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--- abstract: 'We discuss several physical constraints on the nature of the Active Regions (AR) in Seyfert 1 Galaxies, and show that a plausible model consistent with these constraints is one in which the ARs are magnetically confined and “fed”. The unique X-ray index of these sources points to a large compactness parameter ($l\gg 1$). This, together with the conditions required to account for the observed optical depth being close to unity, suggests that the magnetic energy density in the AR should be comparable to the equipartition value in the accretion disk, and that it should be released in a flare-like event above the surface of the cold accretion disk. We consider the various issues pertaining to magnetic flares and attempt to construct a coherent picture, including a reason for the optical depth in the AR being $\sim 1$, and an understanding of the characteristics of the X-ray reflection component and the power density spectra associated with this high-energy emission.' author: - 'Sergei Nayakshin$^$ and Fulvio Melia$^{\dag}$' title: \| Physical Constraints on, and a Model for, the Active\ Regions in Seyfert Galaxies --- å\#1\#2\#3[\#1, A&A, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, A&AS, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, AJ, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, [ApJ]{}, [\#2]{}, \#3.]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, [ApJ (Letters)]{}, [\#2]{}, \#3.]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, ApJS, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, ARA&A, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, BAAS, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, Icarus, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, [MNRAS]{}, [\#2]{}, \#3.]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, [Nature]{}, [\#2]{}, \#3.]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, PASJ, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, PASP, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, QJRAS, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, Science, \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, Soviet Astr., \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3[\#1, Soviet Astr. Lett., \#2, \#3]{} \#1\#2\#3\#4[\#1, \#2, \#3, \#4]{} \#1[\#1]{} Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal Introduction ============ X-ray emission is a major contributor to the observed spectrum of Seyfert Galaxies, and yet the physics of the emitting region is still not well understood. The most common and (thus far) successful approach to this problem, to which we shall refer as the ‘spectral approach’ (SA), makes very simple assumptions about the geometry and/or the particle heating mechanisms, but uses a detailed microphysical approach to account for the particle-photon interactions and to derive the spectrum. This spectrum is then compared with the observations in order to place constraints on the parameters of the emitting regions. The early models assumed a non-thermal pair dominated plasma. (For a comprehensive review of non-thermal models see Svensson 1994.) However, with the more recent substantial progress made in the X-ray observation of Seyfert Galaxies (e.g., Jourdain et al. 1992; Johnson et al. 1993), it is now evident that thermal models are strongly favored by the data. Accordingly, much of the current attention is focused on thermal models (Svensson 1996a). Aside from the question concerning the nature of the particle distribution, there is also the issue regarding the emitter’s geometry. Haardt & Maraschi (1991, 1993) argued that if most of the energy is dissipated in a hot corona overlying a cold accretion disk, then the resulting spectrum naturally explains many of the observed features in these sources. In particular, roughly half of the coronal X-ray emission is directed towards the cold disk, where it gets absorbed and re-emitted as UV radiation, which then re-enters the corona and contributes to the cooling of the electrons. Thus, the lepton cooling rate becomes proportional to the heating rate. In this case, the inverse Compton up-scattering of the UV radiation leads to an almost universal X-ray spectral index, consistent with the observations (e.g., according to Nandra & Pounds 1994, $\alpha \simeq 1.95\pm 0.15$ for a sample of Seyfert Galaxies). The hardening of the spectrum above about 10 keV (Nandra & Pounds 1994) and a broad hump at $\sim$ 50 keV (e.g., Zdziarski et al 1995) are accounted for by reflection of the hard X-rays in the cold disk. However, observationally the hard X-ray luminosity, $L_h$, can be a few times smaller than the luminosity, $L_s$, in the soft UV-component. This is inconsistent with the uniform two-phase disk coronal model, because the latter predicts about the same luminosity in both X-rays and UV (due to the fact that all the UV radiation arises as a consequence of reprocessing of the hard X-ray flux, which is about equal in the upward and downward directions). To overcome this apparent difficulty, Haardt, Maraschi & Ghisellini (1994) introduced a patchy disk-coronal model, which assumes that the X-ray emitting region consists of separate active regions(AR) independent of each other. In this case, a portion of the reprocessed as well as intrinsic radiation from the cold disk escapes to the observer directly, rather than entering ARs, thus allowing for a greater ratio of $L_s/L_h$. Recently, Stern et al. (1995) and Poutanen & Svensson (1996a) carried out state of the art calculations of the radiative transport of the anisotropic polarized radiation, for a range of AR geometries. They showed that this type of model indeed reproduces the observed X-ray spectral slope, the compactness, and the high-energy cutoff. The model has very few parameters, namely, the compactness and the temperature of the intrinsic/reprocessed radiation from the cold disk. Therefore, it appears that the model is very robust in its predictions. On the other hand, another somewhat less common approach to explaining the X-rays from Galactic black hole candidates (GBHC) and Seyfert Galaxies, which we shall call the ‘magnetic flare’ (MF) approach, is being developed by analogy with the strong, energetic (X-ray emitting) flares observed on the Sun. A pioneering paper in this field was that of Galeev, Rosner & Vaiana (1979), who showed that the physical conditions in an accretion disk surrounding a black hole are such that magnetic fields are likely to grow to equipartition values. This magnetic field is then transported to the surface of the disk by buoyancy forces where its energy is released in a flare-like event. The magnetic flare approach is, in a sense, complementary to the spectral approach, in that it attempts to include all the relevant physics self-consistently (e.g., de Vries & Kuijpers 1992; van Oss, van den Oord & Kuperus 1993; Volwerk, van Oss & Kuijpers 1993). Unfortunately, the physics involved is quite complex and still somewhat open to debate. The resulting spectrum is a combination of time-averaged components from many different flares, and is subject to many uncertainties—clearly the MF model must invoke many more parameters, or assumptions about the magnetic field reconnection, than does the SA approach. Therefore, no detailed spectra from these events (in the case of Seyfert Galaxies) have yet been computed. One may argue that to make substantial progress, these two approaches need to find an overlap of self-consistency. In particular, the SA model does not specify the mechanism by which the gravitational energy dissipated within the cold disk is transported out to the optically thin corona. It is [assumed]{} that some process can provide the needed electron heating, and often a reference is made to magnetic fields. Moreover, the particle dynamics is ignored, imposing instead the artificial constraint that the particles are confined to a closed box. Thus, even though the SA model can reproduce the observed spectrum quite well, the situation is unsatisfactory from a broader theoretical perspective. Correspondingly, it appears that the most important results obtained within the framework of the SA model have not been fully incorporated into the magnetic flare scenarios. For example, it is well known that the universal X-ray spectral index in Seyfert Galaxies is best explained by the inverse Comptonization of soft UV photons. This requires a relatively high value of the compactness parameter (see discussion below) in the emitting region. As far as we can tell, no work has yet been done to show (based on the physics of reconnection or some other mechanism for the transfer of energy from the magnetic field to the particles) that a specific MF model can indeed provide the needed high compactness during the active phase, though Haardt, Maraschi & Ghisellini (1994, hereafter HMG94) did use the physics of magnetic flares to account for the heating rates and the required confinement of the ARs. They showed that the compactness can be high enough during the active phase if one assumes that the entire magnetic field energy is transfered to the particles during a few light-crossing time scales. They did not, however, explicitly consider the question of how the spectrum from these highly transient phenomena is formed. More recently, Nayakshin & Melia (1997b) considered the issue of pressure balance within the plasma trapped inside the flare during the active phase. They found that under certain conditions, a pressure equilibrium can be maintained in the source if its Thomson optical depth is $\tau_T = 1 - 2$. They also showed that the current data cannot distinguish between a spectrum comprised of a single flare component and one formed from many different flares with a range $\sim 0.5 -2$ in $\tau_T$. In other words, one can always find a $\tau_T$ for the spectrum assuming a single flare that represents the composite spectrum quite well out to about 100 keV, where the quality of the data deteriorates. In addition, Nayakshin & Melia (1997c) have considered the implications of a time-dependent X-ray reflection and reprocessing by the cold disk underneath the flare. They find that due to the short lived, but very intense X-ray flux from the AR, the upper layer of the disk is compressed to a density in excess of that found in the disk’s mid-plane. Under these conditions, the X-ray reprocessing leads to a temperature of the emitted UV radiation that is roughly independent of the X-ray luminosity and the overall bolometric luminosity of the source, as suggested by the EUV-soft X-ray observations (Walter & Fink 1993; Fink et al. 1994; Zhou et al. 1997). Due to the increased gas density in the compressed layer, the ionization parameter is smaller than that arising in time-independent X-ray reflection (i.e., when the X-ray source is assumed to be stationary—a condition that is clearly violated in magnetic flares). This may explain those observations of Seyfert Galaxies that suggest the presence of a nearly neutral reflector (Zdziarski et al. 1996). These results strengthen the MF model and motivate us here to attempt to assemble the various components of this picture. We first discuss the different physical constraints imposed on the ARs by both the spectral observations and the physics of the corresponding processes, without necessarily confining our discussion to the MF model. We will then show that magnetic flares above the cold disk are probably the best candidates for producing these ARs, and we discuss the physics of the MF model in greater depth. We conclude by listing some of the unresolved issues. Physical Constraints on the Active Regions ========================================== Our first task here will be to assemble the various constraints imposed on the ARs in Seyfert Galaxies from observations and theoretical considerations. In so doing, we shall first summarize the better known results, and then discuss the additional constraints that follow from various attempts to construct realistic ARs based on the idea that these may be magnetic structures, characterized by a well-defined confinement and energy supply. Compactness of the Active Regions --------------------------------- The most important parameter of the AR is the compactness $l\equiv F_{\gamma}\sigma_T \Delta R/m_e c^3$, where $F_{\gamma}$ is the radiation energy flux at the top of the AR and $\Delta R$ is its typical size. Note that this definition is for the local compactness, i.e., the one that characterizes the local properties of the plasma, unlike the global compactness $l_g\equiv L\sigma_T/R' m_e c^3$, where $L$ is the total luminosity of the object and $R'$ is the typical size of the region that emits this luminosity. It is the latter that should be compared to the observed compactness rather than the former. Consider the following example. Assume that the emitting region is a full disk-like corona. In this case the local and global compactnesses are related in this way: $$l\simeq l_g\, {H_c\over R'}\;,$$ where $H_c$ is the coronal scale height, which is unlikely to be larger than the accretion disk scale height, $H_d$, and so the local compactness $l$ can be much smaller than the global one. At the same time, as suggested by the frequently observed large ratio $L_s/L_h$ (e.g., HMG94; Svensson 1996a), the emitting region can consist of a large number of small localized areas. Since the total X-ray luminosity from these ARs should be the same as that in the model with a full corona, it is clear that the local compactness of each region must be larger than that of the full corona. In particular, depending on the ratio of the total active area $\Delta S$ covered by the ARs to ${R'}^2$, the local compactness can be either larger or smaller than the global one. Therefore, even though the observed values of global compactness for Seyfert Galaxies lie in the range $1-100$ (Done & Fabian 1989; but see also Fabian 1994), one cannot argue that the local compactness $l$ should be larger than these values based on observations alone. However, a large local compactness is strongly preferred in current pair-dominated two-phase models (e.g., Svensson 1996a; Zdziarski et al. 1996). To produce the correct spectrum, $\taut$ should be relatively large ($\sim 1$). In the context of the pair-dominated two-phase model, the only mechanism for fixing the optical depth is by pair equilibrium, and thus one needs $l \gg 1$ in order to create them, in which case the optical depth of the ARs becomes a function of compactness. However, as we show in §3.3 below, the optical depth of the X-ray emitting regions may be dominated by electrons rather than pairs. For the purposes of setting theoretical limits on the compactness parameter, this nevertheless implies the same result since both cases require $l\gg 1$. In addition, radiation mechanisms put their own limitations on the local compactness. The fact that the X-ray spectral index for Seyfert Galaxies lies in a rather narrow range (Nandra & Pounds 1994) is most naturally explained by the approximately constant Compton $y$-parameter (defined in, e.g., Rybicki & Lightman 1979). Fabian (1994) shows that in order for the Compton emissivity to dominate over the bremsstrahlung one, the compactness of the plasma should be larger than $$l\sim 0.04 \Theta^{-3/2}\;,$$ where $\Theta$ is the electron temperature in the units of $m_e c^2/k_B$. For the typical value $\Theta\sim 0.2$, this requires that $l \gtrsim 0.5$. Note that the gas does not necessarily need to be Maxwellian, as long as the optical depth is sufficiently large (e.g., Ghisellini et al. 1994; Nayakshin & Melia 1997a), since then the Comptonized spectrum looks very much the same for different electron distributions having the same $y$-parameter. Moreover, in the presence of a strong magnetic field, the synchrotron self-absorption is an efficient mechanism for thermalizing the electrons, to the extent that it becomes a more important thermalization mechanism than Coulomb collisions (Svensson 1996b; Nayakshin & Melia 1997a). Thus, constraints imposed on the compactness by the Coulomb thermalization process (Fabian 1994) can be violated. To summarize this section, we note that all current explanations for the X-ray emission from Seyfert Galaxies require a large local compactness parameter $l\gg 1$. Geometry, Confinement and Life Time: Magnetic Flares Required ------------------------------------------------------------- As already discussed in the Introduction, observational evidence very strongly favors the geometry of localized X-ray sources above the accretion disk. We note that this immediately requires the active regions to be transient with a lifetime comparable to (or less than) the disk thermal time scale, $t_{\rm th}\sim \alpha^{-1}t_{\rm h}$, where $t_{\rm h} = H_d/c_s$ in terms of the sound speed $c_s$. An integral assumption of the two-phase model is that the internal disk emission is negligible compared with the X-ray flux of the AR, at least during the active phase (Poutanen & Svensson 1995). Assuming that a fraction ($\sim 1$) of the total energy content in the surface area of the disk immediately below the AR is transferred into the AR, the time scale for the release of this energy must then be much shorter than $t_{\rm th}$, during which time the disk’s internal energy is radiated. Our calculations show that if this condition is not satisfied, then the localized ARs actually produce a [steeper]{} spectrum than that of a full corona, due to the enhanced internal emission from regions of the disk that surround the AR. This is an effect that is neglected in the two-phase corona-disk model. Physically, the internal disk emission provides too much cooling in this case, unless the X-ray emitting region somehow snatches heating power even from disk regions that are not directly below it, which appear to be unrealistic. The plasma in the ARs should be confined during the active phase, otherwise the energy will be lost to the expansion of the plasma rather than producing the X-rays. Not confined, the source would expand at the sound speed (which turns out to be a fraction of $c$ for these conditions). The lifetime of the AR would then be limited to a few light crossing times. It is not clear that the spectrum from such an expanding and short lived source can resemble anything studied thus far in the literature. The familiar gravitational confinement, operating in the main part of the accretion disk, does not work here due to several reasons. First of all, the [locally]{} limited Eddington compactness $l$ is at most $\sim 50/(1 + 2z)$ for ARs with a roughly semi-spherical shape, where $z$ is the positron number density $n_+$ divided by that of the protons $n_p$, while the relatively large Thomson optical depth $\tau_T\equiv \sigma_T n_p (1 + 2 z)\sim 1$ obtained by Zdziarski et al. (1996) requires a compactness of a few hundred (if no magnetic field is involved and the particles are confined to a rigid box). Second, there is no mechanism for counter balancing a side-ways expansion of the plasma. Therefore, since there seems to be no other reasonable possibility for confinement of the AR plasma, it may be argued that a magnetic field is required to provide the bounding pressure. Any confinement mechanism will fail to confine the plasma for a time longer than about one dynamical time scale for the disk, since adjacent points with slightly different radii are torn apart on this time scale due to the disk’s differential rotation. In addition, if the pairs are important for the model, then the lifetime of the AR should be large enough to allow establishment of the pair equilibrium. To put it another way, there should be enough time to create enough pairs if the plasma is initially optically thin and proton-dominated. We experimented with time-dependent codes in which radiation transfer is treated in the frequency-dependent Eddington approximation, and found that this condition leads to the requirement that the lifetime of the region should be roughly an order of magnitude longer than the light crossing time for the AR. In the thin disk approximation one can always satisfy both requirements as long as the size $\Delta R$ of the AR is of the order of the disk scale height $H_{\rm d}$, since $t_{\rm h} \equiv H_{\rm d}/c_s \gg H_{\rm d}/c$, where $c_s$ is the local sound speed. We should also note that there can be other than pair creation mechanisms for the plasma to adjust its optical depth (see §3.3), so this constraint is only important when the optical depth is dominated by pairs. To be consistent with the observations and the physics of the two-phase accretion disk-corona model, one needs very short lived phenomena to occur above the disk’s atmosphere. In fact, the whole evolution of the AR should happen faster than the disk’s hydrostatic time scale. To confine the plasma with a high compactness parameter $l\gg 1$, one needs mechanisms other than gravitational confinement. We suggest that this points to magnetic flares as the most likely mechanism for the AR formation. Magnetic Flares and Accretion Disks =================================== Galeev, Rosner & Vaiana (1979) showed that magnetic flares are likely to occur on the surface of an accretion disk, since the internal dissipative processes are ineffective in limiting the growth of magnetic field fluctuations. As a consequence of buoyancy, magnetic flux should be expelled from the disk into a corona, consisting of many magnetic loops, where the energy is stored. It has also been speculated that just as in the Solar case, the magnetically confined, loop-like structures (which we shall collectively call magnetic flares; see, e.g., Priest 1982) produce the bulk of the X-ray luminosity. The X-rays are assumed to be created by upscattering of the intrinsic disk emission. Since then, several Solar magnetic flare workers have elaborated on this subject (e.g., Kuperus & Ionson 1985; Burm 1986; Burm & Kuperus 1988; Stepinski 1991; de Vries & Kuijpers 1992; Volwerk, van Oss & Kuijpers 1993; van Oss, van Oord & Kuperus 1993). Unfortunately, these models are very much more complicated than simpler plasma models that take into account the detailed interaction of particles and radiation but leave out the question of how the plasma is confined and energy is supplied. Thus, although the models invoking magnetic flares above the cold accretion disk have been viable, the detailed spectrum from such a flare could not be computed, and the model has remained somewhat of an abstraction. An important step forward was that by Haardt, Maraschi & Ghisellini (1994), who for the first time attempted to connect the physics of magnetic flares with the observational need for localized active regions above the disk. However, the actual consideration of the magnetic field structure that confines the plasma to the AR was still missing. Furthermore, the amount of energy stored in the magnetic field has been treated as just a parameter, depending on how long and at what rate the energy is supplied to the AR. In reality, the field value is limited by the equipartition field in the disk (Galeev, Rosner & Vaiana 1979). The question of how the pressure equilibrium in the AR (important when discussing $\tau_T$ of the source) is set up has not been discussed. One of the purposes of this paper is to pay more attention to the magnetic flare model for the X-ray emission from accretion disks in black hole systems in general, and in Seyfert Galaxies in particular. In the rest of the paper, we point out that the MF model can account for many, if not all, of the observed X-ray and UV spectral features of Seyfert Galaxies. Very importantly, we shall also demonstrate that these flares are physically consistent with the constraints imposed on the ARs discussed above. Possible Flare Geometry ----------------------- In the standard accretion disk theory, the gas density has an approximately Gaussian vertical profile, and thus it decreases very fast with increasing height. Let us also assume that the magnetic flux tube is rooted in the midplane of the disk. The “flare region”, i.e., that part of the flux tube above the accretion disk surface, is then dominated by magnetic field pressure. It is well known that a magnetic field, left to its own devices, tends to fill all the available space (e.g., Parker 1979, §8.4). For the magnetic flux tube rooted in the midplane of the disk, this means that the tube cross section expands; the tube is thick in the sense that the cross sectional radius is of the order of the tube length. The whole structure has a roughly semi-spherical shape (Fig. 1). We note that the observations actually require the magnetic flux tubes to be thick if they are to explain the X-ray emission from Seyferts. Indeed, if the tubes are slim, then most of the photons reflected from the disk will not re-enter the AR, but leave system. The amount of cooling of the AR due to these photons is then not enough to explain the X-ray indexes of Seyfert galaxies—from spectral modeling, it is known that the fraction of photons re-entering the AR should be relatively large, $\sim 1/2$ (e.g., Svensson 1996a). 0.2in Maximum Compactness ------------------- We will now assume that by some process (e.g., by magnetic reconnection or dissipation of magnetic waves) the magnetic field energy is being transferred to the particles. We can estimate the maximum compactness of the AR by the following considerations. The magnetic field is limited by the equipartition value in the midplane of the disk. The size of the AR, $\Delta R$, is of the order of one turbulent cell, which is at best of the order of the disk scale height $H_{\rm d}$. Let us assume that the field annihilation (which provides the energy transfer to the particles) occurs on a time scale $t_{\rm l}$ equal to the light crossing time $H_{\rm d}/c$ times some number $b\gtrsim$ a few. We will also assume that the flare occurs at 6 gravitational radii, where most of the bolometric luminosity is produced. Using the results of SZ94, we obtain: $$l\leq \left({1\over b}\right) {\varepsilon_{\rm d} H_{\rm d}\over \Sigma_{\rm cr}} {\Delta R\over H_{\rm d}}.$$ Here, the ‘critical’ column energy density is $\Sigma_{\rm cr}\equiv m_e c^2/\sigma_T$, where $\sigma_T$ is the Thomson cross section and $\varepsilon_{\rm d}$ is the midplane energy density. Using the results of SZ94, we obtain $${\varepsilon_d H_d\over \Sigma_{\rm cr}}= C\times (m_p/m_e)\,\alpha^{-1}r_3^{-3/2}{\cal L} J$$ where $r_3\equiv 3R/R_g$ is the radius in units of 3 gravitational radii, $R_g\equiv 2 G M/c^2$ ($M$ is the mass of the black hole), $\alpha$ is the standard viscosity parameter, and ${\cal L}$ is the dimensionless luminosity, ${\cal L} \equiv L/L_{\rm Edd}$, where $L_{\rm Edd} = 2\pi (m_p c^2/\sigma_T R_g)$ is the Eddington luminosity. Finally, $J\equiv 1-(1/r_3)^{1/2}$ accounts for the assumed stress-free boundary condition at the disk’s inner edge. The constant $C$ has the value $\sqrt{3/2}$ if the disk is gas pressure dominated, and it is $\sqrt{6}$ if the dominant pressure is due to radiation. Taking $r_3 = 2$ as an example, we get $$l \lesssim 400 \, {{\cal L} \over \alpha b}\; {\varepsilon_{\rm m} \Delta R \over \varepsilon_{\rm d} H_{\rm d}}$$ where $\varepsilon_{\rm m}$ is the magnetic energy density $\lesssim \varepsilon_{\rm d}$. HMG94 suggested that plausible values for $b$ and $\alpha$ are 10 and 0.1, respectively. We can also assume that $\varepsilon_{\rm m}\sim 0.1 \varepsilon_{\rm d}$. It is then seen that $l\gg 1$, but it is not likely to be as high as a few hundred. Spectrum From Energetic Magnetic Flares --------------------------------------- The two-phase model is often criticized for a lack of self-consistency: one of the most important quantities determining the spectrum—the Thomson optical depth of the AR—is either fixed in an ad hoc manner, or is said to be given by pair equilibrium. The latter may be viable if the pairs are strongly confined inside the AR and if the compactness of the region is $\sim$ several hundred. However, a physical description of how this happen is needed in order to validate the basic assumptions of the model. Haardt, Maraschi & Ghisellini (1994) have made an attempt in this direction, but their description of magnetic flares was rather simplistic and did not provide an explanation for the observed optical depth. To address this issue in greater depth, Nayakshin & Melia (1997b) considered the role played by pressure balance in establishing an equilibrium optical depth during the active phase of a magnetic flare. The main difference with the Solar case is that here the compactness of the flare is much larger than unity, and thus radiation pressure dominates over particle pressure (if the proton temperature is the same as that of the electrons). The conditions providing a pressure balance are therefore drastically different from those in the Sun, where the particles dictate the nature of the equilibrium. Nayakshin & Melia (1997b) assumed that the energy is supplied to the gas by magnetohydrodynamic waves. Under the conditions typical for Seyfert Galaxies, the group velocity of these waves ($v_a$) is expected to be close to the speed of light $c$. Because momentum is transferred to the gas, as well as energy, a compressional force is imposed on the plasma. The radiation pressure within the active region is approximately $\tau_T F_x/c$, where $F_x$ is the X-ray flux leaving the source. In quasi-equilibrium the energy influx is equal to the energy outflux, and radiation pressure is equal to the momentum influx due to the magnetic waves. This then requires that the Thomson optical depth $\tau_T$ be in the range $0.5 - 2$, depending on the actual geometry of the flare. The Alfvén velocity can be used as an estimate for the group velocity of the magnetohydrodynamic waves. Taking the disk structure to be that of a standard Shakura-Sunyaev model in its radiation pressure dominated region, one can show that the Alfvén velocity $v_a$ (at a distance of $6$ gravitational radii from the black hole) is $${v_a\over c}\simeq {1\over 2}\,\left [{\varepsilon_m\over \varepsilon_d} \alpha^{-1}{\cal L}\tau_T^{-1}\right]^{1/2}\;.$$ It is evident that for $\varepsilon_m/\varepsilon_d$ and ${\cal L}$ not too small, $v_a$ can be quite close to $c$ (if it exceeds $c$, the relativistic corrections will permit it to saturate at $c$ only). In this estimate, we assume that the Thomson optical depth $\tau_T$ of the plasma within the flare region is entirely due to the accreting electrons. If in addition pairs are produced, then Equation (6) should be used with $\tau_p$ instead, where $\tau_p$ is the Thomson optical depth of the AR due to the electrons accreting with the protons, which further increases $v_a/c$. We conclude from this that $v_a$ must be close to $c$ for quite a broad range of the $\alpha$-parameter, $\cal{L}$, and it is [completely independent]{} of the black hole mass $M$. As already noted by Haardt, Maraschi & Ghisellini (1994), the spectrum of a magnetic flare should be similar to that of a static active region of the same size and compactness, as long as the lifetime of the flare exceeds several light-crossing time scales. This is certainly true if pairs are not important, since the time scales for other processes that may influence the spectrum (e.g., Poutanen & Svensson 1996a) are of the order of a light crossing time. However, the life time of one single flare is short compared with the typical integration time of current X-ray instruments. Moreover, it is very likely that there are many magnetic flares present at any given moment of time. Therefore, it becomes clear that if magnetic flares are responsible for the X-ray emission from Seyfert Galaxies, the spectrum must be a composite of the contributions from many different flares. Nayakshin & Melia (1997b) tested this possibility, assuming that the energy balance is fixed by requiring the Compton $y$-parameter to be constant for all the flares (which is reasonable, given that $y$ is fixed by the geometry of the two-phase model), and they summed over the spectra from flares with different $\tau_T$. For illustrative purposes, the distribution of flares was taken to be a Gaussian over $\tau_T$, centered on $1.14$ with a dispersion of $0.7$. The resulting spectrum is practically indistinguishable from that of a single flare with $\tau_T = 1.14$ up to a photon energy of about a hundred keV. The OSSE error bars are much larger than the deviations of the composite and single flare spectra, and so the current observations cannot distinguish between these two possibilities. Thus, magnetic flares can conceivably account for the observed X-ray/$\gamma$-ray spectra of Seyfert Galaxies. Explanation of the BBB Temperature ---------------------------------- Nayakshin & Melia (1997c) considered the X-ray reflection/reprocessing due to a transient, energetic flare above the accretion disk to compare with other studies reported in the literature that assume a stationary state. The main difference between the two is the structure of the emitting (i.e., reprocessing) layer. In particular, since the flare lifetime is shorter than the disk thermal time scale, a pressure and energy equilibrium between the incident X-ray flux and the underlying disk is not established. A typical photon does not have sufficient time to diffuse to the mid plane of the disk during one lifetime of the flare. However, the X-ray skin, i.e., the layer that absorbs and reprocesses the X-rays, is only a tiny fraction of the whole disk, and thus a quasi-equilibrium is established within it. As a result of the incident flux, the X-ray skin is compressed to much higher densities than the density of the undisturbed accretion disk. It turns out that the pressure and energy equilibrium of this X-ray skin yields a unique temperature $\sim $ few $\times 10^5\,$K [independently]{} of the mass of the central engine. This seems to account well for the observed independence of the Big Blue Bump temperature on the luminosity of the source (Walter 1994; Zhou et al. 1997). By comparison, a stationary, time independent reflection cannot easily explain these observations. An additional attractive feature of the MF model is that due to a much larger gas density in the reflecting layer, the ionization parameter ($\xi \sim 20$) remains relatively small, in which case the reflected/reprocessed spectrum is indistinguishable from that of a neutral reflector, which appears to be favored by current observations (Zdziarski et al. 1996). Static X-ray reflection/reprocessing, on the other hand, may have difficulties complying with the observed low ionization parameter of the reflecting matter, since in this case the X-ray skin density is much lower. Summarizing, many of the attractive features of reflection/reprocessing in a static layer below the AR are preserved in the case of a time-dependent, short-lived magnetic flare, but the latter has the additional advantage of being able to account for the approximate universality of the BBB temperature and the low ionization fraction in the reflector. Pair Equilibrium within the Magnetic Flares ------------------------------------------- One of the central questions in the modeling of Seyfert Galaxies has always been whether a pair equilibrium is established within the source, since this has some serious observational consequences. However, pairs have successfully eluded detection in Seyfert Galaxies. With the discovery of a high-energy break above $\sim$ 100 keV and the non-detection of a predicted annihilation line, it has become apparent that the non-thermal power in Seyfert Galaxies, if at all present, is quite small (e.g., Svensson 1996a; Zdziarski et al. 1996, and references therein). Thus, it was concluded that the plasma is mostly thermal (e.g., Haardt & Maraschi 1991; Fabian 1994). This inference was supported by the finding that an annihilation line would not be observed from a thermal plasma because it is always hidden in the broad Comptonized spectrum (Zdziarski & Coppi 1995). Recent work by (Zdziarski et al. 1996) suggests that in the context of a thermal pair equilibrium, an optical depth of roughly unity is then the consequence of a large compactness ($\sim$ several hundred). We, however, suggest that this situation is achieved by pressure equilibrium, as discussed in §3.3. In this case, the plasma consists primarily of the electrons and protons stripped from the disk, at least at the beginning of the flare, since during the magnetic energy storage phase the plasma is not sufficiently hot to provide enough hard photons that would create electron-positron pairs. Thus, in this framework, the pairs are not important in determining the spectrum from the flare, and this is again consistent with the lack of any observed pair signature. Of course, a detailed modeling of a magnetic flare event must take into account the pair creation process which continuously produces new pairs when $l\gtrsim 10$. It is the total optical depth (i.e., the sum of the Thomson optical depths of electrons and pairs) that matters for the pressure equilibrium. If this pressure balance fixes the optical depth to some particular value $\sim 1$, then clearly, compared to the no-pair case, the plasma must expand to accommodate the new particles. Let us assume that the total energy supplied to the plasma is a constant, which means that the luminosity $L$ remains constant. Then, as the plasma expands, its compactness decreases as $1/\Delta R$ since $l\sim L/\Delta R$. Since the pair creation rate is proportional to $l^2$, an equilibrium is reached at some $\Delta R$ such that the pairs are now responsible for a fraction of the total optical depth $\tau_T$. This fraction turns out to be quite small unless the initial compactness is as high as several hundred. It is interesting to note that even flares with an initial value of $l$ that would lead to a pair runaway (e.g., Svensson 1982) find an equilibrium configuration with a source compactness below this critical value. We intend to quantify the character of the pair equilibrium in this situation in a future publication, but we may already anticipate that a compactness as high as several hundred is only barely permitted by Equation (5), and that therefore pairs should be of relatively low importance to the dynamics and energetics of magnetic flares. Magnetic Flares and AGN Light Curves ------------------------------------ Several authors have suggested that magnetic flares above the accretion disk are responsible for the observed variations in the AGN and GBHC luminosity (e.g., Galeev, Rosner & Vaiana 1979; de Vries & Kuijpers 1992; Volwerk, van Oss & Kuijpers 1993; van Oss, van den Oord & Kuperus 1993, and others). The power density spectrum (PDS) from these sources is typically a power-law (Lawrence et al. 1987; McHardy & Czerny 1987; Krolik et al. 1991). In the case of the Sun, Dmitruk & Gomez (1997) have shown that magnetic flares can naturally account for a power-law shape in the PDS with an index $\simeq 1.5$. Since in principle the flares in black hole systems may have different spatial sizes, and thus different durations and overall power, one can reasonably expect that a similar PDS may be produced by these transient events above the accretion disks in AGNs and GBHCs. We note here that the power-law PDS should be explained by local variations of the magnetic flare properties, rather than variations occurring systematically with a changing location of the flare (compare with the rotating bright-spots model, e.g., Abramovicz et al. 1991). The observed X-ray PDS spans a wide range in frequencies, typically $10^{-5}$-$10^{-3}$ Hz. This range corresponds to the range in radius $\sim 30$, since $\Omega^{-1}\sim R^{3/2}$, where $\Omega$ is the rotational frequency of the Keplerian disk. But the local contribution to the overall luminosity goes as $J/R^2$, and thus the smallest frequencies contribute less than the largest ones, in contradiction to the observed power spectrum. Only if one assumes that the luminosity of the flare is independent of its location does one obtain the right power spectrum. However, such an assumption is unphysical, since we know that the X-ray luminosity is a major component of the bolometric luminosity, and thus it should scale in the same way as the local gravitational dissipation in the disk. Therefore, since the emission comes from a relatively narrow range in radii, it should be the flare size that varies and produces the observed PDS. Alternatively, since disturbances propagate along magnetic field lines in a strong magnetic field, and since the magnetic flux tube is thick, there can be a wide range in characteristic scales $D$ even in one source ($D$ is essentially the length of the given magnetic field line \[see Fig. 1\]). Moreover, the energy density of the magnetic field will scale roughly as $1/D^2$ (that would be so for a potential field that has no currents even at the boundary, i.e. in the footpoints). Thus, one might expect to see a power-law PDS even from a [single]{} event in this case. We intend to investigate this question in future work, but we caution that the analysis of the PDS is unlikely to provide any valuable information about one single magnetic flare, since at any given instant of time there should be a number of such events. These flares occur roughly at random, and thus information about a single flare is washed out. The complete annihilation of the magnetic field energy $\varepsilon_{\rm m}$ ($\approx \varepsilon_{\rm d}$) within a volume $H_d^3$ during a time $b\, H_d/c$ provides an estimate of the single flare luminosity: $${L_1 \over L}\,\lesssim { {\cal L}\over 4 b}\;,$$ where we have used the SZ94 accretion disk parameters with their $f$ set equal to $1/2$. Based on similar considerations, HMG94 estimated the required number of magnetic flares to be about 10. We are therefore in agreement with this estimate, although in principle the number of less energetic or smaller flares may still be larger , since Equation (7) is only an upper limit on $L_1$. Gravity Constraints ------------------- An implicit assumption thus far has been that the magnetic flare can indeed sustain a sufficient number of protons roughly one disk height $H_d$ above the disk. For this to be viable, we need to demonstrate that the gravitational energy of the protons trapped inside the flux tube is very much smaller than the magnetic field energy. The latter is at most the total thermal energy of the disk immediately below the flare, while the former may be estimated as $E_{\rm grav}\sim 3^{-1}\,(\tau_T/3 r_3)(m_pc^2/\sigma_T)(H_d/R)^2 H_d^2$. Using expressions from SZ94 for $r_3 =2$, we see that $${E_{\rm grav}\over \varepsilon_d H_d^3} \simeq 2\times 10^{-2} c^{-1} \alpha \tau_T {\cal L}\ll 1\;.$$ which satisfies the constraint. As before, $\tau_T\simeq 1$ is the Thomson optical depth of the material trapped inside the flux tube. Stability of the Accretion Disk ------------------------------- The nature of accretion disk instabilities has received a great deal of attention (for recent references, see Chen 1995). While not attempting to consider this question in detail here, we can make several comments on the stability of the MF model. Magnetic flares may be viewed as an additional channel by which energy can be transported out of the disk. Of course, in the standard disk model, the dissipated gravitational energy is lost directly to radiation. Since the time taken by a photon to diffuse outward from the midplane to the disk’s surface is a very strongly increasing function of the optical depth, it is conceivable that under some conditions the energy transported by the magnetic field is greater than that due to the radiation. The total energy content of the disk plus corona system is then expected to be lower than that of the standard theory, though with the same luminosity, and such a situation leads to greater stability (e.g., SZ94). Although it is not clear what role advection would have in such a model, it is expected that magnetic flares may help to quench some of the disk instabilities encountered in standard models. Remaining Questions and Problems -------------------------------- We have seen that magnetic flares are physically consistent with the multi-wavelength spectra of Seyfert Galaxies. Very importantly, the MF model seems to account for several observed characteristics that cannot be easily reconciled with a picture in which the ARs are static. However, a host of unanswered questions and problems remain. First, accretion disk flares have been considered only in a highly schematic fashion thus far. Unfortunately, the physics of magnetic energy release in a non-static and turbulent gas is not well known, other than the fact that it must happen, as is seen in the Sun. In addition, a detailed model of the magnetic flare should also include a consideration of all the relevant aspects of magnetic flux tube formation in the underlying turbulent disk, a problem that also has not been solved. This, however, does not mean we can ignore the magnetic flare model for the X-ray emission in Seyferts. Instead, additional studies are called for, especially in view of the fact that very recent observations of Solar flares seem to support much of the current theoretical thinking in this area and are generating enthusiasm among solar theorists (e.g., Innes et al. 1997, Klimchuk 1997). Another major unresolved issue is how the disk viscosity is connected to the magnetic field. If we knew this relationship, we would be able to eliminate $\alpha$ or $\varepsilon_{\rm m}$ from Equation (5), and thus get better constraints on the maximum compactness of a magnetic flare. This follows from the fact that the structure of a cold disk is quite sensitive to the viscosity law. In addition, viscosity figures very prominently in the physics of magnetic flux tubes (e.g., Vishniac 1995). Conclusions =========== In this paper we have attempted to address the problems that arise when physical constraints are imposed on the active regions thought to exist in the two-phase corona-accretion disks in Seyfert Galaxies. We showed that these regions should necessarily be highly transient, i.e., evolve faster than one thermal disk time scale due to spectrum formation constraints. A consideration of the plasma confinement lead us to require an overall magnetic field with a stress much larger than the X-ray radiation pressure. Furthermore, putting these constraints together, we concluded that the magnetic flare model appears to be consistent with the type of transient active regions required by the observations. We then proceeded to show that the model is probably capable of explaining the observed optical depth, X-ray reflection and UV reprocessing implied by the data, and the observed power-law power density spectra. Finally, we discussed the unresolved issues that need to be investigated in future work. Acknowledgments =============== This work was partially supported by NASA grant NAG 5-3075. We have benefitted from many discussions with Randy Jokipii and Eugene Levy. Burm, H. 1986, A&A, [165]{}, 120 Burm, H. & Kuperus, M. 1988, A&A, [192]{},[165]{} Dmitruk, P. & Gomez, D.O. 1997, ApJL, in press (also astro-ph/9705050) Johnson et al. 1993, Bull. American Astron. Soc., 183, \#64.03 å[Jourdain et al. 1992]{}[256]{}[L38]{} Nayakshin & Melia 1997a, submitted to ApJ (available at astro-ph/9705011) Nayakshin & Melia 1997b, submitted to ApJ Letters Nayakshin & Melia 1997c, ApJ Letters, in press (also astro-ph/9705010). van Oss, R.F., van den Oord, G.H.J., & Kuperus, M. 1993, A&A, [270]{}, [275]{} Parker, E.N. 1979, Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Priest, E.R., Solar magneto-hydrodynamics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984. Rybicki, G. B., & Lightman, A.P., 1979, Radiative Processes in Astrophysics, John Wiley and Sons: New York. Shakura & Sunyaev 1973, A&A, 24, 337 Svensson, R. 1996b, Invited Review at Relativistic Astrophysics, available at astro-ph/9612081 Volwerk, M., van Oss, R.F., & Kuijpers, J., 1993, A&A, [270]{}, [265]{} de Vries, M., & Kuijpers, J., 1992, A&A, [266]{}, 77 Walter, R., & Fink, H.H. 1993, A&A, [274]{}, [105]{} Walter, R., et al. 1994, A&A, [285]{}, 119
Downplayed: Lily can grow plants a few inches taller, but that's about it. Justified: Lily is a fairy whose talent is controlling plants. Lily is a sorceress who specializes in plant-controlling magic. Inverted: Lily is a Walking Wasteland who causes plants (or anything, for that matter) to wither instantly. Subverted: Lily is seen with a group of dancing flowers, but it was the work of her friend Rose. Lily's power is different. Double Subverted: The only difference is that Lily controls aquatic plants. Parodied: There are so many people with Green Thumb that they made a company of workers that makes plants grow quicker, so they can earn more resources. Zig Zagged: It SEEMS like there are Green Thumb powered people walking about but it turns out to be just a special fertilizer they brewed up, until the people using ther fertilizer realize it doesn't seem to work unless a Green Thumb uses it, then it turns out it was all a ploy, the Green Thumb never needed the fertilizer at all, its was just a marketing ploy to get people to buy their product for a quick buck. Averted: No character has power over plants. Enforced: The creator thought a plant-powered character would be a nice change with all the other characters using swords and animal helpers. Defied: Lily has plant-related power, but refuses to use them in fear of upsetting the balance of the ecosystem. Discussed: "You have plant-controlling powers? Man, you've got to come over and help me with my garden!" Conversed: "You know how in that fantasy series, that girl Lily has plant-controlling powers?" Implied: Lily lives in the middle of the desert with no oasis to speak of, yet has a garden lush with plant life. Deconstructed: Lily has amazing plant-controlling powers, but she can't control it well, causing chaos as plants began to grow from odd, unwanted places (like a toilet). Because of this, Lily decides to leave her hometown. Reconstructed: Lily manages to heavily injure the Big Bad with her powers, making it much easier for her teammates to defeat him. Lily wears gloves to control her powers. Plotted A Good Waste: Lily is contacted by many wildlife preservation foundations to help save the rainforests. Played For Laughs: I swear, if carrot in my soup starts to grow in my mouth again..." Played For Drama: When Lily is in bad mood, she starts creating poisonous plants, so everyone is very careful about her, perhaps even afraid of her. Community Tropes HQ TVTropes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available from thestaff@tvtropes.org. Privacy Policy
J-S70031-14 NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 MICHAEL MARKANTONIS, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : v. : : NORMA GABRIELA MARKANTONIS, : : Appellee : No. 1200 EDA 2014 Appeal from the Order Entered March 27, 2014 in the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Civil Division at No(s): 10451 CV 2011 and 1381 DR 2011 MICHAEL MARKANTONIS, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellee : : v. : : NORMA GABRIELA MARKANTONIS, : : Appellant : No. 1406 EDA 2014 Appeal from the Order Entered March 27, 2014 in the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Civil Division at No(s): 10451 CV 2011 and 1381 DR 2011 BEFORE: LAZARUS, MUNDY, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ. MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED DECEMBER 02, 2014 Michael Markantonis (Husband) and Norma Gabriela Markantonis (Wife) both appeal from the order entered by the trial court, which granted a final decree of divorce and granted in part and denied in part exceptions filed by both Husband and Wife to the Master’s recommendation. Upon review, * Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. J-S70031-14 we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for a new order consistent with this memorandum. Husband and Wife were married on March 12, 1998 in New Rochelle, New York. In 1999, while residing in New York, Husband retained the services of Attorney Bruce Mandia.1 Mandia drafted a post-nuptial agreement (the Agreement) for Husband and Wife, which contained the following relevant provisions. WHEREAS, the parties hereto each know that under the Domestic Relations Law of the State of New York upon the lawful dissolution of the marriage by divorce or otherwise, each may have certain rights to “marital property”, to “separate property”, to “maintenance” and in some circumstances a “distributive award” as defined in the State of New York equitable Distribution Divorce Law of June 19, 1980, as amended, and each wishes to now settle all of these matters prior to marriage and prior to a potential dissolution of the planned marriage,[2] and * 5) That in the event of a divorce, separation or any marital conflict between the parties, each party shall pay for his or her own attorneys’ fees, costs and disbursements and expenses of litigation from his or her own separate funds. 6) In the event of a divorce or the execution of a separation agreement, the Marital property of the parties shall be divided as follows; 80% to the husband and 20% to the wife. * 8) [Husband] has been represented by Bruce C. Mandia. [Wife] has had an opportunity to retain an attorney of her choice and 1 Mandia was licensed to practice law at the time he was retained. In 2004, Mandia was disbarred. 2 The parties were already legally married at the time they entered into this agreement. -2- J-S70031-14 has had ample opportunity to retain said attorney, but has chosen not to retain an attorney…. Postnuptial Agreement, 9/28/1999 (footnote added). At some point thereafter, Husband and Wife moved to Pennsylvania, and later separated. On December 5, 2011, Husband filed a complaint for divorce, which was reinstated in January 2012. On February 6, 2013, Wife filed a petition for special relief asking the trial court to set aside the Agreement because: she does not speak English; the Agreement was never explained to her; and Mandia has since been disbarred. She asked for counsel fees, as well as for the trial court to declare the Agreement invalid. In response, Husband asserted that Wife “feigns her lack of understanding of English when it becomes convenient for her when in fact she does understand and can converse very well.” Answer to Petition for Special Relief, 2/20/2013, at ¶ 7. Husband also asserted that the Agreement was explained thoroughly to Wife by Mandia in both English and Spanish. On April 10, 2013, after a hearing, the trial court entered an order permitting the record to remain open in order to review a copy of Mandia’s deposition.3 Wife did not file that deposition in the time prescribed by the trial court.4 After reviewing the briefs from both parties, the trial court concluded that “Wife has failed to meet her burden of rebutting the validity 3 A transcript of this hearing was never ordered or filed. 4 The record shows that the deposition was not filed until June 4, 2013. -3- J-S70031-14 of the Post-Nuptial Agreement or proving any cognizable basis to set aside the Agreement.” Order, 5/24/2013. Thus, Wife’s petition was denied. A hearing on all of the issues related to this divorce was held before Master Robert C. Lear on June 4, 2013. Both Husband and Wife testified. On August 2, 2013, the Master filed his report, concluding that Husband was entitled to 80% of the marital property and Wife was entitled to 20% per the Agreement. The Master totaled the marital assets of the parties to be $125,854, which would have provided $25,170.80 to Wife and $100,683.20 to Husband. However, the Master concluded that Wife had a retirement account from Mt. Airy Lodge of $900, so he subtracted $720 (or 80%) from Wife’s distribution. Additionally, Husband owed Wife $3,500 for money she lent him to purchase a backhoe. Thus, the Master added $3,500 to Wife’s distribution, which resulted in a total amount of $27,950.80 to Wife. Based upon these valuations, the Master awarded Wife a rental property located at 735 Gilbert Road,5 the couple’s 2006 Toyota Prius,6 as well as $10,000 from the sale of the couple’s 2008 Honda Civic. Wife was also awarded the amount in the Wells Fargo bank account ($1,179), the 5 The deed to the 735 Gilbert Road rental property is in both parties’ names, but the mortgage is in Wife’s name alone. Furthermore, the Master found that property was valued at $180,000, but encumbered by a mortgage of $210,000; so the Master determined the total value for the purposes of distribution was zero. 6 The Master valued this vehicle at $11,200. -4- J-S70031-14 1996 Jeep Cherokee,7 and the $180 from her retirement account. Based upon the debt of the parties, which consisted of credit card debt all in Husband’s name, the Master determined that Wife owed 10%, or $2,316, of that debt. Husband received everything else, including the former marital residence located at 732 Gilbert Road, valued at $83,388,8 as well as a number of vehicles. Furthermore, pursuant to the Agreement, the Master did not award counsel fees to either party. The Master also concluded that the Agreement did not address the issue of alimony; thus, after considering the factors set forth in 23 Pa.C.S. § 3701(b), the Master awarded Wife alimony of $600 per month for 30 months. On August 16, 2013, Wife filed exceptions to the Master’s recommendation. Wife contended, in relevant part, that the Master erred in accepting the appraisal value for the former marital residence and reducing it by 3.5%; in valuing the Gilbert Road rental property at zero; in failing to credit Wife for delinquent mortgage payments on that property; in assessing Wife any value to the Mt. Airy Lodge retirement account; in failing to award Wife credit for the marital funds Husband used to pay attorneys’ fees; in 7 The Master valued this vehicle at $3,325. 8 This home had an appraised value of $300,000, encumbered by a mortgage of $206,112, resulting in a value of $93,888. The Master reduced the appraisal amount by 3.5% to account for the cost of a potential sale, which resulted in a total value of $83,388. Master’s Report, 8/2/2013, at 4. -5- J-S70031-14 failing to award adequate alimony for a sufficient amount of time; and, in failing to set aside the Agreement. On August 21, 2013, Husband filed counter-exceptions. He contended that the Master erred in awarding any alimony and in awarding Wife the Gilbert Road rental property. On March 27, 2014, the trial court entered an order, which granted two of Wife’s exceptions. First, it concluded that Wife’s alimony should be increased from $600 per month to $2,700 per month, and the duration increased from 30 months to 36 months. Additionally, the trial court granted Wife an additional $1,500 because Husband utilized marital funds to pay his attorney. Both of Husband’s exceptions were denied. Husband timely filed a notice of appeal, and Wife timely filed a cross- appeal. Both parties were ordered to file concise statements of errors complained of on appeal, and both complied.9 We consider first Husband’s contention that the Agreement does not permit an award of alimony. Husband’s Brief at 10-12. Specifically, Husband acknowledges that the Agreement did not mention the word “alimony,” but 9 In addressing the merits of the issues presented, we consider Husband’s contention that Wife’s argument that the trial court erred in denying her petition to set aside the Agreement is waived. Husband’s Brief at 14. We observe that Wife’s brief does not make any reference to such challenge. However, even if it did, we agree with both Husband and the trial court that Wife’s failure to procure the transcript of testimony from this hearing results in waiver of the issue. Trial Court Opinion, 6/19/2014, at 2-8 (unnumbered). See Pa.R.A.P. 1911(a) (“The appellant shall request any transcript required under this chapter in the manner and make any necessary payment or deposit therefor[.]”). -6- J-S70031-14 argues that because it “did include the term ‘maintenance’ (the New York State Divorce Law Equivalent),” Wife had specifically waived any right to alimony. Id. at 11. The trial court concluded that the Agreement “failed to address the issue of alimony or maintenance.” Trial Court Opinion, 7/8/2014, at 1-2. “[P]ost-nuptial agreements are contracts and are governed by contract law…. Moreover, a court’s order upholding the agreement in divorce proceedings is subject to an abuse of discretion or error of law standard of review.” Paroly v. Paroly, 876 A.2d 1061, 1063 (Pa. Super. 2005). The paramount goal of contract interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intent. To accomplish this goal, each and every part of [the contract] must be taken into consideration and given effect, if possible, and the intention of the parties must be ascertained from the entire instrument. In order to ascertain the intention of the parties, the court may take into consideration the surrounding circumstances, the situation of the parties, the objects they apparently have in view, and the nature of the subject-matter of the agreement. The court will adopt an interpretation that is most reasonable and probable bearing in mind the objects which the parties intended to accomplish through the agreement. Laudig v. Laudig, 624 A.2d 651, 653 (Pa. Super. 1993). At the Master’s hearing, Husband testified that it was his understanding that based upon the terms of the Agreement, he would not be responsible for spousal support or alimony. N.T., 6/4/2013, at 65. Wife testified that she did not know what she was signing when she signed the Agreement. Id. at 137. The Master considered this issue, and concluded the following. -7- J-S70031-14 [F]or some inexplicable reason, that while maintenance was referred to in the second “Whereas” paragraph (maintenance being the term for Alimony in the New York Equitable Distribution Divorce Law) a specific waiver of maintenance was never included in the Agreement even though there were specific waivers of distributive award (sic), separate property, and an Agreement to the 80/20 allocation of marital property. Master’s Report, 8/2/2013, at 8. The trial court agreed with the Master’s interpretation of the contract, and we find no error of law or abuse of discretion in that conclusion. Here, under the plain language of the Agreement, which was drafted by Husband and his attorney, Wife did not waive her right to alimony. Thus, we agree with the trial court that Wife was entitled to an award of alimony. Husband further argues that, even if Wife were entitled to alimony, the trial court erred when it increased the amount from $600 per month to $2,700 per month, and the duration from 30 months to 36 months, because such amount is more than Husband can afford to pay. Husband’s Brief at 11. Our scope of review for purposes of evaluating a trial court’s award of alimony is limited to a determination of whether the trial court abused its discretion. An abuse of discretion exists when the judgment of the trial court is manifestly unreasonable or is the result of prejudice, bias or ill-will. While it is not an appellate court’s duty to create the record or assess credibility, we must nevertheless examine the existing record to ascertain whether sufficient facts are present to support the trial court’s order. If sufficient evidence exists in the record to substantiate the trial court’s action, and the trial court has properly applied accurate case law to the relevant facts, then we must affirm. Also, the purpose of alimony is not to reward one party and punish another, but rather to ensure that the reasonable needs of the person who is unable to support himself/herself through appropriate employment are met. -8- J-S70031-14 Jayne v. Jayne, 663 A.2d 169, 174 (Pa. Super. 1995). The trial court evaluated the issue of alimony as follows. [The trial court] reviewed the Master’s award of alimony and under the circumstances, [it] found the award to be inadequate and limited in duration. [Its] determination was based on the factors set forth in 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(b). Specifically, [the trial court] determined [it was appropriate] given Wife’s age, 54, and her limited work history in conjunction with Husband’s ability to do handyman jobs and attract several commercial clients for the buildings located on his property. Wife worked at lower paying jobs in which there is limited room for advancement. The parties lived a modest life and Wife is unable to pay her bills, including health coverage, with her wages and the small amount of alimony ordered by the Master. Wife calculated that she would require $2,700 per month to sustain her standard of living. [The trial court] considered Wife’s needs and her contribution to the marriage. Wife was working outside of the home and contributing as a homemaker. After reviewing the evidence and the factors set forth in [section] 3701(b), [the trial court] agreed with Wife that she lacked sufficient property and employment opportunities to continue to live at the standard established during the marriage. Accordingly, [the trial court] ordered alimony in the amount of $2,700 for a period of 36 months. We believe that this award achieves economic justice while allowing Wife to become more self-sufficient. Trial Court Opinion, 7/8/2014, at 1-2. The record supports the trial court’s determination. Wife testified she had very little money to live on, and it would cost her $2,745 per month to maintain her standard of living. N.T., 6/4/2013, at 141. Husband acknowledged that Wife has not worked in about a year, and even before that, her employment was both short-term and sporadic. Id. at 23. -9- J-S70031-14 Moreover, Husband owns, manages, and maintains several rental properties, and is able to earn a living doing odd jobs as a handyman. In fact, Wife presented Husband’s business card encouraging customers to “Call Mike” who is a “Super Handyman” and does multiple jobs including electrical, plumbing, painting, concrete work, light excavation, carpentry, installation, deck repairs, landscaping, land leveling, snow plowing, and welding. See Wife’s Exhibit 11. Thus, based on the testimony and evidence, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in increasing Wife’s alimony so that she has the ability to maintain her standard of living while trying to secure employment. We next consider whether the trial court erred in awarding Wife $1,500 in attorneys’ fees. Specifically, Husband contends that based on the Agreement, Wife was not entitled to attorneys’ fees. Husband’s Brief at 10. Wife responds that the trial court found that Husband used marital funds to pay for his attorneys’ fees, and this was the trial court’s attempt to reimburse Wife. Wife’s Brief at 19. The Agreement specifically provided that each party is responsible for his or her own attorneys’ fees. However, Husband testified that he paid $1,500 to his attorney from the parties’ joint Wells Fargo bank account, which was marital property. N.T., 6/4/2013, at 99. Accordingly, based on the Agreement, Wife was entitled to 20% of this amount. Therefore, we - 10 - J-S70031-14 vacate the portion of the order which credits Wife $1,500, and credit her with $300 instead. Next, we turn to the issues related to equitable distribution: the former marital residence located at 732 Gilbert Road, the rental property located at 735 Gilbert Road, and the $900 retirement account. We consider these issues mindful of the following. A trial court has broad discretion when fashioning an award of equitable distribution. Our standard of review when assessing the propriety of an order effectuating the equitable distribution of marital property is whether the trial court abused its discretion by a misapplication of the law or failure to follow proper legal procedure. We do not lightly find an abuse of discretion, which requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence. This Court will not find an abuse of discretion unless the law has been overridden or misapplied or the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill will, as shown by the evidence in the certified record. In determining the propriety of an equitable distribution award, courts must consider the distribution scheme as a whole. We measure the circumstances of the case against the objective of effectuating economic justice between the parties and achieving a just determination of their property rights. Reber v. Reiss, 42 A.3d 1131, 1134 (Pa. Super. 2012) (quoting Biese v. Biese, 979 A.2d 892, 895 (Pa. Super. 2009)). We set forth a summary of the applicable law. “In making its decision regarding equitable distribution, the trial court must consider at least the eleven factors enumerated in 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a) [hereinafter “statutory factors”].” Isralsky [v. Isralsky, 824 A.2d 1178, 1191 (Pa. Super. 2003)]. As this Court summarized in Isralsky: [T]here is no simple formula by which to divide marital property. The method of distribution derives - 11 - J-S70031-14 from the facts of the individual case. The list of factors [in the Code] serves as a guideline for consideration, although the list is neither exhaustive nor specific as to the weight to be given the various factors. Thus, the court has flexibility of method and concomitantly assumes responsibility in rendering its decisions. Id. (quoting Fonzi v. Fonzi, 430 Pa.Super. 95, 633 A.2d 634, 638 (1993)) (brackets in the original). Wang v. Feng, 888 A.2d 882, 888 (Pa. Super. 2005). First, Wife contends the trial court erred in deducting 3.5% from the value of the former marital residence. Wife’s Brief at 20. Husband responds that the Master and trial court correctly reduced the amount because Husband testified he intended to sell the property. Husband’s Brief at 14. However, to support his argument, Husband cites to a portion of the testimony where he talked about selling the rental property, not the former marital residence.10 See also Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/2014, at 3 (unnumbered) (“Husband testified that he expects to sell the residence in the future.”). In fact, Husband testified specifically that he did not intend to sell the marital residence at 732 Gilbert Road. N.T., 6/4/2013, at 25. “Adjustment in the value of a residence for expenses associated with a contemplated sale may be an appropriate consideration in some equitable distribution cases.” Zeigler v. Zeigler, 530 A.2d 445, 550 (Pa. Super. 1987). However, where, as here, the trial court relied upon an incorrect 10 The portion of the transcript at page 70 dealt with the rental property at 735 Gilbert Road. - 12 - J-S70031-14 assumption to reach this conclusion, we hold that it was an abuse of discretion to deduct the 3.5%. Accordingly, we vacate that portion of the order, and remand to the trial court for recalculation. Husband also argues that the trial court erred in awarding the 735 Gilbert Road rental property to Wife, and further erred in assigning it a zero value. He contends that he has done all maintenance and upkeep for the property, and Wife does not possess those skills herself nor can she afford to hire someone to do so. Husband’s Brief at 12-13. Alternatively, Wife argues that she should be able to keep the property, but Husband should be allocated some of the mortgage debt for that property. Wife’s Brief at 17- 19. Regarding the valuation of property to be distributed, the court is free to accept all, part or none of the evidence as to the true and correct value of the property. Where the evidence offered by one party is uncontradicted, the court may adopt this value even though the resulting valuation would have been different if more accurate and complete evidence had been presented. A trial court does not abuse its discretion in adopting the only valuation submitted by the parties. Baker v. Baker, 861 A.2d 298, 302 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations and quotations marks omitted). With respect to this rental property, there is no dispute that it is valued at $180,000 and the mortgage amount is $210,000. The trial court concluded that “Wife provides no legal authority for her proposition that she is entitled to anything except a zero net distribution for this asset.” Trial - 13 - J-S70031-14 Court Opinion, 3/27/2014, at 4 (unnumbered). However, Wife argues that this “asset” is actually a “debt” that was assigned to her. Wife’s Brief at 18. Husband counters that “[t]his was an asset that Wife sought during litigation and cannot now complain about the financial burden received having prior knowledge that the property possessed no equity.” Husband’s Brief at 12. Furthermore, at the time of the Master’s hearing, the mortgage was two-and-a-half months delinquent because Husband, who traditionally paid all mortgages, chose to pay the mortgage on the former marital residence rather than the mortgage on the rental property. Additionally, a tenant has been residing in the property for several years on a month-to-month lease. Husband testified that he managed the property and did all repairs and maintenance for it. On the other hand, Wife testified that Husband has purposely let this property deteriorate during the course of the pending divorce litigation. Moreover, while the deed is in both parties’ names, the mortgage is in Wife’s name alone. Additionally, due to her increase in alimony, Wife “will now have the ability to pay the mortgage, taxes, and utilities for the rental property.” Trial Court Opinion, 3/27/2014, at 9 (unnumbered). Because the property has an actual value of negative $30,000, we conclude that the trial court erred in assigning a zero-value to the property. Wife is entitled to some credit for this $30,000 difference, as well as consideration of the delinquency of the mortgage, some of which could - 14 - J-S70031-14 possibly be set off by Husband’s maintenance and work put into the property. Accordingly, we vacate this portion of the trial court order and remand for further proceedings. Finally, we consider Wife’s Mt. Airy Lodge retirement account. Wife argues that there was no basis for a finding that Wife actually had a retirement account from her one year of employment at the Mt. Airy Lodge. Wife’s Brief at 19-20. The trial court concluded the following. Husband testified that he made discovery requests about Wife’s 401(k) from Mt. Airy Lodge, but never received any information. He further testified that Wife mentioned it was approximately $900. Wife did not present any evidence to the contrary and we believe the Master correctly determined that the Mt. Airy Lodge retirement account was marital property. Trial Court Opinion, 6/19/2014, at 2 (unnumbered). The trial court’s assessment is supported by the record. Husband testified that “I think [Wife] told me one time” that the value of the account was $900. N.T., 6/4/2013, at 68. Wife did not present any testimony with respect to this account, and the Master believed Husband’s testimony. Accordingly, there was no error or abuse of discretion by including this retirement account as an asset. Based on the foregoing, we affirm the order in part, vacate in part, and remand for a new order consistent with this memorandum. Order affirmed in part and vacated in part. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished. - 15 - J-S70031-14 Judgment Entered. Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary Date: 12/2/2014 - 16 -
% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand % Please edit documentation in R/mice.impute.rf.R \name{mice.impute.rf} \alias{mice.impute.rf} \title{Imputation by random forests} \usage{ mice.impute.rf(y, ry, x, wy = NULL, ntree = 10, ...) } \arguments{ \item{y}{Vector to be imputed} \item{ry}{Logical vector of length \code{length(y)} indicating the the subset \code{y[ry]} of elements in \code{y} to which the imputation model is fitted. The \code{ry} generally distinguishes the observed (\code{TRUE}) and missing values (\code{FALSE}) in \code{y}.} \item{x}{Numeric design matrix with \code{length(y)} rows with predictors for \code{y}. Matrix \code{x} may have no missing values.} \item{wy}{Logical vector of length \code{length(y)}. A \code{TRUE} value indicates locations in \code{y} for which imputations are created.} \item{ntree}{The number of trees to grow. The default is 10.} \item{\dots}{Other named arguments passed down to \code{mice:::install.on.demand()}, \code{randomForest::randomForest()} and \code{randomForest:::randomForest.default()}.} } \value{ Vector with imputed data, same type as \code{y}, and of length \code{sum(wy)} } \description{ Imputes univariate missing data using random forests. } \details{ Imputation of \code{y} by random forests. The method calls \code{randomForrest()} which implements Breiman's random forest algorithm (based on Breiman and Cutler's original Fortran code) for classification and regression. See Appendix A.1 of Doove et al. (2014) for the definition of the algorithm used. } \note{ An alternative implementation was independently developed by Shah et al (2014). This were available as functions \code{CALIBERrfimpute::mice.impute.rfcat} and \code{CALIBERrfimpute::mice.impute.rfcont} (now archived). Simulations by Shah (Feb 13, 2014) suggested that the quality of the imputation for 10 and 100 trees was identical, so mice 2.22 changed the default number of trees from \code{ntree = 100} to \code{ntree = 10}. } \examples{ library("lattice") imp <- mice(nhanes2, meth = "rf", ntree = 3) plot(imp) } \references{ Doove, L.L., van Buuren, S., Dusseldorp, E. (2014), Recursive partitioning for missing data imputation in the presence of interaction Effects. Computational Statistics \& Data Analysis, 72, 92-104. Shah, A.D., Bartlett, J.W., Carpenter, J., Nicholas, O., Hemingway, H. (2014), Comparison of random forest and parametric imputation models for imputing missing data using MICE: A CALIBER study. American Journal of Epidemiology, doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt312. Van Buuren, S. (2018). \href{https://stefvanbuuren.name/fimd/sec-cart.html}{\emph{Flexible Imputation of Missing Data. Second Edition.}} Chapman & Hall/CRC. Boca Raton, FL. } \seealso{ \code{\link{mice}}, \code{\link{mice.impute.cart}}, \code{\link[randomForest]{randomForest}} Other univariate imputation functions: \code{\link{mice.impute.cart}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.lda}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.logreg.boot}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.logreg}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.mean}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.midastouch}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.mnar.logreg}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.norm.boot}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.norm.nob}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.norm.predict}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.norm}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.pmm}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.polr}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.polyreg}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.quadratic}()}, \code{\link{mice.impute.ri}()} } \author{ Lisa Doove, Stef van Buuren, Elise Dusseldorp, 2012 } \concept{univariate imputation functions} \keyword{datagen}
Q: Truncating integers in format() in Python 2.7 Using the "old" formatting syntax I can truncate long integers in a string, like this: '%-5.5s' % 4257647474747 which produces 42576 If I try to do the same with format(): '{:<5.5}'.format(4257647474747) I get the error ValueError: Precision not allowed in integer format specifier I need to be able to truncate the incoming number, because it must fit in a fixed size string. Is there any way to truncate the integer using format? A: The s in '%-5.5s' converts arguments to strings with str and then applies %s's interpretations for the -5.5. You're not doing anything similar in your format call, so you're getting the int type's interpretation of <5.5. Convert your integer to a string before formatting it: '{:<5.5}'.format(str(4257647474747)) or use !s in the format string to do the same: '{!s:<5.5}'.format(4257647474747)
Daniel Stevens (politician) Daniel Stevens was the twenty-fourth intendant (mayor) of Charleston, South Carolina, serving from 1819 to 1820. Stevens was elected as a warden (city council member) in August 1808. He ran for the office of intendant of Charleston on September 16, 1816 but was defeated by Elias Horry. Stevens was elected intendant (mayor) on January 11, 1819, replacing John Geddes, who had been elected governor of South Carolina. He was then re-elected on September 6, 1819. Stevens was born in 1746 to Samuel Stevens and Catherine Willard and died on March 20, 1835. He married three times: to Patience Catherine Norton (1767); to Sarah Sprowle (1770); and to Mary Adams (1779). Stevens served with the Charleston Rangers and Ancient Battalion of Artillery and fought in that Battle of Fort Moultrie. He was imprisoned and exiled to Philadelphia when Charleston fell in May 1780 to the British. He returned to Charleston the next year under the command of General Nathanael Greene. After the Revolutionary War, Stevens served as Charleston District sheriff (1782–1784) and then federal supervisor of revenue (1791–1801). He served in the South Carolina statehouse was a representative for the Charleston area in 1782 and then again in 1785–1790. He represented the Beaufort District in the South Carolina Senate in 1791. References Category:Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina Category:1746 births Category:1835 deaths
"I'd landed at Birmingham after a holiday and travelled via Bristol and Bath before arriving in Cornwall quite late," Grimmer, a member of the Naval Air Squadron known as the "Flying Tigers", said After he heard what sounded like a cat, Grimmer searched the car, looking in the boot, and under the bonnet, but could not find the source of the meow. On arriving at the airbase in Cornwall, Grimmer enlisted help. "I called up some of our air engineers who came and helped me to start dismantling my pride and joy," he said.
