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Q:
Tutorials on LDPC error correction codes
Please consider this as soft question.
Recently, I have been studying channel coding and in particular error correction codes. I am looking for best tutorial (easy to understand) on LDPC error correction codes.
Including the decoding of such codes too.
I am looking forward for your suggestions.
A:
"Channel codes - Classical and Modern" by William E. Ryan and Shu Lin should be a great place to learn about both linear codes and LDPC codes in particular as the book devotes a huge part to the latter topic with a self-contained introduction to the former.
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Size Chart
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stacy
Top Contributor
Usually wears: 16
Height: 5' 4"
Age: 27
Bust size: 38D
Body type: Hourglass
Weight: 220 lbs
Oct 26, 2011
stunning, better for large chest
Size worn: 8
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
i wrote my body type as full bust to drive that home, but i have just as much booty and i must say that this dress is beautiful...if you can fill it out! I honestly don't know what the outcome would have been if I didn't have a DD cup size...because even then, it had a some excess fabric in the back. also, the bottom half of the dress started much higher on me...so it looked almost empire waist...but this is probably because it wasn't lying flat, because of said chest size. Also, the sash is not very flexible/rather hard to tie a pretty bow, so i just wore a square knot. All in all, I got a lot of "PHENOMENAL" compliments...it's a beautiful, show stopping dress...just don't be afraid to show a little cleavage!
I met Stephen Sondheim for the first time in this dress and he said I sparkled!
Size worn: 2
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Formal Affair
I wore this to a black-tie gala in NYC and received many compliments. It was quite short (esp. when sitting down). The cut is very low, but I'm small up top so it fit fine. I wore my hair up to avoid having it tangled in the sequins. It was very comfortable. I wore it with nude stockings since it was so cold out, and I didn't love that. This is better worn without stockings, so preferably in a warmer climate. Would be fun for any party where sparkle is required!
I wore this to a Gatsby Themed NYE Party. Dress fit well. Loved it more in pictures.
Size worn: 6
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Formal Affair
I am 5'4", weigh 130lbs, and wear a 36DD. The 4 was a little snug, the way I would like to wear it. But the zipper part did not lay flat on my back, instead it wrinkled and bumped up. I ended up wearing the 6, which also bumped up on the zipper, but not nearly as bad as the 4. I read a lot of reviews where a bra was an issue. I wore a low cut, push-up bra from Victorias Secret that had crisscrossed bra straps and had no problems at all.I definitely was looking for a dress that showed off my cleavage, and this dress delivered! I read a lot of reviews that the sequin rubbed under arms. I have had that problem in the past, but didn't notice any irritation in this dress. I thought it was the perfect length for a party dress. I didn't love this dress in person (I liked it, but didn't LOVE it), but I loved the way it photographed.All the places I thought it didn't look that great on my body in person, definitely did not show in the photographs. It looks more silver in the website, but in person, the top is a champagne-gold color and the bottom is more champagne. I did love how easy and convenient RTR was and will definitely rent from them in the future.
Made me feel like a movie star!
Size worn: 6
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
This dress was perfect for our 20's themed NYE hotel party downtown Baltimore. The top was a little big but I was still able to wear a strapless bra without any problems. Under the arms did get a little scratchy but barely noticeable. I didn't think the dress was too short and I'm 5'7. So all in all this was a perfect frilly sparkly party dress even without the belt (which was not available when the dress was shipped so I just bought a satin ribbon that matched)
I loved this Dress!!
Size worn: 4
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
I had a "Kissing My Roaring 20s Goodbye" party and rented this amazing dress. This was my first rental with RTR. The whole experience was amazing, easy and fun! I ordered the 4 and the 6. The 6 was longer and comfy but the 4 held everything in place better! :) It was definitely shorter, but hey you only turn 30 once so I decided to rock it! ;) It was a tiny but itchy under the arms but after a cocktail who noticed? Not me! I didn't have a problem at all with the neckline, Im a small B cup. I was able to wear a VS strapless that already had with no problems! I would definitely recommend this dress and RTR in general. It was an unforgettable party and RTR helped make it all happen!
Loved this dress!
Size worn: 4
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
I rented this dress for a New Years event. I received several compliments on the dress. Although I was skeptical of how the dress may fit at first, it looked great when worn! It fit true to size. I ordered a size 4 and 6. The 6 was too big but the 4 fit just right. I could not figure out how to tie the sash in a way that I liked so I did not wear it.
The customer service.
Size worn: 8
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
I wore this dress for my surprise birthday party/halloween. I went as Daisy Buchanan and my boyfriend went as Jay Gatsby. This was the perfect dress for the occasion! The sparkle on top wasn't too itchy and I was extremely comfortable in it. The subtle ruffles on the bottom were so pretty and flattering. The day before the event, RTR sent me two size 6's by accident and to make up for it they shipped my proper size (8) (throwing in the Dress Me Up Necklace for free) to our hotel in Atlantic City with rushed over night delivery. It came the morning of the event and looked fabulous. The customer service of RTR can not be rivaled. I will continue to use them for my major events.
A Glamorous Fit!
Size worn: 8
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
The dress is a perfect fit for a roarin' 20's or Great Gatsby themed party! I received so many compliments all night on the dress! The dress fit well and the only con is it does rub under your arms a bit but with my jacket on I didn't notice a thing. Definitely a recommended number.
