reduction in the charge carrier mobility. The electrochemical doping of graphene occurs as a result of redox reactions that can take place near the graphene surface. Unlike electronic doping it does not reduce the charge carriers mobility but it may require appreciable time to occur since the reaction and diffusion barriers have to be overcome. Moreover, the electrochemical doping model can explain the hysteresis effects usually observed in graphene based field effect transistors when operating in atmospheric environment. The authors would like to thank R. Jones, J. P. Goss, D. W. Palmer and S. Öberg for helpful discussions and their important contribution into some of the theoretical work discussed in the present article. The financial support from the COST action MP0901 "NanoTP" is gratefully acknowledged.
Why are the western Balkans lagging behind? Transition in central and eastern Europe since the collapse of communism has hardly been a resounding success. Only a few countries in the region—typically those that started out at a high level—can claim to have living standards approaching those in the poorest parts of western Europe. However, even by regional standards, the countries of the western Balkans (largely the former Yugoslavia) have performed particularly badly. This performance can be attributed to a multitude of factors, although a narrow focus on the lack of reform ignores the deeper causes of these countries' problems. Greater distance from the mighty German industrial base; the prospect of a protracted spell in the waiting room for EU accession; and even institutional and cultural factors that pre-date communism are all important. Our forecasts indicate that there will be little change in economic performance in the next five years, increasing the gap not only with western Europe, but also with the better-performing former communist economies in central Europe and the Baltics. A former World Bank economist, Branko Milanovic, recently reviewed the experience of 25 years of transition in central and eastern Europe (CEE). Based on the criteria of growth in income per head, trends in income inequality and progress in political democratisation, he concluded that only two countries can without serious reservations be rated to have been successful: Poland and Estonia (we would add the Czech Republic and Slovenia, although in both cases a significant head start should be taken into account). The expectations at the start of the transition period that most east European countries would converge economically with the rest of Europe, experience only modest increases in inequality and become consolidated democracies have not been fulfilled. The performance of the western Balkan economies has been especially poor, including in comparison with the east European states that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007—the ten new member states. It should be noted that this is an undemanding comparison criterion, as the performance of the new member states, with the exception of the small number of countries mentioned above, has been in the main rather disappointing or modest. As the chart below shows, in purchasing power parity terms, only the Czech Republic and Slovenia have passed more than one "western" European country (Greece and Portugal) in terms of per capita wealth. The gap with the next level—Spain and Italy—remains significant. Membership of the EU has clearly not proved to be a panacea—far from it. However, despite their economic problems and political regression in some cases (notably in Hungary), the ten new member states that joined in 2004-07 have on the whole been more successful than the western Balkans in consolidating economic reforms, integrating into the world economy, attracting foreign investment and reorienting trade to the West. By contrast, the economic transition of the western Balkans has stalled. The region's inability to integrate by trading more with western Europe in particular is emphasised by the extremely low share of merchandise trade exports in nominal GDP compared with the Baltics and central Europe (see chart below). Growth in the western Balkans is weak and fragile. The region suffers from low investment, average unemployment is at around one-quarter of the adult population and there are pockets of extreme poverty. Emigration from the region has shot up. The western Balkans thus face the risk of permanent marginalisation on the periphery of Europe. In 2014 real GDP in the western Balkans was still almost 10% below its 1989 level, whereas it was almost 60% higher on average in the countries that joined the EU in 2004-07. GDP per head in the western Balkans was only 27% of the average level in the EU15 countries, and roughly half the average level in the 2004-07 EU joiners. The western Balkans consist of Albania, Bosnia and Hercegovina (BiH), Kosovo (which is not recognised by all EU members), Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia—all candidate or aspirant members of the EU. Croatia "escaped" the western Balkans when it joined the EU in mid-2013, but continues to suffer from many of the region's ailments. The eastern Balkan countries of Bulgaria and Romania also share some of the region's problems despite their membership of the EU since 2007. The three phases of transition The transition in the western Balkans has had three phases. The lost decade of the 1990s was characterised by wars, international sanctions, slow or non-existent economic and political reform, lost markets and sharp falls in output. Between 1989 and 1994 real GDP in the western Balkans contracted by almost 60%; by 2000 it was still more than 40% below its 1989 level. A second phase took place from 2000 and until the 2008 crisis. GDP began to recover, although the pace of growth was not much faster than for the 2004-07 EU joiners during this period. Furthermore, the improved performance in 2001-08 was based on an unsustainable pattern of increased consumption linked to fast credit growth, widening current-account deficits and increasing private debts. Performance has been especially poor since the 2008 crisis, the period that constitutes the third phase. Output fell in 2009 and since then the region has essentially stagnated. The process of convergence with the rest of Europe has stalled. The reasons for the western Balkans' poor performance include: A preference for fixed exchange-rate regimes (formal and de facto), which has been a recipe for trouble. Despite some progress in regulatory reforms, as measured by the World Bank's ease of doing business rankings, there are key areas where further improvement is needed—especially in dealing with construction permits, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Low public capital spending. The average ratio of public capital spending in GDP in the western Balkans fell to 5.4% in 2013; it was lowest in Serbia, at only 2.1%. Only in Kosovo has there been an increase in capital spending since 2008, and that is mainly accounted for by investment in a single motorway. There has been little scope for fiscal stimulus. The average public debt/GDP ratio in the western Balkans increased by 18 percentage points in 2009-14 (in Croatia and Serbia the increase was around double that). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is key to growth especially when domestic investment and savings are low. FDI in the western Balkans has been notably weak since a peak in 2006-07 of more than US$7bn inflows per year. Annual FDI inflows collapsed to less than US$4bn in 2012-14. The IMF's diagnosis According to a recent IMF report ("The Western Balkans: 15 Years of Economic Transition"), there are two main reasons for western Balkan underperformance: greater physical distance from Europe's core, which in particular affects the ability to integrate into German supply chains; and the loss of reform momentum. The latter is ascribed to reform fatigue and encroaching vested interests. One can add that the increasing certainty that there will be no further EU enlargement during at least the next five years has greatly weakened one key reform anchor or incentive. The external dependence of western Balkan economies on crisis-ridden or slowly growing Greece and Italy, rather than Germany (although some, notably Macedonia, have been able to fix this to a large extent), has been another negative aspect. The IMF's methodology to identify reform priorities is based on an econometric investigation of the link between growth and reforms, and on the gap between the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004-07 and each western Balkan economy for each reform area. On this basis, the priority areas for reform in the western Balkans are said to be: Improving the quality of governance, Increasing the efficiency of goods markets, Labour market reform, Strengthening human capital, Deepening financial systems. There are two problems with the IMF's and other international organisations' focus on the lack of reform. First, improving the main area of weakness—poor institutions or governance—is a long-term "slow-burner" task, not easily amenable to policy actions. The second big issue is the question of why the western Balkan countries have been slower to reform and more vulnerable to the influence of vested interests. Of crucial importance are the region's weaker public administration and policymaking capabilities. In part, these can be traced back to pre-communist legacies, in particular the enduring impact of divergent Ottoman and Habsburg colonial experiences. Another feature that is inimical to reform is that most countries in the western Balkans have characteristics that our research has found to be closely associated with vulnerability to social unrest and political upheaval. These include: New and inexperienced states and bureaucracies; A history of unrest; Ethnic and border disputes; High unemployment; Non-consolidated democracies; Very high levels of popular dissatisfaction with politicians; Corruption; Low levels of trust in political institutions. Outlook remains subdued Given the apparently entrenched nature of many of the factors holding back the western Balkans, there appears to be little chance of a fundamental change in fortunes for the region any time soon. None of the countries discussed will join the EU in the next five years, and even a ten-year time horizon looks unrealistic at this stage. Greater integration with the German industrial sector would require a broader ramping up of the export base in the western Balkans—something that is highly unlikely to be achieved even in the medium term. This applies equally to Croatia, even though it is now a member of the EU—in its case, late accession (compared with the 2004-07 joiners) appears to have provided little more of an advantage than not joining at all. Meanwhile, some other former communist countries—notably the Visegrad states and the Baltics—look set to grow more quickly and (mostly) from a higher base over the next five years, increasing the relative weakness of the western Balkan economies even within the CEE region. As the chart above shows, we expect Estonia's GDP per capita (at 2005 prices expressed in US dollars) to increase to 66.8% of the German level by 2019, a 6.5-percentage-point increase on the (estimated) 2014 level. Poland's ratio will increase by 5.7 percentage points, to 60% of the German level, over the same period. The performance of the western Balkan countries, for which we forecast out five years, will be much less impressive, particularly in the case of Croatia. Meanwhile, in 2019 the ratios of GDP per capita for Serbia, Macedonia and BiH will be just 31.4%, 32% and 25.1%, respectively, of the German level. In the context of what will by then be three decades of transition, this will be viewed by many as nothing short of disastrous.
Ye Golden Lion Public House A Grade II Listed Building in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire Street View is the best available vantage point looking, if possible, towards the location of the building. In some locations, Street View may not give a view of the actual building, or may not be available at all. Where it is not available, the satellite view is shown instead. Listing Text Farmhouse, now public house. Reputed c,1540, restored mid C19. Squared coursed and banded limestone and ironstone with close studded timber frame and C20 plain-tile roof. 3-unit plan. 2 storeys; 4-window range. Centra1 C20 door has moulded stone surround with 4-centred head. Projecting cross wing to left of entrance has oversailing timber framed upper storey with 6-light casement at ground floor and 4-light oriel at first floor. First floor window to far left is half dormer with wood mullion and transom. Other windows are 2- to 8-light casements with wood mullions; all with leaded lights. Ashlar gable parapets. Larqe brick and stone stacks at ridge and end. Projection to left of entrance and corresponding change in roof level may indicate 2 building periods. Rear has C19 brick extensionsions. Interior: room to left of entrance has open fireplace with bressumer and moulded and chamfered ceiling beams. Room to right of entrance is an open hall of mainly C19 restoration, with a minstrels gallery with a C18 turned balustrade, probably reset. (History of Wellingborough: J. and M. Palmer, p.274; Buildings of England: Northamptonshire, p.456). Listing NGR: SP8933667675 This text is from the original listing, and may not necessarily reflect the current setting of the building. BritishListedBuildings.co.uk is an independent online resource and is not associated with any government department. All government data published here is used under licence. Please do not contact BritishListedBuildings.co.uk for any queries related to any individual listed building, planning permission related to listed buildings or the listing process itself.
A large left ventricular thrombus evolving towards canalization and mimicking a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm: an echocardiographic study. We describe a case of a large apical left ventricular thrombus evolving towards canalization and showing echocardiographic features mimicking a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Only serial echocardiographic studies allowed an appreciation of the changing morphologic features of the apical structure, permitting differential diagnosis between a canalization of an evolving thrombus and a myocardial free-wall rupture with pseudoaneurysm formation.
Attorneys Apple Argues It Should Not Be Compelled to Write Software for the F.B.I. On February 16, 2016, Magistrate Judge Sheri Pym in the United States District Court for the Central District of California issued an order compelling Apple, Inc. to provide technical assistance to the F.B.I. so it can access an iPhone 5C that belonged to a shooter in the recent San Bernardino, California attack. The order, which issued without obtaining Apple’s initial input, requires Apple to write new software and take other measures to disable passcode protection on the attacker’s iPhone. The court issued the order under 28 U.S.C. § 1651, the “All Writs Act,” which authorizes the United States federal courts to “issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.” The order also allowed Apple to make a request to the court for relief from compliance with the order if such compliance would be unreasonably burdensome. Apple made this request via a motion to vacate the order on February 25, 2016. In its motion to vacate the order, Apple raises three general arguments. First, Apple argues that the relief the government seeks is not justified under an extension of the All Writs Act because law enforcement assistance by technology providers is already addressed by existing laws that specifically omit providers like Apple from their scope. Apple argues the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (“CALEA”), 47 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., specifies when private companies must assist law enforcement in the decryption of electronic communications obtained during surveillance, and the nature of the assistance such companies must provide. Specifically, under CALEA a company has no obligation to assist law enforcement where the company does not retain a copy of the decryption key, which Apple says it does not have in this case. Thus, Apple asserts that Congress opted not to provide courts with the authority to compel companies like Apple to assist law enforcement in cases such as this one where Apple designed and manufactured the device but did not retain a decryption key. Therefore, Apple says the government’s attempt to use the All Writs Act to expand the obligations imposed by CALEA is improper and violates the separation of powers doctrine. Second, Apple argues the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. New York Telephone Co., relied upon by the government, does not apply. In New York Telephone Co., the Supreme Court held that an order under the All Writs Act was proper because it was consistent with Congress’s intent to compel third parties to assist the government in the use of surveillance devices, and it satisfied a three-part test imposed by the Court. Here, however, Apple argues it does not satisfy the three-part test. Apple says nothing connects it to the case such that Apple could be ordered to help the government because Apple is a private company that does not own or possess the phone at issue, Apple has no connection to the data that may or may not exist on the phone, and Apple is not related in any way to the events giving rise to the investigation. Further, Apple argues the order would impose an oppressive burden on Apple and those who use an iPhone because the order would require Apple to develop new software that destroys the security features that Apple has spent years building. In addition, Apple argues the government failed to demonstrate that the requested order was necessary because, without consulting Apple or reviewing its public guidance regarding iOS, the government changed the iCloud password associated with the attacker’s account, thereby preventing the phone from initiating an automatic iCloud back-up. Third, Apple argues the order would violate both the First Amendment’s right to freedom of speech and the Fifth Amendment’s due process clause. As to the First Amendment, Apple asserts computer code is treated as speech within the meaning of the First Amendment and the order seeks to compel Apple to write new software that advances views contrary to its position on data security and the privacy of citizens. As to the Fifth Amendment, Apple argues that conscripting a private party, with a limited connection to the crime, to do the government’s work violates Apple’s substantive due process right to be free from arbitrary deprivation of its liberty. In addition to Apple, numerous third-parties have filed amicus briefs on all sides of the debate, raising various issues. These issues range from arguments that back doors would weaken technology companies’ ability to protect their customers’ information, which would put customers at heightened risk of being hacked, to arguments that the use of outdated rules improperly expands government power without Congress’ approval. On the other side, some argue this is an isolated incident involving a single iPhone and access to this particular iPhone is necessary to keep Americans safe from future attacks. The parties are expected back in court on March 22, 2016, when the court may entertain further oral argument on the issues.
Suppose cs - 3912 + 1352 = 0. Round s to the nearest 100. 1300 Let j = 28910359361.00000414 - 28910359811. Let f = j - -450. Round f to 7 decimal places. 0.0000041 Let r = -13326565069.9999949 - -13326565663. Let f = r + -593. What is f rounded to 6 decimal places? 0.000005 Let g = 23.41980556 + -23.42. Round g to 5 decimal places. -0.00019 Let i = 1873.45 + -1775. Round i to zero dps. 98 Suppose 4u = -4z - 12, 2u - z = 4z - 27. Let l = 1662 - 1659. Let t be l/9 - (-140402)/u. What is t rounded to the nearest one thousand? -23000 Let m be 8 + (6/(-63) - 140921860/1596). Round m to the nearest 10000. -90000 Suppose -3j + 1681014 = 485064. Let c = 665647 - j. Suppose 2d = -2d - 3z + 356003, 3z = 3d - c. Round d to the nearest 10000. 90000 Let h = -5.30095319 + 5.301. What is h rounded to 5 dps? 0.00005 Suppose -137o = 287o + 39510440. What is o rounded to the nearest 100? -93200 Let a = -67.036 - -35.98. Let z = -31 - a. Let c = z - 0.1. Round c to 2 dps. -0.04 Let d = -3.7 + 31.7. Let c = d + -6. Let z = c - 22.000002. What is z rounded to five decimal places? 0 Let m = 7243.811 - 7235. What is m rounded to the nearest integer? 9 Let p be (-127)/(-762) - (3 + 333602/12). Round p to the nearest 1000. -28000 Let c = 17181.9978324 + -17182. What is c rounded to four dps? -0.0022 Let d be 4/3 + (-396)/(-108). Suppose -3t = -p + 182095, t = -dp - 23318 - 37407. What is t rounded to the nearest 1000? -61000 Let c = 35899254.0901779 - 35899252. Let i = c - 2.09. Round i to five dps. 0.00018 Let j = -211384.0779 + 211369. Let t = j - 0.2121. Round t to 0 dps. -15 Let p(z) = -z + 39. Let q be p(-17). Let j be (-16)/q - (-1 - 2494797360/21). Suppose j = 4l - 56400125. What is l rounded to the nearest 1000000? 44000000 Let b = -48.56 + -0.34. Let r = b - -20.1. What is r rounded to the nearest ten? -30 Let p(x) = 26x2 + 39x + 2. Let q be p(-23). Suppose -4r - q = 55101. What is r rounded to the nearest 1000? -17000 Let u(m) be the first derivative of 724995m*2/2 - 20m - 109. Let f be u(-4). What is f rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? -2900000 Suppose -2q - 27b = -26b - 11, -3b = -5q. Suppose qt = -4p + 18240004, -5p - 6079995 = 3t - 4t. What is t rounded to the nearest 1000000? 6000000 Let r = 24.2 - -5.8. Let v = r - 29.93. Let k = -0.070044 + v. What is k rounded to 5 dps? -0.00004 Let k = -83.403 - 0.397. Let m = 20.2 - k. Let q = -70.1 + m. Round q to zero dps. 34 Let m = -53.18 + 53.296848. Let j = -0.116 + m. What is j rounded to 5 dps? 0.00085 Let x = 18 + 12. Let m = 29.999949 - x. Round m to 5 dps. -0.00005 Let o = 136 - 133. Let a be 478/o(-18 + 3). Round a to the nearest one hundred. -2400 Suppose w - 2j - 16 = 0, 5w = -j - 10 + 35. Suppose -wx = -4x - 12. Suppose d = xd - 1650. Round d to the nearest 100. 300 Let v = -11120 - -11119.99989361. What is v rounded to six decimal places? -0.000106 Let n = -609979 + 2057569. Round n to the nearest one hundred thousand. 1400000 Suppose 12 = 2a - 6. Let j(v) = v3 - 8v*2 - 1242 + 2477 - 1255. Let r be j(a). Round r to the nearest ten. 60 Let d = 3.39 - 3.38991975. Round d to five dps. 0.00008 Let p = 4529.2 - 4531.2933. Let y = 14.1063 + p. Let c = y + -12. Round c to three decimal places. 0.013 Suppose -12 = -3q + 3m, -5q = 5m - 9m - 22. Let o be 19700003 - (1/(-3) + 20/q). Round o to the nearest 1000000. 20000000 Suppose 4k - 35 = -a, k - 44 = -3k - 4a. Suppose 26708741 = kn - 26091259. Round n to the nearest 1000000. 7000000 Let c(k) = -3k + 5. Let x be c(1). Suppose -xy + 48593 = y - 2w, -y + 4w = -16201. Let v = y - 4197. Round v to the nearest 10000. 10000 Let l = 61 + -61. Let n be 1-562 - l - 1. Let i = n - -83. What is i rounded to the nearest one hundred? -500 Let y = 703.76 + -706. What is y rounded to the nearest 10? 0 Let c = 32406613986 - 32406614330.99999462. Let i = c - -345. What is i rounded to seven decimal places? 0.0000054 Let c = 254.3 - -15.7. Let d = 270.0209 - c. What is d rounded to three decimal places? 0.021 Let l(u) be the third derivative of u6/30 + 7u*5/60 - 7u*4/24 + 10u*3/3 - 2u*2 - 53. Let y be l(10). What is y rounded to the nearest one hundred? 4700 Suppose 35127 = 5i - 3l, -5i - 2l + 35119 = -3l. Let o = i - 1823. Round o to the nearest one thousand. 5000 Let q = 12.014 - -0.072. Let p = q + 1.344. Round p to the nearest integer. 13 Let v = 509 - 748. Let a be (44 + v)176/6. What is a rounded to the nearest one thousand? -6000 Let k = -133.33 + 133.3281063. What is k rounded to 5 decimal places? -0.00189 Let u = 3.1520407 + -1705.6087407. Let y = u - -1649.46. Let a = y + 53. Round a to 4 decimal places. 0.0033 Let n(m) = 18m - 6. Let b be n(-3). Let v be ((-140800)/b)/(2/60). What is v rounded to the nearest ten thousand? 70000 Let c = 1957 + -1953.864. What is c rounded to 1 decimal place? 3.1 Let c = -890280 - -616480. Round c to the nearest 10000. -270000 Let n = 75947.824816978 - 77010.8248154. Let g = -1063 - n. What is g rounded to 7 decimal places? -0.0000016 Let r = 157 + -172. Let q(n) = n*3 + 16n*2 + 12n + 42. Let h be q(r). Round h to the nearest 10. 90 Let o = -47 + 47.6. Let w = 27 - 25.9. Let i = w + o. What is i rounded to the nearest integer? 2 Let k = 0.083 + -0.1366. Let g = 0.003 + -0.023. Let o = k - g. Round o to 2 decimal places. -0.03 Let k = -84 - -44. Let g = k - -31.6. Let w = g + 18. Round w to 0 decimal places. 10 Suppose -330 = 3g - 78. Let z be (-3887996)/(-3) - 112/g. What is z rounded to the nearest 100000? 1300000 Let p = -0.2475 - -0.247543425. What is p rounded to 6 decimal places? 0.000043 Let y(f) = 3f - 10. Let l = 3 + 2. Let v be y(l). Suppose 5g - d - 40500000 = 0, 0d = -vd. What is g rounded to the nearest one million? 8000000 Let b = 470581.9963 - 470650. Let i = -92 - -24. Let o = b - i. Round o to three dps. -0.004 Let i = -19604.98 - -19611. Round i to the nearest integer. 6 Let s = -367428721.74807888487 - -56645.74808398487. Let y = 367371978 + s. Let x = y + 98. Round x to six dps. 0.000005 Let v = 0.104 + 0.486. Let q = -0.09 + v. Let h = -0.499989 + q. Round h to five decimal places. 0.00001 Let b = -127420.293754087 - -4.193704087. Let j = -127424 - b. Let t = -7.9 - j. Round t to four decimal places. -0.0001 Let g = 14.003769046 - 14.004. Round g to 6 decimal places. -0.000231 Let z = -126 + -1543. Let m = -1669.001039 - z. What is m rounded to four dps? -0.001 Let g = -29.0424 + 0.0424. Let y = 28.01 + 1.04. Let o = y + g. Round o to two dps. 0.05 Let v = -0.093344 + 0.07417. Let r = v - -0.019. Round r to five dps. -0.00017 Let q(u) = u2 - 8u + 4. Let y = -51 - -55. Let o be q(y). Let p(m) = -m*3 - 20m*2 - 17m - 2. Let r be p(o). What is r rounded to the nearest 100? -1000 Let l = -0.175426 + -133.825374. Let s = l - -134. What is s rounded to 3 dps? -0.001 Let v = 1853995.58999984 + -1854019.59. Let r = 22.4 + 1.6. Let b = v + r. What is b rounded to 7 dps? -0.0000002 Let h = 21875.3114 + -21552.35. Let n = -319.2792 + -3.7208. Let i = h + n. Round i to 3 dps. -0.039 Let g = 31.21 + -31.209995948. What is g rounded to seven dps? 0.0000041 Let c = -2.56 - -2.2. Let d = 3.21 - c. Let t = -0.15 - d. Round t to 1 decimal place. -3.7 Let q = 27 - 27. Let y = 0 - q. Let r = 0.028 + y. What is r rounded to 2 dps? 0.03 Let i = -0.79915 + -0.02455. What is i rounded to 1 decimal place? -0.8 Let p = 1471.887 + 3.213. Round p to the nearest 10. 1480 Let w(d) = d*3 + 11d*2 + 18d + 6. Let s be w(-9). Suppose 2905 = so + 11185. What is o rounded to the nearest one hundred? -1400 Let d(x) = -x3 - x. Let c(r) = 2r3 - r2. Let f(g) = -2c(g) - 3d(g). Let b be f(-2). Suppose -3o = -bo + 17010. What is o rounded to the nearest 100? 2400 Let h be (-72)/((1/(-6) - 0)2). Let v be 491/(((-21)/h)/7). Let p be (v + 2)(2 - 22). What is p rounded to the nearest 100000? 700000 Let i = 108.341 - -10.629. Let n = i - 118. Let b = n - 0.969907. What is b rounded to 5 dps? 0.00009 Let p = 4050.99995777 + -4051. What is p rounded to 6 decimal places? -0.000042 Let f = -3198.5 + 3352. Round f to 0 decimal places. 154 Let z = -59974.29343 - -59974. What is z rounded to 2 decimal places? -0.29 Suppose 4w - 1739799 = 4u +
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Land Clearing Services Land & Property Clearing King Solomon’s Tree Service takes a professional approach to land and lot clearing. It is our goal to provide our customers with a clean slate that offers total freedom when developing your land. Our professional team understands that clearing your property of trees, stumps, shrubbery and vines requires knowledge and expertise that goes beyond just knocking everything down or hacking away at plants until they are all removed. We understand the appropriate way to execute clearing your lot with minimal damage to your land. We Clear Your Lot with Minimal Negative Impact to your Land Our state-of-the art equipment allows us to grind down stumps, remove dead and diseased trees and safely and properly uproot plants, while taking extreme care of your property. Our land and lot clearing specialist are backed by over three decades of experience and quality workmanship. We formulate a plan that is unique to every parcel of land or lot that we clear, and we know the best way to tackle your property’s needs with minimal negative impact to your lot. We understand that your time is valuable; therefore we make sure to get in and get the job done correctly and quickly making sure that there are no shallow roots left behind that create difficulties or slowdowns with construction. Our professional team is here to help you with your land clearing needs, while taking extreme caution to preserve the beauty of your property. For Safe, Reliable, Quality Land and Lot Clearing Services-Contact the King Today! Services Information In order to protect both your property and our employees, the latest technology is used for safe and efficient tree removals. That’s why we utilize a Heavy-Duty, 15-Ton crane to make Zero Impact Tree removal a reality.
Methods for amplifying nucleic acids provide useful tools for the detection of human pathogens, detection of human genetic polymorphisms, detection of RNA and DNA sequences, for molecular cloning, sequencing of nucleic acids, and the like. In particular, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has become an important tool in the cloning of DNA sequences, forensics, paternity testing, pathogen identification, disease diagnosis, and other useful methods where the amplification of a nucleic acid sequence is desired. See e.g., PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (Erlich, ed., 1992); PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al., eds, 1990). PCR permits the copying, and resulting amplification, of a target nucleic acid. Briefly, a target nucleic acid, e.g. DNA, is combined with a sense and antisense primers, dNTPs, DNA polymerase and other reaction components. See Innis et al. The sense primer can anneal to the antisense strand of a DNA sequence of interest. The antisense primer can anneal to the sense strand of the DNA sequence, downstream of the location where the sense primer anneals to the DNA target. In the first round of amplification, the DNA polymerase extends the antisense and sense primers that are annealed to the target nucleic acid. The first strands are synthesized as long strands of indiscriminate length. In the second round of amplification, the antisense and sense primers anneal to the parent target nucleic acid and to the complementary sequences on the long strands. The DNA polymerase then extends the annealed primers to form strands of discrete length that arc complementary to each other. The subsequent rounds serve to predominantly amplify the DNA molecules of the discrete length. A variety of factors can lead to non-functional PCR or other amplification reactions. One drawback of PCR is that artifacts can be generated from mis-priming and primer dimerization. Those artifacts can be exacerbated in traditional multiplex PCR. Multiple sets of primers increase the possibility of primer complementarity at the 3'-ends, leading to primer-dimer formation. These artifacts deplete the reaction of dNTPs and primers and out compete the multiplex templates for DNA polymerase. Such artifacts can be reduced by careful primer design and the use of "hot start" PCR. See Chou, Q. et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Research, 20: 1717-1723. It is increasingly difficult, however, to eliminate all interactions which promote the mis-priming and primer dimerization in a multiplex amplification as the reaction may contain many primers at high concentration. Additionally, multiplex PCR has been observed to suppress the amplification of one template in preference for another template. A number of factors are involved in this suppression. For example, when a multiplex PCR reaction involves different priming events for different target sequences, the relative efficiency of these events may vary for different targets. This can be due to the differences in thermodynamic structure, stability, and hybridization kinetics among the various primers used. Simple user error, of course, can also result in a nonfunctional amplification reaction. For instance, the absence of nucleotides or enzyme due to negligence or degradation will lead to a nonfunctional reaction. Similarly, where probes are used to monitor a particular reaction, a nonfunctional probe will lead to a false negative reaction. This can occur, for instance, when there is an absence of probe or the probe does not bind to its hybridization site efficiently. Use of probes, particularly fluorescent probes, are commonly used for monitoring the accumulation of reaction products in real time, i.e. while that amplification reaction is progressing. Several schemes for controlling for failure of an amplification reaction have been described. See, e.g., Edwards, M., et al. PCR PRIMER, A LABORATORY MANUAL (Dieffenbach, C., et al., eds. 1995) pages 157-171. For example, it is common to run positive and negative control reactions in separate reaction tubes. Simple positive controls include a known amount of template, while negative controls do not have any template in the reaction. These controls are run under the same conditions as a test sample and provide the tester with information about the quality of the enzymes and nucleotides, etc., as well as whether the test solutions are contaminated. More recently, internal controls for PCR have been developed. Internal controls are advantageous because they are run in the exact same reaction mixture as the test sample and therefore there is no question about the activity of the reagents in the test sample itself. Moreover, internal controls are more efficient by allowing for the use of fewer reactions and less reaction solution and reagents. Internal controls typically involve multiple reactions performed in the same reaction tube (e.g., multiplex PCR). In such reactions, the presence of at least one amplification product indicates that some variables, such as the enzyme and nucleotides, were functional during the reaction. See, e.g. Levinson, G. et al. Human Reprod. 7(9):1304-1313 (1992). In addition, internal controls to verify the presence of the target template have also been described. For example, in multiplex assays where closely related templates such as pathogen strains are distinguished by amplifying differing sequences, primers for a sequence common to all templates provides a positive control for amplification. See, e.g., Kaltenboeck, B., et al. J Clin. Microbiol. 30(5):1098-1104 (1992); Way, J., et al App. Environ. Microbiol. 59(5):1473-1479 (1993); Wilton, S. et al. PCR Methods Appl. 1:269-273 (1992). Rosenstraus et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(1):191-197 (1998)) have described an internal control containing primer binding regions identical to those of the target sequence and that contain a unique probe-binding region that differentiates the control from the amplified target sequence. As discussed above, it is often desirable to quantify PCR products using various fluorescent probes. Examples of useful fluorescent probes include, e.g., fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), molecular beacon, and TaqMan.RTM. probes. Currently, however, there is no internal control method that validates the activity of a target specific probe in the same reaction mixture as the test sample. Therefore, to have a fully validated amplification reaction, a positive control must be run in a separate reaction tube to insure that the target specific probe is functioning properly. Accordingly, there is a need for internal control compositions and methods useful for measuring these and other amplification variables. The present invention meets this need and provides useful methods and compositions for performing a totally internally controlled amplification reaction.
Recently, the UK has seen the rise of a mass student movement in opposition to huge increases in course fees across British universities, combined with cuts to research and other aspects of the tertiary education system. Below is an interview with Dan, a former member of the Aotearoa Workers Solidarity Movement who is now living in the UK, and was involved in a 2 day long occupation at his own university in London. Can you give us a little background on the attacks on students that have led to this upsurge in struggle? Having spent billions of pounds bailing-out banks, Europe’s state finances are being abandoned by the markets they propped up. The politicians and economists (and unsurprisingly bankers and their chums) are united in the consensus that the only way forward is to take a hatchet to state budgets, the only arguments being over how fast and exactly where the hatchet shall fall. The new government in Britain has thrown itself at the task with seeming abandon. 25% of the public finances are to be cut over the next four years. Every public service is to be affected and amongst the most savage cuts are those to University funding. 80% of the university teaching budget from government is to be hacked away; funding for research is to be trimmed down so that only research projects deemed “commercially useful” will receive money i.e. only things that can be sold. To plug the funding gap, the government proposes to triple tuition fees for students from ~£3500 to £9000 (from NZ$7230 to NZ$18,590) per year. Once loans for living allowances are added to this, students in Britain will be leaving university in 5 years time with upwards of £40,000 (NZ$82,620) worth of debt to their name. For many graduates, this will rule out mortgages and home owning for much of their adult life. Young people can see the writing on the wall. For those without the safety net of a privileged background, the increase in tuition fees will end their dreams of a university education. In a hostile job-market where 1 in 5 graduates with degrees are already struggling to find a job, the undertaking of such massive debt is a huge risk. The first generation in this country with substantial student debt is currently graduating from university. We understand the pressures of such debt better than anyone else and certainly better than a government that consists of 18 millionaires in its cabinet. We understand it and we balk at increasing this pressure by 200%. What happened nationally in the building to the recent occupations? On the 10th November, the National Union of Students (NUS) organised a march in London against proposals to triple student tuition fees. For 20 years or more, British students have been regarded as a politically spent force. Student politics was considered a training ground for future career politicians, rather than having merit in of itself, and student radicalism was but a memory. When the previous government introduced tuition fees, a couple of demonstrations passed almost unnoticed. The NUS had since given up on fighting against student contributions and instead contented itself with lobbying (quite ineffectually) to keep those contributions relatively low and “progressively” implemented. The government, the country and even the NUS were therefore taken completely by surprise by the events of November 10th. That day 50,000 students marched through the streets of London and they were angry. To understand that anger one has to look back 7 months to the general election campaign. During that campaign the Liberal Democrats, now junior partners in the coalition government, had pledged to scrap tuition fees if they won the general election and to vote against any increase if they didn’t win. Many students campaigned for the Lib Dems on this basis and spent hours queuing to vote for Lib Dem candidates. Now they saw Lib Dem ministers actually proposing to double, if not triple tuition fees as part of their coalition with the Conservative Party. With police protection around Lib Dem HQ, it was Conservative Party HQ which felt the rage of demonstrators – hundreds, if not thousands of students invaded the building at Millbank, the resultant property damage driving the bourgeois media into frenzy and instantly catapulting the students’ grievances onto the front pages. Student activists learnt a valuable lesson at Millbank – where compliant protest fails to capture media attention, the targeted invasion of property demands it. By the end of November 35 British education institutions had seen occupations along with MPs offices and tax dodging big businesses. You occupied your university for over two days – how was the tactic decided upon and then publicised? How many people took part, and did they tend to come from the radical left or were they more representative of the university population in general? What happened during the occupation? The week after the events at Millbank, the Anti-Cuts Alliance at my uni (Royal Holloway, University of London) held a public meeting attended by about 50 students, lecturers and supporters. Over 3 hours we discussed, debated and voted upon direction we wanted the movement to take on our campus, the principles we’d adhere to and defend, and the tactics we’d use to achieve our goals. It was at this meeting that the decision to occupy was made. A few days later, all the logistics were arranged and about 40 of us occupied a part of the building used by college management. After a 40 minute debate with the Principal and Vice Principal, we settled in and e-mailed the entire university with our intentions. We set up a web-cam so that anybody interested could actually see what we were doing, we postered and flyered campus and we canvassed the campus bars for signatures of support. Over the course of the two days over 100 people took part in the occupation, most of which I would guess were relatively new to political activism, although a core of about 20 radical left-wingers were at the heart of the occupation. Royal Holloway is only a small uni with little history of radical politics, and so the occupation was free from outside interference (as there are no left-wing political organisations on campus). The occupation was run completely democratically and autonomously, with regular group meetings to discuss the division of labour, responses to media and management requests and the news from the rest of the student movement. Over the two days we held a number of teach-ins, as well as hearing talks from trade-unionists and even the university chaplain (who was a dissident in the USSR). We also organised music gigs, poetry readings and dramatic performances for entertainment in the evenings, all themed around the cuts and anti-capitalism. Other universities were also in occupation at the same time as you in other parts of the country. What was communication like between the occupations? Also, was there much communication with high school students who held walkouts in support? There were little to no official lines of communication between the various occupations, but most occupations were in close contact with up to 5 or 6 others as friends exchanged information via the internet. The universities in London have been particularly close, due to their physical proximity and the London Student Assembly which has been meeting every Sunday over the past few weeks. For Royal Holloway though, our closest allies from off campus come from the Sixth Form College down the road from us. We received over 250 signatures of support from them and about 10 students actually came up to the occupation to take part in the evening’s activities. Even one of the school teachers came along to run a teach-in on Anarchism. In return we sent down a delegation to give a talk on the occupation to the college students and it looks likely now that they will be forming their own anti-cuts organisation at school. Obviously it isn’t just students who are under attack – have there been efforts to build links between students struggles and struggles in the workplace or beneficiaries struggles? On the first night of the occupation we received representatives from Surrey Save Our Services, a coalition of local trade union branches and community groups that are fighting the public sector cuts in the county of Surrey. It is of vital importance that these sorts of groups grow across the country as many of Britain’s public services are organised and funded at county level. It will therefore be at the local level that the axe falls heaviest in terms of funding and job cuts, and must be fought against hardest. It was with this in mind that the Anti-Cuts Alliance officially affiliated with Surrey Save Our Services that evening. We have been working closely with the group since the occupation, attending local trade union rallies in Solidarity and we hope to set up a Surrey Youth Assembly jointly with them in the New Year. We have also seen practical support from the trade union movement. When our student union (shamefully) failed to put on transport for demonstrators attending the 9th December demo outside parliament, it was the Royal Holloway branch of the UCU (lecturers union) who stepped up to the mark and hired coaches for the day. Across the country, students are beginning to look outside of the student movement towards mutual aid with others affected by the government’s attacks on the working classes. On the student demos over the last few weeks the chant has been “Students and workers, Unite and fight!”, whilst at the Assemblies and on the blogs students are beginning to talk about how we will show our support “when the General Strike happens”. And it is not just students who are awakening and trying to forge links. As I write, the grinding wheels of the national trade union bureaucracy are starting to turn with calls from the TUC (Trade Union Congress) for “support for the students” and “waves of strikes” across the public sector in the New Year. Where do you think/hope things will go from here? Are there any particular pitfalls you think are important to watch out for? At the moment the country is in a surreal state of calm as both the students and politicians return home for the Christmas break. With the vote in parliament going against students on 9th December, the student movement has got a long fight to save their Universities from Capitalism. The strength of anger I’ve witnessed within the student movement does not simply dissipate over a few weeks at home and I have no doubt that students will return to their universities in fighting spirit. And that spirit will be needed, for the fight now that legislation has been passed is no longer about persuading the government to change it’s mind, but to topple it before it’s policies can be implemented. This cannot be achieved by students alone. Only a united working class, willing to fight as communities and in the workplace, has the power to realise these goals. The “anti-cuts movement”, as it is becoming, must not let itself be divided by the media and politicians – whether it is the issue of property destruction by students or striking firemen and nurses, the movement must commit to and understand the meaning of Solidarity, not just play lip service to it. My biggest concern however, is that the Labour Party will use the movement to get back into power without reversing the regressive policies. We must remember that much of what is being done by the current government is only possible because of the groundwork done by Labour over the last 13 years – the introduction of tuition fees for example. So far the Labour Party has not provided any alternative to public sector cuts and shows no sign of doing so in the future. My hope is that as the movement builds it will develop its own political alternatives that can be taken forward regardless of the party in power. Is there anything else you would like to add? The recent student protests have really shaken the establishment. After decades of quiescence and compliance from British youth, a new generation is finally showing that they are willing to fight for social justice again. I would argue that the political establishment in Britain is more out of touch with the people (especially young people) than at any point since the years immediately following first world war. The politicians and the media simply do not understand at all the strength of feeling in the country or the deep sense of disaffection within the working classes. The reaction by the bourgeoisie and their allies has been panic. The media has been whipped into frenzy, blaming a “violent minority” of anarchists and “troublemakers” for “orchestrating violence” whilst desperately trying to justify the increasing brutality of the police against unarmed teenagers. It is difficult propaganda to spin given the huge number of images showing mounted charges, indiscriminate use of batons and officers pulling protesters out of their wheelchairs! On the streets the police are cracking skulls, making mass arrests and effectively imprisoning thousands of demonstrators for hours in the name of “facilitating peaceful protest”. 180 people have been arrested so far in connection with supposed offences at the four big demos in London and one person was beaten into brain surgery at the last protest. Ministers and police commissioners are now openly talking about bringing in water cannon from Northern Ireland and even banning student demonstrations! The actions of the state belie the reality of the situation. This is not a “small minority”. This is the beginnings of a real social movement acting outside of the channels permitted by the bourgeois elite. It is something the establishment does not understand and cannot control. Most importantly it is something that they are obviously scared of, and nothing erodes the institution of power more than seeing your rulers shitting themselves. The following are links to interviews and personal accounts from other university occupations across the UK, thanks to LibCom. * Interview with an anarchist student occupier at Sheffield University * The battle of millbank and occupation at manchester university * Interview with Edinburgh University students under occupation - Aotearoa Workers Solidarity Movement
Hemostasis after liver resection improves after single application of albumin and argon beam coagulation. Bleeding from the liver surface is common after hepatic resection. Animal studies have demonstrated superiority of argon beam coagulation (ABC) and 38% human serum albumin when applied together after partial liver resection when compared to ABC alone. There are no data addressing the combination of albumin and argon beam coagulation (ABCA) applied to the bleeding liver after resection in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ABCA on hemostasis when applied to the surface of the liver remnant post-hepatic resection. Ten patients underwent liver resection and were treated with ABCA immediately after the liver was divided. The liver surface was coated with albumin and ABC applied simultaneously, the liver was covered with gauze for 3 min, and ABCA was repeated if necessary. Number of rebleeding episodes requiring re-application of ABCA, time of ABCA application, overall blood loss, and liver functions were monitored. Patients were followed for at least 6 months. Nine of 10 patients required a single application of ABCA, and one patient required two treatments. Average time of ABC use was 5 ± 3 min. Median blood loss was 230 ml. Liver functions returned to near normal within 4 days of resection. ABCA performed well with respect to hemostatic properties, much like previous observations in animal studies. Further clinical trials are justified using this technique.
// Copyright 2012 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. // You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. package com.google.collide.dto; import com.google.collide.dtogen.shared.RoutingType; import com.google.collide.dtogen.shared.ServerToClientDto; /** * Status update for an App Engine deployment. * / @RoutingType(type = RoutingTypes.DEPLOYWORKSPACESTATUS) public interface DeployWorkspaceStatus extends ServerToClientDto { public static final int STATUS_IN_PROGRESS = 0; public static final int STATUS_SUCCESS = 1; public static final int STATUS_FAILED = 2; int getStatus(); String getMessage(); /* * Available only when status is STATUS_SUCCESS */ String getAppUrl(); }
Mutation at chromosome 11q23 in human non-familial breast cancer: a microdissection microsatellite analysis. Allelotypic evaluation of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been instrumental in the identification of tumour suppressor genes. Here we report a high incidence of LOH at chromosome 11q23 in non-familial breast cancers with in situ, invasive, and metastatic tumour cells microdissected from archival haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) sections for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-LOH analysis at polymorphic microsatellite loci. Ninety-four cases of non-familial breast cancer were examined at the D11S29 microsatellite locus on chromosome 11q23. Eighty-three cases (88 per cent) were informative and 35 cases overall (42 per cent) had LOH at this locus, comprising 23 per cent of in situ, 36 per cent of invasive, and 28 per cent of metastatic cancers. The DNA from those cancer cells with LOH was amplified at microsatellite loci D11S554 (11p12-p11.2) and D11S534 (11q13). In 19 of 67 cases overall (28 per cent), LOH occurred solely at 11q23. There was an association between LOH at 11q23 and tumour size > or = 2 cm (P < 0.01) in the overall results and the invasive cancers. The data revealed heterogeneity for LOH at D11S29 in in situ, invasive, and metastatic cells from the same case. In general, however, there was concordance between LOH (or its absence) in in situ and invasive disease. We conclude that the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 11 contains a region involved in breast carcinogenesis and that there is molecular heterogeneity at this chromosomal region in individual breast cancer cells.
--- abstract: 'Modern video codecs including the newly developed AOM/AV1 utilize hybrid coding techniques to remove spatial and temporal redundancy. However, efficient exploitation of statistical dependencies measured by a mean squared error (MSE) does not always produce the best psychovisual result. One interesting approach is to only encode visually relevant information and use a different coding method for “perceptually insignificant" regions in the frame, which can lead to substantial data rate reductions while maintaining visual quality. In this paper, we introduce a texture analyzer before encoding the input sequences to identify detail irrelevant texture regions in the frame using convolutional neural networks. We designed and developed a new coding tool referred to as texture mode for AV1, where if texture mode is selected at the encoder, no inter-frame prediction is performed for the identified texture regions. Instead, displacement of the entire region is modeled by just one set of motion parameters. Therefore, only the model parameters are transmitted to the decoder for reconstructing the texture regions. Non-texture regions in the frame are coded conventionally. We show that for many standard test sets, the proposed method achieved significant data rate reductions.' author: - - bibliography: - 'egbib.bib' title: \| AV1 Video Coding Using Texture Analysis\ With Convolutional Neural Networks --- Introduction ============ The Alliance for Open Media (AOM) [@AOM] is a joint effort between Google and several other industrial leaders, set to define and develop media codecs, media formats, and related technologies that is open-source and loyalty-free to meet the expanding need in web-based video consumption. We propose a new coding paradigm that leverages techniques of texture analysis and synthesis to achieve coding gains and contribute to the first edition of the AOM video codec, namely AV1 [@av1-joshi2017; @av1-liu2017; @chen2018; @fu2018]. Modern video codecs utilize hybrid coding techniques consisting of 2D transforms and motion compensation techniques to remove spatial and temporal redundancy. Our approach is different in that we will only encode, using AV1, areas of a video frame that are “perceptually significant." The “perceptually insignificant" regions will not be encoded. By “perceptually insignificant" pixels we mean regions in the frame that an observer will not notice any difference without observing the original video sequence. The encoder fits a model to the perceptually insignificant pixels in the frame and transmits the model parameters to the decoder as side information. The encoder uses the model to reconstruct the pixels. This is referred to as the “analysis/synthesis" coding approach. The use of texture segmentation and synthesis approach to reconstruct texture region with acceptable perceptual quality for still images were proposed in some earlier works [@peterson1990; @kunt1985; @delp1979]. We extended similar ideas to video coding in our previous work [@bosch2011], where we developed a feature based texture analyzer to identify perceptually insignificant regions in the frame and classify them into texture classes. At the encoder, instead of performing inter-frame prediction to reconstruct these regions, displacement of the entire texture region is modeled by a set of motion parameters. The motion parameters and the texture region information are coded and transmitted separately as side information. We have shown that data rate reductions of 5-20% can be achieved using this approach when implemented in H.264. While the feature based texture analyzer requires a proper set of parameters to achieve accurate texture segmentation for different videos, deep learning based methods usually do not require such parameter tuning for inference. Recently, deep learning based methods have been developed and applied to different aspects of video coding and has shown promising performance. In [@park2016], a new in-loop filtering technique using convolutional neural network called IFCNN is presented. It outperforms the conventional in-loop filtering method done by a de-blocking filter followed by sample adaptive offset filter (SAO) with respect to coding efficiency and subjective visual quality in HEVC. In [@wang2017], a very deep convolutional network, DCAD, is developed to automatically remove the artifacts and enhance the details of HEVC-compressed videos at the decoder end. DCAD improves the visual quality of the reconstructed frame by automatically learn a non-linear mapping from the decoded frame to an artifact-free reconstruction. In our previous work [@fu2018], we proposed a block-based texture segmentation method to extract texture regions in a video frame using convolutional neural networks. The problem with using the texture analyzer alone to encode the texture region in the video is that if each frame is encoded separately, the areas that have been reconstructed with the texture models will be obvious when the video is displayed. This then requires that the textures to be modeled both spatially and temporally. In this paper, we propose a new AV1 coding paradigm that utilizes the texture segmentation result from [@fu2018] by introducing a new coding mode - texture mode. The texture mode is completely an encoder side option, which in essence skips the coding of the block entirely through leveraging the use of global motions provided by the AV1 baseline. Specifically, the texture mode uses a modified version of the global motion coding tool in the AV1 codec [@global_motion] to ensure temporal consistency of the texture regions between frames. Based on the selection of coding structures and choices of reference frames, we investigate three different implementations of the texture mode in terms of data rate savings and perceived quality. Experimental results validate the efficacy of the texture mode with a consistent coding gain compared to the AV1 baseline over a variety of video test sets given a fixed perceptual quality level. Texture-Base Video Coding ========================= The general scheme for video coding using texture analysis and synthesis is illustrated in Figure \[fig:blockdia\]. The texture analyzer identifies homogeneous regions in a frame and labels them as texture. We use a classification convolutional neural network to label each block in a frame as textures or non-texture and generate a block-based texture mask for each frame. The texture mask and the original frame are passed into the AV1 video codec to enable the texture mode where the identified texture regions skip the encoding process. The texture region is synthesized by warping texture region in a reference frame to the current frame. A modified version of the global motion tool in AV1 is used to obtain motion estimation and synthesize the texture region without sending residues for the identified texture region. ![Overview of Texture-Based Video Coding[]{data-label="fig:blockdia"}](blockdia.eps){width="1\columnwidth"} Texture Analysis Using CNN -------------------------- A block-based segmentation method [@fu2018] is used to identify detail irrelevant texture regions in each frame which are potential candidates to use the texture mode in AV1. We designed a classification convolutional neural network inspired by the VGG network architecture [@Simonyan2014] to label a block as texture or non-texture (Figure \[fig:archit\]). The input of our network is a $32\times32$ color image block. The output is the probability that the image block contains texture or non-texture. ![CNN Architecture for Block-Based Texture Classification[]{data-label="fig:archit"}](architecture.eps){width="1\columnwidth"} In [@fu2018], image patches of size $16\times16$ with texture and non-texture labels are used to train the network. The image patch size was increased to $32\times32$ to avoid detecting small moving objects in our training. Texture and non-texture images are obtained from the Salzburg Texture Image Database (STex) [@stex] and Places365 [@place365]. STex contains images with single texture type and images in Place365 are nature scenes with multiple objects. To create multi-resolution training examples for texture classes, images from STex are cropped from $512\times512$ into $256\times256$ and $128\times128$, followed by downsampling them to $32\times32$ . Since a texture region with consistent content are desired, images contains multiple objects should be classified as non-texture class. Therefore, images from Place365 are directly downsampled to $32\times32$ image patches to create non-texture examples that contain multiple objects. This method was implemented in Torch [@torch]. A stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with momentum is used to train our network. A learning rate of 0.01, a momentum of 0.9 and weight decay of 0.00005 were used in our training. A set of training data with 1740 texture examples and 36148 non-texture examples were used to train our network. A binary cross entropy loss was used as the loss function. Since our training set are highly unbalanced, the weights of each class in the binary cross entropy loss function were set proportion to the inverse of the class frequency. A total 100 epochs were trained using mini batch size of 512 on one NVIDIA GTX TITAN GPU. After training the CNN, texture segmentation is performed on each test video frame. Each frame is divided into $32\times32$ adjacent non-overlapping blocks. Each block in the video frames is classified as either texture or non-texture. The segmentation mask for each frame is formed by grouping the classified blocks in the frame. A New AV1 Coding Tool - Texture Mode ------------------------------------ In this section, we describe how we modified the AV1 codec by introducing a texture mode to encode the texture blocks. ### Texture Mode Encoder Design The texture analyzer is integrated into the AV1 encoder as illustrated in Figure \[Fig1Label\]. At the encoder, for each frame that contains texture area, we first fetch the texture masks for the current frame and the two corresponding reference frames from the texture analyzer. Based on the texture region in the current frame, a set of texture motion parameter that represents the global motion of the texture area is estimated for each reference frame. Then for each block larger than $16 \times 16$, we use a two-step method to check if a block is a texture block. A texture block is reconstructed using texture synthesis method thus no motion compensation residuals will be coded and transmitted for the texture block. We call this new coding paradigm the texture mode. At the decoder, since there is no syntax change to the AV1 bitstream, the bitstream is decoded the same as AV1 baseline. ![Texture Mode Encoder Implementation[]{data-label="Fig1Label"}](flowchart.eps){width="\columnwidth"} [\|l\|l\|l\|]{} tex-all & tex-sp & tex-cp\ \ Original GF group interval (4-16) &\ single-layer coding structure &\ Use texture mode for all frames except GOLDEN /ALTREF frame &\ Use single-prediction (forward or backward) & Use single forward prediction & Use compound prediction\ In general, a texture block in the current frame is reconstructed by warping the texture block from the reference frame towards the current frame. We use a modified version of the global motion coding tool [@global_motion] in the AV1 codec to perform block warping as described in Section \[sssec:motion\]. Based on the selection of coding structures and choices of reference frames for texture synthesis, we investigated three different implementations, namely tex-all, tex-sp, and tex-cp of the texture mode in terms of data rate savings and perceived quality. Configuration of the three implementations are described in Table \[table:config\] and can be visualized in Figure \[gf\_config\]. For tex-sp and tex-cp, a multi-layer coding structure [@multilayer] is used for each GF group. The tex-all implementation has the best data rate savings since the number of frames with texture mode enabled is approximately twice as many as the other two implementations. However, we observed visual artifacts in its reconstructed videos in several test sequences due to the accumulated error from warping displacement. The artifacts are most prominent in videos with high motion or complex global motion. The tex-sp implementation solves the accumulation error by only enabling texture mode for every other frame. It only uses the immediate previous frame as the reference frame for texture warping to get more accurate global motion model. As a result, the data rate savings are reduced to approximately half the data rate savings of the tex-all configuration. Some flickering artifacts can still be observed between frames for some test videos. The tex-cp further reduces the flickering artifacts by using compound prediction from the previous frame and the next frame. The data rate savings are only slightly lower than that of tex-sp. The improvement in visual quality is most obviously in low-mid resolution videos. Therefore, we select tex-cp to be our final configuration for the texture mode implementation. ### Texture Motion Parameters {#sssec:motion} The global motion coding tool in AV1 is used primarily to handle camera motion. A motion model is explicitly conveyed at the frame level for the motion between a current frame and any one or more of its reference frames. The motion model can be applied to any block in the current frame to generate a predictor. Either the planar projective or affine transformation is selected as the motion model. The motion model is estimated using a FAST feature [@FAST] matching scheme followed by robust model fitting using RANSAC [@RANSAC]. The estimated global motion parameter is added to the compressed header of each inter-frame. The motion model parameters of the global motion coding tool in AV1 is estimated at the frame level between the current frame and the reference frame. These parameters may not accurately reflect the motion model for the texture regions within a frame. We modified the global motion tool to deign a new set of motion modal parameters, called texture motion parameters. The texture motion parameters is estimated based on the texture region of the current frame and the reference frame using the same feature extraction and model fitting method as in the global motion coding tool. A more accurate motion model for texture region may reduce the artifacts on the block edges between the texture blocks and non-texture blocks in the reconstructed video. In order to keep the syntax of AV1 bitstream consistent, the texture motion parameters are sent to the decoder in the compressed header of the inter frames by replacing the global motion parameters of the reference frames. Since most texture regions reside in the background, there is no significant influence on the non-texture blocks which are coded using global motion mode by replacing the global motion parameters with the texture motion parameters. ### Texture Block Decision For the current implementation, the minimum size of a texture block is $16 \times 16$. For all blocks larger than or equal to $16 \times 16$, we use a two-step approach to check if a block should be encoded using the novel texture mode scheme we proposed to AV1. First, we overlap the texture mask generated by the texture analyzer and the current frame to check if the entire block is inside the texture region of the current frame. We also need to ensure that the pixels used for texture synthesis in the reference frames are within the texture regions identified by the texture analyzer. In the second step, we warp the blocks inside the texture region towards the two reference frames, i.e., the previous frame and the next frame in the tex-cp configuration. If the two warped blocks are within the texture regions of both corresponding reference frames, the block is considered a texture block and texture mode is enabled. ### Block Splitting Decision As for block splitting decision, the position of the texture regions inside of a macroblock has higher priority than the RD values of different block splitting methods for this macroblock. If the block is a texture block, we do not further split it into smaller sub-blocks. If the block contains no texture region, RD optimization is performed for block partitioning and mode decision. If part of a macroblock contains texture region, we split it into sub-blocks regardless of the RD value. In general, there is no block that is part texture and part non-texture. The use of texture mode also largely reduces the encoding speed, since no RD optimization is performed for a texture block which reduces the need for different prediction modes, reference frames selection, and block splitting recursion. ### Texture Synthesis We use AV1 codec’s global motion tool and compound prediction to synthesize texture for texture blocks at the decoder. The previous frame and the next frame of the current frame are chosen to be the reference frames for the texture block reconstruction. The texture region in the two reference frames are warped towards the texture blocks in the current frame using the corresponding texture motion parameters. We used compound prediction to synthesize the texture block from the two reference frames. As discussed earlier, the use of compound prediction for texture blocks reduces flickering artifacts between frames. The residual of the texture blocks is set to zero. Since all texture blocks in one frame use the same reference frames, there are no blocky artifacts from texture synthesis on the block edges of the texture blocks within the texture region. Experimental Results ==================== Texture Analysis ---------------- Nine different video sequences were tested using the CNN based texture analyzer. Sample texture segmentation results are shown in Figure \[fig:tex\_res\]. Our texture analyzer successfully segments out most texture regions. Currently, the texture analyzer uses a block-based texture classification method with fixed block size. So the segmentation mask does not contain texture regions at finer levels. As a result, some of the texture regions are miss detected because one image block may contain different types of textures. ![Texture Segmentation Examples[]{data-label="fig:tex_res"}](tex_result.eps){width="0.9\columnwidth"} Coding Performance ------------------ To evaluate the performance of the proposed texture-based method, data rate savings at four quantization levels (QP = 16, 24, 32, 40) are calculated for each test sequence using the tex-cp configuration and compared to the AV1 baseline. The AV1 baseline is the original codec with fixed golden frame and a group interval of eight frames. Data rate is computed by dividing the output WebM file size by the number of frames. The WebM file is the output bitstream from the AV1 encoder. Results for several test videos are shown in Table \[gain\]. We also include the average percentage of pixels that uses the texture mode in a frame in the table. ![image](gain.eps){width="\columnwidth"} As shown in Table \[gain\], with low QP, most of the videos show large data rate savings. However, as the QP increases, the data rate savings decreases. Some test videos, such as football, waterfall and netflix\_aerial show worse coding performance than the AV1 baseline at high QP. This is because with high QP, many non-texture blocks also have zero residual and our method requires a few extra bits for the texture motion parameters and for using two reference frames in compound prediction. Conclusion and Future Work ========================== In this paper, we proposed a new AV1 video coding paradigm that integrates a texture segmentation method into the AV1 codec. The texture segmentation method uses a deep learning based approach to detect the texture regions in a frame that is perceptually insignificant to the human visual system. A novel texture mode paradigm is proposed for an AV1 encoder, which uses the multi-layer coding structure, a modified global motion tool and the compound prediction mode. Our results showed significant increase in terms of coding efficiency compared to the AV1 baseline for a set of videos contain large texture regions. For our next step, we would like to assess how well the proposed texture-based method performs for different types of motion, and adjust the complexity of the motion models used depending on the texture content.