Hollywood star Scarlett Johansson has been chosen to star in the long mooted live-action Ghost in the Shell film being produced by Dreamworks, proving to be quite the shock for fans of the classic series. The first CM has been released for bloody combat anime Kyoukai no Kanata‘s upcoming movie “Kyoukai no Kanata I’ll Be Here: Kako-hen”, a re-cap film covering the entirety of the first season – and sure to provide no substantial value to those who have already witnessed the compelling KyoAni series. A new Naruto film has been announced for 2015 entitled “Boruto: Naruto The Movie“, taking place after the events of the manga’s conclusion and sure to draw ecstatic applause from those Naruto fans not keen on the prospect of another decade without the fabulous ninja. Over-the-top TCG anime Yu-Gi-Oh! has a brand new movie in the works which is set to feature the prestigious Yugi and Seto Kaiba from the original series – sure to be good news for those that relentlessly spite the newer iterations of the franchise. Top-grossing anime film Expelled From Paradise (with tsundere queen Kugimiya Rie voicing the lead) has unleashed its BD edition onto store shelves, allowing fans to add the unique sci-fi mecha western to their collections – and also offering some extra saucy additions with the inclusion of nipples. The second trailer for Dragon Ball Z‘s new movie “Dragon Ball Z: Revival of F” has appeared, promising a lot more of the fast-paced battles which are the staple of the series – with the franchise’s last movie apparently having sucked all remaining originality from the draconic balls. A new trailer for crime prevention anime Psycho-Pass‘s upcoming movie has been unleashed, bringing further insight into the film’s previously withheld plot and setting – and showing off many of the show’s signature psychopaths. Kadokawa has released a video announcing a live-action movie for the popular spine-decimating vocaloid song “Nou Shou Sakuretsu Girl”, as well as a manga – proving to be a rather surprising development typical of the continually expanding virtual idol-powerhouse that is Hatsune Miku. each episode of SnK costs about $750,000 to produce... so yeah if they are going to carry on with the series they will need more money.... More TheHatredDevilMayCry commented on November 24, 2014 17:33 You mean like To-Love Darkness hasn't ended yet? There's hardly any story, only fanboys who go about saying "So much plot". But when asked it turns out that "So much plot" = "Boobs. Cute female... More Asians were rare too, meaning that they were legit European and/or other. Not to dye the hair, at least, is kinda stupid and takes away from understanding who they really are. I just don't like... More
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Introduction {#S1} ============ The enhancement of cognitive performance resulting from increased physical activity (PA) has been recognized for nearly five decades ([@B52]), and speculated for even longer (e.g., [@B8]; [@B48]). It is generally understood that physically active individuals, relative to their sedentary peers, demonstrate improved cognitive functioning on a multitude of cognitive tasks. However, research in young adult populations has been more equivocal. Combined evidence from studies investigating PA effects on cognitive functioning across the human lifespan suggests that these positive effects become stronger and more pronounced in the developing and aging brain, while those same effects are diminished or less robust in young adult populations ([@B58]; [@B29]). Commonly utilized measures of executive control may not be sensitive enough to the neurological structural and functional alterations resulting from PA in young adult brains, which in turn may be contributing to the ambiguous findings. In this study we investigate whether within-subject reaction time (RT) variability in executive control, a relatively novel measure of cognitive performance within the PA-cognition literature, is responsive to PA levels in young adults and whether it may therefore provide evidence for the benefits of PA on cognitive function in this population. Intense research effort has been placed on understanding the relationship between PA and cognitive function. Meta-analyses have demonstrated that a general positive association between increased PA and improved cognitive performance emerges in adult populations. For example, researchers have shown that PA habits that persist for longer than 12 months are related to improved executive control, memory, and processing speed in young to middle aged adults ([@B13]), while aerobic PA interventions of greater than 1 month have been associated with improved attentional and processing RT, executive control, and working memory in adult populations ([@B50]). Additionally, acute PA interventions, those occurring immediately preceding cognitive assessment, have been shown to benefit choice RT, executive control, and memory in young adults ([@B9]). Nevertheless, research has not universally endorsed PA as an effective intervention for enhancing cognitive performance, particularly for young adults ([@B19]; [@B58]; [@B55]; [@B13]; [@B17]). Difficulties associated with eliciting and detecting effects of PA on cognition in young adults have led some to conclude that, while there are still positive effects, these effects are smaller and more sensitive to experimental characteristics ([@B25]; [@B41]). Others have gone further, suggesting that, because cognitive health is at its peak during young adulthood, it is unsurprising that PA has no discernable effect ([@B24]). The foundational principle of these approaches is that if the brain is at maximum structural and functional integrity, then PA, an intervention that targets at least the neurological structure by way of neurochemical change in the brain that underlies the functional ability ([@B23]), should be ineffective. A growing literature suggests that PA has profound effects on neuropsychological structure. Neuroimaging studies have shown that improved cognitive performance resulting from PA is linked to neurophysiological changes in hippocampal volume ([@B18]), gray and white matter volume ([@B11]), and functional connectivity between brain regions ([@B57]). Additionally, researchers have identified the ways in which PA is a potent agent for inducing neurogenesis, neurotransmission, synaptogenesis, and angiogenesis ([@B56]; [@B6]). PA has profound positive effects on neuroplasticity and thus brain health and cognitive performance ([@B12]; [@B29]). Variability is one indicator of neurological structural and functional integrity that is found embedded within nearly all measures of cognitive performance. However, most studies condense an individual's performance into a single mean measure. Unfortunately, doing so discards a valuable indicator of performance, the variability. That is to say, summarizing performance as a mean value does not wholly capture performance on a task and discounts the uncertainty of that value as representative of the volatility in performance. The alternative is to capture the variability as its own measure that can then be compared across individuals or groups. Intraindividual variability (IIV) is a measure of a participant's variability across trials and can be calculated from a single testing session or across multiple sessions. IIV is sensitive to structural and functional changes to neuroanatomy ([@B43], [@B42]) and, recently, has been recognized as a measure of cognitive functioning that could therefore be responsive to PA. For example, researchers have shown that, while moderate and vigorous PA was not directly predictive of IIV on Stroop task RT, it was associated with increased rostral anterior cingulate cortex thickness which was related to RT IIV ([@B5]). Our analysis seeks to replicate that conducted in the original study with IIV rather than basic RT as the variable of interest. We aim to determine whether IIV on an executive control task is responsive to self-reported PA levels in young adults and whether it provides a novel source of evidence for the benefits of PA on cognitive function. Two relationships inform our hypotheses. First, is the association between higher PA levels and better neurophysiological outcomes; and two, is the relationship between healthy neurophysiology and diminished IIV on cognitive tasks. Generally, we expect that as self-reported PA levels increase, IIV on executive control tasks will decline. Particularly, considering the volume of literature suggesting that the greatest benefits to cognitive performance emerge from moderate to vigorous intensity PA ([@B17]), we expect that larger values of moderate to vigorous intensity PA will be associated with smaller IIV levels and, we do not expect low intensity PA to be related to IIV. Further, we anticipate that total METs and RTCV would be negatively related, such that as total METs increased, RTCV would lessen. Finally, given the positive relationship between individuals categorized as either active vs. sedentary according to the American College of Sports Medicine and cognitive control ([@B36]), we expect that active rather than inactive participants will have smaller IIV. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed three data sets that were used to assess the relationship between PA and executive control in young adults ([@B28]). Materials and Methods {#S2} ===================== This article utilizes a dataset previously analyzed and reported ([@B28]). For further information regarding the purpose of the studies, their findings, and the implications consult [@B28]. Ethics and Participants {#S2.SS1} ----------------------- Ethical approval for the three experiments was provided by the University of British Columbia Behavioural Research Ethics Board. Participants were recruited from the University of British Columbia Department of Psychology's Human Subject Pool and were remunerated with course credit. Individuals were considered eligible to participate in the studies if they were between the ages of 17 and 45 years, and were not physically disabled. Written informed consent was provided by each participant prior to the beginning of the experiments. ### Experiment 1 {#S2.SS1.SSS1} A total of 267 participants were recruited as described above. Five participants were excluded from analysis due to computer malfunction or technical error and a further 14 were removed due to outlier rejection in accordance with the International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ) scoring protocol ([@B54]). The final sample consisted of 248 participants (mean age = 20.49, SD = 2.70, 132 male). ### Experiment 2 {#S2.SS1.SSS2} A total of 220 participants were recruited as described above. Two participants were excluded from analysis due to computer malfunction or technical error and a further 19 were removed due to outlier rejection in accordance with the IPAQ scoring protocol ([@B54]). The final sample consisted of 199 participants (mean age = 20.04, SD = 1.76, 46 male). ### Experiment 3 {#S2.SS1.SSS3} A total of 210 participants were recruited as described above. Four participants were excluded from analysis due to computer malfunction or technical error and a further 11 were removed due to outlier rejection in accordance with the IPAQ scoring protocol ([@B54]). The final sample consisted of 195 participants (mean age = 20.32, SD = 2.72, 47 male). Procedure {#S2.SS2} --------- Prior to the start of the experimental procedure participants provided written informed consent. Participants completed the IPAQ followed immediately by the cognitive testing. Apparatus {#S2.SS3} --------- The cognitive tasks and questionnaires were displayed on 19^″^ LCD monitors at a display resolution of 1280 × 1024 using the Windows 7 operating system. The open-source Cognitive Battery 3.2 software package ([@B27]), which utilizes Python 3.6.4 and Pygame 1.9.3 for stimulus display, was employed for data collection. Measures {#S2.SS4} -------- ### International Physical Activity Questionnaire {#S2.SS4.SSS1} The long-form IPAQ is a self-administered PA survey that measures free-living PA over the antecedent 7 days ([@B31]). The IPAQ has high validity and reliability ([@B14]; [@B26]), and has been demonstrated to be stable and accurate in young adult populations ([@B16]) as well as being robust to differences in age, sex, and language ([@B14]; [@B4]; [@B60]). Further, the IPAQ has been used as a measure of PA in numerous studies comparing the efficacy of PA on cognitive performance, including task switching ([@B35]), spatial priming ([@B34]), RT ([@B33]), response monitoring ([@B36]), response inhibition ([@B61]), and structural and functional neurophysiological connectivity ([@B37]). The IPAQ measures across several domains of daily living, including PA related to an individual's job, transportation, housework, house maintenance, caring for family, and recreation, sport, and leisure time. Participants report the daily totals of each activity and the number of days per week that they engage in that activity. Those values are then multiplied to produce a weekly total. Activities are categorized by type and intensity before being multiplied by metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values corresponding to the exertion required to complete the task ([@B1]). METs are calculated as 1.0 (4.184 kJ) × kg^--1^ × h^--1^, and are used to assess the metabolic expenditure required to complete a task at a particular intensity, enabling for the comparison of energy consumption across PA types, durations, and intensities ([@B1]). The scoring protocol provides for the calculation of total vigorous, moderate, and low intensity METs, along with total sitting time ([@B54]). See [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} for PA METs for each experiment. ###### Physical activity levels. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Correlation\ coefficients ----------------------------- --------- --------- -------------- ---------- ---- Experiment 1 1\. Low intensity METs 1282.78 1365.87 -- 2\. Moderate intensity METs 1072.53 1411.67 0.12 -- 3\. Vigorous intensity METs 1373.87 1782.20 0.07 0.28^∗∗^ -- Total METs 3728.70 3045.97 -- -- -- Experiment 2 1\. Low intensity METs 2037.83 1776.44 -- 2\. Moderate intensity METs 1104.16 1456.33 0.21^∗∗^ -- 3\. Vigorous intensity METs 1359.24 2058.08 0.11 0.06 -- Total METs 4501.22 3437.42 -- -- -- Experiment 3 1\. Low intensity METs 2076.12 2000.06 -- 2\. Moderate intensity METs 1243.81 1551.68 0.24^∗∗^ -- 3\. Vigorous intensity METs 1623.80 2733.12 0.04 0.42^∗∗^ -- Total METs 4943.73 4399.06 -- -- -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ∗∗ p \< 0.01. ### Attention Network Test {#S2.SS4.SSS2} The Attention Network Test (ANT) is a modified version of the Eriksen flanker task and assesses three aspects of attentional functioning ([@B21]). Executive control, alerting, and orienting of the attentional network are measured by calculating the difference in mean RT for four cue conditions and three flanker conditions. The stimuli presented are typical of the flanker task, where one central target arrow is flanked on either side by two distractor arrows, with the addition of a neutral condition where the flanking arrows are replaced by lines. The result is a row of five arrows. In the congruent condition the target arrow is either left or rightward facing and the flanking arrows share the same orientation. The incongruent condition differs in that the flanking arrows are oppositely oriented to the target arrow. The cues differ in the information that they provide to the participant in advance of the stimuli onset. In the no-cue condition a fixation cross is provided but no cue is given to warn of the imminent onset of the stimuli. The further three conditions alert the participant of the upcoming presentation of the stimuli. The central-cue replaces the fixation cross with a central asterisk, the double-cue places an asterisk both above and below the central fixation point, and the spatial-cue orients the participant to the location of the stimuli by providing an asterisk at the stimuli location. Unlike the typical implementation of the ANT, which involves calculating the difference between different cue and flanker conditions to determine executive control, alerting, and orienting scores, we calculated coefficients of variation values for each cue and flanker condition in order to directly measure IIV. A single trial began with the presentation of a fixation cross for 400--1600 ms, followed by the display of the cue for 100 ms. This was then followed by another fixation cross, displayed for 400 ms, after which the stimulus was presented for up to 1700 ms or until a response was recorded. Participants indicated the direction of the target arrow using the arrow keys on a keyboard. The RT was recorded in milliseconds as the time between the onset of the flanker stimulus and the response. Participants completed three sets of 96 trials, totaling 288 trials. Prior to testing, participants completed one practice block consisting of 24 trials. ### Experiment 2 Eriksen Flanker Task {#S2.SS4.SSS3} In Experiment 2, the Eriksen flanker task was used to determine executive control performance while limiting the length and complexity of the experiment to reduce fatigue effects for participants. Each trial opened with the presentation of a centered fixation cross for 1000 ms, which was subsequently replaced by the flanker arrowhead cue for 200 ms. The same four arrowhead configurations, leftward-congruent, leftward-incongruent, rightward-congruent, or rightward-incongruent, were used as stimuli in Experiment 2 as in Experiment 1. Participants were given 1500 ms to record a response. Next, feedback regarding the accuracy of performance on the trial was provided as either "correct," "incorrect," or "too slow." Participants indicated the direction of the target arrow using the arrow keys on a keyboard. The RT was recorded in milliseconds as the time between the onset of the flanker stimulus and the response. The task began with 12 practice trials followed by 100 randomized and equiprobable stimuli presentations. ### Experiment 3 Eriksen Flanker Task {#S2.SS4.SSS4} Experiment 3 used an identical paradigm to Experiment 2 except for the addition of an incompatible condition. In the incompatible condition, participants were instructed to respond in the opposite direction to the central arrow via keyboard keypress. The introduction of the incompatible condition results in four measures: compatible-congruent, compatible-incongruent, incompatible-congruent, or incompatible- incongruent trials. The task began with 12 practice trials followed by 100 randomized trials with equiprobable congruency presentations. Compatible and incompatible trials were blocked and counterbalanced between participants. Coefficient of Variation {#S2.SS5} ------------------------ The RT coefficient of variation (RTCV) was selected as the primary measure of individual variability and was the dependent variable in data analysis. The RTCV is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of a participant's RT by their mean RT for each measure. For example, in Experiment 3, the standard deviation of the RT for all of one participant's incompatible-congruent trials would be divided by the mean RT of the corresponding trials. The resulting value is a standardized score that can be compared across measures. A RTCV was calculated for each participant for each cognitive measurement. Data Analysis {#S2.SS6} ------------- Three different coding methodologies were implemented to enable comparison with other literature as well as to demonstrate how the coding of PA may be determinate in evaluating the efficacy of the PA--cognition relationship. Model 1 utilized the IPAQ's continuous scoring protocol, with total vigorous, moderate, and low intensity METs as the predictor variables ([@B32]). In Model 2, we calculated total weekly METs independent of intensity level. Finally, Model 3 used a scoring protocol that categorizes participants as either sedentary or active according to recommendations by the American College of Sports Medicine ([@B49]). Participants are categorized as active if they report either ≥5 days/week of moderate intensity or ≥3 days/week of vigorous intensity PA, while inactive participants report ≤2 days/week of moderate or vigorous intensity PA. Multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between PA, as measured by the IPAQ, and the coefficients of variation under each experimental condition. The covariates of participant age and sex were included in each regression model. Age, IPAQ METs, and RTCV scores were standardized prior to data analysis. Results {#S3} ======= Original analysis of these data sets found no evidence to support that PA over the previous 7 days impacts basic RT on executive control tasks ([@B28]). Correlational analysis was conducted to determine the relationships between low, moderate, and vigorous PA METs in each experiment. Significant positive correlations were observed between low and moderate PA METs in Experiments 2 and 3 as well as between moderate and vigorous PA METs in Experiments 1 and 3 ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Variance inflation factors were calculated for each model due to the potential for collinearity between predictors within the regression models. All variance inflation factors were within the acceptable range (\<1.5). Two between-subjects ANOVAs were conducted to determine the effect of experimental flanker task design on compatible-congruent and compatible-incongruent unstandardized RTs. There was a significant effect of flanker task design on compatible-congruent RT, F(2,639) = 208.3, p \< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.40. A post hoc Tukey test indicated that compatible-congruent RT on the ANT was significantly greater than either other modified flanker task, ps \< 0.001. However, the compatible-congruent RTs of Experiments 2 and 3 did not significantly differ, p = 1.00. Compatible-incongruent RT differed significantly by flanker task, F(2,639) = 332, p \< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.51. Similarly, the compatible-incongruent ANT trials were significantly slower than those of Experiment 2 or 3, ps \< 0.001, and RT was not significantly different between Experiments 2 and 3, p = 0.79. Additional analysis was conducted on the differences between RTCV across Experiments 1--3. As with basic RTs, two between-subjects ANOVAs were conducted to analyze the effects of experimental flanker task on compatible-congruent and compatible-incongruent RTCV. There was a significant effect of flanker task on compatible-congruent RTCV, F(2,639) = 44.59, p \< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.12. Compatible-congruent RTCV was significantly larger in the ANT than either other modified flanker task, ps \< 0.001. In addition, RTCV was greater in Experiment 3 than Experiment 2, p = 0.004. On compatible-incongruent trials, we observed a significant effect of flanker task, F(2,639) = 49.33, p \< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.13. Again, a post hoc Tukey test determined that compatible-incongruent RTCV was greater in the ANT than either other modified flanker task, ps \< 0.001, while Experiment 3 RTCV was also larger than Experiment 2's RTCV, p \< 0.001. See [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} for the unstandardized RT as well as the RTCV values. ###### Unstandardized reaction time in milliseconds and trial accuracy. Mean RT SD RT Mean RTCV SD RTCV Mean accuracy (%) SD accuracy (%) -------------------------- --------- -------- ----------- --------- ------------------- ----------------- Experiment 1 Neutral 559.12 81.06 0.205 0.094 98.59 4.32 Congruent 592.31 90.27 0.218 0.087 98.92 4.37 Incongruent 694.83 103.58 0.205 0.071 91.45 9.54 No cue 662.46 96.05 0.228 0.079 96.16 5.85 Center 612.26 89.37 0.227 0.083 95.75 5.72 Spatial 575.94 92.21 0.223 0.085 97.30 5.46 Double 611.02 87.42 0.224 0.075 96.07 5.52 Experiment 2 Compatible-congruent 470.43 56.64 0.143 0.069 99.05 4.35 Compatible-incongruent 525.76 62.82 0.140 0.055 95.44 7.93 Experiment 3 Compatible-congruent 470.20 65.23 0.171 0.095 98.89 2.81 Compatible-incongruent 520.29 67.88 0.169 0.079 94.49 7.07 Incompatible-congruent 505.01 70.38 0.173 0.075 97.62 3.48 Incompatible-incongruent 530.05 82.93 0.185 0.071 96.30 5.06 Trial accuracy was submitted to two between-subjects ANOVAs to determine if they differed by flanker task. Compatible-congruent accuracy did not vary by flanker task, F(2,639) = 0.09, p = 0.92, η^2^ = 0.00. However, there was a significant effect of flanker task on compatible-incongruent trial accuracy, F(2,639) = 14.13, p \< 0.001, η^2^ = 0.04. Tukey's post hoc comparison revealed that compatible-incongruent trial accuracy was significantly lower on the ANT than either other flanker task, ps \< 0.001. Flanker task accuracy in Experiments 2 and 3 did not significantly differ, p = 0.50. Accuracy is reported in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. Experiment 1 {#S3.SS1} ------------ Seven measures of attentional and executive control function were created by isolating each flanker presentation of the ANT. Larger moderate intensity MET scores were predictive of increased RTCV on neutral, congruent, no cue, and double cue conditions. However, larger vigorous intensity MET values was predictive of decreased RTCV on neutral cue conditions. Participant age was associated with RTCV, such that as age increased, IIV decreased ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). ###### Physical activity intensity as predictors of RTCV on the Attention Network Test. Neutral cue Congruent Incongruent No cue Central cue Spatial cue Double cue ------------------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------------ ------------- ----------------- ------------ ----------------- ---------- ----------------- ----------- ------------------ ----------- ------------------ Age −0.14^∗∗^ \[−0.27, −0.02\] −0.12^∗∗^ \[−0.25, −0.00\] −0.11^∗^ \[−0.24, 0.01\] −0.10 \[−0.22, 0.03\] −0.12^∗^ \[−0.25, 0.00\] −0.14^∗∗^ \[−0.26, −0.01\] −0.13^∗∗^ \[−0.26, −0.01\] Sex 0.03 \[−0.22, 0.28\] −0.01 \[−0.26, 0.24\] −0.02 \[−0.28, 0.23\] −0.08 \[−0.33, 0.18\] 0.05 \[−0.20, 0.31\] 0.07 \[−0.18, 0.32\] 0.02 \[−0.23, 0.28\] Low intensity METs 0.00 \[−0.12, 0.13\] 0.09 \[−0.04, 0.22\] 0.06 \[−0.07, 0.18\] 0.04 \[−0.08, 0.17\] 0.05 \[−0.08, 0.17\] 0.03 \[−0.10, 0.16\] 0.08 \[−0.05, 0.20\] Moderate intensity METs 0.18^∗∗∗^ \[0.05, 0.30\] 0.17^∗∗^ \[0.04, 0.29\] 0.10 \[−0.04, 0.23\] 0.17^∗∗^ \[0.04, 0.30\] 0.09 \[−0.04, 0.23\] 0.12^∗^ \[−0.01, 0.25\] 0.15^∗∗^ \[0.02, 0.28\] Vigorous intensity METs −0.13^∗∗^ \[−0.26, −0.01\] −0.09 \[−0.22, 0.04\] 0.07 \[−0.20, 0.06\] −0.12^∗^ \[−0.25, 0.01\] −0.07 \[−0.20, 0.06\] −0.13^∗^ \[−0.26, 0.00\] −0.05 \[−0.18, 0.08\] R^2^ 0.06^∗∗^ 0.05^∗∗^ 0.03 0.05^∗∗^ 0.03 0.04^∗^ 0.04^∗^ A significant β-weight indicates the semi-partial correlation is also significant. LL and UL indicate the lower and upper limits of a confidence interval, respectively. ∗ p \< 0.10; ∗∗ p \< 0.05; ∗∗∗ p \< 0.01. Attention Network Test RTCV was not predicted by total METs. Similarly, the categorization of participants according to the ACSM guide for weekly PA was not predictive of RTCV on any measures captured by the ANT. In both Models 2 and 3, participant's age was predictive of neutral RTCV, spatial RTCV, and double RTCV while being marginally predictive of congruent RTCV, incongruent RTCV, and central RTCV ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). ###### Total physical activity METs and ACSM categorization as predictor of RTCV on the Attention Network Test. Neutral cue Congruent Incongruent No cue Central cue Spatial cue Double cue ------------- ----------- ------------- ------------------ ------------- ----------------- ------------- ----------------- ------------ ----------------- ---------- ----------------- ------------ ------------------ ------------ ------------------ Model 2 Age --0.14^∗∗^ \[−0.27, −0.02\] −0.12^∗^ \[−0.24, 0.01\] −0.11^∗^ \[−0.23, 0.02\] --0.09 \[−0.22, 0.03\] −0.12^∗^ \[−0.25, 0.01\] --0.13^∗∗^ \[−0.26, −0.01\] --0.13^∗∗^ \[−0.25, −0.00\] Sex 0.03 \[−0.22, 0.28\] --0.03 \[−0.28, 0.22\] --0.04 \[−0.29, 0.21\] --0.09 \[−0.34, 0.16\] 0.04 \[−0.21, 0.29\] 0.06 \[−0.20, 0.31\] 0.01 \[−0.24, 0.26\] Total MET 0.02 \[−0.10, 0.15\] 0.10 \[−0.03, 0.22\] 0.04 \[−0.08, 0.17\] 0.05 \[−0.07, 0.18\] 0.04 \[−0.09, 0.16\] 0.00 \[−0.12, 0.13\] 0.11 \[−0.02, 0.23\] R^2^ 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03. Model 3 Age --0.14^∗∗^ \[−0.27, −0.02\] −0.12^∗^ \[−0.24, 0.01\] −0.11^∗^ \[−0.23, 0.02\] --0.09 \[−0.22, 0.03\] −0.12^∗^ \[−0.25, 0.00\] --0.13^∗∗^ \[−0.26, −0.01\] --0.13^∗∗^ \[−0.25, −0.00\] Sex 0.02 \[−0.23, 0.27\] --0.03 \[−0.28, 0.22\] --0.04 \[−0.29, 0.22\] --0.09 \[−0.34, 0.17\] 0.04 \[−0.22, 0.29\] 0.05 \[−0.20, 0.31\] 0.01 \[−0.24, 0.26\] ACSM 0.10 \[−0.17, 0.38\] 0.08 \[−0.19, 0.36\] --0.01 \[−0.29, 0.26\] 0.02 \[−0.26, 0.29\] 0.07 \[−0.21, 0.34\] 0.01 \[−0.26, 0.29\] 0.04 \[−0.23, 0.31\] R^2^ 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 A significant β -weight indicates the semi-partial correlation is also significant. LL and UL indicate the lower and upper limits of a confidence interval, respectively. ∗ p \< 0.10. ∗∗ p \< 0.05. Experiment 2 {#S3.SS2} ------------ A paired samples t-test demonstrated no effect of congruent versus incongruent conditions on RTCV, t(198) = 0.70, p = 0.49. Physical activity was not predictive of congruent or incongruent RTCV in the Eriksen flanker task according to any of the scoring protocols employed. However, sex was a significant predictor of congruent RTCV in all three models and was either a significant or a marginally significant predictor of incongruent RTCV in all three models ([Table 5](#T5){ref-type="table"}). ###### Physical activity as predictors of RTCV on the Experiment 2 Eriksen flanker task. Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 ------------------------- --------- ----------------- ---------- ----------------- ---------- ----------------- ---------- ----------------- ---------- ----------------- --------- ----------------- Age --0.03 \[−0.18, 0.11\] --0.11 \[−0.25, 0.03\] --0.03 \[−0.17, 0.11\] --0.11 \[−0.25, 0.02\] --0.03 \[−0.17, 0.11\] --0.11 \[−0.25, 0.03\] Sex 0.4^∗∗^ \[0.07, 0.74\] 0.34^∗∗^ \[0.01, 0.67\] 0.41^∗∗^ \[0.08, 0.74\] 0.34^∗∗^ \[0.01, 0.67\] 0.41^∗∗^ \[0.08, 0.75\] 0.32^∗^ \[−0.01, 0.65\] Low intensity METs --0.03 \[−0.18, 0.11\] 0.08 \[−0.07, 0.22\] Moderate intensity METs 0.03 \[−0.12, 0.17\] --0.04 \[−0.18, 0.10\] Vigorous intensity METs --0.02 \[−0.16, 0.12\] 0.08 \[−0.06, 0.22\] Total METs --0.02 \[−0.16, 0.12\] 0.09 \[−0.05, 0.22\] ACSM 0.03 \[−0.25, 0.32\] --0.05 \[−0.34, 0.24\] R^2^ 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04^∗^ 0.03 0.03 A significant β-weight indicates the semi-partial correlation is also significant. LL and UL indicate the lower and upper limits of a confidence interval, respectively. ∗ p \< 0.10. ∗∗ p \< 0.05. Experiment 3 {#S3.SS3} ------------ A 2 (congruency: congruent RTCV, incongruent RTCV) × 2 (compatibility: compatible RTCV, incompatible RTCV) within-subjects ANOVA was used to confirm the manipulation of the congruency and compatibility conditions on the unstandardized RTCV scores. Following outlier rejection, described above, there was a significant interaction between compatibility and congruency, F(1,194) = 4.13, p = 0.043. Given the significant interaction, we conducted a Bonferroni corrected analysis of the simple main effects. On the compatible trials, there was no significant effect of congruency on RTCV (p = 0.67). However, for incompatible trials, there is a significant simple main effect of congruency (p = 0.18) such that RTCV was greater for incongruent trials in the incompatible condition. We observed no significant main effects of either the compatibility condition, F(1,194) = 2.69, p = 0.10, or the congruency condition, F(1,194) = 1.76, p = 0.19. Neither PA METs by intensity nor total METs were predictive of RTCV of any of the four conditions. In Model 3, ACSM category was predictive of incompatible-congruent RTCV, β = −0.35, 95% CI \[−0.65, −0.05\], t(191) = 2.31, p = 0.022. Sex predicted compatible-congruent CV in each model, Model 1: β = 0.35, 95% CI \[0.01, 0.68\], t(189) = 2.03, p = 0.044; Model 2: β = 0.34, 95% CI \[0.01, 0.67\], t(191) = 2.05, p = 0.042; Model 3: β = 0.35, 95% CI \[0.02, 0.68\], t(191) = 2.07, p = 0.039. Age did not predict RTCV in the compatible-congruent condition. Neither age nor sex was predictive of compatible-incongruent, incompatible-congruent, or incompatible-incongruent RTCV in Models 1--3. Discussion {#S4} ========== The purpose of this secondary analysis was to investigate the link between PA levels in healthy, young adults, and IIV on attentional and executive control tasks. We hypothesized that, as PA levels increased, IIV would decline. Generally, our findings did not support our hypotheses. IIV on the flanker and the modified flanker task was not predicted by PA. Despite this, three consistent findings emerged from analysis of the ANT. First, RTCV and moderate PA were positively related, such that more self-reported moderate PA was associated with greater IIV. Conversely, RTCV and vigorous PA were negatively related. Finally, when controlling for the effects of PA on IIV in young adults, variability decreases as age increases. These results support three conclusions about the role of PA on IIV in cognitive functioning. First, the intensity of PA is predictive of IIV in attentional and executive control performance. Second, when controlling for the levels of PA in young adults, IIV decreased with increasing participant age. Lastly, task type and cognitive load are important determinants of the relationship between PA and cognitive performance, with IIV offering a novel measure of cognitive functioning. Our findings confirm the predictive effect of PA intensity over the preceding 7 days on IIV in executive control tasks and attentional tasks. The intensity of PA interventions and their resultant outcome on cognitive function is a well-documented effect in acute PA literature. Moderate intensity activity seemingly optimally affects cognitive function ([@B7]; [@B38]; [@B51]). Others report that intensity variably and selectively impacts cognitive function with low intensity activity providing the most immediate benefit but little long-term gain while vigorous intensity activity has the opposite effect ([@B9]). However, with adult populations, the PA intensity of aerobic training interventions that were greater than 1-month was not found to be predictive of attention or executive control ([@B50]). Our data suggest that PA intensity has differential effects on IIV in cognitive performance, at least during the 7 days preceding testing. The positive association between moderate intensity PA levels and IIV is surprising and offers two diverging interpretations depending on how IIV is construed. The first is that moderate intensity PA negatively impacts cognitive performance by increasing variability. As mentioned previously, greater dispersion of RTs across task trials or types is attributed to diminished cognitive capacity while tighter clustering around the mean RT is indicative of cognitive stability. This interpretation is aligned with much of the literature on PA and IIV in which IIV is perceived as a negative consequence of poor physical fitness, health, or inactivity on cognitive performance. For example, investigations on the effect of obesity ([@B2]; [@B10]), aerobic fitness ([@B64]; [@B39]; [@B45]; [@B3]), and PA ([@B22]; [@B47]; [@B20]; [@B44]; [@B59]) on IIV interpret decreased variability as the negative consequence of obesity, inactivity, and limited PA. However, cognitive functioning in the developing and aging process does not strictly adhere to this relationship. In developing brains, IIV suggests the pursuit of diverse exploratory strategies in solving complex tasks and is therefore an advantageous characteristic ([@B42]). Functional diversity and functional adaptability are two mechanisms by which an increase in IIV would demonstrate more robust cognitive performance, as an individual's RT variability fluctuates according to strategy employment in the high cognitive demand tasks ([@B40]). With this as our theoretical basis, we should not expect to see a relationship in low cognitive load conditions because the young adult brain is operating close to maximal function. Instead, only when under higher load, should we expect to see fluctuations in cognitive performance as a result of PA, with IIV signaling greater strategy exploration. The association between PA and IIV on the ANT but not on the flanker tasks may be supportive of this interpretation. While certainly no definitive claims can be made here with regards to either interpretation of IIV, our findings are, at minimum, cause for further investigation. The type of cognitive task, and its cognitive load, are determinants of the relationship between PA and cognitive performance. The findings presented here further contribute to a significant body of evidence that suggests that PA differentially effects cognitive functions (e.g., [@B46]; [@B53]; for a review, see [@B50]). However, our findings are distinct in that we demonstrate that variability in performance may be associated with the cognitive load of each trial, even within executive control tasks. Because IIV on congruent and incongruent flanker trials was not predicted by PA on either version of the modified Erikson flanker task, but congruent trial RTCV was predicted by PA intensity in the ANT, these findings are suggestive of the role of cognitive load on IIV. This interpretation is supported by the significantly larger mean basic RT, and mean RTCV of the ANT relative to either other modified flanker task. Furthermore, mean basic RT SD and RTCV SD were also generally higher for the ANT than for either version of the flanker task. These data suggest that the interaction between cue presentation and flanker congruency in the ANT elicits an effect not present in either version of the flanker task. Furthermore, the interspersion of task rules within blocks of trials on the ANT should increase cognitive load relative to the singular rule set in the blocked trials of the congruency or compatibility conditions on the modified flanker tasks. This interaction could be the increase in cognitive load due to orienting attention on trials where the flanker is not presented centrally. Finally, we report that IIV decreased with increasing participant age when controlling for the levels of PA in young adults. This finding is surprising for three reasons. First, PA has, as described previously, more significant effects on the developing and aging brain ([@B29]). Due the sample population in this study being rather unaffected by PA relative to younger and older populations investigated elsewhere, we would not anticipate age to emerge as a predictive factor. Second, the human brain is at its most developed in young adulthood ([@B15]) and therefore should be maximally structurally developed and functionally operating. Finally, is that IIV decreases through adolescence before stabilizing through young adulthood and then increasing again with advancing age ([@B30]; [@B62], [@B63]; [@B43]). Because IIV plateaus in young adulthood, age is a surprising predictor in our models. Nonetheless, our data provide evidence for the role of increasing age in predicting less IIV in executive control when controlling for PA levels. These results could indicate that, even in young adulthood, age predicts IIV, and that PA levels mask the effect of age-related changes in IIV. However, given that the age of the participant population is relatively homogenous and centered around 20 years of age, we did not expect age to be predictive of IIV. In fact, we suspect the observed pattern may be a case of Simpson's Paradox, wherein our data show this association but, in a general population this trend may disappear. Therefore, we are cautious in our interpretation and recognize the need to further investigate this finding in a larger, more age-diverse sample, before confirming this finding. Conclusion {#S5} ========== In conclusion, self-reported PA is predictive of IIV on attentional and executive control tasks in young adults, though only at particular intensities and on subtypes of the assessments employed. These findings are consistent with prior literature which suggests that the role of PA in young adults is reliant on specific interventions and measures in order to detect effects more readily found in adolescent and aging populations. We provide evidence that variability in cognitive performance is responsive to PA in young adults and may prove to be a useful measure of cognitive functioning that to this point has been under-reported in the PA-cognition literature. Given the findings presented here, two research questions emerge. First, and of the utmost importance, is determining whether increased IIV as a result of PA in young adults serves an adaptive goal, and is therefore desired, or if it is indicative of declines in cognitive functional capacity. An evolutionary approach that emphasizes which cognitive domains would serve the greatest adaptive function as a result of increased aerobic fitness may prove fruitful. Finally, and related, is the necessity to establish if the findings presented here are generalizable across other cognitive domains. A greater understanding of which cognitive functions demonstrate changes to IIV as a result of PA may help inform how the cumulative short-term cognitive benefits of acute PA translate into long-term gains. Additional studies using randomized control trial paradigms will aid in better understanding the effects of PA on IIV. Data Availability Statement {#S6} =========================== The datasets analyzed for this study can be found at PLoS One: <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209616.s001>. Ethics Statement {#S7} ================ The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the University of British Columbia Behavioural Research Ethics Board. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Author Contributions {#S8} ==================== SH performed the study conceptualization and conducted the study. GG and TH came up with the idea for secondary analysis of variability within the original dataset. GG conducted the analysis of the data presented in this study and prepared the initial draft of the manuscript. SH and TH provided the editorial and intellectual contributions to the final manuscript. Conflict of Interest {#conf1} ==================== The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Kitty Heller Alter Ego Foundation for their support. Funding {#S9} ======= The primary investigation was funded by an NSERC Discovery Grant awarded to TH (<http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca>), and graduate fellowships from the Kitty Heller Alter Ego Foundation awarded to SH and GG. The funding agencies had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, nor in the preparation of the manuscript. [^1]: Edited by: Olav Krigolson, University of Victoria, Canada [^2]: Reviewed by: Patrick Müller, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Keita Kamijo, Waseda University, Japan [^3]: This article was submitted to Cognitive Neuroscience, a section of the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
Guérande From the Bay of Biscay in the south to the Celtic Sea off the northern coast of France, there is an impressive collection of French towns and cities that’ll feed your travel hunger faster than chowing down on a creme brûlée or gooey camembert cheese! There’s some pretty epic towns and cities to explore in France, obviously … Continue Reading
Creation of a professional network to improve spina bifida care: Argentina case. The purpose of this paper is to render an account of the experience of a group of healthcare providers and to propose innovative solutions for patients with Spina Bifida (SB) in Argentina. Based on our practice, patients reach specialists too late (40% already undergoing chronic kidney disease stage 1). However, several strategies were implemented in order to reverse this trend, among which were: the setting up of a professional network (via emails and Google groups), team training at different locations, videoconferences, and calling the Ministry of Health to action. Additionally, we developed a project through telemedicine to inform patients and empower caregivers throughout Argentina.
We took the coalition era for granted, and now look what’s happened When historians study the Conservative Party, they will not commend the current cabinet. Nor, probably, the next one. But perhaps, […] When historians study the Conservative Party, they will not commend the current cabinet. Nor, probably, the next one. But perhaps, they will commend the underdog: the Coalition. Both the Tories and the Liberal Democrats were sceptical about entering such an arrangement in 2010, but once the dust had settled, those were good days in Westminster. The biggest problems faced at Prime Minister’s Questions were Ed Miliband’s inability to eat a sandwich, and David Cameron’s ignorance about the price of bread. The tax credits fiasco was a low moment, as was the “pasty tax” budget; George Osborne was booed at the Paralympics and Michael Gove, in his excitement to reform schools, got himself sacked. A bunch of MPs tried to depose the Speaker and failed, on the last day of term. i's opinion newsletter: talking points from today Email address is invalid Email address is invalid Thank you for subscribing! Sorry, there was a problem with your subscription. Still, the Government was unapologetic. Cameron looked commanding, even when what he was saying was dubious, and won the 2015 election with that confidence. Everyone wanted to be in Cameron’s gang – Conservatism was, rightly, compassionate and inclusive. And, it got things done: Cameron took charge of the economic crisis, legalised gay marriage and led the response to the Bloody Sunday inquiry. Yes, there were gaffes: “hug a hoodie” wasn’t flattering but it was well-meaning. Today’s Prime Minister is a damp squib. Her personality is rarely exposed. She does look almost states(wo)man-like, it’s true, but only until she opens her mouth. Then, she is weak, held back by what appears to be disbelief in her own message. Would she vote Remain again if there was a referendum this week? Presumably, which is why she won’t say. It seems that she does not believe her own spin. Mrs May used to talk about how she was strong and stable. In fact, what she was referring to was a past version of herself: Coalition May. Yesterday, it was reported that the Bullingdon Club has been shunned at Christ Church college, Oxford. Whatever the former prime minister got up to as an ill-advised member, it gave him self-assurance. He might have had a skeleton in his closet, but at least he could talk his way out of it. Like so many things, we didn’t know what we had lost until it was gone. @brushingboots
/* Copyright (C) 2001 StrmnNrmn This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. / #pragma once #ifndef UTILITY_MUTEX_H_ #define UTILITY_MUTEX_H_ #ifdef DAEDALUS_PSP #include <pspthreadman.h> #endif #if defined(DAEDALUS_POSIX) #include <pthread.h> #endif #if defined(DAEDALUS_W32) class Mutex { public: Mutex() { InitializeCriticalSection(&cs); } explicit Mutex( const char name ) { InitializeCriticalSection(&cs); }; ~Mutex() { DeleteCriticalSection(&cs); } void Lock() { EnterCriticalSection(&cs); } void Unlock() { LeaveCriticalSection(&cs); } public: CRITICAL_SECTION cs; }; #elif defined(DAEDALUS_PSP) class Mutex { public: Mutex() : mSemaphore( sceKernelCreateSema( "Mutex", 0, 1, 1, NULL ) ) { #ifdef DAEDALUS_ENABLE_ASSERTS DAEDALUS_ASSERT( mSemaphore >= 0, "Unable to create semaphore" ); #endif } explicit Mutex( const char * name ) : mSemaphore( sceKernelCreateSema( name, 0, 1, 1, NULL ) ) { #ifdef DAEDALUS_ENABLE_ASSERTS DAEDALUS_ASSERT( mSemaphore >= 0, "Unable to create semaphore" ); #endif } ~Mutex() { sceKernelDeleteSema( mSemaphore ); } void Lock() { sceKernelWaitSema( mSemaphore, 1, NULL ); } void Unlock() { sceKernelSignalSema( mSemaphore, 1 ); } private: s32 mSemaphore; }; #elif defined(DAEDALUS_POSIX) class Mutex { public: Mutex() { pthread_mutex_init(&mMutex, NULL); } explicit Mutex( const char * name ) { pthread_mutex_init(&mMutex, NULL); } ~Mutex() { pthread_mutex_destroy(&mMutex); } void Lock() { pthread_mutex_lock(&mMutex); } void Unlock() { pthread_mutex_unlock(&mMutex); } public: pthread_mutex_t mMutex; }; #else #error Unhandled platform #endif class MutexLock { public: explicit MutexLock( Mutex * mutex ) : mOwnedMutex( mutex ) { if (mOwnedMutex) mOwnedMutex->Lock(); } ~MutexLock() { if (mOwnedMutex) mOwnedMutex->Unlock(); } void Set(Mutex * mutex) { if (mOwnedMutex) mOwnedMutex->Unlock(); mOwnedMutex = mutex; if (mOwnedMutex) mOwnedMutex->Lock(); } bool HasLock(const Mutex & mutex) const { return mOwnedMutex == &mutex; } private: Mutex * mOwnedMutex; }; #define AUTO_CRIT_SECT( x ) MutexLock daed_auto_crit_sect( &x ) #endif // UTILITY_MUTEX_H_
H. Andrew Schwartz H. Andrew Schwartz is an American journalist and chief communications officer at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Education In 1986 Schwartz enrolled at Tulane University where he earned a B.A. in political science in 1990. In 1995 he obtained an M.A. in broadcast journalism and public policy from American University. Career Schwartz started his career as research assistant to Stuart E. Eizenstat, the former Carter domestic policy adviser, at Powell, Goldstein, Frazer, and Murphy LLP. He also was a legislative fellow in the offices of Senator J. Bennett Johnston (D-La.) and Representative Lindy Boggs (D-La.). Schwartz later worked for Fox News. He was a producer for the channel’s Special Report with Brit Hume and afterwards became one of the network’s White House producers. He has written for The Washington Post, The Washington Times, and other national newspapers and magazines. In August 2005, Schwartz became deputy director for external relations at CSIS where he is currently chief communications officer. At CSIS he serves as spokesman and is responsible for media relations, digital strategy and production, publications, events and external matters. In addition, he oversees the iDeasLab, a collaborative think tank space and multimedia production facility. Schwartz writes "The Evening” daily brief for CSIS and co-hosts the podcast "About the News" together with CSIS trustee Bob Schieffer. Affiliations Board of Visitors, Texas Christian University (TCU) College of Communication Editorial Board, The Washington Quarterly Dean’s Advisory Council, Tulane University's School of Liberal Arts Member Emeritus, Board of Directors of the National Press Foundation Publication Overload: Finding the Truth in Today's Deluge of News (2017) with Bob Schieffer References Category:Living people Category:American male journalists Category:Fox News people Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers Category:Tulane University alumni Category:American University alumni Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Sub menu Do No Harm – Except to Women Ema at The Well Timed Period has this fantastic post up detailing just how easy it is for doctors to refuse reproductive health care to women. Go read it. She’s responding to this article, which discusses all the different ways that women’s health is compromised by ideologues in white coats. And it is disturbing as all hell. It begins with the story of a rape survivor who was denied emergency contraception in the ER: Lori Boyer couldn’t stop trembling as she sat on the examining table, hugging her hospital gown around her. Her mind was reeling. She’d been raped hours earlier by a man she knew—a man who had assured Boyer, 35, that he only wanted to hang out at his place and talk. Instead, he had thrown her onto his bed and assaulted her. “I’m done with you,” he’d tonelessly told her afterward. Boyer had grabbed her clothes and dashed for her car in the freezing predawn darkness. Yet she’d had the clarity to drive straight to the nearest emergency room—Good Samaritan Hospital in Lebanon, Pennsylvania—to ask for a rape kit and talk to a sexual assault counselor. Bruised and in pain, she grimaced through the pelvic exam. Now, as Boyer watched Martin Gish, M.D., jot some final notes into her chart, she thought of something the rape counselor had mentioned earlier. “I’ll need the morning-after pill,” she told him. Dr. Gish looked up. He was a trim, middle-aged man with graying hair and, Boyer thought, an aloof manner. “No,” Boyer says he replied abruptly. “I can’t do that.” He turned back to his writing. Boyer stared in disbelief. No? She tried vainly to hold back tears as she reasoned with the doctor: She was midcycle, putting her in danger of getting pregnant. Emergency contraception is most effective within a short time frame, ideally 72 hours. If he wasn’t willing to write an EC prescription, she’d be glad to see a different doctor. Dr. Gish simply shook his head. “It’s against my religion,” he said, according to Boyer. (When contacted, the doctor declined to comment for this article.) Boyer left the emergency room empty-handed. “I was so vulnerable,” she says. “I felt victimized all over again. First the rape, and then the doctor making me feel powerless.” Later that day, her rape counselor found Boyer a physician who would prescribe her EC. But Boyer remained haunted by the ER doctor’s refusal—so profoundly, she hasn’t been to see a gynecologist in the two and a half years since. “I haven’t gotten the nerve up to go, for fear of being judged again,” she says. We tend to forget the long-lasting effects of these kinds of judgments. Not only was this woman denied the health care she requested — health care that could prevent her from being impregnated by her rapist — she was further psychologically traumatized. Rape is a crime of violence and control, and it’s crucial for rape survivors to feel that they are able to regain control over their bodies. This doctor took that away from her, because he believes that a potentially fertilized egg is more important than his patient. That is shameful. The stakes were high for Realtor Cheryl Bray when she visited a physician in Encinitas, California, two and a half years ago. Though she was there for a routine physical, the reason for the exam was anything but routine: Then a single 41-year-old, Bray had decided to adopt a baby in Mexico and needed to prove to authorities there that she was healthy. “I was under a tight deadline,” Bray remembers; she had been matched with a birth mother who was less than two months from delivering. Bray had already passed a daunting number of tests—having her taxes certified, multiple background checks, home inspections by a social worker, psychological evaluations. When she showed up at the office of Fred Salley, M.D., a new doctor a friend had recommended, she was looking forward to crossing another task off her list. Instead, 10 minutes into the appointment, Dr. Salley asked, “So, your husband is in agreement with your decision to adopt?” “I’m not married,” Bray told him. “You’re not?” He calmly put down his pen. “Then I’m not comfortable continuing this exam.” Bray says she tried to reason with Dr. Salley but received only an offer for a referral at some future date. Dr. Salley disputes this, telling SELF that he offered to send Bray to another doctor in his group that day. “My decision to refer Ms. Bray was not because she was unmarried; rather, it was based on my moral belief that a child should have two parental units,” he adds. “Such religious beliefs are a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States.” Yes, religious freedom is guaranteed by the Constitution — and it’s a crucial right that I don’t want to see taken away. But it’s long been established that religious freedom has to be balanced with workplace obligations. I think it’s fair to require workplaces to make reasonable accomodations for religious people. I’m not so sure it’s fair for an employee to refuse to do their job because of their religion. If you follow Jainism and feel it is utterly morally wrong to consume animal products, you probably should not apply to be a cook in a non-vegetarian restaurant. Allowing a person to wear unobtrusive religious clothing items is a fair accomodation. Allowing someone to take Saturday off instead of Sunday is a fair accomodation. Allowing an employee a break to pray is a fair accomodation. Allowing an employee to compromise someone’s health when their job is to provide health care is not a fair accomodation. Case in point: If there’s one thing both sides can agree on, it’s this: In an emergency, doctors need to put aside personal beliefs to do what’s best for the patient. But in a world guided by religious directives, even this can be a slippery proposition. Ob/gyn Wayne Goldner, M.D., learned this lesson a few years back when a patient named Kathleen Hutchins came to his office in Manchester, New Hampshire. She was only 14 weeks pregnant, but her water had broken. Dr. Goldner delivered the bad news: Because there wasn’t enough amniotic fluid left and it was too early for the fetus to survive on its own, the pregnancy was hopeless. Hutchins would likely miscarry in a matter of weeks. But in the meanwhile, she stood at risk for serious infection, which could lead to infertility or death. Dr. Goldner says his devastated patient chose to get an abortion at local Elliot Hospital. But there was a problem. Elliot had recently merged with nearby Catholic Medical Center—and as a result, the hospital forbade abortions. “I was told I could not admit her unless there was a risk to her life,” Dr. Goldner remembers. “They said, ‘Why don’t you wait until she has an infection or she gets a fever?’ They were asking me to do something other than the standard of care. They wanted me to put her health in jeopardy.” He tried admitting Hutchins elsewhere, only to discover that the nearest abortion provider was nearly 80 miles away in Lebanon, New Hampshire—and that she had no car. Ultimately, Dr. Goldner paid a taxi to drive her the hour and a half to the procedure. That’s right: She had to come in with an infection before she could get the health care she needed. Keep in mind that her fetus was going to die, but it could take weeks for her to miscarry. Carrying a dead body inside of your own body is incredibly dangerous. It can be psychologically devastating. It could have killed her. But “morality” demands that she get an infection before she can receive care. And in emergency scenarios, Dr. Stulberg says, the newly merged hospital did not offer standard-of-care treatments. In one case that made the local paper, a patient came in with an ectopic pregnancy: an embryo had implanted in her fallopian tube. Such an embryo has zero chance of survival and is a serious threat to the mother, as its growth can rupture the tube. The more invasive way to treat an ectopic is to surgically remove the tube. An alternative, generally less risky way is to administer methotrexate, a drug also used for cancer. It dissolves the pregnancy but spares the tube, preserving the women’s fertility. “The doctor thought the noninvasive treatment was best,” Dr. Stulberg recounts. But Catholic directives specify that even in an ectopic pregnancy, doctors cannot perform “a direct abortion”—which, the on-call ob/gyn reasoned, would nix the drug option. (Surgery, on the other hand, could be considered a lifesaving measure that indirectly kills the embryo, and may be permitted.) The doctor didn’t wait to take it up with the hospital’s ethical committee; she told the patient to check out and head to another ER. (Citing patient confidentiality, West Suburban declined to comment, confirming only that as a Catholic hospital, it adheres to religious directives “in every instance.”) In other words, the embryo matters more than you, even if it’s doomed. Under Catholic doctrine, you apparently cannot simply dissolve an embryo implanted in the fallopian tube; you have to remove the whole tube. The justification is that removing just the embryo is tantamount to abortion; removing the tube, though, terminates the “life” of the embryo as a side-effect. So we can pretend that — oops! — we didn’t mean to kill the embryo, it just kind of happened while we were taking away a woman’s ability to have children in the future. Can’t beat the logic there. Oh, and your doctor doesn’t have to tell you that they may simply refuse to provide you with basic health care: Sonfield notes that many refusal clauses do not require providers to warn women about restrictions on services or to refer them elsewhere. “You have to balance doctors’ rights with their responsibilities to patients, employers and communities,” he adds. “Doctors shouldn’t be forced to provide services, but they can’t just abandon patients.” I agree that doctors should not be forced to provide a service just because a patient asks for it — there are ethical lines that they have to follow, and those lines can be blurry. But there are the fuzzy, outlier ethical issues, and then there are all the issues involved in reproduction. Ob-Gyns or ER doctors cannot possibly claim that they had no idea they would ever have to face medical issues that involved reproduction and women’s sexual health. I don’t see how they can possibly claim that they had no idea they would have to provide care for someone who lived according to a different set of beliefs. And I wonder how this would all be received if it were members of minority religious groups who were refusing care. Ema gives one example: Asks for some pain relief during labor. That’s when I inform her that I’m a Scientologist and that pain relief for pregnant women is against my religion. Five minutes of verbal sparring later [’cause what would providing medical care be without the patient having to beg and plead for it just a tad], I relent with an order for pain meds—but only after the patient tells me she needs pain control for a toothache, not to ease labor. Now, this is just a woman we’re talking about here, so it might not be that big of a deal. But let’s say a young man goes to a school counselor. He says he’s depressed. He’s says he’s thinking of hurting himself or other people. He says he wants help, and he asks if the counselor knows a psychiatrist or mental health professional she could refer him to. The counselor tells him that she would love to assist him, but psychiatry is the root of all evil. She tells him that it cased WWI, the rise of Hitler and Stalin, the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo, and the September 11th attacks. She tells him that she can, however, serve as his “auditor,” wherein she will use an E-meter and ask him a series of questions. Auditing, she says, will “help the practitioner (referred to as a preclear or PC) to unburden himself or herself of specific traumatic incidents, prior ethical transgressions and bad decisions, which are said to collectively restrict the preclear from achieving his or her goals and lead to the development of a “reactive mind”. ” Is she doing her job? If this kid does end up hurting himself or someone else, should she be considered negligent? Or can she just say that she was following her religious beliefs, maintain her job, and continue refusing to refer troubled students to psychiatrists — indeed, encouraging them not to see psychiatrists? Even if nothing dramatic happens, should the school maintain her employment? Religious freedom is crucial. But if one is in a care-giving profession, it is not obscene to require that person to provide health and life-saving care. Post navigation 61 comments for “Do No Harm – Except to Women” hmm, i wonder if a same-sex partner would count as another “unit”… prolly not, in this dude’s eyes. just like anyone else, doctors who refuse to care for their patients should be fired and/or sued out of practice. if you’re not willing to do your job, you don’t deserve to have a job. Kristen June 28, 2007 at 6:01 pm Thanks for the link. Very interesting. I’m currently reading (okay, listening to…who has time to read anymore?) Dawkins, The God Delusion. He makes a similar point about the huge sacred box we put around any idea just because it’s religious. I’m still working through where I think religion belongs in society, but I’m very sure this is not the correct result. Thomas June 28, 2007 at 6:27 pm Here’s my proposal: the Absolute Referral Obligation.(a) Any medical provider refusing to provide lawful medical care on religious grounds must, within 72 hours for a procedure or treatment not requiring application within ten days, and otherwise within two hours, refer the patient to a provider ready, willing and able to provide the refused care. (b) failure to comply with section (a) shall subject the provider to liability for all damages suffered by the patient as a result of the refusal to provide care, together with statutory damages of $10,000 for each violation and reasonable attorney’s fees. (c) no person may insure against the payment of an award under section (b). (c) is not really to the patient’s benefit, since it takes away a source of payment for serious injuries. However, it raises the deterrent effect. In the event of judgment, the doctor is personally on the hook for her attorney’s fees; and for $10,000 in liquidated damages even if there are no actual damages. Sean Clayton June 28, 2007 at 6:46 pm Thomas, this is a great idea. r.tavi June 28, 2007 at 6:59 pm I do not understand these people’s stance. Why would they choose an occupation that they know they cannot fulfill completely. If I have two left hands, I should not become a carpenter. If I have two left feet and not rythm, I should not become a dance instructor. If I believe abortion is a sin, I should not work in any reproductive health care related field. As for religious freedom, by denying (in some cases livesaving) care for religious reasons, these doctors force their religion on women, who might not share they religion. So in addition to not doing their jobs and jeopardizing women’s health, they are hurting those women’s right to religious freedom as well. Mary June 28, 2007 at 7:20 pm I do not understand these people’s stance. Why would they choose an occupation that they know they cannot fulfill completely. If I have two left hands, I should not become a carpenter. If I have two left feet and not rythm, I should not become a dance instructor. If I believe abortion is a sin, I should not work in any reproductive health care related field. Because they want the power to do so. Some people of certain religions think if enough doctors of a certain belief (such as no pain medication for labor or abortion is evil) practice and refuse care the “problem” will magically go away, or the patient will not have any alternative. It comes down to controlling others, and their beliefs being the only true belief to have. Sometimes I’m afraid I’m too open to other people’s beliefs as an atheist liberal and I’m going to get walked all over for it. Cizungu June 28, 2007 at 7:22 pm I do not understand these people’s stance. Why would they choose an occupation that they know they cannot fulfill completely. Perhaps these ghouls become doctors precisely in order to push their religious conceptions of health care onto women. A sort of hands-on conservative approach–since rampaging women are aborting all over the place, and even taking painkillers and other drugs instead of suffering for Jesus (a sure sign of the Western world’s moral decay!), there’s a need for honest and upstanding men willing to defend ol’-time traditions, harking back to the good ol’ days when women died in droves during or immediately after childbirth. Just as an action movie isn’t really an action movie without a couple explosions thrown into the mix, apparently childbirth isn’t really childbirth without screaming and dying women. Vicarious thrills, I guess. Bitter Scribe June 28, 2007 at 7:36 pm That hospital should not see one single dime of my or anyone else’s tax money until they fire that son of a bitch. If I were a woman – frankly, I might even do this now, I probably should – I would begin asking every doctor I visited, for whatever reason, whether their religious beliefs precluded them from performing or providing any treatment on or to women of any sort, and if so, request a new doctor or inform them that you will be seeing a new doctor in the future. The miniscule saving grace of the medical system we have in this country is that, en masse, we have a large amount of buying power – even within HMOs! – with which to influence policy. We just need to exercise it. Lizard June 28, 2007 at 8:10 pm Every one of these tales is bone-chilling, but the Cheryl Bray story is particularly insane: The doctor wasn’t even being asked to do a procedure with which he wasn’t comfortable; he just didn’t like the patient’s reasons for requesting the procedure. Jesus, what’s next? Can my ophthamologist refuse an eye exam because he doesn’t approve of the books I’m planning to read? Mermaidshoes—I had the same reaction. If the other “parental unit” had been female, I’m sure the good doctor would have fainted dead away in righteous horror. How about this: Any doctor who refuses to prescribe EC to a rape victim should be charged with the crime of revictimization, which would carry the same penalty as rape, including forcing said doctor to register as a sex offender. The trauma that the doctor inflicted upon that woman was surely as severe as the trauma inflicted by the rapist. My understanding is that not only are the people taking these jobs because they want to deny women their reproductive freedom, they’re actually being instructed by their church leaders to go to pharmacy school so that they can do this. I want to be able to find a link, but I’m having trouble scaring one up. Google fails me. :( Brittany June 28, 2007 at 9:29 pm “My decision to refer Ms. Bray was not because she was unmarried; rather, it was based on my moral belief that a child should have two parental units,” he adds. I wonder if this guy has ever heard himself speak. He’s saying the exact same thing (when you get right down to it) in a different way. It’s not just the doctors who can refuse. It’s also the pharmacists. And the hospitals and pharmacies can just “run out of stock” too. Anne June 28, 2007 at 9:57 pm Elaine: The stories of pharmacist refusals have received some coverage in the past few years, in contrast to the doctor-related stories, which seem to be much rarer. Seems like the next step up in the big refusal scheme is more doctors refusing to write the prescriptions to begin with…. Lindsay June 28, 2007 at 10:05 pm It was a bitch trying to get EC in Kentucky. In my case a condom broke when I was having consensual sex with my boyfriend. We went to a hospital first who said very plainly “We don’t provide that”, and it wasn’t even a catholic hospital!!!! Then we went to another health clinic nearby. The woman at the desk had to look up a doctor that would actually prescribe it for us. Fortunately there was one there. It was a young woman who was extremely kind and helpful to us. I had to have a pregnancy test first and all that jazz. Of course I felt like I was dying the entire time. She gave us two prescriptions. One with Plan B on it, and another one for another drug that she told us to use in case some asshole pharmacist wanted to pull any BS on us. She said the second one would make it less obvious what we were trying to do. Then we went to a Walgreens to get it filled and the asshole there said “Oh, we don’t have any here” even though a girl behind the counter said “The computer says we have that”. So I knew right there what his fucking problem was. But he at least sent us to a pharmacy that would give it to us. This whole process lasted from 11 in the morning to 8:30 at night. But I finally got it and now I can finish college and not have an abortion. To this day I want to go to that Walgreens and tear some shit up. exholt June 28, 2007 at 10:09 pm Thomas, Good policy proposal. In addition to implementing laws, there should also be an effort to tie the need to ensure patient care and well-being through the medical professional certification processes. By denying care and refusing to refer the patient to willing medical professionals, one can plausibly argue that the refusing doctor has violated the hippocratic oath and thus, show s(he) is unfit to practice medicine. Don’t think it will gain too much receptivity with the religious/right-wing lawmakers though. Caja June 28, 2007 at 10:34 pm If I ever have the misfortune to run into one of these assholes, boy is he gonna get an earful. Or she, but for some strange reason I’m suspecting that’s less frequent. And years ago my SO told me something his MD mother advised him: don’t let a woman you care about get any kind of pregnancy care at a Catholic hospital, because they will always always always put the life of the embryo/fetus/etc. ahead of the woman’s life. I cannot beLIEVE that crap about how they deal with ectopics!! I once walked into an ER in western PA and asked for EC. The nurse told me, with a sneer, “We don’t do that here.” No further information was volunteered. I wouldn’t have been so passive if it wasn’t highly probable the man I slept with was sterile. I was, however, livid. Gabbi June 28, 2007 at 11:46 pm If a doctor can’t do their job correctly and thoroughly because of religious reasons then they shouldn’t be a doctor. Nymphalidae June 29, 2007 at 12:21 am A very simple solution would be to prevent hospitals from being religiously affiliated. Why the fuck does religion need to get it’s grasping, dirty little hands on every single thing anyway? I remember a while back the conservatives in Minnesota were QQing because the Muslims refused to carry alcohol in their cabs. I remember them saying that if they didn’t want to do their jobs they could quit. This affected the conservative men who wanted to carry home bottles of wine, so naturally it was a major crisis. It makes me so angry that I shake. I realize they are in limited regions of the US, but everyone should be aware that Kaiser Permanente (HMO) on-site pharmacies stock Plan B. It is behind the counter as it is required to be, but in plain sight, so if you needed it you could walk in and no pharmacist could claim that they don’t carry it. They are open business hours, one evening a week, and Saturday mornings, but considering how long it might take you to get EC elsewhere, if you happen to be in an area with a Kaiser center, it’s a good thing to be aware of. Of course, if you are heterosexually active, it’s an even better thing to keep one on hand if you possibly can. If I were a woman – frankly, I might even do this now, I probably should – I would begin asking every doctor I visited, for whatever reason, whether their religious beliefs precluded them from performing or providing any treatment on or to women of any sort, and if so, request a new doctor or inform them that you will be seeing a new doctor in the future. I was very heartened, on referral to a new OB/groino, to discover that in their bathroom there were posters on the inside of the door talking about emergency contraception, how to get it, and what to do if you run into an asshole pharmacist (okay, that’s not how they phrased it). It was very clear that the medical office would help you get emergency contraception if you needed it. it’s against my religion to not punch a doctor or pharmacist in the face when they don’t provide proper medical care or the drugs i need. think that’ll fly? noen June 29, 2007 at 3:56 am The dust up here in Minneapolis over the Somali cabbies wasn’t just about not wanting to carry alcohol in their cabs. It included dogs, since to them a dog is unclean. So the blind and other disabled people with guide dogs were unable to get a cab. When it matters, government can be amazingly efficient. All depends on what matters though. It should be crystal clear that women’s issues simply do not matter to the right. Not like I have to tell anyone here that. Dianne June 29, 2007 at 3:59 am If he wasn’t willing to write an EC prescription, she’d be glad to see a different doctor. Dr. Gish simply shook his head. “It’s against my religion,” he said, according to Boyer. This quote made me practically start frothing at the mouth and looking for things to throw. Dr. Gish acted in a way that was contrary to accepted medical practice and highly unethical. He is allowed to not include any procedure in his practice that he feels uncomfortable with for any reason. But if he is unable or unwilling to provide a necessary service to his patient then he is required by all ethical standards and law to refer his patient to another practitioner who can provide her with proper care. He should lose his license and be sued for malpractice for this act. He failed to provide standard-of-care treatments and doing so is by definition malpractice. He needs to be taken out of the medical care system before he hurts anyone else. (Assuming, of course, that it really did happen the way it is described. It probably did, but there’s always the off chance that the patient is lying or simply wrong, ie did not understand what he was offering to do or not do properly.) TheBends June 29, 2007 at 6:17 am Sometimes I’m quite relieved that as a guy, I will never have to experience a situation like that. Not just because of how awful it is for that poor woman, but also because I would be obliged to use violence. Something along the lines of “it’s against your religion is it? Well it’s not against mine, so you either get some EC, or find someone else who will, before I put your bullshit religion to the test!” That is my opinion as an atheist, and also as someone predisposed to really enjoy violence when I know I’m firmly in the right. micheyd June 29, 2007 at 7:49 am it’s against my religion to not punch a doctor or pharmacist in the face when they don’t provide proper medical care or the drugs i need. think that’ll fly? Mine too! Holy be. Blunderbuss June 29, 2007 at 8:13 am In the great, glorious day where I Rule The World, any doctor who refuses to give medical treatment would then be barred from any sort of medical treatment themselves, barring emergancies. And then it’s up to the individual doctor treating them to decide what an ’emergancy’ is. Unless it’s against their religion. “Oh, I’m sorry. You need a blood transfusion, but I’m a Jehova’s Witness, and that’s against my religion. We’ll have to send you elsewhere.” Good luck with any malpractice claim based on a doctor’s refusal to prescribe EC. Courts have ruled that doctors and pharmacists may refuse to dispense EC if doing so violates their personal beliefs; however, they must provide a referral to a facility where EC is available. My personal belief says that doctors refusing to provide EC to victims of sexual predation are violating their Hippocratic oath and should have their license suspended. How many of these morally superior doctors would challenge a patient’s request for Viagra? Now tell me that our society doesn’t discriminate against women. Rhiannon June 29, 2007 at 8:22 am Okay… I know the Constitution says “Freedom OF Religion” but it also says “Freedom FROM Religion”. Convienient how those Fundies always forget THAT part. Dianne June 29, 2007 at 8:36 am Good luck with any malpractice claim based on a doctor’s refusal to prescribe EC. Courts have ruled that doctors and pharmacists may refuse to dispense EC if doing so violates their personal beliefs; however, they must provide a referral to a facility where EC is available. Which the doctor in the example given refused to do. That is clearly, unquestionably malpractice. My personal belief says that doctors refusing to provide EC to victims of sexual predation are violating their Hippocratic oath and should have their license suspended. In principle, I don’t entirely agree with you here. If a doctor believes that he or she is not competent to prescribe a certain medication safely then s/he should not prescribe it, but should refer the patient to someone who can safely prescribe said med, if the indication is clear. This rule usually gets invoked when we’re talking about chemotherapy or presser support or something hard, though. Plan B is an oral drug with a good, well established safety profile. If you can’t figure out how to prescribe it safely you shouldn’t be in medicine at all. Not as a doctor, nurse, pharmicist or hospital janitor. Ok, ok, if a patient with a history of factor V leiden, prothrombin mutation, 3 unprovoked DVTs and a large patent foramen ovale comes in and asks for plan B I can see consulting a hematologist first. But a woman with no past medical history? Give me a break. Betsy June 29, 2007 at 9:01 am Thank God EC is now at least semi-available over the counter. This post, combined with the recent SCOTUS shenanigance, made for a depressing morning news reading. Yuri K. June 29, 2007 at 9:30 am The Somali cabdriver thing in Minnesota seems spot-on for a comparison – and the right wing HOWLED. It was seen as just cause to ban Islam. So, evidently, women’s lives are worth less to them than a six-pack. Which must be why right-wingers always vote for ‘who they want to have a beer with.’ Kristen from MA June 29, 2007 at 9:34 am Excellent post, jill. Thanks! Kristen June 29, 2007 at 9:49 am I spoke to a friend of mine who is currently an ER doctor. He was livid and had a few interesting insights about the intersection of belief and medicine. (This was his email with his permission and some swearing edited out…. :) ) The entire issue is [idiotic]. As a doctor I do things to assist people in doing thing I think are moronic or just wrong every damn day. Like today some [dumbass] took his 5 year old out for a motorcycle ride and predictably they end up in my ER. The guy is mostly just stitches. But the kid is a disaster. Right arm and leg in bits. Can I say its against my system of beliefs to release him to his father? Can I not resuscitate a person just because I wouldn’t want to live life in a PVS? Can Jack [his friend who is a surgeon] tell his patient, that sixty year old dude who is taking a piece of his son’s liver even though he refuses to give up drinking, that he won’t do the surgery because he thinks it wrong? NO. Its our job to provide medical care irrespective of our personal moral beliefs. The ethics of an act have to rest with the patient. And its my job to give a female patient contraception if she asks for it and tell her about it if she doesn’t. And there are plenty of ERs in this country to work at if my hospital disagrees. Those doctors are a disgrace. Susan June 29, 2007 at 10:06 am Along with Thomas’ great suggestion, it strikes me that the last thing these hospitals and the other health care organizations employing these jerks want is bad publicity. Highlighting these stories on feminist blogs helps, but there are so many of them, it’s hard to keep track of who I should boycott/complain about (various states have regulatory agencies to which you could complain). It would be nice to have a Bad Faith Actors List maintained in some prominent webplace (HuffPost? Consumers Union? Michael Moore’s Sicko site?) to which names and stories could be added as they become available. For a hospital or clinic to be removed from the BFAL, they’d have to prove that they downsized the offending doctor and taken corrective action– such as educating the rest of their staff on the importance of the simple, overriding medical concept that the patient comes first. I read this article in Self (yes, I occassionally read Self… but only when I’m waiting for Bitch to arrive) and promptly ripped it out and sent it to my Mom. I love that a mainstream magazine is covering these issues. Somehow, my Mother feels that Self has more authority than her crazy, vegan, feminist daughter. Whatever gets her to the polls, is what I say. This really underscores the need for all women to have a pack of EC in their medicine cabinet and not look for it when they “need it” and waste valuable time looking for a doctor who doesn’t have his head up his ass. Even if you yourself are on BC, have been sterilized, are menopausal. Because you have friends and family and loved ones who are fertile. Keep it in your medicine cabinet. Be the compassion that these “doctors” refuse to be. bmc90 June 29, 2007 at 11:01 am My husband works in an ER and patches up drug dealers, prostitutes, alcoholics, and 400 pound people all the time. All of them are there in part because of poor life choices. Three points. First, it is apparent that the right thinks such folk are more deserving than women of proper medical care. Hell, alcholics even get beer proscribed in the hospital while they are going through withdrawal. Second, the ER is the wrong place to undergo a progarm to reform behavior, thought that is clearly what the right is planning to do. Third, I plan to try to interest local reporters in doing stories on local hospitals’ EC policies so that women can be informed as much as possible before making choices. Here is a chilling thought. Gish making medical decisions for you while you are unconscious. It makes me really glad to be married to someone smart and agressive to speak for me in this instance. Unfortunately, non-spouses are not accorded the same voice without a lot of paperwork being in place, and even then, if the doctors won’t listen you will have to lawyer up fast. But to end on a lighter note, how about creating a wrongful birth cause of action for doctors who refuse EC? Doctor could be on the hook for the ENTIRE cost of raising the child, even if the mother gives it up for adoption. THAT will get them writing perscriptions. Christina B June 29, 2007 at 11:22 am I agree completely with Auguste. I wrote someone on another thread that those of us who have the time and can should interview any and every doctor before utilizing their services. I am going to go a step further and say that we should also refuse to pay a consultation fee if after the interview, we are not comfortable with the doctor. Perhaps being “interviewed” by a potential patient will check their egos a bit, it will definitely check their power and losing money will perhaps encourage them to change their policies. Of course this doesn’t apply to emergency situations. Anne June 29, 2007 at 11:24 am FYI, unless this has changed (and I hope it hasn’t) last I heard the CVS chain of pharmacies is required by corporate to fill all legitimate prescriptions. If possible, don’t go to Walgreens at all. Go to CVS. micheyd June 29, 2007 at 11:26 am When I read stories like this, I have the momentary urge to buy tons of EC and travel cross-country through various towns and cities, where I will pass my time with my ear to the ground, waiting to hear of refusals. Or perhaps I could keep a running list of asshole docs and pharmacists, and hang out there (without violating anyone’s privacy, of course). Then I will give EC for free to women who need it, and encourage them to set up a similar underground system for women in their area. I could bill myself as the EC Queen, a la the Condom King of Thailand :) bmc90 June 29, 2007 at 11:41 am Actually, Mich, I’m planning to get an EC perscription and just tell the kids who are about to be teenagers where I keep it. If it ever disappears, I’ll go get another one and intiate a gentle discussion about what went wrong and what we can do so it does not go wrong again. I don’t want a 16 year old having to face down one of these guys during a crisis. ks June 29, 2007 at 12:04 pm Seriously. Y’all, I’m just waiting for one of these fuckers to mess with me. I especially look forward to the moment when, staring them down, I place a call to my lawyers and clearly enunciate “mal-prac-tice.” I feel the same way. I’m just evil enough that when I get really pissed off (and that would definitely do it) that they would surely regret it. Personally, I think that when these assholes refuse to prescribe EC for religious, ‘life of the goddamned embryo’ reasons, then they should be forced to pay for the subsequent abortion if that’s what the woman chooses or for the entire cost of giving birth to and raising a child if that’s what she chooses, plus punitive ‘suffering and anguish’ money. anna June 29, 2007 at 2:07 pm Off Topic: So what happened to those cab drivers refusing to transport alcohol and guide dogs? Do they have to transport them now? The Red Shredder June 29, 2007 at 2:55 pm Hi – Long time lurker, first time commenter. I moved into a new city a year ago for a job. I got a new PCP and was pretty happy with her care. She was actually pretty liberal with the scripts and gave me a year’s worth of several medications I take regularly. She even told me she could do my yearly exams, so I wouldn’t have to find a new GYN. I thought I had hit the jackpot. Well… About a month before Plan B became available over the counter, my husband and I had a condom slip during the middle of my cycle. I called my doctor’s office the next day and told them my issue, even joked a bit about it. I figured the doctor would call me in a script and I’d be fine. The office worker who answered the phone listened to my story and told me coldly that the office couldn’t help me. I asked to speak to my doctor, and was told she would call me. She called me back over 6 hours later and told me that the office’s policy was not to dispense Plan B under any circumstances. When I asked her to refer me to another doctor, she was unable to think of any one who would possibly prescribe Plan B to me. Luckily, there is a Planned Parenthood clinic in this city and the next morning (day 3) I went to see them. I had to let the doctor there do an exam before they would give me the script, and I had to pay out of pocket for the exam and the script, because they couldn’t take my insurance. So $240 dollars later, I had my two, tiny Plan B pills and still another 2-3 weeks of worrying if I had caught things in time. I was fine, this time. But what tiny faith I had in doctors was gone because of this incident. Thomas June 29, 2007 at 3:26 pm bmc, my wife just told our tween niece where we keep the condoms. If she can’t level with her mother or buy them herself, then she is no way ready to deal with a pregnancy or STI. I hope she won’t need them for several years; but hope is not a plan. JPlum June 29, 2007 at 3:29 pm This type of thing never seems to happen in Canada, or maybe I don’t hear about it. I go to a Muslim doctor, who is observant enough to wear a hijab, ankle-length skirts, and long sleeves, at a clinic affiliated with a Catholic hospital, and no one has ever even blinked at my birth control prescription. Your first visit they ask about your sexual orientation, but in a completely non-judgemental, in order to give you the most appropriate care kind of way. We just don’t allow that kind of religious bigotry in Canada, do we? I’ve no idea if I could get an abortion through the hospital, but I’m sure they would refer me somewhere. Because not to refer me would be…I don’t know…immoral and illegal? Autumn Harvest June 29, 2007 at 7:36 pm The Minnesota cab drivers now do have to accept all passengers, including those with alcohol or guide dogs, or else they lose their taxi license. Under the old system the cab drivers could go to the back of the taxi line, and the passenger could just take the next taxi in line; which makes the analogous situation one where the doctor doesn’t prescribe EC, but refers you to the doctor down the hall who does. Yes, you do. Don’t assume that because Canada is very far ahead of the US on many social issues that all Canadians everywhere are enlightened, nonsexist folk. zuzu July 1, 2007 at 10:46 pm This type of thing never seems to happen in Canada, or maybe I don’t hear about it. I go to a Muslim doctor, who is observant enough to wear a hijab, ankle-length skirts, and long sleeves, at a clinic affiliated with a Catholic hospital, and no one has ever even blinked at my birth control prescription. It’s never the members of a minority religion who are the problem; it’s always the members of the majority religion. Which Canada doesn’t seem immune from. There needs to be Truth in Healthcare legislation. There is generally acceped medical practice and then there is sectarian medical practice. If Roman Catholic and fundamentalist health care providers want to practice based on their religious dogma, their patients must be informed beforehand. “Gotchas” by doctors or pharmacists or other providers result in poor outcomes for the patient and higher cost of care.