I rented this dress for a night out in Las Vegas.
Size worn: 2
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Vacation
This dress was stunning. I received so many compliments. I felt the whole room was staring at me as I walked by. It layed perfectly on my tiny frame. Perfect length for my short legs. You may want to rethink if you are a tall lady. The top part of the sequence rubs against your inner arms. There was a lot of dancing involved, so by the end of the night/morning my inner arms were itchy. Still worth it though. Size 4 fit well, but I went with a 2 for a tighter fit.
Another winner! Love this company!!!
Size worn: 0
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
This was even more beautiful than the picture shown on the website. The dress is VERY low cut, but I had been warned by other reviewers before I rented the dress. Because I have a larger bust, I chose to wear a cute shawl to cover things up most of the night. I could see where the top might be pretty loose for those with a smaller chest. Only bummer, like some others mentioned, the tie belt was not included when I received the dress. It turned out okay but I was a little disappointed. Other reviewers were also right about it scratching you under the arms. Overall, this is a great party dress and I would definitely recommend it!
This was my first RTR experience and I could not have been happier!
Size worn: 4
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
I got this dress for my bachelorette party. The four and the two fit almost the exact same, but the four was slightly longer. I loved the sequins! I wish the skirt would have been a little more blush rather than nude. I do have a push-up bra on FYI ;-) overall great experience and I can't wait to rent again!
#bachelorette
I'm beyond satisfied with this dress! Very nice fit. I normally wear size 0 which they didn't have, so I went with size 2, but it still fit perfectly. Since I'm not tall, I'm amazed that it still sat above my knees which was perfect! I don't have big boobs, but I just LOVE the deep V neck that created the illusion of having bigger boobs (in addition to wearing a wireless push-up bra). I also love how sparkle the top was and the flat ruffles at the bottom. Very nice contrast. Love the color, too. Not too pink. And it matched perfectly with my nude pumps.
Gatsby Perfection
Size worn: 2
Overall fit: Small
Rented for: Party
I wore this dress to a Gatsby-themed Christmas party and it was a hit. I received so many compliments - strangers even asked me to take photos with them! I typically wear a size 0 but ended up wearing my size 2 backup. The 0 was a bit tight across my bum (which means Pilates has been working to make it more bubbly!) and I liked that the 2 had a more dramatic V in front (though I did use a safety pin to close it up a bit). It seemed like the 0 had stitching halfway up the chest to close the V and the 2 might have had the same stitching at one time but it was torn by wear. No worries! The safety pin did the job. This was my first rental and the whole process was so easy and fun that I can't wait to do it again!
Felt like a super classy flapper!
Size worn: 6
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Wedding
Love love loved the dress! Wore it to a very classy evening wedding at a 100 year old mansion. RTR really saved my tush this time, because the first dress I ordered was just all wrong and was actually damaged too. They were able to overnight me 2 sizes of this dress right to the hotel I was flying into and they were waiting for me at check-in. Like others said, the dress was pretty short, and since I have quite the booty, I went ahead and bought a pair of little nude colored shorties so I wasn't self conscience the whole night. I didn't think it was too low cut like others mentioned, nor did the sequins irritate my arms while I danced all night. Sitting was a little uncomfortable because of the length but I didn't stay seated long so that wasn't a big problem. Also, I thought it was weird that I got a 6 & an 8, and somehow the 6 was bigger than the 8. Over all, I really loved it, got lots of complements and people couldn't believe it was from RTR. Can't wait for my next rental in 2 weeks :)
Great fit, a reveling in the chest area. Had many compliments. It is pretty sparkly, NYE dress type
Size worn: 6
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Formal Affair
It fit well but the dress has a deep V neck. I was a little worried few times that I was going to "fall out" of it. The sparkles make you feel like you should be at a NYE party. The ruffles on the bottom really make the dress and are flattering. I have a thin waist and wider hips and I really loved the fit of it. There is a belt that helps define your waist. I wear a 4 in Express usually but wore this dress in a size 6 just because I was more comfortable in it than the 4.
Great dress with just enough sparkle!
Size worn: 2
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
I rented this for my friend's bachelorette party. It was a great fit with just enough sparkle that wasn't too overwhelming. The color of the skirt was nude and the sequins looked like rose gold. The structure of the dress was very flattering. I usually wear a size 4 but it was too low on top. The 2 fit perfectly and may be a bit more snug then I'm used too. However, overall the dress was very flattering.
I got all the attention on my bachelorette party!
Size worn: 0
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
The dress fit perfectly - other reviews mentioned being too big in the bust, I found no problem with that (34C). I opted to go without the removable sash because it was too bulky (plus my girlfriends made me a bachelorette sash anyway). The dress was so fun, comfortable, and I didn't have a problem with it being too short (but I am 5'4"). Also, I think it looked more gold than silver. Overall, I would totally recommend for any girls night out!
Glamourpuss @ Gatsby Bday Party
Size worn: 8
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Party
I've been wearing a 6/8 and ordered sizes 8 & 10 for a Gatsby theme bday party. Both fit fine, the 10 had a little more room in bust. The back zipper was a lumpy, but I didn't care (I'm probably a little short waisted).The dress was comfortable for dinner & dancing. The top is a rose gold color, skirt is blush/beige; I wore with ivory, gold & "diamonds". It was sparkly and I had so much fun getting glam with the Chamak by Priya Kakkar Silver Glitz bangles & Slate & Willow Take the Throne necklace. I got so many compliments & took the prize for best dressed so this rental paid for itself! So many women stress about what to wear for big events but RTR makes it so easy!