Tuesday, February 07, 2006 DAY THIRTEENBack to Christchurch. Leaving Queenstown without much of a heavy heart, I set off for Christchurch and my chum, Lizzie's place and was there in 4 hours flat. With one stopover in a small town called Ashburton for tea and to tap akidney Ashburton is extraordinary. It is like being on the set of a Midsommer Murders. It looks like it wastransplanted direct from England c1955 , teashops and all. Really very strange indeed. I deposited my bags back at my chum's house and then the car at the Hertz site in Christchurch. By now itwas a little after 1pm and I had arranged to meet Lizzie after work at 6pm which gave me a good amountof time to explore Christchurch. The city itself has a population of about 300,000 and I have to say that I found myself rather liking it. Ispent a good couple of hours walking around the botanical gardens which are the pride of the city andsurround the River Avon where boys from the local private school can be found giving punt rides up anddown the stream. I had a pleasant lunch at a local cafe called The Honey Pot where a spiced lamb burger hit the spot andthe young female waitstaff, while blitheringly incompetent, provided a restful place to let ones gazewander. By the time 6pm came around, I had "done" Christchurch and after a quick drink with Lizzie at the original ofthe Dux Delux chain, we hopped on the shuttle bus back over the hill to Lyttleton where we had supper at,what is a local institution, The Volcano. Lizzie had had blah meals before, but we were both too busy tocook, so gave it another try. I have to say, that while in general the food in NZ was not of a highstandard, this was one of the best meals I had on the trip. We shared a plate of huge green lipped musselsalong with a beer and while Lizzie had a passable steak, I had a wonderful rack of local lamb, perfectlycooked and served simply with a fresh salad. It hit the spot and in such very agreeable surroundings, Iwas very content indeed. DAY FOURTEENI had, in a moment of madness and drunkenness on my first night in NZ, promised to cook Indian food forLizzie and her friends, so the Tuesday saw me up at the crack of dawn and headed into town to buyingredients. I was able to find most things and returned to her house a couple of hours later to spenda blissful day playing with her adorable cat, Pickle and making huge quantities of Tandoori ChickenBraised lamb shanksChicken KormaPrawn Do PiazaDahlCauliflower and pumpkin curryNaanRice.RaitaTomato and onion salad with a tarka of cumin and bulbchilli By 7pm when her friends arrived, I was quite exhausted, but soon revived by an offer of some Pelorus Rose. The evening passed in a bit of a blur of conviviality and I crashed out about midnight ready to dream dreamsof Natalie Portman and lots of jello. DAY FIFTEENMy last day in New Zealand and I felt miserable all day until I headed for the airport for my flight toSydney. It is fair to say that I truly loved my time in NZ more than just about anywhere I had ever visited. Thepeople, the landscape, the atmosphere combines to make this a truly magical place. True, the food reallysucked for the most part and it was often as exciting as a wet weekend in Cleethorpes on a Tuesday in February, but there is something about it that will stay with me forever. I was horribly sad to leave and am 100% certain I will return. When Tony, the cab driver who had become my unofficial driver while in town, arrived to take me to theairport, I was already, though to head to Sydney and the next chapter of the journey. The flight to Sydney from Christchurch is about 3 hours and, despite having to circle above the city forsome time while thunderstorms cleared below, I arrived on time and was through immigration ( with a brief stop for them to wash my walking shoes ) and at my hotel at Darling Harbour within an hour of landing I had predicated my time in Sydney almost entirely on Eating at some of its much lauded restaurants and, onthis first night, headed to the most well known of all, Rockpool situated in The Rocks For some reason, I found the restaurant quite different from what I had imagined and was slightlydisappointed to find that, in looks at least, it was a very standard identikit style upmarket room. Still, I was greeted warmly and the table I was led to was well placed for checking out the other diners. Iordered a pre dinner martini which was disgusting and set about perusing the menu. Very enticing it was tooand there were easily six things in each course that I could have chosen. In the end I plumped to begin with a salad of mud crab with pork belly and green paw paw and, for my maincourse, John Dory, Indian style in a pastry case. My Entree ( unlike the US, the NZ's and Australians seem to know what the word means ) was stunning. Achingly fresh crab with crispy shards of pork and the sharpness of the paw paw made this one of my highlights of the trip as did the block of salt and pepper tofu atop it. Silky and smooth with a crackling casing. Wonderful. Unfortunately, the glass ofRockpool Riesling I ordered with it turned out to be insipid and an uninspired choice. Then the whole evening just crashed and burned. Twenty minutes passed, then forty, then nearly anhour. A couple of raised eyebrows and the waiter did not seem to get me any further and I was about to justask for the bill when Rick Stein walked into the restaurant with his girlfriend and was soon surroundedby waitstaff. At this point I had had enough and walked up to the Maitre'D and said " do you mind if I ask Mr Stein if he will mind waiting over an hour for his main course like I am having too?" Profuse apologies followed and my dish soon appeared, but Iguess the sour taste I had in my mouth tainted the food as it was a disaster of a dish. Overcooked by apoint, John Dory sandwiched to all intents and purposes between two papadums and smothered in a badly made raita. Grim, as was the Delatite Gewurtz I ordered with it. Service was harmlessly efficient if charmless and they flopped the napkin test I got the bill. A not inconsequential AUS$135 and left as soon as I could and walked the 30 mins back toDarling Harbour hoping that the other restaurants would live up to my expectations more than this one. Rockpool - 4/10 DAY SIXTEENA day of work was planned for the Thursday as I met with our distributors in Australia and New Zealand andthen with the Australian Book Club Before that, I got up and had a very pleasant run around Darling Harbour and a long swim in the lap poolon the top floor of my hotel. I then headed out to do the tourist thing and walked through Hyde Park and upto the Harbour to briefly gaze on the Opera House ( yawn! ) and The SH Bridge ( double yawn!) That out of the way, I headed to the office and passed a few hours with my chums there who are doing awonderful job for us. Lunch was a quick affair at Cafe Bubla in the CBD. Fine and a nice place to chat. By the time the meetings had finished it was late afternoon and I returned to my hotel and changed intomy "civvies" and headed out to see the seedy side of Sydney. The King's Cross area is as notorious as its London counterpart for sleaze and undesirables. I felt right at home and dipped in an out of a few bars before heading back on foot to Chinatown. En route, I stopped off at The East Sydney Hotel, a very down at heel pub in , er, East Sydney. There I plonked myself at the bar and drank 4 schooners of assorted beer while reading, inappropriately enough Men's Health Magazine (cover headline "how to make sure your Sheila does the dirty" ) and watched the assorted local derelicts drink them self closer to the angels. Very fun. My hotel was on the edges of Chinatown, so after checking my mails at an internet cafe, I stopped of at one of the many places on offer and had a perfectly passable plate of roast pork and duck before heading up the wooden hill to Bedfordshire. DAY SEVENTEENBeautiful weather greeted me as I went for my morning run. I ran farther than before ( about 8 miles ) and felt like I had burned off most of the excess of the last few nights. After availing myself of something squeezed and fresh at one of the excellent juice bars that seem to litter Sydney's streets, I visited The Powerhouse Museum for a very enjoyable few hours. What a great place! My main reason for visiting was that it was playing host to a Lord of The Rings exhibition ( well worth seeing ) but the rest of the museum was filled with displays of innovation and technology. This is museums as they should be. Hands on, lots of signs saying "please touch the displays" engaging staff. Fantastic By the time I came out into the sunlight, I was starving and was blessed by angels as the first thing I saw was a stall proclaiming "HANNAH'S HOT PIES" How could I be so churlish as to refuse? I couldn't so bought an enormous minced beef pie topped artistically with mound of mushy peas. Washed down with a diet coke while I was seated on a park bench, this wasperfection. The meat pie was stuffed with choice beef and the juice dribbled down my chin as I tore at it with my braced teeth. I kept on expecting someone to tell me to get a room. After this orgasmic moment, I decided to have some down time and headed back for a nap. The afternoon nap is one of the great holiday indulgences and I had not had much opportunity to do that while on this trip, so this was a real luxury. Availing myself of the bubbly products in my hotel bathroom, I soaked for an hour, shaved my bonce and then slept for two good hours while dreaming about the legalities of marryinga minced beef pie. By the time I awoke, it was nearly 4pm and I rushed out of the door to catch my commuter train to Bondi Junction. The central station was very close and the trains run every few minutes for the short journey. Bondi Junction itself is very swish. The Oxford St Mall is perhaps the swishest I have ever seen. On four floors it was packed with the most upscale shops, food courts and eateries I have seen. Oh, and it offered valet parking. After another juice and a beer in The Eastern Bar, I headed off on the not unsubstantial walk to BondiBeach. The sun was beating down and I was beginning to regret my decision not to get a cab when I began tonotice that more and more of the people I was passingwere in their beach clothes and I was obviouslygetting closer. It took about forty minutes in all and I was pleased when the beach finally came intoview. Very impressive it was too as were the bodies on show. All sorts, all sizes, all shapes. I plonked myself down on a seafront bench overlooking the beach and spent a very happy few hours reading my book ( by now having given up on Baldaci and trying to improve myself with Eckhart Tolle's Power of Now ) and trying not to be too obvious peering at the little chickadees in their skimpy costumes My next major meal in Sydney was at Sean's Panorama on Campbell Parade overlooking the beach. After a coupleof beers in a nasty little bar near by, I arrived bang on time for my 7pm table to be greeted amiably by adelightful waiter. "you must be Simon?" he said pointing me to a great table with a wonderful view. Where Rockpool was po faced, this was warm and welcoming ( and packed to the rafters) where Rockpool was measured and considered, this was funky and rumbustuous. I loved it. So fabulous bread was put in front of me with a bowl of Nolan's Hunter Valley Olive oil and I drank a glassof Penfolds Reserve 98 Riesling while I checked out the menu ( on boards around the restaurant.) For my starter, I chose a Yabby cocktail. Not having clue number one what a Yabby was, my waiter was kindenough to bring out a live one and plonk it on my table while he went to serve someone else. It had eyes and a face so I wanted to eat it. The cocktail was spot on. A big place of thick langoustine like yabbys topped off with a creamy mayo and a tomato chutney surrounded by a number of the claws which offered up sweet meat with the gentlest of tugs. Sensational and worked well with the penfold too. for my main course, I had one of my rare meat dishes of the trip and ordered Black pork ( from Bangalow )with roast pumpkin and pear with braised lettuce. As so often, the meat dish was weaker than the fish dish.Not bad at all, but not ground breaking. Perfectlypassable. I broke my rule about only drinking wine from the country I am in and ordered a glass of the Josmeyer 2002 Pinot Gris. Fine, no more. I was too stuffed for pudding and paid the bill ( a reasonable AUS$100 ) and headed back ( by cab thistime ) to Bondi Junction and the train to my hotel Sean's Panorama - 8/10 DAY EIGHTEENMy last day in Sydney saw my up with the larks again with a run and another swim under my belt and readyfor my next meal. Greg Doyle runs The Pier in Rose Bay. It is meant to be one of the best seafood restaurants in the worldand I was looking forward to testing it out as I headed off on the ferry from Circular Quay to Rose Bay. There are quicker ways of getting there, but few more spectacular and I could appreciate why people like Sydney, though I do not think I will ever really muster up any great affection for it. I will however rustle up some love for The Pier. In a truly gorgeous setting, the restaurant is an example in restraint, light and airy and offering staggering views across the bay, this was one of the best meals I have had in five years easily. I arrived a little early and was, bar one couple, the only one if the place. The service was lovely and I was soon at a great table with a staggering view enjoying a Cooper's Pale Ale. Again there is so much on the menu that I could have easily ordered all of it. I was tempted by the tasting menu, but plumped instead to try their legendary raw plate to begin with. I nibbled on some OK bread while I waited for the first course to arrive and sipped on an amuse of corn cappuccino. it was good, but just whetted my appetite or the arrival of the entree When it did, it was a work of art. Four beautifully structured raw dishes Ocean trout Tartare with horseraddish craime freshKingfish in a vietnamese dressingCarpaccio of rock scallops in local oil and lemonsTuna sashimi wrapped in pickled local cumcumber each was a revelation in clarity and taste. A must have dish I drank with it a 2003 Mount Horrocks riesling ( the list of wines by the glass was pitifully small ) whichworked well. A nice hint of petrol complimented the raw fish For my main course, I had ordered confit ocean trout. What arrived was again beautiful to look at and evenbetter to eat. A fillet of moist salmon like sea trout, confit in local oil until medium and served ontortellini of bug meat ( a local crayfish ) with broadbeans and dill in a light seafood consomme. Exemplary. This is up there with the very best dishesI have ever eaten. With this I had an unoaked 2003 Chardonnay from Punt Cove. Lots of fruit and not quite right for the dish,but ok given the limited choice I was on a roll by now and fancied a rare treat of pudding so ordered the tasting plate of mangodesserts. Each came topped with candied mangoes and each was sublime I drank an icewine from Wellington with my dessert. This was a misfire. Cloying and slightly sour. It took a little time to organise my taxi back to the city, so I sat and drank in the view and chatted tothe lovely waitstaff while I paid my bill ( a London level of AUS$177 ) Make no mistake, The Pier is a very special restaurant indeed. Lots of restaurants around the world have great views. Many have great food. But, few combine them with such dexterity. A trip to Sydney without a trip to The Pier is no trip at all. 9/10 That evening, I had planned to go to Sydney's other heavily recommended restaurant, Tetsuya's. However, the meal at The Pier was so perfect, so sublime it provided the perfect high end finale to my trip. So, I cancelled my evening plans, snacked on a small bowlof noodle soup from Chinatown later that evening and retired for an early night to watch CSI Miami on TV. As Ice Cube says. " I have to admit, it was a goodday" DAY NINETEENAn early start to the airport saw me checked in and on my 8am flight to Singapore. Uneventful and I once again found myself back at The Stamford Hotel. Amusingly, as I was checking in, sowas Sir Bobby Robson. Premiership football is HUGE in Singapore and he was there to do some commentary forStar TV. It was a quiet day. I was jet lagged to hell and back and had an early supper of roast pork at the nearest food court and went to bed. DAY TWENTYAnother early start had me at Changi airport in time to have some nicely made scrambled eggs in the loungeand to be on the plane, pop and pill and sleep most of the way home. The Heathrow Express had me back in civilisation in no time flat and by 4pm on the same day I had leftSingapore ( bless those time changes ) I was at home, showered, washing in the machine and with a nice cupof builder's tea in my hand. So, that was it. Officially, the holiday of a lifetime. Made possible by the generosity of mycolleagues who managed alarmingly well without me. My father, whose Christmas gift contributed to make travelling in comfort possible and my friends aroun the world who had urged me to take this time off when I thought such things were foolish. I learned a great deal on this trip 1) I like travelling alone. You can make your ownschedule. But, it is always nice to spend some timeon these trips with agreeable people and I wasfortunate enough to meet some very agreeable people 2) Wines by the glass invariably suck. The downsideof travelling solo is that not even I can drink abottle with every meal 3) Food in New Zealand really blows, but they have somuch more to offer. 4) Radio presenters in the southern hemisphere arenearly always called Stu or Johnno 5) The Sydney Opera House is really not terriblyimpressive 6) I look cute in knee length shorts, but like asimpleton in a floppy brimmed hat 2 Comments: Samphire said... It's OK Simon, Kiwi women scare the bejesus out of me too, you're not alone! That was a roight rollicking read mate! What larks as me old ma would never say...P.S. The food is better in New Zealand now, I swear! Come on - the food in NZ is the best! Only the tourist trap food places are crap. Go and ask a local where they recommend. Food in Australia is worse and much more expensive (I've lived in both countries). What The Papers Say "If sites were shops egullet would be Selfridges, a massive department store trying to cater to all tastes. Sometimes, though, I want a boutique operation. Top of these is Dos Hermanos, the blog of the two half-Bengali half-Welsh Majumdar brothers, who eat out more than is strictly necessary and write very well about it." Jay Rayner (Guardian) Our fans speak "these guys are the don daddas of London eating blogging" viktorvaughn "Simon M and his bro. have got to be the rock gods of the UK food blog" Harters "What a pair of idiots you two are - who asked your opinion and for your tedious website to appear when i googled this restaurant!" Galloping Gourmet "Two guys who write reviews about mostly London restaurants. They are a bit up their own arses but an interesting read anyways" Anonymous
Today, in the first day after the beginning of closed beta testing, we received a lot of useful feedback from our valuable users. We have decided to update the beta build with the following fixes and improvements: fixed not working ‘logic editor animation’ example the generated JS file of which was bugged shadeless material support both for generic and node-based materials implemented ‘advanced’ animation block for Puzzles – now you can have ‘reversed’ checkbox and what is the most important, you can setup a callback when animation is finished the animation example was updated for the new block so that it is now bug free as a result, the ‘reversed animation’ block was removed implemented ‘render order’ setting for transparent objects fixed exception in app manager occured after the server is run again fixed height for Puzzles editor window so that it is fully visible even on small screens supported diffuse and specular outputs in Extended Material shader node provided three.js attribution for docs and code examples You can download this update using the same link you’ve obtained by email. In additions, many more users expressed their wish to join beta testing. We are sending them the information shortly. Thank you all for participating!
Q: Writing a predicate to add atoms I have to write a predicate to do work like following: ?- cat(north,south,X). X = northsouth ?- cat(alley,'91',Y). X = alley91 ?-cat(7,uthah,H). Bad Input H = H Please Help.. A: atom_concat_redefined(A1, A2, A3) :- ( nonvar(A1) -> atom_chars(A1, Chs1) ; true ), ( nonvar(A2) -> atom_chars(A2, Chs2) ; true ), ( nonvar(A1), nonvar(A2) -> true ; atom_chars(A3, Chs3) ), append(Chs1, Chs2, Chs3), atom_chars(A1, Chs1), atom_chars(A2, Chs2), atom_chars(A3, Chs3). This definition produces the same errors in a standard conforming implementation like SICStus or GNU - there should be no other differences, apart from performance. To compare the errors use the goal: \| ?- catch(atom_concat_redefined(A,B,abc+1), error(E,_), true). E = type_error(atom,abc+1) ? ; no Note the underscore in error(E,_), which hides the implementation defined differences. Implementations provide additional information in this argument, in particular, they would reveal that atom_chars/2 or atom_concat/3 produced the error.
Q: UIView block based animation weird behavior I have got this very simple animation (case): class ViewController: UIViewController { var v: UIView! var b = false override func viewDidLoad() { super.viewDidLoad() self.v = UIView(frame: CGRect(x: 120, y: 250, width: 30, height: 30)) self.v.backgroundColor = .red self.view.addSubview(self.v) } @IBAction func didTapButton(_ sender: UIButton) { UIView.animate(withDuration: 3, delay: 0, options: [.beginFromCurrentState, .curveLinear], animations: { if self.b { self.v.frame = CGRect(x: 120, y: 250, width: 30, height: 30) } else { self.v.frame = CGRect(x: 240, y: 250, width: 30, height: 30) } self.b = !self.b }, completion: nil) } } On each tap of the button the red view moves to left or right depending on current direction. The animation should start from the current position and to be linear. However if I tap the button when the previous animation is already in progress then the red view does not start immediately to move in the opposite direction. It just freezes in the current position while the previous animation finishes and then starts moving. If I change the animation curve option from linear to easeOut and it works properly. I am using iOS 10, Xcode 8.2.1 Any ideas why this happens? A: I've found the answer. I tis because of the additive animations in iOS 8 and above. Here is a very useful link which explains what actually happens and why the animation freezes. http://iosoteric.com/additive-animations-animatewithduration-in-ios-8/
Anne Hazen McFarland Anne Hazen McFarland, M.D. (after first marriage, Anne McFarland Cromwell; after second marriage, Anne McFarland Sharpe; October 10, 1868 – ?) was an American physician and medical journal editor. Early life and education Anne Hazen McFarland was born October 10, 1868, in Lexington, Kentucky. She was the daughter of Dr. George Clinton and Elizabeth Eliott (Bush) McFarland, also a native of Kentucky. Both the McFarland and Bush families were represented in the Revolutionary War. She was the granddaughter of Andrew McFarland, M. D., LL. D., for many years Superintendent of the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane. George McFarland, after a service in the Civil War, practiced medicine in Kentucky from 1866 until 1880. At the age of 12, along with her parents, Anne Hazen McFarland went to live with her grandfather, Andrew McFarland, at Jacksonville, Illinois, who was long celebrated in the treatment of the insane, and founder of Oak Lawn Retreat, also in Jacksonville. In time, her father became Assistant Physician of the Oak Lawn Sanitarium. McFarland graduated from the Jacksonville Female Academy (now, MacMurray College) after a four years' course in 1887, and later took a course in bookkeeping and stenography at the University of Kentucky. Andrew McFarland saw in his granddaughter the elements from which his theory for the fitness of women for the care of the female insane could be tested, and after a preliminary study under the direction of her father and her grandfather, in 1888, she entered the Woman's Medical College of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, and after three courses of medical lectures, was graduated with honors March 30, 1891. Career After graduation from medical school, she was at once installed as Medical Superintendent of the Oak Lawn Sanitarium, thereby fulfilling the earnest desire of her grandfather, that she make a special study of the care of the insane. She was a specialist in the department of nervous system disease. She removed a fibroid tumor in a case of acute mania, in June, 1893; and performed four operations upon the heads of epileptics, with two negative results, one improved, and the last cured. McFarland was a critic of contemporary notions that gynecological disorders played a causal role in insanity and nervousness in women. She "ridiculed the gynecological hypothesis as 'dull' and as serving the economic interests of physicians 'who otherwise should have to take to a change of occupation to earn a livelihood.'" In 1914, she was appointed the medical examiner for the women's department of Armour and Company. McFarland was the author of many papers upon various subjects, among them being “Treatment of the Insane,” Transactions Illinois State Medical Society, 1892; “The Lunacy Law of Illinois," ibid., 1893; "Treatment of the insane", n.p., n.d.; “The Relations of Operative Gynecology to Insanity,” Medical Review, June, 1893; "Nervous Men, Nervous Women", The Woman's Medical Journal, 1895; and “Nervous Troubles among Women,” read before the Physical Culture Club, Springfield, Illinois. For a number of years, she served as associate editor of Woman's Medical Journal, published at Toledo, Ohio, which, at the time, was the only woman's medical journal in the world. She was a member of the Illinois State Medical Society; Morgan County Medical Society; Brainard District Medical Society; the Capital Medical Society, and the American Medical Society. She was also a member and secretary of the Illinois Queen Isabella Medical Association. Personal life One June 10, 1896, McFarland married Vincent Carroll Cromwell, at Jacksonville, Illinois. They made their home at Cromwell place, Lexington. Kentucky, until the death of Mr. Cromwell in 1899. At Jacksonville, Illinois, January 2, 1901, she married J. Thompson Sharpe, the latter born at Port Elizabeth, New Jersey, in November, 1864, whose father and grandfather were both physicians. Since his marriage, Mr. Sharpe became the business manager of the Oak Lawn Sanitarium. Two sons were born to the couple: Vincent Carroll Cromwell, born August 25, 1897; and Maskell McFarland Sharpe, born January 6, 1902. McFarland was a member of the Rector's Aid Society, the Home Economics Club, and the Country Club, as well as an honorary member of “The Fortnightly”. She was also a Colonial Dame and a Daughter of the American Revolution. In religion, she affiliated with the Trinity Episcopal Church. Style and themes McFarland read a paper, "The Lunacy Law of Illinois", at the Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Medical Society in 1893. The Journal of the American Medical Association reported on it, saying:— Notes References Citations Attribution Bibliography External links Category:1868 births Category:19th-century American physicians Category:19th-century American writers Category:19th-century American women writers Category:Transylvania University alumni Category:Northwestern University alumni Category:Physicians from Lexington, Kentucky Category:American women physicians Category:American magazine editors Category:Women magazine editors Category:Medical journal editors Category:University of Kentucky alumni Category:American neurologists Category:Daughters of the American Revolution people Category:American women non-fiction writers Category:Year of death missing Category:19th-century women physicians
Red Hub Food Co. Red Hub Food Co. is a Charlottesville catering & BBQ joint. We worked with local entrepreneurs Ryan Hubbard and Mark Marshall to bring to life their passion for community, family, and tradition in and outside the walls of their establishment. Visit the Red Hub Food Co. website for more information about their menu, services, and story!
Afferent innervation of the trachea during postnatal development. Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used in this study to determine the location and basic morphological parameters of neurons innervating the trachea in newborn, 10-, 20-, 30-day-old and 2-month-old kittens. Labeled neurons were detected in all animals in the nodose ganglion of the vagus nerve and in the spinal ganglia (C1-C7 and T1-T6 after injection of tracer into the cervical trachea, C5-C7 and T1-T8 with injection into the thoracic part of the trachea) from both sides. The content of vagal and spinal afferent neurons innervating the cervical part of trachea declined during development. The number of spinal afferent neurons with connections to the thoracic trachea did not change but the quantity of cells in nodose ganglion supplying the thoracic trachea increased from the moment of birth till 10 and 20 days and decreased later in postnatal development. In newborn, 10-day-old and 20-day-old animals, the largest number of afferent cells was connected with the cervical part of the trachea in comparison with the thoracic one, whereas in 2-month-old kittens the relation was opposite. We suggest that afferent innervation of the trachea is not morphologically complete at the moment of birth and does not become mature until the second month of life.
The South Australian Government has announced the next phase of nuclear conversation will focus on supporting a community-led discussion by maintaining access to resources and responding to community and stakeholder inquiries through the Department of State Development.
#!/bin/ksh -p # # CDDL HEADER START # # The contents of this file are subject to the terms of the # Common Development and Distribution License (the "License"). # You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. # # You can obtain a copy of the license at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE # or http://www.opensolaris.org/os/licensing. # See the License for the specific language governing permissions # and limitations under the License. # # When distributing Covered Code, include this CDDL HEADER in each # file and include the License file at usr/src/OPENSOLARIS.LICENSE. # If applicable, add the following below this CDDL HEADER, with the # fields enclosed by brackets "[]" replaced with your own identifying # information: Portions Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner] # # CDDL HEADER END # # # Copyright 2007 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. # Use is subject to license terms. # . $STF_SUITE/include/libtest.shlib # # DESCRIPTION: # Verify that zfs mount should fail when mounting a mounted zfs filesystem or # the mountpoint is busy # # STRATEGY: # 1. Make a zfs filesystem mounted or mountpoint busy # 2. Use zfs mount to mount the filesystem # 3. Verify that zfs mount returns error # verify_runnable "both" function cleanup { if ! ismounted $fs; then log_must $ZFS mount $fs fi } log_assert "zfs mount fails with mounted filesystem or busy mountpoint" log_onexit cleanup fs=$TESTPOOL/$TESTFS if ! ismounted $fs; then mntpt=$(get_prop mountpoint $fs) rm -Rf $mntpt log_must $ZFS mount $fs fi log_mustnot $ZFS mount $fs mpt=$(get_prop mountpoint $fs) log_must $ZFS umount $fs curpath=`$DIRNAME $0` cd $mpt log_mustnot $ZFS mount $fs cd $curpath log_pass "zfs mount fails with mounted filesystem or busy moutpoint as expected."
Time heals all wounds: The remarkable friendship between a U.S. stealth fighter pilot and the Serbian who shot him down Given that they were once at war, they make unlikely friends. But, as the expression goes, time heals all wounds. Former U.S. Air Force pilot Dale Zelko has spoken about the bond he has forged with the man who shot down his stealth plane during Nato's war against Serbia in 1999. That man is former colonel Zoltan Dani, who was once the commander of a crack Yugoslav anti-aircraft rocket, but who now runs a bakery. Scroll down for video Good friends: Dale Zelko (right), a former U.S. stealth bomber pilot, uses a model F117 to show Zoltan Dani, a former Yugoslav colonel, where his plane was hit by a missile The two men were on opposite sides in 1999, when Nato's Operation Allied Force air strikes rocked Belgrade and other key targets. Mr Zelko flew the F117 'stealth fighter' - a warplane so advanced that it was all but invisible to enemy radar. Mr Dani and his troops were on the ground moving from place to place to avoid being detected, low on resources and vulnerable to attack by Nato's F16s. But on the night of 27 March 1999 Mr Zelko was more uncomfortable than usual. Weather conditions meant the stealth fighters would not have their usual escort of 'Prowler' electronic jamming planes or F16s firing anti-radar missiles. 'I'd never felt so strongly - if there was ever a night, a mission for an F117 to get shot down, it would be this one. I wasn't surprised when it happened,' he told BBC News . Dani commanded the anti-aircraft unit that downed Zelko's plane near Belgrade during the 1999 NATO bombing campaign against Serbia during the Kosovo war Zelko and Dani met a decade after the war, became friends, and are now the subject of a documentary film that premiered this month in Belgrade The old adversaries have since exchanged visits to each others' homes - and their children and wives have also struck up friendships The two men were on opposite sides in 1999, when Nato's Operation Allied Force air strikes rocked Belgrade and other key targets On the ground, Mr Dani was being forced to operate his equipment in 20-second bursts to avoid the attention of anti-radar missiles. Citing Serbian electronics genius Nikola Tesla as an inspiration, Mr Dani had the equipment modified so it would operate beyond the usual wavelengths. Perhaps it was this which allowed him to detect Mr Zelko's stealth fighter. 'When it hit, it felt very, very good. Like scoring the winning goal in a football match,' said Mr Dani. The US pilot's perspective was naturally a little different. But once he had ejected from his now uncontrollable plane, Mr Zelko had some surprisingly generous thoughts. 'I thought about the Serbian SAM (surface-to-air missile) operator, imagining having a coffee and conversation with this guy, saying to him: 'Really nice shot.' I had this huge respect for him and the Serbian people.' The initial suggestion came from Mr Dani's son, Atila, who had seen footage of the U.S. pilot online. It was taken up by Serbian documentary-maker Zeljko Mirkovic, who was then completing a film about the former rocket unit commander called The 21st Second. News reports in March 1999 revealed Serbia had shot down the plane The wreckage of Mr Zelko's plane, pictured here in 1999, is now in Belgrade's museum The fighter crashed during U.S.-led NATO air raids on what was Yugoslavia, but its pilot was rescued and later returned to his base in Italy He contacted the now-retired pilot via the U.S. Air Force. And for Mr Zelko it could not have been a more welcome communication. 'As soon as I read the idea of meeting the man who shot me down, my immediate reaction was: yes, absolutely - and I became obsessed with the idea. I felt I had to connect deeply and personally with this person and the Serbian people. It became a mission of passion for me.' Several years of correspondence followed. The two former military men say they shared their stories, emotions and ideas as they worked towards a face-to-face encounter. Yugoslav army experts check the wreckage of the downed American F-117 aircraft, in the village of Budjanovci, 30 miles northwest of Belgrade Villagers look at wreckage of the U.S. F-117 Stealth fighter shot down over Serbia during NATO air strikes Local villagers enjoy light relief from the daily bombing raids of NATO force by dancing on a wing of the crashed US F117 Stealth bomber That finally came last year - with Zeljko Mirkovic's camera also in attendance. His documentary about the relationship between the two is called The Second Meeting. And he thinks its story is relevant around the world. 'Our three families - Dale's, mine, Zoltan's - shared the same values, about believing in the family, believing in peace. We all believed we had the right to send the message - hope, peace - which could be accepted universally.' The old adversaries have since exchanged visits to each others' homes - and their children and wives have also struck up friendships. Three members of the Zelko family came to Serbia for a week of premieres of The Second Meeting. They stayed at the Dani family home in Kovin, a short distance from Belgrade. Asked whether he could go back in a combat machine against Serbia, Mr Zelko said: 'I said absolutely not, that would be impossible. You can no longer remove the human element from it.' Mr Dani told BBC News : 'We found a solution to this problem and we're showing other people how to do it. We're saying to people that peace is much better than war.
Fri, 12/20/2013 - 00:22 Two stories from India this week – one you’ve undoubtedly heard all about, the other, probably not.The reason for the ubiquity of one story and a de facto media blackout of the other will be pretty clear if you stick with me for a bit.First, the story of the Indian diplomat Devyani Khobragade , who was arrested in New York on charges of visa fraud and making false statements about how much she paid her Indian housekeeper in the US.All hell broke loose on that one, of course. Security barricades around the US Embassy in New Delhi were taken down, anti-US protests broke out, politicians ranted, and in the end, US Secretary of State John Kerry had to issue placatory comments to soothe a wannabe great power’s injured pride.Next, a story that’s hardly being covered by Indian news organizations – you’ll have to comb social media sites to find anything substantial on this.“Mukesh Ambani’s son allegedly kills 2 in a car accident. Media blacks out the news #WTFnews,” read the headline of a blog posted over the weekend.In case you didn’t know it, Mukesh Ambani is India’s richest man , according to Forbes. The 56-year-old scion of one of India’s premier business families is also ranked 37 in the 2013 Forbes list of the world’s most powerful people If you’re Indian and your daddy is one of the world’s most powerful people, you can get away with quite a bit – that’s fairly well-known in the world’s largest democracy.The junior Ambani story is still a bit murky and will probably stay that way for a while, since few Indian journalists are on the job because – get this – a substantial proportion of them work for news organizations in which Ambani owns substantial stakes.I asked a seasoned Mumbai-based business journalist to estimate how much of the Indian media is owned by Mukesh Ambani or his family.“You mean directly owned or owned via parent companies, or other companies owned by the family?” he asked.“All of them,” I replied. “Break it down for me.”“I really don’t know exactly,” was the honest reply.Take just one case: A Feb. 2012 Business Today report dubbed Ambani “ the go-to man for media moguls in distress ” after his Reliance Industries (RIL) substantially funded Network 18, a mega media holding group whose list of mainstream news channels include CNBC-TV18, IBN 18 (which runs CNN-IBN), Viacom (which owns MTV India and other channels) and Web18.These are just some of the English-language news brands, not the national and regional language media. And this is just one holding company in which Ambani has substantial stakes. We’re not talking about other news media where Reliance Industries accounts for substantial ad revenues, just so you get the picture…Now to get back to junior – or Akash Ambani: There have been reports that the young man was driving a glitzy Aston Martin Rapide early Sunday, following a Saturday night party, when it crashed in Mumbai’s upscale Peddar Road area, injuring eight people. Some reports say two people were killed, but the Mumbai police now say there were no deaths.Witness accounts say a “fully drunk” young man bearing a strong resemblance to Akash Ambani was in the driver’s street at the time of the accident. The young man was spotted getting into one of two tailing cars and fleeing the scene.Nevertheless, the next day – and here comes the glorious moment – a 55-year-old driver employed by Reliance presented himself at a Mumbai police station and accepted responsibility for the accident.Just so you know, there’s a rich history of rich, drunk Indians screeching around in daddy’s cars and killing impoverished souls who live on the streets of Indian cities.In Sept. 2002, Bollywood superstar Salman Khan ran into a bakery in a Mumbai suburb and killed a man sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery.More than a decade later, the case is still dragging through the courts . The charges have been lowered to culpable homicide not amounting to murder, the actor’s police guard who testified that Khan was drunk at the wheel was suspended from the police force, and the saga rolls on.In short, if the average Indian believes the rich enjoy impunity, they’re probably right.But this is hardly unique to India.Now let’s examine a case that’s uniquely Indian.Enter Devyani Khobragade, Indian deputy consul in New York, who was arrested last week outside her daughter’s Manhattan school.The incident sparked a level of outrage – and diplomatic pettiness – that took Washington, who’s no stranger to anti-US clamor, by surprise.Apparently, the shock and horror is due to the way Khobragade was treated.In an email published by several news sites, Khobragade described her ordeal at the hands of the NYPD: “I broke down many times as the indignities of repeated handcuffing, stripping and cavity searches, swabbing, in a hold-up with common criminals and drug addicts were all being imposed upon me despite my incessant assertions of [diplomatic] immunity,'' she wrote.Note that “hold-up with common criminals”. Khobragade is not a commoner. She’s a diplomat. She’s educated, erudite, entitled – and her daddy, Uttam Khobragade, is a top bureaucrat who has been linked to the massive Adarsh Housing scam in Mumbai, a city that ranks among the world’s 10 most expensive cities for real estate.If you think anyone gives a hoot about Mme. Deputy Consul’s Indian maid who was heinously underpaid (try living in New York City on a $500 monthly salary), you can just fuggedaboutit.The maid, Sangeeta Richard, fled her employer’s place in June and approached an immigration attorney in July. Very few details are available about Richard and her whereabouts, but the Indian government and press have made a fuss of the fact that her husband was granted a US visa.Now here’s the fun twist: the Indian employer is accused of paying an illegal wage and falsifying documents in the US. In India, her maid has been charged with cheating and conspiracy. If Richard enters India, she will be arrested.Take that exploited Indian domestic workers who dare approach any damn NGO or immigration attorney in the US for help.I’m very familiar with these sorts of cases, I’ve covered the lot while I was based in New York. If I have to report on these hapless stories again, I will ask these women if their employers are rich, powerful Indians with diplomatic or un-diplomatic immunity. If they are, and the exploited Indian laborer wants to return home, I will tell her, “You can just fuggedaboutit, hon.”A word about this heavy-handed treatment by the NYPD to which the Indian diplomat was subjected…That had me howling with laughter.I remember waiting for an interview at a local police station in Mumbai – this was around two decades ago.In the course of about 45 minutes, every sod entering the station got a resounding whack on the head from every low-level police constable he passed.In Bambiya – the distinctive language of Mumbai residents – a whack is called a tapli. You can get a good natured tapli, for instance, if you’re teasing a friend.But these were not good natured taplis. Neither did they seem targeted. They were just meted out vigorously and regularly to every unlicensed hawker, layabout, ruffian – guilty or not guilty – who happened to pass a police constable.I didn’t get a tapli of course – and that’s not because I’m female. If I had a male colleague with me, he would have been spared too. We don’t belong to the class of Indians who get arbitrarily whacked by the police. We are part of the educated, erudite, entitled, English-speaking elite. We get to yell at the cops who hail from the lower rungs of the social ladder. Taplis from the police are reserved for the poor and downtrodden.Mind you, this scene unfolded in the reception area of the police station. I never saw what was going on behind the closed doors at the back of the room.But my friend, journalist Suketu Mehta, did and you can read all about the police’s horrific torture techniques in his magnificent book, Maximum City.India has a particular feature called the “encounter” or “police encounter” or “fake encounter”. Quite simply, these are cases of alleged criminals being killed in custody. Police or security forces then report the victims were killed in a gunfight. In one Indian state alone, the National Crime Records Bureau estimated that 1,224 people died in fake encounters between 1993 and 2008. India has 28 states plus a couple of union territories – now go do the math.Dear Ms. Khobragade, when it comes to police heavy handedness, try death in custody, sister. It’s happening to your fellow – and lesser – countrymen, and you can’t top that.Earlier this week, Indian Foreign Minister Salman Khurshid was in full fulmination mode when he vowed to “bring back the woman diplomat and restore her dignity – it is my responsibility.”Ah, you’ve got responsibilities, Mr. Khurshid. In the course of my travels and reporting missions, I’ve seen your ministry doing a pretty crap job addressing some of them.There are, as we speak, millions of Indian laborers slogging in a number of Gulf countries under conditions that should upset you almost as much as your deputy consul’s treatment in New York did this week.I don’t have the countrywide figures, but the UN estimates that 600,000 migrant workers are tricked and trapped into forced labor across the Middle East.Indian migrant workers in GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries are exploited under the kafala – or sponsorship – system, which prevents them from leaving employers and often involves handing over their passports.The situation is particularly dire for migrant domestic workers – mostly women like Richard – isolated in private homes.So, let’s have some outrage directed at various emirs and princes over the suicides by hapless low-skilled workers trapped in conditions no citizens of any country should ever have to endure.I’ve also seen some of your foreign ministry underlings struggle to keep up with their duties in chronically understaffed, under-funded Indian embassies across the world, Mr. Minister. This does not bode well for an emerging country with global ambitions.In some African countries, I’ve seen little battalions of Chinese embassy officials efficiently handle the workload that one poor sod in the Indian embassy’s economic section is handling tout seul. These are countries where India and China have competing economic interests and New Delhi is on the losing track, so step on that, Mr. Khurshid.While we’re at it, your responsibilities also include providing decent citizenship services to your nationals abroad.I once saw a grown man faint in the citizen services section of your embassy in Paris, Mr. Khurshid. The scramble of desperate people trying to reach the window was somewhat similar to the scenes at refugee camps when the food aid arrives.The folks in the crush at the Paris consulate were almost exclusively impoverished workers – two men I spoke to had arrived from Punjab and were earning a precarious living selling trinkets near the Eiffel Tower. I didn’t spot a single Indian national of Khobragade’s – much less junior Ambani’s – social class in that melee.In fact, I can’t imagine anyone like Khobragade putting up with that sort of treatment.For that matter, I can’t imagine Akash Ambani has ever had to sweat it out at any Indian embassy abroad.And for some reason, I doubt he will ever sweat it out in any tapli-administering Indian police station.But boy, if he runs into trouble with the police in New York or any other US city, he had better be meted the special treatment that special Indians deserve wherever they travel, wherever they roam far away from home.
We have our work cut out for us in the coming years. The threats to critical affordable and supportive housing programs that serve the poorest households and those with disabilities are real and significant. Become involved in planning the 2018 Congressional Reception! NJCounts 2019 All twenty-one New Jersey Counties will be counting individuals and families who were homeless – both sheltered and un-sheltered - on the night of Wednesday January 23, 2019.This annual census is conducted by networks of organizations, agencies and others that plan community efforts to end homelessness and is coordinated by Monarch Housing on the statewide level. The goal of the second Annual Homeless Sabbath is to engage as many congregations of all faiths to include readings in their service(s) held on December 15th, 16th and 17th, 2017, at their respective house of worship. Click here to register online to participate. “The next Congress must do what the current Congress has not: hold the administration accountable and ensure that low-income disaster survivors are provided with stable, affordable homes so they can recover,” states Diane. “It’s the least we can do for fellow Americans who have lost so much.” WIC is a federal supplemental nutrition program for pregnant, postpartum and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to age 5. WIC covers basic nutritional needs of infants and young children but is not adequate to cover all of a family’s nutritional needs, so families may also qualify to receive additional help from SNAP. Unlike WIC, SNAP is a federal nutrition program open to all low-income families and individuals regardless of gender or age. In recent years, several states have begun to enroll eligible families in multiple programs like Medicaid, SNAP, WIC, housing assistance, and free or reduced-price lunch at the same time. This integration helps streamline bureaucracy for vulnerable low-income households. “The results of this study reinforce that housing subsidies are a potent benefit for increasing housing security among low income families with young children,” write the study’s authors. “However, the combination of housing subsidies with nutrition benefits was most strongly associated with higher adjusted odds of housing security.” The authors also found that the loss of housing subsidies, not surprisingly, was associated with increased housing insecurity even after adjusting for the receipt of SNAP benefits. What was surprising was the finding that the loss of SNAP benefits was also associated with increased housing insecurity, even after adjusting for the receipt of housing subsidies. The study’s findings demonstrate that hunger policy is housing policy and that policymakers should work to pair housing assistance with nutrition benefits to improve housing security. To read more research on the connections between hunger and housing, please check out the Opportunity Starts at Home multi-sector affordable housing campaign’s online “Sector Page.” Participate in Homeless Persons Memorial Day Vigil – attend the vigil and help remember our neighbors who died due to lack of housing and supportive services; Engage – talk to your family, your neighbors, your co-workers and elected officials about homelessness in Union County and how we need to work together to end homelessness. To achieve that goal, we need to change the conversation and focus on the needs of our neighbors; and Form a homeless ministry - Begin discussions that focus on what more your congregation can do to end homelessness.
The present invention relates, generally, to the field of pre-crash sensing systems for automotive vehicles and, more specifically, to automotive pre-crash sensing methods and apparatuses having countermeasure attributes associated therewith. Auto manufacturers are investigating radar, lidar, and vision-based pre-crash sensing systems to improve occupant safety. Current vehicles typically employ accelerometers that measure decelerations acting on the vehicle body in the event of a crash. In response to the accelerometer measurements, braking, acceleration and other countermeasure systems are employed. In certain crash situations, it would be desirable to provide information about potential collisions before forces actually act upon the vehicle in order to manipulate the operation of the vehicle and thus, reduce the impact of a collision. One example where such a system would be beneficial is a situation involving a frontal and rear impact situation occurring at relatively the same incident. U.S. Pat. No. 6,105,507 for an amusement park ride attraction discloses a vehicle bumper system which utilizes front and rear sensors to allow a vehicle to accelerate or decelerate to simulate either a frontal or rear collision. A vehicle braking system and an acceleration system are controlled by a programmable controller for actuating the braking and accelerator systems in response to a simulated frontal or rear collision occurring in order to simulate the effects of a physical impact for amusement purposes. While U.S. Pat. No. 6,105,507 is suitable for its intended purpose for amusement park rides, it does not address mitigating the combined magnitude of potential dual collision events. It would be desirable to provide a system that takes into consideration the combined magnitude of the collision events in a dual pre-crash situation in order to deploy associated countermeasure attributes for mitigating the effects of multiple collisions.
You are here Baby Milestones 5-8 Months: When Babies Reach You know the shock you feel when you bump into someone, like you're not in control of your body? That's how your baby feels when she first "reaches" for a toy. "When babies begin moving their arms, they don't realize they can use them to touch objects," says Daniela Corbetta, Ph.D., an associate professor of psychology at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville. "But when they unintentionally hit a toy, they think, 'Oh, maybe I can do this again.'?" And they do. Every time your baby swipes for a toy, she's refining the action so that she can better grab it the next time. At 5 to 6 months, babies tend to use two hands to reach for objects; by 8 or 9 months, they know to use two hands for big toys, one hand for small ones. What you can do: Catch your baby's interest with a variety of toys. After she masters this skill, she'll start to explore objects by putting them in her mouth, so it's important to make sure that what she has in her hands is baby-safe.
Matthäus Demetz Matthäus Demetz (born 7 April 1909, date of death unknown) was an Italian cross-country skier. He competed in the men's 18 kilometre event at the 1928 Winter Olympics. References Category:1909 births Category:Year of death missing Category:Italian male cross-country skiers Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Italy Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1928 Winter Olympics Category:Place of birth missing
Blog Most of us understand the importance of visiting your dentist for regular dental check-ups. Did you know, however, there are many things you can do at home to help maintain optimum oral health? Besides your dental cleaning in Fayetteville, here are some other things you can do to keep your teeth healthy. The Benefits of Fluoride Fluoride is a natural mineral that helps to strengthen and build teeth by making your enamel stronger and protecting it from tooth decay. It can also help to remineralize enamel that has been weakened. Fluoride is typically found in drinking water, toothpaste, and mouth rinses. Your dental provider may also offer in-office fluoride treatments, which are ... While we strive to make every patients' experience at our dental office exceptional, at Northwest Arkansas Family Dentistry, we also understand how important first dental visits are for your child. Your child's first impression of their dental appointment can potentially set them up for a lifetime of success at the dental office if it's a positive experience. Here's more information about caring for children from your kid's dentist in Fayetteville. When Should My Child's First Dental Visit Be? Dr. Beth Bowen completed advanced training at Children’s Hospital of Colorado and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, which gives her additional knowledge and expertise in children's dental development and treatment. Your child's first tooth may appear ... If you get nothing but complaints and resistance when it comes to getting your kids to brush their teeth, you might be wondering what you can do encourage them to develop good oral care habits. If explaining the importance of good dental hygiene isn’t enough, there are ways you can make brushing and flossing fun for your child. Let’s talk about ways to make it fun for your children in between visits to their kid's dentist in Fayetteville. Building Oral Care Habits with Children Make a Game Out of Brushing: When your child is very young, let him or her have a toothbrush to play with. ... It’s important for people of all ages, from toddlers to seniors, to take good care of their oral health. At Northwest Arkansas Family dental, we are pleased to offer family dentistry, including dental cleaning, in Fayetteville. When you come in for a dental exam, you might be wondering what to expect and what we are looking for. Let’s take a look at what we look for in a dental exam. Dental Exams for Children Good oral hygiene habits start young, so it’s a good idea to get your children used to visiting the dentist from an early age. As soon as that first tooth erupts is a good time to ... It’s pretty standard among dentists that it is recommended for most people to go in for a professional dental cleaning at least twice each year. Even if you practice the best oral care at home, a professional cleaning will clean beyond the areas you can reach at home. In addition, a dental cleaning usually means a dental exam, so you’ll not only have clean teeth and gums but you will have knowledge about the state of your mouth. In dentistry, it’s always best to prevent problems rather than treat them later, so regular dental care and cleanings will ensure that you can stay on top of any potential ... You may not even notice it at first, that little white bud that is suddenly visible on your baby’s gum. Chances are, though, you will start noticing at least one white bud if your baby is between four and six months of age. This marks the beginning of “teething” for your child. With teething often comes a lot of crankiness as erupting teeth can be a painful business. So what should you do when your little once reaches this rite of passage and starts having baby teeth come in? When Your Baby Gets That First Tooth Your child might still be all gums, but that doesn’t mean it’s too early ... Fayetteville, Arkansas– June is National Men’s Health Month and healthcare providers across the nation are dedicated to creating awareness for early detection and treatment of diseases that affect the men in our country. According to the Men’s Health Network, “On average, men die almost six years younger than women and suffer higher mortality rates for the top causes of death.” Heart Health The Mayo Clinic and the Center for Disease Control list the top two threats to men’s health as heart disease and cancer. This year, Fayetteville dentists, Dr. Kifer and Dr. Bowen is making a commitment to patients to be aware of the risk factors and how to protect friends ...
/*************************************************************************** TABLE.H -- Tables, macros, constants for Twofish S-boxes and MDS matrix Submitters: Bruce Schneier, Counterpane Systems Doug Whiting, Hi/fn John Kelsey, Counterpane Systems Chris Hall, Counterpane Systems David Wagner, UC Berkeley Code Author: Doug Whiting, Hi/fn Version 1.00 April 1998 Copyright 1998, Hi/fn and Counterpane Systems. All rights reserved. Notes: * Tab size is set to 4 characters in this file * These definitions should be used in optimized and unoptimized versions to insure consistency. **************************************************************************/ / for computing subkeys / #define SK_STEP 0x02020202u #define SK_BUMP 0x01010101u #define SK_ROTL 9 / Reed-Solomon code parameters: (12,8) reversible code g(x) = x4 + (a + 1/a) x3 + a x*2 + (a + 1/a) x + 1 where a = primitive root of field generator 0x14D / #define RS_GF_FDBK 0x14D /* field generator / #define RS_rem(x) \ { BYTE b = (BYTE) (x >> 24); \ DWORD g2 = ((b << 1) ^ ((b & 0x80) ? RS_GF_FDBK : 0 )) & 0xFF; \ DWORD g3 = ((b >> 1) & 0x7F) ^ ((b & 1) ? RS_GF_FDBK >> 1 : 0 ) ^ g2 ; \ x = (x << 8) ^ (g3 << 24) ^ (g2 << 16) ^ (g3 << 8) ^ b; \ } / Macros for the MDS matrix * The MDS matrix is (using primitive polynomial 169): * 01 EF 5B 5B * 5B EF EF 01 * EF 5B 01 EF * EF 01 EF 5B ---------------------------------------------------------------- More statistical properties of this matrix (from MDS.EXE output): * * Min Hamming weight (one byte difference) = 8. Max=26. Total = 1020. * Prob[8]: 7 23 42 20 52 95 88 94 121 128 91 * 102 76 41 24 8 4 1 3 0 0 0 * Runs[8]: 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 * MSBs[8]: 1 4 15 8 18 38 40 43 * HW= 8: 05040705 0A080E0A 14101C14 28203828 50407050 01499101 A080E0A0 * HW= 9: 04050707 080A0E0E 10141C1C 20283838 40507070 80A0E0E0 C6432020 07070504 * 0E0E0A08 1C1C1410 38382820 70705040 E0E0A080 202043C6 05070407 0A0E080E * 141C101C 28382038 50704070 A0E080E0 4320C620 02924B02 089A4508 * Min Hamming weight (two byte difference) = 3. Max=28. Total = 390150. * Prob[3]: 7 18 55 149 270 914 2185 5761 11363 20719 32079 * 43492 51612 53851 52098 42015 31117 20854 11538 6223 2492 1033 * MDS OK, ROR: 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+ 16+ * 17+ 18+ 19+ 20+ 21+ 22+ 23+ 24+ 25+ 26+ / #define MDS_GF_FDBK 0x169 / primitive polynomial for GF(256)/ #define LFSR1(x) ( ((x) >> 1) ^ (((x) & 0x01) ? MDS_GF_FDBK/2 : 0)) #define LFSR2(x) ( ((x) >> 2) ^ (((x) & 0x02) ? MDS_GF_FDBK/2 : 0) \ ^ (((x) & 0x01) ? MDS_GF_FDBK/4 : 0)) #define Mx_1(x) ((DWORD) (x)) / force result to dword so << will work / #define Mx_X(x) ((DWORD) ((x) ^ LFSR2(x))) / 5B / #define Mx_Y(x) ((DWORD) ((x) ^ LFSR1(x) ^ LFSR2(x))) / EF / #define M00 Mul_1 #define M01 Mul_Y #define M02 Mul_X #define M03 Mul_X #define M10 Mul_X #define M11 Mul_Y #define M12 Mul_Y #define M13 Mul_1 #define M20 Mul_Y #define M21 Mul_X #define M22 Mul_1 #define M23 Mul_Y #define M30 Mul_Y #define M31 Mul_1 #define M32 Mul_Y #define M33 Mul_X #define Mul_1 Mx_1 #define Mul_X Mx_X #define Mul_Y Mx_Y / Define the fixed p0/p1 permutations used in keyed S-box lookup. By changing the following constant definitions for P_ij, the S-boxes will automatically get changed in all the Twofish source code. Note that P_i0 is the "outermost" 8x8 permutation applied. See the f32() function to see how these constants are to be used. / #define P_00 1 / "outermost" permutation / #define P_01 0 #define P_02 0 #define P_03 (P_01^1) / "extend" to larger key sizes / #define P_04 1 #define P_10 0 #define P_11 0 #define P_12 1 #define P_13 (P_11^1) #define P_14 0 #define P_20 1 #define P_21 1 #define P_22 0 #define P_23 (P_21^1) #define P_24 0 #define P_30 0 #define P_31 1 #define P_32 1 #define P_33 (P_31^1) #define P_34 1 #define p8(N) P8x8[P_##N] / some syntax shorthand / / fixed 8x8 permutation S-boxes / /********************************************************************** * 07:07:14 05/30/98 [4x4] TestCnt=256. keySize=128. CRC=4BD14D9E. * maxKeyed: dpMax = 18. lpMax =100. fixPt = 8. skXor = 0. skDup = 6. * log2(dpMax[ 6..18])= --- 15.42 1.33 0.89 4.05 7.98 12.05 * log2(lpMax[ 7..12])= 9.32 1.01 1.16 4.23 8.02 12.45 * log2(fixPt[ 0.. 8])= 1.44 1.44 2.44 4.06 6.01 8.21 11.07 14.09 17.00 * log2(skXor[ 0.. 0]) * log2(skDup[ 0.. 6])= --- 2.37 0.44 3.94 8.36 13.04 17.99 **********************************************************************/ CONST BYTE P8x8[2][256]= { / p0: / / dpMax = 10. lpMax = 64. cycleCnt= 1 1 1 0. / / 817D6F320B59ECA4.ECB81235F4A6709D.BA5E6D90C8F32471.D7F4126E9B3085CA. / / Karnaugh maps: * 0111 0001 0011 1010. 0001 1001 1100 1111. 1001 1110 0011 1110. 1101 0101 1111 1001. * 0101 1111 1100 0100. 1011 0101 0010 0000. 0101 1000 1100 0101. 1000 0111 0011 0010. * 0000 1001 1110 1101. 1011 1000 1010 0011. 0011 1001 0101 0000. 0100 0010 0101 1011. * 0111 0100 0001 0110. 1000 1011 1110 1001. 0011 0011 1001 1101. 1101 0101 0000 1100. / { 0xA9, 0x67, 0xB3, 0xE8, 0x04, 0xFD, 0xA3, 0x76, 0x9A, 0x92, 0x80, 0x78, 0xE4, 0xDD, 0xD1, 0x38, 0x0D, 0xC6, 0x35, 0x98, 0x18, 0xF7, 0xEC, 0x6C, 0x43, 0x75, 0x37, 0x26, 0xFA, 0x13, 0x94, 0x48, 0xF2, 0xD0, 0x8B, 0x30, 0x84, 0x54, 0xDF, 0x23, 0x19, 0x5B, 0x3D, 0x59, 0xF3, 0xAE, 0xA2, 0x82, 0x63, 0x01, 0x83, 0x2E, 0xD9, 0x51, 0x9B, 0x7C, 0xA6, 0xEB, 0xA5, 0xBE, 0x16, 0x0C, 0xE3, 0x61, 0xC0, 0x8C, 0x3A, 0xF5, 0x73, 0x2C, 0x25, 0x0B, 0xBB, 0x4E, 0x89, 0x6B, 0x53, 0x6A, 0xB4, 0xF1, 0xE1, 0xE6, 0xBD, 0x45, 0xE2, 0xF4, 0xB6, 0x66, 0xCC, 0x95, 0x03, 0x56, 0xD4, 0x1C, 0x1E, 0xD7, 0xFB, 0xC3, 0x8E, 0xB5, 0xE9, 0xCF, 0xBF, 0xBA, 0xEA, 0x77, 0x39, 0xAF, 0x33, 0xC9, 0x62, 0x71, 0x81, 0x79, 0x09, 0xAD, 0x24, 0xCD, 0xF9, 0xD8, 0xE5, 0xC5, 0xB9, 0x4D, 0x44, 0x08, 0x86, 0xE7, 0xA1, 0x1D, 0xAA, 0xED, 0x06, 0x70, 0xB2, 0xD2, 0x41, 0x7B, 0xA0, 0x11, 0x31, 0xC2, 0x27, 0x90, 0x20, 0xF6, 0x60, 0xFF, 0x96, 0x5C, 0xB1, 0xAB, 0x9E, 0x9C, 0x52, 0x1B, 0x5F, 0x93, 0x0A, 0xEF, 0x91, 0x85, 0x49, 0xEE, 0x2D, 0x4F, 0x8F, 0x3B, 0x47, 0x87, 0x6D, 0x46, 0xD6, 0x3E, 0x69, 0x64, 0x2A, 0xCE, 0xCB, 0x2F, 0xFC, 0x97, 0x05, 0x7A, 0xAC, 0x7F, 0xD5, 0x1A, 0x4B, 0x0E, 0xA7, 0x5A, 0x28, 0x14, 0x3F, 0x29, 0x88, 0x3C, 0x4C, 0x02, 0xB8, 0xDA, 0xB0, 0x17, 0x55, 0x1F, 0x8A, 0x7D, 0x57, 0xC7, 0x8D, 0x74, 0xB7, 0xC4, 0x9F, 0x72, 0x7E, 0x15, 0x22, 0x12, 0x58, 0x07, 0x99, 0x34, 0x6E, 0x50, 0xDE, 0x68, 0x65, 0xBC, 0xDB, 0xF8, 0xC8, 0xA8, 0x2B, 0x40, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0x32, 0xA4, 0xCA, 0x10, 0x21, 0xF0, 0xD3, 0x5D, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x6F, 0x9D, 0x36, 0x42, 0x4A, 0x5E, 0xC1, 0xE0 }, / p1: / / dpMax = 10. lpMax = 64. cycleCnt= 2 0 0 1. / / 28BDF76E31940AC5.1E2B4C376DA5F908.4C75169A0ED82B3F.B951C3DE647F208A. / / Karnaugh maps: * 0011 1001 0010 0111. 1010 0111 0100 0110. 0011 0001 1111 0100. 1111 1000 0001 1100. * 1100 1111 1111 1010. 0011 0011 1110 0100. 1001 0110 0100 0011. 0101 0110 1011 1011. * 0010 0100 0011 0101. 1100 1000 1000 1110. 0111 1111 0010 0110. 0000 1010 0000 0011. * 1101 1000 0010 0001. 0110 1001 1110 0101. 0001 0100 0101 0111. 0011 1011 1111 0010. */ { 0x75, 0xF3, 0xC6, 0xF4, 0xDB, 0x7B, 0xFB, 0xC8, 0x4A, 0xD3, 0xE6, 0x6B, 0x45, 0x7D, 0xE8, 0x4B, 0xD6, 0x32, 0xD8, 0xFD, 0x37, 0x71, 0xF1, 0xE1, 0x30, 0x0F, 0xF8, 0x1B, 0x87, 0xFA, 0x06, 0x3F, 0x5E, 0xBA, 0xAE, 0x5B, 0x8A, 0x00, 0xBC, 0x9D, 0x6D, 0xC1, 0xB1, 0x0E, 0x80, 0x5D, 0xD2, 0xD5, 0xA0, 0x84, 0x07, 0x14, 0xB5, 0x90, 0x2C, 0xA3, 0xB2, 0x73, 0x4C, 0x54, 0x92, 0x74, 0x36, 0x51, 0x38, 0xB0, 0xBD, 0x5A, 0xFC, 0x60, 0x62, 0x96, 0x6C, 0x42, 0xF7, 0x10, 0x7C, 0x28, 0x27, 0x8C, 0x13, 0x95, 0x9C, 0xC7, 0x24, 0x46, 0x3B, 0x70, 0xCA, 0xE3, 0x85, 0xCB, 0x11, 0xD0, 0x93, 0xB8, 0xA6, 0x83, 0x20, 0xFF, 0x9F, 0x77, 0xC3, 0xCC, 0x03, 0x6F, 0x08, 0xBF, 0x40, 0xE7, 0x2B, 0xE2, 0x79, 0x0C, 0xAA, 0x82, 0x41, 0x3A, 0xEA, 0xB9, 0xE4, 0x9A, 0xA4, 0x97, 0x7E, 0xDA, 0x7A, 0x17, 0x66, 0x94, 0xA1, 0x1D, 0x3D, 0xF0, 0xDE, 0xB3, 0x0B, 0x72, 0xA7, 0x1C, 0xEF, 0xD1, 0x53, 0x3E, 0x8F, 0x33, 0x26, 0x5F, 0xEC, 0x76, 0x2A, 0x49, 0x81, 0x88, 0xEE, 0x21, 0xC4, 0x1A, 0xEB, 0xD9, 0xC5, 0x39, 0x99, 0xCD, 0xAD, 0x31, 0x8B, 0x01, 0x18, 0x23, 0xDD, 0x1F, 0x4E, 0x2D, 0xF9, 0x48, 0x4F, 0xF2, 0x65, 0x8E, 0x78, 0x5C, 0x58, 0x19, 0x8D, 0xE5, 0x98, 0x57, 0x67, 0x7F, 0x05, 0x64, 0xAF, 0x63, 0xB6, 0xFE, 0xF5, 0xB7, 0x3C, 0xA5, 0xCE, 0xE9, 0x68, 0x44, 0xE0, 0x4D, 0x43, 0x69, 0x29, 0x2E, 0xAC, 0x15, 0x59, 0xA8, 0x0A, 0x9E, 0x6E, 0x47, 0xDF, 0x34, 0x35, 0x6A, 0xCF, 0xDC, 0x22, 0xC9, 0xC0, 0x9B, 0x89, 0xD4, 0xED, 0xAB, 0x12, 0xA2, 0x0D, 0x52, 0xBB, 0x02, 0x2F, 0xA9, 0xD7, 0x61, 0x1E, 0xB4, 0x50, 0x04, 0xF6, 0xC2, 0x16, 0x25, 0x86, 0x56, 0x55, 0x09, 0xBE, 0x91 } };
A tisket, a tasket. Everyone brings a food item to work and drops it off at the door of a co-worker with a note, “this is my food drive donation in honor of you”. The worker puts the donation in the bin and posts the note on the bulletin board. See how filled up the board gets. Guess what’s in the food box contest-a box of groceries in placed in a convenient location. Folks are able to guess what’s in the box. Whoever guesses the most items wins. Give a goofy trinket for a prize like a kazoo or party store item. Have an ethnic day. Italian day. Asian day. Everyone brings food common to that culture. To promote a healthy diet, whenever possible we encourage donations of foods that are reduced in sodium, sugar, or fat and contain no trans fatty acids.