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/********************************************************\ File: VirtualController.cpp * * * Copyright (C) 2002-2013 The PixelLight Team (http://www.pixellight.org/) * * This file is part of PixelLight. * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software * and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or * substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING * BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, * DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. \*******************************************************/ //[-------------------------------------------------------] //[ Includes ] //[-------------------------------------------------------] #include "PLInput/Input/Virtual/VirtualController.h" //[-------------------------------------------------------] //[ Namespace ] //[-------------------------------------------------------] using namespace PLCore; namespace PLInput { //[-------------------------------------------------------] //[ Class implementation ] //[-------------------------------------------------------] pl_implement_class(VirtualController) //[-------------------------------------------------------] //[ Public functions ] //[-------------------------------------------------------] / * @brief * Constructor / VirtualController::VirtualController(const String &sName, const String &sDescription) : Controller(ControllerVirtual, sName, sDescription) { } /* * @brief * Destructor / VirtualController::~VirtualController() { } //[-------------------------------------------------------] //[ Public virtual VirtualController functions ] //[-------------------------------------------------------] /* * @brief * Connect virtual controller to physical devices */ void VirtualController::ConnectToDevices() { } //[-------------------------------------------------------] //[ Namespace ] //[-------------------------------------------------------] } // PLInput
Background ========== Genome-scale metabolic network models have proved to be useful in aiding biological and biotechnological research by providing large-scale predications, and their scope of applications is still expanding \[[@B1]\]. They predict gene targets to manipulate in metabolic engineering for overproduction of industrially valuable chemicals \[[@B2],[@B3]\], or predict drug targets for drug discovery \[[@B4]-[@B7]\]. These metabolic network models are a coherently organized set of metabolites whose relationships are stoichiometrically defined and mass-balanced through biochemical reactions \[[@B8]\]. They are often simulated with constraints-based flux analysis that employs optimization-based techniques with an objective function, typically maximizing biomass formation rate, and constraints that reflect biophysical conditions affecting the cellular physiology \[[@B9],[@B10]\]. Due to their importance, the number of currently reported genome-scale metabolic networks is constantly increasing, spanning archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes \[[@B1]\]. Reconstruction of metabolic network models has been accompanied by systematic characterization of their network properties for appropriate analysis of the prediction outcomes \[[@B11]\]. Some noteworthy constraints-based approaches for elucidating correlations among intracellular reactions include flux coupling analysis \[[@B12]\], assessment of alternative sets of reactions for the optimal solutions \[[@B13]\], uniform random sampling \[[@B14]\], and elucidation of metabolic core reactions \[[@B15]\]. As an extension of these studies, correlations among metabolic modules that behave in a synchronized manner in the solution space allowed under the specific condition attracted attention for further investigations. For this, application of clustering (or modularization) and Bayesian network (BN) analysis to metabolic network models and their flux data was considered in this study in order to reveal other complementary aspects of the cell that are statistically and biologically important under the perturbation condition -- modular-level behaviour of metabolism. Clustering has succeeded in revealing key components and their correlations, contributing to our understanding of biological systems through a systemic concept of module \[[@B16],[@B17]\]. Modularization of biological network, which is based on clustering algorithms, elucidates topological design of biological system, from which evolutionary and functional clues can be inferred \[[@B18],[@B19]\]. Metabolic network can also be clustered based on the characteristics of its metabolic fluxes, which are defined as the cellular phenotype derived from interplays of many factors, including transcription, translation, enzyme activity, and metabolite concentration, and revealed as reaction rates at steady state in metabolic pathways \[[@B20]-[@B22]\]. Therefore, modularization of metabolic network based on pattern of metabolic flux variation would cluster biochemical reactions, which can then be considered as functional units, and simplify subsequent computational analyses. BN analysis is increasingly adopted to extract useful information from messy high-throughput biological data \[[@B23],[@B24]\]. It is a probabilistic graphical model that reveals changes that each variable causes in another variables, so called causal relationship, in the form of a directed acyclic graph, and has successfully been applied to reverse engineering of various biological networks from large datasets, including transcriptome and proteome data \[[@B25]-[@B27]\]. BN analysis, in this study, was used to predict causal relationships among reactions and subsequently their metabolic modules based on their metabolic fluxes. With these tools, we herein conceptualized a framework for network modularization and Bayesian network analysis (FMB) in order to investigate the effects of specific perturbation on metabolism and to explore other complementary features of the perturbed cell in the context of metabolism, which other currently available high-throughput techniques do not provide. This framework analyzes a biological system subjected to the specific perturbation by clustering reactions of similar functions (or metabolic flux variation pattern), and graphically displaying direction of influences among these clusters as a result of the specific perturbation. For this, FMB employs constraints-based flux analysis, hierarchical clustering and BN analysis in sequence. For a demonstration, FMB was applied to the genetically perturbed Escherichia coli metabolism using its genome-scale metabolic network model \[[@B28]\]. The final outcome is a BN that is a causal network that shows influential correlations among reactions and their metabolic modules that are critical to the metabolic adjustment in response to the specific perturbation. Results and discussion ====================== FMB was utilized in this study to systematically assess the effects of specific perturbation on metabolism at global scale (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The goal is to learn causal relationships among clusters of metabolic fluxes in response to a specific perturbation. Here, considerations are that the BN analysis requires many samples or observations of the system of interest, and the number of events or nodes that can be handled by BN analysis is limited, usually to the order of tens \[[@B25]\]. Hence, given a genome-scale metabolic network model (Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), many samples of genome-scale metabolic flux data need to be generated under the condition of interest, by introducing random errors to each flux value (Figure [1B-C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In this framework, metabolic flux data obtained from wild-type (control condition) and its genetic mutant (perturbed condition) were treated together (see step C below for the reason). Then, the number of reactions was gradually reduced to the level suitable for BN analysis; for this, so called core reactions were selected, which are most influenced by specific perturbation, and yet almost always active in the observed samples of either control or perturbed condition \[[@B15]\] (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Next, the metabolic network was modularized based on flux variation pattern of core reactions in order to group functionally correlated reactions (Figure [1E-F](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In so doing, reactions clustered in a module were treated as a functional unit. Finally, selecting representative reaction from each module, which is the most influential one in the module, leaves adequate number of reactions that can be subjected to BN (Figure [1G-H](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Each of these steps is considered in detail as follows. ![Schematic procedure of the framework for network modularization and Bayesian network analysis (FMB). (A and B) Metabolic network model is repeatedly simulated for control and perturbation conditions using constraints-based flux analysis with constraints from ^13^C-based metabolic flux analysis and cell culture to calculate more reliable metabolic flux distributions while amplifying the data size. (C) The result is a flux matrix (N-by-M) that contains a total of 2,000 samples for each reaction from both control and perturbed condition. (D) Core reactions (see main text for definition) are selected in this step. (E) Flux matrix is converted to flux-pattern matrices that contain information on flux variation pattern from sample to sample, having one of '1', '-1' and '0' (see Methods for details). All the generated flux-pattern matrices are adjoined into a single large flux-pattern matrix for clustering. (F) Hierarchical clustering is applied to this matrix, and reactions are clustered in terms of the uniform functionality, creating metabolic clusters. (G) Bayesian network (BN) of each metabolic module is first inferred, producing local scale BNs, and representative reactions, the most influential ones in their corresponding metabolic module, are determined by measuring the degree of influence of each reaction on others in a module using total mutual information (TMI). Mutual information (MI) is calculated between a target node (blue color) and the other remaining nodes pair by pair, indicated as MI~1~, MI~2~, MI~3~ and MI~4~, in a local scale BN of metabolic module. TMI of the reaction is a summation of these MI values. This procedure is repeated until TMIs of all the other reactions are calculated. At the end, reaction with the highest value of TMI is selected as the representative reaction of the metabolic module. (H) Representative reactions are finally subjected to BN analysis to infer a global scale BN for detailed analysis of specific perturbation given to the biological system.](1752-0509-5-S2-S14-1){#F1} Step A-C: Generation of many samples of genome-scale metabolic flux data ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Generation of genome-scale metabolic flux data in the first step of the FMB aims at two purposes: the first is to calculate reliable genome-scale metabolic fluxes under specific conditions, and the other is to get a large number of data samples for statistically reliable conclusions through BN analysis. First, fluxes for the branching reactions were constrained with metabolic flux data from ^13^C-based metabolic flux analysis (MFA) \[[@B20]\] in order to obtain reliable intracellular metabolic flux distribution under specific conditions; metabolic fluxes predicted from ^13^C-based MFA are considered to be more reliable than those purely predicted by constraints-based flux analysis. Reactions constrained with experimental data are listed in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} and Methods. ###### Physiological constraints used in constraints-based flux analysis for simulating metabolism of wild-type and lpdA knockout mutant of E. coli ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Enzyme Metabolism Condition *v^^13^\ C^or v**^fmt^\ σ (mmol/g dry cell weight/h) --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------- Phosphotransferase system for D-glucose transport Transport Wild-type -3.04 0.01824 ΔlpdA* mutant -2.48 0.1488 Cell growth rate \- Wild-type 0.20 0.0100 ΔlpdA mutant 0.22 0.0110 Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Wild-type 2.39 0.3107 ΔlpdA mutant 1.79 0.2327 Pyruvate kinase Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Wild-type 1.09 0.0109 ΔlpdA mutant 0.26 0.0026 Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase Pentose phosphate pathway Wild-type 0.61 0.0732 ΔlpdA mutant 0.64 0.0768 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Pentose phosphate pathway Wild-type 0.61 0.0732 ΔlpdA mutant 0.32 0.0384 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Anaplerotic reactions Wild-type 0.67 0.0469 ΔlpdA mutant 1.61 0.1127 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Anaplerotic reactions Wild-type 0.07 0.0070 ΔlpdA mutant 0.93 0.0930 Pyruvate dehydrogenase Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Wild-type 3.56 0.2136 ΔlpdA mutant 0.00 0.0000 α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Citrate Cycle (TCA) Wild-type Not constrained Not constrained ΔlpdA mutant 0.00 0.0000 glycine cleavage system Folate Metabolism Wild-type Not constrained Not constrained ΔlpdA mutant 0.00 0.0000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mean values (v^^13^C^ or v^fmt^) of physiological constraints are based on ^13^C-based metabolic flux and cell culture data for the wild-type and lpdA knockout mutant of E. coli, both grown in continuous culture at dilution rate 0.2 h^-1^\[[@B33]\]. Standard deviations (σ) were calculated by multiplying these mean values with average error percentage associated with each reaction, taken from \[[@B43]\]. In addition to these, flux values of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and glycine cleavage system were additionally constrained to zero due to the knockout of lpdA gene. Subsequently, randomly generated errors were introduced to the ^13^C-based metabolic flux and cell culture data constraining the reactions, and constraints-based flux analysis was iteratively performed with these randomly adjusted experimental constraints in order to generate a large number of data samples; as a result, constraints-based flux analysis produces a different solution every time it is performed, satisfying the requirement that statistically reliable BNs demand many observations of the target system (see Methods). Infeasibility of optimization problem from applying too many constraints was handled with least absolute deviation method (see Methods). In this study, a total of 2,000 samples were generated at the end, each 1,000 sets of data from the wild-type (control condition) and its genetic mutant (perturbed condition), respectively. The resulting matrix, N-by-M, is named flux matrix in this study, where N is the number of reactions and M is the number of samples; M is 2,000 in this study (Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). It is important to note that flux data samples generated for the two different conditions are combined into a single flux matrix in order to reflect the effects of perturbation on the metabolic flux distribution, which enables BN analysis to more reliably infer the directionality of causal relationships among reactions and their modules \[[@B26]\]. Step D: Selection of core reactions ----------------------------------- In the flux matrix generated, the number of reactions needs to be reduced to the size that can be handled by BN analysis because only a fraction of reactions, namely metabolic core reactions, govern the metabolic activity \[[@B15]\], and the network model has many functionally duplicating reactions that show exactly the same metabolic flux values under all circumstances, and do not contribute to additional information. For this, a series of reduction processes were performed to select only the core reactions from the flux matrix (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The definition of core reaction in this study includes 1) a feature of significant flux variations accompanied by specific perturbation and 2) being almost always active under all samples of either control or perturbation condition \[[@B15]\]. Here, being almost always active refers to having non-zero fluxes for a reaction in more than 95% of samples under either control or perturbed condition, thereby becoming a core reaction. This shows a slight contrast with the previous definition that the core reactions be always active under all circumstances \[[@B15]\]. This new definition was to sufficiently cover the number of reactions suitable for BN analysis. With this in mind, reactions were first selected, which were highly influenced by perturbation in terms of variation in flux values using a paired t-test; two sets of 1,000 flux values from control and perturbation condition were compared for each reaction. Reactions with P \< 10^-2^ were considered to be significantly influenced by the perturbation. Among significantly influenced reactions, reactions that have non-zero fluxes in more than 95% of samples under control or perturbed condition were selected, based on the aforementioned definition of core reaction, by which they coordinate and significantly contribute to the metabolic integrity \[[@B15]\]. Next, for duplicate reactions, reactions that have exactly the same flux values in all samples, only one of them was selected because they do not contribute to the robust statistical conclusion, but only increase the data volume (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The removed duplicate reactions were considered in the later stage of data analysis after all statistical calculations. The final remaining reactions, core reactions, are the major fluxes operating the cell metabolism, and significantly influenced by given perturbation (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Core reactions were then subjected to subsequent modularization and BN analysis. Step E and F: Modularization of metabolic network based on flux variation pattern --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Metabolism was then modularized by grouping core reactions with metabolically correlated functions using hierarchical clustering; this modularization enables us to look at modules of reactions as functional unities instead of individual reactions, thereby simplifying our subsequent analysis (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Here, flux variation was used as a criterion for clustering, such that reactions that have similar pattern of flux variation from sample to sample were grouped. This is analogous to clustering of genes based on their expression level in transcriptome data \[[@B29]\]. Specifically, the reduced flux matrix containing only the core reactions was converted to a flux-pattern matrix that represents the flux variation pattern from one sample to another (Figure [1E-F](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) (see Methods). As a result, reactions in a cluster show synchronized patterns of increases (designated by the value '1' in the flux-pattern matrix) and decreases (designated by '-1' in the flux-pattern matrix) in flux values in response to the perturbation, implying that they pursue correlative biological functions (see Methods for further details on generation of various flux-pattern matrices and their adjoined form). Be noted that the term cluster and module are interchangeably used to discuss the results henceforth. Step G and H: Bayesian network analysis of metabolic modules ------------------------------------------------------------ Finally, BN analysis was employed to predict causal relationships of reactions at local and global scale. At local scale, BN of reactions in a cluster was first inferred (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), and representative reactions that most heavily influence other reactions in each metabolic cluster were identified by using the concept of mutual information (MI) \[[@B30]\] and total mutual information (TMI) \[[@B31],[@B32]\]; representative reactions have the highest value of TMI, and this procedure is detailed in Methods. Selected representative reactions from each module were then subjected to another round of BN analysis, yielding a global scale BN (Figure [1G-H](#F1){ref-type="fig"}; Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Because reactions in each module possess positively correlated functional features, or flux variation pattern, we speculate that BN with representative reactions would reveal a reasonable system-wide causal network that shows correlations among their corresponding metabolic modules as well in response to specific perturbations. Although the FMB looks into correlations that exist in metabolism system, it is distinct from previously established relevant approaches, for instance flux coupling analysis \[[@B12]\], and uniform random sampling and subsequent calculation of correlation coefficients among reactions \[[@B14]\] in several aspects: (1) FMB reveals correlations among metabolic modules in addition to individual reactions by considering flux variation patterns of reactions using clustering, thereby showing modular-level behaviours under specific condition; (2) causal relationships predicted from the FMB are graphically shown with arrows, which provides better readability; (3) FMB is more oriented to context-specific biological issues, such as specific gene knockout, by imposing constraints of mutant-specific ^13^C-based metabolic flux and cell culture data. These distinctions of FMB would provide complementary aspects of the cell that the previously reported approaches do not provide. Application of FMB to lpdA gene knockout mutant of E. coli -------------------------------------------------------------- As a demonstration of the framework FMB, it was applied to the wild-type and lpdA mutant of E. coli to systematically evaluate how the genetic perturbation, lpdA gene knockout, affects E. coli metabolism, cultured in defined minimal media with glucose \[[@B33]\]. This lpdA gene encodes lipoamide dehydrogenase, which is an important component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and glycine cleavage system \[[@B34],[@B35]\]. Therefore, LpdA assumes an important biological role in metabolism at broad scope as a component of enzyme complexes: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex for connecting glycolysis and TCA cycle, and producing acetyl-CoA and CO~2~ under aerobic condition, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase for generating NADH from the operation of TCA cycle, and glycine cleavage system for one carbon metabolism that is associated with nucleotides and cofactors \[[@B33]\]. Consequently, such biological importance and global effects that LpdA is likely to exert on the cellular physiology made this enzyme component an ideal target for the application of FMB. Results of each step in FMB are represented as follows. ### Step A-C: Generation of flux matrix from metabolic network model Flux matrix containing 979 reactions and 2,000 data samples were first generated from constraints-based flux analysis with constraints of ^13^C-based metabolic flux and cell culture data under control and perturbation conditions, combined with random errors (Figure [1A-C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). It should be noted that flux values from lpdA knockout mutant were obtained by additionally constraining the flux values of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and glycine cleavage system to zero in order to reflect the knockout of lpdA gene. ### Step D: Selection of core reactions Flux matrix was then subjected to a series of filtering processes; initial 979 reactions were reduced to 377 reactions from t-test, 213 reactions after filtering reactions that have non-zero fluxes in more than 95% of samples in either conditions, and finally 106 core reactions after removing duplicate reactions and selecting one of them for subsequent analysis (Figure [1D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}; Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ### Step E and F: Modularization of metabolic network from flux-pattern matrices The reduced flux matrix was next converted to flux-pattern matrices (Figure [1E](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and hierarchical clustering was performed (Figure [1F](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). A total of 44 clusters, or metabolic modules, were created with size of each cluster ranging from 1 to 30 reactions (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Duplicate reactions that were previously filtered in the flux matrix were also considered at this stage by inserting all duplicate reactions in the same cluster. Overall, reactions involved in the same submetabolism were grouped into the same cluster, partially demonstrating that flux variation pattern employed as a criterion for hierarchical clustering does well represent the functional aspect of reactions. Cluster 5 (cell envelope biosynthesis), cluster 11 (tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine metabolism), and cluster 15 (membrane lipid metabolism) are the exemplary clusters that have reactions from the same submetabolism. For clusters having reactions from different submetabolisms, biochemical link that connects these reactions together can be inferred. Cluster 28 belongs to this case; reactions from TCA cycle, such as succinate dehydrogenase, and those from oxidative phosphorylation, including cytochrome oxidase and ATP synthase, as well as oxygen transporter are clustered in the same module as they all are linked through aerobic electron transfer for respiration. Likewise, reactions from cell envelope biosynthesis and membrane lipid metabolism tend to be clustered together because fatty acids created from membrane lipid metabolism are fed into the biosynthesis of cell envelope. Cluster 42 is such a case, and has, in addition, arabinose-5-phosphate isomerase that produces arabinose-5-phosphate critical for lipopolysaccharide and alanine racemase that converts L-alanine to D-alanine, an essential building block of peptidoglycan. All these examples so far discussed indicate that reactions can be grouped together based on their functional characteristic that is flux variation pattern from sample to sample. Because each cluster represents functionally similar reactions, this modularization process will ease our subsequent interpretation of the data. ### Step G and H: Generation of a global scale Bayesian network using representative reactions Once the E. coli metabolism was modularized, representative reaction for each cluster was selected (Figure [1G](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), and BN analysis was applied to them in order to investigate the causal relationships existing among these clusters at global scale (Figure [1H](#F1){ref-type="fig"}; Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Because each module is presented as a representative reaction in the global scale BN, other reactions in their corresponding cluster should also be considered during interpretation. Good starting point for the detailed interpretation would be nodes that contain reactions directly perturbed, genetically or environmentally, or those that have the highest number of links influencing others. Analysis of the results from FMB -------------------------------- The resulting global scale BN of representative reactions from the metabolic flux data of wild-type and lpdA mutant of E. coli is shown in Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}. Of our primary interest is cluster 44 that contains pyruvate dehydrogenase whose activity is directly disrupted by removal of lpdA gene (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Cluster 44 consists of reactions associated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and transport of glucose via phosphotransferase system, and has transketolase-catalyzed reaction as a representative reaction (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This cluster was predicted to directly influence following metabolic clusters: cluster 21 (2-dehydro-3-deoxy-phosphogluconate aldolase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and pyruvate formate lyase), 24 (phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase), 26 (ribose-5-phosphate isomerase), 29 (phosphoglucomutase, O-succinylhomoserine lyase, phosphoglucosamine mutase, uridylate kinase and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase), 31 (PEP carboxykinase), 32 (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and phosphofructokinase), 34 (phosphopentomutase) and 40 (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase) (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Size of these clusters is relatively small, and their reactions are mainly associated with central carbon metabolism with exception of cluster 29. This influential network is biologically reasonable as most of reactions in these clusters are connected through PEP and pyruvate or within their proximity. Hence, genetic perturbation of lpdA redistributes the fluxes of its nearby reactions in central carbon metabolism through cluster 44. ![*Global scale Bayesian network from FMB applied to wild-type and lpdA* gene knockout mutant of E. coli.** Global scale Bayesian network was inferred from metabolic flux data on wild-type and lpdA mutant of E. coli. Number in each node indicates the cluster number (see Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for details). Cluster 44 in red contains a reaction directly perturbed by genetic perturbation, and influences the largest number of nearby reactions. Cluster 1 in blue influences the second largest number of reactions.](1752-0509-5-S2-S14-2){#F2} ![*Reactions constituting cluster 44 and nearby clusters from wild-type and lpdA* mutant of E. coli.** Clusters 21, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 34 and 40 are under direct influence of cluster 44. Each box contains information on reactions in the order of their respective TMI values for each cluster (see Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for details). Numbers next to each cluster number are the calculated average essentiality of reactions in the cluster for the wild-type and lpdA mutant in order; the higher the essentiality value is, the more essential the reaction is. Reactions in red are the representative reactions. Parenthesis next to the enzyme name shows the name of submetabolism, in which the enzyme is involved. To differentiate two transketolases in cluster 44, their corresponding reactions are shown next to the enzyme name. Cluster 43 influencing cluster 44 contains three reactions: 4-aminobutyrate transaminase (arginine and proline Metabolism), glutamate decarboxylase (glutamate metabolism), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle). Abbreviations are: e4p, D-erythrose 4-phosphate; r5p, alpha-D-ribose 5-phosphate; f6p, D-fructose 6-phosphate; g3p, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; s7p, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate; xu5p-D, D-xylulose 5-phosphate.](1752-0509-5-S2-S14-3){#F3} Metabolic cluster 1 that has a reaction for cell growth rate as a representative reaction was also shown to influence high number of other clusters: cluster 3 (cysteine synthase and serine O-acetyltransferase), 6 (chorismate mutase), 9 (asparagine synthetase), 12 (phosphate transporter), 18 (NAD kinase) and 29 (phosphoglucomutase, O-succinylhomoserine lyase, phosphoglucosamine mutase, uridylate kinase and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Unlike cluster 44, cluster 1 influences metabolically wider range of reactions, mostly related with amino acid biosynthesis (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Cluster 1 itself is also composed of many amino acid-metabolic reactions. These evidences manifest that amino acid biosynthesis is a major submetabolism affected by changes in cell growth rate. This becomes obvious, considering the fact that protein constitutes more than half of total E. coli dry cellular weight \[[@B36]\]. Appearance of transporter for sulfate in cluster 1 and phosphate in cluster 12 is also notable as biosynthesis of some amino acids requires these two inorganic molecules. ![*Reactions constituting cluster 1 and nearby clusters from wild-type and lpdA* mutant of E. coli.** Clusters 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 29 are under direct influence of cluster 1. Each box contains information on reactions in the order of their respective TMI values for each cluster (see Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for details). Numbers next to each cluster number are the calculated average essentiality of reactions in the cluster for the wild-type and lpdA mutant in order; the higher the essentiality value is, the more essential the reaction is. Reactions in red are the representative reactions. Parenthesis next to the enzyme name shows the name of submetabolism, in which the enzyme is involved, and substrates for O-succinylhomoserine lyase (cluster 1, L-cysteine), uridylate kinase (cluster 29, dUMP) and purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (cluster 29, adenosine). Cluster 41 influencing cluster 1 contains 14 reactions, associated with: glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, histidine metabolism, membrane lipid metabolism, and tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine metabolism. Its representative reactions are prephenate dehydrogenase and tyrosine transaminase, both involved in tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine metabolism.](1752-0509-5-S2-S14-4){#F4} As cell growth rate is reduced upon knockout of lpdA\[[@B33]\], it is noteworthy to observe how the cluster 1 and 44, which contain reactions of cell growth rate and pyruvate dehydrogenase, respectively, are correlated in the global scale BN (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Although these two clusters were both shown to influence cluster 29, and there is no direct influential path from cluster 44 to 1 or vice versa, we presume that reduction of the cell growth rate and fluxes of other functionally coordinated reactions in the cluster 1 were initially caused by the negatively affected reactions of cluster 29. This causal relationship becomes clearer when we consider the fact that phosphoglucomutase is the representative reaction of cluster 29, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate that is a precursor of glycogen and cell envelope, and highly associated with biomass formation. It was reported that excessive accumulation of glycogen in E. coli resulted in increased biomass formation, which, in some part, experimentally supports the correlation between cluster 1 and 29 \[[@B37]\]. In turn, cluster 29 seems to have been affected by cluster 44 as inferred in the global scale BN because lpdA knockout mutant cannot efficiently generate energy for biosynthesis of biomass components, compared to the wild-type, due to the blocked pyruvate dehydrogenase that hinders further oxidation of glucose for oxidative phosphorylation (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Here, it should be noted that, along with glycogen, enzymes involved in rather wider range of metabolisms, including amino acids, cell envelope, and nucleotides in cluster 29, indicate that various spots in the metabolic network are likely to be influenced by the removal of lpdA, which, in turn, might have negatively affected the cell growth rate. As a result, the global scale BN reveals closer positioning of cluster 1 and 44 through cluster 29. Finally, essentiality of reactions calculated with constraints-based flux analysis provided additional complementary information on the clusters; essentiality has a scale of 0 to 1, and reactions with greater essentiality receives the value closer to 1 (Methods). First, reactions involved in clusters 1 to 44 had average essentiality of 0.744 and 0.748 for the wild-type and lpdA knockout mutant, respectively, while average essentiality of whole reactions was 0.215 and 0.216 under respective condition. This indicates that reactions collected into the clusters are heavily associated with cellular energy production, in comparison with those not included in the clusters. Closer examination of these clustered reactions reveals that clusters surrounding cluster 44 have relatively low essentiality (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that they are likely to be more committed to flux redistribution upon lpdA knockout than creating essential biomass constituents. This observation is consistent with the previous report, in that a set of reactions responsible for carbon flux distribution in E. coli are consistently included in cluster 44 and its surrounding clusters \[[@B38]\]. On the contrary, cluster 1 has higher number of surrounding clusters that have complete essentiality (= 1.000), which shows that they are more directly associated with biomass formation (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, although reactions in these 44 clusters cover most of the reactions in the metabolic core previously reported in Almaas et al., which are defined to be always active under all examined circumstances \[[@B15]\], most of those overlapping reactions were gathered in the clusters that are not under direct influence of the cluster 1 and 44. From this, it can be considered that FMB in this study identifies reactions that are under direct influence of the specific perturbation, lpdA knockout in this case, in addition to the reactions required for the survival of the organism, which corresponds to the metabolic core \[[@B15]\]. Taken together, FMB provides theoretical evidences for the possible correlations among metabolic modules in response to the perturbation, as exemplified by cluster 1, 29, and 44 in this study. This study would consequently reveal additional pictures of the cellular physiology that could complement conventionally available biological information. Conclusions =========== FMB developed in this study groups functionally similar reactions, and subsequently investigates the causal patterns among metabolic clusters in response to specific perturbation. This newly generated knowledge of causal patterns enables us to capture significant changes in metabolism at the level of metabolic modules, which distinguishes itself from conventional MFA. Hence, it could be used as another tool for examining the microbial physiology in addition to currently available genome-wide high-throughput techniques \[[@B39]\]. Furthermore, this FMB could be applied to interpreting different types of specific perturbations, including multiple gene knockouts and environmental stresses. Methods ======= Overall scheme and rationale for each step of FMB are elaborated in Results and Discussion (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) while its critical computations steps that require extensive explanation are mentioned in this section. All the computations were performed using 2.80 GHz Intel i5 processors. Genome-scale metabolic network model of E. coli ------------------------------------------------- In this study, a previously reported genome-scale metabolic network model of E. coli was used \[[@B28]\]. This model is comprised of 979 reactions and 814 metabolites. Simulations were performed using the program package MetaFluxNet \[[@B40]\] and GAMS (GAMS Development Corp., Washington DC, USA) for the optimization technique developed in this study as detailed below. Simulation of the metabolic network model with random generation of constraints based on ^13^C-based metabolic flux data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Simulation of the metabolic network model along with data preprocessing were implemented in GAMS for the wild-type (control condition) and lpdA mutant (perturbed condition), separately. For application of FMB to E. coli metabolism, ^13^C-based metabolic flux data were adopted from Li et al.\[[@B33]\] for wild-type (control) and lpdA mutant (perturbation) for genetic perturbation. All constraints were from the continuous culture of E. coli at dilution rate of 0.2 h^-1^ under the defined minimal medium with glucose (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Here, instead of considering all the reactions, only those heavily responsible for the split of fluxes between major metabolic pathways were constrained with the ^13^C-based metabolic flux data (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}); they include glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, pyruvate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, PEP carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase \[[@B38]\]. In addition, phosphotransferase system for glucose uptake and cell growth rate were also given constraints \[[@B33]\]. Metabolic fluxes of these constrained reactions were allowed to be reconciled within the range of their standard deviation (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). In addition to pyruvate dehydrogenase above, flux values of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and glycine cleavage system were also additionally constrained to zero for calculating metabolic flux data for lpdA gene knockout mutant. The simulation by optimization often produces infeasible solutions when a large number of constraints are used \[[@B41]\]. There certainly exist gaps between flux values from constraints-based flux analysis and experimental data, such that flux data need to be reconciled. To overcome this infeasibility, we implemented least absolute deviation \[[@B42]\]. The objective function was to minimize the distance between theoretical (v^con^) and experimental fluxes with randomly assigned errors (v~k~ and v~b~), namely ^13^C-based metabolic flux and cell culture data, for the reactions catalyzed by the aforementioned enzymes, such that metabolic fluxes were reconciled to give realistic metabolic flux distributions. It should be noted that random errors are required to be within the standard error of the experimental measurements. This whole procedure is mathematically formulated as follows: where S is a stoichiometric matrix that consists of metabolite i in reaction j (i x j), and v is a vector showing the flux of reaction j (j x 1). α and β are lower and upper bounds for the flux of reaction j. K, a subset of J, is a set of reactions constrained with ^13^C-based metabolic flux data, and B, the other subset of J, is a set of reactions constrained with the rates of cell growth and metabolite secretion from the continuous cell culture. v^con^ is a vector of fluxes calculated from constraints-based flux analysis whose experimental values are available. v^13C^ is a vector of intracellular fluxes obtained from ^13^C-based MFA, and v^fmt^ is a vector of the cell growth rate and glucose uptake rate from the continuous cell culture. v~k~ and v~b~ are constrained to be randomized values, being equivalent to v^13C^ and v^fmt^ with randomly added errors, respectively. Finally, random(μ,σ) is a function that generates a random number according to normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ. In this study, mean was set to the flux value from ^13^C-based MFA, v^13C^, or the rates of cell growth and glucose uptake, v^fmt^, and standard deviation was differently set for each reaction according to the measurement error reported in the literature \[[@B43]\]. Above optimization formulation was iterated 1,000 times using linear programming for each wild-type (control condition) and lpdA mutant (perturbed condition), yielding a total of 2,000 sets of data. Flux data generated for both conditions were merged into a flux matrix, so that the directionality of causal relationships can properly be inferred by BN analysis \[[@B26]\]. Modularization of metabolic network based on flux variation pattern ------------------------------------------------------------------- For conversion of reduced flux matrix having only core reactions into flux-pattern matrix that contains information on the flux variation patterns, flux value of a reaction sample (m^th^ column) in the reduced flux matrix was compared to that of its following sample (m+1^th^ column), and '1' is given in the position (n, m) of flux-pattern matrix if the flux value of the reaction in (n, m) is increased in (n, m+1) of the flux matrix. '-1' is given if the flux value is decreased in the following sample, and '0' is given for the same flux values in the m^th^ and m+1^th^ sample (Figure [1E](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This was done for all the reactions in the reduced flux matrix, completing a flux-pattern matrix. Therefore, the flux-pattern matrix uses '-1', '0' or '1' to represent the flux variation pattern of a reaction from sample to its following sample. Here, the flux-pattern matrix may be different, depending on the order of columns (samples) in the reduced flux matrix. Therefore, columns of the reduced flux matrix were randomly permutated, and the flux-pattern matrix was obtained accordingly (Figure [1E](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Then, flux-pattern matrices independently generated from flux matrices with different order of samples (columns) were adjoined and subjected to hierarchical clustering. In this study, we tested adjoined matrices with different number of constituting individual flux-pattern matrices for hierarchical clustering in order to confirm that they produce consistent clusters of metabolic reactions. Adjoined 300 flux-pattern matrices showed agreeable consistency every time they were produced from metabolic flux data. Finally, it should be noted that flux-pattern matrices consisting of '-1', '0' and '1' were used only for clustering process. Once metabolic clusters were formed, previously calculated metabolic flux values (step A to C of FMB) corresponding to each clustered reaction were used in the subsequent BN analysis. Conversion of reduced flux matrices with permutated samples (columns) into flux-pattern matrices, adjoining flux-pattern matrices and hierarchical clustering were conducted in Matlab (Mathworks). For hierarchical clustering, the "clusterdata" command was used. Euclidean distance, average linkage and cutoff value of 1.0 were used as calculation options. Bayesian network analysis ------------------------- BN is a probabilistic graphical model, which represents the causal relationships among variables, and it is important that its graph be acyclic. Nodes in the probabilistic graphical model correspond to random variables, which represent the fluxes of biochemical reactions in metabolic network, and its directed arcs from a variable to another indicate the direction of influences between them. In particular, node at tail of the directed arc is called "parent" and node at head of the arc is called "descendent." Such statistical dependence is characterized by Markov condition, which states that each variable X~i~ is conditionally independent of the set of all its non-descendents, given its parents Pa~i~ in the graph \[[@B24]\]. Based on this Markov condition, the multivariate joint probability distribution of the graphical model can be expressed as follows: One of the goals of this study is to infer such BNs from metabolic flux profiles. All the BN analyses were performed with commercially available software BayesiaLab (BAYESIA, Laval, France) \[[@B44],[@B45]\]. Firstly, a conditional probability table of all the nodes needs to be defined in order to infer BNs. Therefore, flux values need to be discretized into discrete variables in terms of probability. In BayesiaLab, equal frequency method was employed for this purpose, which preprocessed the flux values in 2,000 sets of metabolic flux data from control and perturbed conditions. This method divides the range of continuous attribute into intervals (four intervals in this study) where each interval contains equal or similar number of data points (i.e. flux values). Structure learning of BNs was then performed with tabu order algorithm for generating various candidate networks along with minimum description length (MDL) as a scoring criterion \[[@B46]\]. Structure learning is finding the network that best describes the causal relationships in the data, evaluated by specific scoring criterion. Tabu order algorithm searches the solution space of all possible candidate networks by adding, deleting or reversing arcs based on its specific rules. MDL then evaluates each BN with respect to the data, and selects the most likely one that describes the data. Here, MDL accounts for the trade-off between accuracy and complexity of the learnt BN, and thus the optimal BN is both simple and accurate model of the data \[[@B46]\]. Identification of representative reactions in each metabolic module ------------------------------------------------------------------- BN analysis and MI were employed to identify a representative reaction for each metabolic module. BN analysis was first applied to reactions in each module, so that BN of each module was inferred, namely local scale BN. MI was then employed to assess the degree of influence that each reaction exerts on other reactions. MI is a concept adopted in information theory, which calculates the mutual dependence between two random variables \[[@B30]\]. The higher the MI value is, the more likely the two variables are correlated. MI I(x; y) is represented as: p(x, y) is a joint probability mass function, and p(x) and p(y) are marginal probability mass functions. Let y be a child node and x be its parent node. Then, the MI between x and y describes the mutual influence between the two. Specifically for this work, we extended the concept of MI to TMI \[[@B31],[@B32]\] to measure the impact of a reaction on other remaining reactions in the module (Figure [1G](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@B31]\]. To identify a representative reaction using TMI in each metabolic cluster, a metabolic reaction was first set as a target node, and the MIs between this target node and others were calculated one by one as a pair (Figure [1G](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). All these MI values were summed up to indicate the relative weight or influence of the reaction (i.e. target node) on its corresponding metabolism (i.e. metabolic cluster). TMI is defined as: t is the target node and r~1,...,n~ are the remaining nodes in the BN. This procedure was repeated by selecting other remaining reactions as the target node and calculating the TMIs likewise. At the end, a reaction with the highest TMI value was identified as the representative reaction. Representative reactions determined from each local scale BN were then subsequently subjected to another BN analysis altogether to infer causal relationships among metabolic fluxes on a global scale. From this procedure, global scale BN is completed, consisting of representative reactions for each metabolic module, thereby explicitly revealing possible influences existing among them. Calculation of reaction essentiality ------------------------------------ Essentiality for each reaction was obtained by calculating the cell growth rate with that reaction removed using constraints-based flux analysis. The calculated cell growth rate for each reaction was then scaled (= 1 -- g∆/g), wherein g∆ and g are the calculated cell growth rates of the wild-type and gene knockout mutant, respectively \[[@B47]\]. Essentiality of zero indicates that the removed reaction has no effects on the cell growth rate, while essentiality of one means complete stoppage of the cell growth rate for the removed reaction. List of abbreviations ===================== BN: Bayesian network; FMB: framework for network modularization and Bayesian network analysis; MDL: minimum description length; MFA: metabolic flux analysis; MI: mutual information; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; TMI: total mutual information. Competing interests =================== The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors\' contributions ======================= TYK and SYL conceived the study and directed the project. HUK implemented the framework, and HUK, TYK and SYL analyzed the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Supplementary Material ====================== ###### Additional file 1 Table S1. Detailed information of clustered core reactions and their duplicate reactions in E. coli metabolism perturbed with lpdA knockout. ###### Click here for file ###### Additional file 2 Figure S1. Local scale Bayesian networks of clusters from wild-type and lpdA mutant of E. coli. ###### Click here for file Acknowledgements ================ We thank Hongseok Yun for his thoughtful advises on clustering. This work was supported by the Advanced Biomass R&D Center of Korea (ABC-2010-0029799) through the Global Frontier Research Program of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST). Further support by World Class University program (R32-2008-000-10142-0) of MEST is appreciated. This article has been published as part of BMC Systems Biology Volume 5 Supplement 2, 2011: 22nd International Conference on Genome Informatics: Systems Biology. The full contents of the supplement are available online at <http://www.biomedcentral.com/1752-0509/5?issue=S2>.
A basic wireless power transfer system may include a wireless power transmitter unit (PTU) and a wireless power receiving unit (PRU). A PRU may be implemented in a mobile computing device, such as a laptop, tablet or smart phone, which can be placed on a charging mat equipped with a PTU. The PTU may include a transmit (Tx) coil and a PRU may include a receive (Rx) coil. In typical wireless power transfer systems, the transmit coil creates an alternating electromagnetic field and the receive coil takes power from the electromagnetic field and converts the power back into electrical current to charge the battery and/or power the device. Two common techniques for wireless power transfer are referred to as inductive charging and magnetic resonance charging. In inductive charging, the transmit and receive coils are tightly coupled and operate like two windings of a transformer. In magnetic resonance charging, the transmit and receive coils are loosely coupled and both coils are tuned to the same resonant frequency to improve efficiency. The same numbers are used throughout the disclosure and the figures to reference like components and features. Numbers in the 100 series refer to features originally found in FIG. 1; numbers in the 200 series refer to features originally found in FIG. 2; and so on.
Does the U.S. Constitution defend the rights of undocumented immigrants? LatinaLista — An excellent piece appears in the student-written Yale Daily News about immigration raids that occurred in 2007 in a Latino dominant neighborhood of New Haven, Connecticut.U.S. Constitution The federal agents came at dawn on June 6, 2007, pounding on doors, yelling in an unfamiliar tongue, storming bedrooms, lining up the men on one side of the room and the women on the other. In three hours, they raided eight apartments and homes in New Haven's predominantly Latino neighborhood of Fair Haven, making 29 arrests. Five of them were the intended targets; the rest were detained along the way. As a result of those raids, four of the detainees took the federal agents who conducted the raid, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents, to court for violating their constitutional rights. They won. Last June, a judge sided with four of them, ruling that the agents, who refused to testify in person, "egregiously" violated constitutional protections against search and seizure; other cases are still on appeal. As can be expected, critics of undocumented immigrants feel this ruling is a miscarriage of justice. After all, people who aren't legally in the United States have no such Constitutional rights, or do they? It turns out they do and it's to everyone's best interest that judges continue to uphold the basic rights as outlined by the US Constitution -- for everyone. In exploring the question as to just who is the U.S. Constitution for, I posed the question to an U.S. Constitution academic expert. University of Virginia law professor, Daniel Ortiz, accepted the challenge to answer this politically thorny question. ...Please keep in mind, I'm no immigration specialist. That's a very complex area of law and you well might receive different answers from those who know it well. The short answer would be, I think, that different parts of the Constitution are for different people and some are for more than people. The Supreme Court has, for example, declared that corporations have certain "civil rights," like speech, although they don't necessarily track the rights of natural persons. As to natural persons, some rights extend to citizens, some to only citizens of certain qualifications (e.g., age), and some to people here generally. Some extend extraterritorially and some do not. From Professor Ortiz's answer, while it sounds vague, it does underscore a very important point -- there are certain inalienable rights in the Constitution that apply to all people living within the boundaries of this country. From how I see it, to allow the violation of these rights due to the citizenship status of a person diminishes the Constitution's ability to safeguard those rights for everyone. It would become a free-for-all in the courts and the power of the Constitution would become so watered down the possibility of anarchy would become a real threat to the stability of the nation. It's in cases like these that we do have to marvel at the vision and foresight those men who created the Constitution had at that time. In researching about the US Constitution, I came across a site that had some interesting, little-known facts about the document and its history: The U.S. Constitution has 4,400 words. It is the oldest and shortest written Constitution of any major government in the world." The Constitution does not set forth requirements for the right to vote. As a result, at the outset of the Union, only male property-owners could vote. African Americans were not considered citizens, and women were excluded from the electoral process. Native Americans were not given the right to vote until 1924. The first time the formal term "The United States of America" was used was in the Declaration of Independence. The delegates were involved in debates from 10 a.m. until 3 p.m. six days a week with only a 10 day break during the duration of the convention The only other language used in various parts of the Constitution is Latin. The term "others" is used in the Constitution to categorize ethnic minorities. The word "democracy" does not appear once in the Constitution. John Adams referred to the Constitution as "the greatest single effort of national deliberation that the world has ever seen" and George Washington wrote to the Marquis de Lafayette that "It (the Constitution) appears to me, then, little short of a miracle."
Have you ever come across an obstacle while programming and then immediately come across a solution so elegant that you don’t know how you were surviving without knowing about it&period;&period;&period;
EAT Charlie Trotter’s remains a bastion of Chicago fine dining. The restaurant recently celebrated its 21st anniversary, and to this day it remains one of Chicago’s and the country’s most significant restaurants. The atmosphere is staid but cozy, and the food is a mix of classic elegance and gentle innovation, with plenty of nods to Asian (specifically Japanese) ingredients. With Trotter’s you know what you’re getting—the best quality ingredients, a high-level service, engaging compositions—but always with an element of surprise.
Influence of fluoxetine and litoxetine on 5-HT4 receptor-mediated relaxation in the rat isolated oesophagus. The influence of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), litoxetine and fluoxetine, has been studied on 5-HT4 receptor-mediated relaxation in the rat isolated oesophageal muscularis mucosae. In carbachol-precontracted oesophageal tissues, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (0.1 nM-1 microM) induced concentration-dependent relaxations. Concentration-response curves were monophasic and reproducible. Litoxetine at concentrations without antimuscarinic properties (10 nM-1 microM) caused concentration-dependent relaxations, which reduced carbachol tone up to 37%. Higher litoxetine concentrations (3 microM-300 microM) were associated with marked relaxation up to the abolition of carbachol tone. The overall curve profile of litoxetine was biphasic in nature with a high (10 nM-1 microM) and a low (3 microM-300 microM) potency phase. Unlike 5-HT, the second curve of litoxetine was not reproducible, with a reduction involving mainly the low potency phase. Compared to litoxetine, fluoxetine caused minimal relaxation (less than 10% at 1 microM). Treatment of rats with parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA: 375 mg kg-1 per day, for two days), to deplete endogenous 5-HT stores, did not modify the relaxant effect of 5-HT, while it significantly reduced the high potency phase of litoxetine. In tissues from untreated rats, this phase was reduced by the 5-HT4 receptor antagonist GR 125487 (10 nM) to an extent similar (P = 0.20: ANOVA for continuous-by-class effects) to that induced by pCPA treatment. However, in tissues from pCPA treated animals GR 125487 (10 nM) exerted a slight but significant antagonism of litoxetine response (P = 0.037: ANOVA for continuous-by-class effects) mainly involving the high potency phase. In tissues from untreated rats, litoxetine (1 microM) increased the relaxant effects of 5-HT, while in tissues from pCPA treated animals it exerted a small but significant depression of the maximal response to 5-HT, without changing its potency value. Fluoxetine (1 microM) slightly, but significantly, antagonized the relaxant effect of 5-HT in an unsurmountable manner. In conclusion, litoxetine up to 1 microM relaxed the rat isolated oesophageal muscularis mucosae through a mechanism involving release of endogenous 5-HT, which in turn activates 5-HT4 receptors. However, based on results with GR 125487 in tissues from pCPA treated rats, a small component of litoxetine-induced relaxation may involve a direct activation of 5-HT4 receptors. It is unlikely that blockade of 5-HT reuptake can participate in the action of litoxetine, since fluoxetine, a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor equipotent to litoxetine, was ineffective in the same range of concentrations. The antimuscarinic activity of litoxetine, previously demonstrated in the isolated guinea-pig intestine, played a role at concentrations greater than 1 microM. The 5-HT-releasing action of litoxetine could account for the potentation by litoxetine of 5-HT-induced relaxation in tissues from untreated rats, which was reversed by pCPA treatment. Under these conditions, litoxetine depressed relaxations to high 5-HT concentrations only. In tissues from untreated rats, fluoxetine slightly but unsurmountably antagonized 5-HT-induced relaxations, thus confirming previous observations in the guinea-pig small intestine.
--- author: - 'G. Pace , J. Melendez , L. Pasquini, G. Carraro , J. Danziger , P. François , F. Matteucci,' - 'N. C. Santos' subtitle: title: ' An investigation of chromospheric activity spanning the Vaughan–Preston gap: impact on stellar ages. [^1]' --- Introduction ============ It was already noticed in the early 60s [@W63] that chromospheric activity decreases during the main sequence life time of late type stars like the Sun, and that the strength of the emission in the core of the broad and deep Ca [II]{} H and K lines is a reliable indicator of chromospheric activity level. From that time on, the possibility of using H and K emission to measure stellar ages has been widely explored and an impressive amount of data on stellar chromospheric activity has been collected, especially in the Mount Wilson program, started by [@MWC], and, more recently, during planet–search surveys . Unfortunately, chromospheric activity as an age indicator suffers a major limitation. Activity cycles equivalent to the 11–year long solar one, longer–term activity variations, which caused the Maunder–minimum in the Sun , and, in some stars, a hidden dependence on stellar mass [@cc07] and rotational modulation, strongly affect the level of activity. We believe that there is an even more severe limitation on the use of chromospheric activity as an age indicator: its decay almost stops after about 1.5 Gyr, therefore activity is not a reliable indicator of age for stars older than that. Two papers support this view: [@paper1], hereafter paper 1, of which this study can be considered a continuation, and [@lyra]. Nevertheless, many other works pointed out the existence of a correlation between chromospheric activity and age, and many attempts were made to calibrate chromospheric ages [@sod91; @don93; @lach99]. It is of primary importance to understand the limitations of chromospheric activity as a reliable age indicator, since it has been used to study, for example, the age–metallicity relation in the Galactic disk [@rp00a], and the age of stars hosting planetary systems [@saffe]. In order to understand how chromospheric activity decays, observations in solar–type stars in open clusters are the most appropriate tool, since their ages can be determined much more precisely than for field stars. The paucity of old open clusters in the solar neighbourhood hindered our progress until the advent of the 8– and 10–meter class telescopes, which made possible the acquisition of spectra of solar–type stars in several old and distant clusters at a resolution and a signal-to-noise ratio high enough to distinguish and resolve the emission core in the Ca[II]{} K line. This is necessary to accurately correct for the absorption by interstellar lines of Ca [ II]{} and thus to reliably measure chromospheric activity. To the sample analysed in paper 1, we have added data on 5 solar–type stars in the open clusters NGC 5822 and IC 4756. We selected the two new target clusters mainly on the basis of their age, specifically because we wanted their ages to lie between those of the Hyades and Praesepe and those of IC 4651 and NGC 3680, studied by [@sal]. As a result we have chromospheric activity data for 25 stars younger than 1 Gyr, 2 stars at about 1 Gyr, 7 stars at about 1.5 Gyr, and 6 at solar age. The availability of UVES spectra allowed us to also accurately measure temperatures and metallicities for our target stars, which have been used in the present work, but the details of which will be published elsewhere. Observations and sample {#obs} ======================= Target stars were selected to be high–probability single members of IC 4756 and NGC 5822 and to be as similar to the Sun as possible. The choice was made on the basis of the photometry by [@hs] for IC 4756 and by [@tatm] for NGC 5822. The former study was made with photographic plates, and the cluster suffers from variable extinction, therefore the photometric precision was not good enough to exclude binaries with a high level of confidence. On the other hand, probabilities of membership published therein are based on a proper motion study which uses a time baseline of 43 years, therefore are quite accurate. Spectra were taken with the UVES spectrograph at the focus of the Kuyen telescope. Observations were carried out between April and September 2004. The wavelength coverage is from 3200 to 4600 [Å]{} for the blue arm, and from 4800 to 6800 [Å]{} for the red arm. The slit width for the former was set to 0.8 arcsec, and for the latter to 0.4 arcsec, giving a resolution of R$\approx$60000 and R$\approx$100000 respectively [@UVES]. Data were reduced using the UVES pipeline [@UVESpipe]. From 2 to 7 spectra were obtained for each star. Radial velocity measurements were used to strengthen single–member selection. Details will be given elsewhere (Pace et al. 2009, in preparation). The final new sample consists of 3 stars in IC 4756 and 2 in NGC 5822. To the best of our knowledge, [@sal] provide the most recent set of age evaluations for a sample of open clusters that includes all of those analysed by us. They find an age of 0.7 Gyr for both Hyades and Praesepe, 0.8 Gyr for IC 4756, 1.2 Gyr for NGC 5822, 1.4 Gyr for NGC 3680, 1.7 Gyr for IC 4651, and 4.3 Gyr for M 67. Data analysis and results {#CAda} ========================= As an indicator of chromospheric activity we used $F^{\prime}_K$, i.e. the energy flux of the Ca [II]{} K line emitted per unit surface in the chromosphere. It is common practice in the literature to normalise chromospheric fluxes to bolometric emission and to use the logarithmic scale [@noyes]. Hence we also used as a proxy of the chromospheric activity: $\log R^{\prime}_K = \log \left( {F^{\prime}_K} / {\sigma T_{eff}^4} \right)$. Normalisation of the spectra was done as in paper 1. From paper 1 we also took 1–[Å]{} K index measurements for NGC 3680, IC 4651 and M 67. Index measurements in Praesepe and Hyades stars were slightly revised with respect to the values published in paper 1: the new indices are about 15 m[Å]{} higher. The stars in IC 4756 and NGC 5822 showed the redshifted interstellar K absorption line which affected the chromospheric K–line feature. To measure the 1–[Å]{} K index in these stars, we integrated the normalised flux only in the uncontaminated part of their profile. The Praesepe stars are unaffected by IS absorption, thus allowing us to calculate a ratio between the flux measured over the 1–[Å]{} and that measured over the portion of the feature which is unaffected by interstellar lines in all stars. The initial measures for the affected stars were then multiplied by this factor to give a final corrected 1–[Å]{} K index. The errors involved in the measurement of the 1–[Å]{} K index were evaluated to be within 6%. The 1–[Å]{} K index and chromospheric activity measurements, along with stellar parameters, are given in Table \[table1\]. In Figure \[figsp\] we show the average cluster spectra for IC 4756 and NGC 5822 and, for comparison, that of Praesepe and the solar one. The interstellar feature is apparent in IC 4756 and NGC 5822. For the Sun, we used the 1–[Å]{} K index measurements made by [@wl81]. They monitored solar chromospheric activity from the first minimum to the maximum of the 21$^{st}$ solar–activity cycle. Subtraction of the photospheric contribution to the 1–[Å]{} K index was made as follows. For the Sun, we adopted the same photospheric correction as in paper 1, computed using a solar–photosphere synthetic spectrum (courtesy of P. Bonifacio). For the other stars, the photospheric contribution was computed by scaling the solar photospheric contribution by a factor that depends on the stellar parameters. These scaling factors were computed using the spectral synthesis code of MOOG [@MOOG version 2002], and Kurucz’s grid of models [@kur93]. Stellar parameters, namely temperature, gravity, microturbulence and metallicity, were known from [@paulson] for the Hyades stars,and from [@papoc1] for the remainder of the old sample, and from our chemical analysis for the new sample (Pace et al. 2009, in preparation). In order to transform the 1–[Å]{} K index, which is an equivalent width, into an intrinsic flux , namely $F^{\prime}_K$, we proceeded as in paper 1, except that we did not use published photometry, but we transformed stellar temperatures and metallicities into B-V colours inverting equation 1) in [@sergio]. For the Sun we adopted B-V=0.65 mag [@lcbiaz]. The use of stellar temperatures instead of published colours avoids the cluster–to–cluster bias introduced by the error in the cluster reddening. Because of the way we measured the index in the new sample of stars, we preferred not to use a triangular filter in the integration of the index, as done, for instance, in [@pauls02]. Owing also to the lack of common standards, we could not make our $\log R^{\prime}_K$ coincident with the widely used chromospheric activity indicator $\log R^\prime_{HK}$. ![The mean cluster Ca [II]{} K–line emission of IC 4756 and NGC 5822 is compared with that of Praesepe and with the Sun. All the spectra are normalised in the same way. Note the narrow IS absorption lines in the spectra of IC 4756 and NGC 5822.[]{data-label="figsp"}](2090fig1.ps){width="8cm"} Discussion. =========== In Fig. \[fig\] we plot the temperature of the stars versus their chromospheric activity. This is done using as an indicator of chromospheric activity both $\log R^{\prime}_K$ (left panel) and $F^{\prime}_K$ (right panel). The data are those shown in Table \[table1\]. The distribution of chromospheric activities is markedly bimodal: the more active stars are those in the Hyades, Praesepe, IC 4756, and NGC 5822, while the inactive stars are those in IC 4651, NGC 3680, and M 67 and the Sun. Within either group there is little difference between stars belonging to different clusters, although any small correlation with age using averages within the active group would be obscured by the cyclic range in individual stars. But the two groups are separated by a wide range of activities in which only two stars lie. This range coincides with what is known as the Vaughan–Preston gap, an underpopulated chromospheric–activity range identified by [@vpgap] using a large sample of stars in the solar neighbourhood. ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ![image](2090fig2.ps){width="8cm"} ![image](2090fig3.ps){width="8cm"} ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ According to these ages and to the data shown in Figure \[fig\], no strong age–activity correlation appears to exist after 0.7 Gyr, just a rapid transition from active to inactive that occurs in a very short time, namely 200 Myr, between the age of NGC 5822 and that of NGC 3680. With this data it seems unlikely that a strong age–activity relationship could be masked by the scantiness of the data, or by the activity variations. Thus we can confidently conclude that chromospheric activity drops much faster between the ages of NGC 5822 and NGC 3680 than it does in the half Gyr before and in the 4 Gyr after. We would expect most of the stars in the gap to be young stars in an inactive phase or old stars in an active phase rather than stars at a certain age. In our sample we have one in either category. Two alternative explanations might be considered. Either our two targets in NGC 5822 were both in an exceptionally active phase when we observed them, or the age difference between the oldest active and the youngest inactive cluster is much larger than that claimed by [@sal]. In the former case, NGC 5822 solar–type members would normally lie in the middle of the Vaughan–Preston gap. Owing to the extremely small sample of stars at this crucial age, it is well worth follow-up spectroscopic observations of the two NGC 5822 members to accurately measure their time–averaged chromospheric activity, and to add to the sample single members in the interesting temperature range. The possibility that the age of NGC 5822 has been over-estimated by [@sal] might be seriously considered because it was not determined directly, but by means of a photospheric index calibrated for a sample of 11 clusters. But in this case its age would need to have been overestimated by almost a factor of two. According to [@papoc1], [@paulson] and the chemical analysis of the present sample of stars, the metallicity of the clusters studied ranges from \[Fe/H\] = -0.04 dex in NGC 3680 to \[Fe/H\] = 0.27 dex in Praesepe. Since the 3 coeval active clusters have similar levels of chromospheric activity despite having different metallicities (\[Fe/H\]=0.01, 0.13 and 0.27 dex), metallicity does not appear to play a major role within the limited range of values spanned by our clusters. Chromospheric activity undergoes large variations on short time–scales. For instance, the chromospheric activity of the Sun, from the highest activity peak to the Maunder minimum, spans a range that goes from the lower boundary of the Vaughan–Preston gap to slightly above the level of the most inactive stars (only 8% of the solar neighbourhood stars less active than the lowest solar value). This range, according to the current calibration of the age–versus-$\log R^\prime_{HK}$ relationship, corresponds to an age interval from 2.5 to 8 Gyr [@henry]. However, members of binary or multiple systems have a similar level of chromospheric activity. It is mainly this circumstance that led [@sod91] to claim that chromospheric activity correlates well with age and allows a calibration. In the light of the results presented here, we suggest alternative explanations should be sought. Another calibration of the chromospheric activity evolution with time is that of [@lach99]. From Fig. 4 therein, it can be seen that their result agrees with ours as far as inactive stars are concerned, i.e. chromospheric activity does not evolve after it has crossed the Vaughan–Preston gap, at least until the solar age. As far as active stars older than the Hyades are concerned, there are 4 to 6 data–points (for two stars it is not possible to say whether or not they are younger than the Hyades and therefore out of the range considered in the present study). For this group, the Pearson coefficient indicates a level of anticorrelation between age and $\log R^\prime_{HK}$ that is insignificant (-0.27) or fair (-0.57), depending on how many stars we consider. We conclude that these data are compatible with the conclusion that, within the age range from 0.7 to 1.2 Gyr and from 1.4 Gyr to solar age, any age–activity relationship must be weaker than the short term variations. From [@MH] it is clear that the one open cluster that supports a strict monotonicity of the chromospheric activity time evolution (once short–time scale variations are smoothed out) in the age range between that of the Hyades and that of M 67 and the Sun, is NGC 752. This cluster, according to [@sal], is older than NGC 5822 and younger than NGC 3680, i.e. exactly in the range in which we expect the transition to occur. Therefore, again, these data are not incompatible with the scenario we suggest, in which the intermediate chromospheric activity level of NGC 752 would be due to its age. The two groups of stars on opposite sides of the Vaughan-Preston gap differ not only in their chromospheric activity level, but also in its trend with the colour/temperature. This can be seen in Figure \[fig\], and it is much more evident when a larger spectral–type range is considered [see e.g. @MH]. Furthermore, temporal variations of chromospheric activity are large and irregular for active stars and small and regular for inactive ones. Several attempts have been made to provide a physical explanation for this, for example [@dmr81] proposed a transition from a complex to a simpler magnetic–field morphology which occurs at the time when the rotation decreases enough to reach a threshold value. More recently, [@barnes] detected two sequences in the period–versus–colour diagram of open clusters, and he associated them with two different rotation morphologies, intertwined with stellar magnetic fields. [@bv07] suggested a change of dynamo mechanism to explain the fact that stars occupy two very distinct sequences in a rotation period–versus–cycle period diagram. The kind of scenario in which a transition of the nature of the dynamo takes place at a specific point of the stellar lifetime could be used to explain the phenomena reported and discussed by us. It is a pleasure to thank Boris Dintrans for long and useful discussions on the dynamo effect. We also thank the referee for useful comments. Data collected at ESO, VLT. This publication made use of data products from the WEBDA database, created by J.-C- Mermilliod and now operated at the institute for Astronomy of the University of Vienna. The SIMBAD astronomical database and the NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service have also been extensively used. G. P., J. M. and N. C. S. acknowledge the support of projects PTDC/CTE-AST/65971/2006 and PTDC-CTE/AST-66181/2006 of the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Barnes, S. A. 2003, , 586, 464 B[ö]{}hm-Vitense, E. 2007, , 657, 486 Cardini, D., & Cassatella, A. 2007, , 666, 393 Dekker, H., D’Odorico, S., Kaufer, A., Delabre, B., & Kotzlowski, H. 2000, , 4008, 534 Donahue, R. A. 1993, Ph.D. Thesis, Durney, B. R., Mihalas, D., & Robinson, R. D. 1981, , 93, 537 Isaacson, H. T. 2009, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, 213, \#408.07 Henry, T. J., Soderblom, D. R., Donahue, R. A., & Baliunas, S. L. 1996, , 111, 439 Herzog, A. D., Sanders, W. L., & Seggewiss, W. 1975, , 19, 211 Lachaume, R., Dominik, C., Lanz, T., & Habing, H. J. 1999, , 348, 897 Lyra, W., & Porto de Mello, G. F. 2005, , 431, 329 Kurucz, R.L. 1993, ATLAS9 Stellar Atmosphere Programs (Kurucz CD-ROM No. 13) Mamajek, E. E., & Hillenbrand, L. A. 2008, , 687, 1264 Modigliani, A., Mulas, G., Porceddu, I., Dammiani, F., 2004, VLT-MAN-ESO-19500-3016 Noyes, R. W., Hartmann, L. W., Baliunas, S. L., Duncan, D. K., & Vaughan, A. H. 1984, , 279, 763 Pace, G., & Pasquini, L. 2004, , 426, 1021 Pace, G., Pasquini, L., & Fran[ç]{}ois, P. 2008, , 489, 403 Pasquini, L., Biazzo, K., Bonifacio, P., Randich, S., & Bedin, L. R. 2008, , 489, 677 Paulson, D. B., Saar, S. H., Cochran, W. D., & Hatzes, A. P. 2002, , 124, 572 Paulson, D. B., Sneden, C., & Cochran, W. D. 2003, , 125, 3185 Rocha-Pinto, H. J., Maciel, W. J., Scalo, J., & Flynn, C. 2000, , 358, 850 Saffe, C., G[ó]{}mez, M., & Chavero, C. 2005, , 443, 609 Salaris, M., Weiss, A., & Percival, S. M. 2004, , 414, 163 Sneden, C. 1973, ApJ, 184, 839 Soderblom, D. R., Duncan, D. K., & Johnson, D. R. H. 1991, , 375, 722 Sousa, S. 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C. 1968, , 153, 221 [c c c c c]{} Star&T$_{eff}$ &1–[Å]{} K &$F^{\prime}_K$& $\log R^\prime_{K}$\ & &index & \[10$^6$ erg/ &\ &\[K\] & \[mÅ\]& cm$^2$ sec\] & \[dex\]\ \ \ van Bueren 1 & 6250 &180 & 1.95 $\pm$ 0.17 &-4.65 $\pm$ 0.04\ van Bueren 2 & 6050 &223 & 2.18 $\pm$ 0.24 &-4.54 $\pm$ 0.05\ van Bueren 10 & 6100 &281 & 3.00 $\pm$ 0.31 &-4.42 $\pm$ 0.04\ van Bueren 15 & 5750 &308 & 2.30 $\pm$ 0.34 &-4.43 $\pm$ 0.06\ van Bueren 17 & 5650 &272 & 1.73 $\pm$ 0.29 &-4.53 $\pm$ 0.07\ van Bueren 18 & 5900 &294 & 2.60 $\pm$ 0.33 &-4.42 $\pm$ 0.05\ van Bueren 31 & 6200 &261 & 3.01 $\pm$ 0.28 &-4.44 $\pm$ 0.04\ van Bueren 49 & 6050 &207 & 1.95 $\pm$ 0.21 &-4.59 $\pm$ 0.05\ van Bueren 52 & 6050 &248 & 2.46 $\pm$ 0.27 &-4.49 $\pm$ 0.05\ van Bueren 65 & 6250 &202 & 2.25 $\pm$ 0.20 &-4.58 $\pm$ 0.04\ van Bueren 66 & 6250 &253 & 3.01 $\pm$ 0.27 &-4.46 $\pm$ 0.04\ van Bueren 73 & 6000 &270 & 2.61 $\pm$ 0.30 &-4.45 $\pm$ 0.05\ van Bueren 88 & 6250 &228 & 2.63 $\pm$ 0.23 &-4.52 $\pm$ 0.04\ van Bueren 97 & 5900 &279 & 2.44 $\pm$ 0.31 &-4.45 $\pm$ 0.05\ van Bueren 118 & 6100 &161 & 1.46 $\pm$ 0.15 &-4.73 $\pm$ 0.04\ \ \ KW 49 &6150 &233 & 2.39 $\pm$ 0.25 & -4.53 $\pm$ 0.04\ KW 100 &6150 &255 & 2.71 $\pm$ 0.28 & -4.48 $\pm$ 0.04\ KW 208 &6280 &238 & 2.74 $\pm$ 0.25 & -4.51 $\pm$ 0.04\ KW 326 &5800 &234 & 1.67 $\pm$ 0.25 & -4.59 $\pm$ 0.06\ KW 368 &5720 &270 & 1.78 $\pm$ 0.29 & -4.53 $\pm$ 0.07\ KW 392 &6250 &248 & 2.84 $\pm$ 0.26 & -4.48 $\pm$ 0.04\ KW 418 &6150 &239 & 2.48 $\pm$ 0.26 & -4.51 $\pm$ 0.04\ \ \ Eggen 60 &6010 & 95 $\pm$ 5 & 0.56 $\pm$ 0.09& -5.12$\pm$ 0.07\ Eggen 70 &6210 & 84 $\pm$ 10 & 0.47 $\pm$ 0.16& -5.25$\pm$ 0.14\ \ \ AMC 1109 &6060 &102$\pm$ 10 & 0.65 $\pm$ 0.14 & -5.07 $\pm$ 0.10\ AMC 2207 &6050 & 85$\pm$ 10 & 0.46 $\pm$ 0.13 & -5.22 $\pm$ 0.13\ AMC 4220 &5910 &133$\pm$ 20 & 0.91 $\pm$ 0.24 & -4.88 $\pm$ 0.12\ AMC 4226 &5980 & 93$\pm$ 15 & 0.52 $\pm$ 0.18 & -5.15 $\pm$ 0.15\ Eggen 45 &6320 & 74$\pm$ 10 & 0.38 $\pm$ 0.16 & -5.38 $\pm$ 0.18\ \ \ Sanders 746 & 5750 &108 $\pm$ 20 & 0.56 $\pm$ 0.20 & -5.05 $\pm$ 0.16\ Sanders 1048 & 5900 & 85 $\pm$ 10 & 0.40 $\pm$ 0.12 & -5.24 $\pm$ 0.13\ Sanders 1092 & 6160 & 88 $\pm$ 15 & 0.54 $\pm$ 0.22 & -5.18 $\pm$ 0.17\ Sanders 1255 & 5840 &105 $\pm$ 20 & 0.57 $\pm$ 0.22 & -5.06 $\pm$ 0.17\ Sanders 1283 & 6100 & 82 $\pm$ 15 & 0.43 $\pm$ 0.21 & -5.26 $\pm$ 0.21\ Sanders 1287 & 6100 & 90 $\pm$ 10 & 0.50 $\pm$ 0.14 & -5.19 $\pm$ 0.12\ \ \ TATM 11003& 6160 &197$\pm$8&2.02$\pm$0.22&-4.61$\pm$0.05\ TATM 11014& 6270 &217$\pm$7&2.52$\pm$0.24&-4.54$\pm$0.04\ \ \ \ HER 165& 6070 &211$\pm$7&2.12$\pm$0.23&-4.56$\pm$0.05\ HER 240& 6010 &206$\pm$6&1.91$\pm$0.22&-4.59$\pm$0.05\ HER 97& 6120 &190$\pm$9&1.91$\pm$0.22&-4.62$\pm$0.05\ \ \ Sun &5780&95$\pm 10$& 0.45$\pm$0.10\ [^1]: Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Chile, during the observing run 073.D-0655.