So much sparkle!
Size worn: 0
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Date
For reference I'm very petite... 5'1" and 90ish lbs. A good fit is tough to find without a little alteration, but the length of this dress was perfect
This dress is proportioned for someone taller and a little fuller chested, so not surprisingly it needed a little pinning. But after a few adjustments for a good fit, I felt so pretty in this little dress! The sparkle is just SO fun.
I picked a grey sash I had to wear with the dress instead of the matching sequin one that came with because I like a little more contrast.
I'd love to find another reason to rent it.
It was a beautiful dress full of sparkle and just right for the occasion I loved it!
Size worn: 8
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Formal Affair
I wore a size 8 but it was a little big on top but a size 6 would have been way to short. The sparkes were a little uncomfortable But I think it was because it was a little loose so it moved a little more!! There was a lot of cleavage showing so don't wear it if your shy!
Sparkly and ruffly, but not too much
Size worn: 8
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Formal Affair
Wore this to a Gatsby themed party. I had to fix a tear & the zipper in the size 6 that I ordered only to discover that it was VERY short when I sat down, The tops of my stockings showed and I'm only 5'0. Luckily I had ordered the 8 for backup. It was a bit too big in the top so used double sided tape but the length was just right. The top was a bit scratchy under the arms but the dress was gorgeous and I got tons of compliments.
Sexy, fun, and cute!
Size worn: 2
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Other
Although this is a sexy, cute, and fun dress, it wasn't my favorite rental. I rented it for a bachelorette weekend in Vegas and it served its purpose. It photographs well and you'll get lots of compliments. My long hair kept getting stuck in the sequins though so that was uncomfortable. I didn't think the dress was too short at all and because the size 2 fit perfectly snug, I didn't even need sticky tape for the deep plunging neckine. I also used the sash to cinch the waist and tied in the back. Paired with nude Stuart Weitzman strappy stilettos.
Beautiful dress, I felt so beautiful! Stands out in the crowd
Size worn: 6
Rented for: Formal Affair
Beautiful dress, flattering for a bigger chest, but not so flattering if you have a bigger bottom. The ruffles tend to add to the volume on the bottom. Overall, it was stunning and I got tons of compliments!
Cute & Sparkly!
Size worn: 12
Rented for: Party
I have a large butt, the lower section of the dress is pretty tight through my rear. The top is cute, just be sure you have the correct under garment. I wore a push-up bra to fill out the top. The sequins under my arms was a bit scratchy.
I wore this for a Prohibition Cocktail Party and it was perfect for the occasion.
Great dress for theme party!
Size worn: 4
Overall fit: Small
Rented for: Party
I wore this dress for a 20's themed Murder Mystery party. I got a ton of compliments on my outfit all night, it really fit the theme! The dress was a little snug on the bottom -- I really needed a 0 on top and a 4 on the bottom. I wore a pearl necklace from RTR which helped keep the top part on throughout the night, but with some fashion tape it would've stayed on. My hair was up in a faux-bob, but it did get stuck in the sequins and pieces got pulled out throughout the night -- this would be really annoying if my hair was down (I have waist-length hair). Overall, the dress was a huge hit and I loved to wear it!
Amazing dress!
Size worn: 2
Rented for: Party
Wore this to a 1920's themed work Christmas party, received so many compliments on it! The color was very pretty, paired it with some Jessica Simpson nude patent leather heels. RTR never disappoints!!:)
Great for a 20's costume party!
Size worn: 4
Rented for: Party
Fit was just right, and more modest than I expected. :) I was alarmed seeing boobs everywhere in the photos on this site, but as a small chested woman I had nothing to fear. Pretty comfortable, and definitely unique!!
Really disappointed in this one.
Size worn: 10
Overall fit: Large
Rented for: Party
I rented this for a new years eve party. It arrived with the belt missing and I was expecting the top half of the dress to be silver, not gold. The bottom half of this fit fine but the top was so big. I am a 36C and I wore a plunging deep V push up bra and still couldn't fill it out enough for the fabric not to flop around. My bra kept showing and I was pulling at the top all night trying to keep everything in place. Double sided tape might have helped but I didn't have any on hand. I wouldn't have worn this out at all if I had had time to go get another dress. RTR customer service was great though!
I wore this dress for a NYE party! It was so fun!
This dress was very pretty and comfortable. Perfect for a fun look.
Size worn: 6
Overall fit: True to Size
Rented for: Formal Affair
There is some extra fabric up top, I used fashion tape to tape the back where there was sum puckering. The color of the sequins looks silver on the model, but it is actually more of a blush color. I also had a low plunge bra which helped fill out the top. |
Endovascular Treatment of an Anterior Tibial Artery Pseudoaneurysm Secondary to Penetrating Trauma in a Young Patient: Case Report and Literature Review.