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an image reading apparatus for photo-electrically reading an original image and, more particularly, to an image reading apparatus capable of reading an image of either a sheet original or a cubic original (book original) such as a book. 2. Description of the Related Art A facsimile apparatus is known as an apparatus for photo-electrically reading an original image, electrically processing an image signal obtained by reading, and transmitting or recording the processed signal. In such a facsimile apparatus, a sheet original such as a document or drawing is often processed. Therefore, in order to simplify a mechanical arrangement and to reduce the size of the apparatus, an image reading mechanism is generally arranged such that a sheet original is carried by rollers or the like and an image of the sheet original carried through a reading position is read by a line sensor such as a CCD. It is, however, sometimes necessary to facsimile-transmit not only a sheet original but also an original (to be referred to as a book original hereinafter) having a thickness such as a book. In such a case, an operation must be performed in an order such that a book original is copied into the form of a sheet original and then subjected to a read operation by the reading unit of the facsimile apparatus. When a large number of pages of a book are to be facsimile-transmitted, therefore, a large number of copies must be prepared, resulting in a cost- and time-consuming operation. For this reason, an apparatus in which a book original can be read by a reading apparatus for a sheet original is proposed. That is, a sheet urging unit for sandwiching and carrying a sheet original is opened, and a book original having a thickness is moved on the sheet urging unit. With this arrangement, since both sheet and book originals can be facsimile-transmitted by a single facsimile apparatus, time and cost problems can be solved. In such an image photo-electrical reading apparatus, nonuniformity correction processing called shading correction is performed for an image signal. In order to perform this correction operation, a white reference plate arranged at a sheet original reading unit is read to measure a shading distortion. When the sheet urging unit for a sheet original is opened in order to read not only a sheet original but also a book original, however, reading of the white reference plate cannot be performed. Therefore, measurement of the shading distortion for shading correction cannot be performed upon reading of a book original. In addition, upon reading of a book original, an original end is read as black information and output as an unnecessary black signal. This reduces, e.g., a compression efficiency or storage efficiency.
Sharking (book) Success is stymied in subtle ways. SHARKING is a highly-determined form of psychological warfare that stunts your personal growth through distractions. Its most famous forum has been billiard rooms — but don’t think for a second that this is the only battlefield. Many of us are fooled at work, in competition, through conversations with friends, and among family every week. Enjoy selected tracks from the audio book for SHARKING (below each section). HIGHLY-RECOMMENDED! “Sharking is well-written, full of engaging anecdotes, and is loaded with sage advice from which anyone could benefit. His three-step process is right on the money. Eric, like myself, recommends a method of quickly and efficiently putting sharks methods in their proper perspective so you can go back to what you were doing before you were disrupted.” — PHIL CAPELLE Noted author of billiard books A Mind for Pool, Play Your Best Pool, and more
Location Biography Interests Occupation Hi, Please see below for details of a suit by Midland Funding that my husband and I are dealing with in NYC. We would not be able to pay the full amount and certainly not the attorney costs on top of it. Based on what I've read, it seems like our best opportunity here is to get them to come to the table and try to settle with us. Any advice for making that happen is much appreciated. In meantime, we have made a discovery request in order to ensure they have proof of their purchase (since I've already read that many times, they do not have it available.) TY for any advice here. 1. Who is the named plaintiff in the suit? Midland Funding 2. What is the name of the law firm handling the suit? (should be listed at the top of the complaint.) Stephen Einstein & Associates 3. How much are you being sued for? about $2500 4. Who is the original creditor? (if not the Plaintiff) Citibank NA 5. How do you know you are being sued? (You were served, right?) Served. 6. How were you served? (Mail, In person, Notice on door) In-person 7. Was the service legal as required by your state? Yes, it appears it was. 8. What was your correspondence (if any) with the people suing you before you think you were being sued? None. They sent letters, but we did not respond to any. 9. What state and county do you live in? New York, NY (NY County) 10. When is the last time you paid on this account? (looking to establish if you are outside of the statute of limitations) 2017 11. When did you open the account (looking to establish what card agreement may be applicable)? I do not know exactly; probably somewhere between 2005-2008. 12. What is the SOL on the debt? To find out: 6 years, so not a factor here. 13. What is the status of your case? Suit served? Motions filed? You can find this by a) calling the court or looking it up online (many states have this information posted - when you find the online court site, search by case number or your name). Suit served; answer filed; court date set. 14. Have you disputed the debt with the credit bureaus (both the original creditor and the collection agency?) No. 15. Did you request debt validation before the suit was filed? Note: if you haven't sent a debt validation request before being sued, it likely won't help create FDCPA violations, but disputing after being sued could be useful to show the court that you dispute the debt ('account stated' vs. 'breach of contract'). No. 16. How long do you have to respond to the suit? (This should be in your paperwork). If you don't respond to the lawsuit notice you will lose automatically. In 99% of the cases, they will require you to answer the summons, and each point they are claiming. We need to know what the "charges" are. Please post what they are claiming. Did you receive an interrogatory (questionnaire) regarding the lawsuit? Already filed an answer which was "No business relationship with plaintiff." No questionnaire received regarding suit. Charges are that 1) entered into agreement with citibank, 2) incurred charges; no part which has been paid, though duly demanded; defendant owes this amount plus costs of the action. 17. What evidence did they send with the summons? An affidavit? Statements from the OC? Contract? List anything else they attached as exhibits. The only thing sent was the complaint, which contends that the plaintiff is the purchaser of this agreement. It shows the chain of title as: Citibank NA, then Midland Funding LLC, and states the last date the payment was made on the account, which is not outside the statute of limitations. It also shows the last 4 digits of the account with Citibank. 18. How did you find out about this site? google In addition to the above, note that we have sent a discovery request requesting a long list of proof / documents that Midland purchased the account. No response yet, as it was just sent. The first court date is soon. I received in the mail early this month paperwork regarding a consumer credit collection complaint case being filed against me by collection agency Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC and I have no idea what to do. Below is what I found when I looked the case up online. What should my next step be?? Viewed Date Action Text Disposition Image 10/15/2019 7:00 AM DEPT. 33 CLERK'S TICKLER ON CONSUMER CREDIT COLLECTIONS CASE - CHECK FOR FILING OF DEFAULT JUDGMENT WITHIN 360 DAYS OF FILING COMPLAINT 04/16/2019 7:00 AM DEPT. 33 CLERK'S TICKLER ON CONSUMER CREDIT COLLECTIONS CASE - CHECK FOR PROOF OF SERVICE FILED WITHIN 180 DAYS OF FILING COMPLAINT VACATED 12/07/2018 PROOF OF SUBSTITUTED SERVICE OF CONSUMER CREDIT COLLECTIONS CMPL (CRC 3.740) FILED 10/17/2018 OF PORTFOLIO RECOVERYASSOCIATES,LLC AS TO * WITH DECLARATION OF DILIGENCE AND DECLARATION OF MAILING ON 12/04/18 FILED Not Applicable 11/21/2018 RETURN OF NON SERVICE FILED ON . FEE FOR NON SERVICE IS $59.50 Not Applicable 10/17/2018 CASE ENTRY COMPLETED Not Applicable 10/17/2018 ORIGINAL SUMMONS ON CONSUMER CREDIT COLLECTIONS CMPL (CRC 3.740) FILED 10/17/2018 OF PORTFOLIO RECOVERYASSOCIATES,LLC FILED Not Applicable N/A 10/17/2018 COLOR OF FILE: BLUE Not Applicable 10/17/2018 COMPLAINT FILED; SUMMONS IS ISSUED Not Applicable 10/17/2018 CASE HAS BEEN ASSIGNED TO DEPT. 33 10/17/2018 PLACED ON CLERK'S TICKLER CALENDAR FOR 4/16/19, AT 7:00 IN DEPT. 33 10/17/2018 PLACED ON CLERK'S TICKLER CALENDAR FOR 10/15/19, AT 7:00 IN DEPT. 33 Hello, I am being pursued (one letter, one voice mail) by a collection agency in CA called Cedar Financial. The bill is for about $1700 from medical services provider that my adult son must have used. My son and I have been estranged for almost two years (he turned 18 this past April). He lives with his mother in CA while I live in VA outside Wash, DC. Neither he nor his mother (with whom I have been divorced for 4 years) communicate with me. I had no participation in the medical transaction, and know nothing of the services provided. The date of service if from after his 18th birthday. When a minor, his mother had primary custody of him in CA, although we had joint legal custody even though we lived 3000 miles apart. Obviously the collection agency is having difficulty extracting the money from my ex wife, so they somehow found me in VA and sent me that letter. I called them and told them the circumstances, that is, the estrangement between me and son and ex. I explained to the agency that whatever the circumstances, his mother almost certainly arranged for medical services on behalf of my son. I told the credit agency that I do not intend to pay this bill and don't believe I am obligated to. The credit agency did not seem to have my ex's contact information. I provided them a PO Box in CA. I communicated to them that I do not know her physical address (ex refuses to tell me where she and son live). I do provide spousal support for ex, but not son any longer now that he is an adult. I send checks directly to her bank. Anyway, the agency called me back today. They left a message saying it is important that I return their call. I don't want to return their call as I feel I have no obligation to them. However, I am not sure what I should do. Do I need to get back to them? I provided the only information to them that I had (the PO box). What is my responsibility and what are my rights here? Can they say I am obligated to pay and therefore make me pay or else destroy my credit? I would be grateful for any insights. Sorry for the long post, and I look forward to hearing back from people. Thank you! i have a $1,500 close collection account. the original creditor was verizon wireless, it is indeed my debt so is it necessary to validate the debt or can i just skip ahead to contacting the collection agency requesting a settlement of hopefully 25% or even less of it? i wanted to ask them if they could work with me in hopes that if they honor a affordable settlement will they promise to remove it. i honestly let my family member get service and they basically left me with this ridiculous debt that really hurt my credit. Date of First Delinquency Dec 01, 2013 and here we are May 2017 i still have a long way to go until it goes away and i was going to just wait it out but if i can fix this i surely will. please help with the best way to go about dealing with this. thanks Hi guys, I previously posted about two collections I have with PRA regarding credit card debts and was directed to speak a lawyer here in TN. I was given the advice to dispute the collections with the CRAs and once they reply to notify him Well it has been almost five days since I notified him of the results and I have not been given a reply. At this point I feel like trying to fight it is not worth it. I fear getting sued and then not being able to find a attorney to fight it and getting a judgement. Can anyone provide any advice on how I should approach PRA? I have filed a dispute with CFPB and am waiting for the results of that. If the outcome is not favorable then I think I will go ahead and try to settle the matter. Please tell me how I should go about getting this handled. I am so angry that this company is going to make money off of my financial misfortune. Hi everyone, I am new to the board and this is my first post. I am looking for some advice on how to proceed with two debts being collected on by Portfolio Recovery Associates. The first debt was originally owned by HSBC before they were bought by Capital One and the account balance is $1,900. The last payment was made sometime during 2013 and was later charged off. The other debt was originally owned by Comenity Bank, the last payment was also in 2013 before it was charged off and the balance is $1,400. I was not aware of what the debts were at first so I sent a debt validation letter to PRA. So far they have "validated" only the Comenity Bank debt by sending me copies of 3 credit card statements, one showing the balance that they are requesting. I am now worried sick that they will attempt to sue me for the debt as I am now trying to rebuild. I have been reading a lot about junk debt buyers, settling, and arbitration but I am unsure as to what steps I need to take next or if I do nothing at all and just wait to see what they do. I'm hoping someone can offer advice on what my options are and what I should do to attempt to protect myself from a judgement being placed on my CR. Any advice? Thank you in advance! I am a victim of identity theft, and I have reported to the police & FTC. Thanks to the advice given by members on here, I have been able to resolve quite a few fraudulent accounts & collections (approx. 20 to date). There is 1 CA that continues to report fraudulent collections, and they threaten to report more. I have had 7 collections removed that Commonwealth Financial Systems have placed on my credit reports due to failure to verify when disputed with the CRA's. After failing to verify with 1 bureau, they turned around and reported the same collection to another bureau. So they know 1 bureau deleted a collection due to their failure to verify, but they report to another bureau knowing they couldn't verify the collection from the beginning? Is this a violation? They have done this 3 times now, and they threaten 6 more collection that are not mine! I included every collection to date from this company in the police report, and have security freeze with all 3 CRA's to prevent further fraud, but this CA calls my home phone numerous times a day, and they recently started calling my cell phone (I am guessing they got my cell number from the contact information included in the fraud alert statement with all 3 CRA's). They are using an automated system to place the calls to my home phone, but not sure about cell because I haven't answered any of their calls made on there yet. I am just wondering what can be done to stop this without having to continue wasting my time/money disputing & requesting validation when they are 0/7 even verifying with CRA's? Thank you in advance for taking the time to read this, as this site has been a great help to me through all of this. I forgot to add this info earlier, and not sure if it makes a difference or not. I disputed most of the collections reported by CFSI prior to having ID theft complaint/police report completed, but all of the fraudulent debts they reported were included in the complaint. They reported 1 of the collections that had been deleted from 1 CRA already to another CRA after filing the report. I disputed it again with this CRA (EX), and included a copy of the police report. I have not contacted CFSI directly because they have yet to verify anything they have ever reported on my credit. I know the suggested method is to notify the CA, send them a copy of the ID theft complaint/report, but I have not done this to protect my personal info that they hopefully don't already have. There is ALOT of information in the report (approx 73 pages total once the police completed their actual report), including bank account info, license #, etc., that I am not comfortable giving a CA which has disregarded the law and my rights. They have reported nothing other than fraudulent debt/collections, and they are fully aware of what they are doing. Am I still obligated to provide the report to them? Would the CRA provide them with a copy since it is supporting documentation for dispute? Or do they just inform them that the account is a result of ID theft, then block/delete it? As far as the debts they are threatening to report, the freeze should prevent for now, but considering filing a complaint to resolve permanently. Also, I do not have an attorney because I have been able to resolve most of the fraud with the help of this site, info on government sites, and the help of local police. If I need to take legal action against a CA, then I will retain one. Hi Everyone, This is my first post. I've done some research on the site, but wanted to get some feedback on my specific situation. I purchased a home with my wife in Palm Beach county, FL, in October 2015. We have two HOA's that manage our community. We found out in March of 2016, that there were back due HOA fees from the prior owner (this hadn't been revealed to us in closing), and in contacting the title company, found that they had been communicating with the collections agency that was managing the accounts. The title company sent us their correspondence, as well as the estoppels and signed checks. However, we discovered that the collections agency stated that the checks for the estoppels were never mailed, and that the accounts remained in collections. We also discovered that we were never given our account information or a way to make HOA payments. Having never received a bill or request for payment from anyone until a quarterly HOA fee came up with no way to make payment, we were surprised. We have been contacted by two collections agencies representing the HOA's, stating that we are owing roughly $18k on the accounts, dating back to 2013. Subsequently, the collections agencies I believe failed to follow the FDCPA. On one letter they state that we have 45 days to dispute or request validation before they place a lien on our home, although my understanding is that I have 30 days to send out a DV letter. As for a timeline, we were first given an itemized listing of the accounts in April, and sent a DV letter shortly after. They have not responded. For the second collections agency, we received that letter on the 7th of July, and responded with a DV letter on the 8th. We sent duplicate letters to the Title Company and the HOA regarding this situation, but have not received anything back. We are working with an attorney, who is taking the approach of let's ask questions first and do surgery later, if needed. However, my concern is that this has been going on for nearly half a year and we would like this over and done with. I would appreciate your feedback on our situation and your thoughts on how to move forward with this! Not sure what the correct group to post this is because it could go anywhere.... I'll apologize in advance for being overly wordy(i ramble lol). Ok, So here's the details: I'm 31 years old, had great credit in my early 20s, then got involved with substance abuse - long story short got addicted to pain medication thanks to an injury as a result from an accident and ended up being a straight up "junkie" - vehicle ended up repod, got divorced, racked up some CC debts, various cable bills/cell phone plans, a major hospital bill, and other debts, and basically skipped out on all of em for years. The Happy ending to my story is I'm almost 3 years clean, Have a good job now, Have a car which I've made on time payments on for just under a year, checking account/savings account, and have started the very long process of trying to dig my way out of the hole I've dug by trying to pay off some of my debts by negotiating settlements with CAs and paying lump sums(best deal I've managed to negotiate so far is $287 of a $787 debt). The bad part is that while I've [aid off a few things I'm still ridiculously deep in debt(If I include student loans which I know I'm never going to be able to ditchI'm probably $40k+ in debt, without student loans It's probably 18-20k). My credit score sucks **(score is 561 according to experian). The majority of my debt's last date of any pmt was 2011-2012(I think I have 2 cell plans going into collections in 2013/14). I don't want to spend 7 more years dealing with no ability to qualify for a Credit card or get an apartment if I declare bankruptcy(although ironically while my credit history with virtually every other service became toxic, as far as apartment rental history goes I have almost 7 years of good standing/lease fulfilled in that regard) nor do I want to suddenly force the burden of repaying my student loans(have both private and federal ones) onto my parents who co-signed them. From what I've been reading the Debt consolidation services out there seem to not actually help my credit score(although it can't get much worse). I've been offered a secured card through a couple of the companies who I have settled debts with as well as USAA, and I'm thinking about opening up at least one with the hopes that They might help rebuild my score(Idk for sure about the CA settlement one, but I know the USAA one stated if I kept a good pymt history they would eventually change the card into and unsecured one, and whatever amount I initially put up would be put into a CD so I'd receive interest during the 2 years it was my "collateral" for the card. My question is what should I do to resuscitate my credit score? Should I go /w the secured cards to open up additional positive lines of credit, or will they end up not doing anything? Continue trying to contact the various CA's that have contacted me(plenty of the debts I haven't heard a peep from in years but just show up on my CR) and keep trying to negotiating settlements myself and paying them off, or go through one of the Debt consolidators? Just wait everything out for another 3 years and accept that I won't be able to get an apartment by myself? Or do I go /w the nuclear option and hit the bankruptcy button? If y'all need to move this topic somewhere else that's fine, I wasn't really sure where it fit best, but figured since I'm focusing on repairing my credit worthiness this thread might be best. Thanks in advance to anyone who can help! Just to summarize: Current Age:31 Current state of residence: TX Debts:40k+(16-20k student loans, 18-20k credit cards/medical/other) Credit score(561) Employed full time, has checking account, savings, Direct deposit, active vehicle loan /insurance /w current pmt history I'm attempting to clean up my debt rather than declare Bk, and I recently pulled my credit report and found an that a CA is reporting an old debt as current almost monthly. The date of my last payment was in 1/2010. The debt originated at a sporting goods store in Montana where I applied for a credit card. I was in Montana on a temporary work assignment, but lived in Arizona. I have since moved to North Carolina. The SOL in each state is as follows: Arizona (Where I lived at the time I got the card): 6 years (Changed in 2011), but was 3 when I entered into the contract (2009), as well as when I made my last payment and the debt became delinquent (2010). Montana (Where I opened the card): 5 years North Carolina (Where I currently live): 3 years Nebraska (Location of the original Creditor): 4 years What should I do about the continued reporting as current by this CA, (I looked but couldn't locate a letter to send)? Which state holds the SOL? If it is Arizona, did the new statute automatically supersede the prior and now make the SOL 6 years on my debt? Should I send a validation letter? Thanks in advance! Hello all, I had medications on May 2014 and it was supposed to be covered by workers compensation as sprained my ankle at work. I also had my personal health insurance on file. After receiving medications, i had to move out from the address (was in that address until August 2014 - not received a single bill or notification about anything). On April 24 2015, i ran a credit report check and found that there is a collection account for an $xxx amount which was initially reported in Feb 2015. So i called in the CA to get the break-up of the bill & they said the medical debt has been assigned to them from the OC and they don't have any bills or statements. So i called in the OC and they were aware of what happened, saying that the bills returned to them saying undeliverable and that's the reason they turned it to CA after 6 months. I told, the workers comp insurer should have paid, apparently i did not know any of these cuz i changed the address and the claim results, bills were all sent to my old address. Anyways, i called the respective accounting/billing person of the OC, questioned her if the debt has been assigned or sold to CA, she said assigned, then explained what happened and willing to resolve it sooner by paying the debt in full & in-turn want the collection listing on my credit report to be removed. She accepted immediately and said "i will inform the CA to put a hold onto this account and will tell them not to call or disturb you on this." I said, ty, please send the agreement to me in mail and gave her my current address and i can . She told, "it won't be like an agreement or sorta like that". I was like, but i want the listing to be removed, anyways, mail me the document first then. What kind of document should i expect.? like an agreement or contract or just a document.? should i call her and record the conversation (informing her prior). I live in KS state by the way. Not sure if i can and will it work? I will update the document once i receive it from them. Nothing has been finalized in writing, guide me if you have a better way, please put in your inputs which will be really effective for me to handle this situation. Thank you all for your time. Hi I am new here and I have tried looking for anything that has to do with the NYC Marshals but to no avail. Hoping someone can help me in my situation which is: I'm a single middle aged woman who lives alone in NYC and works a not so great paying job. Just recently last week the marshal started garnishing my wages. They are taking 10%of my gross which comes to be about $97. Working a new job that i just started in December 2014, that pays $12/hour. With my pre-tax medical and 401 taken out I'm coming home with a $600 check every 2 weeks. I have finally said to myself I have to pay off all my debts! I have been thinking of going the debt consolidation route. Any which way the other day I gathered what ever bills/statements/collection agency notices I could find. I even called up 2 CC companies to see exactly what I owed and if those debts where sold and if so, to whom. Then I did some math from what info I had gathered. My question is this: Is there a way for me to pay the debt collector that paid the marshal? Instead of me paying the Marshal? I guess eliminating the third person? If I do debt consolidation can the garnishment also be included in that consolidation? Now this is what my expenses look like: I live paycheck to paycheck I don't have a savings account and I barely have above $150 in my checking paycheck every 2 weeks $600 Rent is $760 Metro card (form of transportation) is $116 month electricity is $70 month Phone $80 month food varies I can spend up to $100 month so this leaves me literally with $74 for the month!! How do I even pay off debt with this?! City Marshall I owe $3000 They are taking out 10% of my gross pay every 2 weeks. Total owed on cards $10,686.96 I still need to call 3 other card companies to see what my debt is with them... but guesstimating I would say this total would be around $2,500-$3000. What can I do? I have been seeing some of the forums on here stating that consolidation is a ripoff. How else can I have this debt off my back with only having $74 available per month? I would be ever so grateful for any help!! Thanks I pulled my credit report and saw that Verizon has placed that I owe them $395 from when I left them in April 2013. It was a surprise to me; I thought I had paid them in full. I can't find records of where I did pay them, so, perhaps I do owe the money. I haven't had a blemish on my credit for a long, long time. This is the only bad thing on my report in 7 years. I don't recall owing them this much; I believe it was $325 when I closed the account and I thought I paid it. Never the less, if I'm wrong ,and I did owe them and didn't pay it, I never got any notice of it before now! I haven't moved since I closed the account either, and my phone number hasn't changed. But I digress.... Here's the situation. I called Verzon because the report on all three reports say "verizon wireless" and the status says "In collections", but it doesn't say with who. Verizon told me that it is with CBE group. I did some reading on this website before I called verizon, so I had some idea of what I was trying to gather information wise. The representative in Verizon's "collections/disputes" department told me she could no longer see any details of the account, only that I had an account and that I owed $395. She could not see why I owed this amount, could not take any payments from me, could not send me any copies of statements and could not send me anything that would validate that I owe that amount. At this point, she said, they handed it off to CBE group, and that they would handle everything from here. I called CBE group, the number she gave me. CBE group looked up my name, my ssn and the account number Verizon gave me. They can not find me. They stated they have no account for me, they show no record of ever having an account for me. How do I remove this from my report, then? I forsee the following problem. If I dispute it through the CRA's, they contact verizon - as the account is listed on my report as Verizon wireless, not CBE group, and verizon "verifies" the debt. If I dispute with CBE, they will say they don't have any record, but when I send this to the CRA, the CRA's will say, well, that's fine but the debt is from Verizon, not CBE. If I send it to verizon, verizon will say talk to CBE. It also looks like the validation letters and process are not for the orginal creditor to validate, but for collection agencies only. I don't know what to do from here. HELP!?! Hi, I fell behind in court ordered payments to a collection agency. I called this collection agency to see if I could pay all I owe them now at this point in time to bring the account current, only to find that since the last time I had paid this collection agency, they had transferred my account to another collection agency! I have not received any notification that this transfer had taken place. I have not received any late notices on payments, nothing regarding this matter from this current collection agency holding this debt. This has been since 10 months ago. What do I do now? What can I do at this point in time? Greetings, I won't bore you with all of the details of 7 of the 8 collection accounts I found in my credit reports when I begain this adventure on May 12, 2014 or so, but I'll include a link to a post where I'm documenting my victories one at a time here..... http://www.creditinfocenter.com/community/topic/323902-successfully-paid-3-original-creditors-in-full-but-ca-accounts-still-showing/#entry1298069 I read more than a few posts regarding the ethical duty to pay debts that are legitimate as opposed to trying to simply trying to not pay monies that we owe,.and felt compelled to pay the debts that are mine, with the exception of this last remaining collection account. Of the 8 collection accounts I started with, I have only negotiated or paid 2 CA's. I paid monies to the original creditors, as they are who I was indebted to, ethically. My last account is with Asset Acceptance. The original creditor was Beneficial. I obtained a $10,000 credit line with them back in 2006 or so. In 2007/2008, I went through business hell, began the process of trying to save my home, which failed. At that time, Beneficial was the least of my financial worries. I have no documents from Asset Acceptance. No phone calls. Disputed with the CA's. Verified. I have sent a DV letter to Asset, CMRR, but am anticipating the typical response/letter. Asset reports the account as "opened" in Aug 2010, meaning that's when THEY started reporting this account to the CRA's. The actual Beneficial credit line accout is not on any of my CRs. (thankfully) They are reporting a balance of $13,600 and it appears to grow by approximately $150 each month. I would attempt to settle this for less than the amount, and will if possible, but every posting I read regarding Asset Acceptance includes lawsuits, and motions, etc, etc. I am obviously in the waiting stages of the DV response from Asset Acceptance, but I want to be prepared for my next steps. Ideally, if I can take care of this for $2500 or so, I would be thrilled. Can anyone let me know if they have had success settling a debt with Asset Acceptance for less than the amount? Keep in mind I have not been receiving letters, phone calls or anything else from them. I'm certain I have awoken a sleeping giant, but I need to resolve this last, remaining and somewhat large collection account for employment purposes with my new job/employer. Sorry for length of post. I know that's a no-no. Okay, in 2010 I left an apartment and the apartment complex alleged that I had $300 worth of damages. Before I could pay the amount in full it was placed with a collection agency- National Credit Systems. I made automatic draft payment arrangement with them and I believe that the full amount was satisfied. Years later I noticed an entry on my credit report for a balance of $160. I disputed but it came back verified. I don't then nor now believe that this money is owed. I contacted the original creditor and they sent me something in writing as well as left a voicemail saying that this debt was paid in full. I then sent this info to the credit bureau and disputed the entry. AGAIN, it came back "verified". I contacted the original creditor and they contacted National Credit Systems. The collection agency is telling them that I still owe a balance per their records. The original creditor said they are going to re-review their records on Monday (today is Friday). I'm so frustrated. I don't care about the dang money. I just want this off of my credit report. National Credit Systems claims that they "don't do" credit report deletions at all. What can I do? I'm tempted to take this matter to small claims court although I'm not entirely sure I could prevail. Any ideas??? I really need a deletion. Last month I made a written offer to settle a debt claimed that I owe by Credit Control, a collection agency acting on behalf of JH Portfolio Debt Equities, a JDB that had apparently purchased debt from a charged off Chase account. I received a response in writing from Credit Control stating that they were authorized to agree to my offer and that once my payments were complete, the account would be settled in full. They also sent me the complete agreed upon payment schedule and stated that my first payment must be received "on or before" November 29th by check, check by phone, debit or credit card by phone. As it was already close to that date by the time I received their response letter, and also a holiday week, I opted to make the first payment by phone and not trust the mail to deliver the first payment on time. I called to make the payment at around 10am on the 29th, (thinking that this would satisfy the "ON or before" due date that they had stated in their letter) and I was told that JH Portfolio had reclaimed the account and placed it with another agency. Is that even legal? Before the due date of the first agreed upon payment had even passed? A week later I receive a letter from a new collection agency, Alpha Recovery Group, requesting that I pay the original amount in full (what happened to the reduced amount that Credit Control had agreed to?). Alpha Recovery's letter was dated November 29th, again showing that this account was placed with them before the due date of the first payment per the previous agreement had even passed. Very confused, and this all seems more than a little shady to me. Not sure what my next step should be. Validation letter? Sit back and wait for them to sue me so I can submit this info to the court? I don't really see the point in trying to negotiate a settlement again if they're just going to accept and then renege before the ink is even dry on the agreement. I am posting for a co-worker. She was in the hospital for kidney infection while pregenant. The bill was $28,000 and insurance only covered 90%. She tried to work it out with the Hospital but they got rid of the Debt and now PISA is sending her the bill. They called her and told her that they were collecting the debt and she needed to pay it off immediatly. They also informed her that she could just use her Credit card that has $XXXXX creidt available on it. She told them no and has sent off at least 2 $100 checks to them. I informed her to stop what she was doing and I would get her some help on this. My main question is did they pull her Credit illegally to gain the info on her credit card and its limit? She is going to be pulling her reports in the beggining of June to see what they are reporting. I told her to see if there was an Inquiry from this CA. I have also directed her to this site and am trying to give her a hand on getting this sorted out. What would yall sugest she do in the terms of letters being sent off? Thanks, Dwright19 okay heres a fun one. I had one account with midland funding in arbitration and one account with MCM that had sat for 3 years that I disputed and tried to get removed via the CRA's and directly with them. MCM never responded to my dv requests. I applied for a mortgage but got denied till I got rid of the above "collection" accounts I sat on it for a day and decided to settle. Needed the house and couldn't afford to sit through Oregon's laughable arbitration (since it was after my closing date ) just so I could go back to court again. I settled with Midland funding for 1/7 of the total. I called and settled with MCM for 1/2 of the total. In neither case do I admit to oweing the debt just that I had to pay them off to get my mortgage. wait for it...... yep just got 2 1099 c's from midland funding. one for each account and the amount of debt discharged is screwy on both of them. The information I have been finding on the boards is all over the map. file this form, write a hand written note, declare insolvency, sacrifice a goat on a full moon in July....etc..etc... Is there a clear, concise direction in this forum or elsewhere as to what my options are in this matter? To keep it focused lets forget the insolvency route wouldnt work in my case. thanks Another Law Firm, Weltman, Weinberg & Reis is attempting to collect on a repossessed RV with the original creditor being US Bank. This is the 3rd attempt to collect on the debt, dating back to June, 2009. The debt has been charged off per my credit report. The type of contract was a "Retail Installment Sale Contract." I live in California and I believe the SOL is 4 years from the last payment, which was June, 2008. I have followed the Debt Validation strategy for the previous two attempts and the CA's ceased attempts to collect. For the current CA, I sent the initial DV letter and they acknowledged receipt of it and sent to me a letter (via non certified mail), despite the letter demanding that all future correspondence be made via certified mail. This letter only contained a copy of the Retail Installment Sale Contract and nothing else. There was no referencing to the SOL or any other references as are asked for in the 1st DV letter nor was there any required action on my part. I am tempted to send my 2nd DV letter indicating that it has been 30 days since my first letter was received and there has been no correspondence via Certified Mail as the letter demanded. How should I finally address the SOL matter. Have the SOLs on this particular contract expired? And if so, at what point and what correspondence do I send them to let them know that this is now Zombie Debt? What is the best course of action? Hi, This is the first time I have posted here. I had a debt turned over to a collection agency called CPS Security in San Antonio. The debt is for some purchases made on the easy pay type plans offered by shopping channels, where they bill your credit card each month for x number of payments. Due to just about everything in my life going wrong all at the same time, suddenly out of the blue, starting with a car wreck and going way down hill from there, my credit card became maxed out and my savings were depleted so when they attempted to make the future payments these were declined. Please don't lecture me, I feel bad enough about this, and I'm not kidding I am on the edge. I will have the money to pay them off completely by early July, and in the meantime I would like to send smaller payments each month to show I am serious and intend to pay this in full, but it is completely impossible for me to pay off the full balance now, I do not have it anywhere and I cannot get it in any way unless I kill myself and make them the beneficiary of the small life insurance policy I have (and no, I am not even thinking about doing that, a loan is out of the question, and I don't own a home or car or anything of value I could sell, and I can't go out and get a part time job as I am sole caregiver of an elderly parent). I sent them one payment with a letter explaining I could only make small payments for a couple of months but would have this paid in full by July, and they credited the payment to the balance but ignored the letter. They refuse to work with me. If I call them they are rude, they hang up, they threaten me with court, and send me these letters in all caps on yellow paper in the mail, they just sent one that says FINAL NOTICE that I have ignored them and threatening a lawsuit. I am terrified of going to court, I am very shy, anxious person so the idea of standing up in front of a judge and lawyers scares me to death and I don't have any friends to lean on for support or the money for an attorney and because it is a debt from a shopping tv channel I am afraid it will be even worse, that they will be mean and awful to me in court. If everything hadn't gone so wrong so out of the blue these would have been paid in full on time. I'm sorry and I want to make this right as soon as I can. I have even called the original creditor and explained and told them how the collection agency is, rude and hanging up and threatening and shouting, but they say I have to deal with the collection agency its out of their hands. If they do take me to court it won't change my financial situation, it's not like the money is going to miraculous materialize and save me from having to go, I won't have it before the end of June. It seems to me if they would only take small payments and just wait a couple of months that would be easier and cheaper on everyone involved instead of dragging this into court, but I can't talk to them. If anyone else here has had any success dealing with this agency, CPS Security in San Antonio Texas please let me know any advice or help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you and I'm sorry I'm so emotional. Hi, i'm new to this forum and i'm in desperate need of help! I've been served by the Main Street Acquisition Corp who's predecessor in interest is HSBC Bank Nevada.The summons was filed by Nelson & Kennard, Robert Scott Kennard, S.B.N. 117017 who is representing Main Street Acquisition. I've researched online about Main Street Acquisition and they are a collection agency that buys debt and sues the people. I searched online on how to respond to the summons and read articles saying to write a letter (below is the letter I wrote to respond to the summons) to request for documentations to prove what I allegedly owe and how MSA came up with the amount that I allegedly owe. I also read online that a lot of people saying that they won just by responding to the summons by writing the Request to Validate a Debt. I went to the court clerk to file a response, but the clerk said that my letter is not valid and they don't accept it. She said I needed to file legal papers. They said I need to hire an attorney and file the same paperwork as the summons I receieved. I do not know what to do, I am being sued for $1,261. Can someone or a lawyer please help me out?? It would be greatly appreciated!!! 1. Should I just call the Main Street Acquisition Corp and pay off the debt? If I call the plaintiffs attorney to pay off (the summon only has the attorney info and no info for Main Street Acquisition), do I need to somehow respond to the summons with the court? Can anyone help me explaining this process? 2. Is it true that the letter I wrote is not valid to respond to the summons? Do I have to hire an attorney to file the response? How come the internet, people wrote that they were able to reply by only mailing a Request for Debt Validation letter? 3. Is there any other way to beat this without hiring a lawyer? LETTER I WROTE TO RESPOND: DEFENDANT: name address PLAINTIFF: name address Re: To Whom It May Concern: I am sending this letter to you in response to a summons I received from you on date. Be advised, this is not a refusal to pay, but a notice sent pursuant to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 USC 1692g Sec. 809 ( that your claim is disputed and validation is requested. This is NOT a request for "verification" or proof of my mailing address, but a request for VALIDATION made pursuant to the above named Title and Section. I respectfully request that your office provide me with competent evidence that I have any legal obligation to pay you. Please provide me with the following: Provide copies of all documents or correspondences of what the money you say I owe is for; Explain and provide all documents or correspondence to show me how you calculated what you say I owe; Provide copies of all documents or correspondences that show I agreed to pay what you say I owe; Provide a verification or copy of any judgment if applicable; Identify the original creditor; Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from the Defendant to Plaintiffs predecessor in interest regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from Plaintiffs predecessor in interest to the Defendant regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from the Defendant to the Plaintiff regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from the Plaintiff to the Defendant regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Prove the Statute of Limitations has not expired on this account; Show me that you are licensed to collect in my state; and Provide me with your license numbers and Registered Agent.If your offices have reported invalidated information to any of the three major Credit Bureau's (Equifax, Experian or TransUnion), said action might constitute fraud under both Federal and State Laws. Due to this fact, if any negative mark is found on any of my credit reports by your company or the company that you represent I will not hesitate in bringing legal action against you for the following: Violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act Violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Defamation of CharacterIf your offices are able to provide the proper documentation as requested, I will require at least 30 days to investigate this information and during such time all collection activity must cease and desist. Also during this validation period, if any action is taken which could be considered detrimental to any of my credit reports, I will consult with my legal counsel. This includes any information to a credit reporting repository that could be inaccurate or invalidated or verifying an account as accurate when in fact there is no provided proof that it is. If your offices fail to respond to this validation request within 30 days from the date of your receipt, all references to this account must be deleted and completely removed from my credit file and a copy of such deletion request shall be sent to me immediately. I would also like to request, in writing, that no telephone contact be made by your offices to my home or to my place of employment. If your offices attempt telephone communication with me, including but not limited to computer generated calls or correspondence sent to any third parties, it will be considered harassment and I will have no choice but to file suit. All future communications with me MUST be done in writing and sent to the address noted in this letter. This is an attempt to correct your records, any information obtained shall be used for that purpose. Best Regards, Hi, i'm new to this forum and i'm in desperate need of help! I've been served by the Main Street Acquisition Corp who's predecessor in interest is HSBC Bank Nevada.The summons was filed by Nelson & Kennard, Robert Scott Kennard, S.B.N. 117017 who is representing Main Street Acquisition. I've researched online about Main Street Acquisition and they are a collection agency that buys debt and sues the people. I searched online on how to respond to the summons and read articles saying to write a letter (below is the letter I wrote to respond to the summons) to request for documentations to prove what I allegedly owe and how MSA came up with the amount that I allegedly owe. I also read online that a lot of people saying that they won just by responding to the summons by writing the Request to Validate a Debt. I went to the court clerk to file a response, but the clerk said that my letter is not valid and they don't accept it. She said I needed to file legal papers. They said I need to hire an attorney and file the same paperwork as the summons I receieved. I do not know what to do, I am being sued for $1,261. Can someone or a lawyer please help me out?? It would be greatly appreciated!!! 1. Should I just call the Main Street Acquisition Corp and pay off the debt? If I call the plaintiffs attorney to pay off (the summon only has the attorney info and no info for Main Street Acquisition), do I need to somehow respond to the summons with the court? Can anyone help me explaining this process? 2. Is it true that the letter I wrote is not valid to respond to the summons? Do I have to hire an attorney to file the response? How come the internet, people wrote that they were able to reply by only mailing a Request for Debt Validation letter? 3. Is there any other way to beat this without hiring a lawyer? LETTER I WROTE TO RESPOND: DEFENDANT: name address PLAINTIFF: name address Re: To Whom It May Concern: I am sending this letter to you in response to a summons I received from you on date. Be advised, this is not a refusal to pay, but a notice sent pursuant to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 USC 1692g Sec. 809 ( that your claim is disputed and validation is requested. This is NOT a request for "verification" or proof of my mailing address, but a request for VALIDATION made pursuant to the above named Title and Section. I respectfully request that your office provide me with competent evidence that I have any legal obligation to pay you. Please provide me with the following: Provide copies of all documents or correspondences of what the money you say I owe is for; Explain and provide all documents or correspondence to show me how you calculated what you say I owe; Provide copies of all documents or correspondences that show I agreed to pay what you say I owe; Provide a verification or copy of any judgment if applicable; Identify the original creditor; Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from the Defendant to Plaintiffs predecessor in interest regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from Plaintiffs predecessor in interest to the Defendant regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from the Defendant to the Plaintiff regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Any and all copies of documents or correspondence from the Plaintiff to the Defendant regarding the HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A. charge account Prove the Statute of Limitations has not expired on this account; Show me that you are licensed to collect in my state; and Provide me with your license numbers and Registered Agent.If your offices have reported invalidated information to any of the three major Credit Bureau's (Equifax, Experian or TransUnion), said action might constitute fraud under both Federal and State Laws. Due to this fact, if any negative mark is found on any of my credit reports by your company or the company that you represent I will not hesitate in bringing legal action against you for the following: Violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act Violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Defamation of CharacterIf your offices are able to provide the proper documentation as requested, I will require at least 30 days to investigate this information and during such time all collection activity must cease and desist. Also during this validation period, if any action is taken which could be considered detrimental to any of my credit reports, I will consult with my legal counsel. This includes any information to a credit reporting repository that could be inaccurate or invalidated or verifying an account as accurate when in fact there is no provided proof that it is. If your offices fail to respond to this validation request within 30 days from the date of your receipt, all references to this account must be deleted and completely removed from my credit file and a copy of such deletion request shall be sent to me immediately. I would also like to request, in writing, that no telephone contact be made by your offices to my home or to my place of employment. If your offices attempt telephone communication with me, including but not limited to computer generated calls or correspondence sent to any third parties, it will be considered harassment and I will have no choice but to file suit. All future communications with me MUST be done in writing and sent to the address noted in this letter. This is an attempt to correct your records, any information obtained shall be used for that purpose. Best Regards, Here's my situation. I have a Florida CA reporting negatively on my Credit Report since 6/2008. On the actual TL, it says the Creditor Name is: COLLECTIONS. Next it says the Original Creditor is: COLLECTIONS Here's what it looks like: Collection Accounts: Accounts seriously past due Creditor Name: COLLECTION Account NO.: 158**** Original Creditor: COLLECTION Responsibility: Joint Condition: Derogatory Original Balance: $1565 Balance: $1565 Date Opened: 06/12/2008 Date Reported: 12/23/2012 Remarks: Account information disputed by consumer, meets FCRA requirements Elsewhere on my Credit Report it lists contact information for a creditor called: NCC Business Services (FL) From a Credit Report I pulled a few years ago, I know the name of the OC is - Waters Edge Apartments. The CA is and was - NCC Business Services. It's weird that the OC has been removed from my credit report entirely. They aren't listed anywhere whatsoever. But now called: COLLECTIONS. What I'm wondering is - is this a violation of the FDCPA and / or FCRA because it's confusing and misleading. This debt stems from a misunderstanding when I vacated an apartment. I gave proper notice to a woman who either quit or was fired the following week. Of course, the apartment complex claims they 'never got it' so I allegedly violated the lease... Hence the charges: $1565 This is a joint account - I had a room mate when I lived there. This is on their CR too. Thanks for any help in advance.... I disputed it a few years ago, before I found out about this forum, and did it electronically, not by CMRRR. (I know, a bad idea)
Effects of gavage versus dosed feed administration on the toxicokinetics of benzyl acetate in rats and mice. Effects of gavage versus dosed feed administration on the toxicokinetics of benzyl acetate were studied in male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Benzyl acetate was rapidly hydrolysed to benzyl alcohol and then oxidized to benzoic acid. After gavage administration of benzyl acetate in corn oil at 500 mg/kg (rats) and 1000 mg/kg (mice), high benzoic acid plasma concentrations were observed. In contrast, much lower benzoic acid plasma concentrations were found after dosed feed administration at about 615 mg/kg/day for rats and about 850 mg/kg/day for mice. Results show that although the daily doses of benzyl acetate are comparable, bolus gavage administration effectively saturated the benzoic acid elimination pathway whereas dosed feed administration did not. In contrast, hippuric acid plasma concentrations were similar after both gavage and dosed feed administration due to the depletion of the glycine supply pool. Study results could explain the different toxicity and carcinogenicity responses of benzyl acetate observed in 2-yr chronic gavage and dosed feed studies.
/** * @module olcs.OverlaySynchronizer / import olcsSynchronizedOverlay from './SynchronizedOverlay.js'; import {getUid} from './util.js'; class OverlaySynchronizer { /* * @param {!ol.Map} map * @param {!Cesium.Scene} scene * @constructor * @template T * @api / constructor(map, scene) { /* * @type {!ol.Map} * @protected / this.map = map; /* * @type {ol.Collection.<ol.Overlay>} * @private / this.overlays_ = this.map.getOverlays(); /* * @type {!Cesium.Scene} * @protected / this.scene = scene; /* * @private * @type {!Element} / this.overlayContainerStopEvent_ = document.createElement('DIV'); this.overlayContainerStopEvent_.className = 'ol-overlaycontainer-stopevent'; const overlayEvents = ['click', 'dblclick', 'mousedown', 'touchstart', 'MSPointerDown', 'pointerdown', 'mousewheel', 'wheel']; overlayEvents.forEach((event) => { this.overlayContainerStopEvent_.addEventListener(event, evt => evt.stopPropagation()); }); this.scene.canvas.parentElement.appendChild(this.overlayContainerStopEvent_); /* * @private * @type {!Element} / this.overlayContainer_ = document.createElement('DIV'); this.overlayContainer_.className = 'ol-overlaycontainer'; this.scene.canvas.parentElement.appendChild(this.overlayContainer_); /* * @type {!Object<?,olcs.SynchronizedOverlay>} * @private / this.overlayMap_ = {}; } /* * Get the element that serves as a container for overlays that don't allow * event propagation. Elements added to this container won't let mousedown and * touchstart events through to the map, so clicks and gestures on an overlay * don't trigger any {@link ol.MapBrowserEvent}. * @return {!Element} The map's overlay container that stops events. / getOverlayContainerStopEvent() { return this.overlayContainerStopEvent_; } /* * Get the element that serves as a container for overlays. * @return {!Element} The map's overlay container. / getOverlayContainer() { return this.overlayContainer_; } /* * Destroy all and perform complete synchronization of the overlays. * @api / synchronize() { this.destroyAll(); this.addOverlays(); this.overlays_.on('add', this.addOverlayFromEvent_.bind(this)); this.overlays_.on('remove', this.removeOverlayFromEvent_.bind(this)); } /* * @param {ol.Collection.Event} event * @private / addOverlayFromEvent_(event) { const overlay = /* @type {ol.Overlay} / (event.element); this.addOverlay(overlay); } /* * @api / addOverlays() { this.overlays_.forEach((overlay) => { this.addOverlay(overlay); }); } /* * @param {ol.Overlay} overlay * @api / addOverlay(overlay) { if (!overlay) { return; } const cesiumOverlay = new olcsSynchronizedOverlay({ scene: this.scene, synchronizer: this, parent: overlay }); const overlayId = getUid(overlay).toString(); this.overlayMap_[overlayId] = cesiumOverlay; } /* * @param {ol.Collection.Event} event * @private / removeOverlayFromEvent_(event) { const removedOverlay = /* @type {ol.Overlay} / (event.element); this.removeOverlay(removedOverlay); } /* * Removes an overlay from the scene * @param {ol.Overlay} overlay * @api / removeOverlay(overlay) { const overlayId = getUid(overlay).toString(); const csOverlay = this.overlayMap_[overlayId]; if (csOverlay) { csOverlay.destroy(); delete this.overlayMap_[overlayId]; } } /* * Destroys all the created Cesium objects. * @protected */ destroyAll() { Object.keys(this.overlayMap_).forEach((key) => { const overlay = this.overlayMap_[key]; overlay.destroy(); delete this.overlayMap_[key]; }); } } export default OverlaySynchronizer;
Sunday, November 22, 2009 11-22-09 TV News:* Doctor Who "The End of Time, part 1" will air on BBC America on Dec. 26th (only 1 day after the UK gets to see it). Zap2It and SciFi Wire have sneak peeks. io9 also adds a "What is Doctor Who" video.* Chuck will return on January 10th. Sources: Ausiello Files, Futon Critic, Zap2It, and What's Alan Watching (which includes interview with the show runner).* Stunt casting might actually get me to watch an episode of The Simpsons. Daniel Radcliffe (Harry Potter) will be playing Edward Cullen (Twilight) in their Halloween episode next year.* A full cut of the previously lost Star Trek pilot has been found.
{ "project-settings": "Configuración del Proyecto", "ofsketch-settings": "Configuración de ofSketch", "editor-settings": "Configuración de Editor", "keyboard-shortcuts": "Atajo de Teclado", "reference-link": "Referencias", "forum-link": "Foro", "ofxaddons-link": "ofxAddons", "bug-report-link": "Denunciar un fallo", "upload-media": "Subir Media", "close": "Cerrar", "save-changes": "Guardar cambios", "editor-settings": "Configuración de Editor", "basic": "basico", "advanced": "Avanzado", "keyboard-shortcuts-note": "Ojo: Para encender los atajos de teclado, el editor tiene que estar seleccionado.", "bugs": "Fallos + Problemas", "submit-issue": "Compartir un Problema", "version-update": "Actualización de la Versión", "new-class": "Nueva Clase", "rename-class": "Cambiar el Nombre de la Clase", "delete-class": "Eliminar la Clase", "create": "Crear", "rename": "Renombrar", "delete": "Eliminar", "save": "Guardar", "delete-class": "Eliminar la Clase", "nevermind": "Nevermind", "new-project": "Nuevo Proyecto", "name-project": "Nombrar el Proyecto", "name-project-prompt": "¿Qué quieres llamar este proyecto?", "rename-project": "Renombrar el Proyecto", "open-project": "Abrir el Proyecto", "delete-project": "Eliminar el Proyecto", "delete-project-prompt": "¿Seguro que quieres eliminar este proyecto?", "task-queue": "Lista de Tareas", "cancel-all": "Cancelar Todo", "logger": "Registro", "connection-error": "Error con la Conección", "loading": "cargando…" }
--TEST-- Test symlink(), linkinfo(), link() and is_link() functions : usage variations - access/update file through hard link --SKIPIF-- <?php if (substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3) == 'WIN') { die('skip no symlinks on Windows'); } ?> --FILE-- <?php /* Prototype: bool symlink ( string $target, string $link ); Description: creates a symbolic link to the existing target with the specified name link Prototype: bool is_link ( string $filename ); Description: Tells whether the given file is a symbolic link. Prototype: bool link ( string $target, string $link ); Description: Create a hard link Prototype: int linkinfo ( string $path ); Description: Gets information about a link / / Variation 4 : Create file and a hard link to the file Access data of the file through the hard link Update the file through hard link Check size of file and hard link / $file_path = dirname(__FILE__); echo " Accessing and updating data of file through hard link \n"; // Creating file and inserting data into it $filename = "$file_path/symlink__link_linkinfo_is_link_variation4.tmp"; // create temp file $file = fopen($filename, "w"); // fill data into file fwrite($file, str_repeat("text", 20) ); fclose($file); echo "\n-- Access data of the file through the hard link --\n"; // create hard link to file $linkname = "$file_path/symlink_link_linkinfo_is_link_link_variation4.tmp"; var_dump( link($filename, $linkname) ); $data_from_link = file_get_contents($linkname); // data read from $filename var_dump( $data_from_link ); echo "\n-- Check size of hard link and file --\n"; if( filesize($filename) == filesize($linkname) ) echo "\nSize of file and hard link are same\n"; else echo "\nWarning: Size of file and hard link differ\n"; echo "\n-- Updating file with data through hard link --\n"; // append link with data $fp = fopen($linkname, "a"); // open in append mode fwrite($fp, "Hello World"); fclose($fp); // now check temp file for data; it should append "Hello World" $data_from_file = file_get_contents($filename); var_dump( $data_from_file ); echo "\n-- Check size of hard link and file --\n"; if( filesize($filename) == filesize($linkname) ) echo "\nSize of file and hard link are same\n"; else echo "\nWarning: Size of file and hard link differ\n"; echo "\n-- Updating file with data and check data through hard link --\n"; // write to temp file $file = fopen($filename, "w"); fwrite($file, "Hello World"); fclose($file); // now check link for data; it should echo "Hello World" $data_from_link = file_get_contents($linkname); var_dump( $data_from_link ); echo "\n-- Check size of hard link and file --\n"; var_dump( filesize($filename) ); var_dump( filesize($linkname) ); if( filesize($filename) == filesize($linkname) ) echo "\nSize of file and hard link are same\n"; else echo "\nWarning: Size of file and hard link differ\n"; // delete the link unlink($linkname); // delete the temporary file unlink($filename); echo "Done\n"; ?> --EXPECTF-- Accessing and updating data of file through hard link * -- Access data of the file through the hard link -- bool(true) string(80) "texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttext" -- Check size of hard link and file -- Size of file and hard link are same -- Updating file with data through hard link -- string(91) "texttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttexttextHello World" -- Check size of hard link and file -- Size of file and hard link are same -- Updating file with data and check data through hard link -- string(11) "Hello World" -- Check size of hard link and file -- int(11) int(11) Size of file and hard link are same Done
Overall a pretty decent and affordable purchase. I would buy again. It works pretty good. It came with a 32 bit version of windows 10 pro, so I had to make a installation media and install the 64 bit version, that took a long time. It works pretty good, but for some odd reason I will be doing stuff on it and it will randomlly lock and shut down. It was a really good value buy, but I wish I could fix this problem. I have adjusted every setting I can think of. My only thought would be if it does that when it overheats. I don't know. Shipping time was early. battery life could be better, but it is an older laptop. It came in good condition. But also, the bottom panel on the laptop was slightly out of place when it came, so I readjusted it back to normal. I am overall satisfied with my purchase. Product Reviews Images Dialog Product Reviews Images Dialog Product Reviews Images Dialog Product Reviews Images Dialog Previous Image Next Image Verified purchase: Yes \| Condition: Pre-owned
Copyright Society's 'World IP Day' Lesson: Give Us Your Copyrights For Nothing from the so-let's-counter-contest dept Every year around April 26th, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) hosts a weird dog and pony show of copyright/patent/trademark maximalism that it calls World IP Day. In the past, we've pointed out that the events and festivities are disturbingly one-sided and frequently clueless. For example, two years ago, WIPO used Bob Marley's famous line "Get Up, Stand Up" as the theme for World IP Day, ignoring the history of Jamaican music, in which the lack of copyright protections in the 50s and early 60s is basically what allowed Bob Marley to become a world phenomenon (and, later, the fact that Marley and Universal Music got tangled up in a fight over copyrights). Anyway, the "theme" for this year's World IP Day is "Innovation -- Improving Lives," which suggests a stronger focus on the patent side of the equation this year. WIPO has a list of suggested activities for World IP Day, including staging exhibitions, setting up a booth at the airport to talk about "IP and the role it plays" in your daily lives (really), or... hosting an "essay competition." It would appear that the Copyright Society of the USA has decided to take this approach and has announced an essay competition. Oddly, this is not on the website of the Copyright Society of the USA, but only over email -- and a recipient of that email has kindly forwarded it to me. As you might imagine, the Copyright Society of the USA tends to be fairly supportive of ever expanding and ever expansive copyright law. It is also -- apparently -- supportive of the idea that it's not so much the creator who deserves the benefits of copyright law, but rather the larger gatekeepers. Such as itself. After all, here are the "rules" for the Copyright Society of the USA's essay contest promoting the wonders of copyright: Pretty simple. If you can't see that, the rules are: Essays must be 700 words or less in English Essays must be original and unpublished. Plagiarized entries will be rejected. Essays must be written by one person. Co-authored essays are not accepted. Copyright of the essays entered will be assigned to the organizer. Yup. So celebrate copyright... by handing your copyrights over to the Copyright Society of the USA for free. Well, perhaps not for free, because (based on no clear criteria) the Copyright Society of the USA will pick three "winners" who will receive credits in $100, $50 and $25 denominations to be used at Postmates.com (an online delivery service). Very exciting. I guess, perhaps, that will teach the young folks this contest is likely targeted at a little something about copyright: which is expect to have a larger, more well-resourced organization demand to take control over your copyrights for a pittance (if anything). That's quite a lesson for World IP Day. Anyway, in the spirit of... "innovation," we've decided that we might as well do our own World IP Day writing contest, but (again, in the spirit of "innovation") let's make it an "anti" contest. Part of the wonders of the internet is that you don't need gatekeepers anymore -- and you certainly don't need them taking control over your copyrights. There are lots of platforms where you can post your own essays, perhaps on the theme of open innovation and how that helps innovation. Or on how intellectual property has been used to stifle and hold back innovation. If you choose to post it with a permissive and open license (or better yet, a public domain/CC0 dedication) and then let us know about it, and we may consider republishing it here to get it some more attention. Or not. You don't need us. And you certainly don't need the Copyright Society of the USA taking your copyright in your little propaganda piece about how copyright is awesome. Thank you for reading this Techdirt post. With so many things competing for everyone’s attention these days, we really appreciate you giving us your time. We work hard every day to put quality content out there for our community. Techdirt is one of the few remaining truly independent media outlets. We do not have a giant corporation behind us, and we rely heavily on our community to support us, in an age when advertisers are increasingly uninterested in sponsoring small, independent sites — especially a site like ours that is unwilling to pull punches in its reporting and analysis. While other websites have resorted to paywalls, registration requirements, and increasingly annoying/intrusive advertising, we have always kept Techdirt open and available to anyone. But in order to continue doing so, we need your support. We offer a variety of ways for our readers to support us, from direct donations to special subscriptions and cool merchandise — and every little bit helps. Thank you. –The Techdirt Team Filed Under: copyright, culture, innovation, open innovation, wipo, world ip day Companies: copyright society of the usa, wipo
This vid is definitely one of my favourites - I've even PUT it in My Favs! I would love to see a sequel, maybe a little longer next time, but I would also like it to involve a different female Overwatch character - see what would happen if Mercy's staff ended up in the wrong hands.