Q: How to prove the limit of "the exponential of a sequence" So given a convergent sequence $\{a_n\}_{n=1}^\infty$ with limit $a$, I'd like to prove that $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac{a_n}{n}\right)^n=e^a.\quad(1)$$ Knowing that $e$ is defined by $$e=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac{1}{n}\right)^n,$$ the relationship in $(1)$ certainly not unintuitive, and also very useful, but how do I prove it? In the case of a constant sequence $a_n=k\;\forall n$, it's pretty straightforward as you can write $$\left(1+\frac{k}{n}\right)^n=\exp\left[\log\left(\left(1+\frac{k}{n}\right)^n\right)\right]=\exp\left[n\log\left(1+\frac{k}{n}\right)\right]=\exp\left[\frac{\log\left(1+\frac{k}{n}\right)}{1/n}\right]$$ and then taking the limit you can apply L'Hôpital's rule to differentiate the numerator and denominator separately and then get the result after a few manipulations. But since $$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \log\left(1+\frac{f(x)}{x}\right)=\frac{xf'(x)-f(x)}{xf(x)+x²}$$ I will need to know the derivative $(a_n)'$ with respect to $n$ of the sequence, to use this approach, which is not necessarily well-defined. Is there another way to go about this? A: Nothing new here, but perhaps streamlined a bit: Apply $\ln$ to get $$(1)\,\,\,\,n\ln (1+a_n/n)=\frac{\ln (1+a_n/n)}{a_n/n}\cdot a_n.$$ Now as $h\to 0,$ $\ln(1+h)/h = (\ln(1+h)-\ln 1)/h \to \ln'(1) = 1\,$ by definition of the derivative. It follows that the limit in (1) is $a.$ Exponentiating back gives the limit of $e^a$ as desired.
DARK Screens 29 November 2012 A deeper look into the characters and environments found in DARK, as well as a presentation of the games unique 3D cel-shaded art style Kalypso Media sent us eight fresh screenshots from DARK, a third-person stealth-action game developed by RealmForge (creators of Dungeons). DARK puts players in the role of a vampire out to discover the secrets of the mysterious global GeoForge Corporation. By making the most of powerful vampire skills, stealth and lethal combat abilities, players will engage and destroy their enemies, while moving silently through a stylized futuristic cityscape. DARK is slated for a global release in early 2013, for PC and Xbox 360.
In the wake of the ISIS War in Iraq, Pentagon officials will tell you what they’ve been saying all along, that America’s intention is to stay in Iraq, and that there is no consideration being given to leaving. It’s not clear the US has spoken to the Iraqi government about this, however. While many Iraqis accepted the offer of help in the more desperate moments of the ISIS War, the US military has quickly worn out its welcome. Across a number of major political blocs in Iraq, there is growing consensus that the US, and indeed all foreign military forces, need to go. This has been brewing for months. The Iraqis saw Trump’s visit to Iraq, during which he didn’t meet the Iraqi PM, as a sign of disrespect. That the Pentagon keeps insisting they’re staying in Iraq, without asking the Iraqis, only adds to the sense that the US isn’t really an invited guest in any real sense. Hawks are already trying to spin this, as with everything else that doesn’t go America’s way in Iraq, as Iran’s fault. Iraq’s political scene is dominated by Shi’ite parties, and US officials have plenty of practice pretending that Shi’ite is just a fancy word for “Iranian” these days. Yet this underpins one of the major reasons the US is on the outs with so much of the Iraqi parliament. US hostility toward Iran has meant practical hostility toward Iraqi Shi’ite militias who fought against ISIS and enjoy strong support from the Iraqi government. US ultimatums to disarm militias that are practically part of the Iraqi government have always come with the implied threat of the US leaving, when they never had any intention of doing so. And now, when hostility to the Shi’ite militias has turned parliament against them, US hawks are still trying to spin this as proof of an Iran problem, In reality, the US and Iran have been backing the same parties in Iraq since 2003, and US discomfort with that fact has been consistently undermining their goals. Author: Jason Ditz Jason Ditz is news editor of Antiwar.com. View all posts by Jason Ditz
Slap Upside The Head Lawmakers in the Ukraine have introduced an anti-gay bill that would punish “propaganda of homosexuality” with fines and up to five years in prison. Russia recently enacted a similar law this year, with expected disastrous results. Gay activists in the country have been arrested simply for marching for equal rights, and any positive portrayal of gay characters in TV and movies are now forbidden under penalty of severe fines and jail time. According to one of the authors of the Ukrainian bill, the country’s definition of “propaganda” is just as broad: “The positive description and the publicity […] of this abnormal lifestyle.” While a voting date hasn’t yet been set, it could happen as early as September—about a month away. Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych hasn’t indicated whether or not he supports this initiative. Hopefully Mr. Yanukovych will have some sense here, otherwise I’ll be forced to boycott… uh… borscht?
Lily Collins penning personal memoir Lily Collins is penning a memoir. The 27-year-old beauty is to have personal essays covering subjects including being the daughter of famous musician Phil Collins, dating, and body image published in a revealing book entitled 'Unfiltered: No Shame, No Regrets, Just Me'. Of sharing such details with the public, she said: "It's definitely like having my diary published." The 'Mirror Mirror' actress was inspired to write the tome by director Warren Beatty and her role in 'Rules Don't Apply' as devout baptist Marla Mabrey, which sees her character overcome "intense" situations. She explained: "I was put into many situations throughout the years in acting, in Warren's film especially, where you're in an intense situation and you have to fight your way through it, go through the emotions, and live and breath those scenes." Lily was previously romantically linked to her co-stars in both 'The Mortal Instruments' and 'Abduction', Jamie Campbell Bower and Taylor Lautner, and while she won't be name-dropping any ex-boyfriends, she will open up about what she has learnt from past relationships. She told People magazine: "It was not about attacking, it was about showing how you can be given situations in life and turn them into lessons. It takes knowing what you don't want to know what you do want." Lily is also writing the book in the hope of inspiring other young women who share their lives on social media. She said: "This is my way to open up conversation with young women and say, 'Hey, we're all the same.' "They're so open and honest and inspiring about their stories. It really encouraged me to be brave like them." The announcement comes hot off the heels of Phil, 65, launching his own autobiography, 'Not Dead Yet', in which he candidly talks about his battle with alcohol addiction and the ups and downs of his career spanning 60 years. Lily's book will be published through HarperCollins and will be out in March 2017.
34 N.J. Super. 408 (1955) 112 A.2d 565 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT, v. CHARLES J. GUSSMAN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division. Argued February 14, 1955. Decided March 7, 1955. 410 Before Judges CLAPP, JAYNE and FRANCIS. Mr. James Rosen argued the cause for plaintiff-respondent (Messrs. Milmed & Rosen, attorneys). Mr. James A. Major argued the cause for defendant-appellant. The opinion of the court was delivered by CLAPP, S.J.A.D. Charles J. Gussman was convicted by the Municipal Court of the Township of Weehawken of contempt of court for writing and mailing a letter. The letter, which was provoked by a ticket given him for speeding through the Lincoln Tunnel, reads: "Mr. George L. McNally, Judge, Municipal Court, Weehawken, N.J. Sir: In reference to Summons number 4934, bail receipt number 401: As the arresting officer is not to appear at the scheduled hearing and since all you would be called on to decide would be the veracity of the officer as against mine, it is manifestly futile for me to drive a hundred and twenty-five miles [from Mr. Gussman's residence in Pennsylvania] to attempt to establish my innocence. Hence, I shall not go to the trouble. This is, I realize, the reason I was chosen for the shake-down: in the corrupt municipalities along the Jersey side of the Hudson it is notorious that you arrest largely those with out-of-state licenses; they haven't a vote, they weigh inconvenience and futility against their indignation at the decadent morality they encounter. You, sir, are a party to this degeneracy, whether you choose to acknowledge it or not. The police lieutenant (name on bail receipt illegible) was rude and arrogant and the arresting officer dishonest and foul-mouthed because both realized they could count on being supported by the fraternity of mutual immorality you share with them. Let me assure you, however, that the twenty-five dollars extorted from me is not a profit to those of you whose pockets it reaches. Because I address readers of thirty-nine newspapers thru my weekly column and reach almost three million radio homes with my program Weehawken will, in adverse public relations resulting from mentions I make in years to come, suffer a loss many, many times the amount extorted from me. Shame on you, sir, for participating in the degradation of democratic processes. I am, Sincerely, Charles J. Gussman" 411 Gussman sent copies of the letter to the Mayor of Weehawken and the Weehawken Chamber of Commerce. The case was tried below before a judge of the Hudson County Court specially assigned to the municipal court for the cause, and Gussman was sentenced to the Hudson County Jail for ten days. Gussman by this appeal challenges the conviction, first, as violating his right of free speech and, second, as lying beyond the power of the court. Little attempt seems ever to have been made to state broadly and with any precision the limits of the great concept of free speech. That it is not an absolute, is a commonplace observation. Kovacs v. Cooper, 135 N.J.L. 64, 68 (Sup. Ct. 1946), affirmed 135 N.J.L. 584, 587 (E. & A. 1947), affirmed 336 U.S. 77, 85, 69 S.Ct. 448, 93 L.Ed. 513 (1948); Thomas v. Casey, 121 N.J.L. 185, 187 (Sup. Ct. 1938); State v. Boyd, 86 N.J.L. 75, 79 (Sup. Ct. 1914), affirmed 87 N.J.L. 328 (E. & A. 1915). The State refers us to the New Jersey Constitution, Art. 1, par. 6 (a provision found in many state constitutions, 8 Cooley's Constitutional Limitations (8th ed.), 876) "Every person may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right." But this plainly gives us no standard to go by. Chafee, Free Speech in the United States 12 (1942). Gussman cites Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 62 S.Ct. 190, 86 L.Ed. 192 (1941); Pennekamp v. Florida, 328 U.S. 331, 66 S.Ct. 1029, 90 L.Ed. 1295 (1946); and Craig v. Harney, 331 U.S. 367, 67 S.Ct. 1249, 91 L.Ed. 1546 (1947), cases of contempt. They hold, he says, that all criticism of a court is suffered by the Constitution, unless it engenders an "extremely serious" and "extremely" imminent likelihood, cf. State by Van Riper v. Traffic Tel. Workers' Fed. of N.J., 2 N.J. 335, 347 (1949), of producing an unfair trial. This is the "clear and present danger" test taken by Justice Holmes perhaps from the law of criminal attempts. Hall, 50 Harv. L. Rev. 583, 621 (1937); but cf. Howe, 55 Harv. 412 L. Rev. 695 n. 2 (1942). The question whether the law may in some cases be moving away from an adherence to this test, need not detain us. Mendelson, 52 Col. L. Rev. 313 (1952); Thorp v. Bd. of Trustees of Schools for Industrial Ed., 6 N.J. 498, 511 (1951); cf. Richardson, 65 Harv. L. Rev. 1 (1951). For clearly the test is no universal solvent. It is no gauge controlling the law of libel and slander, rendering speech actionable only in case of a clear and present danger of some substantive evil. Cf. 8 Cooley, supra, 883. Nor, according to the accepted view, does it lead to the exoneration of all verbal contempts in the courtroom other than those which create an extremely serious and extremely imminent prospect of bringing about a miscarriage of justice. Fisher v. Pace, 336 U.S. 155, cf. 163, 69 S.Ct. 425, 93 L.Ed. 569 (1949). Indeed the Bridges case (314 U.S., at page 266, 62 S.Ct. 195) and the Pennekamp case (328 U.S., at page 335, 66 S.Ct. 1031) concede there was of course no question as to the power to punish for "disturbances and disorder in the courtroom." Lacking, then, a broad standard, we must inspect the public and individual interests involved in the argument. The Bridges, Pennekamp and Craig cases were concerned with a very different matter from what we have here. There the court was concerned with comment by the public press, save that in the Bridges case there was also a threat of a strike, made by Bridges through a telegram to the person to whom he had the constitutional right to petition. There quite plainly the court was dealing with the great public interest in leaving truth to "the competition of the market." Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630, 40 S.Ct. 17, 63 L.Ed. 1173 (Holmes, J., 1919). As Milton (Areopagitica 51, Hales ed. 1917) put it in his ringing words: "And though all the windes of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously by licencing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength. Let her and Falsehood grapple * ." 413 The rule is that all speech is to be protected, cf. Adams Theatre Co. v. Keenan, 12 N.J. 267, 277 (1953), save as some exception can justify itself. Here we have a public interest in maintaining a sufficient respect for the courts, at any event so that the very defendant served with a ticket may not, in place of an appearance on the return day, turn on the court and flout it to itself and with gross accusations, insolence and, in a way, defiance. This is not a case that excites society's interest in truth and individual liberties. In Cooke v. United States, 267 U.S. 517, 45 S.Ct. 390, 69 L.Ed. 767 (1925), a lawyer wrote a derogatory letter to a judge and had his client deliver it to him in chambers. No one seems to have supposed he was entitled to protection under the Constitution. Here the circumstances are not so very different, and we conclude, there simply is no sensible basis for extending to them the great public concerns of free speech. Gussman's first contention fails. His second contention is that the contumacious act here was not committed in the court's actual presence, and that this leaves the court without power in the premises. It must be taken as settled law that municipal courts, apart from statute, have an implied authority to punish for contempt. Board of Health, Weehawken Tp. v. N.Y. Central R. Co., 10 N.J. 284 (1952), dealing with a conviction for contempt entered (see 10 N.J., at 298) 12 days before N.J.S. 2A:10-7 became effective. But it is quite another thing to say and we express no opinion on the point that because of the doctrine of separation of powers, this authority is one that cannot be impaired by the Legislature. See Ex parte Robinson, 19 Wall. 505, 86 U.S. 505, 510, 22 L.Ed. 205 (1873), distinguishing a court which derives its existence and powers from the Constitution; Frankfurter and Landis, 37 Harv. L. Rev. 1010, n. 2 and 3, 1012 et seq. (1924); Nelles and King, 28 Col. L. Rev. 401, 523, 554 (1928) as to "theory of power"; Fox, Contempt of Court (1927), 218, 220-223 (1927); Baltimore Radio Show v. State, 193 Md. 300, 67 A.2d 497, 506 (Ct. App. 1949); cf. In re Schwartz, 134 N.J.L. 267, 269 (E. & A. 1946); State v. Doty, 32 414 N.J.L. 403, 404 (Sup. Ct. 1868); Swanson v. Swanson, 8 N.J. 169, 185 (1951), supra. We concern ourselves, not with the extent of inherent judicial power, but with the statutes. N.J.S. 2A:10-7 states that municipal courts and certain other courts shall have full power to punish for contempt in any case provided by N.J.S. 2A:10-1. N.J.S. 2A:10-1 declares (so far as pertinent) that this power "to punish for contempt shall not be construed to extend to any case except the: a. Misbehavior of any person in the actual presence of the court." N.J.S. 2A:10-1 came into our law as L. 1917, c. 37, shortly after the courts decided Croasdale v. Atlantic Quarter Sessions, 88 N.J.L. 506 (Sup. Ct. 1916), affirmed 89 N.J.L. 711 (E. & A. 1916), and In re Verdon, 89 N.J.L. 16 (Sup. Ct. 1916) reversed on other grounds Hudson County Quarter Sessions v. Verdon, 90 N.J.L. 494, cf. 503 (E. & A. 1917). The original bill, as asserted in the statement appended to it, was modeled upon (though more restrictive than) the federal act of 1831, now 18 U.S.C.A. § 401, which takes us back to a chapter of American legal history that has several times been interestingly told. Frankfurter and Landis, supra; Nelles and King, supra; Deutsch, 27 Minn. L. Rev. 296 (1943). The 1917 act if we may judge from the Croasdale and Verdon cases and the federal act were prompted by punishments of newspapers for criticism of a court out of the court's presence. As we have seen, Bridges v. California, 314 U.S. 252, 62 S.Ct. 190, 86 L.Ed. 192 (1941), supra, and the cases following it, above cited, have satisfactorily disposed of this problem. So much for the historical aspects of the 1917 statute. Our concern is with the statutory words "actual presence." It will be seen that they have received a somewhat free rendering in our cases. After an extended discussion in In re Merrill, 88 N.J. Eq. 261, 283 (Prerog. 1917), it was held that a contempt in the court's actual presence, a contempt in the face of the court (in facie curiae) and a direct contempt 415 were synonymous, and include the mailing of a letter to the Ordinary "if he receives and reads it" (p. 280). A contempt in the face of the court has been held to embrace a number of acts performed outside the courtroom or in the absence of the judge: the filing of a contemptuous brief, In re Glauberman, 107 N.J. Eq. 384, 389 (1930), a decision of the Court of Errors and Appeals; the sending of an insulting letter to the Clerk in Chancery, In re Jenkinson, 93 N.J. Eq. 545 (Ch. 1922); the failure to relinquish Chancery Chambers on being informed (the vice-chancellor not being present) of the court's wish to use them, In re Schmidt, 88 N.J. Eq. 21, 24 (Ch. 1917); false swearing before a master, In re Caruba, 139 N.J. Eq. 404, 412 et seq. (Ch. 1947), affirmed in an opinion in the Court of Errors and Appeals 140 N.J. Eq. 563 (1947), holding this to be in the "actual presence" of the court. An attorney causing a paper to be presented for filing without paying the clerk's fees commits a contempt expressly declared by our rules to be a "contempt in facie curiae," R.R. 4:5-7. Swanson v. Swanson, 8 N.J. 169, 184 (1951), indicated that an act of contempt may be in facie curiae though the judge does not see or hear it, and the case pointed out that this is a distinction maintained by our rules. See the pertinent rule as to the municipal court, R.R. 8:8, taken from Rule 42 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure which, as the Advisory Committee on the Federal Criminal Rules has said "is substantially a restatement of existing law, Ex parte Terry, 128 U.S. 289 [9 S.Ct. 77, 32 L.Ed. 405]; Cooke v. United States, 267 U.S. 517 [45 S.Ct. 390, 69 L.Ed. 767]." As above stated, Cooke v. United States was a case where an attorney wrote a contumacious letter to a judge and caused another to deliver it to the judge in chambers. The Supreme Court indicated he had committed contempt in the presence of the court. It might be observed at this point that acts of attorneys in the sending of a letter and the filing of papers 416 are held in the above cited cases and R.R. 4:5-7 to be in the face of the court; they are not regarded therein as "official transactions" within the intendment of N.J.S. 2A:10-1 and 18 U.S.C.A. § 401. Ex parte Bradley, 7 Wall. 364, 74 U.S. 364, 374, 19 L.Ed. 214 (1869). For other cases of contempt, see Seastream v. New Jersey Exhibition Co., 69 N.J. Eq. 15 (Ch. 1905), affirmed 72 N.J. Eq. 377 (E. & A. 1907); McCauley v. McCauley, 88 N.J. Eq. 392, 395 (Ch. 1918); and Sachs v. High Clothing Co., 90 N.J. Eq. 545 (Ch. 1919), papers filed with the court; In re Bowers, 89 N.J. Eq. 307 (Ch. 1918), a threat made out of court to a solicitor; In re Megill, 114 N.J. Eq. 604 (Ch. 1933), a resolution of a municipal governing body criticizing the court; cf. In re Jibb, 123 N.J. Eq. 251 (E. & A. 1938), taking a false affidavit, "to be used" in Chancery, held not in the court's presence. This is a substantial body of authority, and we do not think we should dismiss it and substitute our own view. Nearly all the cases stem from In re Merrill, 88 N.J. Eq. 261, 283 (Prerog. Ct. 1917), supra, and In re Caruba, 139 N.J. Eq. 404, 413, 422, 423, 426 (Ch. 1947), affirmed 140 N.J. Eq. 563, 564 (E. & A. 1947), which construe the phrase "actual presence." This body of authority colors the phrase as we see it today. When the statute was enacted as a part of Title 2A, the last sentence was added, doubtless to meet the adverse decisions of In re Merrill, supra, and In re Caruba, supra, insofar as they dealt with the inherent constitutional jurisdiction of Chancery and the Prerogative Court. But those cases, as above stated, also put a liberal construction on the concept of actual presence. When the Legislature reenacts a portion of a statute after it has been construed in the cases, the courts are somewhat more reluctant to overrule that construction. Cook v. Bennett Gravel Co., 90 N.J.L. 9, 12 (Sup. Ct. 1917); Ross v. Miller, 115 N.J.L. 61, 64 (Sup. Ct. 1935); State v. Moresh, 122 N.J.L. 77, 79 (E. & A. 1939); State v. Deegan, 132 N.J.L. 261, 268 (E. & A. 1944); D., L. & W.R. Co. v. Division of Tax Appeals, 3 417 N.J. 27, 37 (1949); Hooton v. Neeld, 12 N.J. 396, 403 (1953). Weighing the pros and cons, we conclude that the statutory words "misbehavior * * * in the actual presence" are to be held to include the sending of this letter to the magistrate at his court and the reading of it by him. Gussman's second contention therefore fails. Gussman urges us to substitute a fine for the jail sentence which was imposed below. When the State's counsel suggested to Gussman on the stand that between the time he dictated the letter and the time he mailed it, he had had three days to reconsider whether to send it, he replied that he had left home for those days "It was an automatic," he said, "it was out of my hands once it had been dictated and signed." But is this entirely so? The letter, he says, was not transcribed until the third day, and he therefore doubtless did not sign until then. We have his counsel's apology for him in the form of leading questions below and an earnest plea before us, but no substantial evidence of any genuine regret, on Gussman's part, as to his offense. Indeed this educated man apparently had no realization of the nature of the offense until his counsel pointed it out to him. He had written, he testified, "* * * from an overfoaming frustration." "Whereas an officer shoots from the hip, I shoot from my typewriter and usually when it is out of the typewriter, it is out of my system." His counsel stipulated to the falsity of the letter insofar as it reflected on the magistrate. We find Gussman guilty and direct that he be brought before the court on March 21, 1955 for sentencing. N.J.S. 2A:10-3; R.R. 1:5-2; Zimmerman v. Zimmerman, 12 N.J. Super. 61, 69 (App. Div. 1950).
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id="file"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="File:Flag of Thailand.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/800px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="800" height="533" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/1599px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="mw-filepage-resolutioninfo">Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/800px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="mw-thumbnail-link">800 × 533 pixels</a>. <span class="mw-filepage-other-resolutions">Other resolutions: <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/320px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="mw-thumbnail-link">320 × 213 pixels</a> \| <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/640px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="mw-thumbnail-link">640 × 427 pixels</a> \| <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/1024px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="mw-thumbnail-link">1,024 × 683 pixels</a> \| <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/1280px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="mw-thumbnail-link">1,280 × 853 pixels</a> \| <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/900px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" class="mw-thumbnail-link">900 × 600 pixels</a>.</span></div></div> <div class="fullMedia"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg" class="internal" title="Flag of Thailand.svg">Original file</a> ‎<span class="fileInfo">(SVG file, nominally 900 × 600 pixels, file size: 273 bytes)</span> </div> <div id="mw-imagepage-content" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</span></h2> <div class="hproduct commons-file-information-table"> <table class="fileinfotpl-type-information toccolours vevent mw-content-ltr" style="width: 100%; direction: ltr;" cellpadding="4"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td id="fileinfotpl_desc" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en" xml:lang="en">Description<span class="summary fn" style="display:none">Flag of Thailand.svg</span></td> <td class="description"> <div class="description mw-content-ltr de" dir="ltr" lang="de" style="" xml:lang="de"><span class="language de" title="Deutsch"><b>Deutsch:</b></span> Die <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Thailands" class="extiw" title="de:Flagge Thailands">Flagge Thailands</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr en" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="" xml:lang="en"><span class="language en" title=""><b>English:</b></span> The national flag of Kingdom of Thailand since the year 2460 of the Buddhist Era; there are total of 3 colours: <ul> <li>Red represents the blood spilt to protect Thailand's independence and often more simply described as representing the nation.</li> <li>White represents the religion of Buddhism, the predominant religion of the nation</li> <li>Blue represents the monarchy of the nation, which is recognised as the centre of Thai hearts.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr es" dir="ltr" lang="es" style="" xml:lang="es"><span class="language es" title="Español"><b>Español:</b></span> <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Tailandia" class="extiw" title="es:Bandera de Tailandia">Bandera de Tailandia</a> desde el año 2460 de la Era Budista; hay en total 3 colores: <ul> <li>Rojo representa la sangre derramda para proteger la independencia de Tailandia y a menudo se explica como una representación de la nación.</li> <li>Blanco representa la religión del Budismo, la religión predominante de la nación</li> <li>Azul representa la monarquía de la nación, la cual es reconocida como el centro del corazón de los tailandeses.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr fr" dir="ltr" lang="fr" style="" xml:lang="fr"><span class="language fr" title="Français"><b>Français :</b></span> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_de_la_Tha%C3%AFlande" class="extiw" title="fr:Drapeau de la Thaïlande">Drapeau de la Thaïlande</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr id" dir="ltr" lang="id" style="" xml:lang="id"><span class="language id" title=""><b>Bahasa Indonesia:</b></span> <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Thailand" class="extiw" title="id:Bendera Thailand">Bendera Thailand</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr it" dir="ltr" lang="it" style="" xml:lang="it"><span class="language it" title=""><b>Italiano:</b></span> Bandiera della <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailandia" class="extiw" title="it:Tailandia">Tailandia</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr lo" dir="ltr" lang="lo" style="" xml:lang="lo"><span class="language lo" title=""><b>ລາວ:</b></span> ທຸງຊາດ<a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%97" class="extiw" title="lo:ປະເທດໄທ">ໄທ</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr ms" dir="ltr" lang="ms" style="" xml:lang="ms"><span class="language ms" title=""><b>Bahasa Melayu:</b></span> <a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Thailand" class="extiw" title="ms:Bendera Thailand">Bendera Thailand</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr my" dir="ltr" lang="my" style="" xml:lang="my"><span class="language my" title=""><b>မြန်မာဘာသာ:</b></span> <span style="font-family:'Myanmar Text','Noto Sans Myanmar', Myanmar3, Padauk, Parabaik, TharLon, 'Masterpiece Uni Sans', 'Win Uni Innwa', 'MyMyanmar Unicode', 'WinUni Innwa', Myanmar2, Myanmar1">ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ၏ အလံတော်</span></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr pt" dir="ltr" lang="pt" style="" xml:lang="pt"><span class="language pt" title=""><b>Português:</b></span> <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_da_Tail%C3%A2ndia" class="extiw" title="pt:Bandeira da Tailândia">Bandeira da Tailândia</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr ru" dir="ltr" lang="ru" style="" xml:lang="ru"><span class="language ru" title=""><b>Русский:</b></span> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Флаг Таиланда">Флаг</a> <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Таиланд">Таиланда</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr sl" dir="ltr" lang="sl" style="" xml:lang="sl"><span class="language sl" title=""><b>Slovenščina:</b></span> <a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/dr%C5%BEavna_zastava" class="extiw" title="sl:državna zastava">državna</a> <a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/zastava" class="extiw" title="sl:zastava">zastava</a> <a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajska" class="extiw" title="sl:Tajska">Tajske</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr ta" dir="ltr" lang="ta" style="" xml:lang="ta"><span class="language ta" title=""><b>தமிழ்:</b></span> <a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" class="extiw" title="ta:தாய்லாந்து">தாய்லாந்து</a> கொடி</div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr th" dir="ltr" lang="th" style="" xml:lang="th"><span class="language th" title=""><b>ไทย:</b></span> <a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" class="extiw" title="th:ธงชาติไทย">ธงชาติ</a>แห่ง<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2" class="extiw" title="th:ราชอาณาจักรไทย">ราชอาณาจักรไทย</a> อันมีชื่อเรียกเฉพาะว่า "<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:ธงไตรรงค์">ธงไตรรงค์</a>" เป็นธงที่ประกาศใช้เป็นธงชาติของประเทศสยาม (และประเทศไทยในยุคหลัง พ.ศ. 2482) เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2460 ตรงกับรัชสมัยของ<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8E%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" class="extiw" title="th:พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว">พระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว</a> กษัตริย์รัชกาลที่ 6 แห่งกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ พื้นธงประกอบด้วยสี 3 สี ได้แก่ <ul> <li>สีแดง หมายถึงโลหิตซึ่งยอมสละได้ เพื่อพิทักษ์ชาติและศาสนา</li> <li>สีขาว หมายถึงความบริสุทธิ์ในพระพุทธศาสนาและธรรมในศาสนาต่างๆ</li> <li>สีน้ำเงิน หมายถึงพระมหากษัตริย์ สีดังกล่าวนี้เดิมเป็นสีโปรดส่วนพระองค์ของพระบาทสมเด็จพระมงกุฎเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว</li> </ul> </div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr vi" dir="ltr" lang="vi" style="" xml:lang="vi"><span class="language vi" title=""><b>Tiếng Việt:</b></span> Quốc kỳ <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Lan" class="extiw" title="vi:Thái Lan">Thái Lan</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr zh" dir="ltr" lang="zh" style="" xml:lang="zh"><span class="language zh" title=""><b>中文:</b></span> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" class="extiw" title="zh:泰国国旗">泰国国旗</a></div> <div class="description mw-content-ltr tl" dir="ltr" lang="tl" style="" xml:lang="tl"><span class="language tl" title="Tagalog"><b>Tagalog:</b></span> <b>Tagalog:</b> Watawat ng <a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylandiya" class="extiw" title="tl:Taylandiya">Taylandiya</a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td id="fileinfotpl_date" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en" xml:lang="en">Date</td> <td lang="en" xml:lang="en">year 2460 of the Buddhist Era (1917 of the Christian era)</td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td id="fileinfotpl_src" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en" xml:lang="en">Source</td> <td><span class="int-own-work" lang="en" xml:lang="en">Own work</span></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td id="fileinfotpl_aut" class="fileinfo-paramfield" lang="en" xml:lang="en">Author</td> <td><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" title="User:Zscout370">Zscout370</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Licensing">Licensing</span></h2> <table class="licensetpl" style="display:none"> <tr> <td><span class="licensetpl_short">Public domain</span><span class="licensetpl_long">Public domain</span><span class="licensetpl_link_req">false</span><span class="licensetpl_attr_req">false</span></td> </tr> </table> <table style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa; direction: ltr; border-spacing: 8px; padding: 0px;" class="layouttemplate mw-content-ltr" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <tr> <td><img alt="Public domain" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/64px-PD-icon.svg.png" title="Public domain" width="64" height="64" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/96px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/128px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></td> <td>This work has been released into the <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:public_domain" class="extiw" title="w:en:public domain">public domain</a></b> by its author, <b><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" title="User:Zscout370">Zscout370</a></b>. This applies worldwide.<br /> <small>In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so:</small><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" title="User:Zscout370">Zscout370</a> grants anyone the right to use this work <b>for any purpose</b>, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.</i></td> </tr> </table> <table cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="layouttemplate restrictiontemplate mw-content-ltr restriction-insignia" xml:lang="en"> <tr> <td style="border:none;" width="64px"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Non-copyright_restrictions" title="Insignia"><img alt="Insignia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat-elements-2.png/64px-Coat-elements-2.png" width="64" height="77" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat-elements-2.png/96px-Coat-elements-2.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat-elements-2.png/128px-Coat-elements-2.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="731" /></a></td> <td style="border:none;"> <p><span lang="en" class="description en" xml:lang="en">This image shows a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flag" class="extiw" title="w:flag">flag</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coat_of_arms" class="extiw" title="w:coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/seal_(device)" class="extiw" title="w:seal (device)">seal</a> or some other official <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/insignia" class="extiw" title="w:insignia">insignia</a></b>. The use of such symbols is restricted in many countries. These restrictions are independent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/copyright" class="extiw" title="w:copyright">copyright</a> status.</span></p> </td> </tr> </table> <p>Derivative works of this file: <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Thailand.svg" title="File:Flag map of Thailand.svg">Flag map of Thailand.svg</a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dependent_images">Dependent images</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Thailand.svg" title="File:Naval Ensign of Thailand.svg">File:Naval Ensign of Thailand.svg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Jack_of_Thailand.svg" title="File:Naval Jack of Thailand.svg">File:Naval Jack of Thailand.svg</a></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw1255 Cached time: 20170908035327 Cache expiry: 1900800 Dynamic content: false CPU time usage: 0.096 seconds Real time usage: 0.149 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2633/1000000 Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 Post‐expand include size: 37072/2097152 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href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&dir=prev#filehistory" class="mw-lastlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">oldest</a>) View (newer 10 \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=20090810210901#filehistory" class="mw-nextlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg" rel="next">older 10</a>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=10#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">10</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=20#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">20</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=50#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">50</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=100#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">100</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=250#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">250</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=500#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">500</a>) <table class="wikitable filehistory"> <tr><th></th><th>Date/Time</th><th>Thumbnail</th><th>Dimensions</th><th>User</th><th>Comment</th></tr> <tr><td>current</td><td class='filehistory-selected' style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg">21:36, 11 November 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 21:36, 11 November 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(273 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Zscout370"><bdi>Zscout370</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Zscout370">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Zscout370">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr">http://www.identity.opm.go.th/identity/doc/nis04486.PDF page 2 (TIS draft colors uploaded separately)</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111111213641%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">14:10, 18 October 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111111213641%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 14:10, 18 October 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20111111213641%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(273 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Zscout370"><bdi>Zscout370</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Zscout370">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Zscout370">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111018141015%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">10:24, 18 October 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111018141015%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 10:24, 18 October 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20111018141015%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></td><td>9,000 × 6,000 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(493 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Dfddtdt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Dfddtdt (page does not exist)"><bdi>Dfddtdt</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Dfddtdt" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Dfddtdt">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dfddtdt" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Dfddtdt">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111018102410%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">15:15, 6 October 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111018102410%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 15:15, 6 October 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20111018102410%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(273 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Zscout370"><bdi>Zscout370</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Zscout370">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Zscout370">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111006151544%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">13:49, 6 October 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111006151544%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 13:49, 6 October 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20111006151544%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(274 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Dfddtdt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Dfddtdt (page does not exist)"><bdi>Dfddtdt</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Dfddtdt" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Dfddtdt">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dfddtdt" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Dfddtdt">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111006134919%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">17:35, 8 July 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20111006134919%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 17:35, 8 July 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20111006134919%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(273 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Zscout370"><bdi>Zscout370</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Zscout370">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Zscout370">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110708173516%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">20:47, 6 July 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110708173516%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 20:47, 6 July 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20110708173516%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(274 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Fry1989" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Fry1989"><bdi>Fry1989</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Fry1989" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Fry1989">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Fry1989" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Fry1989">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110706204702%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">17:50, 2 July 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110706204702%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 17:50, 2 July 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20110706204702%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(274 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Xiengyod~commonswiki" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Xiengyod~commonswiki"><bdi>Xiengyod~commonswiki</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Xiengyod~commonswiki" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Xiengyod~commonswiki">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Xiengyod~commonswiki" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Xiengyod~commonswiki">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110702061357%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">06:13, 2 July 2011</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110702061357%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 06:13, 2 July 2011" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20110702061357%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></td><td>9,000 × 6,000 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(500 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Dfddtdt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Dfddtdt (page does not exist)"><bdi>Dfddtdt</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Dfddtdt" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Dfddtdt">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dfddtdt" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Dfddtdt">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td style='white-space: nowrap;'><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110702061326%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg">21:09, 10 August 2009</a></td><td><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/a/a9/20110702061326%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg"><img alt="Thumbnail for version as of 21:09, 10 August 2009" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/archive/a/a9/20110702061326%21Flag_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="120" height="80" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td><td>900 × 600 <span style="white-space: nowrap;">(274 bytes)</span></td><td><a href="/wiki/User:Zscout370" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Zscout370"><bdi>Zscout370</bdi></a><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Zscout370">talk</a> \| <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Zscout370" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Zscout370">contribs</a>)</span></span></td><td dir="ltr"></td></tr> </table> (newest \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&dir=prev#filehistory" class="mw-lastlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">oldest</a>) View (newer 10 \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=20090810210901#filehistory" class="mw-nextlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg" rel="next">older 10</a>) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=10#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">10</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=20#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">20</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=50#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">50</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=100#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">100</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=250#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">250</a> \| <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg&offset=&limit=500#filehistory" class="mw-numlink" title="File:Flag of Thailand.svg">500</a>) </div> <ul> <li id="mw-imagepage-upload-disallowed">You cannot overwrite this file.</li> </ul> <h2 id="filelinks">File usage on Commons</h2> <div id='mw-imagepage-section-linkstoimage'> <p>More than 100 pages link to this file. 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title="ประเทศไทย">ประเทศไทย</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Acs4b" title="User:Acs4b">User:Acs4b</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:JialiangGao" title="User:JialiangGao">User:JialiangGao</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:John_Hill" title="User:John Hill">User:John Hill</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Harald_S%C3%B8by" title="User:Jon Harald Søby">User:Jon Harald Søby</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Krokodyl" title="User:Krokodyl">User:Krokodyl</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Looknarm" title="User:Looknarm">User:Looknarm</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Love_Krittaya" title="User:Love Krittaya">User:Love Krittaya</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns2"><a href="/wiki/User:Mateusz_War." title="User:Mateusz 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sculpture.jpg">File:Benjasiri park sculpture.jpg</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns6"><a href="/wiki/File:Bkk_saphanchaloemla05.jpg" title="File:Bkk saphanchaloemla05.jpg">File:Bkk saphanchaloemla05.jpg</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns6"><a href="/wiki/File:Bkkpadungkrungkasem03.jpg" title="File:Bkkpadungkrungkasem03.jpg">File:Bkkpadungkrungkasem03.jpg</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns6"><a href="/wiki/File:Bkkpadungkrungkasem03c.jpg" title="File:Bkkpadungkrungkasem03c.jpg">File:Bkkpadungkrungkasem03c.jpg</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns6"><a href="/wiki/File:Bkksaphanphut0609.jpg" title="File:Bkksaphanphut0609.jpg">File:Bkksaphanphut0609.jpg</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns6"><a href="/wiki/File:Bkkwtheptidaram0205.jpg" title="File:Bkkwtheptidaram0205.jpg">File:Bkkwtheptidaram0205.jpg</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns6"><a href="/wiki/File:Chao_Phraya_in_Samut_Prakan_Province_-_aerial.jpg" 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title="Category:Democracy Monument (Bangkok)">Category:Democracy Monument (Bangkok)</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Giant_Swing,_Bangkok" title="Category:Giant Swing, Bangkok">Category:Giant Swing, Bangkok</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Palace,_Bangkok" title="Category:Grand Palace, Bangkok">Category:Grand Palace, Bangkok</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Narai_Ratcha_Niwet" title="Category:Narai Ratcha Niwet">Category:Narai Ratcha Niwet</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Phra_Nakhon_Khiri_historical_park" title="Category:Phra Nakhon Khiri historical park">Category:Phra Nakhon Khiri historical park</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category:Thailand</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Users_in_Thailand" title="Category:Users in Thailand">Category:Users in Thailand</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wat_Arun" title="Category:Wat Arun">Category:Wat Arun</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wat_Chaiwatthanaram" title="Category:Wat Chaiwatthanaram">Category:Wat Chaiwatthanaram</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wat_Mahathat_(Bangkok)" title="Category:Wat Mahathat (Bangkok)">Category:Wat Mahathat (Bangkok)</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wat_Pho" title="Category:Wat Pho">Category:Wat Pho</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wat_Phra_Fang" title="Category:Wat Phra Fang">Category:Wat Phra Fang</a></li> <li class="mw-imagepage-linkstoimage-ns14"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Category:Wat Phra Kaew">Category:Wat Phra Kaew</a></li> <li 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class='mw-gu-onwiki-ace_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ace.wikipedia.org <ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muang_Thai">Muang Thai</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola:Country_data_Thailand">Pola:Country data Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola:Cham_ethnic_group_infobox">Pola:Cham ethnic group infobox</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansa_Cham">Bansa Cham</a></li> </ul></li> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-ady_wikipedia_org'>Usage on ady.wikipedia.org <ul> <li><a class="external" href="//ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4">Тайланд</a></li> </ul></li> <li class='mw-gu-onwiki-af_wikipedia_org'>Usage on af.wikipedia.org <ul> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi%C3%AB">Asië</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme">Boeddhisme</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaapstad">Kaapstad</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliet">Satelliet</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_olieproduserende_state">Lys van olieproduserende state</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Uitgesoekte_herdenkings/September">Wikipedia:Uitgesoekte herdenkings/September</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking">Lys van lande volgens bevolking</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Uitgesoekte_herdenkings/28_September">Wikipedia:Uitgesoekte herdenkings/28 September</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan">Indiese Oseaan</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt_Offensief">Tết Offensief</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Thailand">Kategorie:Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stille_Oseaan">Stille Oseaan</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid">Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Thailand">Vlag van Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chiang">Ban Chiang</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geallieerdes_van_die_Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog">Geallieerdes van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380">Airbus A380</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjabloon:Landdata_Thailand">Sjabloon:Landdata Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande">Lys van lande</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_internasionale_rugbyspanne">Lys van internasionale rugbyspanne</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks">Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita">Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(koopkragpariteit)_per_capita">Lys van lande volgens BBP (koopkragpariteit) per capita</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak">Lys van lande volgens oppervlak</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_geletterdheidskoers">Lys van lande volgens geletterdheidskoers</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2008">Olimpiese Somerspele 2008</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2012">Olimpiese Somerspele 2012</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2004">Olimpiese Somerspele 2004</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanboel">Istanboel</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2000">Olimpiese Somerspele 2000</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1996">Olimpiese Somerspele 1996</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1992">Olimpiese Somerspele 1992</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1988">Olimpiese Somerspele 1988</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1984">Olimpiese Somerspele 1984</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1976">Olimpiese Somerspele 1976</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2016">Olimpiese Somerspele 2016</a></li> <li><a class="external" href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_1972">Olimpiese Somerspele 1972</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <p>View <a href="/wiki/Special:GlobalUsage/Flag_of_Thailand.svg" 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The 25-year-marriage of convenience between Bernie Sanders and the Democratic Party is on the rocks, as the Vermont independent senator is threatening to take his millions of supporters with him in the separation. Sanders has made it clear he will his lead his army of committed activists into battle against presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump, but that doesn’t mean he’ll do it under the Democratic Party’s banner. That should give Democrats reason to worry about the long term implications of his political revolution on their party. This week, Sanders supporters booed his mention of the Democratic Party at a rally in California, while the party’s chairwoman accused the senator of “excus[ing]” death threats made by his fans against another party leader. Amid the tension Tuesday night, Sanders’ policy director announced on Twitter that he had donated money to DNC Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz’ congressional primary opponent. “[A]fter tonight, it’s way too late for establishment politics,” he explained. Related: Bernie Sanders Wins in Oregon, But He Needed Kentucky, Too As the controversy over a raucous state convention in Nevada stretched into its fourth day, Democrats across the country are increasingly worried about about a tumultuous national convention in July and a lasting fissure in the party. "We have a multi-faceted, multi-layered concern," said New Hampshire Democratic Party Chairman Ray Buckley, shortly after landing in Philadelphia for a meeting of state party chairs, at which the Nevada convention chaos is sure to come up. Buckley was there when Sanders officially became a Democrat in November. The chairman personally accompanied Sanders to the secretary of state’s office to make sure the independent senator had no issue getting on the Democratic ballot in the first-in-the nation primary state. While Buckley said he’s confident the issue can be resolved ahead of the National Convention in Philadelphia with greater education of the process to Sanders supporters, he acknowledged that the potential for trouble is unusually high. "This is my ninth convention and I’ve never even had to contemplate" ejecting disruptive delegates from the convention, Buckley said. "I’ve never even witnessed that kind of thing. We are entering an entirely new level of discussion and preparation." Related: Bernie Sanders Remains Defiant After Nevada Convention Chaos Meanwhile, Sanders supporters increasingly view the institutional Democratic Party as conspiring against them. "When you lose a fair fight, then you’re sad and disappointed. When you lose rigged fight, then you’re angry and you hit the streets," said Charles Chamberlain, the executive director of the liberal group Democracy for America, which supports Sanders. Even if party agrees to Sanders supporters' pre-convention demands, which include greater representation on the committees that write the party’s platform and rules, there may still be trouble. Let our news meet your inbox. The news and stories that matters, delivered weekday mornings. This site is protected by recaptcha "I think a little bit of disruption is exciting. That’s democracy," Chamberlain said. "The reality is without that, all you have is boring parliamentary procedure and everyone falls asleep. So I think it’s exciting and it’s actually healthy." Still, Chamberlain said concerns about an unbreachable rift are overblown, and that the party will heal, just like it does after every contentious primary. “We’ll see the democratic establishment and the political revolution working together to defeat the Republican billionaire bigot in November,” he said, referring to Trump. Presidential primaries are always contentious. The 2016 Democratic primary probably doesn’t rank anywhere near the top in terms of vitriol. Typically, primaries end with the losing candidate and their supporters falling in line to be a good partisan soldier in the end. The vast majority of Sanders supporters, who are liberal Democrats, will come into the fold this year, as well. The difference, however, is that Sanders and many of his hardest-core revolutionaries are not loyal to the Democratic Party. “Generally, there’s so-called unity because the candidates are not really that far apart. This time, there’s a fundamental difference,” said Jonathan Tasini, who ran unsuccessful primary challenge against then-Sen. Hillary Clinton in 2006. He now supports Sanders. “While people seem to think it’s just a slogan, there is really a political revolution going on and this revolt is not going to stop after this election.” After all, Sanders’ first successful political campaign came at expense of the incumbent Democratic mayor of Burlington, Vermont, whom he unseated in 1980. Democrats on the city council vociferously opposed the new mayor’s agenda, until his allies defeated many of them, too. Tensions were so high between Sanders and Vermont Democrats that when in 1984 he attended “a formal Democratic Party function for the first and last time time in my life,” a woman slapped him across his face, he wrote to his autobiography. Sanders continued running against Democrats until 1988, when he came in second in a three-way congressional race ahead of the Democrat. Two years later, he and the party struck a truce. Democrats cleared the way for him to win a congressional seat, and later one in the Senate, where he caucuses with and votes with the party to this day. But that relationship seems to be fraying now amid acrimony over process concerns, which have sometimes eclipsed Sanders’ policy agenda. On Tuesday night, after splitting the Kentucky and Oregon primaries with Clinton, Sanders said the party had to meet his demands, not the other way around. “The Democratic Party is going to have to make a very, very profound and important decision. It can do the right thing and open its doors,” he said. “Or, the other option, the other for the Democratic Party which I see as a very sad and tragic option is to, is to choose to maintain its status quo structure, remain dependent on big money campaign contributions and be a party with limited participation and limited energy." Many of Sanders strongest supporters come from outside the ranks of registered Democrats, which explains explain why, until Tuesday night, he had only won primaries that allow independent voters to participate. Sanders brought many of these people into the Democratic political process, but the concern is that he will help push them out if they’re led to believe the party is a hopelessly corrupt machine. Even if the so-called “Bernie or Bust” voters hold their nose and vote for Clinton to stop Trump in November, it may be harder to make them the kind of reliable Democratic voters the party needs to help elect its candidates at every level, up and down the ballot, in every election. The latest flare up came after Sanders supporters disrupted the Nevada Democratic Party Convention Saturday, threatened the state party chair, and vandalized the party’s headquarters. The party accused the Sanders campaign of having a “penchant for extra-parliamentary behavior — indeed, actual violence” and called on him to strongly speak out against it. Sanders issued a statement Tuesday that condemned “any and all forms of violence,” but Democrats say that wasn’t enough, noting it was not specifically addressed to his supporters and was buried with a caveat in the third paragraph of an otherwise defiant statement. Wasserman Schultz told MSNBC that the statement “seems to excuse their supporters’ actions, which is unacceptable.” The Nevada Democratic Party added that Sanders is “failing to adequately denounce the threats of violence of his supporters.” Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, who said he had a good conversation with Sanders about the convention, told reporters he was “surprised” and disappointed by Sanders’ “silly” response. "Bernie is better than that. He should say something about this, not have some statement someone else prepared for him," Reid said. Reid’s comment about "someone else" reflects the view of many Democrats, generally expressed only privately, that Sanders is being led astray by his campaign manager, who seems to constantly want to escalate fights with the party. Sen. Barbara Boxer, a Clinton supporter who was booed at the Nevada convention, spoke with Sanders Tuesday night to explain what happened, in part because she was concerned the information was not getting to him, according to a source. Democrats are baffled as to why Sanders has been reluctant to speak out more forcefully against his supporters’ actions. Some Sanders surrogates doubted the death threats against the Nevada party chair actually came from Sanders supporters, despite the evidence. Two months ago, when Trump rallies turned violent, Sanders called on the candidate to be “loud and clear and tell his supporters that violence at rallies is not what America is about, and to end it.” "No one in America should ever fear for their safety at a political rally," Sanders said in a statement. "Mr. Trump should take responsibility for addressing his supporters’ violent actions." This article first appeared on MSNBC
[Cancer of the bladder. Results of radiotherapy after partial cystectomy]. The authors evaluate 374 patients treated by adjuvant radiotherapy after conservative surgery or radiotherapy alone for bladder carcinoma, from 1974 to 1982. The five year survival rate was 61, 39, 8 and 43 percent, respectively, for stages A (84 pts), B (154 pts), C (65 pts) and NOS (71 pts). Two homogeneous groups of patients staged B, treated by conservative surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy were evaluated: group I by "high" dose radiotherapy (TDF greater than 95), group II by "low" dose (TDF between 50 and 95); the five years survival rates were, respectively, 59% and 28% (P less than 0.05). It is discussed the value of treatment of the bladder carcinoma by high dose radiotherapy after conservative surgery.
{% block header %} {% endblock %} <form method="POST" action="{{ script_root }}/admin/challenges/new" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% block name %} <div class="form-group"> <label> Name:<br> <small class="form-text text-muted"> The name of your challenge </small> </label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="name" placeholder="Enter challenge name"> </div> {% endblock %} {% block category %} <div class="form-group"> <label> Category:<br> <small class="form-text text-muted"> The category of your challenge </small> </label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="category" placeholder="Enter challenge category"> </div> {% endblock %} {% block message %} <div class="form-group"> <label> Message:<br> <small class="form-text text-muted"> Use this to give a brief introduction to your challenge. </small> </label> <textarea id="new-desc-editor" class="form-control markdown" name="description" rows="10"></textarea> </div> {% endblock %} {% block value %} <div class="form-group"> <label> Value:<br> <small class="form-text text-muted"> This is how many points are rewarded for solving this challenge. </small> </label> <input type="number" class="form-control" name="value" placeholder="Enter value" required> </div> {% endblock %} {% block state %} <input type="hidden" name="state" value="hidden"> {% endblock %} {% block type %} <input type="hidden" name="type" value="standard"> {% endblock %} {% block submit %} <div class="form-group"> <button class="btn btn-primary float-right create-challenge-submit" type="submit">Create</button> </div> {% endblock %} </form> {% block footer %} {% endblock %}
Q: How to compare user input (from std::cin) to a string? So this one sounds very easy but I am getting some strange behavior. In my program there is the following code: std::cout << "Would you like to generate a complexity graph or calculate global complexity? (graph/global)\n"; char ans[6]; std::cin >> ans; if (ans != "global") std::cout << ">>" << ans << "<<" << std::endl; When I run my program and type in "global" when I'm prompted for input, the program returns: >>global<< Why does the if statement evaluate as true? A: You should use strcmp or strncmp for comparison of c-style strings. ans != "global" is just comparing the memory address pointed by the pointer, not the content of string. char ans[6]; should be char ans[7];, for "global", you need one more char for the terminating null character '\0'. You should use std::string instead, to avoid such issues.
Q: Need for acceleration in particle-antiparticle annihilation? If an electron and positron are accelerated towards each other, at distances quite far away, there wouldn't be any significant electrostatic attraction, hence they need to be accelerated. But when they do come close, the Coulomb force is significant. So why do we accelerate the particle antiparticle pair, when they get attracted by electromagnetic forces? What is the need for getting them to collide at high speeds? Doesn't annihilation occur when an electron comes in the field of the positron? A: Pairs of charged particles and/or objects attract via the $Q_1Q_2/R^2$ Coulomb's law. This is a classical approximation that quantifies how their velocities are changing when the objects are large or distances are much longer than the Compton wavelength etc. When the particles get really close, there are new effects that are neglected by the laws of classical physics such as Coulomb's law. They must be calculated using the so-called quantum mechanics - or, when the velocities are high or creation/annihilation takes place, quantum field theory is enough. Quantum field theory implies that the repulsion or attraction isn't the only thing that the electron-positron pair may do. One of the charged particles may also emit a photon and go off-shell for a while, before it emits another photon and goes to the negative, opposite energy-momentum than its partner particles. Then they may annihilate. This is only possible due to the Heisenberg uncertainty – and may borrow an energy for a while. That's why the particles may annihilate even though their classical trajectories wouldn't even hit each other. In quantum mechanics, the electron and positron trajectory merge into a single trajectory that is bended backwards in time (positron is an electron going backwards in time) and from which two photons are emitted. Such histories have to be summed over and they contribute to processes that are possible. In QFT, creation and annihilation is unavoidably possible as long as charge conservations are respected.
Multiple infections with different HCV genotypes: prevalence and clinical impact. In a HCV genotype 3a-infected patient, viremia with a different genotype (1b) was detected after 16 weeks of ineffective therapy. Serological typing revealed that this genotype had already been present prior to therapy. To investigate the epidemiology of multiple HCV infections and the therapeutical consequences for patients superinfected with a new HCV strain. Sera of 600 patients were screened for infection with multiple genotypes by using sequencing and a serological assay in parallel. Infection with two different HCV types was detected in 13 patients. The prevailing strain was genotyped by sequencing. From two of these patients additional sera were available which had been drawn up to 24 and 28 months prior to the current sample, respectively. Those early samples showed viremia with a HCV subtype that could not be detected by PCR afterwards. Only antibodies to the initial strain were detectable in the later samples. In patients serially infected by different HCV strains, one strain will prevail as the viremic virus. Under antiviral therapy, the displaced strain may become viremic again and may influence the outcome of therapy. Detection of inferior strains by serological assays before antiviral therapy may be important for choosing the adequate regimen.
Share “Katrina's scars harder to see as Super...” Katrina's scars harder to see as Super Bowl looms Published on NewsOK Modified: January 29, 2013 at 1:21 pm • Published: January 29, 2013 Advertisement NEW ORLEANS (AP) — New Orleans has celebrated plenty of milestones on its slow road to recovery from Hurricane Katrina, but arguably none is bigger than hosting its first Super Bowl since the 2005 storm left the city in shambles. FILE - The NFL Super Bowl XLVII NFL football game logo is seen past the Mercedes-Benz Superdome on the face of an office building as preparations take place in this Sunday, Jan. 27, 2013 file photo taken in New Orleans. New Orleans has celebrated plenty of milestones on its slow road to recovery from Hurricane Katrina, but arguably none is bigger than hosting its first Super Bowl since the 2005 storm left the city in shambles. The Baltimore Ravens and San Francisco 49ers are scheduled to play in Super Bowl XLVII on Sunday, Feb. 3. (AP Photo/Patrick Semansky, File) To see the remnants of Katrina's destruction, fans coming to town for Sunday's game will have to stray from the French Quarter and the downtown corridor where the Superdome is located. Even in the neighborhoods that bore the brunt of the storm, many of the most glaring scars have faded over time. Billions of dollars in federal money has paid for repairing and replacing tens of thousands of homes wrecked by flooding. Gone are the ubiquitous FEMA trailers that once dotted the landscape. Levees that broke and flooded 80 percent of the city have been fortified with the intent of protecting the city from another epic hurricane. The city's lifeblood tourism trade has thrived despite the double-barrel blow of Katrina and BP's massive 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Seafood is plentiful as the harvest rebounds from effects of the oil spill. Crowds at Jazz Fest and Mardi Gras, two of the city's signature events, have at least matched pre-storm levels. Lured by tax credits, filmmakers have flocked here in droves. And the hospitality industry has been an economic engine for the city, which has more restaurants now than it did when the storm made landfall. "The restaurants opened lickety split, as fast as they could," said Tom Fitzmorris, publisher of The New Orleans Menu. "Everybody is doing well. We have very few closings. I don't know anybody who is complaining." Sunday's Super Bowl is the city's first since 2002, but New Orleans already has hosted a BCS national championship game, a men's Final Four and other major sports and entertainment events in the past 18 months alone. "That is an extraordinary run of events for a city that seven years ago was 15 feet under water and the last on every list in America that mattered," Mayor Mitch Landrieu said last week. "Now we find ourselves in a city that's on the world stage." Yet, as far as the city has come, decades-old problems persist. New Orleans remains plagued by violent crime, political corruption, a troubled police department and poverty. Crime rates briefly dipped after Katrina scattered residents all over the country but quickly soared again as people returned home. Landrieu has made crime reduction one of his top priorities, but the murder rate has remained stubbornly high since he took office in 2010. After the storm, federal authorities launched a sweeping effort to clean up the police department. Several investigations yielded charges against 20 current or former officers, many of whom were linked to deadly shootings in Katrina's chaotic aftermath. The Justice Department also has negotiated ambitious plans to reform the police force and improve conditions at the city's jail. Separate probes of City Hall corruption revealed that some officials enriched themselves while New Orleans struggled to rebound from the storm. The latest and most prominent target so far is former Mayor Ray Nagin, who was indicted earlier this month on charges he accepted bribes and payoffs in exchange for steering work to city contractors.
Black Rock Shooter - Black Gold Saw Nendoroid Action Figure Item# 4582191967431 MSRP: $49.99 Our Price: $44.99 This item is currently out of stock! Product Description The mysterious red-eyed girl is also joining the Nendoroids! From the anime "Black Rock Shooter" comes a Nendoroid of the mysterious girl who battled with Black Rock Shooter at the start of the movie, "Black Gold Saw". Even her trademark sword "King Saw" has been shrunk down to Nendoroid size! A variety of extra parts are included for even more posing possibilities, such as extra leg parts, expressions and a multitude of hand parts. A CHANxCO expression is also included to follow the BRS Nendoroid tradition! Be sure to display her together with Black Rock Shooter and Dead Master!
Ask HN: Dealing with EU clients requiring EU compliance - apedley Hi<p>Currently I have a company from the EU wishing to use my SaaS. Without going into detail on what I do, I collect data on behalf of them and am a "data importer" as concerned by the EU.<p>They have provided me with a standard EU based contract (Article 26(2) of Directive 95/46/EC) to sign.<p>I am Australian based and have servers in the US but nothing within the EU. I only handle email and IP addresses and only ever give access to this information to the promoter or for internal use within my company.<p>However this contract increases my liability and obligations in reporting any data handling of their data and an obligation to respond to any person who entered data in our system and provide them access to their information or deal with how they wished. Currently this client only represents $150 per year and I am wondering what others have done in this situation, if they have faced similar situations dealing with companies in the EU.<p>I decided not to sign the document and give them a refund, was I over reacting? I am not a lawyer but the additional liability didn't seem worth it. ====== bdfh42 I think you did the right thing. The (potential) customer wanted to unload a set of obligations onto you - for small compensation. We have a small (Local Authority) customer who keeps trying to get us to indemnify their risks when upgrading networks and other infrastructure (will we guarantee our software will still run and they will suffer no data loss?) - all for a similarly priced software purchase quite a few years ago. We simply refuse but it does not stop them trying and they don't even pay for maintenance.
Skateboarding is a very individual activity. There is no right or wrong way to skate. Skateboarding still hasn't stopped evolving, and skaters are coming up with new tricks all the time. Skateboarding has gone through its ups and downs over the years. However, since 2000, due to attention in the media and products like skateboarding video games, children's skateboards and commercialization, skateboarding has been pulled into the mainstream. As more interest and money has been invested into skateboarding, more skate parks, better skateboards have become available. In addition, the continuing interest has motivated skateboarding companies have to keep innovating and inventing new things. In 2020 Skateboarding will appear for the first-time in the Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.[4] go with friends like most do, or at least with friends that support what your doing. Im 26 yrs old,I am a solo skater in elk city Oklahoma and the skate community is small, but we have a park , but in the smaller community skaters clique up I didn’t grow up here so I’m left out. I learn a I can online and practice little bit s out of the day when I have time from both jobs I work, I just don’t get a lot of beef cause I ignore them and do my own thing , but I’ve noticed my tricks that I land alone fairly easy they get difficult in the presence of others for some reason Being standoffish and skate with a lil aggression you’ll be alright, just don’t give up man at all costs do not give up. Shop skateboard decks from The House Outdoor Gear for the best selection of skateboard decks and everything else skateboarding. We carry the best skateboard brands around including Real, Baker, Blind, Zero, Enjoi, Welcome, Anti Hero and many more. Our site features skateboard wheels, skateboard trucks, skateboard bearings, and other skateboard accessories. From cruiser skateboards to traditional shapes the skateboard shop at The House Outdoor Gear will have something for everyone. Shop through our selection of the top skateboard decks and find what you’re looking for today. Skateboarding, in one form or another, has been around since the late 1950’s when the first brave pioneer first attached roller skate wheels to a piece of wood. As skateboarding progressed to mimic surfing, skateboards evolved with the style of riding. Skateboards grew and changed shapes as riders experimented with everything from plastic to fiberglass to aluminum constructions - all in an effort to push what was possible. Like most sports or art forms, progression is at the heart of skateboard innovation. Now, I might not be able to skate to save my life, but I can do a little physics. So here's a thought - maybe I can use physics to learn how to do an ollie. Here's the plan. I'm going to open up the above video of skateboarder Adam Shomsky doing an ollie, filmed in glorious 1000 frames-per-second slow motion, and analyze it in the open source physics video analysis tool Tracker. The top part of the truck is screwed to the deck and is called the baseplate, and beneath it is the hanger. The axle runs through the hanger. Between the baseplate and the hanger are bushings, also rubbers or grommets, that provide the cushion mechanism for turning the skateboard. The bushings cushion the truck when it turns. The stiffer the bushings, the more resistant the skateboard is to turning. The softer the bushings, the easier it is to turn. Bushings come in varying shapes and urethane formulas as well as durometers, which may affect turning, rebound and durability. A bolt called a kingpin holds these parts together and fits inside the bushings. Thus by tightening or loosening the kingpin nut, the trucks can be adjusted loosely for better turning and tighter for more stability (useful when landing tricks). Standard kingpin nut size is 3/8" - 24tpi. The position of the hanger respect to the baseplate is also determined by the pivot, a rod that slots into the corresponding seat in the baseplate. The pivot stops the hanger from rotating around the kingpin. The pivot must allow some movement around the bushings and therefore is not a perfect fit. The space between the pivot and its seat in the baseplate is filled by a pivot cup, a plastic part that will take most of the wear and tear of the pivot and assist in centering the hanger needs to be lubricated every so often. Smile and wave – Feel free to look around at all the other people at the skatepark that stood by and marveled at your new-found accomplishments (all one of them). I’m sure by this point you’ll be picking up roses that are being thrown at your feet, and taking a well-deserved bow as they begin to chant your name. Take it all in, thank the crowd for their undying affection, and then go get a snow-cone. You deserve it, champ. 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Go to a skatepark, skate until you want to stop, rock it, and stay confident. Guys could not care less whether or not you’re a girl who skates, and thats the bottom line. You just gotta learn to ollie perfectly and you’ll get to the point where you’ll be making their confidence falter. Ohderii Skate Skateboards are made of a High-quality Plastic deck which will not easily break even when pressed over by a car. It comes with 3.125″ all aluminum alloy trucks, 59mm 78A super smooth PU wheels and ABEC-7 stainless steel bearings. It is ready to use and you can easily store it in your backpack. It has an average rating of 4.5 on Amazon.
Q: How exactly does the nodejs promise library work for multiple promises? Recently I made a webscrapper in nodejs using 'promise'. I created a Promise for each url I wanted to scrape and then used all method: var fetchUrlArray=[]; for(...){ var mPromise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){ (http.get(...))() }); fetchUrlArray.push(mPromise); } Promise.all(fetchUrlArray).then(...) There were thousands of urls but only a few of them got timed out. I got the impression that it was handling 5 promises in parallel at a time. My question is how exactly does promise.all() work. Does it: Call each promise one by one and switch to the next one till the previous one is resolved. Or does in process the promises in a batch of a few from the array. Or does it fire all promises What is the best way to solve this problem in nodejs. Because as it stands I can solve this problem way faster in Java/C# A: What you pass Promise.all() is an array of promises. It knows absolutely nothing about what is behind those promises. All it knows is that those promises will get resolved or rejected sometime in the future and it will create a new master promise that follows the sum of all the promises you passed it. This is one of the nice things about promises. They are an abstraction that lets you coordinate any type of action (usually asynchronous) without regard for what type of action it is. As such, promises have literally nothing to do with the actual action. All they do is monitor the completion or error of the action and report that back to those agents following the promise. Other code actually runs the action. In your particular case, you are immediately calling http.get() in a tight loop and your code (nothing to do with promises) is launching a zillion http.get() operations at once. Those will get fired as fast as the underlying transport can do them (likely subject to connection limits). If you want them to be launched serially or in batches of say 10 at a time, then you have to code it that way yourself. Promises have nothing to do with that. You could use promises to help you code them to launch serially or in batches, but it would take extra of your code to do that either way to make that happen. The Async library is specifically built for running things in parallel, but with a maximum number in flight at any given time because this is a common scheme where you either have connection limits on your end or you don't want to overwhelm the receiving server. You may be interested in the parallelLimit option which lets you run a number of async operations in parallel, but with a maximum number in flight at any given time.