We report a case of an 18-year-old woman who developed a delayed pseudoaneurysm of the right anterior tibial artery (ATA), 14 days after a knife accidental trauma. The patient was admitted to our emergency department for acute onset of pain in the right limb after a domestic trauma. At a physical examination, the limb was tense and tender, with a pulsatile mass in the anterior compartment. Femoral, popliteal, and distal pulses were palpable on both limbs. Duplex ultrasound scan (DUS) and computed tomography angiography showed the presence of an ATA pseudoaneurysm. An urgent endovascular treatment was performed under local anesthesia via percutaneous access. Pseudoaneurysm was excluded implanting 2 coronary covered balloon-expandable stents (BeGraft; Bentley Innomed GmbH, Hechingen, Germany). Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the second postoperative day under dual antiplatelet therapy. One- and 13-month scheduled follow-up visits and DUS revealed the presence of a normal pedal pulse, complete pseudoaneurysm exclusion, and patency of the stent grafts and the entire ATA with triphasic waveforms. In conclusion, endovascular treatment of an ATA pseudoaneurysm seems to be a feasible option. Further experience with this technique is needed to validate its safety and long-term patency, especially in young and healthy subjects. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to techniques for automatically classifying data. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus that reduces the size of a training set for a classification application without substantially affecting the resultant decision boundary.
2. Related Art
Automated systems for classification-type pattern recognition applications, such as system fault identification and computer network intrusion (or denial of service attack) detection, operate by dividing input data into more readily processable subsets. More specifically, such data processing techniques typically employ classification-type pattern recognition mechanisms to divide the available data into two (and sometimes multiple) subsets.
Unfortunately, the computational time required to classify input data using pattern recognition techniques, such as k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) classifiers, Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks, Least-Squares Support Vector Machines (LSSVM), Multivariate State Estimation Techniques (MSET), and other techniques, increases linearly (or quadratically for some techniques) with the number of training patterns. This computational cost limits the applicability of classification-type pattern recognition for online diagnostics and for offline mining of large (from 10,000 patterns and up) databases.
One technique for reducing the computational time required for input data classification is to reduce the size of the training set. However, training patterns cannot be arbitrarily eliminated. In particular, if the training patterns are not pruned judiciously, bias and inconsistency are introduced in subsequent classification analyses.
The “condensed nearest neighbor” rule is used by some systems to reduce the size of a training set. For example, a system can start with a one-pattern reduced set and sequentially examine the other patterns in the training set, discarding patterns that are correctly classified by the current reduced set and adding patterns that are classified incorrectly to the reduced set. The system then iterates through the discarded patterns until all of the remaining discarded patterns are classified correctly by the reduced training set. Unfortunately, this technique is not “decision-boundary consistent” and does not always find a minimal training set.
One decision-boundary-consistent technique, called the “Voronoi-editing technique,” uses Voronoi diagrams. A Voronoi diagram partitions the input space into regions that are the loci of points in space closer to each data point than to any other data point. The Voronoi-editing technique maintains exactly the original decision boundary of the nearest neighbor decision rule; however, the reduced set produced by the technique is not minimal. Furthermore, this technique requires O(nd/2) operations, which makes it impractical for dimensions higher than four.
An improvement over the Voronoi-editing technique is the “Gabriel-graph-condensing technique,” which constructs the Gabriel graph (a set of edges joining pairs of points that form the diameter of an empty sphere) of the training set. This technique is significantly faster and only requires O(dn3) operations. However, the Gabriel-graph-condensing technique does not preserve the decision boundary.
Another iterative training set reduction technique applies a deletion rule that identifies patterns to be removed, removes the identified patterns, and applies the rule again to the reduced set until no more patterns can be removed. More specifically, the deletion rule can be stated as follow: for each point x, if the number of other points that classify x correctly is greater than the number of points classified by x, then discard point x. Unfortunately, this technique does not preserve the decision boundary and may require excessively long execution times due to its iterative nature.
The above techniques and other ad-hoc techniques suffer from one of the following deficiencies: (1) prohibitively long running time (third order and higher order polynomial in the number and in the dimension of training patterns); (2) inconsistency of the resultant decision boundary obtained on the reduced set (i.e. the decision boundary is different than would have been obtained with the complete set of training patterns); and (3) suboptimal size for the reduced training set (i.e. there exists a smaller subset that results in the same decision boundary as obtained with the complete set of training patterns).