2 Section 14A(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 stipulates that in computing the total income of an assessee, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to "income which does not form part of the total income under this Act." Sub-section (2) enables the assessing officer to determine the amount of expenditure incurred in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income in accordance with the method that may be prescribed by the rules made under the Act if the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee. By sub-section (3), the provisions of sub-section (2) are also to apply to a situation in which the assessee claims that no expenditure has been incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Section 14A was introduced by an amendment to the Finance Act of 2001 with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962. Sub-sections (2) and (3) were inserted by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1-4-2007. Rule 8D of the Income-tax Rules prescribes the method for determining the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income, where the assessing officer is not satisfied with the claim of the assessee. Rule 8D was notified in the Official Gazette of 24-5-2008. By section 10(33)—as it stood during the assessment year 2002-03—income by way of dividend referred to in section 115-0 was not to be included in computing the total income of any person for a previous year. Similarly, income received in respect of a mutual fund is not includible in the total income. (Analogous provisions have since incorporated into clauses (34) and (35) of section 10). 3. For the assessment year 2002-03, the assessee claimed a dividend of Rs. 34.34 crores as being exempt from the total taxable income. The assessee contended that it had not incurred any expenditure for earning the dividend income and that no disallowance was warranted. The assessing officer made a disallowance of Rs. 6.92 crores towards expenses attributed to the earning of the dividend income. The Commissioner (Appeals) following earlier decisions in the case of the assessee for the assessment years 1998-99 and 1999-2000 held that no expenditure was attributable to the earning of the dividend received and consequently, deleted the disallowance. The Tribunal by its judgment impugned in the appeal held, following its decision in the case of Daga Capital Management P. Ltd. (2009) 312 ITR (A. T.) 1 (Mum), that sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A are procedural in nature and have retrospective effect. The Tribunal noted that the assessing officer had not examined the correctness of the claim of the assessee with reference to the accounts of the assessee, having regard to the provisions of section 14A(2). The proceedings were remanded back to the assessing officer for a fresh examination on the basis of the provisions of section 14A(2). 4. The assessee is in appeal against the decision of the Tribunal and has raised the following substantial questions of law : "(A) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal ought to have held that as the limited issue raised by respondent No. 1 in the assessment order was as to the quantum of the exemption under section 10(33) that was available and not to disallow any part of the expenditure claimed, hence it was not open to the revenue to expand the scope of appeal by invoking the provisions of section 14A of the Act to disallow the expenditure incurred ? (B) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the Tribunal ought to have held that no disallowance could be made under section 14A of the Act and hence erred in setting aside the issue relating to calculation of disallowance under section 14A of the Act to respondent No. 1 ? (C) Whether the Tribunal erred in directing respondent No. 1 to apply rule 8D of the Rules for computing the amount of disallowance under section 14A of the Act ?" 5. The assessee has, in addition, filed a petition under article 226 of the Constitution in order to challenge the constitutional validity of the provisions of section 14A and of rule 8D. Notice was issued to the Attorney General of India. Rule shall issue on the petition. In view of the importance of the question involved, counsel for the assessee and the Additional Solicitor General of India have agreed to the final disposal of the appeal and the petition at this stage. 6. Broadly speaking, the submissions which have been urged on behalf of the assessee can be classified under the following heads : (i) section 14A cannot be invoked in respect of dividend income from shares and mutual fund income for the reason that for the provision to be attracted, income must be exempt from tax or must be tax free which it has been urged, is not the case ; (ii) Even if a literal interpretation of section 14A suggests that the provision applies because income from dividends and mutual funds is not to be included while computing the total income under section 10(33), a literal interpretation of the provisions would give rise to unintended consequences and must, therefore, be disregarded ; (iii) The provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A and of rule 8D are not retrospective and can have no application to the assessment year 2002-03 ; (iv) (a) Sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A are arbitrary and violative of article 14 of the Constitution ; (b) The provisions of rule 8D are ultra vires sub-section (2) of section 14A and are even otherwise arbitrary and violative of article 14 ; and (v) On the facts of this case, there was no factual basis for effecting the disallowance and an order of remand by the Tribunal was not warranted. B. Facts 7. The assessee filed its return of income for the assessment year 2002-03 on 29-10-2002, declaring a loss of Rs. 45.90 crores. The assessee had claimed a dividend of Rs. 34.34 crores as exempt from the total taxable income under section 10(33). During the course of scrutiny proceedings, the assessee was called upon to explain why the net dividend income from tax free securities should not be exempted instead of the gross dividend receipts as claimed in the return. In its reply dated 25-11-2004, the assessee claimed that a major portion of its dividend amounting to Rs. 19.86 crores was received from group companies and of the total shares, 95 per cent, consisted of bonus shares for which no cost had been incurred. The shares of Godrej Soaps Limited were stated to have been acquired several years earlier, the assessee being a promoter of that company. The assessee contended that at no stage in the past, "except in a few recent assessment years, has the Income-tax department attributed any interest or expenditure towards the earning of this dividend income". The assessee contended that it had reserves of Rs. 274 crores and capital of Rs. 6.55 crores which would be more than adequate to cover the investments. The assessing officers were, according to the assessee, satisfied in the earlier years with its explanation and it was contended that there was consequently no allocation of interest to the earning of dividend income. During the year in question, the assessee claimed that it had not invested any amount in investments on which income was exempt under section 10(33) and it had disposed of some of its investments at a substantial profit. 8. The assessing officer observed that in the common pool of funds, it was difficult to ascertain whether investments had been made out of internal accruals or from borrowed funds. The assessing officer was of the view that if the assessee had not made investments in these securities, it would not have been required to borrow funds to that extent and consequently, the interest burden could have been reduced. On this basis, the assessing officer concluded that a part of the interest payment pertained to funds utilized for the purpose of investment in shares. The interest charged to the profit and loss account of Rs. 51.71 crores was bifurcated in the proportion between investments attributable to dividend receipts (Rs. 125.54 crores) to the total assets of the assessee (Rs. 938.11 crores). On this basis, the interest attributable to dividend receipts was computed at Rs. 6.92 crores which was disallowed. 9. In appeal, the assessee admitted that the exemption under section 10(33) was to be allowed only on net dividend income. The assessee, however, contended that it was not permissible to notionally ascribe expenses to the earning of dividend income when in actual fact no expenses were incurred. The shares, according to the assessee, were acquired several years earlier out of generated income and no expenses were in fact incurred for the acquisition of the shares. Consequently, it was urged that if the assessing officer sought to apportion certain expenses towards the earning of dividend income, the onus was on him to show that expenses had actually been incurred for earning the dividend income. The Commissioner (Appeals) held that the issue had been considered, by the Tribunal in the case of the assessee for the assessment years 1998-99 and 1999-2000 where it had been held that no expenditure could be notionally attributed to the earning of dividend income. Following the decision of the Tribunal in the earlier assessment years, the Commissioner (Appeals) directed the assessing officer to consider the whole of the dividend receipts of Rs. 34.34 crores as exempt under section 10(33). 10. The Tribunal noted that in its decision in Daga Capital Management P. Ltd. (2009) 312 ITR (AT) 1 (Mum-Trib), the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A had been held to be procedural in nature and hence retrospective. The Tribunal observed that the assessing officer would determine the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under sub-section (2), only where he was not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee. The assessing officer had, as a matter of fact, not considered section 14A(2) since it had not been enacted on the date when the order was passed. On the view which the Tribunal took, it directed the assessing officer to examine the issue afresh in the light of the specific provision contained in section 14A(2). C. The challenges considered 11. At this stage now, it would be appropriate to consider the challenges taken up on behalf of the assessee and, as we deal with them, we consider the submissions of the assessee and the arguments in defence of the Additional Solicitor General for the Union of India. C1. Whether section 14A is attracted in the case of dividend income received from shares and income from mutual funds 12. The submission of the assessee is that (i) section 14A was inserted to overcome the decisions of the Supreme Court in CIT v. Maharashtra Sugar Mills Ltd. (1971) 82 ITR 452 and in Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation v. CIT (2000) 242 ITR 450 (SC). In the former case, managing agency commission though partly relatable to earning agricultural income was permitted in its entirety as a deduction from taxable income and in the latter case, expenditure was allowed, even though relatable to exempt warehousing income as well as the taxable interest and other income ; (ii) dividend income and income from mutual funds cannot be regarded as exempt income. Tax on dividends declared, distributed or paid by the company is imposed under section 115-O and similar is the position of mutual funds under section 115R. Hence, when section 10(33) provides that such income shall not be included as income of the shareholder/unit holder, it does not mean that this is exempt income or income which is not charged to tax; (iii) applying Hey don's rule of interpreting statutes and considering the object of inserting section 14A, the phrase "does not form part of the total income" should be read as equivalent to exempt income ; (iv) dividend from shares or income from units of mutual funds are not exempt income as they are charged to tax under sections 115-O and 115R on the declaration of the dividend by a company or, as the case may be, the distribution of income by a mutual fund. Tax is charged on such independent streams of income under sections 115-O and 115R and is collected from the payers. This method of collection had been adopted by the Legislature in the interest of efficiency and to avoid paper work. The exemption from tax under section 10(33) in the hands of shareholders/unit holders was enacted to obviate a double taxation of the same stream of income, once in the hands of the payer and thereafter in the hands of the recipient. Section 10(33) was enacted because tax on dividend has already been collected from the dividend paying company; and (v) there is a specific charge independent of the company's liability to pay tax under section 4. Apportionment 13. In certain statutory contexts, rules of apportionment were recognized by judicial decisions in India. In Madras Co-operative Central Land Mortgage Bank Ltd. v. CIT (1968) 67 ITR 89 (SC); (1968) 38 Comp Cas 681; AIR 1968 SC 55, the Supreme Court considered the provisions of section 14(3) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. Income of a co-operative society from its trading activity being exempt from tax, the income of the assessee from Government securities had to be apportioned between income earned from investment for trading purposes and for non-trading purposes. There was no statutory rule and no departmental instructions governing the apportionment of income from Government securities between business and non-business sources of income. The Supreme Court held that none the less a rule of apportionment would have to be applied (page 94 of 67 ITR : "It was never urged, and it cannot be urged, that in the absence of a specific rule for apportionment, the entire income from Government securities should be brought to tax. Any attempt to bring the entire income from Government securities would infringe section 14(3) of the Act. A rule of apportionment consistent with commercial accounting must be evolved for determining the income from Government securities attributable to business activity of the society." 14. The Supreme Court held that a rule of apportionment which dismembers income in proportion to the business and non-business components of the single source from which it arises would be more consistent with the principles of commercial accounting. The proportion of income from securities which is exempt from taxation under section 14(3) was held to be that proportion which the capital of the society used for the purpose of business bears to the total working capital. 15. A Division Bench of this court presided over by the Chief Justice M. C. Chagla, in Broach Co-operative Bank Ltd. v. CIT (1949) 17 ITR 489 (Bom) : (1949) II BLR 718 , upheld the application of the principle of apportionment by the Tribunal. While construing the first proviso to section 8 of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922, the Division Bench held that it applied only to securities which are not tax free and, therefore, the only right of the assessee was to claim deduction with regard to interest on monies borrowed by him where he utilized those monies in investing them in securities on which he has got to pay tax, but if the assessee used money borrowed by him in investment of tax free securities, he could not claim a deduction given to him under the first proviso. 16. In order to consider the merits of the submissions which have been urged on behalf of the assessee, it would be necessary to advert to the background underlying the enactment of section 14A. 17. In CIT v. Indian Bank Ltd. (1965) 56 ITR 77 (SC); AIR 1965 SC 1473 the assessee carried on the business of banking and the interest received on its investment in Government securities was exempt from income-tax. The assessee claimed a deduction of interest paid to depositors under section 10(2)(iii) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. The assessing officer, Appellate Commissioner and the Tribunal disallowed a portion of that on the ground that it was paid on money borrowed for investment in tax free securities. The revenue urged before the Supreme Court that there was a general principle that no expenditure can be allowed as a deduction from the profits of a business unless that part of the business to which the expenditure is attributable is capable of producing income or profits liable to tax. The Supreme Court held that there was no basis to look behind the expenditure and to determine as to whether it had the quality of producing taxable income. What was required to be ascertained under section 10(2)(xv) was whether the expenditure had been laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business. The Supreme Court held that Parliament had not contemplated an enquiry on whether the expenditure had produced or will produce taxable income. 18. In a subsequent decision in CIT v. Maharashtra Sugar Mills Ltd. (1971) 18 82 ITR 452 : (1971) 3 SCC 543 the Supreme Court decided whether a portion of managing agency commission paid by the assessee could be disallowed while computing income from business. The finding of the Tribunal was that the cultivation of sugarcane and the manufacture of sugar constituted one indivisible business. According to the revenue, the business consisted of two parts, namely, cultivation of sugarcane and the manufacture of sugar. The former being agricultural, the resultant income was not assessable to tax and according to the revenue the expenditure incurred on that activity was not deductible. The Supreme Court held that the contention proceeded on the basis that only expenditure incurred in respect of a business activity giving rise to income, profits or gains taxable under the Act was allowable as a deduction and not otherwise. The Supreme Court noted that it was not disputed that cultivation of sugarcane and manufacture of sugar constituted one indivisible business. Hence, the profits in respect of the business had to be computed after deducting the allowance under section 10(2) including expenditure laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of business. The allowance claimed was held to have been laid out or expended for the purpose of the business of the assessee and the fact that the income arising from a part of the business was not assessable to tax was held not to be a relevant circumstance. 19. In Waterfall Estates Ltd. v. CIT (1996) 219 ITR 563 (SC); (1996) 8 SCC 509 a finding of fact was entered by the Tribunal that the coffee curing works and estate of the assessee constituted separate and distinct activities. On this basis, the Supreme Court held that the decision in Maharashtra Sugar was distinguishable. 20. In a subsequent decision in Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation v. CIT (2000) 109 Taxman 145 (SC), a disallowance was effected by the assessing officer of such part of the expenditure which was allocable to exempt warehousing income. The Tribunal and the High Court confirmed the disallowance. Allowing the appeal, the Supreme Court held as follows: "(i) if income of an assessee is derived from various heads of income, he is entitled to claim deduction permissible under the respective head, whether or not computation under each head results in taxable income ; (ii) if income of an assessee arises under any of the heads of income but from different items, e.g., different house properties or different securities, etc., and income from one or more items alone is taxable whereas income from the other item is exempt under the Act, the entire permissible expenditure in earning the income from that head is deductible ; and (iii) in computing `profits and gains of business or profession' when an assessee is carrying on business in various ventures and some among them yield taxable income and the others do not, the question of allowability of the expenditure under section 37 of the Act will depend on : (a) fulfilment of requirements of that provision noted above ; and (b) on the fact whether all the ventures carried on by him constituted one indivisible business or not ; if they do, the entire expenditure will be a permissible deduction but if they do not, the principle of apportionment of the expenditure will apply because there will be no nexus between the expenditure attributable to the venture not forming integral part of the business and the expenditure sought to be deducted as the business expenditure of the assessee." 21. In that case, the business of the assessee being one and indivisible, the Supreme Court held that it was not open to the revenue to disallow a portion of the expenditure. 22. The principle of law which emerged from these cases was that in the case of a composite and individual business which earned both taxable and non-taxable income, expenditure incurred towards non-taxable income could not be isolated by apportionment and a disallowance could not be made. However, apportionment of expenditure was permissible when the nontaxable income arose from a separate business or under a different head of income. Enactment of section 14A 23. By the Finance Act of 2001, Parliament enacted section 14A with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962, to amend the law by taking away the basis of the judgments of the Supreme Court in Indian Bank (1965) 56 ITR 77(SC), Maharashtra Sugar (1971) 82 ITR 452(SC) and Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (2000) 242 ITR 450(SC). As it was initially enacted, section 14A postulated that for the purpose of computing the total income under the Chapter, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. The Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill of 2001 provided the following rationale for the insertion of section 14A ((2001) 248 ITR (St.) 192, 195, 196) : "Certain incomes are not includible while computing the total income as these are exempt under various provisions of the Act. There have been cases where deductions have been claimed in respect of such exempt income. This in effect means that the tax incentive given by way of exemptions to certain categories of income is being used to reduce also the tax payable on the non-exempt income by debiting the expenses incurred to earn the exempt income against taxable income. This is against the basic principles of taxation whereby only the net income, i.e., gross income minus the expenditure is taxed. On the same analogy, the exemption is also in respect of the net income. Expenses incurred can be allowed only to the extent they are relatable to the earning of taxable income. It is proposed to insert a new section 14A so as to clarify the intention of the Legislature since the inception of the Income Tax Act, 1961, that no deduction shall be made in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Income Tax Act. The proposed amendment will take effect retrospectively from 1-4-1962 and will accordingly, apply in relation to the assessment year 1962-63 and subsequent assessment years." 24. The basic object of section 14A is to disallow the direct and indirect expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income. In view of section 10(33) inserted by the Finance Act, 1997, with effect from 1-4-1998, incomes by way of dividends referred to in section 115-O are not includible in the total income. Section 14A inserted by the Finance Act, 2001, directs disallowance of the expenditure incurred in relation to dividends referred to in section 115-O in certain cases. 25. Prior to the insertion of section 14A, the revenue had sought to disallow the expenditure incurred in relation to exempt income. However, the Supreme Court in Maharashtra Sugar (1971) 82 ITR 452(SC) and in Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation v. CIT (2000) 242 ITR 450 (SC) held that where there is one indivisible business giving rise to taxable income as well as exempt income, the entire expenditure incurred in relation to that business would have to be allowed even if a part of the income earned from the business is exempt from tax. Section 14A has been enacted to overcome these judicial pronouncements. 26. The insertion of section 14A was curative and declaratory of the intent of Parliament. The basic principle of taxation is that only net income, namely, gross income minus expenditure that is taxable. Expenses incurred can be allowed only to the extent that they are relatable to the earning of taxable income. However, assessees had claimed deductions in respect of income which was exempt under various provisions of the Act as a result of which the tax incentive given in respect of certain categories of income which were exempt was being utilized to reduce the tax payable on non-exempt income. This being contrary to legislative intent, section 14A was inserted in order to restore the legal position consistent with Parliamentary intent. Declaratory or curative amendments are construed to be retrospective because they authoritatively set forth the original legislative intent. Parliament placed the matter beyond doubt by legislating upon section 14A with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962. This was also amplified in the Central Board of Direct Taxes Circular No. 14 of 2001 ((2001) 252 ITR (St.) 65). 27. Consequent upon the enactment of section 14A, the position as it has emerged in law is that no deduction can be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Section 14A, has the effect of broadening or widening the earlier position. The consequence of the insertion of section 14A has been dealt with in a judgment of the Supreme Court in CIT v. Walfort Share and Stock Brokers P. Ltd. (2010) 326 ITR 1 (SC) : (2010) 192 Taxman 211 (SC). In Walfort, the assessee who was a member of the stock exchange, purchased units of a mutual fund on March 24, 2000, upon which it became entitled to a dividend of Rs. 1.82 crores. As a result of a payout of the dividend, the NAV of the mutual fund which was Rs. 17.23 per unit on 24-3-2000, stood reduced to Rs. 13.23 per unit on 27-3-2000. The assessee in the return claimed a deduction of Rs. 1.82 crores as exempt from tax under section 10(33) but also claimed a set off of the loss incurred on the sale of the units. This was disallowed by the assessing officer on the ground that the transaction was in the nature of dividend stripping. The disallowance was deleted by the Tribunal whose decision was confirmed by the High Court. The main issue before the Supreme Court was whether the loss on the sale of the units could be considered as expenditure in relation to earning dividend income exempt under section 10(33) and hence disallowable under section 14A. The revenue claimed that the differential between the purchase and the sale price of the units constituted expenditure incurred by the assessee for earning tax free income and was liable to be disallowed under section 14A. The Supreme Court explained the reason for the insertion of section 14A thus : "The insertion of section 14A with retrospective effect is the serious attempt on the part of Parliament not to allow deduction in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income, which does not form part of the total income under the Act against the taxable income (see Circular No. 14 of 2001, dated 22-11-2001). In other words, section 14A clarifies that expenses incurred can be allowed only to the extent they are relatable to the earning of taxable income. In many cases the nature of expenses incurred by the assessee may be relatable partly to the exempt income and partly to the taxable income. In the absence of section 14A, the expenditure incurred in respect of exempt income was being claimed against taxable income. The mandate of section 14A is clear. It desires to curb the practice to claim deduction of expenses incurred in relation to exempt income against taxable income and at the same time avail of the tax incentive by way of exemption of exempt income without making any apportionment of expenses incurred in relation to exempt income. The basic reason for insertion of section 14A is that certain incomes are not includible while computing total income as these are exempt under certain provisions of the Act. In the past, there have been cases in which deduction has been sought in respect of such incomes which in effect would mean that tax incentives to certain incomes was being used to reduce the tax payable on the non-exempt income by debiting the expenses, incurred to earn the exempt income, against taxable income. The basic principle of taxation is to tax the net income, i.e., gross income minus the expenditure. On the same analogy the exemption is also in respect of net income. Expenses allowed can only be in respect of earning of taxable income. This is the purport of section 14A." 28. During the course of this judgment, it would be necessary to revisit the decision of the Supreme Court in Walfort. At this stage, however, it needs to be emphasized that the provisions of section 14A were construed in Walfort to evince Parliamentary intent not to allow deduction in respect of any expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act against taxable income. Section 14A is clarificatory of the position that expenses can be allowed only to the extent that they are relatable to the earning of taxable income. Only those expenses which are in respect of the earning of taxable income can be allowed. That section 14A broadens the theory of apportionment of expenditure between taxable and non-taxable income is evident from the following observations of the Supreme Court: "The theory of apportionment of expenditure between taxable and non-taxable has, in principle, been now widened under section 14A. Reading section 14 in juxtaposition with sections 15 to 59, it is clear that the words `expenditure incurred' in section 14A refers to expenditure on rent, taxes, salaries, interest, etc., in respect of which allowances are provided for (see sections 30 to 37)':'* 29. On the facts, the Supreme Court held that an expenditure is a payout which relates to disbursement. A pay back to the assessee was not an expenditure incurred within the meaning of section 14A. 30. The judgment of the Supreme Court in Walfort is also significant on another aspect of the controversy in the present case. Section 14 of the Act specifies five heads of income which are chargeable to tax. Income to be taxable must fall for classification under one of those five heads, namely, (i) Salaries ; (ii) Income from house property ; (iii) Profits and gains of business or profession ; (iv) Capital gains; and (v) Income from other sources. Sections 15 to 59 lay down the rules for computing income for the purpose of chargeability to tax under those heads. As a result of section 14A, the permissible deductions can be allowed only with reference to income which is brought under one of those heads and is chargeable to tax. If an income does not form part of the total income, then the related expenditure is liable to be disallowed. The test which has been enunciated in Walfort for attracting the provisions of section 14A is that "there has to be a proximate cause for disallowance which is its relationship with the tax exempt income". Once the test of proximate cause, based on the relationship of the expenditure with tax exempt income is established, a disallowance would have to be effected under section 14A. 31. The following principles would emerge from section 14A and the decision in Walfort : (a) The mandate of section 14A is to prevent claims for deduction of expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income of the assessee ; (b) Section 14A(1) is enacted to ensure that only expenses incurred in respect of earning taxable income are allowed ; (c) The principle of apportionment of expenses is widened by section 14A to include even the apportionment of expenditure between taxable and non-taxable income of an indivisible business ; (d) The basic principle of taxation is to tax net income. This principle applies even for the purposes of section 14A and expenses towards nontaxable income must be excluded ; (e) Once a proximate cause for disallowance is established—which is the relationship of the expenditure with income which does not form part of the total income—a disallowance has to be effected. All expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the provisions of the Act has to be disallowed under section 14A. Income which does not form part of the total income is broadly adverted to as exempt income as an abbreviated appellation. Insertion of sub-sections (2) and (3) to section 14A 32. Sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A were inserted by an amendment brought about by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1-4-2007. Sub-sections (2) and (3) provide as follows : "14A.(2) The assessing officer shall determine the amount of expenditure incurred in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income under this Act in accordance with such method as may be prescribed, if the assessing officer, having regard to the accounts of the assessee, is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of such expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act. (3) The provisions of sub-section (2) shall also apply in relation to a case where an assessee claims that no expenditure has been incurred by him in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act : Provided that nothing contained in this section shall empower the assessing officer either to reassess under section 147 or pass an order enhancing the assessment or reducing a refund already made or otherwise increasing the liability of the assessee under section 154 for any assessment year beginning on or before the 1-4-2001." (The proviso was inserted earlier by the Finance Act of 2002 with retrospective effect from 11-5-2001) 33. Under sub-section (2), the assessing officer is required to determine the amount of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income under the Act in accordance with such method as may be prescribed. The method, having regard to the meaning of the expression "prescribed" in section 2(33), must be prescribed by rules made under the Act. What merits emphasis is that the jurisdiction of the assessing officer to determine the expenditure incurred in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income, in accordance with the prescribed method, arises if the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of the expenditure which the assessee claims to have incurred in relation to income which does not part of the total income. Moreover, the satisfaction of the assessing officer has to be arrived at, having regard to the accounts of the assessee. Hence, sub-section (2) does not ipso facto enable the assessing officer to apply the method prescribed by the rules straightaway without considering whether the claim made by the assessee in respect of the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income is correct. The assessing officer must, in the first instance, determine whether the claim of the assessee in that regard is correct and the determination must be made having regard to the accounts of the assessee. The satisfaction of the assessing officer must be arrived at on an objective basis. It is only when the assessing officer is not satisfied with the claim of the assessee, that the Legislature directs him to follow the method that may be prescribed. In a situation where the accounts of the assessee furnish an objective basis for the assessing officer to arrive at a satisfaction in regard to the correctness of the claim of the assessee of the expenditure which has been incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income, there would be no warrant for taking recourse to the method prescribed by the rules. For, it is only in the event of the assessing officer not being so satisfied that recourse to the prescribed method is mandated by law. Sub-section (3) of section 14A provides for the application of sub-section (2) also to a situation where the assessee claims that no expenditure has been incurred by him in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Under the proviso, it has been stipulated that nothing in the section will empower the assessing officer, for an assessment year beginning on or before 1-4-2001, either to reassess under section 147 or pass an order enhancing the assessment or reducing the refund already made or otherwise increasing the liability of the assessee under section 154. 34. The circumstances in which the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) were introduced by an amendment have been adverted to in a circular of the Central Board of Direct Taxes dated 28-12-2006 (Circular No. 14 of 2006—(2006) 288 ITR (St.) 9). The circular notes that in the existing provisions of section 14A no method for computing the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income had been provided. As a result there was a considerable dispute between taxpayers and the revenue on the method of determining such expenditure. In this background, sub-section (2) was inserted so as to make it mandatory for the assessing officer to determine the amount of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income in accordance with the method that may be prescribed. The circular, however, reiterates that the assessing officer has to follow the prescribed method if he is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee having regard to the accounts of the assessee. Section 115-O The submission which has been urged on behalf of the assessee is that section 14A has no application either to dividend income or to income from mutual funds. The submission proceeds on the basis that the words "in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under this Act" can have no application to dividend income from shares or to income from mutual funds for the reason that such income is not exempt from income-tax, but is subject to tax under section 115-O and section 115R. 36. Now, sub-section (1) of section 115-O, prior to its substitution by the Finance Act, 2003, with effect from 1-4-2003, provided as follows : "(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision of this Act and subject to the provisions of this section, in addition to the income-tax chargeable in respect of the total income of a domestic company for any assessment year, any amount declared, distributed or paid by such company by way of dividends (whether interim or otherwise) on or after the 1-6-1997, but on or before the 31-3-2002, whether out of current or accumulated profits shall be charged to additional income-tax (hereinafter referred to as tax on distributed profits) at the rate of ten per cent." 37. Sub-section (2) of section 115-O stipulates that the tax on distributed profits under sub-section (1) shall be payable by the company notwithstanding that no income-tax is payable by a domestic company on its total income computed in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Sub-sections (4) and (5) of section 115-O provide as follows : "(4) The tax on distributed profits so paid by the company shall be treated as the final payment of tax in respect of the amount declared, distributed or paid as dividends and no further credit therefor shall be claimed by the company or by any other person in respect of the amount of tax so paid. (5) No deduction under any other provision of this Act shall be allowed to the company or a shareholder in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub-section (1) or the tax thereon." 38. Sub-section (1) of section 115-O begins with a non obstante provision and stipulates that any amount declared, distributed or paid by a company by way of dividends shall be charged to additional income-tax : "Additional" because this is in addition to income-tax chargeable in respect of the total income of the domestic company. The total income of a domestic company is chargeable to income-tax under the Act. In addition, any amount declared, distributed or paid by such company by way of dividends is subjected to additional income-tax at the stipulated rate. The charge under sub-section (1) of section 115-O is on a component of the profits of the domestic company representing an amount declared, distributed or paid by way of dividend. 39. The plain meaning of section 14A is that no deduction can be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by an assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Section 10 provides for incomes which shall not be included in computing the total income of a previous year of any person. Prior to the amendment brought about by the Finance Act of 2003 with effect from 1-4-2003, income by way of dividends referred to in section 115-O and income received in respect of the units of a mutual fund did not form part of the total income by virtue of the provisions of clause (33) of section 10. (clause (33) of section 10 was omitted by the Finance Act of 2003. Clauses (34) and (35) which were inserted by the same Finance Act, now provide that income by way of dividends referred to in section 115-O and income received in respect of the units of a mutual fund specified in clause (23) (b) shall not be included in computing the total income of any person for the previous year). Plainly dividend income and income from mutual funds are incomes which by virtue of the provisions of section 10, do not form part of the total income under the Act. Expenditure incurred in relation to the earning of such income has to be disallowed under section 14A. 40. The submission which has been urged on behalf of the assessee is that the expression "income which does not form part of the total income" under the Act should be interpreted to mean income which is exempt from tax. On this hypothesis, it has been urged that section 14A will not apply to dividend income because the revenue has already received its share of tax. 41. The submission cannot be accepted. The expression "income which does not form part of the total income" under the Act must receive its plain and grammatical construction. Such income is income which is not includible in computing the total income of the assessee under the provisions of the Act for a previous year. Now, it is trite law that under the Act, "it is income that is taxed but it is not taxed in vacuo. It is taxed in the hands of a person." (CIT v. Indian bank Ltd. (1965) 56 ITR 77 : AIR 1965 SC 1473 at paragraph 19 page 1476). Section 2(45) defines the expression "total income" to mean the total amount of income referred to in section 5, computed in the manner laid down in the Act. Section 4 charges the total income "of the previous year" of every person to income-tax. Section 5 makes a reference to the scope of the total income of any previous year of a person who is the recipient. This is defined to include all income, from whatsoever sources derived, which is received or deemed to be received or which accrues or is deemed to have accrued in India or which accrues or arises outside India during the previous year. Section 10 defines those categories of income which shall not be included in computing the total income of the previous year of any person. Income-tax is a tax on income in the hands of the assessee. Hence, when section 14A disallows expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income, it would include categories of income such as dividend from shares and income from mutual fund which under section 10 are not to be included in the total income. Since dividend income and income from mutual funds are not included in the total income of the assessee, no deduction of expenditure is permissible under section 14A(1). Sub-section (5) of section 115-O stipulates that no deduction under any other provisions of the Act shall be allowed to the company or to a shareholder in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under subsection (1) or the tax thereon. 42. The tax which is paid by the company on profits declared, distributed or paid by way of dividend is not a tax which is paid on behalf of the shareholder. The company is liable to pay income-tax in respect of its total income. In addition to the income-tax chargeable in respect of its total income, a domestic company is charged with the payment of additional income-tax, called a tax on distributed profits on any amount declared, distributed or paid by the company by way of dividend. The charge under sub-section (1) of section 115-O is on the profits of the company ; more specifically on that part of the profits which is declared, distributed or paid by way of dividend. The charge under sub-section (1) of section 115-O is not on income by way of dividend in the hands of the shareholder. The additional income-tax payable on profits of a domestic company under section 115-O is not a tax on dividend 43. Section 115-O provides that a domestic company which declares, distributes or pays dividend out of current or accumulated profits, shall, apart from paying tax on its total income, pay additional income-tax on the amount of profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend or after 1-4-2003. 44. To illustrate, if Rs. 1,000 is the total income of a domestic company and out of the total income of Rs. 1,000, Rs. 300 is declared, distributed or paid as dividend, then that domestic company is liable to pay income-tax on the total income of Rs. 1,000 at the rate specified under the relevant Finance Act and is further liable to pay additional income-tax at the rate prescribed under section 115-O on the amount of profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend. 45. Section 115-O has been enacted with a view to exempt dividend income. Prior to the insertion of section 115-O, domestic companies were liable to pay tax on the total income (including profits distributed as dividends) and shareholders were liable to pay tax on dividend income received. Domestic companies distributing profits as dividends were liable to deduct tax at source and shareholders receiving the dividend were entitled to take credit of such tax deducted at source. As this method was found to be cumbersome, Parliament chose to exempt dividend income in the hands of the shareholder and chose to levy additional income-tax on the amount of profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend by the domestic companies. Thus, by inserting section 115-O, additional income-tax is levied on the amount of profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend and by inserting section 10(33) it is made clear that the dividends referred to in section 115-O would be exempt from tax. 46. In Purshottamdas Thakurdas v. CIT (1963) 48 ITR (SC) 206 the Supreme court construed the provisions of section 16(2) and section 49B of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922. Sub-section (2) of section 16 provided that any dividend shall be deemed to be income of the year in which it is paid regardless of the question as to when the profits out of which the dividend is paid were earned. By a deeming fiction introduced by section 49B, when a dividend was paid to a shareholder by a company which was assessed to tax, the income-tax in respect of such dividend was deemed to have been paid by the shareholder himself. The Supreme Court observed that the position as a matter of general law was as follows (page 213) : "In general law, the company is chargeable to tax on its profits as a distinct taxable entity and it paid tax in discharge of its own liabilities and not on behalf of or as an agent for its shareholders." 47. This principle of general law was overridden by the deeming fiction that was created by section 49B in the Act of 1922. 48. Significantly, in the Income Tax Act, 1961, Parliament has not made such a deeming provision as was enacted in section 49B of the Act of 1922. On the contrary, sub-section (4) of section 115-0 has the effect of providing that the shareholder cannot claim any credit for the amount paid by the company under section 115-O(1). There is, therefore, merit in the submission of the Additional Solicitor General that dividend received by the shareholder is not tax paid. Similarly, as noted earlier, under sub-section (5), a shareholder is not entitled to claim any deduction in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub-section (1) of section 115-O or the tax thereon. Hence, viewed from the perspective of section 115-O as well as section 14A, it is evident that the tax on distributed profits is a charge on the company. The company is chargeable to tax on its profits as a distinct taxable entity. It does not do so on behalf of the shareholder. The company does not act as an agent of the shareholder in paying the tax under section 115-0. In the hands of the recipient shareholder dividend does not form part of the total income. On the contrary, section 10(33) clearly evinces Parliamentary intent that incomes from dividend (and from mutual funds) are not includible in the total income. 49. Counsel appearing on behalf of the assessee sought to place reliance on a circular issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes on 18-2-1998, explaining the provisions of the Finance Act of 1997, which introduced the provisions of section 115-O. The circular notes that according to the existing provisions of the Act, corporate dividends were taxed in the hands of shareholders under the head of income from other sources. Companies while paying dividend deducted tax at source at the rate in force and issued certificates of tax deduction to their shareholders. The shareholders, in turn, showed dividend income in their returns of income and claimed credit for tax deducted on the basis of these certificates. The existing method was found to involve "a lot of paper work" and there were demands that tax on dividend should be abolished as it would tantamount to double taxation, once in the hands of the company and again in the hands of the shareholders. The Circular states that the Finance Act of 1997, therefore, introduced a new system of collecting tax on profits distributed by the company by way of dividend, which was to be in addition to the income-tax chargeable in respect of the total income of the company. 50. The circular issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes as a matter of fact clearly establishes that prior to the introduction of section 115-O of the Finance Act of 1997, corporate dividends were taxed in the hands of shareholders as income from other sources. This provision was abolished by the introduction of section 115-O. Under sub-section (1) of section 115-O, an additional income-tax was imposed on profits distributed by a company by way of dividend and a new clause, clause (33) was inserted in section 10 to exempt dividend income in the hands of the shareholder. 51. We have also been fortified in the conclusion which we have drawn, by the judgment of the Supreme Court in Walfort (2010) 326 ITR 1(SC). The Supreme Court has in the following observation expressly held that since dividend income does not form part of the total income, the expenditure that is incurred in the earning of such income cannot be allowed even though it is of a nature specified in sections 15 to 59 (page 16) : "If an income like dividend income is not a part of the total income, the expenditure/deduction though of the nature specified in sections 15 to 59 but related to the income not forming part of the total income could not be allowed against other income includible in the total income for the purpose of chargeability to tax." 52. Having observed thus, the Supreme Court held that the theory apportioning expenditure between taxable and non-taxable income has now, in principle, been widened under section 14A. Hence, for the reasons that we have indicated earlier, we hold that income from dividend on shares is, in the hands of the recipient shareholder, income which does not form part of the total income. Hence, section 14A would apply and the expenditure incurred in earning such income would have to be disallowed. Income from mutual fund stands on the same footing. 53. Another submission which has been urged on behalf of the assessees by Mr. Kaka, intervening counsel is that section 10 deals with three categories : (i) the first category is where the emphasis is on income which is exempt in the hands of any person. This category deals with the character of income such as agricultural income and not of the recipient of the income ; (ii) the second category exemplified by sub-sections (2) and (2A) of section 10 (where the recipient is a member of an HUF or a partner) is where the same income is not to be charged to tax twice in the hands of two persons ; (iii) the third category is where the character of the recipient is important and not the character of the income, e.g., a local authority. The submission is that section 10(33) is not an exemption provision, but has been made to prevent the State from taxing the same income twice over. The object of section 10(33), it was urged, is to prevent double taxation and section 14A cannot apply to such a situation. In other words, it has been urged that it was only to disallow expenditure covered by the first category of section 10 where the income is fully exempt from taxation in the hands of any person—that section 14A has been enacted. 54. We do not find any warrant for an artificial reading down of the provisions of section 14A in the manner that is sought to be done. Section 14A plainly stipulates that no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Dividend income does not form part of the total income under the Act by virtue of the provisions of section 10(33). Consequently, it is impossible to accede to the submission that section 14A should be confined only to those categories of income, such as agricultural income, where the income is exempt in the hands of any person. The judgment of the Privy Council in CIT v. Sir Kameshwar Singh (1935) 3 ITR 305 (PC) is of no relevance to the issue involved in this case. While construing the provisions of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1922, the Privy Council observed that agricultural income is excluded altogether from the scope of the Act whatsoever or by whomsoever it may be received. This would have no bearing on the construction to be placed on the provisions of section 14A. A summation of our conclusions on the interpretation of the provisions 55. In order to conclude the discussion on this aspect of the case, we would proceed to recapitulate our conclusions. (i) section 14A was enacted by Parliament in order to overcome the judgments of the Supreme Court in the case of Indian Bank (1965) 56 ITR 77(SC), Maharashtra Sugar (1971) 82 ITR 452 and Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (2000) 242 ITR 450(SC) in which it was held that in the case of a composite and indivisible business, which results in earning of taxable and non-taxable income, it is impermissible to apportion the expenditure between that which was laid out for the earning of taxable as opposed to non-taxable income ; (ii) The effect of section 14A is to widen the theory of the apportionment of expenditure. Prior to the enactment of section 14A where the business of an assessee was not a composite and indivisible business and the assessee earned both taxable and non-taxable income, the expenditure incurred on earning non-taxable income could not be allowed as a deduction as against the taxable income. As a result of the enactment of section 14A, no expenditure can be allowed as a deduction in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Hence, even in the case of a composite and indivisible business, which results in the earning of taxable and non-taxable income, it would be necessary to apportion the expenditure incurred by the assessee. Only that part of the expenditure which is incurred in relation to income which forms part of the total income can be allowed. The expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income has to be disallowed ; (iii) From this it would follow that section 14A has implicit within it a notion of apportionment. The principle of apportionment which prior to the amendment of section 14A would not have applied to expenditure incurred in a composite and indivisible business which results in taxable and non-taxable income, must after the enactment of the provisions apply even to such a situation ; (iv) The expression "expenditure incurred" in section 14A refers to expenditure on rent, taxes, salaries, interest, etc., in respect of which allowances are provided for ; (v) Sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A are intended to enforce and implement the provisions of sub-section (1). The object of sub-section (2) is to provide a uniformity of method where the assessing officer is, on the basis of the accounts of the assessee, not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of such expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act ; (vi) Even in the absence of sub-section (2) of section 14A, the assessing officer would have to apportion the expenditure and to disallow the expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. The assessing officer would have to follow a reasonable method of apportioning the expenditure consistent with what the circumstances of the case would warrant and having regard to all the relevant facts and circumstances ; (vii) Consequent upon the insertion of sub-section (2), disputes which had arisen between taxpayers and the revenue on the method of determining the expenditure to be disallowed, have been given a quietus by adopting a uniform method of determination ; (viii) Sub-section (2) of section 14A does not enable the assessing officer to apply the method prescribed by rule 8D without determining in the first instance the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee. Sub-section (2) of section 14A mandates that it is only when having regard to the accounts of the assessee, the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act, that he can proceed to make a determination under the Rules ; (ix) The satisfaction envisaged by sub-section (2) of section 14A is an objective satisfaction that has to be arrived at by the assessing officer having regard to the accounts of the assessee. The safeguard introduced by sub-section (2) of section 14A for a fair and reasonable exercise of power by the assessing officer, conditioned as it is by the requirement of an objective satisfaction, must, therefore, be scrupulously observed. An objective satisfaction contemplates a notice to the assessee, an opportunity to the assessee to place on record all the relevant facts including his accounts and recording of reasons by the assessing officer in the event that he comes to the conclusion that he is not satisfied with the claim of the assessee ; (x) The effect of section 115-O is that in addition to the income-tax chargeable on the total income of a domestic company, additional income-tax is charged on profits declared, distributed or paid. This tax which is referred to as a tax on distributed profits is what it means, namely, a tax on the profits of the company. This is not a tax on dividend income. Under section 115-O, the charge is on a component of the profits of the company ; that component representing profits declared, distributed or paid. The tax under section 115-O is not a tax which is paid by the company on behalf of the shareholder, nor does the company act as an agent of the shareholder in paying the tax. This legal position is fortified by the circumstance that the shareholder is not entitled to any deduction in respect of the amount which has been charged to tax under sub-section (1) or the tax thereon ; (xi) Additional income-tax liability on the profits declared, distributed or paid as dividend by a domestic company, cannot be considered as tax on dividend, because, (a) Provisions contained in Chapter XII-D are special provisions relating to tax on the distributed profits of domestic companies. Even section 115-0 in Chapter XII-D clearly states that the additional income-tax liability thereunder is on the amount of profits declared, distributed or paid by a domestic company as dividend. Thus, the additional income-tax under section 115-O is a tax on profits and not a tax on dividend. (b) Distribution of profits as dividend being appropriation of profits, the company distributing profits as dividend is liable to pay tax on the total income inclusive of the amount of profits distributed as dividend. By inserting section 115-O, the Legislature has imposed additional income-tax on the amount of profits distributed as dividend. Thus, tax as well as additional income-tax are taxes levied on the profits of a domestic company. From the fact that the additional income-tax is levied only on profits declared, distributed, or paid as dividend, it cannot be said that the additional income-tax is not a tax on the profits of the domestic company but a tax on dividend. (c) Where profits of a company are distributed as dividend, those profits are taxed in the hands of the company and dividends are taxed in the hands of the shareholders because the character of the income in the hands of a company and in the hands of a shareholder is totally different. Profits in the hands of a company would be business income, whereas, the said amounts when distributed as dividend, would constitute dividend income in the hands of the shareholders. In such a case, the liability on the company is on profits of business income, whereas the tax liability on the shareholder would be on the dividend income. The Legislature has chosen to exempt tax on dividend income and has chosen to impose additional tax on profits distributed as dividend. Therefore, the tax as well as additional tax are taxes levied on a domestic company on its profits and it cannot be said that the regular/normal tax is levied on profits and the additional tax is levied on the dividend. When section 115-O specifically states that the additional tax is on the profits distributed as dividend, there is no reason to hold that the additional income-tax is a tax on dividend. (d) Income-tax is charged on the income earned by an assessee. When profits are distributed as dividend, there is no income earned by a domestic company and consequently, there is no question of taxing the amount distributed as dividend. However, the Legislature has chosen to impose additional tax in addition to the regular tax, payable on the profits of a domestic company. Thus, the regular tax as well as the additional tax are taxes on the profits of the domestic companies. (e) Incomes enumerated in section 10 are not includible in the total income, because the Legislature exempts such income from tax. Dividends referred to in section 115-0 are covered under section 10(33) and hence exempt from tax. As noted earlier, the additional tax under section 115-O is a tax on the profits distributed as dividend and not a tax on dividend. In the absence of section 10(33), tax would have been payable on the dividends referred to in section 115-O. Therefore, it is clearly evident from section 10(33) that dividends referred to in section 115-O are exempt from tax. (f) It is contended that dividends taxed in the hands of a domestic company under section 115-O if held taxable again in the hands of a shareholder, would amount to double taxation. There is no merit in this contention because, additional tax is a tax on the profits of the company which is distributed as dividend, whereas, tax in the hands of a shareholder is a tax on dividend income. (g) This is also supported by Circular No. 763, dated 18-2-1998 issued to explain the provisions of section 115-O and section 10(33) inserted by the Finance Act, 1997. The Circular, clearly and unequivocally states that section 10(33) and section 115-O are intended to exempt dividend income and levy a new tax on distributed profits on domestic companies. Thus, what is collected under section 115-0 is the additional tax on profits distributed as dividend and not a tax on dividends, because dividends received are exempt under section 10(33). (xii) The general principle of law is that a company is chargeable to tax on its profits as a distinct taxable entity and has to pay tax in discharge of its own liability and not on behalf of or as an agent of its shareholders. This position of the general law is recognized and incorporated in section 115-0 and is not overridden by the statutory provision ; (xiii) Income from dividend and similarly income from mutual funds do not form part of the total income under section 10(33). The expenditure incurred in relation to earning such income cannot be allowed under section 14A ; (xiv) In order to determine the quantum of the disallowance, there must be a proximate relationship between the expenditure and the income which does not form part of the total income. Once such a proximate relationship exists, the disallowance has to be effected. All expenditure incurred in the earning of income which does not form part of the total income has to be disallowed subject to compliance with the test adopted by the Supreme Court in Walfort (2010) 326 ITR 1 and it would not be permissible to restrict the provisions of section 14A by an artificial method of interpretation. C. 2 A plain and grammatical construction does not lead to absurdity 56. On behalf of the assessee, it is sought to be urged that the application of the literal meaning of section 14A would result in absurd consequences. In dealing with the submission, this court must have due regard to the principle of law which is enunciated by the Supreme Court in CIT v. J. H. Gotla (1985) 156 ITR 323(SC) that "Where the plain and literal interpretation of a statutory provision produces a manifestly unjust result which could never have been intended by the Legislature, the court might modify the language used by the Legislature so as to achieve the intention of the Legislature and produce a rational construction." As the Supreme Court observed "equity and taxation are often strangers" yet "attempts should be made that these do not remain always so and if a construction results in equity rather than injustice, then such construction should be preferred to the literal construction". The same principle was adopted by the Supreme Court in an earlier decision in K. P. Varghese v. Income Tax Officer (1981) 131 ITR 597(SC). On similar lines is the decision of the Karnataka High Court in CIT v. H. S. Shivarudrappa (1993) 200 ITR 1(Bom). 57. The court will not lightly reject the plain and grammatical construction of a statute. The subject must be within the letter of the law and the court will not abandon the words used by the Legislature in preference to a diffuse if even ephemeral object of deciphering purpose. Legislative purpose in fiscal enactments must lie within the folds of the words used. Before the court rejects the plain and grammatical construction of a statute, it must be satisfied that such a construction would lead to a result unintended by the Legislature or result in an absurdity. For one thing, individual cases of hardship, set up on the basis of hypothetical examples tendered at the Bar do not establish absurdity of the law. Moreover, it has been submitted by the Additional Solicitor General that the example tendered before the court proceeds on several assumptions these being : (i) an assumption that had there been no tax under section 115-O, the board of directors of a company would have recommended a higher dividend (higher by the extent of the tax) for distribution to the shareholders; (ii) the assumption that in effect, it is the shareholder who bears the tax under section 115-O(1) since the shareholder has forgone the assumed higher dividend ; (iii) an assumption that the payment of tax under section 115-O(1) is on behalf of the shareholder. On these assumptions, the conclusion is sought to be drawn by the assessee that the shareholder will suffer twice, namely, by the assumed payment of tax on his behalf under section 115-O(1) and by the disallowance on expenditure claimed under section 14A. We are in agreement with the submission which has been urged on behalf of the Union Government that the contention that the literal interpretation of section 14A would lead to an absurd consequence is erroneous. As the Supreme Court observed in Walfort (2010) 326 ITR 1(SC), section 14A represents a serious attempt on the part of Parliament to ensure that the tax incentive to certain incomes should not be used to reduce the tax payable on non-taxable income by debiting expenses incurred to earn non-taxable income against the taxable income. In other words, what section 14A effectuates is that a shareholder should not get the benefit both of an exemption under section 10(33) and also a deduction in respect of the expenditure laid out towards earning tax free income. If the dividend income had not been exempt under section 10(33), the revenue would have taxed such dividend income and the assessee would have been entitled to a deduction in respect of its expenditure in relation to that income. Dividend income does not form part of the total income under section 10(33). Section 14A ensures that the shareholder whose income from dividend is not included in the total income of a previous year shall not claim a deduction in respect of the expenditure incurred in relation to earning such income. Section 14A is founded on a valid rationale that the basic principle of taxation is to tax net income that is to say, gross income minus the expenditure. On that analogy as the Supreme Court observed in Walfort (2010) 326 ITR 1(SC), the exemption is also in respect of net income and expenses allowed can only be in relation to the earning of taxable income. We do not, therefore, accept the submission of the assessee that an absurdity would result on the application of the literal interpretation of section 14A. C. 3 Constitutional validity of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A and of rule 8D 58. Rule 8D provides as follows : "8D.(1) Where the assessing officer, having regard to the accounts of the assessee of a previous year, is not satisfied with— (a) the correctness of the claim of expenditure made by the assessee ; or (b) the claim made by the assessee that no expenditure has been incurred, in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act for such previous year, he shall determine the amount of expenditure in relation to such income in accordance with the provisions of sub-rule (2). (2) The expenditure in relation to income which does not form part of the total income shall be the aggregate of following amounts, namely :— (i) the amount of expenditure directly relating to income which does not form part of total income ; (ii) in a case where the assessee has incurred expenditure by way of interest during the previous year which is not directly attributable to any particular income or receipt, an amount computed in accordance with the following formula, namely :— A×B C Where A = amount of expenditure by way of interest other than the amount of interest included in clause (i) incurred during the previous year ; B = the average of value of investment, income from which does not or shall not form part of the total income, as appearing in the balance-sheet of the assessee, on the first day and the last day of the previous year ; C = the average of total assets as appearing in the balance-sheet of the assessee, on the first day and the last day of the previous year ; (iii) an amount equal to one-half per cent, of the average of the value of investment, income from which does not or shall not form part of the total income, as appearing in the balance-sheet of the assessee, on the first day and the last day of the previous year." Section 14A(2) and (3) 59. On behalf of the assessee, it has been submitted that (i) the very idea that there can be a uniform rule for determining the expenditure relating to the earning of tax free income is arbitrary and violative of article 14. Every industry, it has been urged, has its own peculiar background and one cannot equate a manufacturing industry with a service industry or an entity dealing in investment or in shares. Every asset has its peculiar situation. Sub-section (2) of section 14A by providing for a uniform method of applicability, is alleged to treat unequals alike and is, therefore, said to be violative of article 14 ; (ii) section 14A(2) confers a power and if it is interpreted as having been conferred retrospectively, it would be ultra vires as one can never conceive of a power to do something being conferred with retrospective effect. Rule 8D 60. The submission on behalf of the assessee in the challenge to rule 8D is as follows : (i) Under rule 8D(2)(i) direct expenditure relating to exempt income is taken into account and under rule 8D(2)(ii)A from the total interest expenditure, direct interest expenditure for earning tax free income is to be excluded. The "A" portion of the balance-sheet is to be disallowed without exclusion of interest expenditure directly relatable to earning taxable income ; (ii) under rule 8D(2)(ii)B that is in the numerator of the ratio, the average of the value of investments is taken without reducing it by (a) investments directly relatable to own funds as there can be no question of apportioning any part of the interest to investment which has given out of own funds, and (b) investments which are directly relatable to borrowed funds as otherwise apart from the direct interest disallowed under rule 8D(2)(i), there would be a double disallowance of interest by way of a higher allocation of indirect interest expending under rule 8D(2)(ii) ; and (iii) the determination of disallowance under rule 8D(2)(ii)C adopting half per cent, of average value taken has nothing to do with the amount of the actual expenditure. In fact, the amount arrived at under the rule can even exceed the total expenditure incurred by an assessee ; (iv) the form prescribed in rule 8D goes beyond sub-section (2) of section 14A and at the least does not prescribe an accepted or a well settled method for determining expenditure. 