Pages Baked Buffalo Cauliflower Bites Baked Buffalo Cauliflower Bites with a dairy-free ranch dipping sauce are loaded with all the flavors of one of our favorite Monday Night Football appetizers, but in a better-for-you option. These spicy bites are meatless and dairy free too! So what do you think my husband thought when I served these up for our game night feast?! Normally he wouldn't be to keen on a chicken wing alternative, especially one that is completely meatless! When I told him we were taking the #MeatlessMondayNight challenge to start incorporating a more plant-based diet, he groaned "I think we should just do away with all days of the week that start with 'M'!" haha I explained how that wouldn't work, because we could just make it a Tofu Tuesday. He wasn't amused...When Monday night rolled around, I had these spicy little cauliflower bites ready and waiting for him when he walked in the door from work. As usual, Don is a good sport and will try anything I make, so he dug right in! I was in the other room when I heard, "WOW! If I didn't know better I'd think this was chicken!" SCORE!! Don gobbled them right up and asked for more! #MeatlessMondayNight mission accomplished! He loved the homemade ranch dip I made too. Shhhhh I didn't tell him that it is dairy free. I figured I better not push my luck. Now, I need to run out and get more cauliflower, because these Baked Buffalo Cauliflower Bites are going to be making a regular appearance on game days! Scroll down past my photo tutorial to access the ingredients and directions all in one place, if you prefer. Thanks!Start this recipe by making the dairy-free ranch dip, that way it can chill in the refrigerator while the cauliflower bites are being prepared. The dip is very easy to make and can be mixed by hand. I recommend using fresh herbs for maximum flavor. In a mixing bowl, combine 1/2 cup Silk Soymilk, 1 cup mayonnaise, 1/2 tablespoon fresh dill, 2 tablespoons chopped, fresh parsley, 2 tablespoons chopped, fresh chives, 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder, 1/4 teaspoon onion powder, 1/2 teaspoon kosher salt, and 1/4 teaspoon freshly cracked black pepper.TIP: Click here to find Silk products near you! Whisk to combine. Give it a taste and adjust the seasonings to your liking. Cover and refrigerate until ready to use. Gently toss the cauliflower with the batter, being sure to coat the cauliflower thoroughly... Line a baking sheet with foil and place a rack on top of the foil. Generously spray the rack with cooking spray and place the coated cauliflower onto the rack, being sure to leave space between each one... Bake in the preheated oven for 20 minutes or until the cauliflower starts to brown. While the cauliflower is baking, melt 3 tablespoons dairy-free butter and mix with 1 (5 ounce) bottle of cayenne pepper sauce and 1 tablespoon honey. Whisk to combine. Give it a taste and adjust the flavors to your liking. When the cauliflower is ready, remove it from the oven and toss with the hot sauce mixture. Spray the rack with cooking spray again and place the cauliflower back on the rack. Put back in the oven for 10 more minutes until browned to your liking. Remove from oven and allow to cool slightly. Transfer to a serving dish with the Dairy-Free Ranch Dip and enjoy! Silk’s plant-based beverages and yogurt alternatives are extremely versatile in the kitchen and can be used to create delicious meat- and dairy-free versions of your go-to tailgating recipes like my Baked Buffalo Cauliflower Bites. Click here to visit the Silk Sideline Meat website for more amazing recipes and tips, and enter for a chance to WIN the ULTIMATE Game Day Room Makeover!! Place the coated cauliflower onto the prepared rack, being sure to leave space between each one. Bake in the preheated oven for 20 minutes or until the cauliflower starts to brown. While the cauliflower is baking, melt 3 tablespoons dairy-free butter and mix with 1 (5 ounce) bottle of cayenne pepper sauce and 1 tablespoon honey. Whisk to combine. Give it a taste and adjust the flavors to your liking. When the cauliflower is ready, remove it from the oven and toss with the hot sauce mixture. Spray the rack with cooking spray again and place the cauliflower back on the rack. Put back in the oven for 10 more minutes until browned to your liking. Remove from oven and allow to cool slightly. Transfer to a serving dish with the Dairy-Free Ranch Dip and enjoy! Excellent use of the Silk Marion! So creative! I especially love that you batter-baked the cauliflower. I've never seek that, but I can imagineit gave the florets some texture before buffalo saucing them up. I love this recipe. I haven't tried that, but I don't see why not. I imagine the only difference would be in the taste with the added nuttiness from the almond milk. I'd love to hear how it turns out for you! Thanks for the great question. Happy New Year :) Last night I made buffalo cauliflower bites using part of your recipe (I used ranch dressing I had on hand, Franks Wing Sauce, and dairy milk rather than the Silk soy milk) so basically I used the batter and baking methods for the buffalo cauliflower. They turned out fantastic! I like that they weren't soggy and of course, the incredible flavor! We didn't finish all of them last night so I reheat the remaining in the oven for lunch today. They were still just as good reheated. :) When I have more time, I'd like to give your ranch dressing and homemade sauce a try as well. Thank you for the great recipe! Many people do associate mayo with dairy, however it is eggs, oil, & vinegar. No dairy. The recipe is meat free, but if you would like this to be vegan, then by all means use a substitute :) I hope that helps ~Marion I have not tried that and having not worked with cassava flour it is hard for me to give you a good answer. The flour acts as a coating in this recipe to help hold the hot sauce better and also to crisp them up a little better. I don't know how cassava flour would perform. I'm sorry I'm not much help, but please let me know how it works if you give it a try. Thanks so much! I have made a similar recipe using cassava flour and it works well. Since it is such a starchy flour, cut the liquid in half and add more as needed to make it a batter. It will thin out quickly. I've also used garbanzo bean flour, which works really well too, though not paleo, it would be grain free, and also adds a nice bit of protein. A combination of garbanzo and cassava works well too! I have made this with regular milk just as I did with the soy milk. It might be that your flour was not completely combined with the milk. It does take a bit of whisking to incorporate enough for it to thicken. I hope that helps :) I made this recipe tonight and it was delicious. I used Frank's red hot sauce which I chose to dilute a bit more with another tablespoon of vegan butter. Also, I added 5 minutes to the initial baking time and 5 minutes more to the bake time after having added the buffalo sauce. And may I just say that this non dairy ranch dressing is that absolute BEST. It was amazing I was so impressed with myself after making it Lol Word of Advice; invest in one of those sheet racks the author uses in her pictures. It makes a world of difference when it comes time to take your freshly battered cauliflower from the baking sheet. Anyways, This recipe is definitely going into my arsenal. Thank you so much! I made these with using almond milk. The sauce was WAY TOO HOT. So sad bc it was time consuming and I was pretty excited that they would taste good. The texture is nice.Next time, I'll make homemade BBQ sauce. Carolyn, I'm sorry the sauce was too hot for you. This is the first time I've had someone mention it being too hot. It is usually more of a sweet heat with the added honey. Did you make sure to mix the hot sauce with the butter and honey and taste it first before tossing it with the cauliflower? I always recommend tasting first and adjust the flavors as needed. If you add more honey and butter it will cut through the heat for you. I hope that helps! ~Marion Hello, this recipe looks so delicious! Thank you for sharing. I can't wait to try it out!! I actually shared this recipe here http://www.meshkomoments.com/healthy-football-game-food/ in my list of Healthy Football Game Food Ideas!! :) Sharing this recipe (and my version) on my blog Monday. My recipe went off the rails. Did you see the Friends' episode where Rachel prepares an English Trifle and ends up with Shepherd's Pie? Yep! Linked to you for the original recipe! Enjoy the laugh... https://notatrophywife.com happy friday laura Thank you so much for visiting and sharing your thoughts! Comments are moderated, so I don't miss anything. I like to read each and every one! Please understand I am not able to allow comments with links. Thanks! I hope it's a great day!! ~Marion Life Tastes Good is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by linking to amazon.com
Award RibbonUpon completion of this campaign you will recieve this fine ribbon to decorate your profile page and act as a link back to this page. Lockheed campaign ribbonfor completion of the Lockheed Air and Space campaign Operational OverviewThe Lockheed Aircraft Corporation had its origin in the very early days of flight, and contributed mightily to both civil and military aviation throughout the 20th century. This campaign aims to illuminate that contribution by assembling a gallery of models of aircraft, spacecraft, or rockets designed and produced by the company between its founding in 1912 and its merger into LMT in 1995 The Rules and Regs1) build any aircraft, spacecraft, or rocket designed and produced by Lockheed Aircraft between its founding in 1912 and its merger into LMT in 1995. 2) Aftermarket parts, conversions, scratch/mods permitted; 3) OOB decals, or any other liveries real or fictional permitted; 4) Build as many kits as you wish, but only 1 ribbon will be awarded per person; 5) Models should be no more than 33% completed before the campaign start date and the model should be finished before the end of the campaign. 6) Minimum of 2 progress shots in the official campaign thread plus minimum of one shot of the completed build in the campaign gallery; 7) be sure to include a finished photo suitable for use in a feature article; 8) Dioramas welcome but not required; 9) Entries cannot be used for more than one campaign. 11) Most importantly have fun, enjoy your build, and share your progress with us all. Contest ElementThe campaign ribbon will be awarded to each entrant who completes a model and posts to the gallery.
/* * arch/alpha/boot/main.c * * Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 Linus Torvalds * * This file is the bootloader for the Linux/AXP kernel / #include <linux/kernel.h> #include <linux/string.h> #include <generated/utsrelease.h> #include <linux/mm.h> #include <asm/system.h> #include <asm/console.h> #include <asm/hwrpb.h> #include <asm/pgtable.h> #include <stdarg.h> #include "ksize.h" extern int vsprintf(char , const char , va_list); extern unsigned long switch_to_osf_pal(unsigned long nr, struct pcb_struct pcb_va, struct pcb_struct * pcb_pa, unsigned long vptb); struct hwrpb_struct hwrpb = INIT_HWRPB; static struct pcb_struct pcb_va[1]; /* * Find a physical address of a virtual object.. * * This is easy using the virtual page table address. / static inline void find_pa(unsigned long vptb, void ptr) { unsigned long address = (unsigned long) ptr; unsigned long result; result = vptb[address >> 13]; result >>= 32; result <<= 13; result \|= address & 0x1fff; return (void ) result; } / * This function moves into OSF/1 pal-code, and has a temporary * PCB for that. The kernel proper should replace this PCB with * the real one as soon as possible. * * The page table muckery in here depends on the fact that the boot * code has the L1 page table identity-map itself in the second PTE * in the L1 page table. Thus the L1-page is virtually addressable * itself (through three levels) at virtual address 0x200802000. / #define VPTB ((unsigned long ) 0x200000000) #define L1 ((unsigned long ) 0x200802000) void pal_init(void) { unsigned long i, rev; struct percpu_struct percpu; struct pcb_struct * pcb_pa; /* Create the dummy PCB. / pcb_va->ksp = 0; pcb_va->usp = 0; pcb_va->ptbr = L1[1] >> 32; pcb_va->asn = 0; pcb_va->pcc = 0; pcb_va->unique = 0; pcb_va->flags = 1; pcb_va->res1 = 0; pcb_va->res2 = 0; pcb_pa = find_pa(VPTB, pcb_va); / * a0 = 2 (OSF) * a1 = return address, but we give the asm the vaddr of the PCB * a2 = physical addr of PCB * a3 = new virtual page table pointer * a4 = KSP (but the asm sets it) / srm_printk("Switching to OSF PAL-code .. "); i = switch_to_osf_pal(2, pcb_va, pcb_pa, VPTB); if (i) { srm_printk("failed, code %ld\n", i); __halt(); } percpu = (struct percpu_struct ) (INIT_HWRPB->processor_offset + (unsigned long) INIT_HWRPB); rev = percpu->pal_revision = percpu->palcode_avail[2]; srm_printk("Ok (rev %lx)\n", rev); tbia(); /* do it directly in case we are SMP / } static inline long openboot(void) { char bootdev[256]; long result; result = callback_getenv(ENV_BOOTED_DEV, bootdev, 255); if (result < 0) return result; return callback_open(bootdev, result & 255); } static inline long close(long dev) { return callback_close(dev); } static inline long load(long dev, unsigned long addr, unsigned long count) { char bootfile[256]; extern char _end; long result, boot_size = &_end - (char ) BOOT_ADDR; result = callback_getenv(ENV_BOOTED_FILE, bootfile, 255); if (result < 0) return result; result &= 255; bootfile[result] = '\0'; if (result) srm_printk("Boot file specification (%s) not implemented\n", bootfile); return callback_read(dev, count, (void )addr, boot_size/512 + 1); } / * Start the kernel. / static void runkernel(void) { __asm__ __volatile__( "bis %1,%1,$30\n\t" "bis %0,%0,$26\n\t" "ret ($26)" : / no outputs: it doesn't even return / : "r" (START_ADDR), "r" (PAGE_SIZE + INIT_STACK)); } void start_kernel(void) { long i; long dev; int nbytes; char envval[256]; srm_printk("Linux/AXP bootloader for Linux " UTS_RELEASE "\n"); if (INIT_HWRPB->pagesize != 8192) { srm_printk("Expected 8kB pages, got %ldkB\n", INIT_HWRPB->pagesize >> 10); return; } pal_init(); dev = openboot(); if (dev < 0) { srm_printk("Unable to open boot device: %016lx\n", dev); return; } dev &= 0xffffffff; srm_printk("Loading vmlinux ..."); i = load(dev, START_ADDR, KERNEL_SIZE); close(dev); if (i != KERNEL_SIZE) { srm_printk("Failed (%lx)\n", i); return; } nbytes = callback_getenv(ENV_BOOTED_OSFLAGS, envval, sizeof(envval)); if (nbytes < 0) { nbytes = 0; } envval[nbytes] = '\0'; strcpy((char)ZERO_PGE, envval); srm_printk(" Ok\nNow booting the kernel\n"); runkernel(); for (i = 0 ; i < 0x100000000 ; i++) /* nothing */; __halt(); }
Interindividual variations in the activities of cytosolic and microsomal epoxide hydrolase in human liver. Mammals have at least two epoxide hydrolases (EHs) with a broad significance in drug metabolism. One enzyme is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and other membranes (EHm), and the other is in the cytosol (EHc). In the present study we found that humans differ greatly in the activities of these enzymes in liver. The specific activities in microsomes from 166 subjects (most of them patients suffering from hepatic diseases), measured with benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-oxide as the substrate, varied by a factor of 63. The activities in the cytosol, determined with trans-stilbene oxide as substrate varied 539-fold among 135 subjects. A subdivision into different diagnostic groups showed an increase in EHm activity (1.7-fold control) but not EHc activity in tuberculosis patients treated with rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid. No other diagnostic group showed significantly altered EH activities. Furthermore the activities did not differ between females and males, alcoholics and non-alcoholics or smokers and non-smokers. In the 77 subjects where both EHc and EHm activities were determined, no correlation between them was observed, indicating separate biological control.
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Two years after cancer diagnosis, which couples become closer? The aim of this study was to determine characteristics of patients who reported a strengthening of their couple relationship 2 years after cancer diagnosis. Using a cross-sectional design, data were obtained from a representative sample of patients with a primary diagnosis of cancer. Medical and reported data were collected by physicians and a patient telephone interview respectively. Among the 3221 participants who were living with the same partner as at the time of their cancer diagnosis, 32.8% of men and 41.5% of women declared their illness had brought them closer to their partner. The following factors were independently associated with closer couple relationships for women: high monthly monetary resources, chemotherapy treatment, sequelae, increased consumption of psychotropic drugs since cancer diagnosis, satisfaction with information provided by medical staff, specialised psychological support at the time of diagnosis and regular sexual activity. Independently associated factors for men were as follows: younger age, financial difficulties since diagnosis, cancer other than gastrointestinal tract/upper GI tract or lung cancer, progressive disease, satisfaction with information provided by medical staff and specialised psychological support at the time of diagnosis. Our findings underline the importance for healthcare workers to provide adequate information and psychological support in order to help couples facing cancer. Comprehensive care and not simply supplying medicines is crucial in order to better manage their experience.
HowToBuildALoft Contents Summary This idea is mainly geared towards college kids building a loft for their dorm room so that they can better utilize limited space, but we hope it inspires you to do more. Motivation Dorm rooms are small. Most of the time, we don't take advantage of non-floor space. If you have high ceilings you can really do a lot here. Introduction The great thing about building a loft, is that it is entirely customizable. Some friends of ours built an entire second floor in the dorm room (we had 10 foot ceilings) while we had an L-shape loft about 10 feet long, 4 feet wide at the skinny part of the L, and 8 feet wide at the fat part. It was about 7 feet in the air, perfect for climbing on from our beds, and the perfect height for a chin up bar. Stuck with a small double, my roommate and I used the loft mainly for storage, but it definitely made our room look sweet. Total cost for the lumber for our loft was about $200. We did have a ton of lumber left over which we used to build other stuff, but it's always better to have too much to work with than to have to go back to the store right in the middle of working. Before you go out and buy stuff, you need to measure and plan. This is actually the most important step of the whole process. I'm always ready to jump in and just start sawing and building but if Cape and I hadn't thought about this for an hour or two ahead of time, it probably would have taken us twice as long to build. The general design to build a frame out of 2x4s, put plywood on top of the frame to make a platform and put the whole platform on top of 4x4's several feet in the air. You will need to measure to find the area of the platform and the height of the platform. Do not simply buy enough 2x4 for the frame, you will need to brace the frame, and in the end we used 2x4 to keep the whole thing from toppling over. What you'll need Drop clothes, a couple chairs or stools, and a place where you can get sawdust all over everywhere A vaccuum for cleaning up sawdust A friend or two to help lift stuff up is always nice A Hammer Some nails A truck or SUV to haul all this stuff. Simpson Strong Tie PF24 Steps 1. Once you have measure everything, I recommend sawing first. You should build the frame first and once assembled, hoist it into the air and put the 4x4's underneath. Use deck screws to assemble the perimeter of the frame. The outermost perimeter of the frame should be comprised of two 2X4's, while crossmembers need only be single 2X4's. We didn't do it that way, but looking back on it, we should have. Then use the joint braces to brace the longest section. 2. Next, you'll need to hoist the frame in the air. This is where friends come in handy. 3. After getting the frame in the air, you'll want to screw the 4x4's in to keep it up there. Here you can see the frame and a few of the 4x4s. 4. Once all the 4x4s are in place. You'll want to put the plywood on the top to make it a loft. It might be slightly unsturdy (we'll brace it in a little bit) but probably ok to climb on. It doesnt take too many screws to keep the plywood on. And you want these to be flat but don't strip them or it will be hard to get them out if you ever want to disassemble it. Simply screw a few through the pywood into the frame and the 4x4s. 5. Most likely, you'll have the loft in a corner, so a wall or two will prevent it from wobbling in one direction. To prevent wobbling in the other two, simply put braces from the 4x4s to the ground. Depending on how tall your loft it, you can change how the bracing is done. Basically cut a diagnol section of 2x4, push it against the fence post (4x4) and down towards the ground until you pretty much cant press harder, then screw it into the 4x4 with a few screws. Now you can add things onto your loft. Here are some ideas: -we put carpet on top of the whole thing, just whatever is cheapest at home depot - I think we just got an area rug and cut it with an exacto-knife. Made it ALOT nicer and people were more willing to climb up on it. -Depening on the height, you can put a chin-up bar in (as shown above, bottom row, middle picture). They're not too hard to machine and weld if you're into that, if you want the plans for ours post it in the discussion and i'll write them up. -A pretty easy thing to do is to put a nail in somewhere easily reachable and then you can hang belts there. -Also pretty easy thing is to make shelves between fenceposts. This might require more plywood spanning two of the posts to serve as a back to the shelves. -A hammock. Sources and inspiration We'd like to thank Mark Potkewitz and Doug Kastendieck. Further Ideas Because we moved out of our dorm room, we had to dissassemble the loft. We cut the bottom part of the "L" off, kept the platform made up by the frame and plywood, then unscrewed everything else. In our apartment this year, we don't have high ceilings but we do have a lack of storage space, so we hoisted a chair up 3 feet in the air by building a throne out of the small part of the L. We use the big long part as a beirut table. Disclaimer Follow these ideas and plans at your own risk. That is to say, we are not professionals and our design may not be structurally up to code. Please seek the approval of safety personnel and land lords before construction. We the administrators of this site shall not be liable for any losses, damages or injuries sustained resulting from this project and based upon this project outline.
Preview: The Soccer match between Huddersfield Town FC vs Brighton and Hove Albion will take place on 01.12.2018 in Premier League England. The tipster alepou makes the betting prediction a Double Chance 1X in the Full Time and stakes 36 at the odds 1.37 from Bet365. From this Double Chance Soccer prediction the tipster alepou can make a possible profit of 13.32.
Effect of pH and temperature on the sorption of Np and Pa to mixed anaerobic bacteria. While considering the geological disposal of radioactive wastes, the behaviour of the radionuclide Np and its daughter element Pa was investigated in the presence of a mixture of anaerobic bacteria (MAB). Originally, MAB were used for the treatment of pulp and paper wastewater. The interaction between radionuclides and bacteria was evaluated by determining distribution coefficients (Kd) over 10 days and at 5 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Kd for Np at 35 degrees C after 5 days had a low value around 10(-2) After 10 days, however, Kd was > 100-fold higher. On the other hand, Kd at 5 degrees C was low (10(-2)) throughout, without any significant increase over time. The interaction between Pa and MAB was found to be stronger than that for Np, with Kd for Pa about 100 times higher. The Kd was controlled by some basic factors, the activity of MAB, the complexing capacity of MAB, and the chemical conditions in the solution such as pH and Eh.
Q: ViewChild is undefined within the templateUrl, but not the template I am trying to do dynamic injection of a component in angular 4. I am successfully able to do this, but the problem I am having is when I am trying to tie it into a target <div> <ng-template #detailedGrid></ng-template> </div> When rendering in my code I keep getting an error that my target is not defined. Here is the scaled down code: @Component({ templateUrl: '../../common/components/grid/templates/grid.html' //template: `<div #detailedGrid></div>` }) export class ListComponent implements OnInit, AfterViewInit { @ViewChild('detailedGrid', {read: ViewContainerRef}) target: ViewContainerRef; constructor(private componentFactoryResolver: ComponentFactoryResolver, private viewContainerRef: ViewContainerRef) {} ngAfterViewInit() { const factory = this.componentFactoryResolver.resolveComponentFactory(DetailedListComponent); const ref = this.viewContainerRef.createComponent(factory); // <-- this one works // const ref = this.target.createComponent(factory); // <-- This one does not work ref.changeDetectorRef.detectChanges(); } The one that works just essentially adds at the bottom of the page. What I am wanting to do is inject it into the div location Error: Cannot read property 'createComponent' of undefined The "target" never gets defined. So something interesting was when I put the code inside of template, the target code works, but when it is inside the templateUrl html code it does not. Update: So I figured out the problem just not the solution The problem is that my tag in html is within another component's tag Code is inside the html in this component <grid></grid> When I brought out div tag on the outside of grid component it worked. So my question is how do I access it within grid component. A: Ok, so the solution is to move the @ViewChild('detailedGrid', {read: ViewContainerRef}) public detailedGrid: ViewContainerRef; up into the GridComponent Then reference the grid component as @ViewChild(GridPageComponent) gridPageComponent: GridPageComponent; Now I can access the target const factory = this.componentFactoryResolver.resolveComponentFactory(PatientsDetailedListComponent); const ref = this.gridPageComponent.detailedGrid.createComponent(factory); ref.changeDetectorRef.detectChanges();
Posts tagged 'love' Antonio*: good friend, loving husband and father, great listener, straight talker and UN Peacekeeper. May he rest in peace. I'm sad today. Yesterday suicide bombers and gunmen attacked a UN guesthouse in Kabul and killed nine people. On the same day a car bomb in Pakistan killed many more. I went to bed last […]
Taking afternoon naps linked to healthy heart Rhys Blakely, Science Correspondent The Times Gerry Gajadharsingh writes: “For a few years, my lovely wife allows me to have an afternoon nap, usually on a Saturday and/or Sunday, after a long working week in London, where I tend to get up very early and go to bed very late because of my work commitments. Essentially, I am “catching up” at weekends. The research below suggests that this may well reduce adverse cardiovascular events and I suspect it may also contribute to other positive health benefits, as yet to be formally confirmed. For some societies an afternoon nap is considered normal, I was born and brought up in the Caribbean, in my early years and there an afternoon nap is also quite common. For northern hemisphere countries is often considered a “lazy” thing to do, perhaps the evidence below may allow people to reconsider. It’s a bit like taking time to relax, another “lazy” thing to do, despite increasing evidence that strategies for relaxation, such as breathing, meditation and now an afternoon nap, allows the body and kind to down regulate our stress hormones and reenergise our systems.” Having an afternoon nap once or twice a week is linked to a sharply reduced risk of suffering a heart attack or stroke, research suggests. People who did so had half the chance of suffering a heart attack, stroke or heart failure. It did not seem to matter how long their naps were, researchers from the University Hospital of Lausanne in Switzerland said. The link between heart health and naps held true after other potentially influential factors were taken into account, including age, blood pressure and cholesterol readings. However, napping more than twice a week was found to have no benefits and there were signs that people who took a siesta three or more times a week tended to be less well overall. The researchers suspect that among the subjects they studied those taking a siesta once or twice a week reduced their stress levels by catching up with physical rest, and that this made them healthier. Those who slept during the day more often may have had underlying health complaints that left them fatigued. The study was observational, which means that it could not prove that napping boosted heart health. The findings do not mean that some individuals who nap every day — a common habit in China and Spain — will not be in robust health. Heart and circulatory diseases cause more than a quarter of all deaths in Britain and somebody is admitted to hospital due to a heart attack every five minutes. Strokes cause more than 36,000 deaths across the country each year and are the biggest cause of severe disability while nearly a million people are living with heart failure. The study looked at 3,500 subjects living in the city of Lausanne who had no history of cardiovascular disease. Each participant was aged between 35 and 75 when they were recruited between 2003 and 2006. Information on their sleep and napping patterns for one week was collected. Their health was then monitored for an average of five years. Most of the subjects — 58 per cent — said they had not napped during the previous week while 19 per cent said they took one to two naps. The remaining 23 per cent napped at least three times a week. Those who napped most frequently — taking between three and seven siestas a week — tended to be older and male. They were also more likely to smoke, to weigh more, and to sleep for longer at night, too. They also reported more daytime sleepiness and more severe obstructive sleep apnoea, a condition in which the throat walls relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing. During the monitoring period, there were 155 fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease “events”, including heart attacks and strokes. The results were published yesterday in the journal Heart. Yue Leng and Kristine Yaffe, of the University of California at San Francisco, who were not involved in the study, said that research into the benefits of napping had been hampered by the absence of a “gold standard” for defining and measuring naps. This made it “premature to conclude on the appropriateness of napping for maintaining optimal heart health”, they wrote. However, they added: “The study of napping is . . . also a promising field with potentially significant public health implications . . . It is time to start unveiling the power of naps for a supercharged heart.”
Senator Stabenow Statement on Senator Carl Levin Announcing He Will Not Seek Reelection in 2014 U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow today issued the following statement on U.S. Senator Carl Levin's announcement that he will not seek reelection in 2014: "Words cannot describe the value of Carl Levin's service to our state and to our country. Carl is respected by our colleagues in both parties because he has always been more concerned with getting the right answer and doing the right thing, rather than earning accolades for himself or engaging in partisan fights. His honor and his integrity are absolutely unmatched. The more people we have like Carl Levin serving in public office, the better off our country will be. "During my time in the Senate, Carl has not only been an incredible colleague, he has been a wonderful friend. He will be sorely missed. "But before he can be missed, we still have two more years to work together for Michigan. I look forward to continuing to fight side-by-side with him on behalf of the people of Michigan, just as he has always done throughout his remarkable career."
Senators like House idea of stopping EPA's fire hydrant guidance A bipartisan group of four senators wants to follow the House's lead by overriding guidance from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that would require fire hydrants to meet a new lead-free standard. Sens. Pat Toomey (R-Pa.), Bob Casey Jr. (D-Pa.), Rob Portman (R-Ohio) and Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) have introduced language to do just that, a week after the House passed its own legislation to gut the EPA decision. ADVERTISEMENT On Oct. 22, the EPA issued guidance that said fire hydrants would be covered by the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act, which mandates the use of lead-free pipes to transmit drinking water. That decision was based on a finding that fire hydrants are sometimes used to deliver drinking water. In the House, the EPA's decision went over like a lead balloon. Members argued last week that the guidance would mean new hydrants would have to fit the standard, but that there are not enough lead-free hydrants available to meet demand. That problem, they said, could pose possible fire risks to communities around the country that might have to violate the law in order to install available hydrants. The House easily passed legislation, 384-0, to exempt fire hydrants from coverage under the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act. The Senate bill would make the same exemption, and Toomey said it's needed to avoid pushing an expensive federal mandate onto the states. "It is absurd that the EPA has handed down this costly mandate, which will fall directly on the backs of local governments," Toomey said. "The implementation of this EPA rule will force local governments to leave malfunctioning fire hydrants idle until adequate funds and products are available — which poses an undeniable threat to public safety." Casey agreed and said the bill would allow local governments around the country to continue to use existing hydrants to replace those in need of replacement. "The regulation issued by EPA will prove too costly and too burdensome for Pennsylvania's fire departments and could threaten public safety," he said. Without congressional action, the EPA guidance will take effect early next year. Senate leaders have not said whether they would take up the bill, but the Senate is in session this week and next, and could consider it then.
Policies designed for self-interested citizens may undermine "the moral sentiments": evidence from economic experiments. High-performance organizations and economies work on the basis not only of material interests but also of Adam Smith's "moral sentiments." Well-designed laws and public policies can harness self-interest for the common good. However, incentives that appeal to self-interest may fail when they undermine the moral values that lead people to act altruistically or in other public-spirited ways. Behavioral experiments reviewed here suggest that economic incentives may be counterproductive when they signal that selfishness is an appropriate response; constitute a learning environment through which over time people come to adopt more self-interested motivations; compromise the individual's sense of self-determination and thereby degrade intrinsic motivations; or convey a message of distrust, disrespect, and unfair intent. Many of these unintended effects of incentives occur because people act not only to acquire economic goods and services but also to constitute themselves as dignified, autonomous, and moral individuals. Good organizational and institutional design can channel the material interests for the achievement of social goals while also enhancing the contribution of the moral sentiments to the same ends.
"It was a very difficult scene inside the supermarket. It was as if time stood still, with shopping carts full of food in preparation for Shabbat in the cashier aisles and deliveries waiting to be sent to customers..." Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu met with French Jewish leaders Monday morning and said that that terrorism will spread and worsen if the world does not join forces to fight it. “Israel supports Europe in the struggle against terrorism and the time has come for Europe to support Israel in the exact same struggle, he said. […] When Phyllis Chesler first published The New Anti-Semitism more than a decade ago, it was a glowing lamp in the darkening night. Since that time, The Jewish Press readers know that much has gotten worse. Anti-Semitism is louder, more widely and brazenly espoused, with less shame, than it had been in decades. More people can now see what […]
Amine oxidase In 1937, Blaschko, Richter and Schlossman demonstrated that tyramine oxidase, the enzyme discovered by Hare in 1928, noradrenaline oxidase and aliphatic amine oxidase was the same enzyme. They referred to the enzyme as “amine oxidase”. In the same year, 1937, as Blaschko and his associates demonstrated the presence of “amine oxidase” in the liver, Pugh and Quastel demonstrated the presence of the same enzyme in the brain. One year later, in 1938, after Zeller’s separation of diamine oxidase from “amine oxidase”, the term was replaced by the term “monoamine oxidase” to indicate that its function is restricted to the oxidative deamination of monoamines.
Boston Marathon bombings and the aftermath Members of a police honor guard lead a column of law enforcement officials into a memorial service for fallen Massachusetts Institute of Technology police officer Sean Collier, in Cambridge, Mass. Members of a police honor guard lead a column of law enforcement officials into a memorial service for fallen Massachusetts Institute of Technology police officer Sean Collier, in Cambridge, Mass. (Steven Senne / Associated Press)
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Clarence Thomas ended a decade of silence from the bench during Supreme Court arguments on Monday when the conservative justice unexpectedly posed questions during a gun rights case from Maine. His comments, which surprised courtroom observers and then held them rapt, focused on Thomas’ concern that people convicted of domestic-violence misdemeanors could permanently lose the right to own a firearm. Thomas has been a consistent vote on the court for robust gun rights under the U.S. Constitution’s Second Amendment. Thomas, 67, had not asked a question during oral arguments since Feb. 22, 2006, when he made queries during a South Carolina death penalty case. His words came just over two weeks after the death of fellow conservative Antonin Scalia, who had been one of the most outspoken justices during arguments as well as a strong advocate for gun rights. Thomas’ questions were directed at Ilana Eisenstein, an assistant U.S. solicitor general who was defending a federal firearms statute. At issue was when a prior state misdemeanor domestic assault conviction based on “recklessness” may lead to a person being barred from ever owning a gun again under federal law. His first words were, “Ms. Eisenstein, one question.” “Can you give me another area where a misdemeanor violation suspends a constitutional right?” Thomas asked. Slideshow ( 2 images ) Eisenstein stressed that Congress was concerned about future harm by individuals convicted “of battering their family members.” She said lawmakers particularly wanted to prevent gun violence. Thomas asked whether either of the defendants involved in Monday’s cases had used a weapon against a family member. Eisenstein said no. “So ... the suspension is not directly related to the use of the weapon,” Thomas said. “It’s just a family member’s involved in a misdemeanor violation; therefore a constitutional right is suspended.” Thomas, the court’s only black justice, in the past has attributed his reluctance to ask questions to a few factors, some personal. He told a group of students in 2000 that his reluctance to speak during arguments arose from a shyness tracing to his birth in Pin Point, Georgia, and his childhood with his grandparents in nearby Savannah: “I had grown up speaking a kind of dialect.” In part to avoid the ridicule of classmates, Thomas said, “I just started developing the habit of listening. ... I didn’t ask questions in college or law school. I could learn better just listening.” Thomas has also said he thinks his colleagues interrupt the lawyers too much and that the lawyers should be able to explain their positions.
An optical interferometer disclosed in Patent Document 1 uses a branching-combining unit made of, for example, silicon to partially reflect incident light on one plane of the branching-combining unit, and transmit the rest of the incident light through the plane, to branch the light into first branched light and second branched light, and combine the first branched light and the second branched light and output as combined light. That is, the optical interferometer commonly uses one plane of the branching-combining unit as the branching surface for branching the incident light into the first branched light and the second branched light and the combining surface for combining the first branched light and the second branched light to form the combined light. Further, in the optical interferometer disclosed in this document, wavelength dispersion occurs when one light of the first branched light and the second branched light reciprocates in the branching-combining unit, and to eliminate the wavelength dispersion, the other light is made to reciprocate in a dispersion compensating member. An optical interferometer disclosed in Patent Document 2 uses a branching-combining unit made of, for example, silicon to partially reflect incident light on a first principal surface of the branching-combining unit, and transmit the rest of the incident light through the surface, to branch the light into first branched light and second branched light, and combine the first branched light and the second branched light on a second principal surface of the branching-combining unit and output as combined light. That is, the optical interferometer uses different surfaces as the branching surface (first principal surface) for branching the incident light into the first branched light and the second branched light and the combining surface (second principal surface) for combining the first branched light and the second branched light to form the combined light. The optical interferometer disclosed in this document can decrease the wavelength dispersion, because each of the first branched light and the second branched light passes through the branching-combining unit only once.
Former Vice President Joe Biden Joe BidenFormer Pence aide: White House staffers discussed Trump refusing to leave office Progressive group buys domain name of Trump's No. 1 Supreme Court pick Bloomberg rolls out M ad buy to boost Biden in Florida MORE defended his campaign fundraising, saying he will have "all the money we need to run a full-blown campaign" in all of the early primary states. Biden said in an interview with MSNBC that his campaign has the necessary funds to win the presidential race in 2020. ADVERTISEMENT “The fact is we got in several months later than most of the candidates did, but we’re doing well,” he said. “And we’re approaching a significant number of individual contributions. I think we’ll have all the money we need to run a full-blown campaign in every one of the early states.” The former vice president said he’s not currently accepting PAC or super PAC money but hinted that he may need to in order to take on Trump. “Here’s what happened: You know there’s been a grassroots response out there to the fact that Trump has gone out and decided to not only ask the Russians and the Chinese to get involved and making sure I’m not the nominee, but he has his folks are spending an awful lot of money … telling lies about me,” Biden said on MSNBC. He called his campaign’s signaling last week to be open to using super PAC money in an election an “understandable response” for those who want Trump out of the White House. “My guess is they would have done the same thing for anybody who was attacked in the Democratic primary if they were leading,” he added. The former vice president has fallen behind other candidates in fundraising in the most recent quarter, raising $15.2 million last quarter and having $8.9 million on hand. Other presidential candidates like Sens. Elizabeth Warren Elizabeth WarrenOvernight Defense: Appeals court revives House lawsuit against military funding for border wall \| Dems push for limits on transferring military gear to police \| Lawmakers ask for IG probe into Pentagon's use of COVID-19 funds On The Money: Half of states deplete funds for Trump's 0 unemployment expansion \| EU appealing ruling in Apple tax case \| House Democrats include more aid for airlines in coronavirus package Warren, Khanna request IG investigation into Pentagon's use of coronavirus funds MORE (D-Mass.) and Bernie Sanders Bernie SandersSirota reacts to report of harassment, doxing by Harris supporters Republicans not immune to the malady that hobbled Democrats The Hill's Morning Report - Sponsored by Facebook - Republicans lawmakers rebuke Trump on election MORE (I-Vt.) have refused to take money from super PACs, saying they will mostly accept donations from small donors. Sanders raised $25 million and has almost $34 million in cash on hand for his campaign, while Warren has collected $24.6 million last quarter and has $26 million on hand. Biden has held the lead in most Democratic polls throughout the campaign, but his lead has been slipping as Warren gains traction.
A New Way to do Mohave County Real Estate Tag: gary lott 2100 Cactus Wren in Kingman, Arizona Great southwest style home on just over an acre at 2100 Cactus Wren in Kingman, Arizona. Attached two car garage with two car carport as well. Covered entry and enclosed patio in back to enjoy our awesome weather. Inside, the open living area has a nice wood stove. Galley… 17369 N Lost Mine, Dolan Springs, Arizona Great Hud home for sale by Gary Lott and Pattersons Executive Team at Re/Max Prestige Properties Gary LottGary Lott is an Associate Broker at RE/MAX Prestige Properties in Kingman, Arizona. Part of Patterson’s Executive Team, Gary and the Team provide Commercial and Residential real estate services throughout Mohave… Kingman City Council Meeting, January 19, 2016 Gary LottGary Lott is an Associate Broker at RE/MAX Prestige Properties in Kingman, Arizona. Part of Patterson’s Executive Team, Gary and the Team provide Commercial and Residential real estate services throughout Mohave County, Arizona with a strong emphasis on Commercial property. We bring opportunity to the table for… Getting Trump’d in Mohave County This month Billie and I ran off to Las Vegas to see Donald Trump at one of his rallies. Gary LottGary Lott is an Associate Broker at RE/MAX Prestige Properties in Kingman, Arizona. Part of Patterson’s Executive Team, Gary and the Team provide Commercial and Residential real estate services throughout… 2483 Harry Coffman – Mohave County Real Estate for sale 2483 Harry Coffman, Kingman, Arizona http://2483harrycoffman.lifesbeatenpath.com Great piece of Mohave County Real Estate for sale just outside the city limits, in the country but still close to the city. Bring your horses, this 5 acre parcel with home and barn is cross fenced, has an… It’s a great time to be involved in Mohave County Real Estate! This kind of spoke to me today, so I thought I’d share it with you. I hope you all have great week! Happy Monday! Gary LottGary Lott is an Associate Broker at RE/MAX Prestige Properties in Kingman, Arizona. Part of Patterson’s Executive Team, Gary… 3439 N Lakeside, Golden Valley, Arizona Great Hud home for sale by Gary Lott and Pattersons Executive Team at Re/Max Prestige Properties Gary LottGary Lott is an Associate Broker at RE/MAX Prestige Properties in Kingman, Arizona. Part of Patterson’s Executive Team, Gary and the Team provide Commercial and Residential real estate services throughout Mohave County,…
For CareerBuilder.com email addresses with the @careerbuilder.com format as well as facebook info, twitter, phone numbers, linkedin, wiki, as well as biography data for Evan Ross, you may check in CareerBuilder.com's Lead411 profile. Evan Ross is currently the Sales Director for CareerBuilder.com. The company's CEO is Matt Ferguson. The contact information of CareerBuilder.com on Lead411 is filed under the Staffing. Their main offices are in Chicago, IL. Some possible email formats for Evan Ross are ERoss@careerbuilder.com, Evan.Ross@careerbuilder.com, Evan@careerbuilder.com, and Evan_Ross@careerbuilder.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@careerbuilder.com addresses. Would you hire Matt Ferguson? GREAT JOB! Poll Question Date Created Current Result Votes Similar People: BBR Partners's Partner/Dir Portfolio/Wealth Advisory is Evan Roth. They are based in New York, NY, and you can find their Lead411 profile filed under the Investment bank/brokerage industry. Evan Roth's profile contains twitter, phone numbers, linkedin, wiki, and biography information, and you can also find other BBR Partners contact information and email addresses on Lead411 with the @bbrpartners.com domain format. Some possible email formats for Evan Roth are ERoth@bbrpartners.com, Evan.Roth@bbrpartners.com, Evan@bbrpartners.com, and Evan_Roth@bbrpartners.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@bbrpartners.com addresses. Trying to find Evan Raymond's email, wiki, phone numbers, twitter, biography, and linkedin data? You can check out Bulldog Reporter's profile on Lead411, where you can also get @bulldogreporter.com contact information. Bulldog Reporter is an organization centered in Oakland, CA, which you can find on Lead411 under the Advertising/pr category. Evan Raymond is their Web Production/Webmaster. Some possible email formats for Evan Raymond are ERaymond@bulldogreporter.com, Evan.Raymond@bulldogreporter.com, Evan@bulldogreporter.com, and Evan_Raymond@bulldogreporter.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@bulldogreporter.com addresses. A Assistant Scientist at PPD based in Wilmington, NC, Evan Ragland has a comprehensive profile on Lead411. You can find the entry on Ppd in our Accounting category. The company CEO is Paul Smith. There are email addresses on their profile and may include Evan Ragland' email format too. You can also find other contact information like facebook, phone numbers, biography, wiki, and linkedin for Evan Ragland. Some possible email formats for Evan Ragland are ERagland@ppd.com, Evan.Ragland@ppd.com, Evan@ppd.com, and Evan_Ragland@ppd.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@ppd.com addresses. Similar Employees: CareerBuilder.com's Jr. Graphic / Web Designer is Mikey Carlton. They are based in Chicago, IL, and you can find their Lead411 profile filed under the Staffing industry. Mikey Carlton's profile contains twitter, phone numbers, linkedin, wiki, and biography information, and you can also find other CareerBuilder.com contact information and email addresses on Lead411 with the @careerbuilder.com domain format. Some possible email formats for Mikey Carlton are MCarlton@careerbuilder.com, Mikey.Carlton@careerbuilder.com, Mikey@careerbuilder.com, and Mikey_Carlton@careerbuilder.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@careerbuilder.com addresses. A Chicago, IL-based organization, CareerBuilder.com is just one of the many Lead411 profiles that you can find contact information, like phone numbers and emails. Their profile includes @careerbuilder.com email addresses, as well as details on Abbie Colfer's email, the organization's Product Manager. Their profile can be found in Staffing category. If you also need twitter, facebook, linkedin, wiki, and biography details for Abbie Colfer, you can also find them in Lead411. Some possible email formats for Abbie Colfer are AColfer@careerbuilder.com, Abbie.Colfer@careerbuilder.com, Abbie@careerbuilder.com, and Abbie_Colfer@careerbuilder.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@careerbuilder.com addresses. David Albaugh is part of CareerBuilder.com, an organization which has its main offices in Chicago, IL. David serves as the Marketing Manager at CareerBuilder.com. If you're searching for CareerBuilder.com email addresses, you can also find those on their Lead411 profile with the domain @careerbuilder.com along with David Albaugh's linkedin name, twitter tweets, wiki, phone numbers, and biography.CareerBuilder.com's Lead411 profile is categorized under the Staffing industry. Some possible email formats for David Albaugh are DAlbaugh@careerbuilder.com, David.Albaugh@careerbuilder.com, David@careerbuilder.com, and David_Albaugh@careerbuilder.com. If you sign up for our free trial you will see our email@careerbuilder.com addresses.
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Pinkie Pie being Pinkie Pie By blueblitzie Watch 81 Favourites 11 Comments 4K Views Well, first pony vector with background.... I think. So here, have some cute Pinkie Pie. She is best pony. Fifty-sixth vector. (C) MLP:FiM belongs to Hasbro (C) Art by Me IMAGE DETAILS Image size 5351x3000px 783.77 KB Show More Published : Aug 26, 2012
The Daily IKN email digest, get all daily posts sent to you next day (& no ads) 9/29/18 Third Place: "Barrick / Randgold and a Mark Bristow quote". It was The Randick Week on the blog and while just four posts were directly related to the merger (three others semi-connected), three of those take the gold, silver and bronze position this weekend. This one got hits because what with last weekend's scoop, mainstream media decided to pay attention to the blog for a nanosecond and quote bits and pieces, this one and its "probably the start of M&A action rather than an isolated incident" got picked up. 9/28/18 The Company is also pleased to report that it has entered into a subscription agreement with Newcrest International Pty Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Newcrest Mining Limited (“Newcrest”) (ASX:NCM) pursuant to which Newcrest has agreed to acquire 14,025,312 Common Shares of Almadex by way of a non-brokered private placement at a price of $1.36 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $19,074,425 (the “Private Placement”). The Private Placement will close in conjunction with the proposed spinout transaction referred to above, subject to customary conditions of closing including the completion of the Spin-out transaction. Newcrest has completed its due diligence in regards to the Private Placement. Upon completion of the Private Placement, Newcrest will hold 19.9% of the issued shares of Almadex, and will have no ownership interest in Spinco. The deal went live May 18th. So congrats due to Newcrest for buying 19.9% of ex-spinco AMZ at $1.36 a share. Well done guys, starting as you mean to go on. In the post "Garibaldi Resources (GGI.v): Ye shall know them by their fruits" we previewed the long-awaited news expected out of the company that week from its Nickel Mountain (their choice of words, not mine) project up in the GWN. In the end it didn't show that week, we had to wait another eight days but the initial drill results finally showed upon Monday morning: Within a lick and a spit, that's 50% down in a rough week for GGI.v longs. And when the fruits showed this desk knew them, as while here at the blog other things have been happeningthe NR did get a mention over at IKN Twitter: At the time of that Tweet it was still a $2.50 stock, by the way. Now $1.50 and it really is this simple: Over-hyped by the pump-happy publications A core of vociferous "true believer" holders An over-inflated market cap Results that cannot in any way justify the value And please do not bother either myself or yourself again with the hackneyed and erroneous "Eric Sprott disagrees" argument without learning how the guy goes about his speculation investment first. Now maybe GGI at its mountain isn't dead yet (and if I've heard "Voisey's Bay wasn't discovered until hole 121" once, I've heard it a thousand times even though it's a total apples-to-oranges situation) but in order to revive its chances, it's going to need to find a lot more than it has so far. What really grabbed my attention is that after months of drilling using three rigs, the only thing we see in the all-important first NR are results from the same small mineralized zone as before. Whatever happened to Lightfoot's "Rivers of Magma" theory that he wowed the unaware with last year? I see no flood. When the only thing you have to offer is the same thing as before, the implications are obvious. Hope is not an valid investment thesis. Listening to theoretical geologists is almost as bad. Finally, as for those who were roped in by the unscrupulous into this trade, they can stay in denial for as long as they want. Some people learn their lessons quickly, others need them beaten into their heads with a 4 by 2, others still never learn. We are fortunate to live in a society that allows us to do whatever we want with our hard-earned money, after all. FWIW, a constant palladium price and a re-trace to 0.825X on the ratio (e.g. similar to the re-trace in late 2016 when the spike was similarly overbought) would indicate a gold price of U$1,318/oz, with a time window to end 2018. Food for thought. 9/27/18 In light of this afternoon's turn of events in which the SEC has filed a complaint against Elon Musk for his "going private" pronouncements that caused Tesla $TSLA shares to fly a few weeks ago, this humble corner of cyberspace offers up two items: When one listens to the CEO of Torex Gold (TXG) during his presentation at the Denver Gold Forum, one begins to understand the reason this company has had so many community relations problems. It is clearly due to the fact that Stanford doesn't have the first clue on the subject and must antagonize the local stakeholders just by breathing. Here's his take on how to deal with locals (this link, from minute 09:10 onward) as he explains his view of the aftermath of the strike at the mine earlier this year: "The future does not look like our past, because everybody suffered. Before that the company kind of dealt with those small incidents, the week (or two or three day blockades), but now if we're not working they don't pay the doctors, the doctors go home, we don't pay the teachers, the teachers go home, we don't pay the employees they lose their jobs, the contractors go home, nobody's buying tacos and getting their laundry done, etc etc." My stars, what an arrogant twat. And not only that, but dead wrong as well because come December 1st when AMLO assumes, the pro-AMLO union run by Napo that Stanford stopped from entering Limon-Guajes will get busy on the company again. This time, it won't take no for an answer. ...in a shocking development, it turns out to be the way IKN described it, not the BS and nonsense waved at you by Palisade and the other paid pushers. Eric Sprott does this September 25th Youtube interviewand it's all good fun (ty reader D for the heads-up), but to get to the point move to minute 2:40 and listen to this. The subject is the Australian Pilbara (Novo Resources etc) and here the transcript of what he has to say (author's bold type): "Well it's very interesting that you know, I can't imagine that Canadians are greater punters than Australians are, but one of the interesting things I've found with the Pilbara is that there's this potential to have, and I'm not saying we have, but potential of billions of ounces, if you believe in the precipitation theory and it's throughout the whole Pilbara like it could be a very very large...world's largest or second largest rivaling Witwatersrand type of discovery. And maybe we're just more risk takers but we've been involved with the gold mining sector probably more than any other country, investors in Canada, so that kind of possible fairy tale answer is something we're always looking for, and there's lots of potential there with any of those companies that they could find the nest big one and lots of people in Canada are prepared to invest on the basis that, you know 'you put up X and if you're right you make ten times X and if you lose X well that's fine, that's just part of the game here', so we're prepared to do that." Unlike those who think that he's some sort of infallible machine who never gets them wrong, I understand how Eric Sprott approaches the exploreco market. He knows he's going to bet on losers along the way and has done so on umpteen occasions, he also knows that it only takes one massive winner among a bunch of positions to justify the strategy and come out on top. And finishes like this: Those of you under the impression that following Eric S into a trade is some sort of mystic formula for guaranteed gains ought to check further, do more DD, see for yourself. He backs failures A LOT of the time (seriously, go look), the difference is that when he nails a winner he makes an equal capslock A LOT of money (e.g. at least $300m in Kirkland Lake). However, anyone that gives you the "Eric is long so this is a winner" spiel does not know what they're talking about. ...recently after a long hiatus, which is good for us. We've had the pleasure of several posts on SolGold and Garibaldi in the last few days, with this one a resource guesstimate for the Garibaldi project out last night the best in my opinion. Go take a look. No matter that Barrick (ABX) is buying out Randgold (GOLD) now, the previously IKN revealed process at ABX to sell its wholly owned Peru subsidiary, Misquichilca SA, is still on. The main asset in Misquichilca is of course the Lagunas Norte mine in the La Libertad region of North Peru, but there are other assets in the suite too including Pierina (or what's left of it) and some greenfield projects to boot. The process is ongoing and the sale will be announced presently. TD Sec is doing the work for Randick. Have a nice day. For those of you just joining us, here's the reminder of our well-documented First Law: "The IKN First Law of Mining News Releases: Considering that anything contained in a mining news release is presented in the best possible way for the company in question, any piece of information contained in a NR that comes across in any way negative means the real news and/or events behind it must be very, very bad indeed." VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Sept. 26, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Trevali Mining Corporation (“Trevali” or the “Company”) (TSX: TV, OTCQX: TREVF, Frankfurt: 4TI) announces that operations at the Santander Mine in Peru have been temporarily halted as a result of an illegal blockade. Main road access was temporarily blocked by a small group of community members and other persons not affiliated with the Santander Mine, and the Company was unable to complete a scheduled delivery of supplies. The protesters allege that Trevali has failed to satisfy its community investment obligations under its agreement with the Santa Cruz de Andamarca community. The Company has complied with all of its contractual obligations to the community and fully cooperated with government departments and other authorities regarding the blockade, which has now been lifted. Necessary supplies are now being delivered to the mine and full production is expected to resume within the week. The Company expects that production and sales for the quarter will be negatively impacted; however, the Company remains on track to achieve 2018 zinc production guidance at Santander. The Santander senior management team is proactively engaging with the local community and is in ongoing consultation with elected community leaders to discuss their concerns and ensure that mine operations continue without further interruption. “It is unfortunate that a small group of individuals chose to act in this manner instead of through open dialogue,” said Mark Cruise, President & CEO of Trevali. “We have enjoyed tremendous support from the local communities at Santander over the years and will continue to work diligently with the community to strengthen our commitment to a mutually beneficial relationship.” Now let us consider the things that Trevali didn't tell you in that NR: First consider the use of the word "temporarily" in paragraph one, with no dates or specific time periods mentioned. That's what comes of putting a NR through your Community Relations, then Investor Relations, then Legal department before it gets signed off by the C-suite.In fact this "temporary blockade" has been going on since August 24thand the road has been blocked by locals all that time. Something else that Trevali didn't tell you was that on September 3rd they called in the heavy mob. On that day a group of 20 police officers showed up and beat the blockade protesters with their batons. Nine people were injured, including women and children. The lawyer representing the locals told local media that Trevali had hired the group of officers on a private contract to go in and do the dirty work in order to get the road back open. The lawyer also said that the police who repressed the protest are the same officers hired by Trevali on a regular basis to provide on-site security. However, even after getting beaten up the locals didn't give up and kept the blockade in place afterwards. Another week has gone by and still no news about an investigation over the clear-cut case of use of non-public material information (i.e. illegal insider trading) by Lundin Mining's director Paul McRae. Wehave had no declaration from Lundin Mining (LUN.to) on whether McRae is under investigation for the blatant breaking of its ethics rules. We have heard nothing from Canadian regulatory authorities, BCSC, OSC, IIROC, TSX etc. Why is that? Are these people trying to cover up YET ANOTHER case of insider trading and hoping it will simply go away? Is Lukas Lundin trying to protect a friend instead of doing the right thing? Inquiring minds, etc... 9/25/18 Here's how it happened. Yesterday I get this mail out the blue, let's go with the initials "GD", who asked me to take a look at his new website small business. He explained that it started not long ago, sells mugs for your coffee/tea/etc and all with a financials sector angle. I went over, had a look and he'd clearly done a nice job (way better website than clunky old 1.0 IKN here, for example). So I asked him for more details. GD tells me he's a young guy just starting off in the capital markets profession (he has a job in a company in the industry) and put together this idea to earn some extra cash, as start-up salaries are tight and he needs to make ends meet. That I thought was very cool. GD went on to say he's sold about 500 units so far, which means the idea is working and the logistics are sorted out, too. We get to the point: He asked me whether I could help get the word out about his business in exchange for some sort of deal, e.g. 10% of sales generated by IKN. That was also appreciated, but it's not necessary and I'd much rather do this for free (FWIW we came to a final loose agreement that if I manage to get him a bunch of sales GD would send me a freebie mug, that's something I can accept happily enough but there's no way I'm encroaching on his biz here). Therefore, we roll out the IKN approved blurb and here we go: You then get to scroll down, start checking the merchandise (or "merch" as you cool young people say) and as there are 31 different designs, you're bound to find something that tickles your fancy. Here are three to give you an idea. The Barrick/Randgold (and if we can get "Bristow's Randick" into common usage the world would be a sunnier place) is being mooted in many corners as a catalyst for a new raft of M&A activity among the larger caps. Quite right too, it was my first reaction when hearing the news on Saturday (you heard Monday :-)). But what companies are now in-play? Well for me, two stick out like proverbial sore thumbs. 1) B2Gold (BTG) (BTO.to): Way too cheap for what it is, the market has been leery due to its large debt book but now Fekola has become a major cash cow, that will drop quickly. And a major won't fret about adding a billion to its liabilities for a year when it's also adding nearly a million ounces of very profitable production at the same time (or 800k if The Clive spins out the Nica gigs). Cheap as chips right now, ready for a re-rate. 2) Alamos Gold (AGI.to) (AGI): This for a different reason, the big options volumes that AGI has been doing recently suggest an interloper. The wrinkle here is that McCluskey is an entrenched asshole and the only way of getting AGI out of his grasp is via a hostile bid. They aren't normally successful in the mining world. AGI may become a target soon, but the outcome is less certain. From out of the blue and for "personal reasons", Luis Caputo has just announced his resignation as president of the Argentina Central Bank (BCRA). Not only is the substance surprising, but the style too because the announcement came... literally minutes before the market opened on the day Argentina sees a high-profile national strike protesting its government's policies that has brought the country to a standstill while President Mauricio Macri is in New York at the UN Assembly Then again, weird crap is the norm for the basket case country. The Argentina Peso dumped 3.2% at the open on this news. It was interesting to watch the way New Gold (NGD) traded yesterday, dumping 15% and removing all the premium priced into the stock the day Renaud Adams was announced new CEO. On the subject, here's the short note we ran on NGD in IKN487, out last Sunday evening (before yesterday's dump, which doesn't appear on the price chart here): Last week at this point we ran the note “New Gold (NGD) will sell Mesquite” and this week the only thing that changes is the verb tense. On Wednesday September 19th, New Gold (NGD) announced (38) that it was indeed selling Mesquite and the buyer was one of the three we outlined as prospective, Equinox Gold (EQX.v). Therefore we got the sale right, the asset right and even pointed a finger at the right buyer. However, my assumption that NGD would want book value for Mesquite was a big mistake because the selling price is U$158m cash. That compares to the U$386m carry that Mesquite has on the NGD (here’s that chart from last week again, but don’t worry I’m not going to repeat any others) and leaves a U$228m hole in its balance sheet. Or I should probably say another hole, because along with the over-priced Blackwater and the faltering Rainy River, I’m certain the company will have to take more impairments under the new stewardship of Renaud Adams. Here’s how the NGD stock reacted to the news of the sale: Down 13.5% in the last two days of trading and 4% down on the week, despite the positive macro for mining stocks and its own early week rally. It was the price agreed by NGD that hit the stock hardest, because although the cash (when it arrives Q4) will be very useful in paying down part of its welter debt burden, it wasn’t as much as I or most of the market expected (I’ll admit in hindsight I assumed too high, but not this low) and moreover, the speed and size of the deal smacks of desperation on the part of NGD, which in turn suggests Rainy River is in worse shape than expected (we’ll find out more in the Q3 production numbers, of course). If and when NGD can do a deal to sell Blackwater, it may be worth revisiting this stock. Until then it’s an easy pass and on that, I think back to the piece I wrote on NGD in IKN453, dated January 21st 2018. It was entitled “New Gold (NGD): Cannot get comfortable” and at just under two pages of script, just about the shortest fundies analysis note I’ve ever written on a stock for the main “Fundamentals…” section of The IKN Weekly. After being prompted to look at the stock again on its 4q17 numbers, I was at first enthusiastic about revisiting NGD but as the numbercrunch went on, it became apparent that the company was still in serious financial trouble. I passed on the stock and wrote the short note that I’ve re-printed in Appendix 1 below. It was a U$3 stock at the time. Good call. 9/24/18 Marcelo Kim, the same guy that criticizes the rest of the mining industry from his perch as chairman of the most laughable junior exploreco of the lot, International Tower Hill (ITH.to)? Is that really you being the manly man doing man things in a way that men are men, Marcelo Kim? Please tell the audience in Denver today that it isn't you, Marcelo. Please..... We know that the geologists on-site knew about the threats, because they told their own family members on many occasions and over many days while there (up to two weeks of messages). We also know from the father of one of the dead geologists that the company was "monitoring the situation" but did nothing. We also know that after the event, CNL issued a statement saying (translated from this screenshot), "No direct threats were received by the company in the municipality of Yarumal". That means Wednesday September 19th , the day before the tragic events at the camp. In other words, CNL told us that there were no threats to the company but at the same time they had decided to pull out their team. That they also waited until it was too almost late to do so and then did not act on that very same Wednesday is also a tragedy and part of the problem, but that's a side issue today. What matters is that CNL is already contradicting itself on what it knew. Therefore CNL, as requested last weekend and due to your apparent desire to clarify the facts of the case, will you please clarify the key issues instead of dancing around them: Regarding the ABX/GOLD hook-up, a fine and upstanding mailpal reminded this desk of a Mark Bristow quote from a couple of years ago: “If you mix shit and ice cream, you do not end up with ice cream”. Maybe he'd like to reflect on his own words (or is he too busy picking out furniture for his new Toronto corner office?). More seriously; This is good news for the mining industry, a bigboy M&A deal like this should shake up the long-dormant sector a little and get some interest from the higher levels of financial moving and shaking. Long overdue, so expect this Barrick Randgold (Randick, anyone?) to be the start of things, not an isolated incident. The Boards of Barrick Gold Corporation ("Barrick") and Randgold Resources Limited ("Randgold") are pleased to announce that they have reached agreement on the terms of a recommended share-for-share merger of Barrick and Randgold (the "Merger") to create an industry-leading gold company. It is intended that the Merger will be implemented by means of a court-sanctioned scheme of arrangement of Randgold and the Randgold Shareholders under Article 125 of the Companies (Jersey) Law 1991, with the entire issued and to be issued share capital of Randgold being acquired by Barrick. Under the terms of the Merger, each Randgold Shareholder will receive: 6.1280 New Barrick Shares for each Randgold Share This exchange ratio (the "Exchange Ratio") has been agreed based on the volume-weighted average prices of Barrick Shares traded on NYSE, and Randgold ADSs traded on NASDAQ, respectively, over the 20 trading days ended on 21 September 2018 (being the last business day before this announcement). Following completion of the Merger, Barrick Shareholders will own approximately 66.6 per cent. and Randgold Shareholders will own approximately 33.4 per cent. of the New Barrick Group on a fully-diluted basis. Under the terms of the Merger, Barrick and Randgold have agreed that: · Randgold Shareholders will be entitled to receive a Randgold dividend for the 2018 financial year of USD 2.00 per Randgold Share, subject to approval of the Board of Randgold (the "Randgold Permitted Dividend"). The Randgold Permitted Dividend is expected to be declared on or before the Effective Date, payable to Randgold Shareholders on or around the Effective Date by reference to the Scheme Record Time; and · subject to the discretion of the Barrick Board with respect to the declaration of dividends, Barrick Shareholders will receive a total 2018 annualized dividend of up to USD 0.14 per Barrick Share. A Barrick quarterly dividend of: (i) up to USD 0.03 per Barrick Share will be paid for the three month period ending 30 September 2018; and (ii) up to USD 0.05 per Barrick Share (with a record date prior to the Effective Date) will be paid for the three month period ending 31 December 2018, in each case if, as and when declared by the Board of Barrick (together, the "Barrick Permitted Dividends"). Following completion of the Merger, Randgold Shareholders will be entitled to receive and retain any Barrick dividends with a record date after the Effective Date. The New Barrick Group intends to grow its dividend from the Barrick level for the financial year ended 31 December 2018 over time, underpinned by stronger cash flow generation, additional overhead cost savings, asset sale proceeds and lower interest costs. Further details of the arrangements in respect of dividends are set out in section 3 (Dividends) below. Total Pageviews The information and opinions contained within this site reflect the personal views of Inca Kola News and therefore all material within should not be construed as accurate or reliable or be utilized as advice for investment or business purposes. Independent due diligence and discussions with ones own investment and business advisors is strongly recommended. Accordingly, nothing on this site should be construed as offering a guarantee of the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein, as an offer or solicitation with respect to the purchase or sale of any security or as an endorsement of any product or service. All opinions and estimates included on this site are subject to change without notice. All content may be reproduced under fair use doctrine providing proper credit and a return link is made to this https://www.liquidtintz.com/ site.
yes. Nancy Sellers <Nancy.Sellers@RobertMondavi.com> 02/14/2001 04:04 PM To: Cameron <cameron@perfect.com>, Jeff Dasovich <Jeff_Dasovich@enron.com>, "Prentice @ Berkeley" <PSellers@haas.berkeley.edu>, Prentice Sellers <PSellers@pacbell.net>, Scott Laughlin <scottwl@hotmail.com> cc: Subject: FW: E & G Purchases of Opus One I am going to order the last of the 12 bottle units that I can order (per this memo below) but I do not want all 12 - do you guys want to share in this allocation? <<...OLE_Obj...>> MEMORANDUM 1/24/01 * Please Post for those without Email * TO: Employees of Opus One, Robert Mondavi and Baron Philippe de Rothschild FROM: Peter Ventura RE: E&G Purchases of Opus One While demand for Opus One has grown significantly, case production has remained level if in fact not declined-and will decline further for the 1998 vintage. This has lead to very strict allocations in the marketplace and a need to conserve. Please note as of March 1, 2001, for all employees and growers of Opus One, Robert Mondavi Winery and Baron Philippe de Rothschild, purchase limits on the current vintage of Opus One will change from twelve to six 750 ml. bottles per person. We expect to offer the current vintage, the 1997, until October of this year, at which time the 1998 will be released. Thank you in advance for your understanding and cooperation.
“I do remember the hate from the white students,” she said. The next year, she was back in her former school. “As I got older, I didn’t really see that I gained from that experience,” she said. “I don’t know that segregation is this horrible thing,” Ms. Adams said. “The problem with segregation is the assumption that black is bad and white is good. Black can be great. That’s what I instill my kids with.” Would she prefer an integrated school? “I can’t say that I would.” Families often disagree among themselves. Calandra Maijeh, 38, and her husband, Ife Maijeh, 43, were at the school one evening with their four children, all Explore students. “Color for me is not an issue,” Ms. Maijeh said. “As long as the learning is up to par.” Mr. Maijeh said: “My thoughts are very different from my wife. I agree that everybody deserves an education. But I want white and black to be together as one.” Jean McCauley, 47, is a single mother with two sons by different fathers, both gone from her life. When her older son, now 26, began school, his father had a friend in TriBeCa, and they used his address to get him into Public School 234, a well-regarded, largely white school. “I feel so grateful for my son being in that environment,” she said. “Expectations were so high. That school had everything. It was a world apart.” He graduated from college and works at a real estate agency. For her younger son, Brandon Worrell, she didn’t have that option. He is in sixth grade at Explore. She considers it a good school, but fears he doesn’t learn racial tolerance. “At Explore he can’t compare to anything,” she said. “He won’t know how to communicate with other races. He won’t know there is a difference. I think color will always be the first thing he sees.” She added, “I speak to Brandon about race. But he doesn’t get it. It’s abstract.” A WEEK wound up. Education was occurring. In kindergarten, they were reading “Sheep Take a Hike,” while in first grade, students wrote about a small moment that happened to them. A girl wrote: “This morning my mom pulled out my tooth. Ow. Ow. Ow.”