Hence, what is needed is a method and an apparatus for reducing the size of a training set without the above-described problems. |
-- boundary1.test
--
-- db eval {
-- SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE rowid > -3 ORDER BY rowid
-- }
SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE rowid > -3 ORDER BY rowid |
Q:
Arguments to run the scala program
Hi I am completely new to Scala and Spark.May I please know how to run this program from scala commandline
https://gist.github.com/MLnick/5286475
A:
My 2 cents here. This is how I got it to work, but probably there are better ways to do it:
1. Replaced your import header with these 2 lines:
import org.apache.spark.{SparkContext, SparkConf}
import org.apache.spark.SparkContext._
2. Create a basic build.sbt file:
name := "Movie Similarities"
version := "1.0"
scalaVersion := "2.10.4"
libraryDependencies += "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-core" % "1.0.1" % "provided"
libraryDependencies += "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-sql" % "1.0.1" % "provided"
libraryDependencies += "org.apache.spark" %% "spark-streaming" % "1.0.1" % "provided"
resolvers += "Akka Repository" at "http://repo.akka.io/releases/"
3. Build it:
sbt package
4. Run it (make sure spark-submit is on your path):
spark-submit --class "MovieSimilarities" --master local[4] target/scala-2.10/movie-similarities_2.10-1.0.jar local
5. Collect the output (for MovieLens 100k):
Star Wars (1977) | Fathers' Day (1997) | -0.6625 | -0.4417 | 0.9074 | 0.0397
Star Wars (1977) | Jason's Lyric (1994) | -0.9661 | -0.3978 | 0.8110 | 0.0141
Star Wars (1977) | Lightning Jack (1994) | -0.7906 | -0.3953 | 0.9361 | 0.0202
Star Wars (1977) | Marked for Death (1990) | -0.5922 | -0.3807 | 0.8729 | 0.0361
Star Wars (1977) | Mixed Nuts (1994) | -0.6219 | -0.3731 | 0.8806 | 0.0303
Star Wars (1977) | Poison Ivy II (1995) | -0.7443 | -0.3722 | 0.7169 | 0.0201
Star Wars (1977) | In the Realm of the Senses (Ai no corrida) (1976) | -0.8090 | -0.3596 | 0.8108 | 0.0162
Star Wars (1977) | What Happened Was... (1994) | -0.9045 | -0.3392 | 0.8781 | 0.0121
Star Wars (1977) | Female Perversions (1996) | -0.8039 | -0.3310 | 0.8670 | 0.0141
Star Wars (1977) | Celtic Pride (1996) | -0.6062 | -0.3175 | 0.8998 | 0.0220
|
Antoine-Laurent Baudron
Antoine-Laurent Baudron (15 May 1742 – 1834), was a French musician and composer.
Born in Amiens, Baudron studied in the local Jesuit college and then moved to Paris to study the violin with Pierre Gaviniès.
In 1763 or 1764 he became a member of the orchestra of the Comédie Française where he became head violinist ("premier violon") in 1766. He soon began to write incidental music for the company's plays and was the first to write music to Beaumarchais's plays The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro.
Baudron is mainly remembered for having been the first to introduce instrumental interludes between the acts of a play that took up the mood of the scenes on the stage. These were realised at the Comédie Française from 1777 onwards. He also wrote the first known French string quartets (in 1768). He retired around 1822 and died in Paris.
Bibliography
Thomas Bauman and Marita McClymands, Opera and the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
References
External links
http://composers-classical-music.com/b/BaudronAntoineLaurent.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20080415224152/http://www.musisca-publishing.co.uk/
Category:1742 births
Category:1834 deaths
Category:18th-century classical composers
Category:18th-century French composers
Category:19th-century classical composers
Category:19th-century French composers
Category:19th-century male musicians
Category:Comédie-Française
Category:French classical violinists
Category:French male composers
Category:French male violinists
Category:People from Amiens
Category:String quartet composers |
All America Has To Do To Stay On Top Is Out-Invent Chinahttp://www.businessinsider.com/all-america-has-to-do-to-stay-on-top-is-out-invent-china-2012-5/comments
en-usWed, 31 Dec 1969 19:00:00 -0500Fri, 18 Aug 2017 02:13:08 -0400Jennifer Robisonhttp://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb3dc676bb3f7452c00000bBrewskieWed, 16 May 2012 12:57:11 -0400http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb3dc676bb3f7452c00000b
China's climb in the patent ranks is bunk, too. Again, a lot of them are based on stolen intellectual property. Filing for patents in China is cakey, too: "So easy, a carny can do it" is what I always say.
One guy I know who's filed patents in the US and China said he never saw it easier in China: a couple of hours, little examination of details, not much scrutiny. Like I said: so easy, a carny can do it.http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb3db996bb3f74c2c000002BrewskieWed, 16 May 2012 12:53:45 -0400http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb3db996bb3f74c2c000002
At the present that's not hard. China can't invent: all they do is steal & copy, often with bad results. James Dyson's "air multiplier" system has been infringed upon over 100 times; the nation's chock-full of cheap, crappy "me too" imitations of established brands. Ever buy any of the imitations of Energizer batteries - see how quickly they crap out?
China's patent system has what's called "first to file": essentially what it allows is any Chinese, or person for that matter, who spots a piece of privy intellectual property patented in another country, that hasn't been patented in China, claim it, patent it, and get rich off of it. That's why you can't walk more than 50 yards out of a KFC in China without having your great "eureka" being copied 20 times; it spreads like a rampant disease.
While great at stealing, China's not so great at reverse engineering. Good examples are the high-speed locomotives, whose designs were stolen from Siemens AG and Japanese companies. Next Big Future - whose founder, Brian Wang, is a huge China bull - laid a glossy piece ooozing of praise about China's high-speed locomotives: carbon fiber and magnesium frames!?!? WTF!? Ask any avid biker how long those last. The high-speed rail system is already experiencing a slew of problems now; wait 10 years to see how the bad construction eats the "miracle" up.http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb32707ecad047664000011TEPWed, 16 May 2012 00:03:19 -0400http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb32707ecad047664000011
Yes we can. It's called having the courage to exercise our right per article 16, and withdraw from that Cold War relic, the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Then announce we will go back to the Moon and use 'national sovereign power' (Treaty prohibits) to recognize, protect, and police the property rights of those who discover anything or develop any commercial process there (i.e. metals, nanotech, drugs, etc). It'll be a whole new ballgame with the Chinese.http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb2e5adeab8ea714400000cAndrew HallTue, 15 May 2012 19:24:29 -0400http://www.businessinsider.com/c/4fb2e5adeab8ea714400000c
"For one thing, that's not true. China can innovate. But they don't have a culture that understands the power of engaged workers. Right now, they just out-low-cost-manufacture the world." --Jim Clifton
This is the best three-line summary of the issue as it stands, and it points to the problems with China's current transition to capitalism. They still don't quite get the notion that workers who are allowed to be both personally and financially invested in the businesses that they work for are generally much more motivated than workaday wage slaves.