61. On the other hand, it has been submitted on behalf of the Union of India that (i) judicial review of the measure or manner in which a tax is computed is limited and it is only if there is perversity or capriciousness in the method adopted by the Legislature, that it would violate article 14 ; (ii) the provisions of rule 8D are in conformity with the principle contained in section 14A(1) and only provide for a measure and mechanism to compute the portion of expenditure attributable to exempt income ; (iii) rule 8D provides a rational, fair and reasonable method for computing the quantum of expenditure attributable to tax exempt income. The provision presents a reasonable solution to assess a complex accounting and tax problem and the underlying rationale has been explained in the affidavit in reply; (iv) the fact that rule 8D adopts a uniform method as a means of computation does not make it arbitrary or unreasonable : (a) the method will be adopted only if the assessing officer is not satisfied of the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee ; (b) the adoption of standard rates or percentages to compute figures of income or expenditure are not abhorrent to tax legislation; (v) an estimate can be made so long as it is not arbitrary and has a nexus with the facts discovered. Even if the court believes that it is not a best estimate or .the most appropriate method, it cannot be struck down since in the realm of constitutional validity, the court is not concerned with mathematical or scientific exactitude of the method ; (vi) rule 8D only provides a machinery or method to measure and attribute expenditure that is relatable to tax exempt income. On the contrary, if expenditure utilized towards earning tax exempt income was a permissible deduction, the assessee would have the benefit not only of the exemption from tax of the income earned but also the benefit of a reduction of taxable income by the amount of expenditure incurred not towards taxable income, but towards income which is already exempt from tax ; (vii) rule 8D(2)(ii) applies only to a grey area where it is not possible to determine the borrowing on which interest was paid. Where the assessee has failed to correctly apportion the expenditure, the assessing officer has to adopt the prescribed formula and the amount of interest attributable to exempt income also has to be computed by a formula. Since funds are fungible, it would be difficult to allocate the actual quantum of borrowed funds that have been used for making tax free investments. It is only the interest on borrowed funds that will be apportioned—the amount of expenditure by way of interest that will be taken (as "A") will exclude any expenditure by way of interest which is directly attributable to any particular income or receipt (e. g., any aspect of the assessee's business such as plant/machinery, etc.) ; (viii) as regards rule 8D(2)(iii) since investments and the income that they realize will not usually require direct administrative or management expenses, and since these are usually accounted for in common with all the other businesses of the assessee, logic requires that some mechanism or formula be adopted for attributing part of the administrative/managerial expenses to the tax exempt investment income. It is common knowledge that under the Portfolio Management Scheme portfolio managers charge about 2 to 2.5 per cent, of the portfolio value as a fee. The profit element of such fee usually does not exceed 1 per cent, of the portfolio value. As set out in detail in the affidavit in reply adopting 0.50 per cent, of the average of the value of investments (income from which is tax exempt) is not unreasonable and results in identification of expenditure which has a direct and immediate connection with the tax exempt income ; (ix) if a pro rata method was applied in the alternative to the aforesaid method provided in rule 8D(2)(iii) the amount of disallowance would be immense, as set out in the chart tendered to the court by the revenue. In the case of the appellant for the assessment year under consideration, on an expenditure of Rs. 189.77 crores (excluding direct expenditure and expenditure on power, fuel etc.), the disallowance under the pro rata method as followed in rule 8D(2)(ii) would be Rs. 82 crores. However, under the 0.5 per cent, measure provided by rule 8D(2)(iii) the disallowance is Rs. 1.57 crores. Hence, the present measure is in fact, more favourable to the assessee and cannot under any circumstances be said to be unconstitutional ; (x) hence, the intention of section 14A is clearly to disallow all expenses relating to the non-taxable income, and to curb the practice of claiming allowances for expenditure on exempt income. All that is required is to show that there is a "proximate cause" between the expenditure incurred and the exempt income. A "proximate cause" connotes a relationship between the expense and the exempt income (Walfort (2010) 326 ITR 1 (SC)). So understood, even indirect expenses may have a proximate cause to the exempt income, and the same must hence be disallowed. For example, if the staff employed in an office partake of in both manufacturing and dividend business, that proportion of the staff (indirect) expenses incurred in relation to the dividend business will be disallowed. However, if the assessee does not maintain separate accounts, it would be necessary for the assessing officer to determine the proportion of expenditure incurred in relation to the dividend business (i.e., earning exempt income). It is for exactly such situations that a machinery/method for computing the proportion of expenditure incurred in relation to the dividend business has been provided by way of section 14A(2)/(3) and rule 8D. The parameters of judicial review 62. There is a presumption of constitutionality which is ingrained in our constitutional jurisprudence. This presumption is founded on the principle of democratic governance which recognizes that while the judiciary is invested with the power of judicial review, the Legislature which is responsible to the people is responsive to the needs and concerns of society. In matters of economic regulation, the Legislature and its delegate must have the power to frame new policies and adjust existing ones in accordance with the felt needs of the time. While dealing with challenges to fiscal legislation, these principles must apply a fortiori. The court recognizes the existence of a healthy discretion in the Legislature in determining the subject of tax, the grant of exemptions and the creation of a machinery that would effectively enforce the charging provisions. "... courts, in view of the inherent complexity of fiscal adjustment of diverse elements, permit a larger discretion to the Legislature in the matter of classification, so long it adheres to the fundamental principles underlying the said doctrine. The power of the Legislature to classify is of `wide range and flexibility' so that it can adjust its system of taxation in all proper and reasonable ways." 64. Again, the Supreme Court emphasized that though the method suggested may be better than the method actually adopted by the Legislature, the hardship in individual cases cannot in any event be avoided. Unless the method which has been adopted is capricious, fanciful, arbitrary or clearly unjust, the court would be loathe to strike down the law (page 30) : "It is true taxation law cannot claim immunity from the equality clause of the Constitution. The taxation statute shall not also be arbitrary and oppressive, but at the same time the court cannot, for obvious reasons, meticulously scrutinize the impact of its burden on different persons or interests. Where there is more than one method of assessing tax and the Legislature selects one out of them, the court will not be justified to strike down the law on the ground that the Legislature should have adopted another method which, in the opinion of the court, is more reasonable, unless it is convinced that the method adopted is capricious, fanciful, arbitrary or clearly unjust." 65. Advantages or disadvantages to individual assessees are "accidental and inevitable and are inherent in every taxing statute as it has to draw a line somewhere and some cases necessarily fall on the other side of the line." (at paragraph 10 page 597 of 48 ITR (SC)) 66 66. In Ganga Sugar Corporation Ltd. v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1980) 45 STC 36 ; (1980) 1 SCC 223 the Supreme Court recorded a caution which must be observed by the court in dealing with challenges to the constitutional validity of taxing statues (page 49 of 45 STC) : "Practical considerations of the administration, traditional practices in the trade, other economic pros and cons enter the verdict but, after a judicial generosity is extended to the legislative wisdom, if there is writ on the statute perversity, `madness' in the method or gross disparity, judicial credulity may snap and the measure may meet with its funeral." 67. Classification for taxation and the application of article 14 in that context has to be viewed liberally and not meticulously. Classification, as held by the Supreme Court, is primarily for the Legislature and becomes a judicial issue only when "the legislation bears on its bosom obvious condemnation by way of caprice or irrationality". In State of U. P. v. Kamla Palace (2000) 1 SCC 557, a Bench of three learned judges of the Supreme Court observed, following the decision in R. K. Garg v. UOI (1982) 133 ITR 239(SC) ; (1981) 4 SCC 675 that laws relating to the field of taxation "enjoy a greater latitude than laws touching civil rights" and such legislation ought not to be struck down "merely on account of crudities and inequities inasmuch as such legislations are designed to take care of complex situations and complex problems which do not admit of solutions through any doctrinaire approach or strait jacket formulae". Mr. Justice R. C. Lahoti (as the learned Chief Justice then was), speaking for the Bench, observed as follows (page 563 of (2000) 1 SCC) : "The Legislature gaining wisdom from historical facts, existing situations, matters of common knowledge and practical problems and guided by considerations of policy must be given a free hand to devise classes—whom to tax or not to tax, whom to exempt or not to exempt and whom to give incentives and lay down the rates of taxation, benefits or concessions. In the field of taxation if the test of article 14 is satisfied by generality of provisions the courts would not substitute judicial wisdom for legislative wisdom." "Because of the inherent complexity of fiscal adjustments of diverse elements in the field of tax, the Legislature is permitted a large discretion in the matter of classification to determine not only what should be taxed but also the manner in which the tax may be imposed. Courts are extremely circumspect in questioning the rea-sonability of such classification but after a `judicial generosity is extended to legislative wisdom, if there is writ on the statute perversity, madness in the method or gross disparity, judicial credibility may snap and the measure may meet with its funeral." 69. These principles must guide the determination by this court on the constitutional challenge to sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A and to rule 8D. A fundamental basis of the challenge addressed before the court is the prescription of a uniform method for determining the disallowance of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form a part of the total income under the Act. The challenge is that the law and the subordinate legislation operate in situations which are unequal by prescribing a uniform method to assessees who are not similarly situated. The challenge is to the treatment of unequals equally. 70. Now, in dealing with the challenge it is necessary to advert to the position that sub-section (2) of section 14A prescribes a uniform method for determining the amount of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income only in a situation where the assessing officer, having regard to the accounts of the assessee is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in respect of such expenditure. It, therefore, merits emphasis that sub-section (2) of section 14A does not authorize or empower the assessing officer to apply the prescribed method irrespective of the nature of the claim made by the assessee. The assessing officer has to first consider the correctness of the claim of the assessee having regard to the accounts of the assessee. The satisfaction of the assessing officer has to be objectively arrived at on the basis of those accounts and after considering all the relevant facts and circumstances. The application of the prescribed method arises in a situation where the claim made by the assessee in respect of expenditure which is relatable to the earning of income which does not form part of the total income under the Act is found to be incorrect. In such a situation a method had to be devised for apportioning the expenditure incurred by the assessee between what is incurred in relation to the earning of taxable income and that which is incurred in relation to the earning of non-taxable income. As a matter of fact, the memorandum explaining the provisions of the Finance Bill, 2006, and the Central Board of Direct Taxes circular dated 28-12-2006, state that since the existing provisions of section 14A did not provide a method of computing the expenditure incurred in relation to income which did not form part of the total income, there was a considerable dispute between taxpayers and the department on the method of determining such expenditure. It was in this background that sub-section (2) was inserted so as to provide a uniform method applicable where the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee. Sub-section (3) clarifies that the application of the method would be attracted even to a situation where the assessee has claimed that no expenditure at all was incurred in relation to the earning of non-taxable income. 71. Parliament has provided an adequate safeguard to the invocation of the power to determine the expenditure incurred in relation to the earning of non-taxable income by adoption of the prescribed method. The invocation of the power is made conditional on the objective satisfaction of the assessing officer in regard to the correctness of the claim of the assessee, having regard to the accounts of the assessee. When a statute postulates the satisfaction of the assessing officer "Courts will not readily defer to the conclusiveness of an executive authority's opinion as to the existence of a matter of law or fact upon which the validity of the exercise of the power is predicated". (M. A. Rasheed v. State of Kerala (1974) AIR 1974 SC 22491). A decision by the assessing officer has to be arrived at in good faith on relevant considerations. The assessing officer must furnish to the assessee a reasonable opportunity to show cause on the correctness of the claim made by him. In the event that the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim made by the assessee, he must record reasons for his conclusion. These safeguards which are implicit in the requirements of fairness and fair procedure under article 14 must be observed by the assessing officer when he arrives at his satisfaction under sub-section (2) of section 14A. As we shall note shortly hereafter, sub-rule (1) of rule 8D has also incorporated the essential requirements of sub-section (2) of section 14A before the assessing officer proceeds to apply the method prescribed under sub-rule (2). 72. The charge of the assessee that there is an inherent arbitrariness in prescribing a uniform method for determining the disallowance of expenditure in relation to the earning of non-taxable income must, therefore, fail for three reasons. Firstly, as a matter of fundamental principle, when the court is confronted with a challenge to a classification by tax legislation either on the ground of over or under inclusion, it is trite law that the court must defer to the wisdom of the Legislature. Crudities and inequities are involved in making complex fiscal adjustments that are intrinsic to any fiscal measure. Diverse methods are open to the Legislature to achieve a result and if the Legislature adopts a particular method, the court will not substitute its own view for that of the Legislature merely because another method appears more suitable or because a better crafted measure could have been put into place. Unless the method which has been selected is capricious, fanciful or arbitrary, the court will defer to the wisdom of the Legislature and to its delegate who is subject to its legislative control. Burdens and disadvantages are not ground enough to strike down the constitutional validity of legislation or subordinate legislation. Cases of individual hardship are similarly not a valid ground for striking down constitutional validity. So long as the measure which has been put into place has nexus with the object sought to be achieved, is passes constitutional muster. Secondly, sub-section (2) of section 14A makes it abundantly clear that the power to apply the prescribed method arises only where the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee having regard to the accounts of the assessee. It is because the assessee is unable to establish the correctness of the claim in respect of the expenditure incurred in earning income which does not form part of the taxable income that the assessing officer is compelled to make a determination. The learned Additional Solicitor General has placed before the court material that would indicate that if a simplistic pro rata disallowance were to be made, that would as a matter of fact have resulted in a disallowance of Rs. 82 crores on an expenditure of Rs. 189.77 crores. As opposed to this the disallowance under rule 8D(2)(iii) is restricted to Rs. 1.57 crores. Before the Legislature prescribed a uniform method, disputes had occurred between assessees and the department in regard to the method to be adopted in computing the expenditure relatable to the earning of non-taxable income. In this background, if the Legislature considered it appropriate to prescribe a particular method that legislative choice cannot be held to be arbitrary or oppressive. Thirdly, sub-sections (2) and (3) and the proviso to section 14A contain sufficient safeguards that would ensure a reasonable exercise of power. Apart from the safeguards to which a reference has been made earlier, the proviso stipulates that nothing contained in the section shall empower the assessing officer to reassess under section 147; or enhance the assessment or reduce the refund already made ; or otherwise increase the liability of the assessee under section 154, for any assessment year beginning on or before 1-4-2001. 73. In the affidavit in reply that has been filed on behalf of the revenue an explanation has been provided of the rationale underlying rule 8D. In the written submissions which have been filed by the Additional Solicitor General it has been stated, with reference to rule 8D(2)(ii) that since funds are fungible, it would be difficult to allocate the actual quantum of borrowed funds that have been used for making tax free investments. It is only the interest on borrowed funds that would be apportioned and the amount of expenditure by way of interest that will be taken (as "A" in the formula) will exclude any expenditure by way of interest which is directly attributable to any particular income or receipt (for example—any aspect of the assessee's business such as plant/machinery, etc.). As regards rule 8D(2)(iii) it has been submitted that some mechanism or formula had to be adopted for attributing part of the administrative/managerial expenses to tax exempt investment income. The administrative expenses attributable to tax free investment income have a fixed component and a variable component. A view was taken that the disallowance should also be linked to the value of the investment rather than the amount of exempt income. Under Portfolio Management Schemes (PMS) the fee charged ranges between 2 and 2.5 per cent, of the portfolio value which would be inclusive of a profit element for the portfolio manager. While the fixed administrative expenses were excluded, on the ground that in the case of a large corporate taxpayer they would be spread over a large number of voluminous activities, the variable expenses were computed at one-half per cent, of the value of the investment. The justification that has been offered in support of the rationale for rule 8D cannot be regarded as being capricious, perverse or arbitrary. Applying the tests formulated by the Supreme Court it is not possible for this court to hold that there is writ on the statute or on the subordinate legislation perversity, caprice or irrationality. There is certainly no "madness in the method". C.4 Retrospectivity 74. On behalf of the assessee it has been urged that sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A and rule 8D cannot have retrospective effect. Counsel submitted that procedural laws are those which merely prescribe the manner in which rights and responsibilities may be exercised and enforced in a court. Rule 8D which lays down the rules for determining the amount of disallowance under section 14A, it has been urged, cannot be regarded as a procedural rule but, is a provision which purports to determine the income which is chargeable to tax. Moreover, it has been urged that rule 8D has adopted an artificial method for computing the disallowance of expenditure attributable to the earning of non-taxable income and it is not one out of several well accepted or well settled modes of computation. Hence, it was submitted that the present case is distinguishable from the situation which arose before the Supreme Court in CWT v. Sharvan Kumar Swarup and Sons (1994) 210 ITR 886 (SC). Further, reliance was placed on section 295(4) which specifically provides that no retrospective effect could be given to a rule so as to prejudicially affect the interest of the assessee. Sub-sections (2) and (3) were inserted into section 14A by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1-4-2007. Rule 8D was inserted by the Income Tax Act (Fifth Amendment) Rules, 2008, which were published in the Gazette on 24-3-2008. The rules specifically provide that they shall come into force from the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. These provisions, it was urged, cannot be applied to the assessment year 2002-03 which is under consideration as it is the law prevalent on the first day of April of an assessment year that would have to be applied. In any event where different dates are provided for the enforcement of diverse provisions of section 14A, sub-sections (2) and (3) cannot be regarded as being retrospective. 75. On the other hand, it has been urged on behalf of the Union Government, that (i) the provisions of section 14A(2) and rule 8D are procedural and provide only a machinery for the implementation of the principle of apportionment; (ii) machinery provisions by which a charging section is to be implemented or made workable or prescribing the circumstances in which the charging power can be exercised are to be given retrospective effect which is coterminus with the period of operation of the main charging provision ; (iii) the presumption against restrospectivity would not apply to a curative or declaratory provision, when the intent of Parliament is to override an erroneous judicial interpretation of the existing law and to declare what the position in law already was. Section 14A(1) merely sought to correct an erroneous judicial interpretation in relation to the apportionment of expenses ; (iv) rule 8D in the present case is clarificatory of how the primary legislation is to be implemented since (i) it only clarifies the method which could have been followed by the assessing officer in any case for determining how much of the deduction claimed had proximate relation with the exempt income, and (ii) it would render workable in a uniform manner Parliamentary intent under section 14A(1) ; and (v) the date which has been stated in the Amending Act from which the amendment is to have effect is irrelevant and the court has to analyze the nature of the provision to determine whether it should be applied retrospectively. These submissions now fall for determination. 76. The fundamental principle of law is that Parliament has plenary power to legislate, on matters falling within its legislative competence and that power extends to the enactment of legislation with prospective and retrospective effect. Legislative competence of Parliament to enact the law is not in dispute. Law raises a presumption that an amendment which affects substantive rights and obligations is intended by the Legislature to have prospective effect. On the other hand, amendments on matters of procedure are presumed to be retrospective so as to apply to pending cases. These are, however, presumptions which can be outweighed by the language of an amending statute. That is because the Legislature has plenary power to legislate both prospectively and retrospectively. Therefore, whether an amending provision is to operate with prospective or retrospective effect has to be determined on the language and ambit of the statutory provision. Amendments which are clarificatory or declaratory of the position in law, as the Legislature intended it always to be, are regarded as being retrospective. Hence, when the Legislature steps in by amending the law to set right an incorrect judicial interpretation, an inference can be drawn that the amendment was intended to be retrospective. An amendment which is inserted to remedy unintended consequences and to make a provision workable or which supplies an obvious omission and is required to be read into a section to give it reasonable interpretation has been treated as retrospective in operation. 77. These principles emerge from the precedent on the subject : (i) In ITO v. M. C. Ponnoose (1970) 75 ITR 174 (SC), the Supreme Court dealt with a case where section 2(44) containing the definition of the expression "Tax Recovery Officer" was substituted by the Finance Act of 1963 and it was provided that the new definition shall be and shall be deemed always to have been substituted. As amended, clause (ii) of section 2(44) empowered the State Government to authorize by notification certain land revenue officers to exercise the powers of a Tax Recovery Officer. The State Government issued a notification dated 14-8-1963 which was published in the Gazette on 20-8-1963, authorizing various revenue officers to exercise the powers of the Tax Recovery Officer. The notification stated that it shall come into force on 1-4-1962. The Tah-sildar had effected an attachment subsequent to 1-4-1962, but prior to 14-8-1963. The Supreme Court held thus (page 177) : "Where any rule or regulation is made by any person or authority to whom such powers have been delegated by the Legislature it may or may not be possible to make the same so as to give retrospective operation. It will depend on the language employed in the statutory provision which may in express terms or by necessary implication empower the authority concerned to make a rule or regulation with retrospective effect. But where no such language is to be found it has been held by the courts that the person or authority exercising subordinate legislative functions cannot make a rule, regulation or byelaw which can operate with retrospective effect (see Subba Rao J. in Dr. Indramani Pyarelal Gupta v. W. R. Natu (1963) 1 SCR 721 ; AIR 1963 SC 274 the majority not having expressed any different opinion on the point; Modi Food Products Ltd. v. CST (1955) 6 STC 287 (All) ; AIR 1956 All 35 ; India Sugars Refineries Ltd. v. State of Mysore, AIR 1960 Mys. 326 and General S. Shivdev Singh v. State of Punjab (1959) PLR 514 (FB)." (ii) In Allied Motors P. Ltd. v. CIT (1997) 91 Taxman 205 (SC), the Supreme Court considered the provisions of section 43B of the Income Tax Act, 1961 which were aimed at curbing activities of those taxpayers who did not discharge their statutory liability towards payment of excise duty, employer's contribution to provident fund, etc., for long periods of time, but claimed deductions on the ground that the liability to pay had been incurred in the relevant previous year. While inserting section 43B it was not realized that its language would cause hardship to those taxpayers who had paid sales tax within the statutory period prescribed for payment although the payment did not fall in the relevant previous year. This was because the sales tax collected pertained to the last quarter of the relevant accounting year and could be paid only in the next quarter which fell in the next accounting year. Hence, though the sales tax had been paid by an assessee within the statutory period prescribed and prior to the filing of the income-tax return, the assessee was unwittingly prevented from claiming a deduction. This was not intended by section 43B. An amendment was made by the Finance Act of 1987 by the insertion of the first proviso. The Supreme Court held that the amendment was curative in nature and hence, the proviso which was inserted by the Finance Act of 1987 should be given retrospective effect from the date of the inception of section 43B. The Supreme Court held that the first proviso was remedial in nature, designed to eliminate unintended consequences which may cause undue hardship to an assessee and which made the provision unworkable or unjust in a specific situation (page 686 of 224 ITR) : "A proviso which is inserted to remedy unintended consequences and to make the provision workable, a proviso which supplies an obvious omission in the section and is required to be read into the section to give the section a reasonable interpretation, requires to be treated as retrospective in operation so that a reasonable interpretation can be given to the section as a whole." (iii) In CIT v. Podar Cement (P.) Ltd. (1997) 226 ITR 625 (SC), the Supreme Court considered the provisions of section 27 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 under which certain persons who are not otherwise legal owners were deemed to be owners for certain purposes. The Finance Bill of 1987 sought to enlarge the meaning of the expression "owner of house property" in clause (iii) of section 27 by providing that a person who comes to have control over the property by virtue of such transactions as are referred to in section 269UA(f) will also be deemed to be the owner of the property. The Supreme Court held that the amendment was intended to supply an obvious omission or to clear up doubts as to the meaning of the word "owner" in section 22 and was, therefore, declaratory or clarificatory. (iv) In CIT v. Alom Extrusions Ltd. (2010) 32 (I) ITCL 2 (SC) : (2009) 319 ITR 306 (SC) : (2009) 185 Taxman 416 (SC) the Supreme Court considered the provisions of section 43B of the Income Tax Act, 1961. By way of the first proviso an incentive/relaxation was given in respect of tax, duty, cess or fee by stating that if this was paid before the date of filing of the return under the Income Tax Act, the assessee would be entitled to a deduction. This relaxation, however, did not apply to contributions to labour welfare funds. By the Finance Act of 2003 uniformity was brought about by equating the payment of tax, duty, cess and fee with contributions to welfare funds. The Finance Act of 2003 was made applicable only with effect from 1-4-2004. The hon'ble Mr. Justice S. H. Kapadia (as the learned Chief Justice then was), speaking for the Supreme Court, held that it was curative in nature and would apply retrospectively with effect from 1-4-1988. (v) In CWT v. Sharvan Kumar Swarup and Sons (1994) 210 ITR 886 (SC), rule 1BB of the Wealth-tax Rules, 1957, came up for consideration. Prior to its amendment on 1-4-1989, section 7(1) of the Wealth Tax Act provided that subject to any rules made in this behalf, the value of any asset other than cash, shall be estimated to be the price which in the opinion of the Wealth-tax Officer it would fetch if sold in the open market on the valuation date. Under rule 1BB, the value of a house used for residential purposes was to be determined in a particular manner. The issue before the Supreme Court was whether this rule was a provision of substantive law, not expressly applicable to valuation for earlier years and, therefore, only prospective or whether it was merely procedural and would apply to all pending cases. The Supreme Court held that rule IBB "merely provides a choice amongst well known and well settled modes of valuation". Chief Justice M. N. Venkatachaliah, speaking for the court, held that even in the absence of rule IBB there would have been no legal impediment to adopt the mode of valuation embodied in rule 1BB by adopting the method of capitalization of income on a number of years' purchase value. The rule, held the Supreme Court, was intended to impart uniformity in valuations and to avoid vagaries and disparities resulting from the application of different modes of valuation in different cases where the nature of the property is similar. Rule IBB was held to be "essentially a rule of evidence as to the choice of one of the well accepted methods of valuation in respect of certain kinds of properties with a view to achieving uniformity in valuation and avoiding disparate valuations resulting from application of different methods of valuation respecting properties of a similar nature and character." (vi) In Associated Cement Co. Ltd. v. CTO (1981) 48 STC 466 ; (1981) 4 SCC 578, the Supreme Court held that section 7 of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act, 1954, which dealt with the submission of returns was not a charging section but a machinery section. The court held that while charging provisions have to be construed strictly, machinery sections are not generally subject to a rigorous construction. In other words, machinery sections have to be construed in a manner such that the charge to tax is not defeated. The principle that arises from the case is that a machinery section should be so construed as to give effect to a charging provision. A machinery section must bear interpretation in accordance with the ordinary rules of construction which is that it must be construed in accordance with the clear intent of the Legislature to make the charge levied effective. (vii) Sedco Forex International Drill Inc. v. CIT (2006) 8 (I) ITCL 175 (SC) : (2005) 279 ITR 310 (SC) : (2005) 149 Taxman 352 (SC) was a case where the Supreme Court considered whether the salary of an employee payable for field breaks outside India would be subjected to tax under section 9(1)(ii) read with the Explanation thereto in the Income Tax Act, 1961. Under section 5(2), the scope of total income as regards a non-resident was defined with reference to the receipt or accrual in India, whether deemed or actual. Section 9 defines income deemed to accrue or arise in India. By clause (ii) of sub-section (1) of section 9, income which falls under the head "Salaries", if it is earned in India is included in such income. The Gujarat High Court had held that the words "earned in India" had to be interpreted as "arising or accruing in India" and not "from service rendered in India". Hence, as long as the liability to pay an amount under the head "Salaries" arose in India, clause (ii) could be invoked. To overcome this decision, section 9(1)(ii) was amended by the Finance Act of 1983 with effect from 1-4-1979, to include an Explanation. The Explanation provided that income of the nature referred to in the clause payable for service rendered in India shall be regarded as income earned in India. The Gauhati High Court held that the Explanation of 1983 was given effect from 1-4-1979, and would, therefore, not apply to assessment years prior thereto. By the Finance Bill of 1999 a new Explanation was substituted with effect from 1-4-2000, which declared that income of the nature referred to in the clause payable for service rendered in India and the rest period or leave period which is preceded and succeeded by services rendered in India and forms part of the service contract shall be regarded as income earned in India. The Supreme Court held that given the legislative history of section 9(1)(ii) it was only to be assumed that the Explanation was deliberately introduced with effect from 1-4-2000, and was, therefore, intended to apply prospectively. The Supreme Court adverted to three circumstances : firstly, the departmental understanding of the effect of the 1999 amendment as contained in a circular of the Central Board of Direct Taxes afforded a reasonable construction thereof and there was no reason why the Supreme Court should not adopt it. Secondly, the cardinal principle of tax law is that the law to be applied is that in force in the relevant assessment year unless otherwise provided expressly or by necessary implication. Thirdly, where an explanation to a statutory provision merely clears up an ambiguity or is clarificatory, it must be read into the main provision with effect from the time when the main provision came into force. But if it changes the law, it is not presumed to be retrospective irrespective of the fact that the phrases used are "it is declared" or "for the removal of doubts". In that case, where the Explanation sought to give an artificial meaning to the expression "earned in India" and to bring about a change effectively in the existing law and in addition it was stated to come into force with effect from a future date, no principle of interpretation would justify reading the provision retrospectively. (viii) In Deputy CIT v. Core Health Care Ltd. (2008) 20 (I) ITCL 354 (SC) : (2008) 298 ITR 194 (SC) : (2008) 167 Taxman 206 (SC) the Supreme Court construed the provisions of a proviso inserted into section 36(1) (iii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 by the Finance Act of 2003 with effect from 1-4-2004. The Supreme Court held that the proviso would not apply to the assessment years 1992-93 to 1997-98. (ix) In CIT v. Gold Coin Health Food (P.) Ltd. (2008) 23 (I) ITCL 2 (SC) : (2008) 304 ITR 308 (SC) : (2008) 172 Taxman 386 (SC) the question which arose before a larger Bench of the Supreme Court was whether a penalty under section 271(1)(c) of the Income Tax Act, 1961 could be levied if the returned income was a loss. This question had to be considered in the background of the amendment made by the Finance Act of 2002 with effect from 1-4-2003, in Explanation 4 to section 271(1)(c) (iii). In its earlier decision in the case of Virtual Soft Systems Ltd. v. CIT (2007) 289 ITR 83 (SC) : (2007) 159 Taxman 155 (SC) : (2007) 9 SCC 665 (SC) the Supreme Court had rejected the contention of the revenue that the amendment was clarificatory and retrospective holding that the amendment was stated to take effect from 1-4-2003. In Gold Coin the larger Bench held that the court has to analyze the nature of the amendment to come to a conclusion whether it is in reality a clarificatory or declaratory provision. Hence, the date from which the amendment is made operative does not conclusively decide the question. The court would have to examine the scheme of the statute prior to the amendment and subsequent to the amendment to determine whether the amendment is clarificatory or substantive. Adverting to its earlier decision, the Supreme Court held that the definition of the expression "income" in section 2(24) is inclusive and includes losses. The Finance Act had merely intended to make what was otherwise implied, explicit. Since the expression "income" had been held by the Supreme Court to include losses, consequently where in a "case on account of addition of concealed income the loss returned stands reduced, a penalty would be leviable even prior to 1-4-2003, if the final assessed income is the loss. The amendment was therefore regarded as being clarificatory in nature. 78. The following principles guide in determining as to whether an amendment is prospective or retrospective : (i) In determining as to whether an amendment is to take effect prospectively or with retrospective effect, the date from which the amendment is made operative does not conclusively decide the question. The court has to examine the scheme of the statute prior to the amendment and subsequent to the amendment to determine whether an amendment is clarificatory or substantive ; (ii) An amendment which is clarificatory is regarded as being retrospective in nature and would date back to the original statutory provision which it seeks to amend. A clarificatory amendment is an expression of intent which the Legislature has always intended to hold the field. A clarificatory amendment may be introduced in certain cases to set at rest divergent views expressed in decided cases on the true effect of a statutory provision. Where the Legislature clarifies its intent, it is regarded as being declaratory of the law as it always stood and is, therefore, construed to be retrospective ; (iii) Where on the other hand, an amendment seeks to bring about a substantive change in legal rights and obligations, the court would not readily accept an interpretation of the amendment that would render it retrospective in character. Clear words will be necessary in order to enable the court to reach to such a conclusion ; (iv) Where the amendment is curative or where it is intended to remedy unintended consequences or to render a statutory provision workable, the amendment may be construed to relate back to the provision in respect of which it supplies a remedial effect; (v) Where an amendment essentially provides a rule of evidence such as a method for the valuation of the property by adopting one among a set of well known and well accepted methods of valuation with a view to achieve uniformity in valuation and avoiding disparate valuations resulting from the application of different methods in respect of properties of a similar nature and character, the court would place a construction on the statutory provision, giving the retrospective effect. 79. These principles would have now to be construed in the context of the provisions of section 14A. The first point to be noted about the provisions of section 14A and rule 8D is that different dates have .been provided in these provisions for their enforcement : (i) Sub-section ,(1) of section 14A was inserted by the Finance Act of 2001 with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962 ; (ii) sub-sections (2) and (3) were inserted in section 14A by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1-4-2007 ; (iii) The proviso was inserted by the Finance Act of 2002 with retrospective effect from 11-5-2001 ; (iv) rule 8D was inserted by the Income-tax (Fifth Amendment) Rules, 2008 by publication in the Gazette dated 24-3-2008. Sub-rule (2) of rule 1 stipulates that the rules shall come into force from the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. This by itself is not conclusive. Secondly, prior to the insertion of section 14A by the Finance Act of 2001 the Supreme Court had held in its decisions in Indian Bank (1965) 56 ITR 77(SC), Maharashtra Sugar (1971) 82 ITR 452(SC) and Rajasthan State Warehousing Corporation (2000) 242 ITR 450 (SC) that in the case of a composite and indivisible business which resulted in taxable and non-taxable income, it was impermissible for the assessing officer to apportion the expenditure incurred in relation to such business as between the earning of taxable and non-taxable income. Sub-section (1) of section 14A was inserted with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962, to overcome the decisions of the Supreme Court. At the same time, as has been noticed by the Supreme Court in its decision in Walfort, the theory of apportionment of expenditure between taxable and non-taxable income has, in principle, been now widened under section 14A. Reading section 14 in juxtaposition with sections 15 to 59, it has been observed that the words "expenditure incurred" in section 14A refer to expenditure on rent, tax, salary, interest, etc., in respect of which allowances are provided for. Thirdly, sub-sections (2) and (3) were introduced by a legislative amendment brought about by the Finance Act of 2006. The Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill of 2006 recognizes that the existing provisions of section 14A did not provide a method of computing the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income. Consequently, there was a considerable amount of dispute between the taxpayers and the department on the method of determining such expenditure. It was in view of these disputes that Parliament inserted a new sub-section (2) to permit the framing of subordinate legislation to provide a mandatory method for the assessing officer to follow in determining the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income, if the assessing officer was not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee. The memorandum provided that "this amendment will take effect from 1-4-2007, and will, accordingly apply in relation to the assessment year 2007-08 and subsequent years". A circular was issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes on 28-12-2006 once again clarifying the position that the amendment would be applicable "from the assessment year 2007-08 onwards". At any rate this construction which has been placed on the amendment both in the Memorandum Explaining the Provisions in the Finance Bill of 2006 and in the circular of the Central Board of Direct Taxes dated 28-12-2006 can be regarded as a reasonable interpretation of the provision as explained by the Supreme Court in its judgment in Sedco (2005) 279 ITR 310(SC). The fourth aspect of the matter which would merit emphasis, is the principle of law which has been laid down by the Supreme Court in Sharvan Kumar's case (1994) 210 ITR 886(SC). The test which has been formulated by the Supreme Court is as to whether the rule which is prescribed by subordinate legislation "merely provides a choice amongst well known and well settled modes"—in that case of valuation. In the case before the Supreme Court, the rule under the Wealth-tax Rules had adopted the method of capitalizing income on a number of years' purchase value. The Supreme Court emphasized that this was essentially a rule of evidence as to the choice of one of the well accepted methods of valuation to achieve uniformity in valuation resulting from the application of different methods to properties of a similar nature and character. The learned Additional Solicitor General has argued before us that the fact that rule 8D is not in that sense an embodiment of a "well known and well settled mode" or a "well accepted method" is no indicator in regard to its reasonableness. We have upheld the contention of the Union of India that rule 8D is reasonable in its nature. That, however, is not dispositive of the question as to whether the rule can be regarded as prospective or retrospective in nature. In determining as to whether a rule in a piece of subordinate legislation is to be regarded as prospective or retrospective, an important aspect that has been emphasized by the Supreme Court in the aforesaid decision is as to whether the rule embodies what is essentially a well known, a well settled or well accepted method. As a matter of fact in the present case there can be no doubt about the position that rule 8D has essentially put into place an artificial method of estimating the expenditure that can be regarded as being relatable to income that does not form part of the total income under the Act. The learned Additional Solicitor General has both in the course of the oral arguments as well as in the written submissions emphasized before the court that if the pro rata method were to be applied in the alternative to the method provided in rule 8D(2)(iii), the amount of disallowance would be immense and would almost be disproportionate. In the case of the appellant itself, for the assessment year under consideration, on an expenditure of Rs. 189.77 crores the disallowance under the pro rata method would be to the extent of Rs. 82 crores. However, under the measure of 0.5 per cent, provided by rule 8D(2)(iii), the disallowance has been computed at Rs. 1.57 crores. Before the insertion of section 14A, there was no specific method of determining the expenditure incurred in relation to non-taxable income. Looking at the totality of the circumstances, the measure of 0.5 per cent, is reasonable. Hence, while we have held that the method of computation provided in rule 8D is fair and reasonable to pass muster under article 14, we are nonetheless of the view that the method must take effect prospectively. Finally, sub-section (4) of section 295 of the Act provides as follows : "(4) The power to make rules conferred by this section shall include the power to give retrospective effect, from a date not earlier than the date of commencement of this Act, to the rules or any of them and, unless the contrary is permitted (whether expressly or by necessary implication), no retrospective effect shall be given to any rule so as to prejudicially affect the interests of assessees." 80. Sub-section (4) empowers the rule-making authority to give retrospective effect to subordinate legislation. However, unless expressly or by necessary implication, a contrary provision is made, no retrospective effect is to be given to any rule so as to prejudicially affect the interests of the assessee. 81. Even in the absence of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A and of rule 8D, the assessing officer was not precluded from making apportionment. Such an apportionment would have to be made in order to give effect to the substantive provisions of sub-section (1) of section 14A which provide that no deduction would be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Consequently, de hors the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A and rule 8D, the assessing officer was entitled to determine by the application of a reasonable method what quantum of the expenditure incurred by the assessee would have to be disallowed on the ground that it was incurred in relation to the earning of income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. Undoubtedly, in determining what would constitute a reasonable method for effecting the disallowance, the assessing officer would have to give due regard to all the facts and circumstances of the case. The change which is brought about by the insertion of sub-sections (2) and (3) into section 14A by the Finance Act of 2006 with effect from 1-4-2007, is that in a situation where the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the claim of the assessee in regard to the expenditure incurred by it in relation to the non-taxable income, the assessing officer would have to follow the method which is prescribed by the rules. The rules were notified to come into force on 24-3-2008. It is a trite principle of law that the law which would apply to an assessment year is the law prevailing on the first day of April. Consequently, rule 8D which has been notified on 24-3-2008, would apply with effect from the assessment year 2008-09. The rule consequently cannot have application in respect of the assessment year 2002-03 which is the year under consideration in this case. C.5 The order of restoration passed by the Tribunal 82. In the present case, the Tribunal has relied upon its judgment in the case of Daga Capital Management (P.) Ltd. (2009) 312 ITR (AT) 1 (Mum-Trib), in coming to the conclusion that the provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A are procedural in nature and therefore retrospective. Having held thus, the Tribunal observed that under sub-section (2) of section 14A, the Income Tax Officer was required to satisfy himself as regards the correctness of the claim of the assessee. The Tribunal noted that the assessing officer had not examined the issue in the light of the provisions of section 14A(2) (which were not enacted at the time when the assessment order was passed). Hence, the Tribunal directed that the assessing officer to examine the issue de novo in view of the provisions of section 14A(2). 83. For the reasons which we have noted earlier, we have come to the conclusion that the provisions of rule 8D shall have no application to the assessment year 2002-03 which is the year under consideration in this case. At the same time, as we have noted, section 174A(1) would have to be given effect to. The principle underlying section 14A(1) is that no deduction can be claimed in respect of the expenditure incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. The dividend income earned by the assessee for the assessment year 2002-03 does not form part of the total income in view of the provisions of section 10(33) as they then stood. Hence, the expenditure which has been incurred in relation to the earning of that income would have to be apportioned and disallowed. Even if rule 8D has no application to the assessment year 2002-03 the assessing officer would be duty bound to compute the extent of the disallowance by the application of a reasonable method having regard to all the facts and circumstances of the case. In order to facilitate this exercise, an order of remand to the assessing officer would be necessary. 84. However, it has been urged on behalf of the assessee that there is no factual basis for making a disallowance in view of the findings recorded by the Tribunal for the assessment years 1998-99, 1999-00 and 2001-02. Hence, it was urged that the Tribunal had wrongly restored the proceedings to the assessing officer. Now a perusal of the findings of the Tribunal for the assessment year 1998-99 would show that the Tribunal held that no nexus between the investments made by the assessee in dividend earning shares and borrowings by the assessee has been established. This order was followed for the assessment years 1999-2000 and 2001-02. Counsel appearing on behalf of the assessee submitted that as against its investments in income yielding shares/units of mutual funds of Rs. 125.54 crores on 31-3-2002, the assessee had a share capital of Rs. 6.55 crores and reserves and surplus of Rs. 274.09 crores aggregating to Rs. 280.64 crores. The inference which is sought to be drawn on behalf of the assessee by counsel is that the investments were made by the assessee out of its own funds. Moreover, it has been submitted that the investment which stood at Rs. 127.20 crores was reduced as on 31-3-2002, to Rs. 125.54 crores and there was a decrease in the investment during the previous year under consideration. Counsel placed reliance on the judgment of the Supreme Court in Radhasoami Satsang v. CIT (1992) 193 ITR 321 (SC) to urge that though strictly speaking res judicata does not apply to income-tax proceedings each assessment year being a unit itself, where a fundamental aspect permeating through different assessment years has been found as a fact one way or the other and parties have allowed that position to be sustained, it would not be appropriate to allow the position to be changed in a subsequent year. Reliance was also sought to be placed upon the decisions of the Karnataka High Court in CIT v. Sridev Enterprises (1991) 192 ITR 165 of a Division Bench of this court in CIT v. Reliance Utilities and Power Ltd. (2009) 28 (I) ITCL 553 (Bom-HC) : (2009) 313 ITR 340 (Bom) and on the decision of the Supreme Court in Munjal Sales Corporation v. CIT (2008) 21 (I) ITCL 198 (SC) : (2008) 298 ITR 298 (SC). 85. Now before we deal with the judgments on which reliance has been placed, it is necessary to appreciate the basis of the decisions of the Tribunal for the assessment years 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2001-02. In all these decisions, the Tribunal held that no nexus had been established between borrowed funds and investments by the assessee in dividend yielding shares/income yielding mutual funds. Now assuming that this is so, the only conclusion which emerges is that the assessee had utilized its own funds for the purpose of making the investments. The fact that the assessee has utilized its own funds in making the investments would not be dispositive of the question as to whether the assessee had incurred expenditure in relation to the earning of such income. Even if the assessee has utilized its own funds for making investments which have resulted in income which does not form part of the total income under the Act, the expenditure which is incurred in the earning of that income would have to be disallowed. That is exactly a matter which the assessing officer has to determine. Whether or not any expenditure was incurred by the assessee in relation to the earning of non-taxable income falls within the domain of the assessing officer. The basis on which the Tribunal had come to its decision for the assessment years 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2001-02 would not conclude that question. 86. The precedents on which reliance has been placed by the assessee would have now to be analyzed. The Supreme Court in its judgment in Radhasoami Satsang (1992) 193 ITR 321 (SC) held that res judicata does not apply to income-tax proceedings since each assessment year is a unit. However, where a fundamental aspect permeating through different assessment years has been found as a fact one way or the other and parties have allowed that position to be sustained by not challenging that order, it would not be appropriate to allow the position to be changed in a subsequent year, in the absence of any material change justifying the revenue to take a different view of the matter. Moreover, in the concluding part of the judgment, the Supreme Court has held that this decision "is confined to the facts of the case and may not be treated as an authority on aspects which have been decided for general application". The decision of the Supreme Court in Munjal Sales Corporation (2008) 21 (I) ITCL 198 (SC) : (2008) 298 ITR 298 (SC) turned purely on the facts of the case. The Supreme Court noted that the opening balance as on 1-4-1994, was Rs. 1.91 crores whereas the loan given to a sister concern was a small amount of Rs. 5 lakhs. The profits earned by the assessee during the relevant year were held to be sufficient to cover the loan of Rs. 5 lakhs. In the decision of the Division Bench of this court in Reliance Utilities (2009) 313 ITR 340 (SC) the Division Bench has held that "if there be interest free funds available to an assessee sufficient to meet its investments and at the same time the assessee had raised a loan it can be presumed that the investments were from the interest free funds available". The decision of the Division Bench turned on a finding of fact by the Tribunal that there were sufficient interest free funds available in that case. The judgment in Reliance Utilities (2009) 28 (I) ITCL 553 (Bom-HC) : (2009) 313 ITR 340 (Bom) shows that there were interest free owned funds available and not merely reserves. In East India Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. v. CIT (1997) 224 ITR 627 (SC) the Supreme Court in the facts of the case refused to draw any such presumption. In the case of the assessee, the learned Additional Solicitor General has submitted that the reference is made only to reserves and there is no mention of interest free funds. It has been urged that reserves are shown on the liabilities side of the balance-sheet and are represented by a variety of assets on the assets side. These assets could be fixed or non-liquid assets and hence not investible. The real enquiry is whether there are interest free funds available on the assets side and in the absence of sufficient proof of available interest free funds, no such presumption can be drawn. Moreover, it has been urged that after the introduction of section 14A(1), no such presumption can in any event be drawn, since Parliament expressly requires apportionment. We recapitulate our conclusions on this point thus : (a) The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal had recorded a finding in the earlier assessments that the investments in shares and mutual funds have been made out of own funds and not out of borrowed funds and that there is no nexus between the investments and the borrowings. However, in none of those decisions was the disallowability of expenses incurred in relation to exempt income earned out of investments made out of own funds considered. Moreover, under section 14A, expenditure incurred in relation to exempt income can be disallowed only if the assessing officer is not satisfied with the correctness of the expenditure claimed by the assessee. In the present case, no such exercise has been carried out and, therefore, the Tribunal was justified in remanding the matter. (b)Section 14A was introduced by the Finance Act, 2001, with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962. However, in view of the proviso to that section, the disallowance thereunder could be effectively made from the assessment year 2001-02 onwards. The fact that the Tribunal failed to consider the applicability of section 14A in its proper perspective, for the assessment year 2001-02 would not bar the Tribunal from considering disallowance under section 14A in the assessment year 2002-03. (c)The decisions reported in Sridev Enterprises (1991) 192 ITR 165 (Karn), Munjal Sales Corporation (2008) 21 (I) ITCL 198 (SC) : (2008) 298 ITR 298 (SC) and Radhasoami Satsang (1992) 193 ITR 321 (SC) holding that there must be consistency and definiteness in the approach of the revenue would not apply to the facts of the present case, because of the material change introduced by section 14A by way of statutory disallowance in certain cases. Therefore, the decisions of the Tribunal in the earlier years would have no relevance in considering disallowance in assessment year 2002-03 in the light of section 14A of the Act. 87. For the reasons which we have indicated, we have come to the conelusion that under section 14A(1) it is for the assessing officer to determine as to whether the assessee had incurred any expenditure in relation to the earning of income which does not form part of the total income under the Act and if so to quantify the extent of the disallowance. The assessing officer would have to arrive at his determination after furnishing an opportunity to the assessee to produce its accounts and to place on the record all relevant material in support of the circumstances which are considered to be relevant and germane. For this purpose and in the light of our observations made earlier in this section of the judgment, we deem it appropriate and proper to remand the proceedings back to the assessing officer for a fresh determination. Conclusion 88. Our conclusions in this judgment are as follows : (i) Dividend income and income from mutual funds falling within the ambit of section 10(33) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, as was applicable for the assessment year 2002-03 is not includible in computing the total income of the assessee. Consequently, no deduction shall be allowed in respect of expenditure incurred by the assessee in relation to such income which does not form part of the total income under the Act, by virtue of the provisions of section 14A(1) ; (ii) The payment by a domestic company under section 115-O(1) of additional income-tax on profits declared, distributed or paid is a charge on a component of the profits of the company. The company is chargeable to tax on its profits as a distinct taxable entity and it pays tax in discharge of its own liability and not on behalf of or as an agent for its shareholders. In the hands of the shareholder as the recipient of dividend, income by way of dividend does not form part of the total income by virtue of the provisions of section 10(33). Income from mutual funds stands on the same basis ; (iii) The provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3) of section 14A of the Income Tax Act 1961, are constitutionally valid ; (iv) The provisions of rule 8D of the Income-tax Rules as inserted by the Income-tax (Fifth Amendment) Rules, 2008, are not ultra vires the provisions of section 14A, more particularly sub-section (2) and do not offend article 14 of the Constitution ; (v) The provisions of rule 8D of the Income-tax Rules which have been notified with effect from 24-3-2008, shall apply with effect from the assessment year 2008-09 ; (vi) Even prior to the assessment year 2008-09, when rule 8D was not applicable, the assessing officer has to enforce the provisions of sub-section (1) of section 14A. For that purpose, the assessing officer is duty bound to determine the expenditure which has been incurred in relation to income which does not form part of the total income under the Act. The assessing officer must adopt a reasonable basis or method consistent with all the relevant facts and circumstances after furnishing a reasonable opportunity to the assessee to place all germane material on the record ; (vii) The proceedings for the assessment year 2002-03 shall stand remanded back to the assessing officer. The assessing officer shall determine as to whether the assessee has incurred any expenditure (direct or indirect) in relation to dividend income/income from mutual funds which does not form part of the total income as contemplated under section 14A. The assessing officer can adopt a reasonable basis for effecting the apportionment. While making that determination, the assessing officer shall provide a reasonable opportunity to the assessee of producing its accounts and relevant or germane material having a bearing on the facts and circumstances of the case. 89. The appeal and the writ petition shall stand disposed of accordingly.
Q: bodyWithEdgeLoopFromRect Assertion failed I'm receiving the following error when trying to set up a physics world in my iOS7 Sprite kit project. Assertion failed: (count >= 3), function CreateLoop, file /SourceCache/PhysicsKit/PhysicsKit-4.6/PhysicsKit/Box2D/Collision/Shapes/b2ChainShape.cpp, line 35. The strange thing is the code I'm using worked before I added new scenes to my project. I reverted my project back to the last known time that it ran correctly and it still does not work. The project will build once I remove the physics world. (SKNode*) myWorld = [SKNode node]; [self addChild:myWorld]; map = [SKSpriteNode spriteNodeWithImageNamed:@"background1"]; map.position = CGPointMake(0.0, 0.0); [myWorld addChild:map]; //Setup physics self.physicsWorld.gravity = CGVectorMake(0.0, 0.5); self.physicsWorld.contactDelegate = self; CGRect worldFrame = CGRectMake(map.frame.origin.x, map.frame.origin.y-1150, map.frame.size.width, map.frame.size.height + 2000); myWorld.physicsBody = [SKPhysicsBody bodyWithEdgeLoopFromRect:map.frame]; myWorld.physicsBody.categoryBitMask = wallCategory; The program terminates when it tries to execute… myWorld.physicsBody = [SKPhysicsBody bodyWithEdgeLoopFromRect:map.frame]; If I put this code into a new project, It works just fine. Any thoughts of what is going on with my project and how to fix it? A: Check that map is non-nil. The error indicates that there aren't enough vertices (3 minimum) which can only happen with a rect if you pass in a zero rect, either because map is nil or the frame has no width/height.
Ferraro gets deal done DETROIT >> The Wings came to terms with Landon Ferraro on a one-year, two-way deal for $600,000. Ferraro will get $175,000 if he’s assigned to the Grand Rapids Griffins. He’s guaranteed $200,000. If Ferraro, who turns 24 on Aug. 8, doesn’t make the team out of training camp he’ll have to clear waivers to be assigned to the Griffins. Playing well enough in a three-game audition to end the regular season, where he notched his first NHL goal in the finale at Carolina, Ferraro dressed for all seven games of Detroit’s first-round playoff series with the Tampa Bay Lightning. Ferraro, who will compete for a fourth line spot in training camp, scored a career-high 27 goals and had 15 assists in 70 games in his fourth season in Grand Rapids. The Wings, who took Ferraro with their first pick (32nd overall, second round) in 2009, like his speed and forechecking ability.
Marjorie, the jewel box anchor on the corner of 14th and Union, is in Capitol Hill’s latest hot zone. Marjorie, the pride of owner, Donna Moodie, who is renowned for urban trend-spotting while designing hip, urbane spaces. Marjorie’s kitchen creates amazing, delicious cuisine, using fresh, local, sustainable ingredients. Under the guidance of local, yet worldly Chef, Francisco Ruiz Marjorie takes a respectful approach to eclectic cuisine, focusing on fabulous, high quality ingredients. At Marjorie, hospitality is as important as what's in the glass and on the plate. Attentive and caring service are qualities that keep Marjorie's guests returning. The charming, warm, hand crafted interior, complimented by a lovely courtyard patio await you. The recent addition of a second dining room, provides more seating and a great place to host a party. A warm interior, tremendous cuisine, and crafted cocktails are indeed how Marjorie feeds the soul. The Annex is a private dining facility that comfortably seats up to 50 people. Smaller Parties can be accommodated in a semi-private setting, or can buy out the room to have complete privacy. icon/ic_contactCreated with Sketch. Private party contact Donna Moodie: (206) 441-9842 icon/ic_cateringCreated with Sketch. Catering Marjorie delights in catering to your needs and the requirements of your off site gathering. We use high quality, fresh ingredients to create an array of delectable dishes. We offer drop off or pick-up service, as well as high end, attentive and detail oriented service to meet your needs. There is ample street parking, particularly to the south and east of the restaurant. Secured garage parking is also available in the Chloe Retail Parking Garage, on East side of 14th Avenue between Union and Madison. icon/ic_public_transitCreated with Sketch. Public transit The number 2 makes a stop at 14th and Union. The number 8 and 11 are also close by. As regular Marjorie customer, the Bus Chick notes, Marjorie is easily accessible by a multitude of buses! icon/ic_entertainmentCreated with Sketch. Entertainment Marjorie does not have live entertainment, but we are lively. The mix on the iPod and the Turntables in the Bathroom and Back Room provide guests with countless opportunities to spin while enjoying the animated atmosphere and culture at Marjorie. Great food, lovely atmosphere, fantastic cocktails. The only issue was our table was by a door and it was VERY cold that night and drafty inside, and we asked to move and they were unable to move us due to another party coming to the table across the way. While we understood, I would have had blankets on hand, the seats were a cold metal, the door behind me was metal, etc. They did turn up the heat, and, if they had come over to me and given me a blanket for my chair and shoulders if they couldn't move my table it would have gone a long way. And everything else was fantastic. We were seated in the backroom, which was very loud and not very appealing overall.Per our request, the hostess who was very pleasant re-seated us in the front room. That was much better although the tables are spaced very close together. Our dinner at Marjorie's was treat. Donna, the owner, was open and told us about the restaurant's name. We told her we were attending a play and she was very attentive to our time. The food was outstanding. Both entrees, chicken tika masala and gnocci were delicious and the carrots with za'atar amazing. I highly recommend Marjorie's. Food was really good but the service was lacking. We had a reservation but stood and waited for a solid 15 minutes while our table sat empty. The two waitresses were also seating people and didn't think it was a priority to let us sit down. After we got seated we were rushed to order our meals at the same time as our drinks. We never received our wine until after out food was brought out. Not the way it should be. We did love our food and dessert (homemade ice cream and sorbet) was out of this world! love marjorie! local favorite. TOP food--local, fresh, deliciously spiced. excellent vibe and decor; windows and natural light. great staff and long manager. have gone multiple times over 20 years for dates, hangouts, and special occasions. in January 2018 I had mussels and chorizo with grilled bread and shared some creamy grits and jerk chicken. everyone raved about their dishes. great value. go and eat well! The food is creative and well worth a visit, the black cod dish was exceptioanl, and the plantain chips a must have. The dissapointment is service, which was very slow with some requests ignored altogether. I ordered a glass of wine from the owner, after a 15 minute wait I asked the server to please bring it, I was assured it would be brought immediately, it never came. The menu items were priced fairly, however the cocktails were very overpriced, a single shot beverage was 14.00, while a Nonalcoholic beverage was 10.00, very steep for a casual restaurant. It's ALWAYS a Joy to go to Marjorie. Inspired, delicious cuisine and friendly, wonderful service. Grand ambiance, art and lighting welcome you. It's always really great to see the owner, Donna, who is so very special! Marjorie truly does nourish your soul. This place was great!! My intent was to go for Seattle Restaurant Week- I wish there would have been more details on which days they were participating though-I couldn't find this info on the website. I'd also like some heads up on the drink pricing: I got a couple old fashioneds and while they were AMAZING they were pricey without knowing beforehand. The pricing really threw me; but other than that: beautiful place, will go back again. Six of us went to Marjorie for Seattle Restaurant Week dinner. There was a good variety of options on the special 3-course menu. We went off the menu for a couple appetizers which were very good - chicken tikka masala and fried plantain chips. Their back room is set up well for larger parties. The staff were very friendly and attentive. The best part was a visit by Donna, the owner, who was very pleasant and shared the story of her mother, for whom the restaurant is named after. Why did I wait so long before returning to Marjorie? Had dinner with friends for Restaurant Week and was immediately captivated by Marjorie’s. The restaurant is so charming, cozy and inviting. The service was wonderful. And the food was divine! Highlights were the plantain chips/bean dip, pork ragout, miso cod, and apple crisp/ice cream. So happy to have re-discovered Marjorie’s! It was our first time here and it was a vibrate atmosphere. It’s smaller than I thought it would be but that made it feel cooler. The food was wonderful and the margaritas were excellent. Outside patio was closed due to temperature but I can only imagine how that will add the the cool vibe if it was open. We will definitely be back. Thank for a very fun first time. Sherry W.
Oral carcinoma epidemiology in Paraná State, Southern Brazil. Oral carcinoma is the sixth most frequent type of cancer in the world and the seventh most common in Brazil (the country with the highest incidence in Latin America). Mean five-year survival remains one of the lowest among the main cancers, thus justifying studies that contribute to the development of preventive strategies. The aim of this study was to compare the epidemiological, clinical, and histological characteristics of 91 patients with oral carcinoma. Mean age was 58.62 +/- 10.46 years, and male-to-female ratio was 6.6:1.0 (79 men and 12 women). European descendants predominated with 79 patients (86.8%). Eighty-five individuals (93.4%) smoked and 70 (76.9%) consumed alcohol regularly. Anatomical distribution of tumors was: 27 (29.7%) tongue; 18 (19.8%) floor of mouth; 11 (12.1%) oropharynx; and 11 (12.1%) oral mucosa. Fifty-seven patients (62.6%) presented lymph node involvement and three (3.3%) had distant metastases. Surgery and radiotherapy were used in 43.2% of patients. With the exception of the male/female ratio (which was higher), our data are consistent with previous studies on oral carcinoma patients.