Recent Posts Author: Eric White Eric graduated Ohio University with a degree in Advertising and has contributed writing on electronics, social media and travel to various online publications such as Crowdtap and Amtrak. Eric currently spends his work days managing social media and marketing duties for DayFire, an upcoming smartphone app from ZipfWorks. Once the darling of business-minded mobile phone users, BlackBerry is now in the midst of a huge slump. And not the kind that can be fixed by a chiropractor! While the chumps people in charge at BlackBerry scramble to figure things out, consumers are left to wonder “well, what the h-e-double-hockey-sticks does this mean for me? If anything?” Wonder no more! The future may be bleak for BlackBerry but like any relationship cut short, it’ll all end up alright. Here’s the skinny on what BlackBerry’s 2013 woes mean for us consumers and where we can expect the BlackBerry future to take us all. A Niche Needs Filled BlackBerry has always catered to businessmen and women. Most notably through the signature QWERTY keyboard. You know, that beloved and distinguishing little feature that BlackBerry abandoned earlier this year with their BlackBerry Z10. Forget their latest attempt with the Q10. The BlackBerry Q10, reviving the QWERTY keyboard, was released this September. But by then it was already too late. A poor effort this year by CEO Thorsten Heins has left BlackBerry outside the loop to watch businessmen and women opt for more productive devices from Samsung, Microsoft and Apple. Even Nokia is getting in on the action! Tablets are becoming more prominent and will continue to do so after the highly productive Microsoft Surface 2 and Nokia Lumia 2520 announcements. Apple, notorious for being a more “creative” device than one of productivity, has put forth an effort with their newly collaborative iWork software. Companies are taking steps to fill the productivity niche which right now is wide open. Keep an eye open over the next year to see who comes out ahead. It’ll take a game changing feature targeted directly at businessmen and women to win the market. Who knows? Maybe BlackBerry will make a comeback and end up in another President’s hands in 2016! Two Lights in the Foggy BlackBerry Future With no longterm CEO and little loyalty among consumers, the BlackBerry future is a difficult one. Luckily, the company only needs to look at the Apple comeback to know that they aren’t yet down and out. But what can BlackBerry do to regain their former relevance? Here are two outside suggestions for BlackBerry’s future that could be spot on. Interim BlackBerry CEO John Chen recently said “BlackBerry employees need to start thinking differently about the company and accept that we’re really not in phones but we’re in phones for software, for services.” A shifted focus from handsets to software could be in the BlackBerry future. Software like BlackBerry Messenger is already available across Android and Apple devices. The trick will be winning over our attention (and our cash money). BlackBerry handsets aren’t going away altogether, but consumers can expect more attention to software in the near future. Could the BlackBerry future be tied to the future of the automobile industry? Technology reporter John R. Quain writes: Blackberry has a significant play in the next major technological revolution: the automobile. Back in 2010, Blackberry purchased a little known Ottawa-based company called QNX Software Systems (Canadians are so modest). Ostensibly, the idea was to use QNX’s operating system software to power a growing panoply of Blackberry devices, including a tablet computer (we all know how that went). But QNX’s real strength, indeed what it’s famous for in the tech world, is what’s in the car. John goes on to detail a future in which cars talk to each other (vehicle-to-vehicle communication or V2V) to avoid traffic jams, accidents and road hazards like black ice. John’s suggestions for the future of BlackBerry are futuristic but they may not be far off given BlackBerry’s work with auto makers in the past. If nothing else, the prospect of soon being able to nap while driving is making us giddy enough to pass out! Is BlackBerry doomed to fail or will we witness a triumphant return? Or, will the BlackBerry future be tied to something other than handhelds, such as automobiles? Let us know your thoughts on BlackBerry’s future in the comments below! When news broke this week that Google will be releasing a smartwatch within months, half of the internet went into a frenzy. The other half shrugged and went back about their lives. The truth is, wearable technology isn’t mainstream yet. But it has the potential to be. For wearable tech to become mainstream though it needs to prove that it makes life easier. Technology is a huge part of our lives, sure. But it will take a strong argument to convince people that gadgets should be fashion accessories. Wearable tech needs to stay trendy, relevant and most importantly, useful. Remember beepers? Let’s take a look at some of the wearable tech out there and decide: is it a gimmick or is there real value? Smartwatches Like it or not, smartwatches are gimmicky. At least right now. There has yet to be a smartwatch released to bring the wearable tech into the mainstream. However, rumors of an Apple and Google smartwatch could potentially make the technology popular with consumers. Let’s take a look at a pair of available smartwatches and what they fail to bring to the market. Pebble – Gimmick! The Kickstarter-funded smartwatch Pebble is one of the most popular wearable techs available now. Pebble uses minimalism to differentiate their device and offers the things you’d expect from a smartwatch: email notifications, texts, some apps, etc. And it’s also definitely a gimmick. It looks cool, but the Pebble smartwatch doesn’t actually have any game changing features. There’s nothing I can do with the Pebble that can’t already be done on my phone. We’ll wait for the next edition, thanks! Samsung Galaxy Gear – Gimmick!Maybe the ultimate smartwatch gimmick, Samsung’s Galaxy Gear is a wearable tech fail. For one, compatibility for the Galaxy Gear is limited to only two Samsung devices as of this post. Secondly, and similarly to Pebble, the Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch fails to offer consumers a must-have feature. Not to mention around a third of all Galaxy Gears bought at Best Buy have been returned. Smartwatches are gimmicky and unless Google or Apple can break things open with their inevitable devices, smartwatches will likely be outside the mainstream for some time. Smart Fitness As it stands now, fitness is the most likely place to find legitimately useful wearable tech. And let’s be real: anything that makes working out easier is totally cool with us! Anyway, fitness and health are not gimmicky at all. Here are two useful wearables for fitness and the “Quantified Self” movement. Run-n-Read – Useful! The Run-n-Read will never be a mainstream wearable technology but this little device sure is useful for bookworms on the move. This fitness/multitasking wearable tech syncs with your smart device and clips to your shirt or headband. Hop on the treadmill with an ebook open on your device and the Run-n-Read will adjust the text so it’s readable as you move. The Run-n-Read may seem gimmicky given how limited the functions are. But that’s actually what makes it useful! It addresses a specific problem and effectively solves it. That’s how you make a useful product. AIRO – Useful! Stress level is a hard thing to measure. The upcoming AIRO wristband is about to change all that! By using measurable stats like sleep, eating habits, exercise and heart rate, the AIRO wristband can give consumers a good idea of how stressed they actually are. Health is no gimmick and being able to monitor something intangible like stress is not only useful, it’s the future of health technology! Smart Apparel Wearable tech isn’t limited to electronics that are clipped on shirts or strapped on wrists. There are even plenty of smart apparel available. Shirts that change colors when sweaty, smart socks and Funderwear are just a small sampling of the smart apparel out there. But is smart apparel a gimmick? Nike Hyperdunk+ – Useful! Basketball sneakers are not safe from the wearable tech movement. The Nike Hyperdunk+ basketball shoes are perfect for the baller with big time aspirations. The shoes sync up to your smart device and tell you excatly how high you jumped, how quickly you moved and how hard you played. The statistics give real insights that players can use to tighten up their game making the Nike Hyperdunk+ wearable tech extremely useful. At least for hardcore players. Here we have another case of a niche wearable tech proving useful. Starting to see a trend? Stealth Wear – Gimmick! Scared of the NSA or government drones spying on your every move? You, my friend, need to chill out Stealth Wear. This futuristic fashion statement will hide you from unwanted surveillance and effectively draw stares everywhere you go. We would destroy all of our gadgets and move to Madagascar before we made Stealth Wear part of our wardrobe. Do we really need to say it? GIMMICK! More Wearable Tech SIGMO – Useful! SIGMO could possibly be the least gimmicky of all the wearable tech listed here. Have you ever been out of the country? Or maybe had to do business with someone who doesn’t speak English? That’s where SIGMO comes in. This little device provides real time translations in over 25 languages. Now your Spanish vocabulary will be deeper than “mas cerveza por favor”! Check out the product demo: Google Glass – TBDDid you really think we’d forget about Google Glass? This smart device has been talked about all year and is considered the poster child for the future of wearable technology. There are plenty of ways that Google Glass could prove to be useful as a wearable tech. Having access to information at a second’s notice is advantageous. So is being able to live-capture moments with video and photo. But where Google Glass will prove most useful as a wearable tech will be with augmented reality interfaces. Imagine being in a new city, equipped with Google Glass. You have no idea where your hotel is, but with Google Glass, you can have a visual trail that leads you right to the doorstep. Google Glass definitely has potential. But first, it has to come to market. Wearable Tech in Conclusion Wearable tech has a long way to go before we’re all adopting it. In the early stages of the wearable tech movement, there are various trends evident. For one, wearable tech has a better chance of being useful if it appeals to a specific niche. Smartwatches have failed to break into the wearable tech mainstream because they don’t provide functions beyond what is already available on smartphones. Smartwatches that include a fitness aspect however, provide a function unavailable or limited by a mobile phone. Wearable tech is an unlikely story of function over form. That’s not to say form isn’t important! Stealth Wear clearly appears to a niche, albeit a highly paranoid one. But it’s outlandish design make it unlikely that we’ll be seeing folks rocking Stealth Wear at the mall. The future of wearable tech relies on smart design and even smarter functions. What do you think about wearable tech? Is there a gadget out there that you think is the most useful thing ever? Tell us about it in the comments below or connect with us on Facebook! Last week we spent a lot of time talking about Apple and haven’t taken the time to explore tablet reviews for the Nokia Lumia 2520 and Windows Surface 2. Both of these tablets were also premiered last week on Tuesday, October 22. While Apple clearly won the majority of hype from tech bloggers, the Lumia 2520 and Surface 2 are both worthy of a tablet review. With no Lumia 2520 or Surface 2 readily available for my eager paws to play with, it’s time to turn to the experts. And anyway, the internet is rife with tablet reviews for both the Nokia Lumia 2520 and the Microsoft Surface 2. Let’s check out the key points from a few expert tablet reviews instead! Without further ado, here are what the experts are saying about the Nokia Lumia 2520 and the Microsoft Surface 2. Nokia Lumia 2520 Tablet Review Nokia released their first tablet last week: the Nokia Lumia 2520 which will be released later this year for $499. While the tablet didn’t garner Apple iPad Air levels of excitement, the experts seem to agree that there’s a lot to like about the Lumia 2520. “Overall it looks and feels incredibly solid, if not a bit predictable: its unibody polycarbonate design and sleek curves scream to the world that it’s very much a Lumia device, regardless of its screen size. There are four colors available: red or white with a glossy finish, and black or cyan with a matt finish.” – Brad Molen of Engadget “It really takes Nokia’s design language and places it almost perfectly into a tablet form factor. The 1920 x 1080 display is perhaps one of the best I’ve seen on a tablet. Viewing angles are great and the brightness is equally impressive. Color reproduction is incredibly accurate, and it’s clear Nokia has really aimed high with the display on its first tablet.” – Tom Warren of The Verge The display is clearly one of the top assets of the Nokia Lumia 2520. Most expert hands-on tablet reviews make mention of the brightness and rich colors. “Nokia is particularly proud of the Lumia 2520′s display, and with good reason. It’s not just resolution – though being Full HD doesn’t hurt – but brightness and viewing angles, with the slate cranking up to 650 Nits at most. You won’t need that sort of brightness indoors, but the promise is far improved outdoor visibility. Either way, colors are bright and vivid, and the backlighting is even.” – Chris Davies of SlashGear Like the Windows Surface, the Nokia Lumia 2520 can be used with a keyboard case. According to most experts, the keyboard case is an awesome feature. “Not only does this case unfold into a keyboard, but it has two USB ports on the back, and it folds up into a tablet protector. It’s the best tablet keyboard case I’ve seen yet.” – Sascha Segan of PC Magazine Where Nokia falls desperately short is with their offering of apps, a complaint echoed by most of the Nokia Lumia 2520 tablet reviews I read. To be fair though, this is more the fault of the Windows operating system as opposed to Nokia’s Lumia 2520 hardware. “But no shiny shell can solve Windows RT’s central problem, which is that it’s completely confusing for consumers. Go to a GameStop and try to buy a “Windows” game – it won’t run on this “Windows” tablet. See a link online to download a “Windows” app; that won’t run either. While you can indeed find apps by going into the app store on the device, the entire external universe of marketing, advertising, and word-of-mouth chatter about Windows drives people to x86 apps that won’t run on an RT tablet.” – Sascha Segan Microsoft Surface 2 Tablet Review Microsoft looked to do with their second tablet what they couldn’t with their first: impress people. Did the Microsoft Surface 2 receive more positive tablet reviews this time around? Let’s see what the experts had to say! “Getting our hands on the Surface 2, the tablet instantly feels sturdier than the last iteration. It might be partially because the tablet is now made of just two magnesium pieces (the shell itself and the kickstand), but it simply feels like a thin, solid slate of silvered metal topped with glass, giving it a very industrial look.” – Kevin Lee of TechRadar “At first glance, some of the pain points have indeed been addressed: the ClearType display, for instance, now runs at 1920 x 1080, rather than the 1366 x 768 of the initial model, making for crisper text and more detailed images. There’s certainly less of the fuzziness around text that we noticed on the first-gen version.” – Vincent Nguyen of SlashGear Two of the most praised features in the Microsoft Surface 2 tablet reviews were the tablet’s keyboard options and the kickstand, which was upgrading with an extra viewing angle. “Oddly the most impressive pieces of tech to come out of the new Surface line were actually the new Touch and Type Covers. The new, thinner Type Cover offers slightly quieter word processing for the tack-tack self-conscious library goers. But the real show stopper was the new Touch Cover. The cover lets you do even more with an array of 1,092 touch sensors, whereas the old Touch Cover only packed 80.” – Kevin Lee “Personally, I prefer the physical keys of the Type Cover 2 over the printed keys of the Touch Cover 2, but Microsoft has done some neat engineering tricks on the super-thin keyboard so that it’s faster and far more accurate. My tests bore this out. The Surface body is also unusual in the tablet space because it features a built-in kickstand. Surface 2 gets a second kick setting, something I appreciated as I worked with the it on my lap in a variety of settings: sometimes the more upright setting worked better and for others, the more laid-back one was just right. The second lower setting is also a lot more useful for counter viewing — if you’re standing up.” – Lance Ulanoff of Mashable In Conclusion While it’s impossible to draw a solid conclusion about either device without actually playing around with them, the experts paint a good picture of what to expect. Microsoft did a good job upgrading things like the Surface’s display, kickstand and keyboard. According to the experts though, the Microsoft Surface 2 falls short in most other aspects and little has changed from the first Microsoft Surface. Nokia, however, put forth a strong effort for their first tablet. The Nokia Lumia 2520 display, rich colors, keyboard and durable design show that Nokia is headed in the right direction. Where Nokia, Microsoft and Windows all need to improve is in their offering of apps and the consistency of the operating system across devices. Many experts complained about finding updates and/or apps that weren’t operational on their particular device. This is a problem specific to Windows and one that will need to be figured out soon. If not, the Windows operating system will have a very hard time gaining more ground against Apple’s always consistent operating system. Have you had hands-on time with either tablet? Which features were you most impressed/unimpressed by? Give us your tablet review in the comments below! Yesterday’s Apple event from San Francisco showcased a handful of new Apple products that are sure to impact the future of consumer electronics. Including the newly-named iPad Air! And we’re not surprised. Apple has been doing things other tech brands could only dream of for over 10 years! They do a phenomenal job at recognizing trends and outpacing them. It’s because of this trendiness that we can safely look to Apple to gauge where the market is headed as a whole. Here are 5 forecasts on the future of consumer electronics based on what was presented at the October 22 Apple event in San Francisco. Forecasting the Future of Consumer Electronics Design “WOW” factors. Apple changed the game in 2007 when they turned the cell phone market on its head with the iPhone. They did it again with their new desktop. Now we have the straight from Star Wars Apple Mac Pro. By designing a desktop computer better suited for a mantlepiece than the floor, Apple has challenged other companies to put added focus into what their product looks like when they’re turned off. Smartphones and wearables are already fashionable so it was only a matter of time before their focus shifted into our homes. Even MORE attention to what we want. Yesterday, Apple made sure to cater to their fanboys and girls by way of adding highly demanded features and improvements to their already existing gadgets. The new operating system (which is available for free to everyone!), OS X Mavericks, gives us extended battery life and the iPad Mini has been fitted with a retina display. Just as technology has made it easier for us to interact with brands over social media, it’s that much easier for brands to listen to us. Social media is growing and companies are continuing to tune in to what their users are saying. Look for tech companies to include us more in deciding the future of consumer electronics. And if they don’t, well, we’ll take to Twitter! If the device doesn’t make human networks easier to access, it’s irrelevant. The future of consumer electronics is one of connectivity. Whether it be on social media, collaborating on Google Docs or seamlessly sharing photo albums with contacts, people want instant access to other people. Yesterday, Apple made strides to a more connected world by adding collaboration to iWork. In a somewhat lame moment before Apple’s iPad Air announcement yesterday, Apple senior vice president of Internet software and services Eddy Cue and Apple vice president of productivity applications Roger Rosner collaborated on an even more awkward poster. Demo aside, the point was received. We will now be able to collaborate on higher level creative projects than ever through OS X Mavericks. Increasing perks while decreasing price. While sometimes it may seem like Apple isn’t aware that we actually like to have money in our pockets at the end of the month, they do deserve some kudos for dropping the price of the new MacBook Pro a very nice $200 from last year’s model and then hitting us with a $3000 desktop. They added specs, took away size and even gave us OS X Mavericks for absolutely nothing. As an added bonus, we didn’t have to pay extra for the iPad’s new name! It’s not certain that Apple will continue giving out future upgrades for free. However, it feels good to see Apple making the load a little easier to bear this holiday. Innovation must be green. Apple made it a point to show us at their event yesterday that they are innovating responsibly and no, I don’t mean they build things soberly. They’re moving towards greener practices! After each hardware demo we were shown how Apple is contributing to a healthier planet. By no means should we believe that Apple is currently creating environmentally neutral products, but rest assured that consumer electronics are headed in that direction! What’s Your Forecast? Do you think Apple changed the future of consumer electronics? Tell us what you think about the October Apple event in the comments below!
Molecular mapping of the leaf rust resistance gene rph6 in barley and its linkage relationships with rph5 and rph7. ABSTRACT The barley cv. Bolivia carries two leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) resistance genes, Rph2 and Rph6, and is the only known source of the latter gene. A resistant line (Bolivia-Rph6) carrying Rph6 only was obtained in the F(4) generation of a cross between cv. Bolivia and the susceptible cv. Bowman via progeny testing with differential isolates of the leaf rust pathogen. Genetic analyses and bulk segregant analysis using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers localized Rph6 on the short arm of barley chromosome 3H at a distance of 4.4 centimorgans (cM) distal from RFLP marker MWG2021 and 1.2 cM proximal from RFLP marker BCD907. The allelic relationship of Rph6 to other leaf rust resistance genes mapping to this region of chromosome 3H (namely Rph5 and Rph7) were tested using crosses among cvs. Magnif 102 (carrying Rph5), Bolivia-Rph6 (Rph6), and Cebada Capa (Rph7). Segregation analyses indicated that Rph6 is allelic to Rph5 and closely linked to Rph7. The data generated from this study will facilitate breeding for leaf rust resistance via marker-assisted selection and provide a starting point for positional gene cloning.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a vasoproliferative retinal disease, affects very preterm infants and is a leading cause of potentially avoidable childhood blindness, worldwide.[@bib1] The prevalence of ROP was estimated to be approximately 30% in very preterm neonates (\<32 weeks). Moreover, approximately 20% of infants with any stage of ROP developed treatment-requiring ROP, and about 27% of infants with treatment-requiring ROP became blind or had severe visual impairment.[@bib2]^,^[@bib3] Despite the high prevalence and clinical importance of ROP in preterm neonates, as well as the preventable nature of ROP early in its pathogenesis, little is known about the risk factors and the possible preventive interventions for ROP, especially in the prenatal period. Important risk factors of ROP include early gestational age, low birth weight, postnatal weight gain, and high or fluctuating levels of oxygen in the postnatal period.[@bib4]^,^[@bib5] The literature suggests that elevated levels of inflammatory factors and growth factors (insulin-like growth factor \[IGF\]-1, matrix metalloproteinase \[MMP\], placenta growth factor, and angiopoietins) in blood obtained later in postnatal life are associated with ROP development.[@bib6]^--^[@bib12] Furthermore, using cord blood sampled at birth, we have recently shown that elevated cord plasma levels of IL-6 and C5a were independently associated with severe ROP and laser treatment,[@bib13] thereby suggesting that elevated levels of inflammatory and angiogenic proteins in the postnatal blood of infants with ROP may reflect ongoing prenatal or perinatal inflammatory response and its associated mediators, leading to subsequent unfavorable visual outcomes for ROP. In fact, in the context of severe neonatal morbidities, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), cerebral palsy, and hearing impairment, significant associations of elevated cytokine levels in the postnatal and cord bloods, as well as in amniotic fluid (AF), with each of these outcomes have been already reported in very preterm infants.[@bib14]^--^[@bib17] However, to date, no rigorous clinical investigations have addressed the association between ROP development, altered protein levels, and the presence of microbes in AF, both of which reflect events that occur in the intrauterine environment. To improve ROP prevention and treatment, it is vital that we increase our understanding of its pathogenesis and that we identify the causative agents of ROP, especially in the antenatal period. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate whether elevated levels of inflammatory/angiogenic and growth mediators in AF, and the presence of intra-amniotic infection (IAI) are independently associated with the occurrence and progression of ROP in preterm infants, and to develop antenatal prediction models for ROP using these biomarkers in combination with prenatal factors. Methods {#sec2} ======= Study Design and Population {#sec2-1} --------------------------- The study was approved by the local ethics committee at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (IRB no. B-1105/128-102). Written informed consent was obtained from all parents for amniocentesis and for the collection and use of AF samples and clinical information for research purposes. In this retrospective single-center cohort study, we included all consecutive women with preterm delivery between 23+0 and 32+0 weeks of gestation, and their neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between June 2004 and July 2018. Infants were included if they met the following criteria: (i) singleton gestation, (ii) neonates whose mothers underwent transabdominal amniocentesis for microbiological or fetal lung maturation, (iii) availability of AF samples for analysis, (iv) survival until 36 weeks postmenstrual age, and (v) infants who underwent ROP screening examinations. We excluded infants with multiple gestations and any major congenital anomalies, and infants who were transferred to another hospital after amniocentesis. We used both the last menstrual period and a first or second trimester (≤20 weeks) ultrasound examination to determine gestational age. ROP Screening Examination {#sec2-2} ------------------------- For ROP screening, we adhered to the guidelines proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and Ophthalmology and Pediatrics, and the Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.[@bib18]^,^[@bib19] The initial examination was conducted either 4 weeks after birth or 31 weeks of postmenstrual age, whichever occurred later. The follow-up schedules and the treatment decision were identical to the indications proposed by the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity study.[@bib20]^,^[@bib21] Either intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment (e.g., bevacizumab or ranibizumab) or laser treatment were considered as the initial treatment of type 1 ROP. The stage of ROP was graded as the highest stage observed on fundus examination during the entire follow-up period. Severe ROP included stages 3, 4, and 5, and mild ROP included stages 1 and 2. The outcome parameters were the occurrence of any stage of ROP, severe ROP, and vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment (type 1 ROP). Clinical Data and Definitions {#sec2-3} ----------------------------- Data on maternal and obstetric factors, and newborn parameters were abstracted from the obstetric and neonatal database as previously described.[@bib22] IAI was diagnosed after positive AF microbial cultures. Diagnostic criteria for acute histologic chorioamnionitis, funisitis, and clinical chorioamnionitis have previously been described in detail,[@bib23]^,^[@bib24] and supplementary descriptions are provided in the [Supplementary Materials](#iovs-61-5-42_s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The definitions of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), BPD, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) have been described in previous publications.[@bib23]^,^[@bib25]^,^[@bib26] Diagnostic criteria and management of preterm labor, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia have previously been described in detail.[@bib26]^--^[@bib28] Decisions regarding the use and type of prophylactic antibiotics were left to the discretion of the attending obstetrician and treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, and tocolytics were started after amniocentesis. AF Collection and Determination of Various Proteins in the AF Samples {#sec2-4} --------------------------------------------------------------------- To test the AF for infection and inflammation or fetal lung, a transabdominal amniocentesis was performed under ultrasound guidance with aseptic conditions. Following previously described methods, the samples of AF were cultured to identify the presence of microorganisms (e.g., genital mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum) and aerobic and anaerobic bacteria).[@bib26] The remaining AF was centrifuged at 1500 g at 4°C for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was aliquoted and stored at −70°C until further use. Managing physicians had access to the AF culture results. The concentrations of endoglin, endostatin, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-8, MMP-9, and VEGF receptor-1 in the stored AF samples were determined using ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) in accordance with the manufacturer\'s instructions. These factors were chosen for the study because they have been previously shown to be important regulators of biologic action of IGFs, angiogenesis, infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune response ([www.uniprot.org/](http://www.uniprot.org/)), which may be the main pathogenetic mechanisms underlying ROP development.[@bib2]^,^[@bib29] The ranges of the protein standard curves and dilution factors are described in detail in the [Supplementary Materials](#iovs-61-5-42_s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 15% for the analyzed proteins, with the exception of IGFBP-3 and MMP-8; for which the interassay coefficients of variation were 16.2% and 15.5%, respectively. Statistical Analysis {#sec2-5} -------------------- Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 25.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The Student t-test or the Mann--Whitney U test was used to analyze continuous data, and the χ^2^-test or Fisher\'s exact test was used to compare categorical data. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association between the concentrations of each protein in the AF and occurrence and progression of ROP, after adjusting for baseline risk factors, with a P value of less than 0.1 in univariable analysis. In the logistic regression analysis, continuous data were converted to binary data to reduce the issue of multicollinearity (especially between the gestational age at birth and AF endoglin, endostatin, IL-6 and IL-8 levels \[r = −0.442 to −0.313\]) or to be used for risk prediction and decision making. All proteins in the AF and clinical risk factors were dichotomized at the highest quartile and compared against the lower three quartiles. To evaluate the independent association between inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8 levels) in the AF and the occurrence and progression of ROP, gestational age at sampling (rather than the gestational age at delivery) was adjusted for in multivariable analyses. Gestational age at delivery forms part of the causal pathway (intermediate variable) between infection and inflammation and ROP and thus is not a confounding variable.[@bib30] Additionally, to develop the antenatal prediction model for the occurrence and progression of ROP, a stepwise forward regression analysis was performed in which all predictive variables with a P value of less than 0.1 from the univariable analysis were introduced as dichotomous variables. Prenatal factors only (i.e., AF proteins and gestational age at sampling) associated with the risk of ROP were entered into this model. To compare the discriminatory power of each protein in the AF, clinical risk factors, and the antenatal prediction model, the areas under the curve (AUCs) for different tests were compared as previously described.[@bib31] The correlation between continuous parameters with non-normal distribution was assessed by the Spearman\'s rank correlation test. Two-sided P values of less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results {#sec3} ======= Of the 175 preterm neonates with a gestational age of 32.0 weeks or less included in the final analysis, 50 developed ROP (28.6%, 50/175; stage 1, n = 17; stage 2, n = 6), 27 developed severe ROP (stage 3, n = 27), and 19 (10.9%; 19/175) were treated with laser retinal ablation. Positive AF culture results were obtained for 79 women (45.1%; 79/175), including 46 women with preterm premature rupture of membranes and 33 women with preterm labor. The types of microorganisms isolated from the AF samples are shown in the [Supplementary Table S1](#iovs-61-5-42_s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Maternal and Neonatal Characteristics {#sec3-1} ------------------------------------- [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"} presents the maternal demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population in relation to the occurrence and progression of ROP. Based on the univariable analyses, only low gestational age at amniocentesis was significantly associated with the occurrence and progression of ROP, as well as vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment. ###### Maternal and Obstetric Factors in Relation to the Occurrence and Progression of ROP[^\^](#tb1fn1){ref-type="table-fn"} ROP Occurrence (Any Stage) Severe ROP (Stage 3) Vision-Threatening ROP Requiring Treatment (Type 1) ------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------ ---------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------- No. of mothers 125 50 148 27 156 19 Maternal age (y) 32.0 ± 4.0 31.7 ± 3.8 0.703 31.8 ± 4.0 32.2 ± 3.9 0.624 31.8 ± 3.9 32.8 ± 4.0 0.259 Nulliparity 54 (43.2) 27 (54.0) 0.196 68 (45.9) 13 (48.1) 0.833 74 (47.4) 7 (36.8) 0.382 Cause of preterm delivery 0.264 0.575 0.768 Preterm labor 60 (48.0) 28 (56.0) 72 (48.6) 16 (59.3) 77 (49.4) 11 (57.9) PPROM 63 (50.4) 20 (40.0) 72 (48.6) 11 (40.7) 75 (48.1) 8 (42.1) Preeclampsia 2 (1.6) 2 (4.0) 4 (2.7) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.6) 0 (0) Cesarean delivery 66 (52.8) 24 (48.0) 0.566 78 (52.7) 12 (44.4) 0.430 82 (52.6) 8 (42.1) 0.389 Antenatal corticosteroids 118 (94.4) 46 (92.0) 0.512 140 (94.6) 24 (88.9) 0.379 148 (94.9) 16 (84.2) 0.102 Antenatal antibiotics 97 (77.6) 40 (80.0) 0.728 114 (77.0) 23 (85.2) 0.344 121 (77.6) 16 (84.2) 0.768 Use of tocolytics 107 (85.6) 37 (74.0) 0.069 123 (83.1) 21 (77.8) 0.505 131 (84.0) 13 (68.4) 0.112 Gestational age at sampling (weeks) 28.4 ± 2.2 27.1 ± 2.3 \<0.001* 28.4 ± 2.2 26.6 ± 2.3 0.001 28.3 ± 2.2 25.6 ± 1.9 \<0.001 Histologic chorioamnionitis 88 (70.4) 40 (80.0) 0.196 105 (70.9) 23 (85.2) 0.125 111 (71.2) 17 (89.5) 0.089 Funisitis 43 (34.4) 13 (26.0) 0.282 48 (32.4) 8 (29.6) 0.774 50 (32.1) 6 (31.6) 0.967 Clinical chorioamnionitis 11 (8.8) 8 (16.0) 0.167 16 (10.8) 3 (11.1) 1.000 16 (10.3) 3 (15.8) 0.439 Significant findings (P \< 0.05) are presented in bold. Values are mean ± standard deviation or number (%). PPROM, preterm premature rupture of membranes. [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"} shows the neonatal characteristics in relation to the occurrence and progression of ROP. In univariable analyses, low gestational age at birth, low birth weight, use of mechanical ventilation, EOS, RDS, BPD, and NEC had statistically significant associations with the occurrence and progression of ROP, as well as vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment. A low 5-minute Apgar score (\<7) was statistically significantly associated with ROP occurrence, whereas administration of surfactant was significantly related to both ROP occurrence and severe ROP. ###### Neonatal Characteristics and Morbidities of Infants in Relation to the Occurrence and Progression of ROP[^\^](#tb2fn1){ref-type="table-fn"} ROP Occurrence (Any Stage) Severe ROP (Stage 3) Vision-threatening ROP Requiring Treatment (Type 1) ------------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------------- ---------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- No. of infants 125 50 148 27 156 19 GA at birth (weeks) 29.5 ± 1.7 27.7 ± 2.0 \<0.001* 29.4 ± 1.8 27.0 ± 2.1 \<0.001 29.4 ± 1.7 26.1 ± 1.7 \<0.001 Birth weight (kg) 1.430 ± 0.324 1.118 ± 0.301 \<0.001 1.403 ± 0.323 1.004 ± 0.277 \<0.001 1.393 ± 0.321 0.913 ± 0.240 \<0.001 Male 68 (54.4) 24 (48.0) 0.444 81 (54.7) 11 (40.7) 0.181 85 (54.5) 7 (36.8) 0.146 Apgar score \<7 1 minute 90 (72.0) 40 (80.0) 0.274 107 (72.3) 23 (85.2) 0.159 113 (72.4) 17 (89.5) 0.163 5 minutes 36 (28.8) 25 (50.0) 0.008 48 (32.4) 13 (48.1) 0.115 51 (32.7) 10 (52.6) 0.085 Continuous positive airway pressure 102 (81.6) 42 (84.0) 0.707 122 (82.4) 22 (81.5) 1.000 127 (81.4) 17 (89.5) 0.533 Mechanical ventilation 59 (47.2) 37 (74.0) 0.001 75 (50.7) 21 (77.8) 0.009 79 (50.6) 17 (89.5) 0.001 Use of surfactant 39 (31.2) 29 (58.0) 0.001 52 (35.1) 16 (59.3) 0.018 57 (36.5) 11 (57.9) 0.071 EOS 13 (10.4) 13 (26.0) 0.009 18 (12.2) 8 (29.6) 0.034 19 (12.2) 7 (36.8) 0.010 RDS 51 (40.8) 36 (72.0) \<0.001 68 (45.9) 19 (70.4) 0.020 73 (46.8) 14 (73.7) 0.027 BPD 31 (24.8) 29 (58.0) \<0.001 41 (27.7) 19 (70.4) \<0.001 43 (27.6) 17 (89.5) \<0.001 IVH, grade ≥2 7 (5.6) 4 (8.0) 0.515 8 (5.4) 3 (11.1) 0.380 8 (5.2) 3 (15.8) 0.104 PVL 11 (8.9) 5 (10.0) 0.779 15 (10.2) 1 (3.7) 0.472 15 (9.7) 1 (5.3) 1.000 NEC 8 (6.4) 8 (16.0) 0.047 10 (6.8) 6 (22.2) 0.010 11 (7.1) 5 (26.3) 0.018 Significant findings (P \< 0.05) are presented in bold. Values are mean ± standard deviation or number (%). GA, gestational age; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia. Various Proteins in AF in Relation to ROP {#sec3-2} ----------------------------------------- [Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"} shows the concentrations of various AF proteins in relation to the occurrence and progression of ROP. Based on the univariable analyses, elevated AF levels of endoglin, endostatin, and IL-6 were significantly associated with occurrence and progression of ROP, as well as vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment. Moreover, elevated AF IL-8 levels had a statistically significant association with both severe ROP and vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment, and elevated AF IGFBP-2 was linked with both ROP occurrence and severe ROP. However, elevated AF levels of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, MMP-8, MMP-9, and VEGF receptor-1 and IAI were associated with neither the occurrence nor progression of ROP. ###### AF Levels of Immune and Inflammatory Proteins and Results of AF Cultures in Relation to the Occurrence and Progression of ROP[^\^](#tb3fn1){ref-type="table-fn"} ROP Occurrence (Any Stage) Severe ROP (Stage 3) Vision-Threatening ROP Requiring Treatment (Type 1) ----------------------- ---------------------------- --------------- ---------------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- No. of infants 125 50 148 27 156 19 AF endoglin (ng/mL) 6.4 ± 2.9 8.8 ± 3.2 \<0.001* 6.7 ± 3.1 9.0 ± 2.9 \<0.001 6.8 ± 3.1 9.4 ± 3.0 0.001 AF endostatin (ng/mL) 60.6 ± 25.4 75.6 ± 31.8 0.004 62.7 ± 28.0 76.6 ± 26.2 0.006 63.6 ± 28.3 75.3 ± 24.3 0.026 AF IGFBP-2 (µg/mL) 1.1 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.5 0.036 1.1 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 0.5 0.031 1.1 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 0.6 0.117 AF IGFBP-3 (ng/mL) 427.9 ± 317.8 456.0 ± 252.3 0.267 437.2 ± 317.1 429.2 ± 185.1 0.614 431.9 ± 312.1 469.0 ± 175.3 0.223 AF IGFBP-4 (µg/mL) 1.0 ± 0.8 1.2 ± 0.9 0.312 1.0 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.9 0.197 1.0 ± 0.8 1.4 ± 1.0 0.186 AF IL-6 (ng/mL) 19.5 ± 21.2 28.2 ± 24.0 0.048 19.8 ± 21.6 34.0 ± 22.8 0.002 19.8 ± 21.3 40.1 ± 23.0 \<0.001 AF IL-8 (ng/mL) 6.5 ± 6.3 8.2 ± 6.7 0.160 6.6 ± 6.4 9.4 ± 6.2 0.021 6.5 ± 6.3 11.1 ± 5.8 0.003 AF MMP-8 (ng/mL) 332.9 ± 555.2 417.0 ± 608.0 0.430 336.1 ± 561.9 471.0 ± 612.7 0.192 340.8 ± 569.2 489.5 ± 577.2 0.051 AF MMP-9 (ng/mL) 10.3 ± 8.6 10.5 ± 8.5 0.950 10.1 ± 8.6 12.3 ± 8.0 0.288 10.0 ± 8.6 13.9 ± 7.5 0.102 AF VEGFR-1 (ng/mL) 500.8 ± 466.5 607.1 ± 471.4 0.111 524.2 ± 471.1 569.4 ± 464.1 0.620 516.8 ± 469.1 649.1 ± 463.1 0.128 Positive AF cultures 56 (44.8) 23 (46.0) 0.885 66 (44.6) 13 (48.1) 0.733 69 (44.2) 10 (52.6) 0.487 Significant findings (P \< 0.05) are presented in bold letters. Values are mean ± standard deviation or number (%). VEGFR-1, VEGF receptor 1. The correlations between AF levels of endoglin, endostatin, IL-6, IGFBP-2, and IL-8 are described in the [Supplementary Table S2](#iovs-61-5-42_s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. From these five proteins, endoglin, endostatin, IL-6, and IL-8 levels, and not IGFBP-2, were negatively correlated with gestational age at birth (r = −0.442 to −0.313, P \< 0.001), whereas endoglin, endostatin, and IGFBP-2 levels, and not IL-6, and IL-8, were negatively correlated with gestational age at the time of amniocentesis (r = −0.485 to −0.165; P \< 0.05). Multivariable Analysis {#sec3-3} ---------------------- Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to further evaluate the independent association of the various proteins in AF (i.e., endoglin, endostatin, IGFBP-2, IL-6, and IL-8) with the occurrence and progression of ROP, with adjustments for baseline variables. Before the regression analyses, multicollinearity was checked among the parameters using the Spearman\'s rank correlation test. Gestational age at amniocentesis and at birth, and birth weight were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.683--0.865) and thus were summarized in the analysis; instead of including the three variables simultaneously, gestational age at birth alone was included in the analysis ([Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"}). However, gestational age at sampling, rather than at delivery, was adjusted for in the multivariable analyses of infections/inflammations (i.e., AF IL-6 and Il-8) and ROPs, as described in the Methods section (Statistical Analysis). The highest quartile values that were selected as the cutoff points for dichotomization are as follows: 8.73 ng/mL for AF endoglin, 75.34 ng/mL for AF endostatin, 41.41 ng/mL for AF IL-6, 11.75 ng/mL for AF IL-8, 1.56 µg/mL for AF IGFBP-2, 27.0 weeks for gestational age at birth, and 26.3 weeks for gestational age at sampling. ###### Multivariable Logistic Regression of Potential Biomarkers in AF in Relation to the Occurrence and Progression of ROP Adjusted for Low Adjusted for All Variables ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------- ----------------- ----------- For ROP[^‡^](#tb4fn6){ref-type="table-fn"} AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) 4.0 (1.8--8.8) 0.001 3.2 (1.4--7.6) 0.007 AF endostatin level (quartile 4, ≥75.34 ng/mL) 2.3 (1.1--4.8) 0.036 2.3 (1.0--5.2) 0.052 AF IGFBP-2 level (quartile 4, ≥1.56 µg/mL) 1.9 (0.9--4.1) 0.091 1.8 (0.8--4.0) 0.153 AF IL-6 level (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL) 2.2 (1.0--4.6) 0.042 1.7 (0.8--4.0) 0.197 For severe ROP[^§^](#tb4fn7){ref-type="table-fn"} AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) 4.1 (1.6--10.4) 0.003 2.9 (1.1--7.9) 0.033 AF endostatin level (quartile 4, ≥75.34 ng/mL) 2.7 (1.1--6.7) 0.032 2.7 (1.0--7.2) 0.048 AF IGFBP-2 level (quartile 4, ≥1.56 µg/mL) 2.6 (1.0--6.5) 0.039 3.1 (1.2--8.4) 0.023 AF IL-6 level (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL) 2.4 (1.0--6.0) 0.051 1.8 (0.6--4.8) 0.269 AF IL-8 level (quartile 4, ≥11.75 ng/mL) 3.0 (1.2--7.4) 0.021 2.2 (0.8--6.0) 0.135 For vision-threatening ROP requiring laser treatment[^‖^](#tb4fn8){ref-type="table-fn"} AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) 4.5 (1.5--14.2) 0.009 5.5 (1.3--22.4) 0.018 AF endostatin level (quartile 4, ≥75.34 ng/mL) 2.0 (0.7--5.9) 0.209 1.7 (0.5--6.2) 0.406 AF MMP-8 level (quartile 4, ≥472.99 ng/mL) 1.2 (0.4--3.6) 0.771 0.6 (0.1--2.8) 0.537 AF IL-6 level (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL) 7.0 (2.2--22.5) 0.001 9.4 (1.7--52.2) 0.001 AF IL-8 level (quartile 4, ≥11.75 ng/mL) 8.4 (2.4--30.1) 0.001 8.8 (1.6--48.3) 0.013 Significant findings (P \< 0.05) are presented in bold. For the ORs shown in the highest quartile (quartile 4), the reference category is the lower three quartiles. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MMP, matrix metallopeptidases. All continuous predictors were entered as dichotomous variables using the highest quartile cutoff points. Gestational age at sampling (rather than gestational age at birth) was adjusted for in multivariable analyses to evaluate the independent association between IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the AF and ROP. Gestational age at delivery forms part of the causal pathway (intermediate variable) between infection and inflammation and ROP and thus is not a confounding variable. Adjustment for low gestational age at birth (≤27.0 weeks), use of tocolytics, low 5-minute Apgar score (\<7), mechanical ventilation, use of surfactant, early-onset neonatal sepsis, RDS, and BPD. Adjustment for low gestational age at birth (≤27.0 weeks), mechanical ventilation, use of surfactant, early-onset neonatal sepsis, RDS, BPD, and NEC. Adjustment for low gestational age at birth (≤27.0 weeks), histologic chorioamnionitis, low 5-minute Apgar score (\< 7), mechanical ventilation, use of surfactant, early-onset neonatal sepsis, RDS, BPD, and NEC. In the multivariable analysis regarding prediction of ROP occurrence, only high AF levels of endoglin (≥8.73 ng/mL) was still significantly and independently associated with ROP occurrence when adjusted for low gestational age at birth (≤27.0 weeks), use of tocolytics, low 5-minute Apgar score (\< 7), mechanical ventilation, the use of surfactant, EOS, RDS, and BPD ([Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"}). Likewise, with respect to the prediction of severe ROP, logistic regression indicated that high levels of AF endoglin (≥8.73 ng/mL), endostatin (≥75.34 ng/mL), and IGFBP-2 (≥1.56 µg/mL) were still significantly associated with severe ROP when we adjusted for low gestational age at birth (≤27.0 weeks), mechanical ventilation, use of surfactant, EOS, RDS, BPD, and NEC ([Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"}). For vision-threatening ROP requiring laser treatment, logistic regression showed that only high AF endoglin (≥8.73 ng/mL), IL-6 (≥41.41 ng/mL), and IL-8 (≥11.75 ng/mL) levels were significantly associated with the risk of this outcome, after adjustment for low gestational age at birth (≤27.0 weeks, gestational age at sampling \[≤26.3 weeks\] for IL-6 and IL-8), histologic chorioamnionitis, low 5-minute Apgar score (\<7), mechanical ventilation, use of surfactant, EOS, RDS, BPD, and NEC ([Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"}). Development of an Antenatal Combined Prediction Model for ROP {#sec3-4} ------------------------------------------------------------- To develop the best antenatal prediction model for ROP, AF protein levels and baseline prenatal variables were included in the multivariable analysis with a forward selection. In this model, all continuous predictors with a P value of less than 0.1 from the univariate analysis were entered as dichotomous variables using the highest quartile values for a cutoff point. In the ROP occurrence model, only high AF levels of endoglin (≥8.73 ng/mL) and IL-6 (≥41.41 ng/mL) were identified as the best combination (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.905); in the severe ROP model, only high AF levels of endoglin (≥8.73 ng/mL) and IL-6 (≥41.41 ng/mL) were identified as the best combination (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.400). Likewise, in the laser treatment model, only high levels of endoglin (≥8.73 ng/mL), IL-8 (≥11.75 ng/mL), and low gestational age at sampling (≤26.3 weeks) were identified as the best combination (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P = 0.320). The AUC for ROP occurrence, severe ROP, and laser treatment models, were 0.731 (95% confidence interval, 0.643--0.818), 0.736 (95% confidence interval, 0.622--0.850), and 0.863 (95% confidence interval, 0.756--0.970), respectively ([Tables 5](#tbl5){ref-type="table"} and [6](#tbl6){ref-type="table"}; [Figure](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). ###### Regression Coefficients, ORs, and 95% CI of the Final Prenatal Model for Predicting ROP Occurrence, Severe ROP, and Vision-threatening ROP Requiring Treatment Among Preterm Infants --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Predictor Beta-Coefficient SE OR (95% CI) P Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------- ------------------ ----------- For ROP[^\^](#tb5fn2){ref-type="table-fn"} High AF endoglin level\ 1.920 0.393 6.8 (3.2--14.7) \<0.001 (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) High AF IL-6 level\ 0.999 0.408 2.7 (1.2--6.0) 0.014 (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL) Constant --1.808 0.279 0.164 \<0.001 For severe ROP (stage 3)[^†^](#tb5fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} High AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) 1.916 0.463 6.8 (2.7--16.8) \<0.001 High AF IL-6 level\ 1.109 0.483 3.0 (1.2--7.8) 0.022 (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL) Constant --2.779 0.389 0.062 \<0.001 For vision-threatening ROP requiring laser treatment[^‡^](#tb5fn4){ref-type="table-fn"} Low GA at sampling\ 2.394 0.706 11.0 (2.7--43.7) 0.001 (quartile 4, ≤26.3 weeks) High AF endoglin level\ 1.604 0.654 5.0 (1.4--17.9) 0.014 (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) High AF IL-8 level\ 2.259 0.691 9.6 (2.5--37.1) 0.001 (quartile 4, ≥11.75 ng/mL) Constant --4.723 0.741 0.009 \<0.001 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CI, confidence interval; GA, gestational age; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error. Final model resulting from a forward regression analysis including the following predictive parameters: low gestational age at sampling (quartile 4, ≤26.3 weeks), use of tocolytics, high AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL), high AF endostatin level (quartile 4, ≥75.34 ng/mL), high AF IGFBP-2 level (quartile 4, ≥1.56 µg/mL), and high AF IL-6 level (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL). Final model resulting from a forward regression analysis including the following predictive parameters: low gestational age at sampling (quartile 4, ≤26.3 weeks), high AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL), high AF endostatin level (quartile 4, ≥75.34 ng/mL), high AF IGFBP-2 level (quartile 4, ≥1.56 µg/mL), high AF IL-6 level (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL), and AF IL-8 level (quartile 4, ≥11.75 ng/mL). Final model resulting from a forward regression analysis including the following predictive parameters: low gestational age at sampling (quartile 4, ≤26.3 weeks), high AF endoglin level (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL), high AF endostatin level (quartile 4, ≥75.34 ng/mL), high AF IL-6 level (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL), high AF IL-8 level (quartile 4, ≥11.75 ng/mL), and high AF MMP-8 level (quartile 4, ≥472.99 ng/mL). For the ORs shown in the highest quartile (quartile 4), the reference category was the lower three quartiles. ###### Diagnostic Indices of AF Endoglin, Endostatin, IL-6, IL-8, IGFBP-2, Clinical Factors, and Antenatal Model to Predict Occurrence and Progression of ROP Among Preterm Infants Variables Area (±SE) Under the ROC Curve Cutoff Value[^\^](#tb6fn2){ref-type="table-fn"} Sensitivity[^†^](#tb6fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} (95% CI) Specificity[^†^](#tb6fn3){ref-type="table-fn"} (95% CI) PPV NPV ------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ROP occurrence AF endoglin (ng/mL) 0.719 ± 0.044 ≥7.3 62.0 (47.2--75.4) 71.2 (62.4--79.0) 46.3 82.4 AF endostatin (ng/mL) 0.641 ± 0.047 ≥60.86 64.0 (49.2--77.1) 62.4 (53.3--70.9) 40.5 81.3 AF IGFBP-2 (µg/mL) 0.597 ± 0.048[^‡^](#tb6fn4){ref-type="table-fn"} ≥1.22 58.0 (43.3--71.5) 62.4 (53.3--70.8) 38.2 78.8 AF IL-6 (ng/mL) 0.596 ± 0.050[^‡^](#tb6fn4){ref-type="table-fn"} ≥10.49 66.0 (51.1--78.4) 54.4 (45.3--63.3) 36.7 80.0 Birth weight (kg) 0.755 ± 0.040 ≤1.117 56.0 (41.4--69.7) 83.2 (75.2--89.1) 57.1 82.5 GA at birth (weeks) 0.747 ± 0.040 ≤28.25 50.0 (35.7--64.3) 78.4 (70.0--85.1) 48.1 79.7 Combined model A[^§^](#tb6fn5){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.731 ± 0.045 ≥0.22 72.0 (57.5--83.8) 65.6 (56.6--73.9) 45.6 85.4 Severe ROP (stage 3) AF endoglin (ng/mL) 0.725 ± 0.054 ≥7.3 70.4 (49.8--86.3) 67.6 (59.4--75.0) 28.4 92.6 AF endostatin (ng/mL) 0.666 ± 0.056 ≥61.34 70.4 (49.8--86.3) 60.1 (51.8--68.1) 24.4 91.8 AF IGFBP-2 (µg/mL) 0.613 ± 0.062 ≥1.60 44.4 (26.0--64.4) 80.4 (73.1--86.5) 29.3 88.8 AF IL-6 (ng/mL) 0.684 ± 0.055 ≥10.49 81.5 (61.3--93.0) 53.4 (45.0--61.6) 24.2 94.1 AF IL-8 (ng/mL) 0.640 ± 0.054 ≥4.63 77.8 (57.3--90.6) 53.4 (45.0--61.6) 23.3 92.9 Birth weight (kg) 0.825 ± 0.044 ≤0.947 55.6 (35.6--74.0) 95.3 (90.1--97.9) 68.2 92.1 GA at birth (weeks) 0.799 ± 0.046 ≤27.20 55.6 (35.6--74.0) 87.8 (81.2--92.4) 45.5 91.5 Combined model B[^‖^](#tb6fn6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.736 ± 0.058 ≥0.11 74.1 (53.7--88.9) 60.1 (51.8--68.1) 25.3 92.7 Vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment¶ AF endoglin (ng/mL) 0.745 ± 0.063 ≥9.1 68.4 (43.5--87.4) 84.0 (77.3--89.4) 34.2 95.6 AF endostatin (ng/mL) 0.657 ± 0.061[^\#^](#tb6fn7){ref-type="table-fn"} ≥72.86 57.9 (33.5--79.8) 75.0 (67.5--81.6) 22.0 93.6 AF IL-6 (ng/mL) 0.747 ± 0.062 ≥10.49 89.5 (65.4--87.2) 53.2 (45.1--61.2) 18.9 97.6 AF IL-8 (ng/mL) 0.706 ± 0.059[^\\^](#tb6fn8){ref-type="table-fn"} ≥6.38 84.2 (59.5--95.8) 60.9 (52.7--68.5) 20.8 96.9 Birth weight (kg) 0.885 ± 0.041 ≤0.947 73.7 (48.6--89.9) 94.9 (89.8--97.6) 63.6 96.7 GA at birth (weeks) 0.893 ± 0.037 ≤27.15 78.9 (53.9--93.0) 88.5 (82.1--92.8) 45.5 97.2 Combined model C[^††^](#tb6fn9){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.863 ± 0.055 ≥0.19 78.9 (54.4--93.9) 89.1 (83.1--95.3) 46.0 97.2 CI, confidence interval; GA, gestational age; NPV, negative predictive; PPV, positive predictive value; ROC, receiver operating characteristics; SE, standard error. Cutoff values corresponding to the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity. Values are given as percent (95% CI). P \< 0.05 compared with the combined model A by the method of DeLong et al.[@bib31] Combined model A consists of high AF levels of endoglin (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) and IL-6 (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL). Combined model B consists of high AF levels of endoglin (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL) and IL-6 (quartile 4, ≥41.41 ng/mL). P \< 0.001 compared with the combined model C by the method of DeLong et al.[@bib31] P \< 0.05 compared with the combined model C by the method of DeLong et al.[@bib31] Combined model C consists of high levels of endoglin (quartile 4, ≥8.73 ng/mL), IL-8 (quartile 4, ≥11.75 ng/mL), and low gestational age at sampling (quartile 4, ≤26.3 weeks). ![(A) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the best antenatal prediction model (including high AF endoglin and high AF IL-6) for ROP occurrence (AUC, 0.731; SE, 0.045). (B) ROC curve for the best antenatal prediction model (including high AF endoglin and high AF IL-6) for severe ROP (AUC, 0.736; SE, 0.058). (C) ROC curve for the best antenatal prediction model (including high AF endoglin, high AF IL-8, and low gestational age at sampling) for vision-threatening ROP requiring treatment (AUC, 0.863; SE, 0.055).](iovs-61-5-42-f001){#fig1} Discussion {#sec4} ========== The main findings of this study are as follows: (i) in preterm neonates, elevated levels of AF inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-8) and angiogenic (endoglin, endostatin, and IGFBP-2) mediators are independently associated with an increased risk for the occurrence and progression of ROP; (ii) based on these biomarkers and prenatal factors (gestational age at presentation), the best combined antenatal models can predict the occurrence and progression of ROP with good accuracy; and (iii) the presence of IAI in utero was not associated with the development of ROP. Previous studies, including ours, also noted (i) elevated cord plasma levels of IL-6, C3a, and C5a, and (ii) events in the intrauterine environment that trigger spontaneous preterm delivery are significantly associated with an increased risk of ROP progression.[@bib13]^,^[@bib32]^,^[@bib33] Taken together, these findings suggest that pathophysiologic events that predispose preterm neonates to ROP begin before delivery and that therapeutic strategies to decrease the risk of ROP may need to be implemented during pregnancy (e.g., specific treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and/or antiangiogenic drugs). Additionally, our findings strongly support the theory of Lee and Dammann[@bib34] regarding the important etiological role of antenatal factors, especially prenatal and perinatal infection/inflammation, in ROP. An important observation of the current study is that elevated levels of the inflammatory mediators in AF IL-6 and IL-8 are independently associated with vision-threatening ROP requiring laser treatment, after adjusting for potential postnatal confounders. Similar to the current findings in AF, our recent study using cord blood samples at birth, showed that elevated levels of cord plasma IL-6 were significantly associated with severe ROP.[@bib13] Furthermore, previous studies using postnatal blood have demonstrated that inflammatory proteins are significantly elevated in the peripheral blood obtained in the postnatal period of preterm infants with ROP.[@bib6]^--^[@bib9]^,^[@bib11]^,^[@bib12] Therefore, these findings show that in utero to postnatal systemic inflammation is linked to ROP occurrence and progression, and highlight the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of ROP. We found that novel angiogenic signaling-related molecules in AF (endoglin, endostatin, and IGFBP-2) are associated with the development and progression of ROP. Endoglin is a TGF-β auxiliary co-receptor that modulates TGF-β signaling, and is involved in the recruitment of smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, neovascularization, and vascular remodeling, therefore, making it an important protein for postocclusion reperfusion, neovascular diseases, tumor growth, and metastasis.[@bib35]^,^[@bib36] In the context of oxygen-induced retinopathy, previous research in cell- and animal-based models has shown that decreased endoglin expression inhibits retinal neovascularization, suggesting that endoglin may serve as a useful predictor of incipient neovascular disease.[@bib37]^,^[@bib38] The circulating form of endoglin (also known as soluble endoglin \[sEng\] has an antiangiogenic effect by inhibition of TGF-β.[@bib37]^,^[@bib38] The sEng results in the present study are similar to those in previous reports, which showed that patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy had higher vitreous levels of sEng than patients without diabetes,[@bib39] thereby suggesting that increased sEng levels in AF may result in impaired retinal vascular growth and contribute to the increased risk of neonatal ROP. Similar to sEng, endostatin is an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis and may interfere with the proangiogenic action of growth factors, including VEGF.[@bib40] In line with the known biology and function of endostatin, elevated endostatin levels in ocular fluid samples have been linked to neovascular AMD and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.[@bib41]^,^[@bib42] These findings are similar to the results of the present study. IGFBP-2 is a member of a family of IGFBPs that serves as a carrier protein for IGF-1, an important growth hormone involved in promoting the development of retinal vasculature.[@bib2] IGFBP-2 in particular has been shown to have mainly inhibitory effects of IGF actions, and is expressed in human fetal and placental tissues.[@bib43]^,^[@bib44] Previous studies have shown that low serum levels of IGF-1 in the early postnatal period are associated with the poor postnatal weight gain and the development of ROP in preterm children.[@bib2]^,^[@bib45]^,^[@bib46] Given the biological characteristics and site of production of IGFBP-2, our finding that increased AF levels of IGFBP-2 is associated with ROP pathogenesis is quite evident, and the following plausible mechanisms can be proposed to explain this observed relationship. The high AF IGFBP-2 level inhibits the prenatal growth of retinal vascular endothelial cells and facilitates the initial stage of ROP after preterm birth (arrest of vascular growth).[@bib2] Traditionally, most of the predictive models for ROP are based primarily on gestational age at birth and birth weight[@bib47]; recently, additional factors, including IGF-1 and postnatal weight gain, were incorporated into these model developments.[@bib47]^,^[@bib48] Contrary to previous predictive models using postnatal factors, our prenatal prediction model for ROP was unique in that it combined both AF proteins and prenatal characteristics (gestational age at presentation) as candidate predictive variables. Moreover, the diagnostic performance of our prenatal model is similar to that of gestational age at birth or birth weight alone in predicting the occurrence and progression of ROP. In particular, a prenatal model yielded an AUC of 0.863 and negative predictive value of 97.2% in predicting type 1 ROP, which indicates a good discriminatory ability and negative predictive value, suggesting that this model may be used in the clinic to rule out the possibility that fetuses of patients with impending preterm birth develop type 1 ROP requiring treatment. There are several limitations to be considered in our study. First, the current study was conducted in a single center and was retrospective in nature, which could have the potential for inherent selection bias. Second, we did not pursue a full characterization of the inflammatory, angiogenic, and growth factors associated with ROP, and thus lacked the information on the AF regarding important biomarkers of ROP in the postnatal blood, such as VEGF and IGF-1.[@bib2]^,^[@bib29] Third, ROP risk prediction using AF biomarkers requires invasive sampling of AF obtained via amniocentesis, which may limit clinical usefulness, particularly in low-risk patients. Fourth, the AF culture results were routinely reported to the managing physicians, which may have affected our decisions about the beginning of antibiotic therapy and optimal timing of delivery, although we adjusted AF-related factors (gestational age at birth and use of antibiotics) in multivariable analyses. Fifth, we did not perform a pre hoc sample size calculation before patient recruitment. Thus, the possibility of type II errors cannot be entirely excluded in certain analyses, especially in the current analysis in which the odds ratios of greater than 2.0 did not achieve a statistical significance. Nonetheless, we are the first to report the relationship between changes in AF levels of inflammatory, angiogenic, and growth mediators and the postnatal development of ROP, which may place some infants at risk for blindness. In conclusion, for the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrate that the increases in endoglin, endostatin, IGFBP-2, IL-6, and IL-8 in AF are independently associated with the subsequent development and progression of ROP in preterm neonates, whereas the presence of IAI is not. Further studies are required to examine the impact of an early maternal perinatal therapy, such as use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, and antiangiogenic agents, on the development and progression of ROP. Supplementary Material ====================== ###### Supplement 1 ###### Supplement 2 The authors thank Soyeon Ahn, PhD, Jaebong Lee, MS, and the Medical Research Collaboration Center (MRCC) of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital for their assistance in statistical analysis. Supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (Grant number: HI18C0063). Disclosure: S.J. Woo, None; J.Y. Park, None; S. Hong, None; Y.M. Kim, None; Y.H. Park, None; Y.E. Lee, None; K.H. Park, None [^1]: SJW and JYP contributed equally to this work and should therefore be regarded as equivalent authors.
January 4, 2019 How Can I Help a Loved One? Caring, loving and wanting to help are all natural feelings. However, giving what you intuitively think is needed is often not the help that someone wants, needs or knows how to accept - and this can be very frustrating. Whether you'd like to truly save someone or to end their pain, or more selfishly have them in your life, you can only lead. They can choose to follow in their own time and way. Understanding how to lead a person with a mental illness requires skills that many of us do not innately have. Denial According to Dr. Xavier Amador, professor in Clinical Psychology at Columbia University, denial is a most powerful deterrent to recovery in mental illness. What is often thought to be immaturity, stubbornness, and defensiveness is a much more complex and difficult problem. Amador and his colleagues found in a 1998 study that nearly sixty percent (60%) of patients with mental illness did not believe they were ill. And trying to convince them often made matters worse. According to Dr. Xavier Amador "People will come up with illogical and even bizarre explanations for symptoms and life circumstances stemming from their illness, along with a compulsion to prove to others that they are not ill, despite negative consequences associated with doing so". Hard to Receive - Often people with borderline personality will see efforts to help as threatening or condescending. People with borderline personality are known to have difficulty coping with life's challenges. Pathological exhibits of splitting, projection, and introjection by borderlines are characteristic borderline defenses. At the same time, rationalization and denial can similarly be pathologic defenses. If someone can't cope with the information, you cannot easily overcome that. Ultimately, change is a choice. Change can only take place when a person chooses it for him/herself. It cannot be imposed. We can only support people in their choices. And if we need something in our lives, or in any relationship to change, we, ourselves, must change. We should not crossover their personal boundaries and expect them to change for us. Amador describes what it is like to work with someone who does not believe they are ill. One patient encountered by Amador was paralyzed on his left side and he had problems writing. When asked to draw a clock the patient thought he did fine, Amador recalled. However, when Amador pointed out to the patient that the numbers were outside of the circle, the patient became upset. "The more I talked to him [about the drawing], the more flustered he got. Then he got angry and pushed the paper away, saying 'it's not mine-it's not my drawing.' " Amador finds the same reaction appears when he talks to people with severe mental illness. "Instead of being an ally, I end up being an adversary," he said. Amador urged family members and mental health professionals to understand that collaboration with treatment by someone who has a severe mental illness is a goal, not a given. Amador has written about getting people with serious mental illness to accept treatment in a book he coauthored with Anna-Lisa Johanson titled, I am Not Sick, I Don't Need Help: A Practical Guide for Families and Therapists, (2000 by Vida Press.) It is important instead to develop a partnership with the patient around those things that can be agreed upon. Amador said that family members and clinicians should first listen to the patient's fears. Empathy with the patient's frustrations and even the patients delusional beliefs is also important, remarked Amador, who said that the phrase "I understand how you feel" can make a world of difference. The most difficult thing for family members to do in building a trusting relationship, he said, is to restrict discussion only to the problems that the person with mental illness perceives as problems - not to try to convince them of others.
[Coronary fibrinolysis: quality care]. Coronary fibrinolysis through intravenous via is a usual technique in ICU worldwide, it is a procedure of controlled risk which provides great benefits to patients who undergo such technique. The role of nursing in the administration and control of the fibrinolytic treatment is essential. Despite that, the plans for fibrinolysis specific care are very scarce, if not inexistent, in the bibliography reviewed. The main objective of this work is identify the complications derived from the administration of fibrinolytic medicines through intravenous via. Using a chart of collected data, which goes from the admission of the patient to their discharge from ICU, 178 cases are studied. After the analysis of results, a standardization of intensive care units orientated to increase the assistance quality is suggested.
Much ado about nothing is an accurate description of the NFL trading deadline. This year's trading period ends Nov. 1 at 4 p.m. EST. Typically only a couple of trades are made as the deadline approaches. Most of the moves aren't blockbuster deals. They are more like Tuesday's trade in which the Lions received a 2017 sixth-round pick from the Patriots for linebacker Kyle Van Noy and a 2017 seventh-round pick. The Vikings made a bold move as the regular season approached when quarterback Teddy Bridgewater suffered a devastating knee injury. Sam Bradford was acquired from the Eagles for a 2017 first-round pick and a 2018 fourth-round pick that can elevate to a third- or second-round pick under certain conditions. Part of the reason trades are few and far between, especially big ones, is that losing NFL teams are sometimes in denial about their chances of turning the season around. They often seem more concerned about creating the perception to fans that they are giving up on the season. Contending teams also are reluctant to give up anything significant for a player that could be a short-term rental because draft picks are one of the most precious commodities in the NFL. The salary cap matters as well. Trades will be harder for the most cap- strapped teams like the Vikings, Los Angeles Rams and San Diego Chargers, because cash or cap room can't be included in these transactions under NFL rules. The way around it, which was done when the Jacksonville Jaguars traded Eugene Monroe to the Baltimore Ravens in 2013, is for the team and player to restructure the contract before the trade by converting salary into signing bonus. It operates essentially the same way as including cash or cap room because the acquiring team's cap hit for the player in the current league year is reduced. Eating salary in this manner could be a way to increase the draft pick compensation received for a player. Here are several mostly bold trading deadline moves that NFL teams should consider if more took an approach like the Vikings -- and went all in. A team acquiring a player will only be responsible for 9/17th of his 2016 base salary and any other applicable salary components in his contract. One trade that doesn't make sense at this time is the Cowboys moving Tony Romo. If he doesn't reclaim his starting job from Dak Prescott, he will be the ultimate quarterback insurance policy with an injury to the rookie sensation -- or if Prescott struggles. Potential landing spot: Seattle Seahawks Trade compensation: 2017 second-round pick and conditional 2018 fourth-round pick; Seahawks also get a 2017 fifth-round pick (via New England Patriots-Barkevious Mingo trade) Thomas was almost dealt to the Denver Broncos at last season's trading deadline. Talks broke down over additional compensation besides Denver's 2016 first-round pick. Despite Hue Jackson's insistence that Thomas isn't available, moving the nine-time Pro Bowl left tackle makes sense since the Browns are undertaking a rebuilding effort that likely won't result in a quick turnaround. The Browns have a legitimate shot at going 0-16 this season. Cleveland is also expected to have 13 selections in the 2017 draft, including expected compensatory picks. Acquiring additional picks for Thomas would seem to fit with Cleveland's new analytics-driven approach. Seattle should be desperately looking to upgrade an offensive line which was recently ranked as the NFL's worst by Pro Football Focus. This was before losing underwhelming left tackle Bradley Sowell for several weeks to a right knee sprain. Joe Thomas would be a huge upgrade for the NFL's worst line. USATSI Thomas is a good value with $10 million salaries in 2017 and 2018, the last two years of his contract, although he turns 32 in December. He isn't showing signs of slowing down as he has been a first-team All-Pro in six of the past seven seasons. Fitting the remaining $4,394,118 remaining balance of Thomas' $8.3 million base salary for 2016 is an issue since the Seahawks have $3.79 million of salary cap room. Cleveland converting some portion of Thomas' salary into signing bonus before the trade might be necessary. Seattle would be getting back the 2017 fifth-round pick forfeited for violating the NFL collective bargaining agreement's rules against excessive contact during offseason workouts. The 2018 fourth-round pick the Browns would be getting increases to a third-round pick with the Seahawks winning either Super Bowl LI or Super Bowl LII. Potential landing spot: Indianapolis Colts Trade compensation: 2017 first-round pick The Indianapolis defense ranked near the bottom in most conventional statistics last season. Nothing has changed. The Colts rank 28th in both points allowed and total defense this year. Richardson, who has well-documented off-the-field problems, would instantly become Indianapolis' best defensive player. Giving up a first-round pick to obtain a proven defensive performer shouldn't faze the Colts given general manager Ryan Grigson's overall track record with first-round picks has left a lot to be desired since selecting quarterback Andrew Luck first overall in 2012. Bjoern Werner, the Colts' 2013 first-round pick, never developed as a pass rusher at outside linebacker before being released during the offseason. Running back Trent Richardson, who was acquired in a trade with Cleveland for the 2014 first-round pick, was a big disappointment in his almost two seasons with the team. Phillip Dorsett didn't address an immediate need in 2015 since wide receiver was one of the Colts' deepest positions. He has yet to make a significant impact. Richardson's long-term prospects with the Jets took a hit when his defensive linemate Muhammad Wilkerson signed a five-year, $86 million contract with $53.5 million in overall guarantees over the summer. The 2013 Defensive Rookie of the Year probably views the deal as his salary floor since he has more upside than Wilkerson. Having two high-priced defensive ends is doable since the Jets don't have a high-priced quarterback. It wouldn't necessarily be the best allocation of resources since defensive end Leonard Williams, the sixth overall pick in this year's draft, appears to be a star in the making. Moving Richardson would help the 2-5 Jets solve their 2017 salary cap issues by removing his $8.069 million fifth-year option salary from the books. The Jets currently have the second-most 2017 cap commitments at $170.2 million with 50 players under contract and hardly any cap room to carry over from this season. Potential landing spot: Carolina Panthers Trade compensation: 2017 second-round pick Carolina is suffering from the hangover that sometimes afflicts teams following a Super Bowl loss. Making the playoffs is a rarity with five losses in the first six games but the Atlanta Falcons are opening the door by dropping two straight games after a 4-1 start. An in-season turnaround is familiar territory to the Panthers. Two years ago, Carolina won the NFC South after having a 3-8-1 record three-quarters of the way through the season. Getting Haden would give general manager Dave Gettleman a chance to rectify the mistake he made in rescinding Josh Norman's $13.952 million franchise tender instead of letting the All-Pro cornerback play the season under the tag. Pass coverage has been an Achilles heel for Carolina this season. Joe Haden would help fix the mistake the Panthers made by letting Josh Norman walk. USATSI Haden, a two-time Pro Bowl selection, is under contract through 2019 at numbers more in line with what Gettleman was reportedly comfortable paying Norman. The last three years of Haden's contract are worth $32.9 million. Carolina can easily absorb the $5,347,059 Haden is owed for the rest of this season because the team has $14.37 million of cap space. Giving up Haden would give the rebuilding Browns five picks in the first two rounds of next year's draft. Potential landing spot: Minnesota Vikings Trade compensation: 2017 second-round pick and 2018 fifth-round pick The Vikings went all in on this season by trading for Bradford. A strong defense is only going to take Minnesota so far unless the offensive line woes are fixed. T.J. Clemmings, Jake Long -- who was recently signed off the street -- and Jeremiah Sirles aren't the answer to season-ending injuries suffered by starting tackles Matt Kalil and Andre Smith. Staley would address a short-term and long-term need at left tackle. Kalil is in a contract year while the five-time Pro Bowl selection's contract expires after the 2019 season. He is scheduled to make $19.95 million from 2017 through 2019. Staley is the type of player the 49ers, who are in contention for the first overall pick in the 2017 draft, should be looking to unload. He's an older player (32 years old) still playing at a high level with a fairly significant contract. An obstacle to overcome is Minnesota having only approximately $615,000 of cap room. Since San Francisco has a little more than $39 million of cap space, leaving Minnesota with just nine weeks of Staley's minimum salary to cover, which is $468,529, would be necessary. San Francisco would be converting $2,671,545 of Staley's remaining 2016 salary (base salary and per-game roster bonuses) into signing bonus as a part of the deal. Without the need for San Francisco to eat salary, the trade compensation would have been less. Potential landing spot: Buffalo Bills Trade compensation: 2017 third-round pick and 2017 sixth-round pick Buffalo had a pedestrian wide receiving corps before Sammy Watkins' persistent foot problems landed him on injured reserve. There's no guarantee that Watkins will return late in the season when he's eligible to come off IR. Jeffery would give quarterback Tyrod Taylor a much-needed legitimate weapon in the passing game. The Bears should be receptive to dealing Jeffery because of signability. The franchise player was reportedly looking for a long-term deal putting him near the top of the wide receiver market (minimum of $14 million per year and $40 million of guarantees). The Bears using a second franchise tag on him in 2017 would be $17,518,800, which is 120 percent of his current $14.599 million franchise number. Alshon Jeffery could be just what Buffalo needs to make a run to the playoffs. USATSI The Bills aren't in a position to absorb to Jeffery's $7,728,882 salary for the rest of the season without restructuring multiple contracts because the team has slightly over $4.15 million in cap space. Jerry Hughes and LeSean McCoy would be logical candidates. An easier way, provided it's permissible because of Jeffery's franchise player status, is for Chicago to convert a significant portion of his salary to signing bonus before the trade so Buffalo is only responsible for paying him $1 million to $2 million for the remainder of the season. The potential problem is franchise players are prohibited from signing long-term deals after July 15 until the regular season ends on this upcoming Jan. 1. A couple of NFL team executives I spoke to weren't sure whether this prohibition would extend to a pre-trade salary conversion with a franchise player. At 4-3, the Bills are in a good position to make the playoffs. A threat of a potential front office and coaching staff housecleaning with a collapse might be the impetus to contemplate a move that doesn't take a longer-range view. Trade Compensation: Player swap General manager Howie Roseman has been extremely aggressive in using trades to reshape Philadelphia's roster ever since returning to power as last season was coming to a close. Smith's strength as a deep threat is being wasted in Chip Kelly's offense. He would add a dimension to an offense that lacks firepower in the passing game. Kendricks has fallen out of favor under new defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz. He has only been on 32 percent of Philadelphia's defensive snaps despite playing in every game this year. Preseason addition Stephen Tulloch would likely play a bigger role with Kendricks' departure. Kendricks is in the first new year of a four-year, $29 million contract extension he received last August while Chip Kelly was still in charge. Smith is in the second year of a five-year, $40 million deal he signed as an unrestricted free agent in 2014. He makes $8 million in each of the final three years of the deal. Darren McFadden, RB, Dallas Cowboys Potential landing spot: Detroit Lions Trade compensation: 2017 conditional sixth-round pick McFadden is eligible to come off the non-football injury list he has been on since the start of the regular season because of an offseason mishap that damaged his elbow. He recently declared himself healthy. McFadden is a luxury for the Cowboys because Ezekiel Elliott, the No. 4 overall pick in the last draft, is leading the NFL in rushing. Alfred Morris has done a nice job relieving Elliott. Darren McFadden is collecting dust in Dallas. USATSI Detroit's lead running back, Ameer Abdullah, is out for season with a foot injury. Theo Riddick, the NFL's best third-down back, is dealing with an ankle problem. McFadden, who was fourth in the NFL last year with 1,089 rushing yards, would give Detroit another option to pair with recent Baltimore Ravens castoff Justin Forsett. Producing at a pace after the trade that would result in 1,000 rushing yards over a full 16-game season would elevate the Cowboys' pick to the fifth round. Potential landing spot: Green Bay Packers Trade compensation: 2017 sixth-round pick General manager Ted Thompson is reluctant to give up draft picks because the Packers are built primarily through the draft. His depleted secondary may necessitate it. Cornerback Sam Shields has been out since the season opener because of a concussion and is on IR. Damarious Randall is also out several weeks after undergoing groin surgery. The 2014 first-round pick hasn't been able to crack the lineup in Cincinnati. He's currently the Bengals' fourth cornerback. He would probably be further down the depth chart if 2016 first-round pick William Jackson hadn't torn a pectoral muscle in the preseason. There's a chance Jackson could come off IR later in the season. The Packers would be getting essentially half a season to determine whether it is worth exercising the 2018 fifth-year option for Dennard by next May's deadline. Cincinnati receiving a sixth-round pick is consistent with the compensation the Browns received from the Steelers for Justin Gilbert, the first cornerback taken in the 2014 draft. Potential landing spot: Dallas Cowboys Trade compensation: 2017 sixth round pick The Dolphins have cornered the market on older passer rushers with Mario Williams and Cameron Wake. Wake is coming off an Achilles tear that cost him the final nine games last season. He is beginning to cut into Williams' playing time after starting the season as a situational pass rusher. Dallas looks like a team that could have a deep playoff run. Putting pressure on opposing quarterbacks is still an issue despite ranking 10th in total defense and eighth in scoring defense. Dallas has Pro Football Focus' second-worst pass rush grade this season. The Cowboys could use Mario Williams to get after the QB. USATSI Williams isn't the same player that garnered a six-year, $96 million contract from the Bills in 2012 but he would be an upgrade for the Cowboys. A sixth-round pick is the same as the Bears received last season from the Panthers in a trade for Jared Allen. Potential landing spot: Houston Texans Trade compensation: 2017 seventh-round pick The Texans lost longtime starting right tackle Derek Newton on Monday night against the Broncos. Newton tore the patellar tendons in both knees. Chris Clark is expected to replace him. Henderson recently returned from a four-game suspension for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy and has been battling Crohn's disease. He has lost the starting job he has held for much of the last two seasons to Jordan Mills. Henderson is also behind Cyrus Kouandjio on the depth chart. The 2014 seventh-round pick should have more upside than Clark since he is six and half years younger. His rookie contract expires after the 2017 season.