Quite honestly, I doubt anyone can stop China from overtaking the world numerically; their GDP will one day (and possibly sooner rather than later) be greater than America's via sheer force of population alone. But I see America and Japan as more likely to continue to produce the innovations and technologies that drive change, because they both have more empowered worker populations, as well as venture capital cultures actively seeking to produce innovation; and the standard of living will almost certainly remain higher in America and Japan as well. |
It is a name to remember — La’Vere Lawrence Corbin-Ong.
With any luck Wednesday, the London-born, North Vancouver-raised left fullback will be able to put Canadian international before it.
His friends back home call him Lav, for short. In Germany, where he plays for FSV Frankfurt in the third division, his teammates call him Dante after the Brazilian who once patrolled the back line for Bayern Munich.
“Because no one can say La’Vere,” Corbin-Ong said. “And he also has curly hair (read: Afro) and we kind of look similar.”
READ MORE:
Canadian men's soccer coach looking at big picture
The 25-year-old Corbin-Ong received his first national team call-up in advance of Canada’s friendly Wednesday against Scotland in Edinburgh.
The Canadian Soccer Association website has no photo for Corbin-Ong and the only entry on his player timeline is the current Canada camp. His Canadian resumé is essentially a blank piece of paper.
Corbin-Ong is just happy to be here. And he is no stranger to extending a stay after arriving unheralded.
Victor Oppong, a former Canadian under-20 and under-23 defender who played in Germany, apparently pointed the CSA in Corbin-Ong’s direction. Oppong, put in touch with Corbin-Ong upon his arrival in Germany via mutual contacts, helped him find an apartment and him get settled.
Corbin-Ong was born in London to a Barbadian father and Malaysian mother, who were in England for school/work. He was one when they moved to Edmonton and four when they settled in North Vancouver.
After high school, he played one season at Capilano University before joining the Vancouver Whitecaps residency program.
He was headed to UBC after that but its season had already started. So with five months to kill before he could join the Thunderbirds, he went to Europe in 2012.
“It just ended up being a bit longer than I thought it would be,” he said with a chuckle.
“Definitely overall a happy experience,” he added. “And one I’m happy I made it through.”
He got a tryout with FC Pommern Greifswald, an amateur fifth-division team, through a high school coach who had a link to an agent.
“It was an experience, I can say that,” said Corbin-Ong. “It was part of (the former) East Germany and when you don’t know any German and you kind of look a little different, I wouldn’t say it was the easiest place to start.”
He was enrolled in a school for newcomers to the country, studying for three to four hours a day for some two months to learn language basics.
After two years, he moved to Berliner AK 07, a fourth-division side.
“Berlin’s a great city to live in,” he said. “I met a lot of people I still talk to on that team.”
He spent two years in the German capital, becoming more acclimatized to the language and culture. He moved last summer to Frankfurt, which had just been relegated from the second division.
“Frankfurt’s a beautiful city,” he said. “The club, I’m enjoying playing at a higher level, and being able to play the game I live.”
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Frankfurt (6-12-10) stands 18th in the 20-team league but its defensive record has been good, with 31 goals conceded in 28 games. It has only scored 30 goals, however. “Goals for, we’re working for it,” he said.
At No. 67, Scotland is ranked 50 places above the Canadian men. Canada is 0-4-0 against the Scots, outscored 11-2.
Scotland won 3-1 the last time they met in 2002 at Easter Road Stadium, the same venue as Wednesday’s game.
Read more about: |
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Background
Blacklight is a hacking challenge, but also falls into the category of an ARG (augmented reality game) where participants have to hack into networks and servers, crack ciphers and uncover hidden messages to investigate a secretive organization.
Project
Projeckt Blacklight approached me and asked me to create objects for the challenge. The goal was to encode a message with a series of blinks in the form of the logo. Based on the logo, I developed a three-dimensional shape and submitted it to my customers for approval.
After the customer had accepted the design, I checked what kind of electronics fit into the limited space on the inside of the form. The choice fell on an Adafruit Trinket with Backpack and a LiPo battery. Together with the customer I decided to make the form 20% bigger and a little deeper, so that the installation of the electronics is easier.
The three-dimensional form is optimized for printing on a liquid resin printer, such as the devices of the manufacturer Formlabs. Since I don’t have such a device, I ordered the parts via the 3DHubs.com platform (10$ voucher with this link)
After a few days I got the ordered parts and painted them with a varnish for model making. Since I didn’t know which varnish works best on the resin, I followed the recommendation of Formlabs.