0.002517596 0.008 times 2.969 0.023752 Product of -0.5 and 727.9. -363.95 Product of -4940 and 122. -602680 Product of -26520 and 1. -26520 5614-0.021 -117.894 1.16 times -304 -352.64 -5 times 232163 -1160815 -0.22 -28 6.16 Work out -9 * -215202. 1936818 What is -79 times 4984? -393736 -233.478 times 0.5 -116.739 Calculate -313.102. -39.306 -0.2618-274 71.7332 What is 17831 times -0.5? -8915.5 Calculate 2512772. 1809144 What is -0.5426 times 13.9? -7.54214 0.343 -925 -317.275 What is -0.3 times 0.76156? -0.228468 -0.04 * 1.102 -0.04408 -132.5 * 0.26 -34.45 -12 times 10997 -131964 Multiply 0.27796 and -0.2. -0.055592 Work out 2.5848 * -0.2. -0.51696 Multiply -3 and -2.1538. 6.4614 Calculate 1.2131546. 157855.2 Calculate -0.1-1.1469. 0.11469 -37-1.62 59.94 0.06507950.4 0.0260318 Calculate 861-2188. -1883868 1.3 0.2481 0.32253 Work out 1 * 140.777. 140.777 Work out -57872 * -0.2. 11574.4 What is the product of -457 and -0.12? 54.84 440 * -6 -2640 Work out 0.25096 * -71. -17.81816 Calculate -0.046-184. 8.464 161660 4 646640 -0.02963.7 -19.274 -16827 times -0.4 6730.8 Multiply 0.4247 and 401. 170.3047 15.52689.9 41693.45 Calculate -10116.9. -1706.9 Multiply -60 and 76132. -4567920 29254 -0.049 -1433.446 37957 times -13 -493441 Calculate -0.12-829.1. 99.492 Calculate 7.7119. 916.3 What is the product of 123 and 397? 48831 -128.26 * -0.17 21.8042 Multiply 211941 and -0.1. -21194.1 1340 times -0.0847 -113.498 1.08 * -366 -395.28 Product of 0.01 and -356821. -3568.21 What is -3027 times 4? -12108 -29.1924 -700.56 -1.028711 times -1 1.028711 What is -0.06 times -1539? 92.34 Product of -23549 and 0. 0 What is the product of -0.005989 and -0.06? 0.00035934 Work out 175 -10.44. -1827 Product of -0.55 and 4.26. -2.343 4.502413 58.5312 -54970 -24850 Multiply 27537 and 5. 137685 Product of -2.7 and 0.080728. -0.2179656 9515 * 3 28545 5985.307 3173.586 What is -6.66451 times 4? -26.65804 Work out -3.55 0.71. -2.5205 0.05 times -147682 -7384.1 Work out -2.709 * -33. 89.397 Calculate 2772-6. -16632 Multiply 0.4 and 35942. 14376.8 Multiply 49 and -0.6. -29.4 What is the product of -0.04 and -1.525? 0.061 -0.21 times 20975 -4404.75 Product of 254.9 and 76. 19372.4 Multiply -2160 and 34. -73440 Work out -27593.9 0.5. -13796.95 Product of -3 and 445851. -1337553 Product of 0.01968 and -2.8. -0.055104 Product of -0.8 and -3528. 2822.4 Work out 1703 * -19.1. -32527.3 Work out 129158 * 3. 387474 Calculate 970.2385. 23.1345 -31.16 times 0.6 -18.696 512742 0.3 153822.6 What is -3 times -403201? 1209603 Product of -25.434 and 2. -50.868 -0.179 times 1388 -248.452 Work out 1.9 * 0.04437. 0.084303 What is the product of -1121 and 1366? -1531286 What is 0.06688 times 395? 26.4176 What is the product of -4 and -0.44589? 1.78356 What is 0.053 times -720? -38.16 Product of -212 and 288.1. -61077.2 Work out -0.3 * -11265. 3379.5 Work out 171 * -232. -39672 -0.4 times 2157.6 -863.04 1834.80.2 366.96 Multiply -179019 and 1. -179019 Calculate 0.03320380.14. 0.004648532 Multiply 17 and -3256. -55352 Multiply -7.1 and -112.5. 798.75 Calculate -107.90.086. -9.2794 18313.58 6554.98 What is the product of -0.5 and -1855.7? 927.85 Calculate 2111451. 240471 Multiply -0.325 and -1265. 411.125 -0.0734 times -5 0.367 Product of 10 and -6061. -60610 Work out -0.07 -65765. 4603.55 Product of 1845 and 79. 145755 What is -3 times -57422? 172266 What is the product of 45.416 and 7? 317.912 Calculate -0.53308. -1654 24.8-809 -20063.2 Product of -1 and -141000. 141000 What is the product of -79961 and -3? 239883 Product of 590 and 450. 265500 -6.0272 times -0.18 1.084896 -324.1 times -0.135 43.7535 0.3 times 10742 3222.6 -693.59 times 5 -3467.95 Work out 5 * 950957. 4754785 What is the product of 3.54 and 0.0583? 0.206382 What is -0.4 times -22344? 8937.6 -800 * 0.728 -582.4 What is 1.057075 times 2? 2.11415 Work out -54 * -224. 12096 Product of -171.31 and -0.5. 85.655 Work out 15.4 * -15429. -237606.6 Work out 13.93 * 0.4. 5.572 0.2963660 192732 Work out -0.2 -1685.1. 337.02 -0.2872.054 -0.589498 Work out -226723 0.1. -22672.3 -5273.9 -3842.8 -13079 -5 65395 Multiply -3 and -1048.7. 3146.1 Product of 43367 and 1. 43367 Product of -135 and -16. 2160 Product of -0.3 and 0.019977. -0.0059931 Calculate 53507. 17535 12070199 times 0.5 6035099.5 What is the product of -12 and -4392? 52704 Product of 0.5 and -54953. -27476.5 What is the product of 8 and -0.6065? -4.852 -678.4-0.2 135.68 -12711420 * 0 0 Product of 19 and 1438.1. 27323.9 -669580.1 -6695.8 Work out -0.023 -875. 20.125 Product of -0.39992 and -0.185. 0.0739852 What is the product of 0.022879 and -1? -0.022879 What is 0.1 times 217.025? 21.7025 Work out -30049 * 2. -60098 4.29-86 -368.94 104 times -1701 -176904 10 times -271.21 -2712.1 Work out 27.7 -31.39. -869.503 Product of 4 and 0.28509. 1.14036 Multiply -0.92 and 2.115. -1.9458 What is the product of 209.8 and -0.04? -8.392 Calculate -319-0.2. 63.8 Multiply -4 and 389.7. -1558.8 22455 -0.14 -3143.7 What is the product of 0.1 and -8063.7? -806.37 Work out 1144.1 * -0.055. -62.9255 What is the product of -545122 and 0.09? -49060.98 -7696 * 0.5 -3848 0.3 * 0.062362 0.0187086 -27.8455-0.2 5.5691 0.36 times -2522 -907.92 What is 297 times 3034? 901098 Multiply -0.13 and 0.054148. -0.00703924 Calculate 0.2217.706. 43.5412 What is -4.5345 times -0.2? 0.9069 Calculate -0.16-14. 2.24 -1.5 times 8172 -12258 -223.82 times 8 -1790.56 What is 0.2514 times -1048? -263.4672 Product of 0.742 and -0.1. -0.0742 Work out -6.2 -0.00562. 0.034844 2907825 2269250 What is the product of -2 and -1.689781? 3.379562 Product of 390 and -0.045. -17.55 What is the product of -0.3 and 2665? -799.5 Calculate -0.1-9213. 921.3 -4-340265 1361060 Product of 6.68 and -1. -6.68 Calculate -15409773. -4622931 Product of 0.5 and -24.9006. -12.4503 Work out -0.6272 * 1.4. -0.87808 Multiply -3548 and -0.3. 1064.4 Calculate 0.05317.2. 15.86 0.5 -505.2 -252.6 Multiply -1.7 and -2.636. 4.4812 -0.0107972 -10.4004 What is -5 times 476950? -2384750 What is the product of -3 and 71.9639? -215.8917 Product of 0.36354 and -2. -0.72708 42 times 282 11844 What is the product of 4 and -11.5246? -46.0984 -55.281-0.1 5.5281 What is the product of -62.8 and 0.041? -2.5748 What is the product of -245.6 and -439? 107818.4 27.19 times 2.7 73.413 What is the product of 536 and -1.352? -724.672 Calculate 0.4-275.02. -110.008 5 times -2.17519 -10.87595 0.06 -123164 -7389.84 Multiply 31379 and -0.4. -12551.6 What is the product of 22.61 and 8.75? 197.8375 -2 times -3.66001 7.32002 Calculate -0.05690.256. -0.0145664 3412.50.1 341.25 What is -0.04 times -2.0148? 0.080592 What is the product of -3774 and -145.2? 547984.8 Calculate 0.3810.435. 0.165735 711 times -24 -17064 Work out -157128 0.06. -9427.68 Calculate -11340.90.08. -907.272 Work out 121 12.4. 1500.4 -0.01478 times 1.33 -0.0196574 -2.53 times 15127 -38271.31 What is the product of 0.5 and 2016? 1008 What is the product of -2.738 and 1? -2.738 Calculate 70918-4. -283672 Product of 85 and -3.43. -291.55 -1.5 1671 -2506.5 5 times 192.14 960.7 0.317 times -0.0205 -0.0064985 What is -62443 times -0.06? 3746.58 -26199 * 0.12 -3143.88 10-36.44 -364.4 What is 233073 times -1? -233073 What is 0.3 times 15.276? 4.5828 Calculate 1261463. 378438 What is 367.7 times -16? -5883.2 Calculate 0.2565-62. -15.903 0.7 6.96706 4.876942 Product of -0.15627 and 1. -0.15627 -0.2-1913.3 382.66 Calculate -0.1734820.2. -0.0346964 Calculate 0.0365-127. -4.6355 -9171 times -14.3 131145.3 Multiply 530 and 8630. 4573900 0.1 -118745 -11874.5 Work out 203 * -3.1. -629.3 Product of 0 and 128989. 0 Calculate -52.61.2. -63.12 Work out -1.08 30047. -32450.76 -35 times -2.2 77 Calculate -264714. -37058 What is the product of 337.2 and -8? -2697.6 Calculate 0.05-7773. -388.65 2413 times 23 55499 385290-0.07 -26970.3 Work out -4 4.4383. -17.7532 What is the product of 107 and -9133? -977231 -34 * 0.6 -20.4 What is the product of -11.31 and -0.0566? 0.640146 47 * -310 -14570 41986 40426 0.9 -186227 -167604.3 -50 times -93232 4661600 Product of 0.536 and 0.485. 0.25996 3.689-5 -18.445 13-1.062 -13.806 Multiply
Q fever at the turn of the century. Q fever is an infectious zoonotic disease characterized by sudden fever, headache, and atypical pneumonia, caused by Coxiella burneti--an obligatory intracellular parasite. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the genes sequences, the classification was changed and C. burnetii species was included to the gamma subgroup of the proteobacteria, Legionellales order and Coxiellaceae family. This analysis showed more than 99% sequence similarity of 16SrRNA gene among the strains isolated in different regions of the world. Q fever is a widespread in the world zoonosis. Its main reservoir in the rural environment are farm animals: cows, sheep, goats, and urban pets such as dogs, cats, rabbits. In acute infection these bacteria are detected in various internal organs such as lungs, liver, spleen, and in excretion in urine, faeces and milk. During childbirth, they occur in large number in the amniotic fluid and placenta. Recently, it has been found that free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellani may also be a reservoir of the pathogen. The intra-amoebal location of C. burnetii cells was observed.
Q: Obtaining the realised type for a Scala Class using macros I have some problems with scala macros and identifying the realised type of a constructor. Not sure if i am doing something wrong here or what the correct call would be. From the documentation, it looks like typeSignatureIn should return the correct information, e.g. ClassTag[Int], but when I run the macro, I actually get ClassTag[U] which fails to compile as U is the type parameter, rather than the realised type. import scala.language.experimental.macros import scala.reflect.ClassTag import scala.reflect.macros.Context def macroImpl[T: c.WeakTypeTag](c: Context) = { import c.universe._ val typeToMock = weakTypeOf[T] val primaryConstructorOpt = typeToMock.members.collectFirst { case method: MethodSymbolApi if method.isPrimaryConstructor => method } val constructorArgumentsTypes = primaryConstructorOpt.map { constructor => val constructorTypeContext = constructor.typeSignatureIn(typeToMock) val constructorArguments = constructor.paramss constructorArguments.map { symbols => symbols.map(_.typeSignatureIn(constructorTypeContext)) } } println(typeToMock) println(constructorArgumentsTypes) c.literalUnit } def foo[T] = macro macroImpl[T] class Foo[U: ClassTag] foo[Foo[Int]] running it: scala> foo[Foo[Int]] Foo[Int] Some(List(List(), List(scala.reflect.ClassTag[U])) I need to get the ClassTag[Int] somehow to be able to generate the correct Tree later, any ideas? A: Try using dealias at each place you resolve a type. Scala keeps references in place, even when it knows to what they refer. dealias gets you a copy (?) of the type that has the references replaced. You should also choose either blackbox or whitebox macros, rather than just scala.reflect.macros.Context. This seems to work: import scala.language.experimental.macros import scala.reflect.ClassTag import scala.reflect.macros.whitebox.Context def macroImpl[T: c.WeakTypeTag](c: Context) = { import c.universe._ val typeToMock = weakTypeOf[T].dealias val primaryConstructorOpt = typeToMock.members.collectFirst { case method: MethodSymbolApi if method.isPrimaryConstructor => method } val constructorArgumentsTypes = primaryConstructorOpt.map { constructor => val constructorTypeContext = constructor.typeSignatureIn(typeToMock).dealias val constructorArguments = constructorTypeContext.paramLists constructorArguments.map { symbols => symbols.map(_.typeSignatureIn(constructorTypeContext).dealias) } } println(typeToMock) println(constructorArgumentsTypes) q"()" } def foo[T]: Any = macro macroImpl[T] class Foo[U: ClassTag] foo[Foo[Int]] Result Foo[Int] Some(List(List(), List(scala.reflect.ClassTag[Int])))
package org.zalando.nakadi.domain; public interface PartitionEndStatistics extends PartitionBaseStatistics { NakadiCursor getLast(); }
Monday, December 7, 2009 Massacre at Pakistan mosque shows Taliban strength Presenter, Man # 1Al Jazeera correspondent in Islamabad has learned that two Pakistani generals were among the people killed in the attack on an army Mosque in the military compound in Rawalpindi, near Islamabad. Presenter, Woman # 1According to official sources, more than 40 people have been killed, and more than 83 others were injured. Five armed men attacked an army mosque in Rawalpindi during Friday prayers and opened fire on the worshipers. Presenter, Man # 1Two of the armed men blew themselves up inside the Mosque, but three others were able to escape. Reporter, Man # 2Once again, an explosion takes place in Rawalpindi. It has become difficult to count the number of times sensitive locations in this city were targeted. Rawalpindi is not only the former capital of Pakistan; it is also the main military headquarters of the Pakistan Armed Forces. It is the center of the military in a country in which the military establishment has a prominent status. Some of the problems there are local, but others are caused by regional and security factors. Perhaps the war in Afghanistan is the most important of these regional factors which explains why it’s very worrying for the Pakistani authorities. They did not hide their concern that increased military pressure on the Taliban in Afghanistan as was called for in the new American war strategy, may push them to go to Afghanistan. Explosions in Pakistan take place almost everyday, but they are still newsworthy due to the large material and human losses caused by them. In addition, these attacks affect the political and security situation in a country with a very strategic location, which explains why Pakistan has become a source of concern for NATO Forces in Afghanistan. Pakistan has become the epicenter of constant earthquakes that keep coming one after the other. The tribal region of Waziristan, the Karachi explosions, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, the assassination of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Al Qaeda, and the Taliban as well as the drone attacks all reflect the instability of Pakistan for the past two years. Who is responsible for this? Perhaps, many elements are, including Al Qaeda and the Taliban in Pakistan. Any one negatively affected by the war on terror is a potential suspect. However, the identity of the real perpetrators will not be known, until the situation calms down, which may not happen any time soon.Palestinian Authority official loses Jerusalem residencyDubai TV, UAEPresenter, Woman # 1Israel continues to accelerate its policy of changing the demographics of occupied Jerusalem with the objective of maximizing the number of its Jewish citizens. The Israeli Haaretz newspaper reported that 4.580 Jerusalem residency cards were taken away from Palestinians in 2008. This is 21 times more than the number of Palestinians whose residency rights were stripped from them since 1967. This phenomenon was also highlighted by the European report that resulted in a Swedish draft resolution to declare East Jerusalem the capital of the future Palestinian State. From Jerusalem, our reporter Sheruq Assad. Reporter, Woman # 1Khaled Abu Araefeh lives in the Damascus Gate neighborhood. He is the father of five. Israel revoked his Jerusalem residency, not because he is not living in Jerusalem or because he is not paying his taxes, but because of his political views. A year and a half ago, Israel arrested him along with another 60 others Palestinians in Jerusalem, including three Parliament members from the Palestinian legislative council representing Jerusalem. At the time, Khaled was a minster. He was in prison all that time, and just before he was released, he was surprised by the annulment of his Jerusalem residency permit. Now he is living in his home in Jerusalem, with the constant fear that Israel might expel him from the city at any moment. Guest, Man # 1The former Minster of Interior, Bar-On gave us the option of staying in the Palestinian legislative council and government, or having our Jerusalem residency permits revoked. Our Jerusalem residency permits were stripped. No I do not know if I will be expelled from my home. Reporter, Woman # 2The Jerusalem municipality has tried to prevent his sun Muhammad from acquiring his Jerusalem residency permit, and tried to prevent the construction of his new home. Guest, Woman # 3They persecute us for our political views, and give us problems when we try to build our homes. All of their policies are designed to make us leave Jerusalem. Reporter, Woman # 2In the eyes of Israel, the real battle is about demographics; Israel wishes to create new facts on the ground to shape the future peaceful settlement. Guest, Man # 2The Israelis have a clear plan for Jerusalem, to be completed by 2020. They want to have an absolute Jewish majority and an Arab minority. How to get rid of the Arab population? Of course, by revoking Jerusalem residency cards from Palestinians, demolishing their homes, and expanding the Apartheid Wall. This explains why the Israeli policy in 2008, 2009 and 2010 will be harsher than it was in previous years. Reporter, Woman # 2For the Palestinians, the battle for Jerusalem is a matter of survival and justice. For Israel it is a matter of imposing new facts on the ground by force. Time is of the essence. Shuruq Assad, Dubai Television, Ras Al A’maud Occupied Jerusalem. Israeli settlers clash with police over construction freezeIBA TV, IsraelSettlement leaders rejected a personal plea to respect the construction freeze in the territories during their meeting with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Settlers vowed to continue confronting security forces sent to enforce the freeze, while Netanyahu reassured the Judea and Samaria mayors that the freeze would not exceed 10 months. Living in limbo: Palestinian refugees in LebanonAl Aqsa, GazaPresenter, Male #1More than 3,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanon don’t have permanent residency cards, and they are being classified by the Lebanese government as “undocumented.” The refugees’ tragedy started to unfold in the aftermath of the 1970 Black September incidents in Jordan. During that year, many Palestinian refugees, who didn’t have an established residency status left Jordan and moved to Lebanon. Reporter, Male #2While most Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are stripped of their basic human and civil rights, some don’t have residency rights. The Palestinian embassy tried to remedy the situation by issuing passports to some of the non-resident refugees. However, this added insult to the injury, as the Lebanese General Security Agency started to classify those with a Palestinian passport as “foreign nationals”, who must renew their residency permits once a year. This has added further humanitarian and financial burdens on non-resident Palestinians living in Lebanon. Meanwhile, Palestinian Human Rights Organizations in Lebanon, led by the Shahid and Hikuk organizations and the Human Development Center, held a press conference at the headquarters of the Journalist Guild in Beirut in order to shed light on the refugee issue. Guest, Male #3Anyone, who was issued a passport by the Palestinian Authority, is now classified as a foreign national, as opposed to a non-resident refugee, and is subject to Lebanese laws, regarding residency status and visa permits. If that person overstays his visa, he will be deported, imprisoned, fined, or all three combined. As far as the deportation issue is concerned: Where will they deport him to? This is major issue, which we discussed with the Lebanese General Security Agency. Guest, Male #5The passport, which was issued to some non-resident Palestinian refugees by the Palestinian Authority, is a legal document. There’s no doubt about it. It’s worth mentioning that the passport itself is a document that identifies its bearer. However, the passport itself doesn’t grant its bearer the right to return to the Palestinian territories. Reporter, Male #2Without residency ID cards, the Palestinian refugees have no legal rights to live in Lebanon, and any effort to resolve this issue may hit a procedural stalemate due to the complexity of the legal process. Guest, Male #4Let it be known that the identification card, which was issued to us by the Lebanese General Security Agency, is not recognized by the Lebanese army, especially during traffic stops at checkpoints. In many occasions, our children are stopped and told that their ID cards are not recognized as a legal document by the Lebanese State. They encounter this problem on a daily basis. Lebanon is a country that defends human rights. The Lebanese constitution, in its preamble, calls for the respect of human rights. Therefore, we herby demand Lebanon to honor what it has pledged to do and bring justice to this marginalized class of Palestinian refugees. Reporter, Male #2Meanwhile, Palestinian Human Rights organizations have pledged to follow up on the issue and find a solution for the refugee problem. They also called for public protests, with the first wave of sit-ins to be staged at the beginning of next month in front of the headquarters of Lebanese Ministry of Interior. Ibrahim Arab, al-Aqsa Channel, Beirut. Israel lifts ban on importing Arabic booksNew TV, LebanonPresenter, Female #1Israel is trying to con Lebanon into normalizing their cultural relations. What is the official Lebanese reaction? Darin Da’bus investigates in this special report. Reporter, Female #2There has been some news, indicating that Israeli goods are being marketed and sold, under national brand names, in several Arab markets. This news comes despite the official ban on Israeli goods in Arab markets, as Israel is being blamed for closing the door to peace. The Hebrew State is seeking to penetrate further into the Arab market, through its new slogan, dubbed:” Lifting the cultural siege” imposed on the Palestinians living in the 1948 territories. According to the Israeli Maarif newspaper, the Israeli Ministerial Committee for Legislation decided on Sunday to support a bill, proposed by members of the Knesset, allowing the importation of books published in Lebanon, Syria, and the Gulf region. Israel is currently banning the importation of books published in countries, which it has not signed peace agreement with. What is the Lebanese reaction to this latest Israeli proposal? Guest, Male #1The issue is very clear to the Lebanese government. Our decision is final: We will not deal with Israel under any circumstances or in any way. This is our fundamental, unequivocal, and indisputable position. Whatever the Israeli government is doing has nothing to do with us, and it’s one sided. Guest, Male #2Up until five years ago, books that were published in Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, Jordan, and other Arab countries, were allowed in the Palestinian territories, both into the 1948 and the 1967 territories. Israel banned the importation of books published in Lebanon and Syria due to the severance of relations between these countries and Israel. We don’t want to establish new relations with Israel. Reporter, Female #2“Israel is an enemy state” but can we strip our people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of their right to read Arabic books? Guest, Male #1The Arab citizen has the right and is entitled to stay connected with his Arabic culture and ideology. Guest, Male #2We will not deal directly with the Israelis, including Israeli libraries and book stores. We will deal exclusively with the Arab population inside Israel. It’s very important for the Arab public to have access to Arabic literature and books. Some Arabic-language books are banned in Israel. It appears that there is a rise in book-piracy inside Israel. Many books were reprinted inside the “Green Line” without complying with copyright laws. Some of these books are best sellers. Reporter, Female #2The proposal allows the Israeli security authorities to reject the importation of a certain book or journal for content that could be used for incitement, such as literature denying the Holocaust or prompting terrorism. From the outside, the Israeli proposal seems to be granting more freedoms for the Palestinians in the 1948 territories. However, from the inside, the proposal aims to normalize relations between Israel and the Arabs. Darin Da’bus, New TV.Two million Iraqis are disabledBBC- ArabicPresenter, Male #1In Iraq, people with special needs are suffering from many difficulties. That is due to the low average income and the limited financial support they receive. Reporter, Male #1According to reports by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, those who have been physically or mentally disabled by the successive wars in Iraq since the 80s and the violent events that have prevailed in the country since 2003 constitute the majority of the country’s two million handicapped persons. The Iraqi authority classifies the handicapped in two categories. Handicapped military servicemen receive retirement salaries that are at least 150 dollars every month; while disabled civilians only receive rehabilitation sessions that could help them earn a living and a monthly stipend of 50 dollars on average, which is only granted to those who are 90% disabled. Guest, Male #1The two categories of handicapped people are classified based on their ability to work: the first includes handicapped who can work or partially work; and the second includes those who are unable to work at all. The handicapped unable to work are covered by a salary from the social security fund. Reporter, Male #1To make ends meet, many handicapped people are forced to do work that is unsuitable for them. Hassan used to be a soldier in the second gulf war in 1991, during which he lost both hands. But his handicap does not prevent him from trying to make a livelihood. He opened a small store in front of his home to sell sweets and groceries. Despite that, Hassan is still suffering financially. Guest, Male #2I don’t make enough. All I make is about 120,000, sometimes a little bit more. I have a big family of 8. Reporter, Male #1Through a special fund, the Iraqi government provides some kind of assistance to the born handicapped, such as the blind and the mentally disabled. But unofficial reports by Iraqi political groups indicated that corruption in the administration has reached this sector as well, especially in the last two years. But the most important complaint, according to relevant sources, is that there is no law that guarantees rights for the handicapped to help them integrate into society, especially since the program for legal protection for the handicapped has been lying in the drawers of the Iraqi parliament for the last 4 years. Guest, Male #3This law organizes the needs of the handicapped, guarantees their demand for work, and covers a decent stipend for them. Reporter, Male #1Since 2003, nearly 70 civil organizations have been founded in Iraq to support the handicapped. Many of these organizations try to rehabilitate the disabled professionally and mentally through special workshops. But according to the experts, these efforts have had little influence in a country where 7% of the population is disabled. From the capital Baghdad, Khudair Houssein, BBC. The Saudi role in the war in YemenANB TV, EnglandHost, Man # 1We are hosting today, the chief editor of the Arab Observer Magazine, Abdel Aziz Al Khames from the Saudi Kingdom, and the political analyst and Journalist Hamed Ghul Sharifi, from Iran. Abdel Aziz Al Khames, you were here with Hamed Ghul Sharifi a while ago and we were taking about the possibility of Saudi Arabia’s involvement in the war. Today, we are no longer speculating; Saudi Arabia is directly involved in the war in Yemen. Can you tell us objectively, did Saudi Arabia want this kind of war and confrontation or was it dragged into it? Guest, Man # 1I think that this war was imposed on the Saudi regime. The war is between rebel groups and the Yemeni government, and they want to expand the conflict which explains why they are clashing with Saudi forces on the border. However, and this is my personal opinion, Saudi Arabia benefited from this war. Saudi Arabia has been trying to establish a buffer zone 10 miles-deep between it and Yemen. People and drugs have always been smuggled through the Saudi-Yemeni border, and Al Qaeda has used this smuggling route to move explosives and people from Saudi Arabia to Yemen. It seems the Saudi government views the war as a good opportunity to clean the area and secure its southern borders. Host, Man # 1I asked Abdel Aziz Al Khames as a Saudi national; I want ask you the same question as an Iranian national. There were also rumors that Iran is involved in the war, and later the Yemeni government accused Iran of directly interfering in Yemeni affairs. This also comes as Iranian officials started talking about the plight of the Shiites in Yemen. Some even say that Iranian military warships are now in the area, under the pretext of fighting pirates. This news came as Yemen said that it captured a ship transporting weapons. They said that the weapons went from Iran to Eritrea and from there to Yemen. Can you tell us, frankly, is Iran involved in the war in Yemen? Guest, Man # 2 If you were to ask me does Iran interfere in Lebanon or Iraq to strengthen its influence? Then I would have said yes, 100%. But in Yemen, Iran has not interfered directly so far, however there is sympathy towards the Shiites in Yemen. You can see this sympathy in the Iranian media and it is being voiced by different Iranian civic institutions. Tell us why Iranians are sympathetic to what is happening in Yemen.Obama's Surge: The Real ReasonLink TV, USAEvery year on the anniversary of September 11, the same question pops up: where is Osama bin Laden? And for eight years various pundits, who hardly speak a word of Pashto, Dari, Urdu or any other language spoken in the region, play the guessing game, placing him somewhere along the Pakistani-Afghan border. This week, President Obama took Gen. Stanley McChrystal's advice and ordered a surge in the war in Afghanistan by sending 30,000 more American troops there to help battle the Taliban insurgency. In a speech at the US Military Academy at West Point on Tuesday, the President set out what he said was a new strategy to bring the war to a "successful conclusion" and reverse the momentum of Taliban gains. The President did not mention Osama bin Laden, a frequent target of his criticism during the campaign when he criticized President Bush. "We will kill bin Laden, we will crush al Qaeda. That has to be our biggest national security priority," then candidate Barack Obama said during an October 2008 debate. If the US goal remains to "crush" al Qaeda, then perhaps many Americans would not be as upset with Obama's Afghan surge; however, this is not the case. As it stands, there will be nearly 100,000 U.S. troops in Afghanistan, along with about 47,000 from allies. This is not to mention contractors, who already outnumber U.S. forces in the war-ravaged country. According to credible intelligence estimates, 100 al Qaeda operatives are in Afghanistan, and 300 more have fled to Pakistan. As for the Taliban, conflicting estimates put their numbers anywhere between 7,000 to 25,000. Therefore, this build up does not make sense, and the numbers do not add up. Also, why do the United States and its allies need close to 150,000 troops if they can negotiate with the Taliban? Mr. Karzai does! "We must talk to the Taliban as an Afghan necessity. The fight against terrorism and extremism cannot be won by fighting alone," Karzai said. "Personally, I would definitely talk to Mullah Omar. Whatever it takes to bring peace to Afghanistan, I, as the Afghan president, will do it." Meanwhile, President Obama has increased US pressure on Pakistan to fight the Taliban in its territories. As an inducement, and a measure of heightened American concern for Pakistan, he has also helped bring a big increase in aid to the country, including $7.5 billion of non-military aid over five years, approved recently by Congress. The problem is that there is no certainty or confidence that the current Pakistani regime is going to last; Pakistan's president Asif Ali Zardari is one of the country's most discredited politicians and linked to corruption. There is a major question mark on who will be replacing him or what sort of a government Pakistan will have after his imminent fall. President Obama has not been forthcoming with the American people. He should come clean and explain the real reason behind the surge. It's not because of bin Laden, al-Qaeda, or the Taliban. The real reason is Pakistan, a failed state with nuclear warheads!
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Is imidazoline site a unique receptor? A correlation with clonidine-displacing substance activity. Many specific hypotensive drugs acting via the central alpha 2-adrenoceptors were designed based on their imidazoline/guanidine structure for use as antihypertensives. This unique structure, which is missing in the alpha 2-adrenoceptor natural ligands, led to the search for an endogenous, nonadrenergic ligand, and later on, for its putative receptor. Indeed, an endogenous ligand designated the "clonidine displacing substance" (CDS), was isolated and purified from bovine brain, and characterized in various cells. The most intriguing feature of CDS is its hypertensive action upon injection into the rostral ventrolateral medulla and its competition with clonidine. Is CDS a natural agonist which is displaced by clonidine or other hypotensive drugs? Does the unique imidazoline/guanidine structure imply a unique recognition site? Recent studies reported that an imidazoline site, distinct from the alpha 2-adrenoceptor, is abundant in many tissues, and it preferentially recognizes the imidazolino-guanidino type ligands. The physiological role of these sites is still not well defined. In the present study we show that the richest tissue in imidazoline sites is human placenta (1800 +/- 100 fmol/mg protein). The sites are distributed on the cell surface, as observed in studies of binding to intact cytotrophoblasts and cultured trophoblasts originating from human placenta. Binding studies show that the imidazoline site displays a unique pharmacological profile distinct from the alpha 2-adrenoceptor (eg, benzylidenamino-guanidine, Ki = 18.9 +/- 13.8 nmol/L for the imidazoline sites and Ki = 768 +/- 299 nmol/L for the alpha 2-adrenoceptors; guanidopyrol, Ki = 11.2 +/- 6.3 nmol/L for imidazoline sites and Ki = 10100 +/- 1515 nmol/L for the alpha 2-adrenoceptors).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Methods for axolotl blood collection, intravenous injection, and efficient leukocyte isolation from peripheral blood and the regenerating limb. The vertebrate immune system comprises both adaptive and innate immune cells with distinct functions during the resolution of inflammation and wound healing after tissue injury. Recent evidence implicates a requirement for innate immune cells from the myeloid lineage during the early stages of limb regeneration in the Mexican axolotl. Understanding the functions of innate and adaptive immune cells in the axolotl has been hampered by a lack of approaches to isolate and analyze these cells. Here we describe a protocol to isolate myeloid cells from the regenerating axolotl limb that incorporates intravenous delivery of physiological labels. In addition we provide a protocol to enrich for leukocytes in the peripheral blood. These protocols produce single-cell suspensions that can be analyzed using flow cytometry or sorted into specific subsets using fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). FACS is a routine approach to sort cells based on their physical characteristics as well as their cell surface antigen repertoire. Isolated cell populations can then be analyzed in a wide range of downstream assays to facilitate a greater understanding of leukocyte biology in the axolotl.
using System; using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; using MVCBlog.Localization; namespace MVCBlog.Data { public abstract class EntityBase { public EntityBase() { this.Id = Guid.NewGuid(); this.CreatedOn = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow; } [Display(Name = "Id", ResourceType = typeof(Resources))] [Key] public Guid Id { get; set; } [Display(Name = "CreatedOn", ResourceType = typeof(Resources))] public DateTimeOffset CreatedOn { get; set; } } }
Quasars and a dwarf star break the rules in tucson. Earlier this month, more than 2000 astronomers convened in Tucson, Arizona, for the American Astronomical Society's largest meeting ever. Even the war drums beaten by a few local Apaches and their supporters, protesting a University of Arizona telescope project, could not drown out lecture-hall and corridor discussions of topics such as naked quasars, flaring stars, and planetary searches.
We asked who you thought were the ten best level designers ever for Doom and you responded. On the following pages are the men that you, the Doomers of the world, picked as the cream of the crop. Part of the elite. These are men that all touched the way in which you played through Doom in some form or another. These are the men who helped to change the course of Doom History and the way levels for Doom are desgined. There have been many great level designers in the time since Doom was released five years ago, and many new up and comers since. But these are the men that stood out, for one reason or another and have been given the title of Top Ten Doom Level Designers. It's isn't by accident that half of the people listed here are currently making games for a living.
THE state government has called for community feedback on a plan to extend the South West Rail Link to Badgerys Creek and Narellan. The government plans to reserve a corridor, with room for six new train stations: Badgerys Creek, North Bringelly, Bringelly, Rossmore, Oran Park and Narellan now, even though the federal government has said the train line will not be completed when the second Sydney airport opens at Badgerys Creek in the 2020s. Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development Warren Truss said the airport would be designed to accommodate a train line in the future, but it would not be required when the airport first opens. The new corridor will continue the South West Rail Link from the new Luddenham station, which will start operating in 2015, through to the Western Line station of St Marys and south to Narellan. NSW Transport Minister Gladys Berejiklian said the future rail corridor will link jobs, service hubs and communities in the south-west with Sydney's existing and future public transport and roads networks. "To begin with — when the airport's air traffic will be less than 10 per cent of that of Sydney airport — access to the second Sydney airport will be provided through road upgrades, park and ride facilities and public transport services including new express buses," she said. Initial projections showed an airport at Badgerys Creek would carry about 3 million passengers each year, similar to the capacity of Canberra and Hobart airports. Ms Berejiklian said the public transport demands of much larger airports, like Melbourne International Airport, are met by a fleet of express buses.
World War One – Parramatta Nurses – Sister Edith Faber 24 Nov, 2014 Sister Edith Faber, 2 Australian General Hospital, reproduced from half-tone print from Parramatta Soldiers, Cumberland Argus, 1920. Edith was a 31 year-old nurse living at Hillier Street, Merrylands, when she was one of the first volunteers to to be accepted into the 2 Australian General Hospital Nursing Service 24 November 1914. She was stationed on one of the hospital ships, the “Grautully Castle”, which was moored off the coast of Gallipoli. Edith was promoted to Nursing Sister in December 1915. Geoff Barker, Collections and Research Coordinator, Parramatta City Council Heritage Centre, 2014
Q: how to make self updating clock label in kivy? I want to make a Label which acts as a clock and gets updated every second just as in making-a-clock-in-kivy link but in the status bar. I want the label in status.kv file with id: _tnd to act as a clock. The print statement in the update function (test_gui.py) does work and prints the date and time in the console after every second, but the label is not getting updated. I am pretty much confused right now!. It might be a silly mistake, but How do I do it? I have 3 files test_gui.py test.kv status.kv test_gui.py file import time from kivy.app import App from kivy.clock import Clock from kivy.lang import Builder from kivy.uix.boxlayout import BoxLayout from kivy.properties import ObjectProperty from kivy.properties import StringProperty Builder.load_file('status.kv') class Status(BoxLayout): _change = StringProperty() _tnd = ObjectProperty(None) def update(self,args): self.time = time.asctime() self._change = str(self.time) self._tnd.text = str(self.time) print self._change class C(BoxLayout): pass class TimeApp(App): def build(self): self.load_kv('test.kv') crudeclock = Status() Clock.schedule_interval(crudeclock.update, 1) return C() if __name__ == "__main__": TimeApp().run() test.kv file <C>: BoxLayout: orientation: 'vertical' BoxLayout: Button: text: "Button" Label: text: "Label" Status: status.kv file <Status>: size_hint: 1,.1 _tnd: _tnd canvas.before: Color: rgba: 0,0,0,1 Rectangle: pos: self.pos size: self.size Label: text:'Current Date and Time:' Label: id: _tnd text: root._change +' time' A: There are a few issues with your code. The biggest is in your build(self) function: def build(self): self.load_kv('test.kv') crudeclock = Status() Clock.schedule_interval(crudeclock.update, 1) return C() You are creating a Status object and setting up a clock to call it's update function, but it is not part of your display. It is a separate, independent instance of Status that is not attached to your widget tree. When you return C(), it creates the widget tree defined in test.kv with its own, internal Status instance that is not being updated. The second issue is that you are binding the Label's text field to a property in the .kv file, and then also manually changing it in the callback. I'm guessing you tried one and then the other to see if either worked. Both will work if you are using the right object, but you only want to use one. As far as accessing the right Status object, the simplest way to fix your code is to tag it in test.kv, then access it in build(self): <C>: BoxLayout: orientation: 'vertical' BoxLayout: Button: text: "Button" Label: text: "Label" Status: id: stat and: def build(self): self.load_kv('test.kv') c = C() stat = c.ids.stat # this is the right object Clock.schedule_interval(stat.update, 1) return c An alternative, since you really only need to keep time once for your whole app, is to put the property in your app class and bind to it in the kv file: time = StringProperty() def update(self, args): self.time = str(time.asctime()) # + 'time'? def build(self): self.load_kv('test.kv') Clock.schedule_interval(self.update, 1) return C() and <Status>: size_hint: 1,.1 canvas.before: Color: rgba: 0,0,0,1 Rectangle: pos: self.pos size: self.size Label: text:'Current Date and Time:' Label: text: app.time Which looks a little cleaner.
The present application is the U.S. national phase under 35 U.S.C xc2xa7317 of International Application No. PCT/EP98/00127, filed Feb. 23, 1998. The present invention relates to a new use of Interleukin-15 (IL-15). The invention further relates to pharmaceutical preparations, containing IL-15 itself, IL-15 stimulating compounds or IL-15 inhibiting and/or eliminating compounds. The cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) was originally identified in culture supernatants of the simian kidney epithelial cell line CV-1/EBNA and the T cell leukemia cell line HuT-102 (Grabstein et al., 1994; Burton et al., 1994; Bamford et al., 1994). The IL-15 cDNA sequence encodes a 162 amino acid (aa) precursor protein consisting of a 48 aa peptide and a 114 aa mature protein (Grabstein et al., 1994). Although there is no sequence homology with IL-2, analysis of the amino acid sequence predicts that IL-15, like IL-2, is a member of the four xcex1 helix bundle cytokine family. Furthermore IL-15 and IL-2 exert their biological activities through binding on the IL-2Rxcex2 and xcex3chains, supplemented by a specific IL-15Rxcex1 and IL-2Rxcex1 polypeptide, respectively (Giri et al., 1995). This sharing of receptor subunits probably accounts for the similar functional activities of both cytokines observed on T, B and NK cells. IL-15 mRNA is widely distributed in fibroblasts, epithelial cells and monocytes but not in resting or activated T cells, the predominant source of IL-2. IL-15 and IL-2 share various biological functions. IL-15, like IL-2, has been defined as a T cell growth factor. IL-15 was originally discovered as a factor that could induce proliferation of the IL-2 dependent murine cytotoxic T-cell line (CD8+) CTLL-2 (Grabstein et al., 1994). Proliferation upon addition with IL-15 was also observed in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated CD4+ or CD8+ human peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBT), and xcex3xcex4 subsets of T cells (Grabstein et al., 1994; Nishimura et al., 1996). Studies with phenotypically memory (CD45RO+) and naive (CD45ROxe2x88x92) T cells, isolated from human PET, revealed that IL-15, like IL-2, induces in memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and naive CD8+ T cells but not in naive CD4+ T cells the expression of the CD69 activation marker and proliferation (Kanegane et al., 1996). IL-15 was as effective as IL-2 in the in vitro generation of alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures and in promoting the induction of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells (Grabstein et al., 1994). Additionally, in vivo studies in a murine model demonstrated the capacity of IL-15 to augment CD8+ T-cell-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection (Khan and Kasper, 1996). Here vaccination of mice with soluble parasite antigen (Ag) and IL-15 resulted in significant proliferation of splenocytes expressing the CD8+ phenotype and protection against a lethal parasite challenge for at least 1 month postimmunization. Natural Killer (NK) cells are considered an important target for IL-15 action. Treatment of NK cells with IL-15 results in proliferation and enhancement of cytotoxic activity and in production of Interferon xcex3 (IFNxcex3), tumor necrosis factor xcex1 (TNFxcex1) and granulocyt-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Carson et al., 1994). Furthermore IL-15 can substitute for the bone marrow microenvironment during the maturation of murine NK1.1+ cells from nonlytic to lytic effector cells (Puzanov et al., 1996). Apart from its activities on T and NK cells, IL-15 costimulates, in a comparable way as IL-2, proliferation of B cells activated with immobilized anti-IgM or phorbol ester (Armitage et al., 1995). Stimulation of B cells with a combination of CD40L and IL-15 efficiently induces immunoglobulin synthesis. IL-15 has no stimulatory activity on resting B cells. IL-15 was also found to have other biological activities. Chemoattractant factors are cytokines or chemokines that regulate the migration of lymphocytes to inflammation regions. IL-15 is described as a chemoattractant factor for human PBT, inducing polarisation, invasion of collagen gels and redistribution of adhesion receptors (Wilkinson and Liew, 1995; Nieto et al., 1996). Murine mast cells proliferate in response to IL-15, but not to IL-2, using a novel receptor/signalling pathway, not shared with IL-2 (Tagaya et al., 1996). Furthermore, it has been shown that IL-15 and IL-2 have different effects on differentiation of bipotential T/NK progenitor cells, with IL-15 predominantly promoting the development of TCRxcex3xcex4 T cells and NK cells (Leclercq et al., 1996). The most striking difference, however, between IL-15 and IL-2 lies in their expression patterns. The presence of IL-15 mRNA in a variety of non-lymfoid tissues indicates that the secretion of the cytokine is not solely regulated by the immune system and/or that the cytokine can act outside the immune system itself. Accordingly, addition of IL-15 to a myoblast cell line affects parameters associated with skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy, suggesting IL-15 has anabolic activities and increases skeletal muscle mass (Quinn et al., 1995). Activated CD4+ T lymphocytes play a key role in the development of an effective immune response against pathogens by providing the growth factors necessary for the expansion of the activated CD4+ T lymphocytes (autocrine growth) and for the expansion of CD8+ cytolytic cells and the differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells (paracrine xe2x80x9chelperxe2x80x9d activity). After clearance of the pathogen, a subfraction of the generated Ag-specific T cells persist as memory cells, either in the lymphoid tissue or in the circulation. Throughout this application, xe2x80x9cmemory cellsxe2x80x9d are defined as antigen-experienced cells. These memory lymphocytes are small, resting cells which are optimally primed for the generation of a quantitatively and qualitatively superior, secondary response upon a re-encounter with the priming Ag. In order to accomplish the transition from activated CD4+ effector cell to resting CD4+ memory cell and to acquire long-term survival, these effectors need to acquire the following characteristics: (i) being resistant towards, or escaping from, activation-induced cell death (AICD); AICD is responsible for attenuation of the immune reaction; (ii) being independent from autocrine growth factors, produced during the immune response. Normally, the disappearance of these growth factorsxe2x80x94a consequence of the ending of immune activityxe2x80x94results in growth factor depletion-induced cell death by apoptosis; (iii) having the capacity, in case of a renewed contact with the antigen, to expand maximally by production of the necessary autocrine- and paracrine-acting helper cytokines such as IL-2. The research that resulted in the present invention, indicated that IL-15 promotes the generation and persistence of CD4+ memory cells, by promoting antigen activated CD4+ T-lymphocytes to acquire the characteristics, mentioned above:resistance towards AICD, insensitivity towards apoptosis following growth factor withdrawal at the end of the antigen stimulus and high responsiveness towards renewed antigen challenge. Resistance towards AICD and insensitivity towards apoptosis determine the survival of the CD4+T lymphocytes. Responsiveness is characterised by cell division, expansion of the cell number and production of helper cytokines. Thus, treatment of antigen stimulated CD+ cells with IL-15, even at very low concentrations, turns off the program of cell death running in the absence of growth factor. Unlike with IL-2, survival of CD4+ T cells with IL-15 is not accompanied by DNA synthesis nor proliferation, demonstrating that IL-15 induces a resting phenotype in these cells. Moreover, the sensitivity towards AICD of CD4+ T lymphocytes, cultured in presence of IL-2, is reversed by IL-15. Restimulation of these IL-15 treated, resting T cells with a suitable antigen (Ag) presented by Ag presenting cells (APC) results in maximal cell expansion, driven by a renewed production of helper cytokines. This cell expansion is not attenuated by a massive cell death as a consequence of AICD. In contrast to what is observed for cells cultured in presence of IL-2, the above-mentioned activities of IL-15 provide a method to achieve survival of immuno competent CD4+ T lymphocytes, herewith strongly improving the secondary restimulation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. In other words, the formation of immunological CD4+ memory cells can be controlled in a positive sense, by an increased IL-15 activity, or in a negative sense, by a decreased IL-15 activity. A first aspect of the present invention thus relates to the use of IL-15 in the manufacturing of a pharmaceutical preparation for the stimulation of the formation of memory cells. Such a stimulation can be used in a number of applications. It can be applied before, during or after vaccination to increase the efficiency of the vaccination against infection or diseases of which the pathological evolution derives, at least in part, from an inadequate CD4+ T cell-dependent immune response. Thus, diseases, where the existence of sufficient numbers of Ag-specific CD4+ memory cells is necessary to control (re-emergent) pathogens, are suitable indications for IL-15 treatment. Important but non-limiting examples of such pathogenic conditions are bacterial, parasitical or viral infections (e.g. HIV) and cancer. Other possible indications of this approach are individuals showing hyporesponsiveness towards pathogens or vaccins, or suffering from a chronic infection or from a generally weakened immune condition. As we assume that the action of IL-15 becomes even more important towards the end of an acute immune response, promoting the subsequent quiescent period, therapeutic doses of IL-15 should preferentially be administered when the immune response is subsiding, in this way favouring the establishment and long-term survival of CD4+ memory cells. A second aspect of the present invention relates to those cases where an unwanted or harmful CD4+ T cell-dependent immune response is (co)-responsible for disease. As an example, several reports demonstrated the involvement of autopathogenic CD4+ T cells in autoimmune conditions. As a consequence it is anticipated that blocking the activity of IL-15 will suppress the long-term survival of autoreactive CD4+ effector T cell clones as well as promote the regression of already formed autoreactive CD4+ T cells, thus resulting in beneficial effects for patients suffering from an auto-immune condition. Therapy aiming at the inhibition of IL-15 activities can be accomplished by administration of agents interfering with the binding of IL-15 to its receptor such as antagonistic anti-IL-15 antibodies or anti-IL-15Rxcex1 antibodies or the Fab or F(abxe2x80x2)2 fragments of these Ab, soluble IL-15Rxcex1, fusion proteins consisting of soluble IL-15Rxcex1 and Fc fragment, or peptides binding with high affinity on the IL-15Rxcex1 without inducing signalling. A different approach consists of inhibiting IL-15 synthesis by administration of IL-15 antisense oligonucleotides through direct vaccination of patients with naked DNA, or by gene therapy approaches. A third embodiment of the invention further relates to a pharmaceutical preparation promoting the formation of memory cells, which preparation contains IL-15 or IL-15 promoting compounds, possibly in presence of a suitable excipient. A fourth embodiment of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical preparation inhibiting the formation of memory cells, which preparation contains IL-15 inhibiting and/or eliminating compounds, such as IL-15 antibodies or compounds that interfere with the binding of IL-15 with its receptor, such as soluble IL15Rxcex1, possibly in presence of a suitable excipient. For the use of IL-15 according to the present invention, IL-15 can be administered by bolus injection, continuous infusion, sustained release from implants or other suitable technique. Administration may be by intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, or parenteral or intraperitoneal infusion. IL-15 therapeutic agent will be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising purified polypeptide in conjunction with physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents. Such carriers will be nontoxic to patients at the dosages and concentrations employed. Ordinarily, the preparation of such compositions entails combining a mammalian IL-15 polypeptide or derivative thereof with buffers, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose or dextrans, chelating agents such as EDTA, glutathione and other stabilizers and excipients. Neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with conspecific serum albumin are exemplary appropriate diluents. Elevated levels of IL-15 can also be obtained by adoptive transfer of cells ex vivo transfected with constructs consisting of an IL-15 cDNA sequence driven by a potent promoter, or by introduction into the target cells of an IL-15 cDNA sequence after a suitable promoter. The meaning of therapeutic in the present application is not limited to the treatment of an existing disease or condition, but comprises the use of IL-15 as support during vaccination and other profylactive treatments, where the formation of immunological memory cells is essential or helpful.
--- title: Azure Data Factory を使用して PostgreSQL からデータをコピーする description: Azure Data Factory パイプラインでコピーアクティビティを使用して、PostgreSQL からサポートされているシンクデータストアへデータをコピーする方法について説明します。 services: data-factory documentationcenter: '' author: linda33wj manager: shwang ms.reviewer: douglasl ms.service: data-factory ms.workload: data-services ms.topic: conceptual ms.date: 02/19/2020 ms.author: jingwang ms.openlocfilehash: 6d10e7b9b24817eb738172bd0f2d2c3e7f8f2cbf ms.sourcegitcommit: b80aafd2c71d7366838811e92bd234ddbab507b6 ms.translationtype: HT ms.contentlocale: ja-JP ms.lasthandoff: 04/16/2020 ms.locfileid: "81416764" --- # <a name="copy-data-from-postgresql-by-using-azure-data-factory"></a>Azure Data Factory を使用して PostgreSQL からデータをコピーする > [!div class="op_single_selector" title1="使用している Data Factory サービスのバージョンを選択してください:"] > * [Version 1](v1/data-factory-onprem-postgresql-connector.md) > * [現在のバージョン](connector-postgresql.md) [!INCLUDE[appliesto-adf-asa-md](includes/appliesto-adf-asa-md.md)] この記事では、Azure Data Factory のコピーアクティビティを使用して、PostgreSQL データベースからデータをコピーする方法について説明します。この記事は、コピーアクティビティの概要を示している[コピーアクティビティの概要](copy-activity-overview.md)に関する記事に基づいています。 ## <a name="supported-capabilities"></a>サポートされる機能この PostgreSQL コネクタは、次のアクティビティでサポートされます。 - [サポートされるソース/シンクマトリックス](copy-activity-overview.md)での[コピーアクティビティ](copy-activity-overview.md) - [Lookup アクティビティ](control-flow-lookup-activity.md) PostgreSQL データベースのデータを、サポートされているシンクデータストアにコピーできます。コピーアクティビティによってソースまたはシンクとしてサポートされているデータストアの一覧については、[サポートされているデータストア](copy-activity-overview.md#supported-data-stores-and-formats)に関する記事の表をご覧ください。具体的には、この PostgreSQL コネクタは PostgreSQL バージョン 7.4 以降をサポートします。 ## <a name="prerequisites"></a>前提条件 [!INCLUDE [data-factory-v2-integration-runtime-requirements](../../includes/data-factory-v2-integration-runtime-requirements.md)] Integration Runtime のバージョン 3.7 以降には PostgreSQL ドライバーが組み込まれているため、ドライバーを手動でインストールする必要はありません。 ## <a name="getting-started"></a>作業の開始 [!INCLUDE [data-factory-v2-connector-get-started](../../includes/data-factory-v2-connector-get-started.md)] 次のセクションでは、PostgreSQL コネクタに固有の Data Factory エンティティを定義するために使用されるプロパティについて詳しく説明します。 ## <a name="linked-service-properties"></a>リンクされたサービスのプロパティ PostgreSQL のリンクされたサービスでは、次のプロパティがサポートされます。 \| プロパティ \| 説明 \| 必須 \| \|:--- \|:--- \|:--- \| \| type \| type プロパティは、次のように設定する必要があります:PostgreSql \| はい \| \| connectionString \| Azure Database for PostgreSQL に接続するための ODBC 接続文字列。 <br/>パスワードを Azure Key Vault に格納して、接続文字列から `password` 構成をプルすることもできます。詳細については、下記の例と、「[Azure Key Vault への資格情報の格納](store-credentials-in-key-vault.md)」の記事を参照してください。 \| はい \| \| connectVia \| データストアに接続するために使用される[統合ランタイム](concepts-integration-runtime.md)。詳細については、「[前提条件](#prerequisites)」セクションを参照してください。指定されていない場合は、既定の Azure 統合ランタイムが使用されます。 \|いいえ \| 一般的な接続文字列は `Server=<server>;Database=<database>;Port=<port>;UID=<username>;Password=<Password>` です。ケースごとにさらに多くのプロパティを設定できます。 \| プロパティ \| 説明 \| Options \| 必須 \| \|:--- \|:--- \|:--- \|:--- \| \| EncryptionMethod (EM)\| ドライバーとデータベースサーバー間で送信されるデータを暗号化するためにドライバーが使用するメソッド。例: `EncryptionMethod=<0/1/6>;`\| 0 (暗号化なし) (既定) /1 (SSL)/6 (RequestSSL) \| いいえ \| \| ValidateServerCertificate (VSC) \| SSL 暗号化が有効 (Encryption Method=1) になっているときに、データベースサーバーによって送信される証明書をドライバーが検証するかどうかを決定します。例: `ValidateServerCertificate=<0/1>;`\| 0 (無効) (既定) / 1 (有効) \| いいえ \| 例: ```json { "name": "PostgreSqlLinkedService", "properties": { "type": "PostgreSql", "typeProperties": { "connectionString": "Server=<server>;Database=<database>;Port=<port>;UID=<username>;Password=<Password>" }, "connectVia": { "referenceName": "<name of Integration Runtime>", "type": "IntegrationRuntimeReference" } } } ``` 例: パスワードを Azure Key Vault に格納する ```json { "name": "PostgreSqlLinkedService", "properties": { "type": "PostgreSql", "typeProperties": { "connectionString": "Server=<server>;Database=<database>;Port=<port>;UID=<username>;", "password": { "type": "AzureKeyVaultSecret", "store": { "referenceName": "<Azure Key Vault linked service name>", "type": "LinkedServiceReference" }, "secretName": "<secretName>" } }, "connectVia": { "referenceName": "<name of Integration Runtime>", "type": "IntegrationRuntimeReference" } } } ``` 次のペイロードで PostgreSQL のリンクされたサービスを使用していた場合、まだそのままサポートされていますが、今後は新しいものを使用することをお勧めします。以前のペイロード: ```json { "name": "PostgreSqlLinkedService", "properties": { "type": "PostgreSql", "typeProperties": { "server": "<server>", "database": "<database>", "username": "<username>", "password": { "type": "SecureString", "value": "<password>" } }, "connectVia": { "referenceName": "<name of Integration Runtime>", "type": "IntegrationRuntimeReference" } } } ``` ## <a name="dataset-properties"></a>データセットのプロパティデータセットを定義するために使用できるセクションとプロパティの完全な一覧については、[データセット](concepts-datasets-linked-services.md)に関する記事をご覧ください。このセクションでは、PostgreSQL データセットでサポートされるプロパティの一覧を示します。 PostgreSQL からのデータコピーについては、次のプロパティがサポートされています。 \| プロパティ \| 説明 \| 必須 \| \|:--- \|:--- \|:--- \| \| type \| データセットの type プロパティは、次のように設定する必要があります:PostgreSqlTable \| はい \| \| schema \| スキーマの名前。 \|いいえ (アクティビティソースの "query" が指定されている場合) \| \| table \| テーブルの名前。 \|いいえ (アクティビティソースの "query" が指定されている場合) \| \| tableName \| スキーマがあるテーブルの名前。このプロパティは下位互換性のためにサポートされています。新しいワークロードでは、`schema` と `table` を使用します。 \| いいえ (アクティビティソースの "query" が指定されている場合) \| 例 ```json { "name": "PostgreSQLDataset", "properties": { "type": "PostgreSqlTable", "typeProperties": {}, "schema": [], "linkedServiceName": { "referenceName": "<PostgreSQL linked service name>", "type": "LinkedServiceReference" } } } ``` `RelationalTable` 型のデータセットを使用していた場合、現状のまま引き続きサポートされますが、今後は新しいものを使用することをお勧めします。 ## <a name="copy-activity-properties"></a>コピーアクティビティのプロパティアクティビティの定義に利用できるセクションとプロパティの完全な一覧については、[パイプライン](concepts-pipelines-activities.md)に関する記事を参照してください。このセクションでは、PostgreSQL ソースでサポートされるプロパティの一覧を示します。 ### <a name="postgresql-as-source"></a>ソースとしての PostgreSQL PostgreSQL からデータをコピーするために、コピーアクティビティの source セクションでは次のプロパティがサポートされています。 \| プロパティ \| 説明 \| 必須 \| \|:--- \|:--- \|:--- \| \| type \| コピーアクティビティのソースの type プロパティは、次のように設定する必要があります:PostgreSqlSource \| はい \| \| query \| カスタム SQL クエリを使用してデータを読み取ります。 (例: `"query": "SELECT * FROM \"MySchema\".\"MyTable\""`)。 \| いいえ (データセットの "tableName" が指定されている場合) \| > [!NOTE] > スキーマ名とテーブル名は、大文字と小文字が区別されます。クエリ内では、これらを `""` (二重引用符) で囲んでください。例: ```json "activities":[ { "name": "CopyFromPostgreSQL", "type": "Copy", "inputs": [ { "referenceName": "<PostgreSQL input dataset name>", "type": "DatasetReference" } ], "outputs": [ { "referenceName": "<output dataset name>", "type": "DatasetReference" } ], "typeProperties": { "source": { "type": "PostgreSqlSource", "query": "SELECT * FROM \"MySchema\".\"MyTable\"" }, "sink": { "type": "<sink type>" } } } ] ``` `RelationalSource` 型のソースを使用していた場合は現状のまま引き続きサポートされますが、今後は新しいものを使用することをお勧めします。 ## <a name="lookup-activity-properties"></a>Lookup アクティビティのプロパティプロパティの詳細については、[Lookup アクティビティ](control-flow-lookup-activity.md)に関するページを参照してください。 ## <a name="next-steps"></a>次のステップ Azure Data Factory のコピーアクティビティによってソースおよびシンクとしてサポートされるデータストアの一覧については、[サポートされるデータストア](copy-activity-overview.md#supported-data-stores-and-formats)の表をご覧ください。
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Thursday, October 11, 2012 Heathly Half-Time Fuel for the Performance Athlete Do you compete in a high-intensity, endurance sport (like soccer) with minimal breaks during games? Do you find yourself without any opportunities to hydrate or fuel during competition? Do you have a hard time eating a pregame meal because of a nervous stomach or "butterflies"? Competing at a high-intensity for long periods of time without a break can leave you dehydrated and fatigued from low energy, especially if you do not hydrate and fuel properly before competition. Consider this: Three main causes of exercise fatigue and impaired sports performance are: dehydration reduced energy stores in muscles ("glycogen") low blood sugar levels For some sports, the only opportunity for a break is half-time. Rehydrating and refueling during competition (at half-time) can help keep sports performance at optimal levels and help get you through the second half of the game, especially those crucial final minutes when physical and mental fatigue can really take a toll. This is even more important if you consider those unexpected overtime periods that sometimes occur. Halftime is a great opportunity to refuel and rehydrate. Fluids provide the much needed hydration for your body to cool itself and maintain its optimal temperature. Carbohydrate foods provide the much needed glucose (sugar) your brain and muscles use during competition. Here are some half-time snack suggestions that provide your body with the much needed fluids and fuel (glucose) to stay strong, delay fatigue, and keep your performance high. These foods are high in water content, high in carbohydrates, and low in fat so they digest quickly. Sports Drinks (Gatorade) or water Bananas Strawberries Grapes Cut-up melon Sliced oranges Apple wedges Remember one of the most important rules of sports nutrition:Never try anything new for the first time on GAME DAY!!! Try different carbohydrate foods during practice first to see if they settle well in your stomach. Everyone is different. What works for a teammate, may not work for you. About Me Renee L. Ryan, MS, RDN is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist dedicated to sports nutrition counseling and education. She has developed and presented sports nutrition seminars to NCAA Division I Intercollegiate teams, competitive high school teams, and private club teams in Silicon Valley. Her nutrition counseling experience includes sports nutrition, weight management, and medical nutrition therapy. Renee is a Nutrition Lecturer at San Jose State University and Evergreen Valley College, and is a Board Member of the California Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Renee enjoys running, hiking, and watching her kids compete in their sports.