The Dems Lose it Over Kanye Nary a critical peep was uttered by the liberal media during Obama’s presidency when multiple celebrities and sports stars visited his White House. Indeed, much media hype and praise accompanied those visits. Amidst muted mocking, liberal media did not exactly jump the shark when mega social celebrity (and Kanye West spouse) Kim Kardashian recently met with President Trump at the White House. After all, Kardashian arrived with noble and just causes: specifically to obtain the freedom of African American prisoner Alice Marie Johnson, and to advocate generally for much-needed prison reform. Sixty-three-year-old Johnson had been imprisoned for life without parole in 1996, for a first-time non-violent drug offense. As a model prisoner and active hospice volunteer, Johnson was eminently eligible for then President Obama’s 2014 Clemency Project, for which she applied. Unfathomably, Obama -- the first black president -- denied her appeal. In stark contrast, President Trump granted Johnson’s pardon a month after Kardashian’s visit. Perhaps emboldened by his wife’s success, uber-talented and controversial African American rapper Kanye West visited with President Trump a few days ago. Listening to the liberal media’s hysterical reaction, one would have thought West had transported the entire United States back to 1818 southern America, where blacks were actually in chains. Or, at the very least, he had taken us back to 1927, when singer Al Jolson performed in blackface. Kanye’s visit to the White House was preceded and followed with relentless mocking and ugly putdowns by the liberal press. Donning their trademark smirks and supercilious sneers, they mercilessly attacked. He’s mentally ill. He’s a token Negro. He performed a minstrel show. He was incomprehensible and ignorant. Falsely and malevolently they even suggested that Trump had mocked him. K anye’s capital crime? He rapped to the world that he had hip-hopped off the plantation -- not the physical one of chains and whips, but the liberals’ failed ideological plantation filled with welfare, food stamps, and fatherless homes. The very ideological plantation that has proved generationally ruinous for so many American Blacks. Perhaps on more than any other issue, Kanye’s attackers showed their ignorance regarding his opposition to the 13th Amendment -- the one that abolished slavery. Kanye’s desire to abolish the 13th Amendment is based solely on the exemption to it -- that which permits forced labor in prisons. To Kanye, that exemption represents the modern-day institutionalization of slavery -- perhaps not yet a popular idea in mainstream thought, but cogent nonetheless. Kenya illuminated other topics that were equally valid and clearly understandable: the problems created by fatherless households; the soul-weakening addictions of welfare and food stamps -- the hand out rather than the hand up; and the heretofore rampant unemployment in majority black neighborhoods that forced black youths, with no other means of survival, into criminal activities. Any reputable social psychologist would readily, albeit grudgingly, agree with Kanye’s insights. Kanye’s detractors seemingly forgot that he was a semi-prodigy, writing poetry and performing at an early age. While they derisively attacked Kanye’s explanation of how wearing a red MAGA cap makes him feel powerful, like Superman, the rest of us got it. With Trump’s red MAGA cap, Kanye feels like Superman with Superman’s powers because he sees tangible policy improvements that positively affect the black community. Unemployment in African American neighborhoods is at an historical low! Trump is seriously considering reforms to our inconsistent prison system. And Trump is forcefully attempting to transform how educational services are delivered in poorer inner-city communities. Moreover, Trump is advocating for tax-free zone breaks to those who invest and bring businesses to the inner cities. So Kanye feels the power of Trump’s positive changes -- economically and attitudinally. Most damaging of all to the Democrat’s iron-glove clamp on the African American vote was Kanye’s game-changing, poignant but proud proclamation: racism doesn’t define me, I think for myself. And even if folks threaten or ask me not to wear the MAGA hat, I wear it because of the powerful feeling it gives me. My president has my back and that of my people. That’s what Kanye said and that’s what Kanye meant. After their failed attempt of the personal destruction of Judge Bret Kavanaugh, one would have thought the Democrats and liberal newscasters would have laid low. Instead, they have double-downed. By attacking Kanye West. The Democrats and liberal media have pulled back the final curtain, baring their evil faces, rolling their terrible eyes, jutting their forked fangs, and revealing their purported liberalism to be a sham. Kanye West has displayed grace under fire, bravery in the face of oppressive opposition, and lucid leadership. With the Democrats in full hysterical meltdown, one hopes this gifted, multitalented rapper inspires his followers to give the Democrats a much-deserved electorally digital response in November.
This article is about one of the two humans whose fusion makes up the conjoint meta-human Firestorm. For other characters, see Firestorm (disambiguation). "Please, tell Clarissa and Lily that I love them. Thank you, Jefferson, for the adventure of a lifetime. I hope your life is long and full of love, just as mine has been." —Martin's last words to Jefferson Jackson[src] Professor Martin "Marty" Stein (March 16, 1950[1] - November 28, 2017[2]) was a Jewish physicist who was known for leading the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project. He co-wrote a paper on it with Jason Rusch. After the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator exploded he became one half of the transmuted and conjoined meta-human superhero Firestorm alongside Ronnie Raymond and later Jefferson Jackson. In early 2016, Martin Stein was recruited by the rogue time-traveler Rip Hunter to form the Legends, a team of heroic time-travelers. During several missions, he used the aliases "Elon Musk" and "Max Lorenz". In late 2017, during the Nazi invasion from Earth-X, Martin was shot multiple times by the Sturmbannführer and in his dying moments, he severed his connection with Jax to save him from joining him in his fate. Contents show] Biography Life prior to the accelerator's malfunction Martin Stein was born on March 16, 1950, on a roadside in Ivy Town after his mother went into labor. Shortly after being born, his father gave him to Rip Hunter and Mick Rory who were posing as doctors in order to kidnap newborn Martin to protect him from the Pilgrim, a villain who was hunting down past versions of the Legends through time to easily eliminate their present selves. He was brought to The Refuge under the care of Mary Xavier.[1] After the Pilgrim's defeat, Rip retrieved baby Martin from the Refuge and returned him to his parents, restoring his existence in the timeline.[3] Martin was raised in the Jewish faith and his father made him become a rabbi before he'd allow Martin to enroll at MIT.[4] Martin attended the University of Chicago, where he was classmates with Quentin Quale, as they were both part of class of '70 and protested the Vietnam War together. Their relationship could be seen as more than a mere acquaintance, for Martin was the only person with whom Quentin shared the truth about his brother's death being a suicide.[5] As a 10-year-old, inspired by his first issue of the "Rick Starr: Space Ranger." comics, Martin dreamed of traveling through space, surviving only by his wits and laser guns. He even built a rocket out of cardboard boxes. Martin eventually gave up on that dream after realizing that NASA has rather strict guidelines regarding nearsightedness.[6] In October 1975, Martin was mingling at his university campus when he came upon a strange older man and his two friends, Sara Lance and Jefferson Jackson. The man was, in fact, Martin's older self from the future who had come to find his tracker. He invited the three of them to come with him and have some fun. Martin brought the trio to his lab and he shared some marijuana with them. He even flirted with Sara, much to the annoyance of his older self, before being called away. When he came back, he found that they were stealing his ionic tracker and wanted to know who they all really were. He was then knocked out by Sara and left unconscious. When Martin came to, he went to track down his tracker and get it back. However, doing this caused him to miss a faculty mixer arranged by his future wife's uncle, who was a professor at Ivy University. Martin found the Waverider and was shocked at the technology of the ship. His older self-reprimanded him for being there as he had unknowingly prevented himself from meeting his future wife, Clarissa, thus changing his future. Future Martin returned the tracker to him and tried to bid him a good future, knowing that it wouldn't be the same. However, Rip Hunter was able to "encourage" Martin to attend the mixer, thus preserving the timeline as he met and fell in love with Clarissa.[7] In 1987, Martin had gone to the White House for the peace summit between the United States and the Soviet Union to serve as an advisor. Originally, he had taken Clarissa to a restaurant for her birthday. Due to a time aberration, Martin had gone to the White House instead and chose to skip Clarissa's birthday in favor of trying to get the President to acknowledge his research. He went to Damien Darhk, who was attending the summit and speaking for President Reagan, in hopes that he could help. However, Martin stumbled on a secret meeting Darhk was having was stabbed by the latter. He was then taken to the Waverider, where he came upon the same man he ran into in 1975, whom he had deduced was his older self. Martin's future self called him an idiot for selfishly skipping their wife's birthday to pursue his career. When Martin learned of the true nature of the Waverider as a time machine, he called his older self selfish for not sharing the future with him, and was told that it was he who was selfish as his actions nearly got Clarissa killed. Martin's future self told him that after all that he had accomplished in his career, the only thing that gave his life true meaning was Clarissa. Martin affirmed that Clarissa meant everything to him and his future self told him to prove it to her and himself and cherish her. Martin vowed that he would make sure that Clarissa would always know how much she meant to him.[8] Unknowingly, this set Martin on a new path which resulted in him going on to have a daughter with Clarissa that he didn't have previously. He and Clarissa named their daughter Lily. Martin was a caring, devoted father to Lily as he enjoyed rolling her stroller in the neighborhood to help her sleep and loved it when she smiled at him.[9] In 1992, Martin went to buy a Beebo doll for Lily as a Hanukkah gift. He saw there was one left in the store and calculated the best way to get it before any of the other shoppers. He found a novelty bow with a toy arrow and used it to shoot an ornament-free to knock the doll into his hands. The shoppers then chased after him and he ran away and somehow found himself back in the past when the Vikings had come to North America. The Vikings had believed that the Beebo doll was a god and Martin tried to act as a translator to stay alive but his ruse quickly ended and was made a prisoner. He suddenly found himself saved by the crew of the Waverider who, especially Jax, were awkward around him. He told them that the Beebo doll would go on to change history and found that the United States would be a Viking country called New Valhalla. He went back to the Waverider where he asked about his future self but the crew told him that he had gone to back to his family for the holidays. He then asked if he could be taken back to his and Jax said that he would take him. When he returned to 1992, Jax gave him a letter with a date and told him not to open it until then. Martin then admitted that he realized that his future self must've died and this was Jax's attempt to change his fate. Jax told him to open the letter as it would mean his entire future. However, Martin burned the letter as soon as he got home and was not surprised to find Jax visiting him. He explained his actions of destroying the letter and told Jax that he was not scared of the future as it was clear he would go on to have a full life with his wife and daughter and end up having many exciting adventures. He also saw that he would make a great friend in Jax as he was willing to do these things for his sake. He advised Jax that he had to let him go as no one could live forever.[2] Martin went on to accomplish various achievements in the scientific field and even had a table for all the awards he received, though his wife Clarissa would remark that perhaps he was just a tad too focused on his career. However, Martin still loved Clarissa very much, and often spoke of his affection for her when conversing with his friends.[5] He wrote numerous papers on a vast array of scientific theories, a number of which were for the Oxford University Press; one of them was about the topic of time travel, published around 1990, and became well known in certain circles.[10] Martin worked as the leader of the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. project at Hudson University. He published an 800-page paper regarding the project that was co-written by Jason Rusch. Wishing to get help for it, he went to an unspecified source.[11] The day of the particle accelerator explosion at S.T.A.R. Labs and afterwards One fateful day, Martin Stein was on a train back to Central City, the same train Barry Allen rode from his trip back from Starling City. They both interacted, discussing the theories of Albert Einstein. They mentioned the brilliance of Einstein and Barry's own girlfriend problems.[5] That night, Martin was near S.T.A.R. Labs and happened to be in the middle of an anti-particle accelerator protest. When the accelerator exploded, he became exposed to the Firestorm Matrix and the wave, containing particles of Ronnie Raymond, hit him, fusing the two together. Martin Stein was considered "missing" for a long time afterward, unable to coherently control Ronnie's body as both minds fought for control.[5][12] One month later, Stein (in Ronnie's body) found himself trashed. He went back to his wife, who could not recognize him as he took on the appearance of a stranger, forcing him to flee from their house and live on the streets.[5] 9 months later, close to the one year anniversary of the S.T.A.R. Labs incident, Ronnie's subconscious loosely gained minimal control of his own body and revealed himself (with Stein still the prominent conscious) to Caitlin Snow. Afterwards Caitlin and Cisco Ramon became persistent on finding Ronnie, not knowing that Martin was the one in most of the control of Ronnie's body. They wanted to help him but he refused. Later when The Flash was being attacked by the Reverse-Flash, Stein came to his aid by blasting the speedster off of him. He then told Caitlin not to look for him again before flying off.[13] 3 months later Stein was still in Ronnie's body then later came to his old schoolmate Quentin Quale asking him for help but ended up losing control of his powers and severely burned Quale to a critical condition. Team Flash eventually tracked him down and managed to persuade him to come in, thanks to Clarissa. As the team ran tests on Stein, they discovered that Ronnie's body was becoming unstable and that he would eventually explode. Hearing this, Stein traveled as far as he could from the city to avoid harming anyone. Caitlin and Barry tracked him down and tried to prevent him from exploding by putting a device on his chest, which didn't seem to work at first, as the explosion still happened with Barry and Caitlin barely escaping the blast.[5] They succeeded in separating. However, Martin and Ronnie maintained synchrony in their brain waves, enabling them to communicate telepathically to a degree. General Wade Eiling eventually sought to kidnap both of them to experiment on, succeeding in kidnapping Martin. Ronnie sensed Martin being in danger, used a piece of broken glass to carve a message, hoping Martin would receive it; he did, and in return, sent a Morse code respond to share the location where he was kept captive, thus Barry and Ronnie went to rescue Martin. While Barry was occupied, Martin and Ronnie were cornered, and forced to merge. However, this time, having accepted each other and achieved balance, both of their minds were active on a conscious level. Although Ronnie was in control of the Firestorm body this time, Martin was still active to communicate with one another telepathically. With the use of the device, they were able join and separate at will and separated after the incident. Ultimately, they chose to visit a colleague of Martin Stein's in Pittsburgh to get a better understanding of their condition. Having decided this, they joined again to become Firestorm and flew off.[10] Three months later when Barry realized he was too slow for the Reverse-Flash he called Firestorm and Oliver Queen/The Arrow to help him in his upcoming fight against him. When Wells arrived at S.T.A.R. Labs to use the particle accelerator the Flash confronted him and Firestorm and Arrow soon joined him, but Wells was unimpressed and fought all 3 of them. When Flash was down Firestorm distracted Reverse-Flash so Arrow could shoot him with a special arrow to disable his speed, but Reverse-Flash used his tornado powers to send Firestorm blocks away. Flash quickly recovered him and stopped him falling to his death and resumed the fight shooting a massive ball of fire at Reverse-Flash atop S.T.A.R. Labs when Flash lead him up there, causing him to fall on a car where Arrow finally finished him off with an arrow and made him pass out. Having defeated the Reverse-Flash, the Arrow parted ways with Flash while Firestorm remained.[14] While incarcerated inside the Particle Accelerator, Eobard Thwane revealed his plan of having Barry Allen opening up wormhole inside the accelerator in order for him to time-travel back to the future. Eobard proposed that when the wormhole opened, Barry should use it to travel back to the night when his mother got killed and prevent her assassination. Hearing this proposal, Martin discussed the complications, calming that if Barry does decide to prevent Nora's death then his entire life and all of the current history up to that point would be completely erased and Barry would never have met all the people in his new life as The Flash. However, Martin remained uncertain of the full extent of the repercussions.[4] Doctor Stein began analysing the variables of the wormhole in order to verify Thawne's claims, working alongside Eobard's distant grandfather, Eddie Thawne. Eddie immediately felt unqualified to help so he decided to leave, but he was stopped by Martin who said that he is equally important as anyone else. Eddie gave a rebuttal by mentioning Eobard's claims about the future, how Eddie failed to accomplish anything in his life. However, Martin dismissed these claims by pointing out to Eddie the incredible coincidence of him and his distant grandson existing in the same moment in time and that he is the only person in that era who Eobard is incapable of killing. Martin believed that Eddie is the only individual in this entire scenario he exhibits free-will. Just as he encouraged Eddie to stay, Martin noticed that one of the possible outcomes of opening up the wormhole would be the creation of a singularity, a black-hole capable of swallowing the entire planet and he immediately warns the rest of the team.[4] When The Flash ran to stabilize the singularity, Martin merged with Ronnie and flew up to the singularity in order to separate it in the eye. They succeeded in stopping the singularity from swallowing up Central city with some consequences. During their effort to destroy the singularity Ronnie and Martin separated and Ronnie was pulled into the singularity which possibly killed him. New Firestorm Six months after Ronnie's death, Martin became the new mentor of Team Flash. After meeting and speaking to Jay Garrick, he discussed the implications of the multiverse including Earth-1, Earth-2 and Zoom. He later helped save Patty Spivot and stop Eddie Slick/Sand Demon and questioned Cisco about his odd behavior. He then learned Cisco was a meta-human and persuaded him to use his abilities for the better and tell the team. Stein began talking to the team when he fainted which was found to be the effect of not being merged with his second half for a long period of time.[15] A few hours later, he recovered from his state and helped to stop Lewis Snart and Leonard Snart/Capitain Cold from stealing the diamonds. He also contributed in helping Lisa Snart. Stein immediately starts bursting into blue flames before falling on the floor unconscious.[15] The team discovered he needed someone else to merge with Stein in order for him to stay alive. The only two possible matches were Jefferson "Jax" Jackson and Henry Hewitt. Henry Hewitt was not able to merge with Stein as he was incompatible so they had to resort to the second choice Jefferson Jackson. During a fit of rage Henry discovered his new abilities. Henry was both enraged and jealous of this decision and tried attacking Caitlin in the garage Jax was working in, Jax successfully defended her and they both escaped to S.T.A.R. Labs. The team found out Henry was wreaking havoc in the stadium Jax used to play in. After discussing the dangers of Henry the team decided in order to tackle Henry, Jefferson Jackson and Martin Stein had to merge. The merge was successful and Jax had the physical and mental control of firestorm. After a long battle with Henry Hewitt, Firestorm and The Flash succeeded in defeating Henry. Later Jefferson Jackson and Martin Stein decided to leave Central City in order to train.[15] Joining Rip Hunter In January 2016, Jefferson Jackson and Stein were still in Pittsburgh, where they were up against a criminal at a chemical plant as Firestorm. Stein told Jax to be careful, as 83% of the chemicals were flammable. Jax however still shot fireballs all over the place. While Firestorm defeated the man, Stein was still upset that Jax doesn't listen to him. Jax told him to stop treating him like one of his "snot nosed undergrads" when they were intercepted by Rip Hunter. Martin and the rest of Rip Hunter's recruits woke up on top of a building where Rip informed them of the impending threat of Vandal Savage's conquest of the world and a chance to join him. Later, Martin and Jax discussed Rip's offer where Jax was firmly against it while Stein relished the opportunity.[16] Before embarking on Rip's mission, Jax from a few months into the future time traveled to just before the team left due to future Martin sending him back to 2016 to reverse the effects of temporal radiation and he made contact with Martin. Jax and Martin scavenged Eobard's Time sphere for parts to the jump ship with Jax noting that present Martin was more arrogant than future Martin. As they were saying their goodbyes, Martin apologized for being an insufferable know-it-all and Jax told him that his present self would be very angry about Martin drugging him later but that he would eventually consider it the best decision he never made. Jax then left and time traveled back to the Vanishing Point.[17] Not to be deterred, Stein drugged him and took him on Rip Hunter's mission anyways. Martin and a sleeping Jax arrived with the others at the Waverider where Ray Palmer talked to Martin about being one of his students, which he doesn't remember. Then, Rip took them first to St. Roch in 1975 where Jax was angry with Martin for drugging and kidnapping him against his will and elected to stay behind on the ship. Martin accompanied Rip to speak to Dr. Aldus Boardman to gather information on Savage. After speaking with Aldus, the Waverider was attacked by Chronos and Martin sensed Jax's distress causing the team to return to the ship. Under fire from Chronos, Martin and Ray made a run for the ship. As Firestorm, he and the Atom provided enough cover for the rest of the team to make it to the time ship. Hiding in the temporal zone, the team learned of Rip's status as a rogue Time Master and the murder of his family by Savage. Martin then suggested that everyone needed time to think about their options. Martin apologized to Jax for bringing him unwillingly and offered to go home. However, Jax had a change of heart and wanted to stay.[16] The team next headed to Norway, where Savage was holding a black market auction of a nuclear bomb. Against Rip's wishes, they went after Savage during the auction. When the team had difficulty with an ID checker, Martin was able to swindle the guard allowing the team into the auction. However, Savage sensed the presence of Kendra and Carter and ordered the attendees to kill the group. A huge fight broke out and Ray emerged from Martin's pocket and joined the fight. However, the team failed to kidnap Savage and he escaped, activating the bomb while leaving. Firestorm flew the bomb away and absorbed the nuclear energy. Unfortunately, Ray left a piece of his exosuit behind, altering history. Martin and Ray deduced that the exosuit's alpha particles can be tracked with a device created by a younger Martin Stein in 1975. The younger Stein lost opportunity to meet his future wife Clarissa, after meeting with "sexy assassin from the future" Sara Lance, and her proceeding to knock him out, he refused to go to a Facility Mixer. Rip convinced the young Martin Stein to go and meet his dear Clarissa. Stein became depressed upon realizing that despite believing he had matured over the years, he was still just as arrogant as his younger self. After Savage forced a captured Leonard Snart to contact the team, they came to the rescue. Firestorm was able to knock Savage out, but Kendra and Carter were unable to finish him. Savage then killed Carter and wounded Kendra forcing the team to retreat. Rip took Martin back to the university to show him his/Marty's meeting with Clarissa. Back on the time ship, they renewed their commitment to defeating Savage in memory of Carter. Later, Jax helped encourage Stein by showing him that he has indeed matured into a kind, smart and selfless man who is willing to do anything to save the world to make it a better place.[7] When Kendra's wound worsened, Martin and Ray discovered fragments of the Amon Dagger in her bloodstream. Ray tried to use his A.T.O.M. suit to destroy the fragments with Martin's help but he panicked and stopped the procedure. Ray resented the fact that Martin didn't remember him as one of his top students. Later, Martin confided to Ray that he acted like he didn't remember Ray because he was jealous that as one of his students, Ray seemed more brilliant than he was. In a second attempt, Martin guided Ray through Kendra's bloodstream and managed to destroy all of the remaining dagger fragments. Ray then realized Martin had lied about remembering him as a student, but Martin justified it by saying that Ray needed the push. After the rest of the team recovered Carter's body from Savage, they held a funeral for Carter and Aldus.[18] During a visit to 1986 to track Savage, Stein attempts to investigate a Russian nuclear program being funded by Savage by himself out of concern for Jefferson's safety, but although he is able to drain off Savage's nuclear reaction by himself, he, Ray, and Rory are subsequently captured by Savage's ally, Valentina Vostok.[19] Realizing that Savage's plan was intended to recreate his own version of Firestorm, Martin did his best to withstand Savage's torture to keep the secrets of Firestorm safe. However, Savage threatened the lives of Ray and Mick, forcing Martin to give Valentina the equation for Firestorm. Valentina was able to forcibly merge with Stein to create a new Firestorm, but with Jefferson's encouragement and recognition that he had only left Jefferson behind out of fear rather than a lack of trust, Stein was able to separate from Valentina, triggering a nuclear explosion that destroyed Valentina and the gulag where she had been working while Hunter and his team escaped.[20] After being knocked out of the temporal zone by Chronos into Star City of 2046, Martin stayed on the ship to help with repairs. Due to their psychic link, Jax caused Martin to become irritated that Ray and Kendra were being friendly with each other since Jax had a crush on Kendra. Jax was unsure of himself, but Martin implores him to be confident. Martin then tried to deter Ray from romantically pursuing Kendra, but in actuality gave Ray the idea. When Sara went off to rescue Connor Hawke from Grant Wilson's men, Martin convinced Rip to help her because this potential future is real to Sara. Firestorm, along with the rest of the team, came to help Sara and Oliver rescue Connor.[21] When Gideon received a distress signal from the Acheron, the team investigated it to retrieve current timeline data. Martin accompanied the away team to investigate the Acheron but stayed behind on the jumpship. Martin snuck on board after Rip, Mick, and Jax were captured by Jon Valor, disabled the weapon systems, and freed Rip, Jax, and captured time master Eve Baxter. Later, the team decided to put down Mick for selling them out to the time pirates.[6] The Acheron's time data pointed to Savage being in Harmony Falls, 1958. Martin disguised himself as a replacement doctor since the last one was murdered (presumably by Savage). After Rip and Leonard find Betty Seaver injured by with talon wounds, Martin surmised that Savage had an Nth metal meteor of the same kind that gave Kendra and Carter their powers. He proposed that he could come up with a cure for the mutated creatures. Leonard and Martin snooped around the hospital for Jax, meanwhile, Martin grew worried when he couldn't psychically sense Jax. When Kendra failed to kill Savage, Savage released his Manhawks. Martin and Leonard fought off the Manhawks but discovered that Jax had been turned into one. They subdued Jax and took him to the Waverider where Martin and Gideon made a gene therapy to cure Jax of the Nth metal mutation. Before the rest of the crew was onboard the Waverider, Chronos attacked the ship forcing it to take off and strand Ray, Kendra, and Sara in 1958.[22] When Chronos boarded the Waverider, Rip told Martin and Jax to take the jump ship. However, they were not willing to leave their team behind. As Firestorm, they busted through the bridge to find Rip lying on the floor and Leonard kidnapped. Rip rebooted Gideon to override Chronos' commands and they freefell through time. The team landed in 1960 to pick up Kendra and Ray but found that Sara had rejoined the League of Assassins. The team snuck into Nanda Parbat where the League captured them. After a trial by combat between Sara and Kendra, Chronos attacked. Ra's al Ghul freed the Legends so that they could fight off Chronos. Through their combined efforts, they defeated Chronos but discovered that he was actually Mick Rory. Rip then told the team that their next destination was 2147.[23] Rip's plan in this leg of the mission was to kill future despot Per Degaton in 2147 before he could provide the platform for Savage to later conquer the world. Martin and others opposed this plan so Rip compromised by abducting him from the timeline. While the rest of the team kidnapped Per Degaton, Martin accompanied Ray and Jax to disable the A.T.O.M. robot army. Later, Tor Degaton's army surrounded the Waverider so Firestorm helped the team hold off the soldiers and A.T.O.M. robots. After trying and failing to kill Per on his own, Rip exchanged Per's life for Sara's and the team escaped the Kasnia Conglomerate.[24] While hiding in 1871 from the Hunters, Martin went with the team to explore the town of Salvation. Martin played cards with some local townspeople using card skills his father taught him. One of the men at the table got frustrated and grabbed a waitress. Martin picked a fight with him causing the man to draw his gun. However, Leonard was the quicker draw and shot the man, saving Martin's life. Afterward, it evolved into an all-out bar fight until Jonah Hex settled them all down and demanded to be taken to Rip. Martin later returned to the saloon to ask the bartender where to find Jeb Stillwater and also ran into a grieving woman who had a sick son. She took him to her son who had tuberculosis. Martin tried to sneak some medicine off the Waverider but got caught warranting a lecture from Rip. Despite that, he still gave the futuristic medicine to the boy. After Rip won the duel against Jeb Stillwater, the Hunters arrived and assaulted the town. Firestorm and the rest of the team fought off the Hunters. Before dying, one of them told Mick of the Omega Protocol which would initiate the Pilgrim to go after the team. Martin said his goodbyes to the mother and her son who turned out to be the future H.G. Wells.[25] When the Pilgrim went after Ray in 2014, Firestorm and Rip rescued him. Jax confided to Martin that he never got to see his father since he shipped off to Somalia before he was born. However, when Martin and Ray were kidnapping Jax as a newborn in 1993, Martin saw that his father hadn't shipped out yet. Martin brought back present-day Jax so that he could talk to his father. After the team was successful in rescuing everyone's younger selves, they took them all to the Refuge under the care of Mary Xavier. Gideon then intercepted a message from the Pilgrim threatening the team's family, including Clarissa. The team met her at an abandoned Time Masters outpost where they turned over 10-year-old Rip to her. Firestorm and the rest of the team then ambushed her but she held them off with her time micro-manipulation powers. However, young Rip stabbed her and she was subsequently destroyed by the team. Back on the Waverider, Clarissa didn't remember Martin but Rip assured him that he would return them when the mission is complete.[1] Next, the team went to London of 2166 at the height of Savage's reign. After an assassination attempt on Savage, Rip took Martin, Jax, and Ray to make contact with the remains of the resistance. Martin and Ray investigated a destroyed resistance camp and discovered Savage's superweapon was The Leviathan, a colossal robot. Martin brought the refugees from the resistance camp on board for protection. The Waverider was then attacked by the robot while trying to escape and took serious damage. Martin was injured in the attack and charged Jax with protecting the refugees before being sedated by Gideon. Martin later woke up and was reassured by Rip that the refugees made it out alive.[26] When Jefferson was contaminated by exposure to temporal energy while repairing the Waverider's temporal core, Stein sent him back to 2016 in the escape pod to purge him of the radiation.[27] When Stein and the others were captured by the Time Masters, Jefferson was able to repair the pod and return to the future with the aid of the Stein from just before he joined the mission.[17] Reunited, Stein and Jefferson learned that they could transmute elements as Firestorm as well as just shoot fire, but had to prioritize eliminating Savage's plans over exploring this new development in depth. Despite this, the two used this power to destroy one of the meteors Savage was using for his plan. After stopping Savage, Stein and the others bid Carter and Kendra farewell as they wanted to try to live a life now free from their long time nemesis. Rip asked if the others also wanted to leave but they all wanted to stay with him. Before they could leave, they watched as an identical timeship crashed in front of them. From the ship emerged Rex Tyler who came to warn the Legends that they were in danger.[3] Protecting the timestream After spending some months protecting the timeline from other threats in the absences of the Time Masters, the now-named 'Legends' tasked themselves with undoing any disturbances to history. They began to notice that there was someone causing a number of time aberrations, namely giving blasters to assassins to kill the King Louis XIII of France in 1637. Martin was a little happy to be in that time period, dressed in the clothes of the era, to Mick's annoyance. After they saved him and were aboard the Waverider, they felt a massive 'time quake' in the temporal zone. The origin was New York in 1942 where the Nazis had destroyed it with an atomic bomb. Reviewing the timeline, they noticed that Albert Einstein had gone missing prior to the attack and decided to rescue him to prevent the Nazi's from getting the bomb, to Martin's excitement.[28] Stein was speechless to meet Einstein and tried to convince him to go with them for his own safety but he refused, even when he came under attack from Nazi spies. Stein then went and punched Einstein so they could take him back to the Waverider. Onboard, they realized that taking him didn't change the aberration at all. Stein talked with Einstein and realized that his ex-wife Mileva Maric was the Nazi's target to obtain the atomic bomb. They then learned that Damien Darhk was the one who was heading the Nazi's attack on New York. After saving Mileva, they boarded the Waverider to stop the Nazis from using the bomb. To protect the team from the damage to the Waverider, Rip scattered the Legends through the timeline. Stein and Jackson ended up in the Middle Ages acting as wizards until they were rescued by Mick Rory and new team member Nate Heywood.[28] After ensuring the Einsteins' safety, the Legends decided to leave 1942 but were intercepted by the Justice Society of America. They had a short battle with them but the Legends were defeated and taken back to their headquarters where they met Rex Tyler again though he didn't know them. As they talked Rex believed that Martin was the group's leader. The JSA asked the Legends to leave after they received a mission in France. When the Legends returned to the Waverider, they discovered that the JSA was in danger.[29] Martin decided to appoint himself the leader as he felt there was a reason that Rex Tyler assumed that he was their group's leader to begin with. They went to France and found the JSA staking out a night club frequented by the Nazis. Stein pretended to be a famed singer to gain access and sang a song in the club. However, their cover was blown by Ray and a fight broke out where the JSA was reunited with the Legends. To get the amulet, stop the Nazis and ensure the JSA's survival, they decided to team up. When they intercepted the exchange, Kreiger used a serum to turn himself into a Berserker monster and caused the Legends and JSA to retreat but Ray and Amaya were captured. During the battle, Martin had tried to direct everyone but froze when the Berserker attacked, making him realize that he wasn't fit to be the group's leader. After talking with Jax and seeing Sara argue with Rex Tyler to save their friends, Martin saw fit to name Sara as their new Captain.[29] When Nate was injured, Martin tried to help him as much as he could but he was dying. Ray had gotten a hold of the serum and modified it for himself but instead gave it to Nate which saved his life to Martin's astonishment. They bid the JSA farewell before they went back to their search for Rip.[29] Martin was talking with Ray about Nate's condition when they were jumped by Amaya who stowed away believing that Mick had killed Rex. Afterward, an accident stranded Nate and Ray in feudal Japan and they had to touch down the ship to rescue them. Martin stayed with Jax on the ship to make repairs when they discovered that Rip had a secret armory. In it, they discovered a message from Barry Allen from the future. The two of them decided to not tell the team about it after they got back.[30] When the team encountered a distress call from a stranded time pilot, they set down during the time of the American Civil War. He told Jax that it might be best if he stayed on the ship, as it was the time of slavery, but Jax told him that he could handle it. The team discovered that the pilot had been infected with a futuristic disease that turned him into a zombie-like creature. He then passed it on to some Confederate soldiers who were chasing a messenger. Stein freaked out at the sight of them and revealed that he had an inert fear of zombies. When Mick was infected, and then let loose on the ship, he was beyond panicked. However, with Ray's encouragement, he was able to fight past his fear to help stop Rory so Ray could come up with the cure. When Jax returned, Martin saw that he had been affected by his experience and told Jax that he wanted to spare him from facing that dark part of humanity.[31] Changing his past Jax began to propose that with the Waverider, they could go and make their own changes to history to try and make it better though Stein argued that they could do just as much damage as their enemies by manipulating the timeline. When the Legends detected an aberration in Washington D.C. in 1987, Martin went off with Jax to the White House to find the cause. He knew that he was in Washington for the nuclear peace summit but was surprised to find his younger self in the White House as he knew that he hadn't been there and knew that time was already changing. Ray and Rory found out that Damien Darhk was there and he quickly warned Sara to not do anything rash but she ignored him. They were almost caught by the Secret Service but managed to escape arrest. He warned Sara that in her quest to try and save her sister by killing Darhk almost 30 years before his actual death could have grave consequences. Stein then listened in when Ray and Rory ran surveillance on Darhk but his younger self had arrived. He was surprised as he remembered it was his wife's birthday today but his younger self had chosen to stand her up in order to try and ask Darhk for a chance to bring his research to President Reagan's attention. His younger self seemed to notice that Darhk was meeting with the KGB for a side deal right before he was stabbed.[8] Stein was then reunited with his younger self who had deduced who he really was after their last encounter. Stein then yelled at him for leaving their wife alone which had gotten him into this mess in the first place. He then went with the team who managed to gain access into to the White House through Obsidian to interrupt Darhk's deal with the KGB but had run into Clarissa who had come to look for her husband. When they met, she felt as if she knew Martin from somewhere though he claimed that he was one of her husband's work friends. When it was discovered that Darhk had planted a bomb, he and Jax went as Firestorm and got Clarissa to safety. When his younger self was recovered, he gave him a stern lecture of being selfish in abandoning their wife all to further their research. He told her that Clarissa was all that gave his life real meaning, not his work and that he had to cherish her. His younger self seemed to agree and promised that he would never stop loving their wife and always let her know how important she was to him.[8] Over time, Martin was starting to see flashes of a girl. At first, he thought that he was suffering some kind of mental affliction and had his brain scanned by Gideon though nothing was wrong with him. He discussed what was happening with Jax and together they came to the conclusion that what was happening to Martin was due to his interaction with his younger self in 1987. Martin didn't know who the woman was that he was seeing, though he was certain that he loved her. Jax took this to mean that he might've had another woman in his life other than Clarissa.[32] When the Dominators came to Earth, Stein went with the other Legends to Central City to help Team Flash and Team Arrow against them. He also met Supergirl who was from another Earth in the multiverse whom Barry had brought to help them. He and Jax decided to inform Barry of the message they found in the Waverider and pulled him aside along with Oliver Queen. The message told of Barry giving a warning about a future war that was brought upon them as a result of him going back in time. He then informed Martin, Jax, and Oliver about Flashpoint and the differences he made to not only his life but several others. Martin then had more flashes of the mystery woman and he asked for Caitlin to take him home. Caitlin was wracked with guilt due to her hurting her friends because of her powers and Stein offered her both advice and solace in the fact that it wasn't really her doing those things. He then got to his front door to find the young woman he'd been seeing. At first, he was worried that his wife wasn't there because of the change in time but the woman told him that she wasn't here. It was then revealed that this woman was actually his new daughter, Lily Stein. He was shocked at the revelation and quickly made an excuse to leave to the puzzlement of both Caitlin and Lily. He rejoined the others when they received word that The President of the United States had been captured by the Dominators. Before they left, Barry then confessed to the others about creating Flashpoint and most of the team became angry with Barry for taking it upon himself to change history for his own benefit. Stein was one of the few who still trusted Barry.[33] Stein went to S.T.A.R. Labs to try and work on a weapon to use to stop the Dominators. Caitlin had revealed that she had brought Lily to come and help them. He was surprised to see that Lily was a technical expert and she was eager to help her father. However, whenever Lily tried to engage Martin in conversation, he tried to distance himself from her. Caitlin asked why he was shutting Lily out and he revealed to her that Lily was a time aberration he created by interacting with his younger self. Caitlin then asked if he was going to go back in time and erase her and he told her that he was going to restore the timeline back. When Lily started to lose her temper at not being able to find a solution to the weapon and was ready to take off. Caitlin told Stein that Lily was really upset over her father keeping her at arms length and not understanding why. He argued that it wasn't the time for family drama but she argued that they needed Lily's help. Stein went to apologize to Lily and told her that he was being distant because of the new complications in his life. What he said seemed to spark inspiration in Lily and together, they were able to find the missing piece in creating the weapon. Martin then realized how remarkable his daughter truly was.[34] When the team learned that the Dominators were going to drop a bomb to eliminate meta-humans, along with millions of normal humans, he and Jax went off to try and stop the bomb before it hit the ground. They tried to transmutate it but it was too big. Stein begged Jax to try harder as he now had a daughter and it seemed to spark the power they needed to destroy the meta-bomb. Firestorm then joined the other heroes in fighting against the Dominators as Felicity Smoak activated his and Lily's weapon which forced them to retreat. When they were celebrating back in Central City, Jax went to Stein and asked how he now had a daughter. He then revealed how he had lectured his younger self about neglecting Clarissa and that it caused him to pay more attention to his wife which made them go on and have a child. He then told Jax that he couldn't tell the team about it as he decided that he didn't want to lose his daughter.[35] After this, Stein started receiving more flashes as new memories of Lily started to come to him. He told Jax that every one of them was a gift though Jax warned him that it would only be a matter of time before the team discovered the truth about her. The team then discovered a new aberration in Chicago of 1927. When Ray let Eliot Ness go with some corrupt policemen that worked for Al Capone, they passed by Stein though he didn't notice as some more memories of his daughter were triggered and came to him. Sara asked him why he didn't stop them though Jax covered for him as he guessed what must've happened. They then moved for the docks and rescued Ness from Capone. To keep history back on track, they had to get the ledger of Capone's dealings for Ness and Nate guessed it was in his speakeasy. The team was ready to move in when they ran into Damien Darhk. But then his speedster ally arrived and Stein along with Sara were kidnapped.[9] They then learned that Malcolm Merlyn had joined them as well and tried to make a deal with Sara for the amulet that they took from Darhk in 1987 but Sara refused as she said that you couldn't manipulate time for your own benefit which made Stein uncomfortable. When he asked if she had considered taking the deal, she did consider it but he taught her better than that. Stein then confessed about him causing an aberration which resulted in him now having a daughter. Sara was surprised and angry, especially with how he had convinced her to not try and save her sister when they were interrupted by Damien Darhk. He had Stein taken away where he met the speedster, who Stein felt he knew from somewhere. The speedster admitted that their past was complicated and then used a device to painfully steal his appearance. He was then taken by Capone to be thrown in the river but his friends realized the deception and Sara had made a deal to trade the amulet to learn where he was. They then saved him and brought him back to the Waverider. Sara approached him and she told Stein that she understood his decision and she would help in protecting his new daughter and he thanked her before telling Sara her his daughter's name.[9] The Legion of Doom Stein stumbled upon Rory who revealed that he had been seeing a ghost of Leonard Snart. He asked Stein for his help but told him to not tell the others that he was seeing him. He was trying to help Rory learn what could be causing this when Sara came and told them that Rip had been found in 1967. He had been arrested and to get him out, Stein played the role of a psychiatrist. He, Rory, and Sara were shocked to see Rip again, though the man didn't recognize them and was now Phil Gasmer. He resisted going with them as they thought they were to take him to a mental facility. Rory knocked him out and they tried to take him out but Darhk and Merlyn had arrived, looking for him as well. They were barely able to get Rip to the Waverider just as Darhk and Merlyn found them. They then learned from Gideon that Rip's mind was altered and he was reprogrammed with a new identity. Rory then had an idea to use Gideon to find out what was making him see Snart, though Stein told him that his visions weren't neurological or psychological. However, Rory insisted. He ran the scan and found that Rory had some kind of chip in his head that looked like a receiver that was placed there by the Time Masters when he was Chronos. Stein guessed that when Snart died in the Oculus blast, the chip honed in on the wavelength of the energy letting him see Snart. Rory asked him to remove it though Stein was a bit nervous. Stein managed to remove it but learned that the chip hadn't been able to work in months so it wasn't the cause. He guessed that it simply the reason Rory was seeing Snart was simply how he was emotionally dealing with his friend's death.[36] The team was still reeling from facing the Legion and losing Rip to them. They now had the medallion yet they were lost on how it worked. Stein suggested they go to 2017 as he had a colleague in Central City that he felt could help them understand the medallion's mysteries. Stein and Jax went to Jitters to meet with this person though Stein insisted that Jax didn't have to stay. It was then revealed that the person he was meeting was his daughter Lily. Jax was stunned to actually meet her while Lily was happy to see her father again. He then brought out the medallion for Lily to analyze and she pulled out a portable ionic particle scanner which he was surprised as he had never seen one in a compact version before and she revealed that she developed it herself. Using her device, she was able to activate the medallion's power and he then decided to bring Lily back to the Waverider to better help them analyze it. The team was surprised to meet Lily as they thought that Martin didn't have a child and it was then revealed that she was a time aberration. He told the team that Lily could help them but asked that none of them tell Lily about her being an aberration. Later, Lily was able to develop an algorithm to track the fragments of the spear and Martin was full of pride at her accomplishment but she was angry as she had learned that she was an aberration. Stein went off to drink alone following this and was found by Jax. Martin then revealed that the reason that he and Clarissa didn't have children the first time around was because he didn't have a good father himself and feared he would have become just as bad as him. Jax then suggested that he speak with Lily and tell her how he really feels. The team was trying to identify their speedster enemy when Stein went to them looking for his daughter. When the team theorized that the speedster must no longer exist, Martin realized that their enemy was Eobard Thawne. He came upon Lily trying to ask Gideon to return her to 2017 but Martin had asked Gideon to not let her leave. Lily felt that she was a mistake but Martin sternly told her that he made many mistakes in his life but Lily wasn't one of them. He then told her that he originally didn't want children but he learned from his travels that time often doesn't give them what they want, but what they need and he needed her. He and Lily then hugged and he happily watched her off. When a time quake was felt and traced back to 1776, Stein was shocked when he learned it was due to George Washington being killed before his trip across the Delaware. He and Jax stayed on the ship as the rest of the team moved to protect Washington but felt a jolt when Rip used a device to send an EMP through the area which shut down the ship and his and Jax's quantum splicer. He was shocked when Sara was brought aboard, suffering being shot by Rip. Jax told him to try and help Sara without Gideon but Martin tried to remind him that he wasn't a doctor but Jax told him that today he would have to be. He tried to help Sara as much as he could before Rip came aboard the ship and knocked him out. He came to and found that Sara had been suffocated by Rip and Jax had watched it. Ray managed to get Gideon back online and he quickly moved to heal Sara before the damage could be permanent and managed to succeed. He then was in the ship's mess hall, celebrating Christmas with the rest of the team.[37] When his daughter's algorithm located another fragment in 3000 A.D. Stein was excited to go into the distant future. He and the team went to a research lab where they found Dr. Mid-Nite dead, killed by Rip. Martin found some advanced tech lying around and pocketed it. They then found another fragment in 507 A.D. but Martin chose to stay on the ship so he could analyze the tech he got from Mid-Nite's lab. However, Mick caught onto him and found that he stole the tech though he quickly told him that he 'borrowed' it which Mick laughed at in amusement. When Jax returned with some mind control tech that Rip and Damien Darhk were using on Camelot's knights, Martin saw that it went as a set to the device he took from the lab. He learned that the 'commander' wore the one that he took while the 'soldier' wore the one that Jax brought to him. They then hoped that they could hack the signal from Rip's commander device and disrupt his control. Martin tried to use it to control Mick but it didn't have any effect. When Sara and Amaya managed to get Stargirl to give them her piece of the spear, they were set to leave but Ray had chosen to stay behind to help Camelot fight against Rip and Darhk's army. The team then started arguing about whether it was best to stay or leave and Martin voted to stay and not leave Ray behind. When he, Jax, and Mick tried again to undo the mind control, Jax had a theory. He had Mick use the commander device and Stein wore the soldier one and when he fell under Mick's sway they learned that the key was intelligence but intensity. They then moved to interrupt Rip's command of the soldiers and return the knights to normal. He then saw that Sara managed to capture Rip and they threw him into the brig. Stein also refused to admit to Rory that it was his brain that saved the day, over his.[38] When the Waverider was in the temporal zone, Stein was enjoying a drink in the mess hall when Rip escaped his cell and then locked down the ship. Stein was confused as he was trapped and the ship then crash-landed in the Cretaceous Period as he assumed that Rory had been piloting the ship. When Ray, Nate, and Amaya left to track down a piece of the ship that broke away, the rest of the team was left to try and get Rip back to normal. Rory told them of a method to go into someone's mind and Sara and Jax volunteered. Martin was against Jax going in but he insisted on going and Martin relented. As they were inside, Martin began pacing as he worried about Jax's safety. Rory told him that he had to let Jax make his own decisions and learn to do things his way as Stein wouldn't be around forever. He told Stein that Jax was his partner so he had to treat him as a partner and trust more in him. Stein then saw that Sara and Jax succeeded and Rip was back to his old self. He was with the rest of the team as they welcomed Rip back. He then notified the team of the location of Commander Steel and the last fragment of the Spear of Destiny. Rip took them to the moment where he left Henry Heywood in 1965 but they couldn't find him anywhere as he had disappeared and gone to ground. Stein and the rest of the team began checking his background and guessed that he might have gone to work to NASA and found a photo of Henry in the Apollo-13 mission control in 1970. The team went to the site to look for him and were able to quickly find Heywood who punched Rip as soon as he saw him. They then learned that Henry arranged for his fragment of the spear to be placed on the moon in order to protect it. However, they saw that the history of the Apollo mission had changed which meant that the spear fragment was in danger. Stein, Jax, and Rory were taken to mission command by Heywood where they posed as technicians from the British Space Program to serve as the rest of the team's eyes and ears as they headed for the moon. They moved to cut mission control's feeds and their radio contact in order to give the others time. Stein and Rory were surprised when a teenager by the name of Hank Heywood arrived in mission control and found that it was Nate's young father whom Henry had rigged a contest so he would have an opportunity to meet him. When the shuttle was safe, Stein and the others let it regain contact with mission control but Stein knew the team was in trouble as the Waverider had sustained damage. The team contacted Stein about what angle the ship needed to be to re-enter Earth's orbit safely but he couldn't be sure which prompted Ray to seek Thawne's help, who they had prisoner on board. Stein and the others were reunited with the team and found that Henry Heywood sacrificed himself to get the Waverider back to Earth safely and Thawne escaped. With all the pieces of the spear now accounted for by the Legends and the Legion, they knew that eventually there would be an attempt by the Legion to try and take their fragments which meant that the Legends had to strike first. Martin was with the rest of the team as Rip told them that the Legion was operating from the Vanishing Point. The team carefully moved through the destroyed outpost of the Time Masters in separate teams. Firestorm was with Rip and they managed to find the safe where the Legion was keeping their fragments. To get inside, Firestorm converted the safe into jelly beans and then fled with the last two fragments. Back on the ship, the pieces of the spear were all gathered together and they watched as they merged as one. When Rory tried to destroy the spear with his Heat Gun, it revealed words that turned out to be the key to destroying the spear. Nate saw they would need the blood of Christ and the team went to 1914 to find J.R.R. Tolkien who researched a treasure that he claimed was a vial of Christ's blood. Stein stayed on the ship with Sara, Jax, and Amaya to guard the spear while the others prepared to chase down a lead. Rory went to Stein and told him that he saw Snart again. Stein insisted that it was normal to think of Snart when they had just visited the place that he died but Rory insisted that he was real and had punched him. Stein saw the bruise and assumed that Rory had simply fallen and hurt himself until the Legends learned that the Legion had recruited Snart from a point before he joined the Legends as an extra asset. Mick soon took the spear and gave it to the Legion, and they altered reality. Legion of Doom's altered reality Six months later, Martin Stein was working in S.T.A.R. Labs under Eobard Thawne, now the owner again, and also the mayor of Central City, and he had no memory of his time as a Legend, nor did any other Legends member, minus Rip, who was miniaturized and trapped in a miniaturized Waverider. However, he still had the memory of his family. Mick later realized his mistakes, and he and Nate went to Ray's basement, where Ray invented a gun that would restore memories of the previous timeline. Eventually, all the Legends but him had their memories restored. As Jax pointed the gun at him, Martin knocked it out of his hand, destroying it, and he alerted Eobard. He watched in horror and confusion as a massive battle ensued for the spear between the Legends, Legion, and Eobard, which ended in the spear's destruction and Amaya's death. The Legends later took back Ray's armor and grew the Waverider to normal, and they went back hours before the Legion got the spear, and worked with the Legend of the time, which included him, Amaya and Mick. The past Legends got the spear, but all of them except Sara were killed by Eobard and an army of his Time remnants. The past Sara used the spear to depower it and to free Hunter Zolomon, who was hunting Eobard. Eobard then took it, but while insulting Sara for not changing reality to her will, Hunter killed Eobard, erasing him reality which he created, including the versions of him and Sara. He and the other past Legends went onto the Waverider, but while in flight, a time storm made them crash-land in Los Angeles 2017 in a broken reality filled with futuristic buildings and overrun with Dinosaurs, due to them interacting with their future selves.[39] Becoming a grandfather After the Legends were disbanded by Rip Hunter, Stein went returned to his home in Central City. He would periodically meet Jax and merge with him to stay stable. Eventually, he discovered that Lily was pregnant and was overjoyed that he was to be a grandfather. When Jax returned one day and revealed that he had dropped out of college, the Waverider returned along with the other Legends minus Amaya. Stein eventually rejoined the team, but unlike Jax, he didn't want to stay for good.[40] This section is a stub. You can help expand this section by . Martin secretly worked on a communication device, naming it the "trans-temporal communicator." He made a trip on the jump-ship to give Lily the other device so they could communicate through time. When new team member, Zari Tomaz, revealed that Stein doesn't want to be on the Waverider, Jax and Mick grew suspicious and believed he working with the Time Bureau. When Stein got a message from Lily, who was going into labor, he rushed to the jump-ship, but he was stopped and confronted by Mick and Jax. Stein revealed he wanted to see his grandchild being born. Mick commandeered the Waverider and took himself, Stein and Jax to Central City, allowing Stein to witness the birth of his grandson. Stein introduces his grandson to Jax and Mick, revealing him to be named Ronnie, in memory of his former Firestorm partner.[41] Crisis on Earth-X Just days before Barry and Iris's wedding in the present day, Stein is with the rest of the Legends in England in the year 1183 AD. He is standing the oath of what seems to be knights, which are in a rush to get somewhere. A fight breaks out, but during the chaos, the fact that they did not RSVP comes up which is a breach of courtesy to Stein. The Waverider shows up, which Stein points out, giving them their ride back to present-day Central City for the wedding. Once the Legends arrived, Jax and Stein enlisted the help of Cisco and Harry to perfect a formula to release them from the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M Matrix. The formula would break their link safely, as well as erase their powers, ending Firestorm, much to Jax's disappointment. Sometime later, while everybody was preparing for the rehearsal dinner and wedding, Stein was working on a different formula when Caitlin came to see him. He told her that he knew that she assisted Cisco and Harry in making the formula, and thanked her. They talked about how the previous wedding they attended was her and Ronnie's. Snow asks Stein of his plans once he was free of the F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M Matrix, to which he replies that he wishes to be with his growing family and to tell his grandson about his adventures, as well as teaching him how to play chess. Caitlin then reminded him of the rehearsal dinner, and Stein told her to go ahead as he continued to work on the new formula. Stein arrives late to the dinner, to which Jax asked him of his where he was and why he was late. Stein then revealed that he was working on a formula that would grant Jax a different set of powers based on spider DNA. Jax was interested in the prospect of being a Spider-Man esque hero, but quickly lost interest once he was told he would be able to stick to anything, but nothing else beyond that. Stein then told him that if he took the formula, he could still be a Legend, thinking that it would make Jackson happy. Jax leaves Stein in disappointment. The next day, Stein woke up to see Mick in one of his “dresses” and was told that he was out of milk. A few hours later, he and everybody else went to the wedding ceremony. Before vows were exchanged, the minister was vaporized by Overgirl, and Nazis from Earth-X began to attack the wedding guests. He and Jax then merged into Firestorm and joined the fight along with the rest of the heroes.[42] Death While invading a Nazi stronghold containing a breach gateway, Stein noticed that the power needed to be hotwired in order to activate the breach. He suggested that he and Jax separate in order to do both tasks quickly before Red Tornado came to destroy the doomsday weapon. Jax managed to divert power but was surrounded by enemy fire. Stein decided to activate the breach himself and ran towards the switch. Before he was able to reach the switch, he was shot by a Nazi and the Sturmbannfuhrer of the New Reich from behind and collapsed as Jax looked on in horror and disbelief.[43] Stein briefly regained consciousness and made one last attempt to activate the breach. He was shot again but managed to gather his strength to pull the switch, activating the breach. Stein was still alive, but was in critical condition and rapidly losing blood. The rest of the team knew that they needed to get him to the Waverider to heal him, but would hurt him more if they tried to carry him. To get him to safety without causing further damage, he and Jax merged into Firestorm one final time to get back to Earth-1 and to the Waverider. By the time the crew made it to the med bay of the Waverider, Stein had already lost too much blood. The only thing keeping him alive was his psychic link, but it was killing Jax in the process. Despite Jax's protests, Stein made the executive decision to finally sever the link, dooming himself but saving Jax, allowing Stein to pass away in peace at the age of 67.[44] Legacy "Clarissa asked me to say a few words, but as you all know, it was Grey... uh... Martin, who was the wordy one. But, I got used to hearing his voice inside my head, and even now I can still hear him because even though he's gone, he's still a part of me. He's still a part of all of us. He was the best man right until the end, the best teacher, friend, husband, father... Clarissa, I'm so sorry, I couldn't save him. All he wanted was to come home, to you and Ronnie, to his family. I just don't know how'd I do any of this without him." —Jefferson's eulogy at Martin's funeral Martin's death was an especially devastating blow to both the Legends and Team Flash, with whom he had most associated, even bringing Mick Rory to tears as well, but none more so than his wife, his daughter, and Jefferson Jackson. Many members of each of the teams grieved for him in silence alone, in pairs or in small groups; Ray looking at a photo of him and Stein in the Old West with Nate, Amaya and Zari, Cisco comforting Caitlin, Iris comforting Barry. Only two of the team leaders, Sara Lance and Oliver Queen, who had the most experience dealing with death remained stoic and focused on their next objective. The death of Stein also marked the end of the Firestorm Matrix and Jax's time as a superhero, as without Stein to bond with, he is powerless. Since the heroes knew they couldn't bring Martin back, they were inspired to take on the New Reich one last time in honor of him. After the heroes defeated the New Reich, a funeral was held for Martin with Clarissa, Lily, Team Flash, Team Arrow, and the Legends all in attendance.[44] After the funeral, Leo Snart ended up joining the Legends for a brief time, trying to help them recover from their loss. Not long after Martin's death, Jax attempted to change Stein's fate by giving a younger Martin a letter detailing his future death, explaining that the letter was a loophole to save his life, saying not to open it until November 28, 2017. However, Martin burned the letter before he read it, deciding to accept what he already knew would be a good future rather than put it at risk for the chance that it would improve. Realizing that he wasn't grieving properly, Jax decided to take a leave of absence from the Legends.[2] About 5 years after Jax left the Legends he'd gotten married and had a daughter that he named Martina in honor of Martin.[45] Personality In his youth, Martin was a brilliant, yet arrogant, selfish, and obnoxious jerk (as his older-self observed); but this changed after he met Clarissa Stein. In his later years, Martin was a pacifist, having protested in the Vietnam War. He also hated pizza before merging with Ronnie Raymond. After merging he picked up some of Ronnie's characteristics, such as an obsession with pizza. Martin was also shown to have a childish and laid-back personality. One example was when he stated he was "game" if Ronnie was also willing to try to separate. He was also shown to have a sense of humor, telling Ronnie they should not fight on their wedding day shortly before officiating Ronnie and Caitlin Snow's marriage. He also believed that any relationship should be prioritized above everything else.[10] On his first encounter, Martin was shown being cold towards Team Flash's camaraderie, asking if they were going to start chanting soon. However, after being rescued by the Flash, with the help of the team, he seems to have warmed up to the idea of the collaboration. This was even more apparent when he returns with Ronnie to help Barry. Not only did he help Barry travel back in time, but he also helped a disheartened Eddie understand his role in everything that was happening.[4] Martin was very articulate and speaks in a very cultured and academic way that is sometimes misconstrued as arrogant or sometimes impossible to even understand; because of this, he was generally incapable of referring to someone by their nickname, calling Ronnie "Ronald", calling Jax "Jefferson" and everyone else either Mr. or Ms. followed by their surname, such as referring to Sara as "Ms. Lance". In combat and as Firestorm, Martin was very brave, dangerous, and sometimes brutal, despite his personality when not fighting. He attacked Barry and tried to kill him by dropping him from the sky, out of anger for Barry and his team not leaving him alone as he told them to. Even without Firestorm, he was brave enough to fight hand to hand with Time Pirates and knock out some of them on his own. While co-piloting Firestorm's body, he was willing to be part of killing in battle. In this regard, while he dislikes fighting, he was not afraid of it and will fight as a last resort or to defend himself. Martin had an irrational fear of zombies, extending to the point where he cannot hear or say the word without difficulty, and apparently has never had the courage to watch zombie movies. This became a problem when Mick became a zombie and starting to attack him and Ray. Martin became overwhelmed with fear, but managed to overcome it, as evidenced when he faced Mick alone. Martin, despite his academic nature, was often subject to his rather powerful emotions. Due to the trauma of having lost Ronnie, his original fusion partner for Firestorm, he often berates Jax on his recklessness. This was out of fear of losing another partner and having to face the prospect of telling Jax's mother that her son died. Martin was also a very caring man, who had taken issue when confronting his rather arrogant and selfish younger-self, who he personally verbally skewered, informing him that his wife was the most important achievement of his life. This shows how much Martin had changed over time. While loving his family (i.e. his wife), Martin originally had reservations about becoming a parent, mainly stemming from how poorly his father (apparently) was to him. However, upon meeting his daughter Lily (who did not exist prior to temporal alterations) was overwhelmed by emotions. While he described from his new memories that he loved her, he initially tried to keep her at a distance in an attempt to convince himself that her existence was not real. However, upon meeting her and working alongside her, he came to fully accept his feelings for her as genuine. To which, as he continues to gain more memories of raising Lily, he became more fond and glad of his accident with the timeline. His love for her was so great that he attempted to hide the truth about her existence from the team, fearing that their knowledge of her being a time alteration would make them undo the changes. Overall, while Martin had a deep appreciation for maintaining the natural course of events and not intentionally altering them, he was able to accept the unique benefits of accidental changes, showing that his compassion for others can go beyond rationality. To which, he proved himself to not be a hypocrite as upon learning of Barry Allen from the year 2056 altering time, he did not criticize the present Barry for his actions. Martin was known for his extreme loyalty, often putting the safety of his loved ones above all else, often going to unique extremes in order to protect those closest to his heart. In his older age, Martin prioritizes his wife, daughter, and Jax above all else, with Jax being as close as family to him due to their bond of not only nuclear energy but the camaraderie that borders on paternal, having openly stated on multiple occasions that he views Jefferson as a son.[40][41][44] Powers and abilities Powers Former powers Firestorm Matrix connection/Meta-human physiology: After Martin was struck by the energy of the particle accelerator explosion, this altered his DNA and supercharged his cells, augmenting his physiology into well-beyond peak human condition. When Jax merges with Martin, the two create the nuclear-powered composite being Firestorm. [15] The F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. Matrix were controlled by two individuals, or "halves"; when they achieve physical contact, the Matrix takes over their biology and merges them into a singular being. When the two halves of Firestorm merge, the Matrix has them take on the form of the individual that has the stronger body. If bereft of another half, Martin will still exhibit some of Firestorm powers, but only for a short time, as a symptom of approaching death. However, after Martin took the Firestorm Matrix cure that was created by Cisco Ramon and Harry Wells, it severed his and Jax's link; therefore he no longer had any connection to the Firestorm Matrix. Energy absorption: Firestorm has shown the ability to not only generate nuclear power but also contain the energy coming from outside sources by absorbing its output. He has done so, for example, when he absorbed the blast from Vandal Savage’s nuclear warhead and also when he short-circuited the Pentagon's alarms. As shown by Martin, while separated, he is still able to passively absorb energy, albeit on a smaller scale and with a greater strain for himself. It appears that it takes a great deal of time and concentration to trigger the absorption of energy, as shown as when he was unable to absorb a blast of the Flash's lightning when it was launched at him. Matter transmutation: While fighting Nazis in 1944, Jax and Martin discovered that their nuclear powers can manipulate matter at an atomic level and arrange its subatomic structure so that it becomes a different substance altogether. Firestorm first used this by turning a rifle into dust by simply grabbing it. When the two minds focused, Firestorm was later able to transform a radioactive meteorite into water. Nucleokinesis: Firestorm is virtually a living reactor, and as such, creates great amounts of nuclear energy via the numerous atomic reactions constantly occurring in his body. That and his mental capacity to process both fission and fusion, allow him to harness the energy emitting from either his own body or any source of energy that’s near. Psychic link: Jefferson can hear Martin Stein's disembodied voice while the two of them are merged into Firestorm. Even when they are separated, their link allows them limited communication of sensations or emotions. This link can be so strong that if Stein wanted to prevent whoever he merged with from attacking, he can restrain the nuclear energy from being shot out. [15] Pyrokinesis: Due to the unique nature of the transmutation between the two bodies, Firestorm is able to produce nuclear energy in the form of nuclear-based fire from his body. He can use his control over the energy to project it willingly in the form of concussive blasts. These "nuclear blasts" are often shown to be quite powerful and have shown to be able to knock unarmed humans out unconscious and are hot enough to burn through solid structures and even cause harm to meta-humans. Stein has exhibited some pyrokinetic ability even without another half to join with him, though it was a sign of approaching death. [15] Flight: Firestorm has so far seen to have at least two methods to achieve flight. The first and most common is when he uses fires nuclear blasts downward at a consistent rate, thereby generating enough force to defy gravity and allow for stable propulsion. This flight style is his preferred and most practiced choice. The second method is unclear, as he is shown to be able to fly at impressive speeds without the need of his blasts. He displayed this ability when he attempted to disarm Vandal Savage's missile. How he achieved this skill or how he even does it is unclear. [15] After Martin was struck by the energy of the particle accelerator explosion, this altered his DNA and supercharged his cells, augmenting his physiology into well-beyond peak human condition. When Jax merges with Martin, the two create the nuclear-powered composite being Firestorm. The F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M. Matrix were controlled by two individuals, or "halves"; when they achieve physical contact, the Matrix takes over their biology and merges them into a singular being. When the two halves of Firestorm merge, the Matrix has them take on the form of the individual that has the stronger body. If bereft of another half, Martin will still exhibit some of Firestorm powers, but only for a short time, as a symptom of approaching death. However, after Martin took the Firestorm Matrix cure that was created by Cisco Ramon and Harry Wells, it severed his and Jax's link; therefore he no longer had any connection to the Firestorm Matrix. Abilities Genius-level intellect: From a young age, Martin showed exceptional intellect, as he skipped from 10th grade all the way to college. By age 25, he had gained two PhDs and was on his way to gaining a third, plus he was a leading expert in a field of study. Master scientist/Physicist: With 2 PhDs by the age of 25 and a leading expert in a field of study, Martin was an exceptional scientist, with particularly profound expertise and knowledge of quantum physics. He accomplished many great things in the field of science and had a table of full of awards. [5] Indeed, he was the leader of the futuristic F.I.R.E.S.T.O.R.M., which was put into practice that which has yet to be successfully done by mankind. [11] He is also especially interested in the concept of time travel and has published several papers on this topic alone, in addition to having published many more papers on other scientific fields. [10] From his time in the Legends, Martin's understanding and knowledge of time became greater than ever, being able to correctly predict how Savage could destroy the timeline. Martin was also accomplished in biology, being able to develop the gene therapy needed to revert the Manhawks back to humans. [22] Master mathematician : Martin was able to accurately calculate the three years that Earth and Thanagar would be aligned. [3] Eidetic memory: Given his extraordinary level of knowledge and understanding of physics, Martin most likely possesses an eidetic or photographic memory, which allows him to process and utilize his vast intelligence effectively. An eidetic memory would be necessary for the usage of Morse code without a codebook to create a message in an emergency situation. Yet, despite this, he always forgets his keys, and also seems to have forgotten who Eobard Thawne is. Honed senses: When they first successfully fused into Firestorm, Martin was able to detect enemy presence behind them before Ronnie Raymond could. Rabbinical knowledge: Having attended a seminary or a Jewish theological college, Martin has become a fully legitimate Rabbi, and as such, he is able to read in Hebrew and is licensed to pronounce marriage. [4] Morse code: Martin is familiar enough and able to construct morse code messages without having to look it up. [10] Multilingual: Martin is capable of fluently speaking English, Hebrew, and German. [28] From a young age, Martin showed exceptional intellect, as he skipped from 10th grade all the way to college. By age 25, he had gained two PhDs and was on his way to gaining a third, plus he was a leading expert in a field of study. Skilled hand-to-hand combatant: Martin had proven himself to be a capable hand-to-hand combatant to an unknown degree. This is seen when he managed to defeat an armed time pirate. [6] Martin had proven himself to be a capable hand-to-hand combatant to an unknown degree. This is seen when he managed to defeat an armed time pirate. Indomitable will/High tolerance for pain: Due to Martin's intellect, his mind was extremely strong. As such, he was able to overpower Ronnie for control over Ronnie's own body when they were fused due to his mind being stronger. He is likewise extremely resilient to torture, much tougher than he looked as proven when he was able to resist the torture of general Wade Eiling in order to get the secrets of Firestorm so they could weaponize it without saying a word, surprising Eiling with his resistance. [10] Martin endured similar treatment when captured by Valentina Vostok and Vandal Savage in 1986, only giving in when they threatened Ray Palmer and Mick Rory instead of himself. [20] Due to Martin's intellect, his mind was extremely strong. As such, he was able to overpower Ronnie for control over Ronnie's own body when they were fused due to his mind being stronger. He is likewise extremely resilient to torture, much tougher than he looked as proven when he was able to resist the torture of general Wade Eiling in order to get the secrets of Firestorm so they could weaponize it without saying a word, surprising Eiling with his resistance. Martin endured similar treatment when captured by Valentina Vostok and Vandal Savage in 1986, only giving in when they threatened Ray Palmer and Mick Rory instead of himself. Singing: When masquerading as Max Lorenz in 1942, Martin proved to be an exquisite singer, able to impress fans of the actual Lorenz.[29] He was also able to distract the NASA mission control with his singing.[46] Weaknesses Kinemortophobia: Martin had a crippling fear of zombies; to the point where he can't even say the term.[31] Former weaknesses Ionized radiation: The Firestorm Matrix can be destabilized by bombarding its cellular structure with ionized radiation, temporarily disabling Firestorm's powers. Though it will not separate them, it will cancel Firestorm's powers for a small amount of time. Now that Martin's powers have been neutralized he no longer has this weakness The Firestorm Matrix can be destabilized by bombarding its cellular structure with ionized radiation, temporarily disabling Firestorm's powers. Though it will not separate them, it will cancel Firestorm's powers for a small amount of time. Now that Martin's powers have been neutralized he no longer has this weakness Limited control: As Firestorm, Martin has very little control over what the Firestorm will do, unless he has the superior body of the two. If the host will have a superior body to Stein and is in control, Stein has to count on that they will separate or he will be stuck in that particular body as long as the host wants to. However, when Valentina, a mad Russian scientist who wanted to become Firestorm herself, had merged with Stein and was attacking everyone, and was even about to attack Jefferson, Stein was able to restrain her from launching a blast and was able to separate from her with help from Jefferson. Since Martin's powers have effectively been taken away by Harry and Cisco's serum, this is no longer one of his weaknesses. As Firestorm, Martin has very little control over what the Firestorm will do, unless he has the superior body of the two. If the host will have a superior body to Stein and is in control, Stein has to count on that they will separate or he will be stuck in that particular body as long as the host wants to. However, when Valentina, a mad Russian scientist who wanted to become Firestorm herself, had merged with Stein and was attacking everyone, and was even about to attack Jefferson, Stein was able to restrain her from launching a blast and was able to separate from her with help from Jefferson. Since Martin's powers have effectively been taken away by Harry and Cisco's serum, this is no longer one of his weaknesses. Prolonged separation: Martin's exposure to the dark matter explosion left his body unstable at a cellular level. Over time, Martin's body will continue to weaken from the build-up of radiation until it eventually kills him. Only by periodically merging with another meta-human of compatible nature can he restore his health and become stabilized while separated until the next needed merge. Thanks to Cisco's Firestorm cure, this is no longer a weakness of Martin's. Equipment Former equipment Power cane: During the search for a new host for the Firestorm Matrix, Cisco Ramon created a cane using parts from a Speed Force battery to stabilize Martin's condition. However, as the battery's power drained over time, the device became useless. Appearances The Flash DC's Legends of Tomorrow Supergirl Season 1 Season 3 Vixen Season 2 Arrow Season 5 Season 6 Season 8 " Fadeout " (pictured; as Firestorm) The Chronicles of Cisco (mentioned) (mentioned) (mentioned) Gallery Promotional images DC's Legends of Tomorrow Season 1 Trivia Behind the scenes In the DC comics, Dr. Martin Stein became one half of the nuclear superhero Firestorm when he was combined with Ronnie Raymond after an explosion at a nuclear facility. Similar to how the Flash tapped into the Speed Force for his powers, Firestorm used the Firestorm Matrix to transmute elements. After Ronnie's death, a young African-American named Jason Rusch took his place. References
Belfast Cromac (UK Parliament constituency) Cromac, a division of Belfast, was a UK parliamentary constituency in Ireland. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1922, using the first past the post electoral system. Boundaries and Boundary Changes The constituency was created by the Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918 and comprised the western half of South Belfast, and contained the then Cromac and Windsor wards of Belfast Corporation. Prior to the 1918 general election and after the dissolution of Parliament in 1922 the area was part of the Belfast South constituency. Politics The constituency was a predominantly Unionist area, with some Labour support. In the 1918 election Sinn Féin came a poor third. First Dáil After the 1918 election, Sinn Féin invited all those elected for constituencies in Ireland to sit as TDs in Dáil Éireann rather than in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. All those elected for Irish constituencies were included in the roll of the Dáil but only those elected for Sinn Féin sat in the First Dáil. In May 1921, the Dáil passed a resolution declaring that elections to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland would be used as the election for the Second Dáil and that the First Dáil would be dissolved on the assembly of the new body. The area of Belfast Cromac was then represented in the Dáil by the four-seat constituency of Belfast South, which also returned no representatives for Sinn Féin. Members of Parliament Election References Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume III 1919–1945, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (The Harvester Press 1979) (Information about boundaries of the constituency derived from the map of Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies (in force from 1921) and the wards included in the Belfast UK Parliament seats (in force 1922) for which see Northern Ireland Parliamentary Election Results 1921–1972, by Sydney Elliott (Political Reference Publications 1973) and Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1972) respective See also List of UK Parliament Constituencies in Ireland and Northern Ireland List of MPs elected in the 1918 United Kingdom general election Historic Dáil constituencies Members of the 1st Dáil Cromac Category:Dáil constituencies in Northern Ireland (historic) Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1918 Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1922
My Credo I consider myself a Christian, a product of the Protestant Reformation. I agree with most of the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647). I've never met anyone who agrees with everything it says. How much agreement is necessary to be "truly reformed?" My credo probably tests the limits. For all intents and purposes, the Protestant Reformation is dead. I believe it had tremendous good effects, but it is no longer "the salt of the earth." Less than one person in a thousand could say anything meaningful about John Calvin or Martin Luther and their contributions to Western Civilization. We're in a new "dark ages." I believe it's time for another Reformation. And He will judge between many peoples And render decisions for mighty, distant nations. Then they will hammer theirswords into plowshares And their spears into pruning hooks; Nation will not lift up sword against nation And never again will they train for war. And each of them will sit under his Vine andunder hisfig tree, With no one to make them afraid. For the LORD of hosts has spoken. Micah's vision animated America's Founding Fathers. It must do so again. In the 20th century, secular empires have murdered an average of 10,000 people per day, every single day during the last century. In America, an additional 4,000 babies are killed every day, many times more in China and the "former" Soviet Union. Literally billions of people in our day are separated from the Gospel by tyrannical atheistic or Muslim governments. Christians are anesthetized by complacency and self-indulgence. Despite the obvious need for a new Reformation, I am sometimes asked about my conformity to the tenets of the old Reformation. What follows is a short summary of each chapter of the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647) with appropriate links to my webpages below. But first, here is an outline of my most obvious agreements and disagreements, with links to the Extended Discussion below: I do not believe that Sunday is "the Sabbath." Seems to me that it should still be the seventh day. The eighth-day/first-day is the day of Resurrection, but not rest. But I do not know for sure if we are today required to observe one day of rest out of seven, whichever day that is, or whether we are in a perpetual sabbath rest. Because I believe an oath must be made in the name of the Lord and cannot be "secular," the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied me a license to practice law in California, which now requires a secular oath. Details here. This is unquestionably one of the most controversial parts of "my credo." I believe socialism in all forms is immoral. I am very consistent in my opposition to socialism and defense of capitalism. This offends many people, who believe "the State" has the right to steal from Jones to give a subsidy to Smith, or to bomb a country "back to the Stone Age" in order to help XYZ Corporation build an oil pipeline. Most people will write me off as an "anarchist" without reading the links below. I do not believe in anything that resembles the Roman Catholic Church. In my opinion most "reformed churches" are essentially Roman. Given the irrelevance of the Confession in light of contemporary statism and mass murder (chap. 23), it is remarkable that the rest of the Confession -- 25% of the total chapters -- deals with ecclesiastical concerns. For all intents and purposes I am a "preterist." I think the prooftexts used by the Westminster Confession apply to events in AD70. I simply don't know what exactly will happen to any individual upon death. It doesn't matter to me, as I believe God is more merciful and more just than I can imagine. I am confident no alleged prophetic events (rapture, second coming, etc.) will happen in my lifetime. I believe it would be sinful to act as though "the second coming" had not already occurred. Quite candidly there are many parts of the Westminster Standards that I think are more important than many chapters of the Confession itself. The Confession's latter chapters on ecclesiology and eschatology are defective, and the chapters on the "ordo salutis," while correct, are not as relevant in the 21st century as, say, the exposition of the Ten Commandments in the Larger Catechism, particularly the political application of the Sixth and Eighth Commandments. Much eschatological confusion could be clarified by ridding Christendom of the anti-christ doctrine of Christ's postponed Kingship as discussed in qq. 42-45 of the Larger Catechism. I would also add that I feel the Anabaptists were more consistent reformers (and therefore less Romanist) than the "magisterial reformers." A Chapter by Chapter Summary of the Primary Teachings of the Westminster Confession of Faith Prepared by James E. Bordwine, Th.D. I will check this column if I am in basic agreement with the Confession. I will explain my convictions and admit my differences in this column. Parts of the Confession that I question are in yellow. Parts that I'm sure I disagree with are in red. 3. The Scripture's infallible authority depends solely upon the fact that God is its author, and only as the Holy Spirit bears witness by and with the Word in our hearts will we become fully persuaded of this truth. 1. Although God has unchangeably foreordained whatsoever comes to pass and has predestinated some men and angels unto everlasting life and others to everlasting death, He has done so without becoming the author of sin or doing violence to the will of His creatures. 2. Those of mankind whom God has predestinated unto life have been chosen in Christ and are effectually called by His Spirit, are justified, adopted, sanctified and kept by His power; the rest of mankind, from whom God has withheld His mercy, have been ordained to dishonor and wrath for their sin. 1. The providence of God, whereby he governs all creatures and actions, extends to the first fall and all other sins of angels and men so that His own holy ends are accomplished; yet He is neither the author nor approver of sin. 2. Because they were the root of all mankind, the guilt of this sin was imputed to all their posterity, along with the corruption of their nature from which proceeds all the sins which we commit. 3. This corruption of nature, though pardoned and mortified through Christ, remains in the regenerate in this life. Can a Christian be Perfect? The Confession wants to distance itself from certain groups who have claimed to be sinless. These groups have not been sinless, and they have fudged on the requirements of God's Law in order to make their claim. But this does not prove anything about the new natureof the redeemed. 1. The Mediator, in which are joined the Godhead and the manhood, was chosen and ordained by God and does, in time, redeem, call, justify, sanctify and glorify the seed given to Him from all eternity. 2. The Son of God, who was God, of one substance and equal with the Father, did take upon Him the nature of man with all of its essential properties and infirmities, yet without sin, being conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit in the womb of the virgin Mary. 3. In His role as Mediator, the Lord Jesus perfectly fulfilled the law, triumphed over death by His resurrection, fully satisfied the justice of His Father and purchased reconciliation and an everlasting inheritance for all those whom the Father has given to Him. 4. All of those for whom redemption was purchased, including the elect who lived before the incarnation, have its benefits applied to them by Christ working through His Word and Spirit. 2. This process is incomplete in this life and remnants of sin remain; nevertheless, the working of the Spirit of Christ enables the regenerate to overcome and experience growth in his pursuit of holiness. 1. The law given to Adam, by which he and his posterity were bound to absolute obedience, continued to be a perfect rule of righteousness even after the fall and was delivered by God in the form of the ten commandments. 1. The only acceptable way of worshiping God is that given in the Scriptures and requires the mediation of Christ. 2. The ordinary parts of worship include prayer, the reading of the Scriptures, the sound preaching and conscionable hearing of the Word, the singing of psalms and the proper administration of the sacraments (to these may be added oaths, vows, fastings and thanksgivings upon special occasions). 3. According to the commandment of God, which binds all men in all ages, one day in seven is to be kept holy unto Him during which men are to engage in the worship of God and the performance of deeds of necessity and mercy. I realize that this position sounds nutty for a Christian. But nowhere in the Bible does God command human beings to form "the State," and everything "the State" does is a violation of God's Law. There is no legitimate function of "the civil magistrate" which God prohibits "the Free Market" from undertaking. It's time for a paradigm shift. Those three links contain links to hundreds of webpages. This is, in my view, the most significant issue of our day. The issue is capitalism vs. socialism, life or death. 2. Although civil magistrates are forbidden to encroach upon the authority of the Church, they are obligated to protect the Church so that she may freely discharge her duties, without giving preference to any particular denomination of Christians. 3. The people are obligated to pray for and obey the magistrates regardless of the magistrates' religious orientation. 1. The invisible Church is composed of the whole number of the elect; the visible Church is composed of all those who profess the true religion, along with their children. 2. It is the duty of the visible Church to gather and perfect the saints. 3. The purity of particular Churches is determined by the manner in which they handle the Gospel, administer the sacraments and perform public worship. 4. Jesus Christ is the alone head of the Church. I disagree with nothing thus far stated (in the summary at left), but our meanings diverge significantly. I am for all intents and purposes "anti-church." {6}Nor can the pope of Rome, in any sense, be head thereof: but is that Antichrist, that man of sin, and son of perdition, that exalteth himself, in the Church, against Christ and all that is called God.[o] [o] Matt 23:8-10; 2 Thess. 2:3,4,8-9; Rev. 13:6 As we enter the 21st century, we recognize that this teaching of the confession is utterly wrong. The "orthodox" position in "reconstructionist" circles is the preterist interpretation. 1. Through the sacrament of baptism, which signifies the engrafting of the believer into Christ, and which is rightly administered by the pouring or sprinkling of water, the party is admitted into the visible Church. 2. All who profess faith in Christ, and their infant children, are to be baptized. Paedobaptism is more Biblical than professors'-only baptism. 3. Even though grace and salvation are not inseparably attached to the sacrament of baptism nor to the moment of its administration, that which is signified will be conferred by the Holy Spirit to all to whom it is due at the appointed time. 1. Synods and councils ought to be convened occasionally as the good of the Church requires. 2. The determinations of synods and councils, which are ecclesiastical in nature, ought to be received as long as they are in agreement with the Word of God; however, it should be remembered that all such assemblies are subject to error.