The parts were given two coats of primer and then three coats of black paint. On the upper side of the parts an embossed bead in form of the logo had been worked in by me. The purpose of this raised pattern was that it could be ground down without touching the rest of the painted surface. This enabled me to selectively remove the covering paint layer, so that the light from the LEDs in the interior could only penetrate through the sanded areas.
After sanding, the parts were thoroughly cleaned and then varnished with a coat of clear varnish.
The whole project was also documented on video.
|
The Reds announced this morning that they’ve fired manager Bryan Price and pitching coach Mack Jenkins. Bench coach Jim Riggleman will assume managerial duties on an interim basis, while Triple-A skipper Pat Kelly will take over Riggleman’s duties as bench coach. Double-A pitching coach Danny Darwin has been added to the Major League coaching staff as well. The Reds will conduct a search for a permanent managerial replacement “later in the year,” the team added.
Entering the season, Price was widely speculated to be on the hot seat. The 55-year-old former Reds pitching coach was entering his fifth season as manager in Cincinnati, but the Reds had opted only to exercise his 2018 club option rather than extend him to a longer team deal.
That decision came on the heels of four consecutive losing seasons, and while one can hardly blame the manager for not piling up wins on a clearly rebuilding club, Cincinnati also didn’t seem to demonstrably improve under Price’s watch. The Reds won 76 games in his first season as skipper back in 2014, and since that time they’ve won 64, 68 and 68 games in the respective seasons to follow.
This year’s Reds have been all the more disastrous, opening the year with a 3-15 record with a -46 run differential that easily ranks as the worst in the Majors. The Cincinnati front office clearly felt it was time for a new voice to guide the club, though it’s fair to question why that decision wasn’t simply made before exercising Price’s option, as not much has changed since last September. It’s also worth pointing out that Cincinnati hired former Red Sox and Blue Jays manager John Farrell in a scouting capacity this past offseason, and he’ll almost certainly join the list of managerial candidates when the Reds begin searching (if he doesn’t already top their list).
As for Jenkins, he took over for former pitching coach Mark Riggins back in July 2016, but Reds hurlers haven’t improved much, if any, under his tutelage. The Reds, to be sure, have had their share of meaningful injuries in recent seasons — perhaps none more notable than Anthony DeSclafani, who has not pitched since 2016 — but that doesn’t explain the general lack of development among the team’s more promising young arms. As MLBTR’s Jeff Todd wrote last September:
By measure of fWAR, at least, the 2016-17 Reds hurlers have turned in a two-year stretch of futility that is orders of magnitude worse than any other organization of the past two decades, falling well shy of the dreadful 2004-05 Royals and 2002-03 Devil Rays units.
The 2018 Reds staff hasn’t done anything to correct that tailspin. Cincinnati’s 5.42 ERA, 4.64 xFIP and 4.91 SIERA marks all rank second-worst in the Majors, while their 5.26 FIP as a collective unit is the highest mark of any team in baseball. Cincinnati pitchers rank near the bottom of the league in strikeout percentage and have also posted one of the highest walk percentages of any team in baseball this season.
Photo courtesy of USA Today Sports Images. |
Paul Clemens Continues Making Strides For Braves
Much was made over the Double-A Mississippi rotation at the start of the 2011 season. Little, however, was said about righthander Paul Clemens, who has made as much progress as any pitcher in the Atlanta organization over the past two slates.... |
The front-end circuits of memory interface receivers have the function of converting the signals received from memories into logic high and logic low signals that can be used by core circuits. The front-end circuits of memory interface receivers are sometimes referred to as amplifiers since they amplify small-swing signals as signals with greater swings.
With the advancement of the memory interface specification, there is an increasingly demanding requirement for improving power supply voltage compatibility so that the front-end circuits may work properly under various power supply voltages, such as 1.5V, 1.2V, and 1.0V. The speed target for the front-end circuits, on the other hand, also increases. Designing the front-end circuits that meet the demanding specification thus becomes more and more difficult. The difficulty in the design is further increased due to the process variations that may cause the shift in threshold voltages in the MOS transistors used in the front-end circuits, and due to the variation in the reference voltages and power supply voltages used by the front-end circuits.
There were some conventionally used front-end circuits of memory interface receivers, such as complementary self-bias differential amplifiers. This type of amplifiers was popular since they do not need bias. Furthermore, with their push-pull characteristic, the rising delay and the falling delay match with each other, resulting in a small duty mismatch. Typically, this type of amplifiers may work at a power supply voltage greater than about 1.8V (for example 1.8V to 2.5V), and the work frequency may be up to about 1 Gbps.
Complementary self-bias differential amplifiers, however, have cascade structures, and may have four MOS transistors cascaded in some circuits. Accordingly, when the threshold voltages of the MOS transistors are high (which may be caused by process variations), there is not enough headroom for threshold voltages. The operation speed is also low.
Conventionally used front-end circuits also include pseudo differential amplifiers, which may be of either p-type or n-type. Again, this type of front-end circuits were popular since they do not need bias, and the headroom for threshold voltages is increased over that of complementary self-bias differential amplifiers. Typically, this type of front-end circuits may work at a power supply voltage as low as about 1.2V, and the work frequency may be up to about 2 Gbps.