Hyperperfusion on perfusion computed tomography following revascularization for acute stroke. To describe the findings of hyperperfusion on perfusion computed tomography (CT) in four patients following revascularization for acute stroke. In 2002-2003, among a series of 6 patients presenting with an acute stroke and treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis, we observed the presence of hyperperfusion in 3 patients on the follow-up CT perfusion. We included an additional patient who was treated with intravenous thrombolysis and who had hyperperfusion on the follow-up CT perfusion. We retrospectively analyzed their CT perfusion maps. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps were compared between the affected territory and the normal contralateral hemisphere. In the four patients, the mean CBV and CBF were 3.6 +/- 2.0 ml/100 g and 39 +/- 25 ml/100 g/min in the affected territory compared to the normal side (mean CBV = 2.7 +/- 2.1 ml/100 g, mean CBF = 27 +/- 23 ml/100 g/min). There was no intracranial hemorrhage in the hyperperfused territories. At follow-up CT, some hyperperfused brain areas progressed to infarction, while others retained normal white to gray matter differentiation. CT perfusion can demonstrate hyperperfusion, which can be seen in an ischemic brain territory following recanalization.
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an oil filter apparatus for use in conjunction with an internal combustion engine. More particularly, the present invention relates to an oil filter apparatus including both a mechanically active filter element and a chemically active filter element incorporated therein. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to an oil filter of the type described, in which a chemically active filter element includes pellets formed of a basic conditioner intermixed with a polymeric binder, for counteracting acidic combustion products in engine oil. 2. Description of the Background Art Many different types of fluid filters are known. Most such filters use a mechanical or ‘screening’ type of filtration, with a replaceable cartridge having a porous filter element therein. In the oil filtration art, it is well known that normal operation of an internal combustion engine, particularly a diesel engine, results in the formation of contaminants. These contaminants include, among others, soot, which is formed from incomplete combustion of the fossil fuel, and acids that result from combustion. Both of these contaminants are typically introduced into the lubricating oil during engine operation, and tend to increase oil viscosity and to generate unwanted engine deposits, leading to increased engine wear. The conventional solution to these problems has been to place various additives into lubricating oils. In order to combat soot-related problems, many conventional lubricating oils include dispersants that resist agglomeration of soot therein. These work well for a short period, but may become depleted. Additionally, due to the solubility and chemical stability limits of these dispersants in the oil, the service lives of the lubricating oil and the oil filter are less than optimal. For combating combustion acid related problems, many conventional systems include neutralizing additives known as over-based detergents. These are a source of TBN (total base number), which is a measure of the quantity of the over-based detergent in the oil. The depletion of the TBN is an important limiting factor for many internal combustion engines, and in particular for heavy-duty applications with diesel engines. In order to improve engine protection and to combat other problems, conventional lubricating oils often include one or more further additives, which may be corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity index improvers, anti-wear agents, and/or extreme pressure additives. The inclusion of these further additives may be beneficial; however, with conventional methods, the amount and concentration of these additives are limited by the ability of lubricating oils to suspend these additives, as well as by the chemical stability of these additives in the oil. Other solutions have been proposed in addition to the conventional method of mixing additives with lubricating oil. For example, in order to combat the build up of sludge in oil, U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,463, issued in 1995 to Brownawell et al, and entitled Method of Reducing Sludge and Varnish Precursors in Lubricating Oil; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,042,617, issued in 1991 to Brownawell, and entitled Method of Reducing the Presence of Sludge in Lubricating Oils, each disclose an oil filter and method for reducing the amount of sludge in lubricating oil as it circulates throughout an engine. These Brownawell patents provide for the inclusion of particles in an oil filter that are oil insoluble and oil wettable, and which complex with sludge such that at least some of the sludge that these particles come into contact with is immobilized on the particles. The Brownawell '617 patent discloses the inclusion of oil insoluble and oil wettable particles in an oil filter that are retained on a pelletized substrate, whereas the Brownawell '463 patent discloses the inclusion of such particles that are not retained on a substrate, but are nonetheless retained in the oil filter. Another Brownawell patent, which relates to the reduction of combustion acids in lubricating oil, is U.S. Pat. No. 5,069,799 issued in 1991 and entitled Method For Rejuvenating Lubricating Oils. This Brownawell patent discloses an oil filter and method for reducing the amount of combustion acids in lubricating oil. In particular, it discloses a method of rejuvenating lubricating oil, which includes reduction of combustion acids, by serially passing the oil through first a chemically active filter media, then a physically active filter media, and finally an inactive filter media. In this '799 patent, the chemically active filter media includes a strong base, to displace weak bases that have combined with combustion acids. The combustion acid and the strong base then combine to form a salt, which is then physically trapped by subsequent mechanical filter media. U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,081 to Brownawell discloses method of removing polynuclear aromatics from used lubricating oil. The method of the Brownawell '081 reference involves passing oil through a staged oil filter system, which may include a chemically active filter media. The chemically active filter media is made of a composite material including particles of an active component and a and a thermoplastic binder, which are a product of a heated extrusion process. Basic conditioners are given as one example of materials suitable for use as materials usable as chemically active filter media. Activated carbon is also emphasized as a preferred component of the filter media. Some designs for multiple stage oil filters are known, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,557,829 and 4,886,599. U.S. Pat. No. 4,886,599 to Bachmann et al. discloses a filter cartridge with sequential concentric cylindrical filter elements, for both chemical and mechanical filtration of oil contained in an oil-sealed vacuum pump. Other designs for oil filters that contain extra additives and dispense those additives into oil, over time, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,075,098 and 5,552,040. A need still exists in the art for an improved oil filter having a basic conditioner incorporated therein to counteract the effects of acidic combustion products in the oil. A need also exists for an improved oil filter which could extend the useful life of engine oil, so as to allow a user to extend the time interval between oil changes in a vehicle, particularly a vehicle having a diesel engine.
Tag Archives: football I am one of that lucky breed of individuals who has ended up doing a job, if you can call it that, which just happens to revolve around their all-consuming passion. As a result of this good fortune, what I do occasionally rules my life 24/7 to the point that if I’m not working by necessity, I’m doing by choice. Thankfully, my son has also become infected with this passion and no doubt, as the years pass by, the two of us will continue to enjoy our shared obsession not just because we’re father and son, but because…well, because we’re blokes. And as we grow older, we’ll talk about the good old days and how things were much better back … er, now, and moan about how it all went wrong. Which of course, it surely will. Because the thing of which I speak is of course, the glorious, but all too often disappointing game that is football. And if you follow football, as anyone who watch the pathetic efforts of our nations supposedly finest players in South Africa will be acutely aware, the chances are that you’re going to spend a good portion of your supporting life feeling depressed. To be honest, I guess that’s where the main attraction lies for me. I am after all, a natural pessimist and so it stands to reason that football is my ideal sport. After all, if you go to a game expecting to be disappointed, anything else is a serious bonus! But the other benefit the great game provides is that the pre-match pub has replaced the traditional campfire as the place where stories and legends are both told and heard. And who can deny the pure unadulterated joy which comes from hearing about someone else’s misfortune or the simple thrill of trying to work out if someone is lying through their teeth or not. The problem of course, is that every so often, you are expected to contribute. And tragically, I have one of those footballing stories that tread the fine line between bizarre and bull. A story that I still have difficulty believing even though I was the central figure. In short, I once saved a penalty taken by my own team in a game that we lost. Confused? Oh, it gets worse than that. Much worse. You see during my time in the RAF, I was the manager of our Squadron football team. A team, who I have to admit, were rubbish. The sad thing was, I was also a member of the defence and as we were leaking goals at a frightening rate, I eventually got to the point where I dropped myself. Anyway, come one particular match, against the side who were top of the table, we all turned up as normal but due to circumstances beyond their control, the opposing side only had ten players arrive. However, as they were superior to us in every aspect of their play, they were quite happy to play us with ten men, which, if nothing else, was pretty demeaning for our lot. Of course, the inevitable happened and just before half time, in the only attack we had managed to mount during the previous forty minutes, their keeper got seriously hurt and was carried off. They were now down to nine men and it looked like the game would have to be abandoned, at which point, sensing at least a point for my lads, I offered to go in goal for them promising faithfully that I would, of course, be totally impartial! Following various warnings from their captain and bearing in mind that we had only threatened their goal once in the first half, they reluctantly accepted my offer and I took my place in goal against my own team! But such was the lack of skill exhibited from my own players (this gets confusing) I had nothing to do for the rest of the half and at the break, gave my own team a rousing pep-talk designed to get them playing well enough to score a goal against me. However, as the second-half progressed, my own team remained pegged back in their (our) own half but the team I was in goal for still could not score. It had just began to look as though we (my real side) may well get that elusive point when suddenly, a hopeful punt from our defence (and that’s our as in my own team) released our centre forward who came charging toward me followed by their defence (the team I was playing for) who clearly who had little faith in my saving their skin. As our striker entered the box with me firmly rooted to the line, they hacked him to the ground and the ref awarded a penalty. This now meant that I was standing on the goal line, facing a penalty about to be taken by a player from my own side who could well end up securing their (our) first win of the season, and against the top of the table side. Their (their) whole side were now giving me dire warnings of what would happen if I didn’t at least make an effort to save it while my lot were shouting at me to let it in. Meantime, I was trying to let our centre forward know that I would go to my left by using exaggerated eye movements etc, and it seemed that judging by the wry smile on his face, he had got the message. As he ran up, I dived to my left and he, thinking that I had been telling him to put it to that side, put his shot exactly where I ended up with the result that the ball hit me and bounced back into open play. Such was the shock of my actually saving a penalty taken by my own side, that their (their) defenders won the ball, screamed up field and scored whilst my own team remained rooted firmly to the spot in total disbelief. Inevitably, as soon as the whistle blew, the repercussions began. And eventually, after a blazing row, I resigned my position as manager and never played for the team again. Like many people, I am at my happiest when I’m sitting down and doing bugger all. There is, as I’m sure you’ll agree, something incredibly gratifying about doing nothing. Indeed, it is fair to say that these days, having passed the magic five-zero, the avoidance of work, be it paid or domestic, doesn’t just give me huge amounts of pleasure, it’s actually a source of pride. Something that the half built brick barbecue in my back garden stands as a monument to. I actually first grasped the concept of idleness whilst serving in the Royal Air Force. For having worked hard for years and got nowhere, I suddenly realised that all of my immediate bosses were lazy so-and-so’s who were getting all the praise –and wages- while mugs like me did all the graft. However, in the forces, it’s not regarded as being idle, it’s celebrated as delegation. And once I embraced that idea, with both hands I might add, I pretty soon found myself flying up that promotion ladder. Tragically, outside the confines of HM Forces, things weren’t so easy. I soon learnt that being expected to actually work for a living wasn’t all it was cracked up to be. And I could never escape the idea that someone was driving around in a Aston Martin which I had paid for. I wasn’t happy with that at all, hence, the move into writing. It was the only occupation I could think of which allowed me to work from home, for myself and remain sitting down all day. Of course, I quickly discovered that being a writer does have other advantages. The most obvious of which was that I was able to justify my love of lounging around as either ‘thinking time’ or ‘clearing my head’ time. Both things for which, somewhat ironically, daytime TV is perfectly suited. After all, I have to get inspiration from somewhere. And if you watch This Morning long enough, sooner or later, every known form of life is going to pass by in front of your eyes. Watch MTV and you’re mind goes blank in minutes. Sadly, my wife has always been wise to this. And as time passes, and her life as a full-time mother, housewife and carer to her husband shows no sign of easing up, she is becoming increasingly irritated at my pathetic attempts to justify watching Sky Sports or reading Zoo at times when I should be working. And, it is fair to say that for a while, I started to feel a degree of sympathy for her case. Because the truth is, I have never really been inspired by either The Real Deal or Loose Women. And although the gloriously wonderful Holly Willoughby merits a fantasy-laden mention in my next movie, I hardly need to watch This Morning every day. However, recently I have had not one, but two odd experiences. Both of which made me realize that not only might my pangs of guilt be misplaced, but that maybe my commitment to time wasting has not been in vain. The first of them happened in Manchester. I had ventured North for some reason or another and was returning to the sanctuary of the South when, upon my arrival at Piccadilly Station, I was greeted by the stench and noise that can only be created by that relic of the so-called good old days, a steam engine. Of course, realizing that such a machine was in residence, my heart sank. For I knew exactly what was coming and sure enough, as I walked around the corner, I couldn’t see the beast for the hoards of middle-aged saddo’s pointing and muttering excitedly about piston sizes and boiler pressures. These weren’t your ordinary feeble part-time trainspotters you see standing on the platform at Euston with a notepad in one hand and a flask of tea in the other. These were the real deal hard-core spotters of the type who wear sleeveless anoraks covered in small metal badges and smell of meths. But as I watched what was going on, in a kind of detached bewilderment, it struck me as decidedly odd that in this day and age, not only could grown men be whipped up into an almost orgasmic frenzy by the sight of a simple machine, but that they would want to be. Then, two weeks later, for reasons to banal to relate, I had to endure a day at an old RAF airfield in Gloucestershire. As we were having a coffee in a café in the control tower, I happened to notice a group of elderly chaps in stained overalls, sitting in the corner and arguing over an old book. Being naturally nosey (it goes with the job) I soon learnt that they were aircraft enthusiasts in the middle of restoring an old De Haviland Comet. And they were having a heated discussion about the markings on a particular fuse box. Believe it or not, the book they were using contained the actual manufacturers drawings. It was a picture of tragedy. Reflecting on this and the Manchester experience as I headed homeward, the thought suddenly struck me that not only were all the people involved in the fuse box debate men, but that you never see any female trainspotters. And then I began to consider the possibility that maybe something else was going on. Maybe the people who indulge in these most unfathomable of practices do so not because they’re sad loners, but because it’s something to do with their spare time. And why on earth would anyone need to fill time? Isn’t it obvious? These poor men aren’t sad, they’re victims. Driven out of their own homes by bitter women who refuse to sit back and allow them the luxury of enjoying their hard earned time-off in the comfort of their own homes. Think about it. It makes perfect sense. I mean, why else would blokes have sheds? They’re the only space in the house that they can call their own! So, having deliberated over this at length, I have decided that rather than feel guilty about being idle, the fact that I am able to spend most of my time here in my own home at all should be regarded as a moral victory. And while it might not appear that I’m doing much, at least I’m happy which is the most important thing. My wife may not like that, but maybe if I explain it to her just one more time……… As anyone who follows me on Twitter will know, I am a huge fan. To me it’s a great source of both news and amusement as well as being a fantastic way to promote my books and well, what I do. Most importantly for me at least, it’s a great way to interact with readers […] As some of you may be aware, a movement called The Football Lads Alliance has sprung up from within the supporting world. Formed in the wake of the London Bridge atrocity on June 7th to protest at the lack of direct action being taken to counter extremism in the UK, it grew rapidly to the […] I shall, from the outset, put my cards on the table and say that I am, at least numerically speaking, old. I don’t feel it mind (and I certainly don’t act it) but it is fair to say that at 58 I’m much closer to my closing scene than I am to the opening act. […] I recently made the comment that the difference between being an author and being a screenwriter is the same as the difference between an immaculate conception and an egg donation. This seemed to cause some confusion in certain circles although as someone who writes both novels and scripts, it seems to me to be a totally […] I have recently been in Belarus. Am amazing country full of amazing people. This is not however, an attempt to boost the tourism trade of a former Eastern Bloc nation. It is rather, a wake up call. For whilst in the wonderful city of Brest, I had just that. You see shortly before I left […] I first posted the following blog in the spring of 2012, the year that footballer Andre Gray posted a series of homophobic tweets which saw him spread across the sports pages of the British press. You would hope that things would have changed in recent years but last night, as I watched the Gareth Thomas […] As someone who is lucky enough to converse with people from pretty much every point of the spectrum on which human life sits, I frequently find myself responding to questions of some kind or another. Inevitably, the bulk of these will revolve around subjects linked to writing and be of the ‘how can I?’ variety […] Yesterday, in response to some of the madness that has been tricking out into the public domain lately, I posted the first half of my 50 policies that I would adopt were I to be placed in charge of this once great country. You can read this by clicking here. However, before I post the remaining […] As anyone who knows me or reads my blogs on a regular basis will know, I am a huge advocate of something that has seemingly become old-fashioned in this modern age. It’s called common sense. And it’s demise has not simply weakened this country, it’s made it a laughing-stock. I know, for example, that coffee […] My first four books are now available via Amazon for under £5.00! Just click on the photo above to go to the link. In other news, apologies for the lack of any blogs recently but I’ve been flat out on a new script. Normal service will be resumed ASAP! The post Classic hooligan series available […]
What Is the Future for Zoos and Aquariums? Animal welfare concerns have plagued the professional zoo and aquarium field for decades. Societal differences remain concerning the well-being of animals, but it appears a shift is emerging. Scientific studies of animal welfare have dramatically increased, establishing that many previous concerns were not misguided public empathy or anthropomorphism. As a result, both zoo and aquarium animal welfare policy and science are now at the center of attention within the world's professional zoos and aquariums. It is now possible to view a future that embraces the well-being of individual captive exotic animals, as well as that of their species, and one in which professional zoos and aquariums are dedicated equally to advancing both. Though the ethics of keeping exotic animals and animals from the wild in captivity are still a contentious subject both outside and even within the profession, this study argues. We argue that this path forward will substantially improve most zoo and aquarium animals' welfare and could significantly reduce societal concerns. If animal welfare science and policy are strongly rooted in compassion and embedded in robust accreditation systems, the basic zoo/aquarium paradigm will move toward a more thoughtful approach to the interface between visitors and animals. It starts with a fundamental commitment to the welfare of individual animals.
forpresidentobama, coloradowasaswingstate. thepeople of those states have spoken and for the federal government now to come in and say, we want to quash your popular mandate, there are political risks to doing that. >> reporter: there is also some precedent from medical marijuana, which is already legal in 18 states and the district of columbia. but don't think that even medical marijuana is exempt from possible department of justice scrutiny. a case decided by the supreme court during the bush administration says the feds can go after that too. president obama also said earlier this year that we're not going to be legalizing weed anytime soon. joe johns, cnn, washington. >> joe, thank you very much. >>> egypt's president is trying to diffuse the biggest crisis he's faced. about an hour ago, mohamed morsi canceled a decree giving him sweeping powers which ignited furious demonstrations. reza sayah joins me now from cairo with more on that. reza, is it enough, will the protesters go home or is this about more than the decree. >> reporter: for some protesters, for some opposition leade teammate jerry brown jr. police believe brent was drunk when the accident happened. >>>presidentobamavisitsunion-heavy michigan tomorrow. a state he won easily last month and now the center of new labor protests. the michigan legislature is close to passing a right to work law and that is not sitting well with workers in the state where organized labor was born. one of the biggest labor unions in the country, united auto workers, is firmly against the law which limits the unions' power. michigan's republican governor says he'll sign the bill if it hits his desk this week. >>> we heard from the boss of a radio station behind that london hospital prank. the joke apparently led to the suicide of a nurse who worked there. the australian network chairman calls the death truly tragic and says they're waiting for the full investigation to be complete. two australian deejays called the hospital impersonating british royals and managed to get personal information about prince william easily wife. the nurse who took the call was found dead two days later. the hospital says the deejays' prank
Decomposition of phenylarsonic acid by AOP processes: degradation rate constants and by-products. The paper presents results of the studies photodegradation, photooxidation, and oxidation of phenylarsonic acid (PAA) in aquatic solution. The water solutions, which consist of 2.7 g dm(-3) phenylarsonic acid, were subjected to advance oxidation process (AOP) in UV, UV/H2O2, UV/O3, H2O2, and O3 systems under two pH conditions. Kinetic rate constants and half-life of phenylarsonic acid decomposition reaction are presented. The results from the study indicate that at pH 2 and 7, PAA degradation processes takes place in accordance with the pseudo first order kinetic reaction. The highest rate constants (10.45 × 10(-3) and 20.12 × 10(-3)) and degradation efficiencies at pH 2 and 7 were obtained at UV/O3 processes. In solution, after processes, benzene, phenol, acetophenone, o-hydroxybiphenyl, p-hydroxybiphenyl, benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, and biphenyl were identified.
Wisconsin Democrats: Union Yes! For Wisconsin’s Democratic state senators, it’s simply bad business to offend labor unions. Thirteen of the fourteen have received generous contributions from unions over the years; their cumulative donations range from $5,750 to $113,603. And anything less than, well, fleeing the state in order to prevent Gov. Scott Walker’s public-union-busting bill from passing could threaten those vital cash flows. #ad#“Judging from the reaction, the emotion you see on the capitol square, [Walker’s legislation] is obviously something labor unions care deeply about,” says Brett Healy, president of the MacIver Institute, a Wisconsin-based free-market think tank. “I suspect when they’re communicating with these individual senators, they’re making it quite clear what they would like to see happen and what they would like to not see happen.” Advertisement If the unions are communicating, the senators are likely listening attentively: Those union donations constitute a significant chunk of their campaign funds, according to the data compiled by Wisconsin Democracy Campaign.. The outlier here is Sen. Tim Cullen (15th district), who has taken less than a dollar from PACs or political committees of any kind. But with him excluded, labor unions are responsible for a large percentage of these senators’ contributions from political-action committees (PACs) and political committees (which together constitute 25 percent of the donations to these senators tracked by the Wisconsin Democracy Campaign). Aside from Cullen, Sen. Jim Holperin (12th district) had the lowest proportion of union-funded contributions from PACs or political committees: 24 percent. Sen. Spencer Coggs (6th district) topped the list with 73 percent. And of the 13 Democrats in the state senate who accepted labor-union funds, ten received a third or more of their PAC or political-committee donations from unions. Five have collected over half of such donations from unions. And that’s only looking at money directly given to the candidates. Unions also spent heavily on independent initiatives, for example television ads. The Wisconsin Education Association Council’s PAC spent nearly $1.6 million supporting state-level Democratic candidates during the 2010 election cycle. Other unions also spent in support of Democratic candidates, although in smaller amounts: $45,000 ($65,000 total, with the remainder supporting a Republican candidate) from the Wisconsin Professional Police Association, $13,000 from the International Union of Operating Engineers, and a little over $9,000 from Madison Teachers Inc. Other organizations, while not directly affiliated with unions, have made it clear that they strenuously oppose the proposed limits on collective bargaining for some public employees. Advancing Wisconsin, a progressive interest group that spent nearly $560,000 in support of Democratic candidates in the past election, asked its Facebook fans earlier this month to sign up “to volunteer against Walker’s attempt to take away public employee rights!” Building a Stronger Wisconsin, whose PAC spent $42,000 in the 2010 cycle, all in opposition to GOP candidates, commissioned and released a poll this month that showed two-thirds of Wisconsin voters opposed Governor Walker’s proposal to eliminate some collective-bargaining rights. And the group made it clear that they opposed Walker’s initiative in the press release accompanying the poll: “Building a Stronger Wisconsin is releasing the poll results today so that legislators and the governor are clear about how Wisconsinites across the state feel about this proposal as they debate and still have a chance to change it to reflect the will of the people,” the group’s executive director, Randy Nash, was quoted as saying. Sharing those sentiments is another organization, Citizen Action of Wisconsin, which spent $27,000 during the 2010 elections in support of Democratic candidates. Citizen Action callsWalker’s collective-bargaining proposal a “radical attack on the middle class.” The absent Democratic senators are preventing Wisconsin from launching initiatives that will help close a budget shortfall. But they are ensuring that their own campaign coffers will be well stocked during the next election. Katrina Trinko — Katrina Trinko is a political reporter for National Review. Trinko is also a member of USA TODAY’S Board of Contributors, and her work has been published in various media outlets ... @KatrinaTrinko Most Popular In his Lawfare critique of one of my several columns about the purported obstruction case against President Trump, Gabriel Schoenfeld loses me — as I suspect he will lose others — when he says of himself, “I do not think I am Trump-deranged.” Gabe graciously expresses fondness for me, and the feeling is ... Read More Are children innocents or are they leaders? Are teenagers fully autonomous decision-makers, or are they lumps of mental clay, still being molded by unfolding brain development? The Left seems to have a particularly hard time deciding these days. Take, for example, the high-school students from Parkland, ... Read More We live in a society in which gratuitous violence is the trademark of video games, movies, and popular music. Kill this, shoot that in repugnant detail becomes a race to the visual and spoken bottom. We have gone from Sam Peckinpah’s realistic portrayal of violent death to a gory ritual of metal ripping ... Read More Mitt’s back. The former governor of Massachusetts and occasional native son of Michigan has a new persona: Mr. Utah. He’s going to bring Utah conservatism to the whole Republican party and to the country at large. Wholesome, efficient, industrious, faithful. “Utah has a lot to teach the politicians in ... Read More The horrifying school massacre in Parkland, Fla., has prompted another national debate about guns. Unfortunately, it seems that these conversations are never terribly constructive — they are too often dominated by screeching extremists on both sides of the aisle and armchair pundits who offer sweeping opinions ... Read More Howard Finkelstein, the Broward County public defender whose office is representing Nikolas Cruz, the suspect in the mass shooting in Parkland, Fla., puts it bluntly: This kid exhibited every single known red flag, from killing animals to having a cache of weapons to disruptive behavior to saying he wanted to be ... Read More American government is supposed to look and sound like George Washington. What it actually looks and sounds like is Henry Hill from Goodfellas: bad suit, hand out, intoning the eternal mantra: “F*** you, pay me.” American government mostly works by interposition, standing between us, the free people at ... Read More To understand the American gun-control debate, you have to understand the fundamentally different starting positions of the two sides. Among conservatives, there is the broad belief that the right to own a weapon for self-defense is every bit as inherent and unalienable as the right to speak freely or practice ... Read More The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) first infantilizes its audience, then banalizes it, and, finally, controls it through marketing. This commercial strategy, geared toward adolescents of all ages, resembles the Democratic party’s political manipulation of black Americans, targeting that audience through its ... Read More
Cost-utility analysis of assistive technologies in the European Commission's TIDE Program. Technology Initiative for Disabled and Elderly People. Socioeconomic evaluation is an issue dealt with in the European Commission's research program TIDE. The principles of cost-utility analysis have been examined for usability in the assessment of rehabilitative technologies. A case study, the choice of a type of wheelchair, is described to demonstrate how estimates of utility can be derived and how cost-utility ratios can be used to guide decision making.
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a cot. 2. Description of Related Arts Generally, a conventional cot is rectangular in shape. For the sake of aesthetic, a cot may be designed in an oval shape, but a bed pad must be sized to fit into the cot, and such a bed pad is difficult to be fixed in the cot. A typical bed pad is linked with a cot by using Velcro or buttons, but when the bed pad is off the position, it is easy to cause the bed pad to be disconnected from the cot. Accordingly, the present invention provides a cot which enable a bed pad to be fixed in the cot having an irregular shape (for example, oval shape) without sizing the bed pad based on the shape of the cot, and in which the bed pad can be easily and quickly fixed in and detached from the cot for facilitating the detached bed pad to be cleaned up.
How Do People Think About Intelligence? Two studies are reported concerning implicit theories of intelligence. The first study replicated procedures employed by Sternberg, Conway, Ketron, and Bernstein (1981). Factor analysis of importance ratings of intelligent and unintelligent behaviors suggested a simpler model of implicit theories than suggested by Sternberg et al. However, the use of importance ratings for examining implicit theories was challenged because the results proved ambiguous. The second study used a sorting procedure to produce similarity data. Multidimensional and tree scaling solutions indicated that the primary distinction in implicit theories was between intelligent and unintelligent behaviors and that important distinctions were not made among intelligent behaviors. In general, the data suggested that implicit theories of intelligence are much simpler than most formal theories used in psychology.
d - 2o - 491384 = -2d. Let c = -261376 - d. What is c rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? 200000 Suppose 5i = 4k - 633303 + 93313, 4 = 2i. What is k rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? 100000 Let m = 2759.999998997 - 2760. What is m rounded to seven decimal places? -0.000001 Suppose 2z + 17 = o, 3o + 4z + z - 7 = 0. Suppose -p = 2p + o, -3p - 27009 = -5d. Round d to the nearest one thousand. 5000 Let b = 44.5 + -44.500234. Round b to 4 decimal places. -0.0002 Let t = 4.60355 + -4.59. Round t to 3 dps. 0.014 Let n = -72 - -42. Let s = -26.30658158 + -3.69342012. Let h = n - s. What is h rounded to 6 decimal places? 0.000002 Let x = 25564.404 + -25608. Let i = x + 44.6. Round i to one dp. 1 Let k = 2 + 1. Suppose -1564 = -4h - 2s, -285 = kh - s - 1463. Suppose -5d = -d - h. Round d to the nearest ten. 100 Let j = -590 + 589.98972. Round j to 3 dps. -0.01 Let i = -487.71 - -480. Round i to the nearest integer. -8 Let s = 299.0222 + -0.0222. Let w = s + -298.99833. Round w to four decimal places. 0.0017 Let k = -664272 + 664271.099994. Let z = 7 - 7.9. Let i = k - z. What is i rounded to 6 dps? -0.000006 Let d = 112 - 111.919. Let q = d - 0.138. Round q to 2 decimal places. -0.06 Let b = 10.42 - 10.5. Let i = -0.0800176 - b. What is i rounded to six dps? -0.000018 Let t = -16.7 - -88.7. Let g = t - 72.49. What is g rounded to one decimal place? -0.5 Let u = 7.1108 + 0.0992. What is u rounded to one decimal place? 7.2 Let v = -27 + 0. Suppose -10h = 10h + 60. Let b be 12/vh-48. Round b to the nearest 10. -60 Let r = -54121366 - -54121037.99811. Let n = -328 - r. What is n rounded to four decimal places? 0.0019 Let t = -0.09 - 0.06. Let h = 0.441755 - 0.2917548. Let u = t + h. Round u to 6 decimal places. 0 Let u(m) = -m*3 + 22m*2 + 17m + 11. Let j be u(17). What is j rounded to the nearest 1000? 2000 Let a = -503 - -503.000003696. Round a to 7 decimal places. 0.0000037 Let h = 314.0000201 - 314. What is h rounded to five dps? 0.00002 Let o = 764280.40271055 - 766109.14591. Let k = o + 1822.7432. Let i = 6 + k. Round i to seven decimal places. 0.0000006 Let z = 0.17165 + -0.173. Round z to four dps. -0.0014 Let h = 0.2544 + 0.0016. Round h to 3 decimal places. 0.256 Let h = 2905821.00097 + -2905796. Let u = h + -25. Round u to four dps. 0.001 Suppose 0 = -u + 2k + 3k - 10, 2u = k + 7. Suppose -uz + 5p = 5700, -2p + 3007 = -5z - 2699. Let h = 2112 + z. Round h to the nearest one hundred. 1000 Let o = -7.8819 - -1.8854. Let j = o - -6. Round j to three decimal places. 0.004 Let r = 6238874 + -2887605. Suppose 5w + r = -1298731. What is w rounded to the nearest 100000? -900000 Let r = -1207.00001778 - -1207. Round r to 6 dps. -0.000018 Let n = 11838.3925 + -11865. Let l = 0.0875 + n. Let a = 27 + l. What is a rounded to 1 dp? 0.5 Let t = -3.91 + 4.8. Let m = 43.11 + t. Let g = 44.027 - m. What is g rounded to 2 decimal places? 0.03 Let u(c) = 2c - 29. Let y be u(16). Suppose 5r - r = 4, yp = -2r - 104398. What is p rounded to the nearest one thousand? -35000 Let z(d) be the third derivative of -d6/120 + d5/5 - 13d4/24 - 3d*3 + 4d*2. Let m be z(11). Round m to the nearest one hundred. 0 Let m = -26 + 28. Suppose -mf + 657 = -3263. Let t be ((-120)/1)/((-12)/f). What is t rounded to the nearest 1000? 20000 Suppose -s = -6s + 100. Suppose 3o + 23015 = -y, 3o - 7o = s. What is y rounded to the nearest ten thousand? -20000 Let x = -10 + 10. Let j = x - -5. Suppose -3w - 87004 = h - 0h, -jh - 29020 = w. What is w rounded to the nearest ten thousand? -30000 Let z = -2.9 - 15.1. Let l = -2433.8112 + 2415.8111993. Let y = z - l. Round y to six decimal places. 0.000001 Let s = 19 + -13. Suppose 2q - 10 = -4z - 0q, s = 2z + 2q. Suppose 707 = zr - 1053. What is r rounded to the nearest one hundred? 900 Let a = -147.2 - -145.518. Let d = a + 1.7. What is d rounded to 2 dps? 0.02 Let q = 0.13 + -0.1. Let b = -96.91 + 97. Let z = b + q. What is z rounded to one dp? 0.1 Suppose 8m - 5m = -483. Let o = -373 - m. What is o rounded to the nearest ten? -210 Let o = -16067 + -32415. Let v = 48462.321 + o. Let a = -19.9 - v. Round a to 2 dps. -0.22 Let n = 0.239195 - 331785.739195. Let u = n - -331819.500189. Let c = 34 - u. Round c to 5 decimal places. -0.00019 Let k = 3.5655 - 0.6645. Round k to the nearest integer. 3 Let f = 10.9 + -9. Let z = f + 0.25. Let q = z + -3. Round q to one dp. -0.9 Let z(j) = 10464j - 30. Let d be z(-11). Let w(c) = -330c2 + c + 8. Let n be w(6). Let o = d + n. What is o rounded to the nearest ten thousand? -130000 Let v = -457 - 296. Let p = v - -353. Let w = p - -400.00000261. Round w to seven decimal places. 0.0000026 Let j = 3.6 + -0.8. Let o = j - 4. Let f = -1.20095 - o. What is f rounded to 4 dps? -0.001 Let g(n) = -2n - 6. Let l be g(-6). Suppose l = -y - 2y, -4p - 2y = -7759996. What is p rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand? 1900000 Let r = -219.7737627 + 123.7737706. Let n = 96 + r. Round n to six dps. 0.000008 Let m(y) = y3 - 12y*2 + 14y - 5. Suppose 0a - 3a = -27. Let j be m(a). What is j rounded to the nearest 10? -120 Let f(w) = 351w2. Let n be f(-4). Let g = n - 9916. Round g to the nearest 1000. -4000 Let r = -23 + 45. Let x = 71406404 - 71406382.00000064. Let f = x - r. Round f to seven dps. -0.0000006 Let s be -10384/1815/(-2). Let p be ((s/12)/(-4))/(2/255). What is p rounded to the nearest one thousand? -4000 Let s = 19538970.9999996 - 19538976. Let v = 16 - 11. Let c = s + v. What is c rounded to 6 dps? 0 Let y = -0.191 + -255.809. Let r = y + 255.9829. What is r rounded to 3 decimal places? -0.017 Let y = 0.402 - 0.4020712. Round y to 6 dps. -0.000071 Let w = -0.0523621 - 2199.3176379. Let p = w - -2185. Let u = -13.5 - p. What is u rounded to 1 decimal place? 0.9 Let w = -1 + 3. Let j be w(-9)/(-12)2. Suppose 25468250 = -jx + 6268250. What is x rounded to the nearest 1000000? -6000000 Let y = -292.06691 - -264.0669076. Let k = -28 - y. Round k to 6 dps. 0.000002 Let b = -861 + 464. Let x = 415.3 + b. What is x rounded to the nearest integer? 18 Let r = 32036353.0000066 - 32036412. Let k = -59 - r. Round k to 6 decimal places. -0.000007 Let f = 0.114 + -10.514. Round f to the nearest 10. -10 Let q be ((-2472)/2)/((-24)/17680). Suppose -2h + 429480 + q = 0. Round h to the nearest 100000. 700000 Let r = 5.1 + 1.22. Round r to zero dps. 6 Let u be (-8)/6(-3)/(-8)-4. Suppose -o - uo = -134700000. What is o rounded to the nearest 1000000? 45000000 Let h(m) = m*2 + 2m + 2. Suppose 10 = b - 6b. Let v be h(b). Suppose 6 = vr + 38. Round r to the nearest ten. -20 Let t = -56423377684 + 56423377723.179581839. Let l = 0.179588639 - t. Let p = l - -39. Round p to six dps. 0.000007 Let x = 2099955.02292998 - 2099955. Let j = x - -2.67704102. Let s = -2.7 + j. Round s to five dps. -0.00003 Let p be (-4230176)/152 + (-8)/(-76). What is p rounded to the nearest 10000? -30000 Let c = -46.82 - -45. Let f = -19.42 - c. Round f to the nearest integer. -18 Let z = 300690 - 300697.25483. Let u = z + 7.25. What is u rounded to three decimal places? -0.005 Let u = -5.7671 + 5.61. What is u rounded to two decimal places? -0.16 Let t = -0.346 + -0.15. What is t rounded to two dps? -0.5 Let s(w) = -186626w + 122. Let j be s(-3). What is j rounded to the nearest 1000000? 1000000 Suppose -22j - 264 = -28*j. Let o be (-2)/11 + 4092008/j. Round o to the nearest ten thousand. 90000 Let m = 4051 - -2082. Let v = -3883 + m. Round v to the nearest one hundred. 2300 Let d = 21549 - -33761. What is d rounded to the nearest ten thousand? 60000 Let v = -494 + 493.999999569. Round v to 7 decimal places. -0.0000004 Let l = -55.942 + 1.242. Let o = 50 + l. What is o rounded to the nearest integer? -5 Let f = 0.9515 - 1.228. What is f rounded to two dps? -0.28 Let p = 0.006 - -113.994. Let l = p + -114.081. Round l to two dps. -0.08 Let v = 271.23 + -253.6. Round v to 0 decimal places. 18 Let k = -1170 - -1170.000707. Round k to 5 dps. 0.00071 Let q = -794.606 + 793. Round q to 1 dp. -1.6 Let i = 5.3 - 5.3000003849. What is i rounded to seven decimal places? -0.0000004 Let n = 71.59992 + -62.9011. Let x = 8.7 - n. What is x rounded to 4 de
Simple Home Reference Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric one of Museoditaverna - Simple Home Reference ideas, to explore this Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric idea you can browse by and . We hope your happy with this Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric idea. You can download and please share this Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric ideas to your friends and family via your social media account. Back to 20 Elegant Led Par30 Short Neck Pics Gallery of Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric Related Posts for Led Par30 Short Neck New 750 Lumen 3000k High Cri Led Par30 Feit Electric DISCLAIMER: All background wallpapers found here are from Google.com. If you believe that any of background/wallpapers posted here belongs to your site and you do not want it to be displayed on our site or you want us to link back to your site, then please contact us and we will take action immediately. We will either remove the background/wallpaper or provide credit to your site.
BEIRUT (AP) — Missiles struck a medical center in Syria’s northern rebel-held province, putting the facility built underground for protection out of service and killing a number of its staff, opposition activists said Saturday. The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that airstrikes had seriously damaged the medical center in Abdin village, in Idlib. The activist-run Aleppo Today media group also reported on the airstrikes. But later the Observatory said missiles, likely fired from land, have also hit the underground center, penetrating it and causing serious damage to the underground facility. Airstrikes followed, the Observatory said. International medical charities say Syrian government forces target hospitals, clinics and ambulances in opposition-held areas. To protect against the targeting, many opposition-area medical facilities have set up their operations underground. ADVERTISEMENT The attack against the Abdin medical center caused fires and killed a person in the vicinity, the Observatory said. Rescue workers sifted through the rubble to find survivors, lifting nine medical staff as a search continued for four still missing. The Aleppo Today group said three medical staff members were presumed killed. According to Physicians for Human Rights, government and allied Russian forces have killed 727 medical workers in the course of the conflict. The attacked medical center in Abdin is only a few kilometers (miles) north of Khan Sheikhoun, the town that was hit earlier this month with a chemical attack that left more than 80 people killed. In Damascus Saturday, Syrian President Bashar Assad said his war on terrorism would not cease as long as there is any terrorist “desecrating the sanctity of the Syrian soil.” He made the remarks as he presided over a meeting of the central committee of the ruling Syrian Arab Socialist Baath Party. Assad said the U.S. strikes against a Syrian military base in the country’ center following the Idlib chemical attack were in response to the “terrorists’” defeat in the central city of Hama’s countryside, where they had launched an offensive. Assad’s government, which denied using chemical weapons in the Idlib attack, calls all armed opposition groups terrorists.
[Temporal-spatial scan clustering analysis on hand-foot-mouth disease in Zhejiang province, 2008-2013]. To understand the temporal-spatial distribution of hand-foot-mouth disease in Zhejiang province, from May 2008 to June 2013. The cases number and incidence data of hand-foot-mouth disease from May 2008 to June 2013 for all the counties(cities, districts) in Zhejiang province were collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, total 511 643 cases. Temporal distribution of hand-foot-mouth disease was described, the incidence maps were drawn using Epimap software. Temporal-spatial clustering was analyzed by Satscan 9.0.1 software.Log likelihood ratio(LLR) was used to assess the clustering. The year-county (city, district)-specific relative risk(RR) of hand-foot-mouth disease were calculated. RR contour maps were drawn with Arcview GIS 3.3. In Zhejiang province, from May 2008 to June 2013, the highest incidence rate was 270.81/100 000 (147 943/54 629 996) (2012 year) and the lowest incidence rate was 135.32/100 000 (69 285/51 199 987) (2009 year). The incidence in the eastern coastal areas (217.77/100 000(286 300/131 468 746)) including Ningbo, Taizhou, Wenzhou, was higher than the western mountain areas(168.11/100 000(98 016/58 304 266)) including Quzhou, Lishui, Jinhua. The epidemic curve showed two peaks, during April to July (101.15/100 000(320 144/316 497 516)) , and during October to November (23.30/100 000 (61 088/262 148 114)) . of temporal-spatial scan showed 10 temporal spatial aggregation areas, the strongest one was in Wenzhou city, south-east Zhejiang province, from July 2009 to June 2011(RR = 2.38, LLR = 10 650.75, P < 0.01). The relative risk maps from 2009 to 2012 were similar, the highest density areas were located in the eastern coastal Zhejiang: Longwan district, Wenzhou city (RR = 4.42 and 3.30) in 2009 and 2010 year, Pingyang county, Wenzhou city(RR = 3.04) in 2011 year, and Ninghai county, Ningbo city(RR = 2.97) in 2012. The eastern coastal area had a high incidence level of hand-foot-mouth disease in Zhejiang province, 2008-2013, with the peak during April to July. Temporal-spatial clustering were observed, the disease showed a distinct regional distribution feature, eastern coastal cluster areas and mid-west cluster areas were found.
# Russian translations for nitrogen # Copyright (C) 2013 l3ib.org # This file is distributed under the same license as the nitrogen # Max Vorob'jov <vmax0770@gmail.com>, 2013 # Vladimir Kudrya <vladimir-csp@yandex.ru>, 2018 msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: daf@minuslab.net\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2018-03-22 22:04+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2018-03-22 22:11+0300\n" "Last-Translator: Vladimir Kudrya <vladimir-csp@yandex.ru>\n" "Language-Team: Russian\n" "Language: ru\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n" "%10<=4 && (n%100<10 \|\| n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 2.0.6\n" #: ../src/ArgParser.cc:75 msgid "Unexpected argument " msgstr "Неожиданный аргумент " #: ../src/ArgParser.cc:84 msgid " expects an argument." msgstr " ожидается аргумент." #: ../src/ArgParser.cc:87 msgid " does not expect an argument." msgstr " не ожидался аргумент." #: ../src/ArgParser.cc:93 msgid " conflicts with another argument." msgstr " конфликтует с другим аргументом." #: ../src/ArgParser.cc:105 msgid "Usage:" msgstr "Использование:" #: ../src/Config.cc:128 ../src/Config.cc:217 msgid "ERROR: Unable to load config file" msgstr "Ошибка: не удалось загрузить конфигурационный файл" #: ../src/Config.cc:139 msgid "Couldn't find group for" msgstr "Не удалось найти группу для" #: ../src/Config.cc:151 msgid "Could not get filename from config file." msgstr "Не удалось получить имя файла из конфигурационного файла." #: ../src/Config.cc:160 msgid "Could not get mode from config file." msgstr "Не удалось получить режим из конфигурационного файла." #: ../src/Config.cc:219 msgid "The error code returned was" msgstr "Программа завершилась с кодом" #: ../src/Config.cc:220 msgid "We expected" msgstr "Ожидалось" #: ../src/Config.cc:220 msgid "or" msgstr "или" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:253 msgid "You previewed an image without applying it, apply?" msgstr "Просмотренное изображение не было применено. Применить?" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:329 msgid "Automatic" msgstr "Автоматически" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:336 msgid "Scaled" msgstr "Растянуть" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:344 msgid "Centered" msgstr "По центру" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:352 msgid "Tiled" msgstr "Замостить" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:361 msgid "Zoomed" msgstr "Пропорционально уместить" #: ../src/NWindow.cc:362 msgid "Zoomed Fill" msgstr "Пропорционально заполнить" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:520 ../src/SetBG.cc:548 msgid "Scale" msgstr "Растянуть" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:523 ../src/SetBG.cc:550 msgid "Center" msgstr "По центру" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:526 ../src/SetBG.cc:552 msgid "Tile" msgstr "Замостить" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:529 ../src/SetBG.cc:554 msgid "Zoom" msgstr "Пропорционально уместить" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:532 ../src/SetBG.cc:556 msgid "ZoomFill" msgstr "Пропорционально заполнить" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:535 ../src/SetBG.cc:558 msgid "Auto" msgstr "Автоматически" #. @TODO exception?? #: ../src/SetBG.cc:626 msgid "Could not get bg groups from config file." msgstr "Не удалось получить группы изображений из конфигурационного файла." #: ../src/SetBG.cc:650 ../src/SetBG.cc:657 msgid "ERROR" msgstr "Ошибка" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:669 ../src/SetBG.cc:1044 msgid "Could not open display" msgstr "Не могу открыть дисплей" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:730 msgid "ERROR: Could not load file in bg set" msgstr "Ошибка: не удалось загрузить файл изображения" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:808 msgid "Unknown mode for saved bg" msgstr "Неизвестный режим для сохранённого изображения" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:922 msgid "ERROR: BG set could not make atoms." msgstr "Ошибка: не удалось установить изображение как фон рабочего стола." #: ../src/SetBG.cc:1023 ../src/SetBG.cc:1123 ../src/SetBG.cc:1533 msgid "Screen" msgstr "Экран" #. always add full screen as we need the -1 key always #: ../src/SetBG.cc:1118 ../src/SetBG.cc:1526 msgid "Full Screen" msgstr "Весь экран" #: ../src/SetBG.cc:1183 msgid "Could not find Xinerama screen number" msgstr "Не удалось определить номер дисплея Ximerama" #: ../src/Util.cc:95 msgid "Restore saved backgrounds" msgstr "Восстанавливать сохранённые изображения рабочего стола" #: ../src/Util.cc:96 msgid "Do not recurse into subdirectories" msgstr "Просматривать папку без подпапок" #: ../src/Util.cc:97 msgid "" "How to sort the backgrounds. Valid options are:\n" "\t\t\t* alpha, for alphanumeric sort\n" "\t\t\t* ralpha, for reverse alphanumeric sort\n" "\t\t\t* time, for last modified time sort (oldest first)\n" "\t\t\t* rtime, for reverse last modified time sort (newest first)" msgstr "" "Способ сортировки изображений. Возможные опции:\n" "\t\t\t* alpha, по алфавиту\n" "\t\t\t* ralpha, по алфавиту (в обратном порядке)\n" "\t\t\t* time, по дате изменения (сначала самые старые)\n" "\t\t\t* rtime, по дате изменения в обратном порядке (сначала самые новые)" #: ../src/Util.cc:98 msgid "background color in hex, #000000 by default" msgstr "шестнадцатеричный код цвета, по умолчанию #000000" #: ../src/Util.cc:99 msgid "Select xinerama/multihead display in GUI, 0..n, -1 for full" msgstr "" "Выбрать дисплей многомониторной конфигурации: 0..n, -1 для общего фона" #: ../src/Util.cc:100 msgid "Force setter engine: xwindows, xinerama, gnome, pcmanfm" msgstr "" "Переопределить движок установщика фонов: xwindows, xinerama, gnome, pcmanfm" #: ../src/Util.cc:101 msgid "Choose random background from config or given directory" msgstr "Выбрать случайное изображение из конфигурации или каталога" #: ../src/Util.cc:106 ../src/Util.cc:107 ../src/Util.cc:108 ../src/Util.cc:109 #: ../src/Util.cc:110 ../src/Util.cc:111 msgid "Sets the background to the given file" msgstr "Устанавливает указаный файл фоном рабочего стола" #: ../src/Util.cc:106 msgid "scaled" msgstr "растянуть" #: ../src/Util.cc:107 msgid "tiled" msgstr "замостить" #: ../src/Util.cc:108 msgid "auto" msgstr "автоматически" #: ../src/Util.cc:109 msgid "centered" msgstr "по центру" #: ../src/Util.cc:110 msgid "zoom" msgstr "пропорционально уместить" #: ../src/Util.cc:111 msgid "zoom-fill" msgstr "пропорционально заполнить" #: ../src/Util.cc:112 msgid "Saves the background permanently" msgstr "Сохраняет изображение рабочего стола" #: ../src/Util.cc:208 msgid "Could not open dir" msgstr "Не могу открыть папку" #: ../src/Util.cc:293 msgid "Currently set background" msgstr "Текущее изображение рабочего стола" #: ../src/Util.cc:296 msgid "for" msgstr "для" #: ../src/main.cc:133 msgid "Error parsing command line" msgstr "Ошибка распознавания аргумента командной строки" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:27 msgid "Preferences" msgstr "Настройки" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:28 msgid "View Options" msgstr "Параметры отображения" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:29 msgid "Directories" msgstr "Каталоги" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:30 msgid "Sort by" msgstr "Сортировка" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:31 msgid "_Icon" msgstr "_Значки" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:32 msgid "_Icon with captions" msgstr "Значки с _подписями" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:33 msgid "_List" msgstr "Список" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:34 msgid "_Time (descending)" msgstr "В_ремя (по убыванию)" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:35 msgid "_Time (ascending)" msgstr "_Время (по возрастанию)" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:36 msgid "_Name (ascending)" msgstr "_Имя (по возрастанию)" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:37 msgid "_Name (descending)" msgstr "Им_я (по убыванию)" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:38 msgid "Recurse" msgstr "Рекурсивно" #: ../src/NPrefsWindow.cc:202 msgid "Are you sure you want to delete <b>%1</b>?" msgstr "Вы уверены что хотите удалить <b>%1</b>?" #~ msgid "Could not open config directory." #~ msgstr "Не удалось открыть папку с настройками." #~ msgid "Default" #~ msgstr "По умолчанию" #~ msgid "Unknown mode for saved bg on" #~ msgstr "Неизвестный режим для сохранённого изображения" #~ msgid "" #~ "UNKNOWN ROOT WINDOW TYPE DETECTED, will attempt to set via normal X " #~ "procedure" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Неизвестный тип корневого окна, попытаюсь установить фон другим методом" #~ msgid "Invalid UTF-8 encountered. Skipping file" #~ msgstr "Неверная кодировка, пропускаю файл" #~ msgid "Could not get bg info for fullscreen xinerama" #~ msgstr "Не удалось получить информацию об изображении для Ximerama" #~ msgid "Could not get bg info for" #~ msgstr "Не удалось получить информацию о" #~ msgid "Could not get bg info" #~ msgstr "Не удалось получить информацию о фоне рабочего стола"
Smushed Babies and Fish Curry: Controversy at the Super Bowl If you were one of the record-setting 111 million viewers watching the Super Bowl this Sunday, you probably saw what have come to be known as the “smushed baby” and “fish curry” commercials by HomeAway and Groupon, respectively. With a sea of Super Bowl commercials thrown into just a few hours of programming, how do you make your brand stand out? Why, you stir up controversy, of course! First, HomeAway Vacation Rentals premiered its “Ministry of Detourism” ad which intended to drive people away from staying in cramped hotels and instead look to spacious vacation rental houses. Theoriginal addepicted a baby (which was clearly a doll) being accidently hurled across the room into a glass wall. The backlash from the ad was immediate, as many thought it promoted violence against children. As of today, HomeAway’s CEO, Brian Sharples, said in a press release: “We have decided to remove the versions of the ad that depict the doll getting smushed, smashed, or dropped from our website. We’ll cut anew version of the adshowing the test baby doll being safely caught and unharmed.” Personally, I didn’t find the ad that offensive. I didn’t think it was the cleverest ad, but it certainly wasn’t the most offensive. My favorite snippit from the press release was: “We do not believe the ad will result in an increase in violence towards babies, just as last year’s Super BowlSnickers ad featuring Betty Whitedidn’t lead to an increase in elderly women being tackled in parks.” Snarky, but true! Another ad that stirred up controversy was the Groupon Save the Money ad, starring actor Timothy Hutton. The spot begins with a somber statement of how the Tibetan people are in danger of becoming extinct, and then humorously transitions into Hutton stating: but they still whip up an amazing fish curry…for Groupon customers to enjoy! Oi-vay. The Chief Executive and Founder of Groupon.com, Andrew Mason, quickly responded with ablog posttrying to justify the ad as being self-deprecating and facetious, and that therealoffensive ads are the ones that blatantly objectify women. What the Groupon commercial failed to mention, however, was the company’s contributions to The Tibet Fund. Hello! Did no one think that adding that little tidbit might help to deflate the outrage stirred up by the ad? Then again, maybe that was the point? I’ll give the CEOs credit for responding so quickly, but do you think it was worth it? Do you think these company reputations will suffer because of their audacious advertising?
I studied nonlinear PDEs in grad school. My advisor, Ralph Showalter, would remind us occasionally what ‘nonlinear’ means. “Nonlinear” is not a hypothesis but the lack of a hypothesis. He meant a couple things by this. First, when people say “nonlinear,” they often mean “not necessarily linear.” That is, they use “nonlinear” as a generalization of linear. If a statement doesn’t hold for linear equations, it can’t hold more generally. So try the linear case first. Second, and more importantly, you usually have to specify in what way an equation is nonlinear before you can say anything useful. If you’re not assuming linearity, what are you assuming? Maybe you need to assume a function is convex. Or maybe you need to assume an upper or lower bound on a function’s growth. In any case, focus on what you are assuming rather than what you are not assuming, and make your assumptions explicit. Related post: Three views of differential equations
// Copyright 2009 the Sputnik authors. All rights reserved. // This code is governed by the BSD license found in the LICENSE file. /** * DecimalLiteral :: HexIntegerLiteral * * @path ch07/7.8/7.8.3/S7.8.3_A5.1_T5.js * @description HexIntegerLiteral :: 0x0 Digits */ //CHECK#0 if (0x00 !== 0) { $ERROR('#0: 0x00 === 0'); } //CHECK#1 if (0x01 !== 1) { $ERROR('#1: 0x01 === 1'); } //CHECK#2 if (0x010 !== 16) { $ERROR('#2: 0x010 === 16'); } //CHECK3 if (0x0100 !== 256) { $ERROR('3: 0x0100 === 256'); } //CHECK#4 if (0x01000 !== 4096) { $ERROR('#4: 0x01000 === 4096'); } //CHECK#5 if (0x010000 !== 65536) { $ERROR('#5: 0x010000 === 65536'); } //CHECK#6 if (0x0100000 !== 1048576) { $ERROR('#6: 0x0100000 === 1048576'); } //CHECK#7 if (0x01000000 !== 16777216) { $ERROR('#7: 0x01000000 === 16777216'); } //CHECK#8 if (0x010000000 !== 268435456) { $ERROR('#8: 0x010000000 === 268435456'); }
Yes, you must protect yourself against the nameless hacker, who’s lurking on the web in search of your practice vulnerabilities. But more often than not, breaches are the result of an inside job. Know the basics to protect yourself against insider threats. Background: As a recent settlement indicates, one dangling thread can cause the whole operation to unravel. Memorial Health Systems (MHS) is a non-profit, operating six hospitals, an urgent care center, a nursing home, and a variety of ancillary health care facilities in South Florida, in addition to having an Organized Health Care Arrangement (OHCA) with several physicians’ offices. Due to a lack of clear-cut employee review procedures, MHS suffered the loss of ePHI on separate occasions that led to a $5.5 million settlement for HIPAA violations, a joint U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and Office of Civil Rights (OCR) press release from Feb. 16, 2017 says. The facts: Here’s an outline of how MHS violated HIPAA from the HHS-OCR release: Ignored the risks of users and affiliated physicians’ office users between 2007 and 2012 who had access to ePHI, failing to properly review terminated users’ rights under HIPAA despite the advice from risk analysis to do so. Failed to notice the daily access of ePHI by a terminated employee whose credentials were not revoked, resulting in the loss of ePHI for over 80,000 individuals from 2011 to 2012. Reported the loss of “protected health information (PHI) of 115,143 individuals, which had been impermissibly accessed by its employees and impermissibly disclosed to affiliated physician office staff.” Was the Organization’s Size a Factor? Sometimes a small practice can be too trusting while a big healthcare group can be too busy to notice the day-to-day workings of its employees past and present. But it can be hard to justify these types of excuses with so many resources out there to help avoid HIPAA pitfalls. “While I think being busy or the ‘that won’t ever happen to me’ logic may come into play,” says attorney Kathleen D. Kenney, Esq.,” of Polsinelli LLP in Chicago. “Ultimately, I think this issue, like many HIPAA issues that arise, stems from a failure to implement processes and ensure checks and balances are in place when it comes to security.” Analyze Then Manage Your Risk To avoid issues like those that tripped up MHS, your practice must first assess compliance shortcomings — from reining in reception desk banter to multi-factor authentication on your mobile devices. But you need to scrutinize your findings in order to fully implement and manage a working HIPAA system. “We regularly see organizations with policies and procedures in place but they have stopped there,” Kenney says. “The implementation piece of HIPAA compliance is integral to breach avoidance,” reminds Kenney. “OCR wants to see more than just documents on a shelf so taking the time to evaluate and carry out processes is key.” HIPAA go-to list: After you educate your current staff on insider threats, consider these compliance dos and don’ts for future employees and after employees move on: Do a comprehensive background check on future employees in regard to compliance issues. Do provide up-to-date materials on the changing compliance regulations for your staff. Don’t forget to monitor your network and controls with tools that check log-on access and irregularities. Do remember that the majority of breaches are caused from within an organization through employee oversight, accident, and theft of ePHI. Reminder: MHS paid heavily despite its risk analysis due mostly to the lack of utilizing the data and ensuring only authorized users had access to the ePHI. “As this case shows, a lack of access controls and regular review of audit logs helps hackers or malevolent insiders to cover their electronic tracks, making it difficult for covered entities and business associates to not only recover from breaches, but to prevent them before they happen,” said Robinsue Frohboese, OCR acting director in the release.