When President Donald Trump fired FBI Director James Comey back in May, his administration at first offered a laughably implausible pretext. The claim was that Comey’s ouster had nothing to do with the Russia investigation, and that Trump was merely accepting the Justice Department’s recommendation to fire Comey because he had been too tough on Hillary Clinton in the email investigation. But that wasn’t the initial story. The New York Times’ Michael Schmidt and Maggie Haberman report that Trump and White House aide Stephen Miller first drafted a different letter recommending Comey’s firing — a letter that White House counsel Don McGahn blocked because he found it to be “problematic.” It’s not yet known what, exactly, the letter said or why the White House counsel found it to be so troublesome. But the Washington Post’s Rosalind Helderman, Carol Leonnig, and Ashley Parker report that it is several pages long and mentions “Trump’s frustration that Comey was unwilling to say publicly that Trump was not personally under investigation in the FBI’s inquiry into Russian meddling in the 2016 election.” According to both outlets, the letter has been turned over to special counsel Robert Mueller — who is already reportedly investigating Trump for obstruction of justice. The letter could well provide evidence that the White House was deliberately trying to mislead the public about why Comey was fired, though whether that rises to the level of obstruction isn’t clear. But we learned long ago that the administration’s first explanation for the firing was a sham — from no less a person than President Trump himself. Only two days after the firing, Trump said in a nationally televised interview that he had made up his mind to get rid of Comey regardless of what his Justice Department recommended, and that the Russia investigation was on his mind when he made that decision. “Regardless of [the Justice Department’s] recommendation, I was going to fire Comey. Knowing there was no good time to do it! And in fact when I decided to just do it I said to myself, I said, ‘You know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story, it’s an excuse by the Democrats for having lost an election that they should’ve won,’” Trump explained. The stunning admission, paired with a series of leaked reports that Trump privately asked for Comey’s loyalty and asked him to drop an investigation into Michael Flynn, spurred Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to appoint Robert Mueller as a special counsel in charge of the Russia probe.
Q: Recursive DFS shortest path implementation not working as expected For a university assignment we have to implement a recursive naive shortest path algorithm for a weighted graph. It should check all the routes, and from that we can find the shortest. We have been working on a Python script for a lot of time now, but we cannot get it to work properly. This is what we have now: import numpy as np global paths paths = [] class Path: def __init__(self): self.NodeArray = []; self.Weight = 0; def vindpaden(start,end,pad): pad.NodeArray.append(start) print "path so far: " + str(pad.NodeArray) global paths print "Start:" + str(start) + ", " + "end: " + str(end) if start == end: print "returning" paths.append(pad) else: for j in range(len(graph)): if (j not in pad.NodeArray) and graph[start][j] != -1: newpaths = vindpaden(j,end,pad) graph = np.loadtxt("input2.txt") graph = graph.astype(int) start = 0 end = 1 path = Path() vindpaden(start,end,path) print "###### results:" for p in paths: print "length: " + str(p.Weight) + ", path: " + str(p.NodeArray) We are using an adjacency matrix as input. For testing, we are using the simple testing graph: With the following adjacency matrix (where -1 means no connection): -1 -1 1 -1 3 -3 -1 -1 2 2 -1 1 -1 2 -1 -1 This results in the following output: path so far: [0] Start:0, end: 1 path so far: [0, 2] Start:2, end: 1 path so far: [0, 2, 1] Start:1, end: 1 returning path so far: [0, 2, 1, 3] Start:3, end: 1 ###### length: 0, path: [0, 2, 1, 3] So you can see it finds a path from point 0 to point 1 via 2, after that it should add the path [0,2,1] to the array paths and continue looking for paths from point 2. Instead, it return the (incorrect) path [0,2,1,3]. In the end, the only path in the array paths is [0,2,1,3], which is also strange. This is what we expect the output to be: path so far: [0] Start:0, end: 1 path so far: [0, 2] Start:2, end: 1 path so far: [0, 2, 1] Start:1, end: 1 returning path so far: [0, 2, 3] Start:3, end: 1 path so far: [0 ,2, 3, 1] Start:1, end: 1 returning ###### length: 0, path: [0, 2, 1] length: 0, path: [0, 2, 3, 1] Please note that we are not using the property weight at this moment. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Jim A: It looks like your issue is that you are only ever create a single instance of Path(), which results in that instance's NodeArray getting corrupted. What I think is happens is as follows: You get to the point where the NodeArray contains [0, 2, 1]. The function detects that it has reached the target, and thus goes back to the most recent node to check the rest of the potential paths. Going from node 2, the next node after 1 is 3, so 3 is added to the NodeArray list. Because the list hasn't been cleared, the new node (3) is just added to the end, resulting in [0, 2, 1, 3]. Now, because 1 is already in your current NodeArray, the if statement if (j not in pad.NodeArray) and graph[start][j] != -1: fails and the function stops. I think what you need to do is to create a new Path() every time you call vindpaden(), and copy the current Path's NodeArray into the new Path.
The disclosed invention is a particulate material which aids and assists recovery from trauma to bones. Consider two or three examples which set forth the context in which the material is used. As one example, assume that a bone has been partially broken away. The material of this disclosure enables the bone to be filled with the material wherein subsequent bone growth occurs in the process of integrating the particulate material into the bone. As another example, the material can be used to fill an extraction socket to prevent bone resorption. This can be true whether the extraction socket results from partial or complete removal of the tooth that was previously there. Moreover, the material can be used to pack into a minor bone defect or in filling a portion of a bone removed by injury or as a result of disease. Consider as another possibility the use of the present material in bone repair or replacement. This is particularly important for bones which have not been merely fractured but which have been shattered into multiple pieces. In particularly violent accidents, there is a possibility of bone shattering i.e., when the bone is broken into many pieces or chips. When the orthopaedic repair process is initiated, the bone which has been shattered into multiple chips and pieces may require substantial remedial repair which initially begins with locating some or all the bone chips to reposition them for the repair. This is difficult, and sometimes impossible. In some accidents, the bone chips simply cannot be located. Repositioning a multiplicity of randomly shaped retrieved bone chips may be difficult. For instance, in shattering accidents, some of the chips may be so badly displaced or lost that it is impossible to reposition all the bone chips as a preliminary step to repair of the injury. Imagine as an example that a shattering injury occurs to the tibia whereupon certain of the chips in the central portion of the tibia are missing. At the time of reconstruction, it is helpful to reposition the bone chips (to the degree they are available) so that the repaired tibia has the same length (upon healing) as before the injury. In the absence of such bone chips, the healing process hopefully involves a growing together of the two ends of the bone to span such chips as can be found. This is not necessarily an assured healing process. Moreover, it also requires that the bone chips be held in a substantially prealigned position in advance of the completion of the healing process; this also is somewhat chancy, and may well involve undue optimism in the positioning of the chips and the holding of that position, sometimes for weeks or months, as the healing process continues. So to speak, the remaining ends of the bone and the chips spanning the space between the ends of the bone must knit together ultimately to provide a healed bone. During the interim, some of the chips may be "floating" in position hopefully to be assimilated by the healing process. This requires excessively long immobilization of the limb, all to the inconvenience of the patient. This disclosure is directed to a particulate material which can be used in bone repair. Assume in the foregoing example that the tibia is fractured in such a way as to be missing bone chips in a span of six or eight centimeters (for an adult). The healing process contemplated using the material of this disclosure then involves positioning the two ends of the tibia at the necessary spacing for healing to full length. Moreover, a few of the bone chips may be located and placed in the gap. To the degree that the chips cannot be found, the voids and cavities left in the reassembled chips are filled with the particulate material of this disclosure. Moreover, adjacent chips are reassembled with the particulate material of this disclosure between chips to enhance regrowth in the healing process. The material of this disclosure is integrated into the healed bone structure so that the chips grow together, even growing through the material of this disclosure. To this end, the repair material set forth below is porous to enable bone to grow through the material. Healing is thereby accelerated because there is no gap between adjacent chips. Moreover, healing appears to be accelerated with less discomfort to the patient, this being achieved through reduced immobilization. Additionally, the healing process appears to be enhanced because the region of the healed bone involving the particulate material appears stronger. That is, it is stronger in that it is a composite of a bone (substantially calcium) and includes a supportive connected matrix of the particulate material of this disclosure. In that sense, the composite structure appears much stronger. The present material is inert and does not appear to trigger rejection mechanisms. That is, the material is inert and remains in location, in tact, all during the healing process and is thus structurally integrated in the complete bone. Thus, it is described as free of body rejection mechanisms. The material is inert to the calcium deposited by the body in the healing process. That is, the calcium which knits the injured bone into a healed structure assimilates this material whereby the completed structure is enhanced in strength where joinder has occured. The growth appears normal in the sense that the bone grows (heals) in the conventional fashion. When the healing process is completed, to the extent that any of the particulate material of this disclosure is located in the region where the bone marrow once was, that portion will simply comprise bone marrow having this material comingled therein.
The broad, long-term objective of the proposed research is understanding of the sequence determinants of protein structure and function. A genetics-intensive approach is proposed, focused on bacteriophage T4 lysozyme as a model system. Specific aims include: 1 . Isolating revertants of T4 lysozyme mutants bearing deleterious single amino acid substitutions, screening for secondary site revertants among them, and sequencing verified second-site revertants. 2. Characterizing selected mutant lysozymes with regard to stability in vivo and in vitro, purification, and catalytic activity; in collaboration with others, determining their structures. 3. Studying the involvement of two parts of the lysozyme molecule in catalysis: the previously implicated residue AsP20, the nature of whose mechanistic contribution is now called into question; and a substructure, located in the large domain, identified in previous studies, that appears to provide structural stabilization of the key catalytic residue Glu11. Lysozymes bearing substitutions in these positions will be purified, and their catalytic properties (affinity for substrate, catalytic efficiency) will be determined in kinetic experiments. The functional properties of proteins are determined by their three-dimensional structures, which in turn are determined by the sequences of their polypeptide subunits. Knowledge of the rules by which sequences of amino acids fold into unique structures, would greatly aid in the design of new proteins, as well as modification of existing ones, to serve as exquisitely specific antigens or therapeutic agents.
Eat Breakfast Every Day. One habit that's common to many people who have lost weight and kept it off is eating breakfast every day. "Many people think skipping breakfast is a great way to cut calories, but they usually end up eating more throughout the day, says Elizabeth Ward, MS, RD, author of The Pocket Idiot's Guide to the New Food Pyramids. "Studies show people who eat breakfast have lower BMIs than breakfast-skippers and perform better, whether at school or in the boardroom." Try a bowl of whole-grain cereal topped with fruit and low-fat dairy for a quick and nutritious start to your day. Menarche, the onset of menstruation, occurs on average at age 12-13. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a girl's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity,[11] bat mitzvah in Judaism, or even just the custom of a special celebration for a certain birthday (generally between 12 and 21), like the quinceañera of Latin America. Petey’s Bing Beverage serves up an extra boost of energy from taurine (1000mg), an amino acid you’ll find in many of the sporty energy drinks due to its ability to improve athletic performance. A recent study in the Journal of Cardiology found participants who supplemented with 500 mg of taurine three times daily for two weeks, were able to significantly increase exercise distance. In addition to the 1000mg taurine, you’ll get a healthy dose of polyphenols from the bing cherries, which research suggests can reduce inflammation and improve cardiovascular health. A month-long clinical trial published in the Journal of Nutrition saw a 21 percent reduction in inflammation markers among men and women who supplemented their diets with bing cherries. (By the way, taurine is probably fine in small doses, but chug too much and the picture becomes less clear.) While the feminist movement has certainly promoted the importance of the issues attached to female education the discussion is wide-ranging and by no means narrowly defined. It may include, for example, HIV/AIDS education.[1] Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries. In some Western countries, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.[2] That doesn’t mean you should take up a coffee habit if you don’t already have one. “It’s a mild stimulant and too much can cause jitters and heart palpitations,” Cording points out. “You want to hit that sweet spot but don’t want to overdo it.” She recommends having less than 400 milligrams of caffeine a day (which translates to about four eight-ounce cups of coffee) to see results. According to the editorial staff at WebMD, drinking ice cold water helps boost your metabolism because your body has to work harder to warm the water up, therefore burning more calories and helping you to lose weight. Plus, ice cold water is just so much more refreshing than water that’s room temperature. Our new 32 oz. Stainless Steel Wide Mouth Water Bottles merge style with functionality and can ultimately give you the tools you need to start losing weight and boosting your metabolism. Life without bacon and cheese sounds harsh, but your hips will thank you. Vegan diets beat out semi-vegetarian, pescatarian (fish), and omnivorous (meat and plant foods) diets, according to recent research. In fact, after six months, dieters lost more than twice the weight compared to the other groups. But you can't nix all animal products and call it a day—quality matters. "I see it a lot: two vegans, one is really healthy and the other is really unhealthy," says Pamela Salzman, an LA-based cooking instructor and holistic health counselor. "You can eat potato chips all day and that's a vegan diet," she says. If you're going vegan, focus on those complex carbs, produce, healthy fats, and whole soy foods; skip processed junk, even if it's vegan. lose weight fast women Not much of a coffee drinker? Tea is also a natural diuretic, and types of herbal tea such as dandelion or fennel root can also lend a hand. In fact: When a recent study compared the metabolic effect of green tea (in extract) with that of a placebo, researchers found that the green-tea drinkers burned about 70 additional calories in a 24-hour period. best weight loss plan Food for thought: While it’s debatable that this diet is comprised of foods even remotely similar to what our ancestors ate, cutting sugar and processed foods is never a bad thing, experts agree. However, some experts criticize the diet for being nutritionally incomplete by unnecessarily eliminating dairy, legumes and whole grains, which provide essential nutrients. This diet has some big guys behind it: The National Institutes of Health recommends TLC (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes) for lowering your cholesterol and reducing your risk of heart disease—especially if you have risk factors like being a woman who is 55 or older, have a family history, or have high blood pressure. Following the diet—low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and focused on fiber—can lower your "bad" LDL cholesterol by 20 to 30 percent and allow you to take a smaller dose of cholesterol-lowering medication, the NIH reports. It's a one-time investment you'll never regret. Here's why: Strength training builds lean muscle tissue, which burns more calories — at work or at rest — 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The more lean muscle you have, the faster you'll slim down. How do you start strength training? Try some push-ups or a few squats or lunges. Use your free weights to perform simple bicep curls or tricep pulls right in your home or office. Do these exercises three to four times per week, and you'll soon see a rapid improvement in your physique. weight loss plan The call wrapped up, and I was so grateful that someone had reached out in such a selfless way. Here's the thing all doctors can learn from Dr. Peeke: Whether you're talking about weight loss or depression, the story makes a difference. And when a doctor dismissively says, "Eat 1,200 calories" without knowing if you've had an eating disorder or great stress around food, that can be exceptionally damaging. When mommy wants to look her finest, she turns to a diet that consists solely of this mega mint detox water. Her kids will also learn to love the lively drink. The orange and lemon base forms a one-of-a-kind tanginess. Together, these citrus fruits focus on fixing the foundation of the digestive system. In the same process, mint leaves ease stomach aches, menstrual cramps and gas pains. All painful sensations can subside while healing takes place. The mint can be applied liberally, and the recipe calls for at least 10 separate leaves. They can be broken into tiny pieces to activate full flavor! Whether you’re addicted to your local juice bar or pick up a bottle or two at the grocery store, you should know that even the most natural juices are loaded with sugar. A glass of 100 percent grape juice has nine teaspoons of sugar, a glass of 100 percent orange juice has six teaspoons, and a glass of 100 percent apple juice has seven teaspoons. (Actually, sugar can crop up in a lot of unexpected places. Check out the 10 kid’s meals that have more sugar than a can of Pepsi.) Women's health refers to health issues specific to human female anatomy. There are some diseases that primarily affect women, such as lupus. Also, there are some sex-related illnesses that are found more frequently or exclusively in women, e.g., breast cancer, cervical cancer, or ovarian cancer. Women and men may have different symptoms of an illness and may also respond to medical treatment differently. This area of medical research is studied by gender-based medicine.[35] Talk about heart ache: high blood pressure stresses arteries, and can make you more susceptible to heart disease. To eat to lower your blood pressure, you just need to focus on heart-healthy bites. The American Heart Association recommends loading up on fruits, veggies, whole grains, low- or non-fat dairy, beans, lean meats, and fish. Bonus: no one's ever gotten fat eating more kale and beans. As changes in the labor market for women came about, availability of employment changed from only "dirty", long hour factory jobs to "cleaner", more respectable office jobs where more education was demanded, women's participation in the U.S. labor force rose from 6% in 1900 to 23% in 1923. These shifts in the labor force led to changes in the attitudes of women at work, allowing for the revolution which resulted in women becoming career and education oriented.[citation needed] With every glass, this spa water is sure to refresh and rehydrate you. All it takes is one cinnamon stick and a red apple. This is all it takes to put together one of the finest detox water recipes known to women. Children especially adore these kinds of brews. As such, the weight-loss powers extend to all ages. The tastiness does not hurt this drinks positive reputation either. It is uniquely suited for the colder seasons, and it garners plenty of holiday cheer. Both of the essential components within this beverage automatically act as appetite suppressants, so snacking ceases to exist. The study began with 609 relatively healthy overweight and obese people, and 481 completed the whole year. For the first month, everyone did what they usually did. Then, for the next eight weeks, the low-fat group reduced their total fat intake to 20 grams per day, and the low-carb group reduced their total carbohydrate intake to 20 grams per day. These are incredibly restricted amounts, considering that there are 26 grams of carbs in the yogurt drink I’m enjoying as I write this, and 21 grams of fat in my half of the dark chocolate bar my husband and I split for dessert last night. The total fertility rate (TFR) - the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime — differs significantly between different regions of the world. In 2016, the highest estimated TFR was in Niger (6.62 children born per woman) and the lowest in Singapore (0.82 children/woman).[69] While most Sub-Saharan African countries have a high TFR, which creates problems due to lack of resources and contributes to overpopulation, most Western countries currently experience a sub replacement fertility rate which may lead to population ageing and population decline. Interested in following a more historical approach to eating? The Primal Blueprint is similar to the Paleo diet, which has roots in how our long-ago ancestors supposedly ate. This plan ditches grain, sugars, and processed foods while focusing on clean eating with plenty of protein (both animal- and plant-based), lots of vegetables, fruits, and healthy fats. The Primal Blueprint acknowledges other health factors too, advocating for lots of low-intensity activity, some high-intensity exercise, strength training, and plenty of sleep. The "all meat all the time" low-carb approach or strict veganism can be great options for people who thrive on clear diet rules (and those two are actually the most popular diets out there) but these extremes are not for everyone. If you prefer more of a moderate approach, the Flexitarian diet is the clear winner. The "flexible vegetarian" mindset allows you a healthy balance of plant-based foods, responsibly sourced meats, and quality fats. The best part? It's not super restrictive, so you have plenty of nutritious food options. (Start here: How to Adopt a Flexitarian Diet) When people ask me about Bukowski, I usually say, just try reading some. There is no one quite like him. The first time I read him, as a college student in the sixties, I was astonished that anyone so depraved could be so literate. As down-and-out as Jim Thompson, but with more booze and explicit, matter-of-fact sex. But for Bukowski, it's not so much about the sex as about the relationships (mostly unsatisfactory), and about the hard vicissitudes in the life of a marginally celebrated author and poet. Above all, Bukowski is funny. Jump up ^ Used in Middle English from c. 1300, meaning 'a child of either sex, a young person'. Its derivation is uncertain, perhaps from an Old English word which has not survived: another theory is that it developed from Old English 'gyrela', meaning 'dress, apparel': or was a diminutive form of a borrowing from another West Germanic Language. (Middle Low German has Gör, Göre, meaning 'girl or small child'.) "girl, n.". OED Online. September 2013. Oxford University Press. 13 September 2013 best diet to lose weight This high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carb fad diet sends the body into a state of ketosis, in which the body uses stored fat for energy. Research published in Clinical Cardiology suggests the ketogenic, or “keto,” diet can be an effective weight-loss method, but to be successful, you must follow the plan consistently with no cheat days — otherwise, you’re just eating a high-fat diet that may be high in unhealthy fats for no reason. (1) Sure, you certainly need to drink plenty of water to help expedite the process of ridding your body of excess sodium, you can (and should!) also consume high-water content foods. Reach for cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelon, asparagus, grapes, celery, artichokes, pineapple, and cranberries — all of which contain diuretic properties that will also help you stay full due to their higher fiber content. In many parts of the world, there has been a change in family structure over the past few decades. For instance, in the West, there has been a trend of moving away from living arrangements that include the extended family to those which only consist of the nuclear family. There has also been a trend to move from marital fertility to non-marital fertility. Children born outside marriage may be born to cohabiting couples or to single women. While births outside marriage are common and fully accepted in some parts of the world, in other places they are highly stigmatized, with unmarried mothers facing ostracism, including violence from family members, and in extreme cases even honor killings.[70][71] In addition, sex outside marriage remains illegal in many countries (such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[72] Afghanistan,[73][74] Iran,[74] Kuwait,[75] Maldives,[76] Morocco,[77] Oman,[78] Mauritania,[79] United Arab Emirates,[80][81] Sudan,[82] and Yemen[83]). When it comes to weight loss, this DIY detox water sets the gold standard for efficiency. The central ingredient is apple cider vinegar. An added bonus of this brew is the inadvertent generations of flawless skin. It treats acne problems and complexion issues automatically. Also, apples help people feel full for a longer period of time, which makes dieting a much easier feat. Similarly, cinnamon is also used to speed up metabolism and halt consumption cravings. By burning excess sugars, this spicy addition to the mix prevents fat storage from occurring. Lemons add fierce flair to this flavorful remedy! You don’t have to like cucumbers to fall madly in love with this unencumbered cucumber detox water. All of the rehydrating properties of this grand garden vegetable are masked under a guise of lively lemon and mystifying mint. These two inclusions add plenty of sweetness without resorting to the unnecessary contamination of artificial sugars. This refined beverage is typically reserved for classy spa environments, but it can be enjoyed anywhere on the move. For a full day of drinks, the recipe calls for 10 mint leaves, 1 wedged lemon and 1 sliced cucumber. Everything is collected within a sealed vial for chilled overnight storage. “Intermittent fasting can be really challenging if you have an ever-changing schedule,” adds Hultin. “If you're traveling and crossing time zones, it could be very difficult to follow. It might be best for people with more stability in their lives.” Intermittent fasting isn’t safe for people with type 2 diabetes, children, pregnant or lactating women, or anyone with a history of an eating disorder. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 5/25/18) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 5/25/18). Your California Privacy Rights. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Condé Nast. The best diet is the one we can maintain for life and is only one piece of a healthy lifestyle. People should aim to eat high-quality, nutritious whole foods, mostly plants (fruits and veggies), and avoid flours, sugars, trans fats, and processed foods (anything in a box). Everyone should try to be physically active, aiming for about two and a half hours of vigorous activity per week. For many people, a healthy lifestyle also means better stress management, and perhaps even therapy to address emotional issues that can lead to unhealthy eating patterns. When you feel that mid-afternoon energy lull take hold, you may want to reach for something sugary in hopes of a pick-me-up. Instead, Wright recommends sipping a green tea, which contains antioxidants that may increase fat burning and quells hunger. She also says that if you’re taking omega 3 supplements, now is the perfect time to do it. “They’re fat, so along with the tea, they’ll help tide you over until dinner,” she says. This high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carb fad diet sends the body into a state of ketosis, in which the body uses stored fat for energy. Research published in Clinical Cardiology suggests the ketogenic, or “keto,” diet can be an effective weight-loss method, but to be successful, you must follow the plan consistently with no cheat days — otherwise, you’re just eating a high-fat diet that may be high in unhealthy fats for no reason. (1) For a richer approach to detoxifying, you cannot surpass the diverse qualities of this renowned recipe. While it relies on the industry standard of lemon and cucumber, this is clearly only just the start. Frozen cranberries are integrated to rebuild the kidneys and restore the urinary tract. A more complete detox experience is generated by the rich presence of cilantro and Italian parsley. Unless you are a diehard dieter, this drink may be hard to consume. Still, it is definitely worth the effort. If your mouth can stomach it, then your stomach definitely can too. Just anticipate the unrepentantly spicy sourness! Transform into a picturesque beauty! Every girl deserves a radiant sheen. Here is a detox blend that will do the trick for any lady’s skin situation. Hefty amounts of apples will synthesize collagen to repair the skin naturally. The strawberries tamp down on carcinogenic influences to maintain clarity in complexion and health. Mint aids every part of the stomach, and it provides fresh breath and confidence. Cinnamon creates intense heat for rapid metabolism and calorie depletion. Finally, the lemon juice staves off constipation, which prevents poisons from staying in the system long enough to express themselves through imperfect skin and unnecessary bloating. Just because Katz is not one to abandon his scientific compass under duress of passion does not mean he is without passion, or unmoved by it in his own ways. The subjects of media headlines and popular diet books are dark places for Katz. "It’s not just linguistic, I really at times feel like crying, when I think about that we’re paying for ignorance with human lives," he told me. "At times, I hate the people with alphabet soup after their names who are promising the moon and the stars with certainty. I hate knowing that the next person is already rubbing his or her hands together with the next fad to make it on the bestseller list." You may feel trendy with a bottle of vitamin-enhanced water in your hand, but that brightly-hued liquid probably isn’t improving your health. Most vitamin-infused H20 is just colored sugar water with some vitamins tossed in—bad news when you consider that Americans take in about 355 calories of added sugar every day. If you want vitamins, get them from vitamin supplements or, better yet, from whole foods (wild salmon, for example, is loaded with energy-boosting vitamin B-12). And if you want water, get it from, well, water. Nature’s beverage is calorie-free, cost-free and will take care of all your hydration needs. Organically raised cows are not subject to the same hormones and antibiotics that conventional cows are; no antibiotics for them means no antibiotics for you. Grass fed cows have been shown to have higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids (good) and two to five times more CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) than their corn and grain fed counterparts. CLA contains a group of chemicals which provides a wide variety of health benefits, including immune and inflammatory system support, improved bone mass, improved blood sugar regulation, reduced body fat, reduced risk of heart attack, and maintenance of lean body mass. Go for 2%. Skim is mostly sugar.
Q: Retrieve html using imap_fetchbody i am using imap to retrieve emails. It works fine for fine for plain text. But problem getting html, I use imap_fetchbody($connections,$email_number,1.2); but it does not work. It returns null. But if I try imap_fetchbody($connections,$email_number,1.1); which is for plain text I get * instead of html tag. I appreciate any help A: As per PHP specifications string imap_fetchbody ( resource $imap_stream , int $msg_number , string $section [, int $options = 0 ] ) Just Remember that the number should be the string not the integer thus your command would be imap_fetchbody($connections,$email_number,"1.2"); Hope this would resolve your problem
In recent years, there has been a demand for decreases in the thickness and increases in the strength of structural parts for automobiles out of consideration of global environmental problems and collision safety. In order to meet this demand, structural parts for automobiles are increasingly using high-strength steel sheet as a base material. However, when structural parts for automobiles are manufactured by press forming of a high-strength steel sheet used as a base material, forming defects in the shape of wrinkles and spring back easily develop. Therefore, it is not easy to manufacture structural parts for automobiles by press forming of high-strength steel sheets. So-called hot press working is known as a method of solving such problems. hot press working is a method of manufacturing high-strength formed articles by press forming a steel sheet which has been heated to a high-temperature range over 700° C. and then carrying out quench hardening either inside or outside the press dies. In hot press working, because forming is carried out in a high-temperature region in which the strength of a steel sheet is decreased, the above-described forming defects can be suppressed. Furthermore, it is possible to proved the formed article with a high strength by carrying out quench hardening after forming. Accordingly, hot press working can manufacture formed articles such as structural parts for automobiles having a high strength such as 1500 MPa or above, for example. Concerning hot press working, Patent Document 1, for example, discloses a steel sheet for hot press forming which is purported to make it possible to carry out successful forming without the occurrence of fractures or cracks at the time of forming by hot press working. Recently, new techniques are being proposed which make it possible to manufacture high-strength formed articles by methods other than hot press working. For example, Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for push-through bending of a metal material. In this technique, while the a heating apparatus and a cooling apparatus undergo relative movement with respect to a metal material, the metal material is locally heated by the heating apparatus, and a bending moment is imparted to a location where the resistance to deformation has been greatly decreased by heating so as to perform bending to a desired shape which is bent two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally. Quench hardening is then performed by cooling with the cooling apparatus. (In this description, this technique will be referred to as hot three-dimensional bending and direct quench). The hot three-dimensional bending and direct quench technique can efficiently manufacture a high-strength formed article with a high bending accuracy. Accordingly, the hot three-dimensional bending and direct quench technique can manufacture formed articles such as structural parts for automobiles having a high strength of the 900 MPa grade or above, for example.
Bicycle Safety: A Community Action Program From inside the book Results 1-3 of 4 Page 4No person shall operate a icyc e on any public filgfifiay, or on any square or in any park as defined in section 1%-286, in any city, town or borough, while carrying any other person thereon, except when such other person occupies a seat ... Page 8... Chief of Police Report change of address or loss The accompanying number plate has been assigned to] addressee named hereon to be used on above des- ' cribed bicycle for the year ending June 30, 19 I AnyCity, Connecticut Owner , . Page 9SIZE: This plate is obtainable in a 2% inch by 1+ inch size and a 3 inch by 5 inch size. . if i ANYCITY, connacrrcor ' 678 19 BICYCLE 72 l It is common practice for police officials to register and issue these bicycle plates. - 19 _ žAFETY ...
var express = require('express'); var app = express(); var server = require('http').createServer(app); var io = require('socket.io')(server); app.get('/', function(req, res, next) { res.sendFile(__dirname + '/public/index.html') }); app.use(express.static('public')); io.on('connection', function(client) { console.log('Client connected...'); client.on('join', function(data) { console.log(data); }); client.on('messages', function(data){ client.emit('thread', data); client.broadcast.emit('thread', data); }); }); server.listen(7777);
/* -- Mode: C; tab-width: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -- * * *** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *** * Version: MPL 1.1/GPL 2.0/LGPL 2.1 * * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/ * * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the * License. * * The Original Code is mozilla.org Code. * * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is * Netscape Communications Corporation. * Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1999 * the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved. * * Contributor(s): * * Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under the terms of * either of the GNU General Public License Version 2 or later (the "GPL"), * or the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later (the "LGPL"), * in which case the provisions of the GPL or the LGPL are applicable instead * of those above. If you wish to allow use of your version of this file only * under the terms of either the GPL or the LGPL, and not to allow others to * use your version of this file under the terms of the MPL, indicate your * decision by deleting the provisions above and replace them with the notice * and other provisions required by the GPL or the LGPL. If you do not delete * the provisions above, a recipient may use your version of this file under * the terms of any one of the MPL, the GPL or the LGPL. * * *** END LICENSE BLOCK *** / // Implement shared vtbl methods. #include "xptcprivate.h" // The Linux/x86-64 ABI passes the first 6 integer parameters and the // first 8 floating point parameters in registers (rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, // r8, r9 and xmm0-xmm7), no stack space is allocated for these by the // caller. The rest of the parameters are passed in the callers stack // area. const PRUint32 PARAM_BUFFER_COUNT = 16; const PRUint32 GPR_COUNT = 6; const PRUint32 FPR_COUNT = 8; // PrepareAndDispatch() is called by SharedStub() and calls the actual method. // // - 'args[]' contains the arguments passed on stack // - 'gpregs[]' contains the arguments passed in integer registers // - 'fpregs[]' contains the arguments passed in floating point registers // // The parameters are mapped into an array of type 'nsXPTCMiniVariant' // and then the method gets called. extern "C" nsresult PrepareAndDispatch(nsXPTCStubBase self, PRUint32 methodIndex, PRUint64 * args, PRUint64 * gpregs, double fpregs) { nsXPTCMiniVariant paramBuffer[PARAM_BUFFER_COUNT]; nsXPTCMiniVariant dispatchParams = NULL; nsIInterfaceInfo* iface_info = NULL; const nsXPTMethodInfo* info; PRUint32 paramCount; PRUint32 i; nsresult result = NS_ERROR_FAILURE; NS_ASSERTION(self,"no self"); self->GetInterfaceInfo(&iface_info); NS_ASSERTION(iface_info,"no interface info"); if (!iface_info) return NS_ERROR_UNEXPECTED; iface_info->GetMethodInfo(PRUint16(methodIndex), &info); NS_ASSERTION(info,"no method info"); if (!info) return NS_ERROR_UNEXPECTED; paramCount = info->GetParamCount(); // setup variant array pointer if (paramCount > PARAM_BUFFER_COUNT) dispatchParams = new nsXPTCMiniVariant[paramCount]; else dispatchParams = paramBuffer; NS_ASSERTION(dispatchParams,"no place for params"); if (!dispatchParams) return NS_ERROR_OUT_OF_MEMORY; PRUint64* ap = args; PRUint32 nr_gpr = 1; // skip one GPR register for 'that' PRUint32 nr_fpr = 0; PRUint64 value; for (i = 0; i < paramCount; i++) { const nsXPTParamInfo& param = info->GetParam(i); const nsXPTType& type = param.GetType(); nsXPTCMiniVariant* dp = &dispatchParams[i]; if (!param.IsOut() && type == nsXPTType::T_DOUBLE) { if (nr_fpr < FPR_COUNT) dp->val.d = fpregs[nr_fpr++]; else dp->val.d = (double) ap++; continue; } else if (!param.IsOut() && type == nsXPTType::T_FLOAT) { if (nr_fpr < FPR_COUNT) // The value in %xmm register is already prepared to // be retrieved as a float. Therefore, we pass the // value verbatim, as a double without conversion. dp->val.d = (double) ap++; else dp->val.f = (float) ap++; continue; } else { if (nr_gpr < GPR_COUNT) value = gpregs[nr_gpr++]; else value = ap++; } if (param.IsOut() \|\| !type.IsArithmetic()) { dp->val.p = (void) value; continue; } switch (type) { case nsXPTType::T_I8: dp->val.i8 = (PRInt8) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_I16: dp->val.i16 = (PRInt16) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_I32: dp->val.i32 = (PRInt32) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_I64: dp->val.i64 = (PRInt64) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_U8: dp->val.u8 = (PRUint8) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_U16: dp->val.u16 = (PRUint16) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_U32: dp->val.u32 = (PRUint32) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_U64: dp->val.u64 = (PRUint64) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_BOOL: dp->val.b = (PRBool) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_CHAR: dp->val.c = (char) value; break; case nsXPTType::T_WCHAR: dp->val.wc = (wchar_t) value; break; default: NS_ASSERTION(0, "bad type"); break; } } result = self->CallMethod((PRUint16) methodIndex, info, dispatchParams); NS_RELEASE(iface_info); if (dispatchParams != paramBuffer) delete [] dispatchParams; return result; } #if defined(__GXX_ABI_VERSION) && __GXX_ABI_VERSION >= 100 /* G++ V3 ABI / // Darwin/AMD64 uses gcc >= 3.1 #define STUB_ENTRY(n) \ asm(".text\n\t" \ ".align 2\n\t" \ ".if " #n " < 10\n\t" \ ".globl __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase5Stub" #n "Ev\n\t" \ /".type __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase5Stub" #n "Ev,@function\n"/ \ "__ZN14nsXPTCStubBase5Stub" #n "Ev:\n\t" \ ".elseif " #n " < 100\n\t" \ ".globl __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase6Stub" #n "Ev\n\t" \ /".type __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase6Stub" #n "Ev,@function\n"/ \ "__ZN14nsXPTCStubBase6Stub" #n "Ev:\n\t" \ ".elseif " #n " < 1000\n\t" \ ".globl __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase7Stub" #n "Ev\n\t" \ /".type __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase7Stub" #n "Ev,@function\n"/ \ "__ZN14nsXPTCStubBase7Stub" #n "Ev:\n\t" \ ".else\n\t" \ ".err \"stub number " #n " >= 1000 not yet supported\"\n\t" \ ".endif\n\t" \ "movl $" #n ", %eax\n\t" \ "jmp SharedStub\n\t" \ ".if " #n " < 10\n\t" \ /".size __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase5Stub" #n "Ev,.-__ZN14nsXPTCStubBase5Stub" #n "Ev\n\t"/ \ ".elseif " #n " < 100\n\t" \ /".size __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase6Stub" #n "Ev,.-__ZN14nsXPTCStubBase6Stub" #n "Ev\n\t"/ \ ".else\n\t" \ /".size __ZN14nsXPTCStubBase7Stub" #n "Ev,.-__ZN14nsXPTCStubBase7Stub" #n "Ev\n\t"/ \ ".endif"); // static nsresult SharedStub(PRUint32 methodIndex) [methodIndex is in eax]. asm(".text\n\t" ".align 2\n\t" / ".type SharedStub,@function\n\t" / "SharedStub:\n\t" // make room for gpregs (48), fpregs (64) "pushq %rbp\n\t" "movq %rsp,%rbp\n\t" "subq $112,%rsp\n\t" // save GP registers "movq %rdi,-112(%rbp)\n\t" "movq %rsi,-104(%rbp)\n\t" "movq %rdx, -96(%rbp)\n\t" "movq %rcx, -88(%rbp)\n\t" "movq %r8 , -80(%rbp)\n\t" "movq %r9 , -72(%rbp)\n\t" "leaq -112(%rbp),%rcx\n\t" // save FP registers "movsd %xmm0,-64(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm1,-56(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm2,-48(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm3,-40(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm4,-32(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm5,-24(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm6,-16(%rbp)\n\t" "movsd %xmm7, -8(%rbp)\n\t" "leaq -64(%rbp),%r8\n\t" // rdi has the 'self' pointer already "movl %eax,%esi\n\t" "leaq 16(%rbp),%rdx\n\t" "call _PrepareAndDispatch\n\t" "leave\n\t" "ret\n\t" / ".size SharedStub,.-SharedStub" / ); #define SENTINEL_ENTRY(n) \ nsresult nsXPTCStubBase::Sentinel##n() \ { \ NS_ASSERTION(0,"nsXPTCStubBase::Sentinel called"); \ return NS_ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED; \ } #include "xptcstubsdef.inc" #else #error "Unsupported compiler. Use gcc >= 3.1 for Darwin/AMD64." #endif / __GNUC__ */
gun control Almost every time I hear an argument supporting private citizen’s right to own firearms, the citizens in question are referred to as “law abiding” and “responsible.” After all, when defending the right of people to access deadly weapons, it helps to portray those people in the best possible light. And in a perfect world, they would be right and all gun owners would treat their firearms with the seriousness and respect they deserve, rather than as grown up toys. Gruesome video footage has surfaced showing the moment a Georgia daredevil lost his leg shooting a semiautomatic rifle at a lawn mower packed with several pounds of deadly explosives. David Pressley, 32, can be seen moving closer and closer to the explosive target as he peppers it with bullets. Moments later, the lawn mower suddenly explodes, unleashing a plume of smoke and shrapnel. About the Author Described as "intelligent but self-destructive," Foster Disbelief spent his twenties furiously attempting to waste his potential in a haze of religion and heroin. Science and atheism allowed him to escape his twin addictions and he now spends his days attempting to make the most of his three remaining brain cells.
[The attitude among nursing professionals and students when facing death: a review of the scientific literature of the last decade]. Nursing professionals are integral members of the healthcare team and they maintain the most direct and prolonged contact with patients experiencing a terminal illness. This integrative review of the literature sought to investigate the attitude towards death among nursing professionals and students. Data were collected through searches in Lilacs, Medline, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases using the key words "nurses" and "attitude to death" in the period from 2000 to 2011. Of the 1376 articles identified, 262 were selected for data extraction and 35 were downloaded in full, constituting the corpus of research. The results showed a predominance of articles published in Brazilian journals. Studies indicate that the subject of death and dying has been neglected in training institutions, which causes hardship among professionals and nursing students when faced with the issue in practice, in addition to inappropriate conduct when dealing with patients who are experiencing the end of life process. In conclusion, the need for future research that may provide more detailed clarifications on the subject and seek strategies to address the lack of preparation and support of the nursing staff when they cope with death and dying was emphasized.
Post navigation RIP Stan Lee … thank you for (literally) everything! Yesterday we lost a giant in the comic book industry – indeed the entertainment industry. Stan Lee passed away at the age of 95. Love him or dislike him, his impact on comic books cannot be understated. Stan Lee, the legendary writer, editor and publisher of Marvel Comics whose fantabulous but flawed creations made him a real-life superhero to comic book lovers everywhere, has died. He was 95. Lee, who began in the business in 1939 and created or co-created Black Panther, Spider-Man, the X-Men, the Mighty Thor, Iron Man, the Fantastic Four, the Incredible Hulk, Daredevil and Ant-Man, among countless other characters, died early Monday morning at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, a family representative told The Hollywood Reporter. Kirk Schenck, an attorney for Lee’s daughter, J.C. Lee, also confirmed his death. Lee’s final few years were tumultuous. After Joan, his wife of 69 years, died in July 2017, he sued executives at POW! Entertainment — a company he founded in 2001 to develop film, TV and video game properties — for $1 billion alleging fraud, then abruptly dropped the suit weeks later. He also sued his ex-business manager and filed for a restraining order against a man who had been handling his affairs. (Lee’s estate is estimated to be worth as much as $70 million.) And in June 2018, it was revealed that the Los Angeles Police Department had been investigating reports of elder abuse against him. On his own and through his work with frequent artist-writer collaborators Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and others, Lee catapulted Marvel from a tiny venture into the world’s No. 1 publisher of comic books and, later, a multimedia giant. In 2009, The Walt Disney Co. bought Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion, and most of the top-grossing superhero films of all time — led by Avengers: Infinity War’s $2.05 billion worldwide take earlier this year — have featured Marvel characters. “I used to think what I did was not very important,” he told the Chicago Tribune in April 2014. “People are building bridges and engaging in medical research, and here I was doing stories about fictional people who do extraordinary, crazy things and wear costumes. But I suppose I have come to realize that entertainment is not easily dismissed.” Lee’s fame and influence as the face and figurehead of Marvel, even in his nonagenarian years, remained considerable. “Stan Lee was as extraordinary as the characters he created,” Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger said in a statement. “A superhero in his own right to Marvel fans around the world, Stan had the power to inspire, to entertain and to connect. The scale of his imagination was only exceeded by the size of his heart.” Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige also paid tribute. “No one has had more of an impact on my career and everything we do at Marvel Studios than Stan Lee,” Feige said. “Stan leaves an extraordinary legacy that will outlive us all. Our thoughts are with his daughter, his family and the millions of fans who have been forever touched by Stan’s genius, charisma and heart.” Beginning in the 1960s, the irrepressible and feisty Lee punched up his Marvel superheroes with personality, not just power. Until then, comic book headliners like those of DC Comics were square and well-adjusted, but his heroes had human foibles and hang-ups; Peter Parker/Spider-Man, for example, fretted about his dandruff and was confused about dating. The evildoers were a mess of psychological complexity. “His stories taught me that even superheroes like Spider-Man and the Incredible Hulk have ego deficiencies and girl problems and do not live in their macho fantasies 24 hours a day,” Gene Simmons of Kiss said in a 1979 interview. “Through the honesty of guys like Spider-Man, I learned about the shades of gray in human nature.” (Kiss made it to the Marvel pages, and Lee had Simmons bleed into a vat of ink so the publisher could say the issues were printed with his blood.) The Manhattan-born Lee wrote, art-directed and edited most of Marvel’s series and newspaper strips. He also penned a monthly comics column, “Stan’s Soapbox,” signing off with his signature phrase, “Excelsior!” His way of doing things at Marvel was to brainstorm a story with an artist, then write a synopsis. After the artist drew the story panels, Lee filled in the word balloons and captions. The process became known as “The Marvel Method.” Lee collaborated with artist-writer Kirby on the Fantastic Four, Hulk, Iron Man, Thor, Silver Surfer and X-Men. With artist-writer Ditko he created Spider-Man and the surgeon Doctor Strange, and with artist Bill Everett came up with the blind superhero Daredevil. Such collaborations sometimes led to credit disputes: Lee and Ditko reportedly engaged in bitter fights, and both receive writing credit on the Spider-Man movies and TV shows. “I don’t want anyone to think I treated Kirby or Ditko unfairly,” he told Playboy magazine in April 2014. “I think we had a wonderful relationship. Their talent was incredible. But the things they wanted weren’t in my power to give them.” Like any Marvel employee, Lee had no rights to the characters he helped create and received no royalties. In the 1970s, Lee importantly helped push the boundaries on censorship in comics, delving into serious and topical subject matter in a medium that had become mindless, kid-friendly entertainment. In 1954, the publication of psychologist Frederic Wertham’s book Seduction of the Innocent had spurred calls for the government to regulate violence, sex, drug use, questioning of public authority figures, etc., in the comics as a way to curtail “juvenile delinquency.” Wary publishers headed that off by forming the Comics Code Authority, a self-censoring body that while avoiding the heavy hand of Washington still wound up neutering adult interest in comics and stereotyping the medium as one only kids would enjoy. Lee scripted banal scenarios with characters like Nellie the Nurse and Tessie the Typist, but in 1971, he inserted an anti-drug storyline into “The Amazing Spider-Man” in which Peter Parker’s best friend Harry Osborn popped pills. Those issues, which did not carry the CCA “seal of approval” on the covers, became extremely popular, and later, the organization relaxed some of its guidelines. Born Stanley Martin Lieber on Dec. 28, 1922, he grew up poor in Washington Heights, where his father, a Romanian immigrant, was a dress-cutter. A lover of adventure books and Errol Flynn movies, Lee graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School, joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project, where he appeared in a few stage shows, and wrote obituaries. In 1939, Lee got a job as a gofer for $8 a week at Marvel predecessor Timely Comics. Two years later, for Kirby and Joe Simon’s Captain America No. 3, he wrote a two-page story titled “The Traitor’s Revenge!” that was used as text filler to qualify the company for the inexpensive magazine mailing rate. He used the pen name Stan Lee. He was named interim editor at 19 by publisher Martin Goodman when the previous editor quit. In 1942, he enlisted in the Army and served in the Signal Corps, where he wrote manuals and training films with a group that included Oscar-winner Frank Capra, Pulitzer-winner William Saroyan and Theodor Geisel (aka Dr. Seuss). After the war, he returned to the publisher and served as the editor for decades. Following DC Comics’ lead with the Justice League, Lee and Kirby in November 1961 launched their own superhero team, the Fantastic Four, for the newly renamed Marvel Comics, and Hulk, Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, Daredevil and X-Men soon followed. The Avengers launched as its own title in September 1963. Perhaps not surprisingly, Manhattan’s high-literary culture vultures did not bestow its approval on how Lee was making a living. People would “avoid me like I had the plague. … Today, it’s so different,” he once told The Washington Post. Not everyone felt the same way, though. Lee recalled once being visiting in his New York office by Federico Fellini, who wanted to talk about nothing but Spider-Man. In 1972, Lee was named publisher and relinquished the Marvel editorial reins to spend all his time promoting the company. He moved to Los Angeles in 1980 to set up an animation studio and to build relationships in Hollywood. Lee purchased a home overlooking the Sunset Strip that was once owned by Jack Benny’s announcer, Don Wilson. Long before his Marvel characters made it to the movies, they appeared on television. An animated Spider-Man show (with a memorable theme song composed by Oscar winner Paul Francis Webster, of “The Shadow of Your Smile” fame, and Bob Harris) ran on ABC from 1967 to 1970. Bill Bixby played Dr. David Banner, who turns into a green monster (Lou Ferrigno) when he gets agitated, in the 1977-82 CBS drama The Incredible Hulk. And Pamela Anderson provided the voice of Stripperella, a risque animated Spike TV series that Lee wrote for in 2003-04. Lee launched the internet-based Stan Lee Media in 1998, and the superhero creation, production and marketing studio went public a year later. However, when investigators uncovered illegal stock manipulation by his partners, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 2001. (Lee was never charged.) In 2002, Lee published an autobiography, Excelsior! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee. Survivors include his daughter and younger brother Larry Lieber, a writer and artist for Marvel. Another daughter, Jan, died in infancy. His wife, Joan, was a hat model whom he married in 1947. “J.C. Lee and all of Stan Lee’s friends and colleagues want to thank all of his fans and well-wishers for their kind words and condolences,” a family statement read. “Stan was an icon in his field. His fans loved him and his desire to interact with them. He loved his fans and treated them with the same respect and love they gave him.” “He worked tirelessly his whole life creating great characters for the world to enjoy. He wanted to inspire our imagination and for us to all use it to make the world a better place. His legacy will live on forever.” Like Alfred Hitchcock before him, the never-bashful Lee appeared in cameos in the Marvel movies, shown avoiding falling concrete, watering his lawn, delivering the mail, crashing a wedding, playing a security guard, etc. In Spider-Man 3 (2007), he chats with Tobey Maguire’s Peter Parker as they stop on a Times Square street to read news that the web-slinger will soon receive the key to the city. “You know,” he says, “I guess one person can make a difference … ’nuff said.” *** About the author: Michael Curry is the author of the Brave & Bold: From Silent Knight to Dark Knight, The Day John F Kennedy Met the Beatles and the award-winning Abby’s Road, the Long and Winding Road to Adoption and How Facebook, Aquaman and Theodore Roosevelt Helped. Check his website for more releases! Thanks for reading!
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Aledo Insurance Restoration As a professional Aledo insurance restoration specialist, Element Construction provides rapid, quality work and a fully satisfied completion for all your insurance restoration needs. Our trainedAledo insurance restoration professionals will make every effort to do whatever we can to help you through the restoration process, and we will strive to make the transition as smooth as possible. We also offer insurance claims assistance. As experts in the insurance restoration field, we work for you to advocate on your behalf by supporting you through the entire insurance claim process with the goal of achieving the maximum recovery possible. Call us today for more information on how we can take the stress out of your insurance restoration needs. Property owners in the Aledo area facing storm-related crises involving property damage have continued to turn to Element Construction's expert insurance claim negotiators to assist in rebuilding homes and stabilizing lives. As experts in the insurance claim restoration field, we work for you to advocate on your behalf by supporting you through the entire claims and settlement process with the goal of achieving the maximum recovery possible. Call us today for insurance restoration services, and let us take to stress out of your storm damage repairs. Aledo Roof Repairs Roof Replacement Aledo Roofing Contractor Aledo Insurance Restoration Roofing Repairs Shingles Flat Roofs Metal Roofing Hail Damage Repairs Insurance Restoration Insurance Claims Aledo Roofer Aledo Hail Damage Repairs If you have been in hailstorm the most obvious damage you see is to cars. You see the damage immediately after the last ice nugget has fallen. You're horrified because the once smooth surface is now riddled with dents and pits. Most people do not ever consider that their home was damaged as well. Your roof is as susceptible to hail damage as the hood of your car. When hail hits your roof it creates a bruise. This bruise may have even cracked the fiberglass membrane and can allow water to seep into your home. It may not leak the day after the storm, but over time it will happen. And this can lead to costly structural damages and mold. You may think: When I look at my roof, I don't see any hail damage. What's all the fuss about? Aledo hail damage can't be seen very easily most of the time. You usually will never see actual holes or indentations. Hail will drastically shorten the life of your roof. If you have damaged siding, vehicles, or have noticed neighbors getting work done, you can be 99% sure that you will need a new roof and may have other damages also. Hail can damage your roof without any visible signs from the ground. Hail normally has to be the size of a golf ball before it will break through your roof or cause bruising. Sometimes these damages do not show up quickly or are easily overlooked. The integrity of the shingle may be damaged, do not take a chance on it. If hail is driven by high winds or if it lasts longer than a few minutes, even small-sized hail can cause your roof to suffer severe damage and the loss of their protective granules, which will GREATLY reduce the life of your roof. Loss of granule layers on the shingle will cause the organic based center of the shingles to be exposed to the suns UV rays. This will cause SERIOUS deterioration of the shingle in a short period of time. Have it inspected, just to be safe.
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Metabolic basis of catecholamine-induced water transport in everted gut sacs of mouse. 1. Catecholamine-induced water transport was measured using an everted gut sac technique. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline induce dose-dependent increases in water transport by the proximal intestinal sacs. Use of selective adrenergic agents revealed the possible involvement of alpha 1- and beta 2-receptors in mediation of catecholamine stimulation of water transport in this segment. 2. Inhibition of glycolysis reduced the effect mediated through alpha 1-receptors, while the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation blocked the beta 2-receptor mediated increase in water transport. 3. Basal transport of water was also significantly reduced by inhibition of glycolysis but was significantly elevated by blockage of oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Suppression or stimulation of glycolysis was paralleled by similar changes in lactic acid release from the gut wall. 5. It is concluded that the energy for the catecholamine-induced water transport is contributed by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation coupled to alpha 1- and beta 2-receptors, respectively. Under basal conditions water transport is mainly dependent on glycolysis in the segment of intestine examined.
Q: How to get rid of duplicate by sql query I have a database table which stores email address data, date of join and a column newsletter (yes/no). However, there are lots of duplicate email addresses with different dates and values in the newsletter column. I need to write sql query that would exclude those emails (records) with more recent dates and leave only the records with the oldest dates: EMAIL DATEJOIN NEWSLETTER zzzzzzzzzz_@hotmail.com 02/03/2015 0 zzzzzzzzzz_@hotmail.com 30/06/2015 1 vishythamack@hotmail.com 22/09/2012 1 vishysblue@gmail.com 19/09/2012 1 yann-o@hotmail.fr 07/07/2015 0 yannnsheng@hotmail.com 02/03/2015 0 yannnsheng@hotmail.com 22/09/2012 1 thilaxanschool@gmail.com 18/09/2013 1 What I need After Query EMAIL DATEJOIN NEWSLETTER zzzzzzzzzz_@hotmail.com 02/03/2015 0 vishythamack@hotmail.com 22/09/2012 1 vishysblue@gmail.com 19/09/2012 1 yann-o@hotmail.fr 07/07/2015 0 yannnsheng@hotmail.com 22/09/2012 1 thilaxanschool@gmail.com 18/09/2013 1 I tried to use the following: SELECT [EMAIL] ,min([DATEJOIN]) as [DATEJOIN] , [NEWSLETTER] FROM [test].[dbo].[first] group by [EMAIL], [NEWSLETTER] But it doesn't work. I need to decide what to do with the Newsletter field. Any thoughts? A: I would recommend just finding everything with duplicate values and deleting the old ones using a script of some sort. SELECT EMAIL FROM [test].[dbo].[first] having count() > 1 If you don't want to do that you could do something like: SELECT a. from first a inner join (select email, min(datejoin) as join from first group by email) b b on a.email = b.email and a.datejoin = b.datejoin which should work.

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