3 Purpose Ensures that powers to investigate by surveillance of individuals or interception of telecommunications are used with proper regard for human rights. Establishes a new surveillance tribunal to provide a domestic system of redress where it is alleged that public authorities have infringed human rights Defines the powers of public authorities to carry out different types of surveillance and lists the authorities having different powers covered by the Act 4 Aimed at Protecting Article 8: the right to respect for private and family life; Article 13: the right to an appropriate remedy 5 (i) Intercepting Communications Will be of little interest to local authorities since only the intelligence services, military personnel and police chiefs may apply to the Secretary of State for an interception warrant Where local authorities are acting in conjunction with the police, unlikely to be proportionate to authorise telephone tapping to obtain evidence, for example, of anti social behaviour. Section 1(3) creates civil liability for any interception of a communication by, or with the express or implied consent of, a person having the right to control a private telecommunications system. This applies, for example, to an employer listening in to telephone or email communications of employees. Such conduct is only lawful if it is consented to by the sender or recipient or is otherwise authorised under the Act (s.3(1)). 6 (ii) Communications Data Chapter II of Part I deals with the lawful acquisition and disclosure of communications data other than in the course of transmission. Communications data includes (i)any traffic data comprised in or attached to a communication; (ii)any information which includes none of the contents of the communication; and (iii)is about the use made by any person of any postal or telecommunications service or other information held or obtained in relation to a customer by a person providing a postal or telecommunications service. 7 Contd… This covers everything from addresses on envelopes to lists of telephone calls or emails and their recipients. Covers everything apart from the actual contents of the communication Acquisition and disclosure of such data is deemed lawful pursuant to s. 21(2) if (i) the person acquiring or disclosing it is authorities or required to do so by an authorisation notice or a notice given under the Act and (ii) their conduct is in accordance with the authorisation notice. Local authorities are not included in the list of relevant public authorities for these purposes pursuant to s. 25(1). If local authorities need to obtain such evidence they will have to involve police officers who can obtain appropriate authorisations. 8 (iii) Surveillance Operations Part 2 of the Act (ss. 26 – 48) provides the statutory basis for the authorisation and use by public authorities of covert surveillance, agents, informants and undercover officers (described under the Act as covert human intelligence sources). The Act does not make unauthorised activities unlawful, but the consequence of failing to obtain an authorisation may be that the actions are rendered unlawful by s. 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 9 Three types of covert surveillance (i)Directed surveillance: covert surveillance which is not intrusive and is undertaken for the purposes of a specific investigation or a specific operation in such a manner as is likely to result in obtaining private information about a person (s. 26(2)). – Any surveillance undertaken which is an immediate response to events or circumstances the nature of which is such that obtaining an authorisation would not be reasonably practicable is excluded from the normal requirements. – Surveillance is covers where it is carried out in a manner calculation to ensure that the person or persons subject to the surveillance are unaware that the surveillance is taking place (s. 26(9)). – This would include, for example, setting up of a covert observation post to gather evidence of anti-social behaviour, trailing benefit fraudsters, CCTV surveillances of particular locations or individuals. 10 Contd… (ii)Intrusive surveillance: is covert surveillance that is carried out in relation to anything taking place on any residential premises or in any private vehicle and that involves the presence of an individual on the premises or in the vehicle or is carried out by a surveillance device (s. 26(3)). – There is an exception for surveillance devices which are designed or adapted solely for the purpose of providing information as to the location of a vehicle. – Section 32 provides for the authorisation of intrusive surveillance and limits the grounds on which such authorisations may be granted. – There is no provision whereby local authorities may be authorised to carry out any form of intrusive surveillance. 11 Contd… (iii)Covert Human Intelligence Sources: a person falls under this category if he establishes a personal relationship with someone for the covert purpose of either using the relationship to obtain or provide access to any information, or if he covertly discloses information obtained by the use of such a relationship – A trading standards officer posing as a customer in an attempt to purchase counterfeit goods or to discover the source of such goods would be a covert intelligence source – Similarly an individual, employed by the local authority, under the age of 18 entering a shop with the intention of purchasing alcohol for the purpose of policing licensing conditions would be a covert intelligence source. 12 Contd… Sections 28 and 29 govern the use of directed surveillance and of covert human intelligence sources. – Local authorities are listed in Schedule 1 as relevant public authorities for the purposes of both sections. – This means that investigators can be authorised to carry out directed surveillance (s. 28) and to use covert human intelligence sources (s. 29). 13 Practical Issues Authorisation Procedure In either case (s. 28 or s. 29) authorisation has to be granted by the persons designated for that purpose. These are individuals holding such offices, ranks or positions as are prescribed for the purpose (s. 30). – The prescribed persons for local authorities are Assistance Chief Officers and Officers responsible for the management of investigations (RIPA (Prescription of Offices, Ranks, and Positions) Order 2000 S.I. 2417. – These would include, for example, Chief Trading Standards Officer or Director of Housing Any investigator wishing to carry out surveillance operations to obtain evidence is required to obtain prior authorisation from a designated person. – It is essential that a written record should be kept of authorisation although no formal requirement under the Act – The record should include the reasons for granting the authorisation and its terms 14 Proportionality and Necessity Both sections require tests of necessity and proportionality to be applied Proportionality is tested against the object to be achieved by carrying out the surveillance in question. Surveillance is necessary and an authorisation justified, if it is necessary on any of the grounds set out in s. 28(3) or s. 29(3) which are (a) in the interests of national security; (b) for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime or of preventing disorder; (c) in the interests of the economic well-being of the United Kingdom; (d) in the interests of public safety; (e) for the purpose of protecting public health; (f) for the purpose of assessing or collecting any tax, duty, levy or other imposition, contribution or charge payable to a government department; or (g) for any purpose (not falling within paragraphs (a) to (f)) which is specified for the purposes of this subsection by an order made by the Secretary of State. The ground relied on should be recorded as part of the authorisation 15 Covert Human Intelligence Sources: additional requirements Section 29(5) requires that the designated person must be satisfied of each of the following (a) that there will at all times be a person holding an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who will have day-to-day responsibility for dealing with the source on behalf of that authority, and for the source's security and welfare; (b) that there will at all times be another person holding an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who will have general oversight of the use made of the source; (c) that there will at all times be a person holding an office, rank or position with the relevant investigating authority who will have responsibility for maintaining a record of the use made of the source; (d) that the records relating to the source that are maintained by the relevant investigating authority will always contain particulars of all such matters (if any) as may be specified for the purposes of this paragraph in regulations made by the Secretary of State; and (e) that records maintained by the relevant investigating authority that disclose the identity of the source will not be available to persons except to the extent that there is a need for access to them to be made available to those persons. 16 Contd… Therefore, there must be two officers with responsibility for dealing with a human intelligence source and the designated person must be satisfied that their duties are properly described and allocated. An officer will have responsibility to maintain a record of the use made of the source. Any records which identify the source should not be available to persons except to the extent that the need for access is necessary.
Zimmerman trial jurors wrap first day of deliberations Yamiche Alcindor \| USA TODAY Show Caption Hide Caption Prosecutor says Zimmerman tracked Trayvon In closing arguments, a prosecuting attorney claims that George Zimmerman made an assumption about Trayvon and tracked him before shooting him. Jurors will return at 9 a.m. Saturday State portrays Zimmerman as a %27wanna-be cop%27 Defendant faces second-degree murder conviction SANFORD, Fla. — Jurors deliberating the second-degree murder charge against George Zimmerman recessed after 3 1/2 hours Friday and are set to return to court Saturday morning. The six-woman jury began weighing evidence against Zimmerman earlier Friday after lawyers wrapped up closing arguments. Zimmerman, 29, is a former neighborhood watch volunteer charged in the February 2012 killing of Trayvon Martin, the unarmed 17-year-old shot to death in February 2012. Before the jury began weighing evidence, Judge Debra Nelson told the panel they must find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Zimmerman is guilty of a crime. "You must presume innocence. ... Zimmerman is not required ... to prove anything,'' she said. "The state must prove the alleged crime was committed. It's up to the state to prove his guilt." Deliberations in the high-profile second-degree murder case began shortly before 2:30 p.m., after Mark O'Mara, one of Zimmerman's lawyers, argued in a lengthy closing statement that his client is a conscientious citizen who fired a fatal bullet into a teen in self-defense while fighting for his life. About two hours into their review, jurors asked Nelson for an inventory of all the evidence in the case. O'Mara used several visuals in his closing, including a chart about reasonable doubt, self-defense and a computer animation showing Trayvon walking up to Zimmerman and punching him. Zimmerman faces up to life imprisonment if convicted of second-degree murder. If he's found guilty on a lesser charge of manslaughter, he faces a prison term of up to 30 years. Nelson had ruled that the animation couldn't be entered into evidence but could be used in closing arguments. Jurors watched intently as the animation, which resembled a video game, showed Trayvon in a dark hoodie on top of Zimmerman before being killed. The video was overlaid with a 911 call that recorded the fatal shot. Soon after, O'Mara paused silently for four minutes. That's how long Trayvon had time to get home, O'Mara told jurors. The defense attorney said that Zimmerman was not the aggressor and that the state's case arguing Zimmerman's cursing on a police call was ill will doesn't make sense. "The fact that he was willing to say it on a call with law enforcement is evidence of non-guilt," O'Mara said, explaining Zimmerman saying "f--king punks" and "a-- holes" after spotting Trayvon. The lawyer also argued that no evidence supported Zimmerman's following of Trayvon after a dispatcher told Zimmerman he didn't have to. Assistant State Attorney John Guy gave the state's rebuttal statements to jurors, saying "that child had every right to be afraid of a strange man following him." Guy repeated a sentence he delivered in his opening statement in the rebuttal: "The defendant didn't shoot Trayvon Martin because he had to, he shot him because he wanted to," he said. Guy later summarized the trial: "This case isn't about standing your ground. It's about staying in your car." Assistant State Attorney Bernie de la Rionda told the jury Thursday that Trayvon was an innocent teen now dead because Zimmerman wrongly assumed he was a criminal. Prosecutors throughout the trial have portrayed Zimmerman as a lying "wanna-be cop" who followed Trayvon even after a police dispatcher told him via cellphone that pursuit was not necessary. "A teenager is dead. He's dead through no fault of his own," de la Rionda said to jurors. "He's dead because another man made an assumption." Zimmerman's defense team maintained that Trayvon was the aggressor and that Zimmerman shot him in self-defense during a struggle in which Zimmerman's head was repeatedly bashed into a concrete sidewalk. The case has gripped the nation since the Feb. 26, 2012, incident. Zimmerman initially was not charged with a crime. Protests ensued in several cities, including New York, by supporters of Trayvon's family. Many protesters voiced the opinion that Trayvon was targeted and killed for racial reasons. Trayvon is black and Zimmerman is Hispanic. Later, State Attorney Angela Corey stepped in and charged Zimmerman with murder. Contributing: Gary Strauss in McLean, Va.
2015 Glenn Murcutt Master Class The Glenn Murcutt Architecture Master Class in Australia has become an major annual event on the international architecture calendar. Started in 2001, architects and senior students from over 70 nations around the world have now traveled to Australia to participate in the two-week residential studio based program. The intensive two-week design studio program involves a design project undertaken in groups and culminating, at the end of week two, with a design presentation by participants and a critique by Glenn Murcutt and the other tutors. The studio program, associated lectures and supporting events equate to 150 hours high-level study at postgraduate level. The spirit of the event is that participation is the focus and there is no formal assessment. A certificate of satisfactory completion will be issued to all participants completing the program. Professional institutes and universities internationally have, over the years since its inception, accepted this event as gaining professional development or academic credit points. As there are only 32 places available applications are assessed on credentials and merit, with preference to early applicants. For complete details on the event, please click here.
Background ========== Behenic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of 22 carbon atoms. The physiological functions of structured triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing behenic and medium-chain fatty acids have been examined in previous studies \[[@B1]-[@B3]\]. In these studies, structured TAGs were shown to reduce fat absorption in rats. This reduction has been attributed to the low absorbability of behenic acid. Therefore, behenic acid can be utilized as a functional component of low-calorie fats. Dietary fats containing behenic acid are expected to reduce visceral fat deposition. However, only few studies have examined the effects of TAG containing behenic acid on visceral fat deposition. 1(3)-Behenoyl-2,3(1)-dioleoyl-rac-glycerol (BOO) is a structured TAG with behenic acid at the 1 or 3 position. In our previous study, analysis of structured TAGs that are resistant to hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase revealed that BOO has an inhibitory effect on this hydrolysis \[[@B4]\]. In addition, Arishima et al. demonstrated that when 10% of dietary fat is replaced with BOO, postprandial serum TAG levels are suppressed in mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic patients \[[@B5]\]. These observations suggest that BOO suppresses intestinal absorption of dietary fat. Several studies have suggested that improvement of postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia is responsible for the reductions in body fat mass that have been observed in rodents and humans \[[@B6]-[@B13]\]. It has also been shown that 1,3-diacylglycerol, oolong tea polymerized polyphenols and tea catechins suppress postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia by delaying intestinal TAG absorption, in addition to reducing visceral fat deposition \[[@B6]-[@B9],[@B11]\]. Therefore, it is believed that BOO has the ability to interfere in fat absorption and prevent visceral fat deposition. In this study, the effects of BOO on visceral fat deposition in rats and fat absorption in lymph-cannulated rats were examined. Materials and methods ===================== Materials --------- Behenic acid ethyl ester was prepared by heating behenic acid (95% purity; Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan) that had been solubilized in ethanol containing sulfuric acid (98% purity; Kishida Chemical, Osaka, Japan) as a catalyst. A BOO-rich experimental oil was synthesized by enzymatic interesterification of sunflower oil containing 80% oleic acid (Fuji Oil Co., Osaka, Japan) and behenic acid ethyl ester using 1,3-specific lipase from Rhizopus niveus. After elimination of fatty acid ethyl esters by distillation, the residual oil was mixed with n-hexane. Then, the oil/solvent mixture was cooled and crystallized at -5°C. The BOO-rich experimental oil was obtained by filtration followed by evaporation of n-hexane. The percentage of BOO was 41.8% in the experimental oil, which was added to the feed used in Experiment 1. The composition of fatty acids in the experimental oil rich in BOO was as follows: 16:0, 2.6%; 18:0, 3.9%; 18:1n-9, 56.3%; 18:2n-6, 2.9%; 20:0, 3.0% and 22:0, 30.9%. The molecular species of TAG constituting the oil are shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, and were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) using the LiChrosorb RP-18-5 column (5-μm particle, 4.6 mm × 250 mm; GL Sciences, Tokyo, Japan); acetone/acetonitrile solvent, 80/20 (v/v); 2% (v/v) acetone solution concentration; 0.9 ml/min carrier velocity; 20°C and a refractive index detector (Shimadzu). Purified BOO was obtained from the experimental oil by preparative HPLC (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) using the SunFire C18 column (5-μm particle, 50 mm × 250 mm; Waters); acetone/acetonitrile solvent, 80/20 (v/v); 10% (v/v) acetone solution concentration; 1.1 ml/min carrier velocity; 20°C and a refractive index detector (Waters). ###### Molecular TAG species in the experimental oil used in Experiment 1 Ingredient (%) Species (%) ------------ ------ --------- ------ St-O-O 56.7 BOO 41.8 SOO 4.3 POO 1.7 AOO 3.6 BLiO 5.3 St-O-St 25.3 BOB 6.5 BOS 4.8 POS 4.3 BOP 3.8 OOO 9.4 DG 5.9 unknown 2.7 St: saturated fatty acid; O: oleic acid; B: behenic acid; A: arachidic acid; S: stearic acid; P: palmitic acid; G: lignoceric acid; DG: diacylglycerol. Effect of dietary BOO on visceral fat deposition in rats fed a high-fat diet (Experiment 1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Six-week-old male Wistar rats were purchased from Japan SLC, Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan). The animals were individually housed under controlled room temperature (23°C ± 1°C), humidity (55% ± 5%) and light-dark-cycle (light from 0700-1900 h). All rats were allowed free access to a commercial chow (CRF-1; Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) for 4 days. They were divided into 2 groups and fed the assigned experimental diet for 6 weeks. The composition of the experimental diets was as follows (per 100 g diet): 20.0 g casein; 0.3 g L-cystine; 10.0 g sucrose; 18.75 g β-cornstarch; 13.2 g α-cornstarch; 3.5 g AIN-93G mineral mixture (Oriental Yeast); 1.0 g AIN-93 vitamin mixture (Oriental Yeast); 5.0 g cellulose; 0.25 g choline bitartrate and 0.0014 g tert-butylhydroquinone. The dietary fat consisted of soybean oil (SO) in the SO group, which was added at a concentration of 28 g per 100 g diet. In the BOO group, 20% of SO was replaced with the BOO-rich experimental oil. As a result, the percentages of BOO and behenic acid in the experimental diets were 2.3% and 1.7%, respectively. At the end of the feeding period, the rats were fasted for 18 h (1800-1000), following which blood was withdrawn from the abdominal aorta using a heparinized syringe under isoflurane anesthesia. Liver and abdominal adipose tissue samples from epididymal, perirenal and mesenteric sites were carefully removed and weighed. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 1,900 g for 15 min at 4°C and frozen at -80°C until analyzed. Feces were collected for 3 days before the end of the feeding period and dried. The total fat content of the feces was calculated by weighing the feces before and after fat extraction using a solvent mixture of petroleum ether and acetic acid (100:1). Plasma TAG and total cholesterol concentrations and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were enzymatically measured using Dry Chem 7000V (FUJIFILM Medical, Tokyo, Japan). Liver lipids were extracted using the procedure described by Folch et al. \[[@B14]\]. TAG and total cholesterol concentrations were measured using previously described methods \[[@B15]\]. Effect of BOO on lymphatic recovery of fatty acids and tri\[1-^14^C\]oleoylglycerol in thoracic duct-cannulated rats (Experiments 2 and 3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eight-week-old male SD rats were obtained from CLEA Japan (Tokyo, Japan). After a 4-day adaptation period, a cannula was inserted into the left thoracic duct to collect lymphatic fluid and a cannula was inserted into the stomach, using previously described procedures \[[@B6]\]. After surgery, a physiological solution containing 139 mM glucose and 85 mM NaCl was continuously infused overnight at a rate of 3.4 ml/h through the stomach cannula. In Experiment 2, emulsions containing 200 mg trioleoylglycerol (OOO group; Sigma, MO, USA) or an oil mixture of OOO:BOO (9:1) (BOO group), 50 mg fatty acid-free albumin (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) and 200 mg sodium taurocholate (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) were prepared by ultrasonication. After lymph was collected for 2 h (-2 to 0 h), the emulsion was administered to the stomach and the infusion of the glucose/NaCl solution was continued. Lymph was collected at the following intervals after administration of the test emulsions: 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6 and 6-8 h. The collection tubes contained EDTA-2Na as an anticoagulant. Lipids were extracted using a chloroform/methanol mixture (2:1, v/v) according to the method described by Folch et al. \[[@B14]\], and then transmethylated using a BF~3~-methanol complex using the method described by Ikeda et al. \[[@B16]\]. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using a SHIMADZU GC-2014 capillary gas-liquid chromatography apparatus equipped with ULBON HR-SS-10 (GL Sciences). Pentadecanoic acid (Alfa Aesar, MA, USA) was used as the internal standard. The fatty acid recovery rate was calculated by subtracting the amount of fatty acids recovered from the lymph collected 2 h prior to the administration of the test emulsion (-2 to 0 h) from the amount of fatty acids recovered from the lymph collected after administration of the test emulsion. In Experiment 3, thoracic duct-cannulated rats received intragastric administrations of 3 ml of a test emulsion containing 1 μCi of tri\[1-^14^C\]oleoylglycerol (^14^C-OOO) (PerkinElmer, MA, USA). The composition of the emulsion was the same as that used in Experiment 2, except for the addition of radiolabelled TAG. After administration, lymph was collected for 24 h and radioactivity was measured using a liquid scintillation counter. The maintenance of the experimental rats and all other procedures were identical to those used in Experiment 2. All rat studies were carried out under procedures consistent with the guidelines for conducting animal experiments prepared by the Graduate School of Agricultural Science at Tohoku University and the Japanese Society for Nutrition and Food Science (Law no. 105 and Notification no. 6 of the Japanese government). Statistical analysis -------------------- All values are expressed as mean ± SE. Statistical analyses of data was performed using Student\'s t-test. Differences were considered significant at P\< 0.05 (SPSS Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Results ======= Effect of dietary BOO on visceral fat deposition in rats fed a high-fat diet (Experiment 1) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No significant differences were observed in food intake or body weight gain between the SO and BOO groups (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). The relative weights of epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissues and liver were significantly lower in the BOO group than in the SO group. Plasma TAG and total cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the BOO group than in the SO group (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Hepatic TAG and cholesterol concentrations were also significantly lower in the BOO group than in the SO group. No significant difference was observed in the concentration of liver phospholipids (data not shown). The activities of plasma AST and ALT were not significantly different between the SO and BOO groups (data not shown). Fecal weight was significantly higher in rats fed the BOO diet than in those fed the SO diet (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). Diarrhea was not observed in either group. Fecal excretion of fatty acids was significantly higher in rats fed the BOO diet than in those fed the SO diet. Both behenic acid and fatty acids other than behenic acid were higher in the BOO group than in the SO group. The apparent absorption rate of fat was significantly lower in rats fed the BOO diet than in those fed the SO diet. ###### Body weights, food intakes, visceral fat weights and concentrations of lipid parameters in plasma and liver SO BOO --------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------- Initial body weight (g) 160 ± 1 160 ± 1 Final body weight (g) 316 ± 4 309 ± 4 Body weight gain (g/day) 3.7 ± 0.1 3.6 ± 0.1 Food intake (g/day) 12.9 ± 0.2 13.0 ± 0.2 Liver (g/100 g body weight) 2.60 ± 0.02 2.52 ± 0.03\* Adipose tissue weight (g/100 g body weight) Epididymal 2.84 ± 0.10 2.49 ± 0.09\* Perirenal 2.75 ± 0.11 2.52 ± 0.12 Mesenteric 1.84 ± 0.06 1.62 ± 0.08\* Total 7.43 ± 0.27 6.62 ± 0.27\* Plasma Triacylglycerol (mg/dl) 82.5 ± 7.1 65.1 ± 3.8\* Total cholesterol (mg/dl) 49.3 ± 2.4 42.6 ± 1.9\* Liver Triacylglycerol (mg/g Liver) 28.7 ± 3.1 20.9 ± 1.8\* Total cholesterol (mg/g Liver) 5.26 ± 0.19 4.44 ± 0.15\* Values are mean ± SE, n = 14. \* indicates significant differences in corresponding values in rats fed the SO diet (P\< 0.05). ###### Fecal weights and fat excretions in feces SO BOO ----------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------- Fecal weight (g/day) 0.99 ± 0.02 1.23 ± 0.03\* Fecal fatty acids (mg/day) 88.2 ± 4.7 278 ± 12\* behenic acid (mg/day) 5.96 ± 0.18 125 ± 4\* fatty acids other than behenic acid (mg/day) 82.2 ± 4.6 152 ± 9\* Apparent absorption of fat (%) 97.5 ± 0.1 92.1 ± 0.2\* Values are mean ± SE, n = 14. \* indicates significant differences in corresponding values in rats fed the SO diet (P\< 0.05). Effect of BOO on lymphatic recovery of fatty acids in thoracic duct-cannulated rats (Experiment 2) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No significant differences were observed in the lymphatic flow rates between the OOO and BOO groups (data not shown). The lymphatic recovery rates of oleic and behenic acids are shown in Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}. The lymphatic recovery rates were significantly lower in the BOO group than in the OOO group at 5 and 6 h after administration. The same tendency was observed at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after administration. The lymphatic recovery rate of oleic acid in the BOO group was also significantly lower compared to that in the OOO group at 5 and 6 h after administration (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The lymphatic recovery rate of the BOO group for behenic acid was significantly lower than that of the OOO group for oleic acid at all time points and in the BOO group at 6 h after administration (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). ![Effect of BOO on lymphatic recovery of oleic and behenic acids (A) and each fatty acid (B) in rats receiving intragastric administration of fat emulsions. Values are mean ± SE; n = 5 (OOO group), 7 (BOO group). (A) \* indicates significant differences in corresponding values in rats that were administered the BOO emulsion (P\< 0.05). (B) \* indicates significant differences in corresponding values of behenic acid absorption in the BOO group (P\< 0.05). \# indicates significant differences in corresponding values of oleic acid absorption in the OOO group (P\< 0.05).](1476-511X-9-77-1){#F1} Effect of BOO on lymphatic recovery of ^14^C-OOO in thoracic duct-cannulated rats (Experiment 3) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ No significant differences were observed in the periodic and total lymphatic flow rates between the OOO and BOO groups (data not shown). As shown in Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}, the lymphatic recovery of ^14^C-OOO was significantly lower in the BOO group than in the OOO group at 5 and 6 h after administration. ![Effect of BOO on lymphatic recovery of ^14^C-OOO in rats receiving intragastric administration of fat emulsions. Values are mean ± SE; n = 5 (OOO group), 6 (BOO group). \* indicates significant differences in corresponding values of ^14^C-OOO absorption in rats that were administered the BOO emulsion (P\< 0.05).](1476-511X-9-77-2){#F2} Discussion ========== In this study, BOO-induced reduction of visceral fat deposition was demonstrated for the first time (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Significant reductions in plasma and hepatic TAG concentrations were also observed in the BOO group (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). Fecal excretions of fatty acids, behenic acid and fatty acids other than behenic acid were higher in the BOO group than in the SO group (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). These results suggest that a reduction in fat absorption by dietary BOO causes decreases in plasma and hepatic TAG levels and visceral fat deposition. In the experiment on lymph-cannulated rats, the administration of BOO and OOO reduced the lymphatic recovery rate of oleic acid (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The lymphatic recovery rate of behenic acid was also lower than that of oleic acid (Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). It was also demonstrated that BOO reduces the lymphatic recovery rate of ^14^C-OOO (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). These results suggest that the digestion and absorption of BOO and OOO were suppressed in the BOO group. Arishima et al. \[[@B4]\] reported in an in vitrostudy that compared with the administration of only OOO, the administration of an oil mixture of OOO:BOO (9:1) suppresses the hydrolysis of BOO and OOO by pancreatic lipase. This observation suggests that the reduction of TAG absorption is induced by the inhibition of pancreatic lipase in the intestinal lumen. In studies on the absorption of structured TAGs containing behenic and medium-chain fatty acids, low absorbability was ascribed only to behenic acid \[[@B1]-[@B3]\]. The present and previous studies \[[@B4]\] have indicated the strong possibility that BOO decreases fat absorption by suppressing the hydrolysis of BOO itself and by inhibiting the hydrolysis of TAGs other than BOO. Yoshida et al. reported that the apparent absorption of TAG was 39% in rats fed a diet of 2% corn oil and 18% behenic/caproic/caproic TAGs (B66) for 1 week, which was lower than the apparent absorption of TAG in rats fed SO exclusively \[[@B1]\]. The apparent absorption of behenic acid was only 8% \[[@B1]\]. Webb et al. showed that when caprenin containing caprylic, capric and behenic acids was fed to rats, behenic acid absorption was 19% \[[@B3]\]. Based on these observations, they concluded that behenic acid has low bioavailability and its poor absorbability causes reductions in body weight and visceral fat deposition. In the present study, the intake of BOO significantly reduced apparent fat absorption compared with the intake of SO (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). However, compared with the results of previous studies, apparent fat absorption was higher in this study and behenic acid absorption was also obviously higher when rats were fed BOO. This may be due to differences in the behenic acid content of the dietary fats used. In this study, the behenic acid content was 1.7% of the experimental diet, whereas in previous studies, the behenic acid content was 6.8% \[[@B1]\] and 6.1% \[[@B3]\]. It has been previously reported that the lymphatic absorption rate of stearic acid, a fatty acid with a high melting point, when administered as a mixture of oils from completely hydrogenated tallow and soybean oil in various proportions, was inversely proportional to the stearic acid content of the mixed oils \[[@B17]\]. In this study, although the behenic acid content of the administered diets was relatively lower than that used in previous studies, visceral fat amounts were shown to clearly decrease in the BOO group. These results suggest that BOO has the potential to exert an inhibitory effect on fat absorption at relatively low doses. Further studies are necessary to determine the effective dose in humans. Arishima et al. reported that dietary BOO suppresses postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia in mildly hypertriacylglycerolemic patients when 10% of dietary fat is replaced with BOO \[[@B5]\]. The present study suggests that this suppression is caused by lower absorption of dietary fat and BOO viathe inhibition of pancreatic lipase. Since postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia is thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease \[[@B18]-[@B20]\], it is possible that BOO has other beneficial effects on the prevention of coronary heart disease, in addition to preventing obesity and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrates the possibility that BOO can be utilized as a fat substitute that does not result in an increase in calorie assimilation. BOO might also have some beneficial effects on the prevention of obesity and atherosclerosis through the suppression of postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia. The melting point of BOO is 31°C, and its use as a supplement to vegetable oil in relatively low amounts would be convenient for use in cooking oils. Dietary BOO did not influence plasma AST and ALT activities in these feeding studies. Therefore, vegetable oils containing BOO can be used as safe and functional cooking oils. Conclusions =========== The present study demonstrated that BOO reduces visceral fat deposition and plasma and hepatic TAG levels in rats. These observations suggest that these reductions are caused by lowering and delaying intestinal absorption of TAG. BOO can be effective for the prevention of obesity and coronary heart disease. List of abbreviations used ========================== BOO: 1(3)-behenoyl-2,3(1)-dioleoyl-rac-glycerol; SO: soybean oil; TAG: triacylglycerol; OOO: trioleoylglycerol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase. Competing interests =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors\' contributions ======================= MK contributed to planning, analysis and manuscript preparation. NT contributed to planning, analysis and interpretation of results. TY, SS and AI contributed to the experimental work. NS contributed to the preparation of the experimental oil. TA contributed to the preparation of the experimental oil and organization of this study. MK, KT and MH contributed to planning and interpretation of the results. II contributed to planning, analysis, interpretation of the results and manuscript preparation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements ================ The authors would like to thank Masashi Asanoma, Masako Sano, Yasue Iwaoka, Miyako Nakatani, Michiru Sakaue and Saori Nakao for their assistance in the experimental analyses and animal breeding.
Q: How to replace letters with numbers and re-convert at anytime (Caesar cipher)? I've been coding this for almost 2 days now but cant get it. I've coded two different bits trying to find it. Code #1 So this one will list the letters but wont change it to the numbers (a->1, b->2, ect) import re text = input('Write Something- ') word = '{}'.format(text) for letter in word: print(letter) #lists down Outcome- Write something- test t e s t Then I have this code that changes the letters into numbers, but I haven't been able to convert it back into letters. Code #2 u = input('Write Something') a = ord(u[-1]) print(a) #converts to number and prints ^^ enter code here print('') print(????) #need to convert from numbers back to letters. Outcome: Write Something- test 116 How can I send a text through (test) and make it convert it to either set numbers (a->1, b->2) or random numbers, save it to a .txt file and be able to go back and read it at any time? A: What youre trying to achieve here is called "caesar encryption". You for example say normally you would have: A=1, a=2, B=3, B=4, etc... then you would have a "key" which "shifts" the letters. Lets say the key is "3", so you would shift all letters 3 numbers up and you would end up with: A=4, a=5, B=6, b=7, etc... This is of course only ONE way of doing a caesar encryption. This is the most basic example. You could also say your key is "G", which would give you: A=G, a=g, B=H, b=h, etc.. or A=G, a=H, B=I, b=J, etc... Hope you understand what im talking about. Again, this is only one very simple example way. Now, for your program/script you need to define this key. And if the key should be variable, you need to save it somewhere (write it down). Put your words in a string, and check and convert each letter and write it into a new string. You then could say (pseudo code!): var key = READKEYFROMFILE; string old = READKEYFROMFILE_OR_JUST_A_NORMAL_STRING_:) string new = ""; for (int i=0, i<old.length, i++){ get the string at i; compare with your "key"; shift it; write it in new; } Hope i could help you. edit: You could also use a dictionary (like the other answer says), but this is a very static (but easy) way. Also, maybe watch some guides/tutorials on programming. You dont seem to be that experienced. And also, google "Caesar encryption" to understand this topic better (its very interesting). edit2: Ok, so basically: You have a variable, called "key" in this variable, you store your key (you understood what i wrote above with the key and stuff?) You then have a string variable, called "old". And another one called "new". In old, you write your string that you want to convert. New will be empty for now. You then do a "for loop", which goes as long as the ".length" of your "old" string. (that means if your sentence has 15 letters, the loop will go through itself 15 times and always count the little "i" variable (from the for loop) up). You then need to try and get the letter from "old" (and save it for short in another vairable, for example char temp = "" ). After this, you need to compare your current letter and decide how to shift it. If thats done, just add your converted letter to the "new" string. Here is some more precise pseudo code (its not python code, i dont know python well), btw char stands for "character" (letter): var key = g; string old = "teststring"; string new = ""; char oldchar = ""; char newchar = ""; for (int i=0; i<old.length; i++){ oldchar = old.charAt[i]; newchar = oldchar //shift here!!! new.addChar(newchar); } Hope i could help you ;) edit3: maybe also take a look at this: https://inventwithpython.com/chapter14.html Caesar Cipher Function in Python https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXIHuQU6Vrs
A late-night explosion blew the windows and back door out of their home in the Richmond Hill neighborhood near Stop 11 Road and Sherman Drive. They haven’t been able to return since. The Giffords and their two sons, who are 3 and 5, are staying with friends. They don’t know how much damage the explosion did to their home and possessions, or what they have left. “The family’s OK, and that’s what matters,” Jason Gifford said. Stephanie Gifford said she was grateful just to hold her son’s hand as they went to sleep last night. They don’t know how to explain what happened because they don’t know if and when they can go back. She said it was a surreal, day-to-day situation. Indianapolis code enforcement officials determined their house was unsafe to enter but hadn’t gone inside to check for structural damage, Jason Gifford said. They were told they might get a call as soon as Sunday night. They fretted all Saturday night and most of the day Sunday about whether the damage could be repaired and if they lost value in their home. They hoped they could move back into their home but were just grateful to be alive. “It could have been a lot worse,” he said. “But we don’t know what caused it. That’s all up in the air right now, still under investigation. It’s frustrating that people lost their lives, and we don’t know why.” They had friends in the close-knit Richmond Hill neighborhood who survived even though the entire back of their home was blown off, he said. The Giffords lived catty-corner to the Fieldfare Way homes that exploded, about 50 to 60 feet away. They said the blast was powerful. “To me, it felt like someone was shooting, like shooting a gun,” Stephanie Gifford said. “So I dropped down. But if felt like the house slammed down. Everything fell off the walls. Everything’s broken.” All the windows and cabinets blew out. All the dishes flew out and shattered. Stephanie Gifford said she panicked. “I tried not to,” she said tearfully. “But, let’s be honest. I did.” They quickly got their sons, their dog and their financial documents, including proof that they owned the house, Jason Gifford said. They ran for safety. They found friends to stay with and another friend who offered to take care of their dog. They stopped by the Southport Presbyterian Church on Sunday afternoon once they realized they had no necessities. They were grateful to get food, clothes and diapers that people donated. “It’s necessities to get us through the night and get us back on our feet,” Jason Gifford said.
Q: Is it safe to backup a partition with dd? I'm doing a backup of a 2GB SD card (and its partition table, etc.) which contains 500 MB (1.5 GB unused) with dd if=/dev/sdX \| gzip > my_image.gz It will backup the 500 MB of useful data but also potentially: some random data (harmless), zero data (harmless), or even personal data that was previously on the SD card in the "unused space" bytes, if the SD card was not previously erased with dd if=/dev/zero .... Isn't this is a potential data leak? 1) So is it safe to backup a SD card with dd that way? (considered that some previously-deleted-personal-data might be saved in the backup!) 2) Is there a way to "zero" all the unused space of the SD card before dding? A: Yes it will work and yes, as you say, if you have any hidden, old data there, it will be stored in your image as well. So if you are worried about not storing those files, just use tar. If you want to zero unused space you can use zerofree, check this thread: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/44234/clear-unused-space-with-zeros-ext3-ext4 (assuming you're using ext3 or ext4). Honestly, no idea how to do it with fat (which is what you're likely using if it's an sd), maybe the only way would be to tar everything, dd it to zero, and untar... To recover that back-up you should dd it back to an SD that is at least as big as that one (if it's bigger, it will waste some space as the partition will be just 2Gb, but it will still work). As I said in my comment, using dd is good when you need to preserve everything, such as boot sectors and partition configuration. If you don't have any of that, and you want to save the files there, use good ol' tar.
Lyn inhibits osteoclast differentiation by interfering with PLCgamma1-mediated Ca2+ signaling. Osteoclasts differentiate from macrophage-lineage cells to become specialized for bone resorption function. By a proteomics approach, we found that Lyn was down-regulated by the osteoclast differentiation factor, receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). The forced reduction of Lyn caused a striking increase in the RANKL-induced PLCgamma1, Ca(2+), and NFATc1 responses during differentiation. These data suggest that Lyn plays a negative role in osteoclastogenesis by interfering with the PLCgamma1-mediated Ca(2+) signaling that leads to NFATc1 activation. Consistent with the in vitro results, in vivo injection of Lyn specific siRNA into mice calvariae provoked a fulminant bone resorption. Our study provides the first evidence of the involvement of Lyn in the negative regulation of osteoclastogenesis by RANKL.
Q: Get the href value and then find it as an id I'm trying to build this section based on anchor navigation. When I click on a link I get to the desired anchor and the clicked link gains a class with a specific style, so far it works well: HTML <body> <nav> <div class="anchor-link" > <a href="#anchor1" > Anchor 1 </a> </div> <div class="anchor-link"> <a href="#anchor2"> Anchor 2 </a> </div> <div class="anchor-link"> <a href="#anchor3"> Anchor 3 </a> </div> <div class="anchor-link"> <a href="#anchor4"> Anchor 4 </a> </div> <div class="anchor-link"> <a href="#anchor5"> Anchor 5 </a> </div> </nav> <div class="main-wrap"> <div id="anchor1"></div> <div id="anchor2"></div> <div id="anchor3"></div> <div id="anchor4"></div> <div id="anchor5"></div> </div> </body> JS $(document).ready(function(){ $(".anchor-link").on("click", function(){ $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).siblings().removeClass("active"); Now I'd like to get the value inside the href but this does not work and it returns undefined: var href = $(this).attr('href'); console.log(href); }) Assuming it worked, and the var href holds the value of the clicked link, for example "#anchor1", how would I have to proceed to then find in the "main-wrap", the div with the id of "#anchor1"? Would this work, and how would I have to fill that find query? $(".main-wrap").find(...); A: Here is a jsFiddle doing what you want: jsFiddle And there is the jquery snippet: $(document).ready(function(){ $(".anchor-link").on("click", function(){ $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).siblings().removeClass("active"); var href = $("a", this).attr('href'); $(href).html("You clicked " + href + " !"); }); }); You where trying to get the href of the $(this) element refering to the <div class="anchor-link" > clicked, wich does not have any href attribute. By doing this: $("a", this).attr('href') you tell Take the value of the href attribute of the <a> element in the div I just clicked After this you can select the corresponding div with $(href) A: You are trying to get href of a <div> and it does not have that attribute Change selector to the <a> or look inside the div using find() $(".anchor-link").on("click", function(){ var href = $(this).find('a').attr('href'); .... })
Killings on the Campaign Trail SAN RAYMUNDO, Guatemala -- At the slippery base of a steep, muddy path, Armando Sanchez, a thickset man with dark bags beneath heavily lidded eyes, slumped in a plastic chair and sobbed. Before him in the candlelit gloom of a cinder-block hut lay a coffin holding the bullet-riddled body of Esmeralda Uyun Sican. Until a few hours earlier, the 23-year-old Mayan Indian, whose mother quietly cried outside, had been running for a counselor's seat in this highland village north of Guatemala City. "So young, so young," Sánchez muttered to himself. Sanchez, a candidate for Guatemala's Congress, was attending his seventh funeral in six months, each grim gathering a farewell to a candidate or political worker struck down by bullets in the astoundingly violent run-up to Sunday's national elections. At least 50 candidates and political activists representing parties across the political spectrum have been slain in the past 15 months, and dozens of others have been attacked, according to watchdog groups. Political workers have been hacked with machetes; candidates have been bombed, shot and beaten. Even though Guatemala is one of the world's most violent countries, the brazen nature of the killings has surpassed anything seen here since three decades of civil war ended in 1996. "This is not a campaign, this is a war," said Erasmo Ordonez, whose uncle was killed in May while running for mayor in the town of Zacapa and whose political activist father was murdered two years earlier. The roots of the preelection violence are the subject of much debate among the 29,300 candidates and 21 political parties vying for offices in nearly every Guatemalan village, city and state, known here as departments. Some blame the drug cartels that are believed to have penetrated almost all levels of Guatemalan government; some say the killings are ordered by political rivals. Others argue that the pace of murders is far from abnormal in a country of 12 million people that registered at least 6,000 murders last year. And yet others believe some of the violence may be the fault of the informal syndicates that govern many walks of life, threatening violence if they do not receive payoffs for everything from bus routes to milk deliveries. Whatever the case, the violence has boosted the presidential campaign of Otto Perez Molina, a retired Guatemalan army general and military intelligence chief whose campaign posters, featuring a clenched fist, leave little doubt about his stance on crime. Once trailing badly, he has surged ahead and is now tied with the longtime front-runner, Alvaro Colom, according to a poll released Wednesday by the newspaper Prensa Libre. Perez Molina, of the Patriot Party, insists he will respect human rights if he is elected. But he also has told reporters that he will not hesitate to impose martial law, suspending rights to free assembly and movement, for limited periods in parts of the country plagued by violent drug cartels. His campaign's slogan, "mano dura," which translates as strong hand or iron fist, has often been associated here with repressive military governments. "We're saying the truth about what is happening in this country," Perez Molina said in an interview in Guatemala City. "If we don't have a strong state, if we don't have a government that is willing to confront these problems, Guatemala is at risk of becoming a failed state or converting into a narco-state." Preelection violence, Perez Molina said, "has been one of the factors that has helped us rise in the polls." Perez Molina's opponents -- all 13 of them -- have been slow to respond to his improved standing. During a campaign nearly free of personal attacks, several candidates have complained that Guatemala is in danger of returning to its militarized past and have mocked the "mano dura" slogan, but they have seldom mentioned Perez Molina by name. Colom, an awkward public figure who has a slight speech impediment, has been hobbled by public perceptions that he is weak, Guastavo Berganza, one of Guatemala's leading independent political analysts, said in an interview. Many voters also say they believe Colom, of the National Unity for Hope party, is dominated by his wife, Sandra Torres de Colom -- a damaging perception in a male-dominated society. Torres de Colom caused an uproar this week by harshly insulting supporters whom she accused of failing to campaign aggressively.
List of RK Zamet players Below is a list of notable and famous handballers who have played for RK Zamet. Due to incomplete data some positions aren't written. Hall of Fame This section is for players who started their career in Zamet and won at least a bronze medal with the national team. Based on the list from RK Zamet. The hall of fame was unveiled to the public September 30, 2015. The hall of fame is located in the hall of Centar Zamet. Players listed Alvaro Načinović Valter Matošević Mirza Džomba Nikola Blažičko Renato Sulić Mateo Hrvatin Notable players To appear in this section a player must have satisfied all of the following three criteria: (1) player has have played at least 4 years (players listed with fever where of great contribution during seasons in witch they played in); (2) player has to have had an impact in season if not met criteria (1) (domestic and European); (3) player has played at least one international match for their national team while under contract with Zamet.; Stanko Jerger (1957-1963) Andrija Barin (1957-1964) Albert Lenac (1957-1962) Vilim Blažić (1957-1962) Ivan Munitić (1959-1963, 1964-1966) Mladenko Mišković (1963-1972) Simeon Kosanović (1964-1969) Željko Kosanović (1965-1969) Ratomir Jajaš (1970-1975) Marijan Seđak (1968-1971, 1973-1979) Darko Srdoč (1972-1979) Ivica Rimanić (1972-1974, 1977-1980) Željko Tomac (1973-1983) Željko Milanović (1974-1984) Željko Gašperov (1974-1982) Valter Marković (1975-1988) Darko Drobina (1976-1981) Williams Černeka (1976-1985) Jurica Lakić (1976-1981) Predrag Sikimić (1977-1985) Damir Čavlović (1977-1980, 1981-1985) Roberto Sošić (1979-1981) Valter Periša (1979-1988) Boris Komucki (1979-1981, 1983-1985) Darko Dunato (1979-1989, 1991-1992) Boris Dragičević (1980-1990, 1992-1993) Ante Vuletić (1980-1988) Dragan Straga (1980-1981, 1982-1988) \| valign=top \| Drago Žiljak (1981-1991) Marin Mišković (1982-1992, 1995-1998) Alvaro Načinović (1983-1991, 1992-1993, 1998-1999) Vlado Vukoje (1983-1984) Dean Ožbolt (1985-2000) Darko Franović (1985-1993, 1997-1999) Tonči Peribonio (1986-1991) Valter Matošević (1987-1993, 1996-1999, 2009–2010) Mladen Prskalo (1987-1992, 1996-2000, 2005–2006) Valner Franković (1987-1993) Igor Pejić (1988-1997, 2003) Damir Bogdanović (1988-1997, 1998-1999 2002-2006) Marin Miculinić (1988-1999, 2002) Igor Dokmanović (1990-1996, 2007-2008) Siniša Eraković (1990-1997) Sanjin Lučičanin (1992-1997) Danijel Riđić (1992-2000) Mirza Džomba (1993-1997) Nikola Blažičko (1994-1999, 2002-2004) Milan Uzelac (1995-1996, 1997-2001, 2002–2017) Robert Savković (1995-1999, 2002-2003, 2006–2007, 2009-2010) Tino Černjul (1995-1998, 2002-2005) Igor Saršon (1995-2005, 2012) Renato Sulić (1995-1999, 2000-2001) Bojan Pezelj (1995-2002) Mario Jozak (1995-2001) Irfan Smajlagić (1996-1997) Ivan Vukas (1997-2001) \| valign=top \| Silvio Ivandija (1997-1999) Vladimir Šujster (1998-1999) Borna Franić (1999-2002) Edin Bašić (1999-2001) Ivan Stevanović (1999-2007, 2010-2012) Mateo Hrvatin (2000-2009, 2010-2013, 2015–2017) Boris Batinić (2000-2004) Marko Erstić (2000-2009) Davor Šunjić (2000-2005, 2012-2013) Mirjan Horvat (2001-2005, 2007-2009) Petar Misovski (2001-2002) Vedran Banić (2002-2007) Zlatko Saračević (2002-2003) Jakov Gojun (2004-2008) Ivan Ćosić (2004-2009, 2011-2013) Josip Crnić (2005-2008) Marin Sakić (2005-2013) Ivan Pešić (2006-2008) Krešimir Kozina (2007-2011) Marin Kružić(2007-2013, 2016–2018) Damir Vučko (2007-2015, 2017–2018) Ivan Karabatić (2008-2009) Luka Kovačević (2008-2016) Dario Černeka (2008-2016) Dino Slavić (2008-2016) Marin Đurica (2008–2017) Bojan Lončarić (2010-2016) Matija Golik (2010–2018) Luka Mrakovčić (2011-2015) Raul Valković (2012–2017) Lovro Jotić (2014–2015) Jadranko Stojanović (2015-2017) Tin Lučin (2016-2017) Source: www.rk-zamet.hr. Last updated 14 May 2018. National team players This list notes Zamet players who have played made at least one appearance for a national team. To appear in this section a player must have satisfied all of the following three criteria: Player has played at least one international match for their national team while having played for Zamet before or after having played for their national team; Edin Bašić Danijel Riđić Aleksandar Škorić Nikola Blažičko Roberto Borčić Teo Čorić Mirza Džomba Borna Franić Valner Franković Darko Franović Mateo Hrvatin Robert Ipša Krešimir Ivanković Silvio Ivandija \| valign=top \| Lovro Jotić Božidar Jović Krešimir Kozina Tin Lučin Vladimir Ostarčević Dean Ožbolt Egon Paljar Ivan Pešić Ivan Pongračić Mladen Prskalo Diego Modrušan Ivan Stevanović Renato Sulić Vladimir Šujster \| valign=top \| Igor Vujić Ivan Vukas Marko Bagarić Ljubomir Bošnjak-Flego Marjan Kolev Petar Misovski Zhao Chen Wang Quan Željko Hornjak Michal Jančo Jurij Hauha Jurica Lakić Ivica Rimanić Roberto Sošić \| valign=top \| Vlado Vukoje Zlatko Saračević Valter Matošević Alvaro Načinović Tonči Peribonio Irfan Smajlagić Source: www.rk-zamet.hr. Last updated 14 May 2018. Flags indicate which national team the players played for. Players listed in alphabetical order by last name. European Champions Cup/EHF Champions League winners Winners of EHF Champions League (formerly called European Champions Cup) by player that played for Zamet. Alvaro Načinović (RK Zagreb Loto) - 1992 Nino Marković (RK Zagreb Loto) - 1992 Božidar Jović (RK Zagreb Loto), (RK Badel 1862 Zagreb) - 1992, 1993 Tonči Peribonio (RK Badel 1862 Zagreb) - 1993 Mirza Džomba (BM Ciudad Real) - 2006 Homegrown players with most appearances in national team External links Official website of RK Zamet (Croatian) (English) References Category:RK Zamet Zamet
Comments on: Clevelanders not done venting at LeBron, buy billboardhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/ Basketball - NBC SportsWed, 04 Mar 2015 00:12:07 +0000hourly1http://wordpress.com/By: MELhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21565 Sat, 07 Aug 2010 12:12:38 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21565“But, everyone one forgot Cleveland fans are the victims and Dan Gilbert is.” ________________________________ This is the kind of delusion that makes me smh at this stupid owner and these fans. Welcome to free agency and the general sports world-you did NOT own Lebron, he is a free man. Slavery is dead and it’s gone. You people are victims of NOTHING, and Im not even a fan of Lebron or the Heat. You had arguably the game’s greatest player for SEVEN Years in a little podunk town (as far as the sports map is concerned). Why must you people persist in being such bitter, angry people, instead of just thanking him for what he’s done and moving on? I’m a Knick fan who naively thought we had a shot with him, but at some point you have to wake up and smell the coffee dude. Oh and by the way, if I was a free agent I would neeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeevveeeeeeeeeeeeeeer come to Cleveland. The way you people handled this seemed churlish and offputting, not to mention who displays zero professionalism? ]]>By: tom Da Bombhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21564 Wed, 04 Aug 2010 20:08:17 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21564It’s interesting how Lebron was perceived as a god among men who could do no wrong…now Clevelanders have nothing good to say about the man. He put you on the map, at least pretend to be grateful. Without Lebron, the rest of the world barely acknowledged the existence of the city of Cleveland. ]]>By: SLicKhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21563 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 01:33:57 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21563It’s interesting how so many of you bash on Cleveland. You sound like those kids in school who pick on other kids cuz that’s what makes you feel better about yourselves. Whatever helps you sleep at night. Lebron looks like a sidekick because he was the big man on campus and couldn’t pull it off. If he hated the city so much, like everyone is saying, why didn’t he leave after 4 years. I think he’s just a little punk b*Tch who can’t get it done. He is and always will be a follower…check out his movie and see who the real leader was of him and his pals back in the day…it’s not LBJ. ]]>By: Jhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21562 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 00:04:33 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21562I can’t stop laughing at your perfect analogy ]]>By: tom Da Bombhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21561 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 19:13:13 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21561Cleveland is like that average looking guy who miraculously scored the hottest girl in town. She was the center of your universe one day, but after she breaks up with you she defines evil in your eyes. Get over it Cleveland..Lebron is way too good for us to watch his career rot away in your tearfully sad, suicide inducing, excuse for a geographical location. LEBRON DID NOT BELONG TO CLEVELAND…Cleveland belonged to Lebron. (Perhaps you all should have removed your lips from his genitals a long time ago). How’s it taste now? ]]>By: kyle bhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21560 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 16:57:37 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21560HAHAHa word up! and the Pistons bout to bounce out of Detroit and go to Las Vegas!!..Cavs should just go to THE D-League and save themselves the emberassment of playing in the NBA. They will have the worse record in the NBA. The NEts and Twolves made good moves and all the Cavs did was lose people. Dan Gilbert u are now the worse owner in sports!! hahaha ]]>By: Lupehttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21559 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 16:56:27 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21559Think of the starving children that could’ve been fed with the wasted money of that billboard. ]]>By: Mikehttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21558 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 16:43:15 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21558True!! Cleveland is no longer the poorest city in America. They are now the 4th poorest city. Nice job Cleveland!!! Movin’ on up….. You showed Detroit who is boss….er I mean not as broke. ]]>By: cygnus-x1http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21557 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 15:58:39 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21557again he had the right to do what he did,but to do it in the way he did was wrong.then to try and blame the cavs. for not being able to win a title is even more pathetic.if he was so concerned about winning over money then why did he sign a max deal with cleveland with his last contract?why not sacrifice a little then to add a superstar sidekick to help win a title with the cavs?as it was the team that everybody wants to bash as being no good now got to the finals 1 year and had the best record the last 2.not shabby for a lousy team.he wants the credit for all the success they had but none of the blame when he could not put them over the top. in miami he will not have to take the blame if they fail to win it all. ]]>By: Davidhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21556 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 15:41:01 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21556Three months ago those fans were fighting tooth and nail, arguing that LeBron is the best player in the world. Now he’s a sidekick? lmao ]]>By: QuanetaMhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21555 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 15:31:26 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21555I love this sign. People always have something to say about what the fans are doing and Dan Gilbert. But, everyone one forgot Cleveland fans are the victims and Dan Gilbert is. To get on national tv and ditch your team is not right so, people can say what they want. He is not only going to see signs like this but all over the United State he will see signs dissing him. Because he is hated not only in Cleveland but in other states as well. If he would have been more respectful about his decision the Clevelanders would be more respectful. If you can take it do ditch it out. Furthermore, I live in Cleveland and I am so sick and tired of people saying we are broke. Maybe the corporate workers are but honestly in this city people make much money because they are self employed. I make $60k a year and know 100 more people that own their own businesses in Cleveland that makes much more. So, the stats is not right!!! We are straight. ]]>By: kyle bhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21554 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 15:26:50 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21554oh get over it CLeveland. you sound like a bitter guy after his girlfriend just left him for another man. lol. Lebron didnt owe yall anything. he was a free agent and can go wherever he wanted. i can understand why yall are so mad cus thats all yall had out there in Ohio was Lebron. IF i was Lebron i wouldve left to if thats how the Owner (gilbert) and Cleveland really felt about me. Loved em when he was there but know hate him when he is gone. Cleveland i see why all your teams suck so bad! unloyal punks!! ]]>By: Question Timehttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21553 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 14:31:39 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21553Raise your hand if anybody cares what the people above think about this situation. ]]>By: J-Rockhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21552 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 13:59:42 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21552They better not talk about jobs and income…how much of that money spent on a pointless, bitter billboard could have been used to benefit some organization? But besides that, how long is Cleveland going to cry like a 12 year old? ]]>By: mikehttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21551 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 13:53:30 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21551Could Cleveland be any more pathetic????? Get over it and clean your city!!!! ]]>By: WIESOXhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21550 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 13:26:17 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21550Crazy Kids!!! ]]>By: That Guyhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21549 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 13:24:10 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21549What an incredible waste of money. LeBron James is not a threat to the well being of life in Cleveland, which is why this “grassroots campaign dream” is completely irrational. If we are lucky, this will be the last type of worthless demonstration from a certain section of people in the Cleveland/Akron area. He’s gone, get over it. ]]>By: Seanhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21548 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 13:07:44 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21548I agree and couldn’t have said it better. ]]>By: patrick TUllhttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21547 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 13:00:55 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21547The Cav’s owner and fans needs to grow up. I don’t think anyoue in America believes that James is anybody’s sidekick. What happens when owners trade their players? Does anybody have a problem with that? Why is James made to feel like he owes Cleveland something? He fulfilled his contract by devoting seven years of life and has no ring to show for it. It is time for him to move on. Deal with it and stop wineing. One man does not make a team. ]]>By: johnmainehttp://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/08/02/clevelanders-not-done-venting-at-lebron-buy-billboard/comment-page-1/#comment-21546 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 12:35:33 +0000http://localhost/wp/nbcpbt/?p=3442#comment-21546Why Ozzie Guillen’s comments were illogical: http://bit.ly/brNZxe ]]>
# Cloud Trace V1 Protocol Buffer Documentation These files are for the YARD documentation of the generated protobuf files. They are not intended to be required or loaded at runtime.
[The more shots that materialize from the set of this J. Edgar Hoover movie, the more excited we get! The FBI never looked so sexy! If snaps of Leo AND Ed Westwick appear, we might just pass out. Los Angeles, February 10. Images via Bauer-Griffin.]

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