Pseudo differential amplifiers, however, need to have the input signal compared with a reference voltage, which may be a half of the power supply voltage. Accordingly, due to the single-ended characteristic, at very low power supply voltages, the headroom is still tight, and the operation speed is not high enough. Further, a pseudo differential amplifier is either p-type or n-type, and hence there may be a serious rising/falling delay mismatch, which leads to duty skew.
Another type of amplifiers uses P-N-type dual inputs combined with current minor summation. This type of front-end circuits uses a p-type amplifier and an n-type amplifier. An input signal and a reference voltage are provided to each of the p-type amplifier and the n-type amplifier, and the currents generated by the p-type amplifier and the n-type amplifier are summed. Typically, this type of front-end circuits may work at a power supply voltage as low as about 1.2V, and the work frequency may be up to about 5 Gbps.
Again, for this type of front-end circuits, the headroom for threshold voltage is low when the power supply voltage is low, for example, close to about 1.0V. Furthermore, the reference voltage may suffer from variations, which sometimes cause the reference voltage to be lower than the threshold voltage of the MOS transistors in the p-type amplifier and the n-type amplifier. This may lead to operation failure or a low operation speed. |
Long-term consequences of uninephrectomy in male and female rats.
We investigated the effects of uninephrectomy (UNX) in 6-week-old male and female rats on blood pressure (BP), renal sodium handling, salt sensitivity, oxidative stress, and renal injury over 18 months postsurgery, studying control sham-operated and UNX-operated rats at 6, 12, and 18 months postsurgery, evaluating their renal sodium handling, BP, urinary isoprostanes, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and proteinuria before and after a 2-week high-salt intake period. At 18 months, plasma variables were measured and kidney samples were taken for the analysis of renal morphology and tissue variables. BP was increased at 6 months in male UNX rats versus controls and at 12 and 18 months in both male and female UNX rats and was increased in male versus female UNX groups at 18 months. UNX did not affect water and sodium excretion under basal conditions and after the different test in male and female rats at different ages. However, the renal function curve was shifted to the right in both male and female UNX rats. High-salt intake increased BP in both UNX groups at 6, 12, and 18 months and in the female control group at 18 months, and it increased proteinuria, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and isoprostanes in both UNX groups throughout the study. Renal lesions at 18 months were more severe in male versus female UNX rats. In summary, long-term UNX increased the BP, creatinine, proteinuria, pathological signs of renal injury, and salt sensitivity. Earlier BP elevation was observed and morphological lesions were more severe in male than in female UNX rats. |
A review of natural and modified betulinic, ursolic and echinocystic acid derivatives as potential antitumor and anti-HIV agents.
The aim of this review is to update current knowledge on the betulinic, ursolic and echinocystic acids and their natural and semisynthetic analogs, focussing on their cytotoxic and anti-HIV activities. Then, the last results of the authors' team on unusual semisynthetic derivatives of these triterpenoids will be presented in order to establish structure/activity relationships. |
Q:
AWS S3 Web Console overriding bucket policy
Currently I have a policy applied to a test bucket that is designed to prevent users from uploading s3objects with "public-read" and "public-read-write" ACLs.
When I try to upload via command line the requests are successfully blocked with "Access Denied" as expected:
Write-S3Object -bucketname testbucket -File C:\Users\user\Desktop\DemoFolder\secret_data.txt -cannedACLName public-read
Same result with "public-read-write":
Write-S3Object -bucketname testbucket -File C:\Users\user\Desktop\DemoFolder\secret_data.txt -CannedACLName public-read-write
But when I access the s3bucket via the Web Console GUI I am able to upload public objects. Along with manipulating an existing "private" object to public via the "make public" button.
Here is the bucket policy:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "DenyPublic",
"Effect": "Deny",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": [
"s3:PutObject",
"s3:PutObjectAcl"
],
"Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::testbucket/*",
"Condition": {
"StringEquals": {
"s3:x-amz-acl": [
"public-read",
"public-read-write"
]
}
}
}
]
Also here is the policy for s3 access from the user:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "s3:*",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
I feel like the fix or logic is really simple. I just cannot put my finger on it.
A:
I think what's going on here is that the AWS Console is not triggering your Deny policy, because it's not using canned ACLs. Instead, it's explicitly granting the READ_ACP permission to the AllUsers group (using the x-amz-grant-read header), after uploading the file.
I set up a similar policy and tested the canned ACL approach on PutObject (it failed):
$ aws s3 cp myfile s3://B/K --acl public-read
Result: Access Denied
Then I tested a non-ACL copy, followed by an ACL update to the object using the canned ACL approach (the upload succeeded, but the ACL update failed):
$ aws s3 cp myfile s3://B/K
Result: OK
$ aws s3api put-object-acl --bucket B --key K --acl public-read
Result: Access Denied
Then I tried the grant approach with the AllUsers group (it succeeded):
$ aws s3 cp myfile s3://B/K
Result: OK
$ aws s3api put-object-acl --bucket B --key K --grant-read uri=http://acs.amazonaws.com/groups/global/AllUsers
Result: OK
The last two tests attempt to do the same thing (upload an object and make it world-readable) but they do it in different ways and one is denied by your policy while the other is not.
|
Thursday, August 05, 2004
Four married guys go fishing. After an hour, the following conversation took place:
First guy: "You have no idea what I had to do to be able to come out fishing this weekend. I had to promise my wife that I will paint every room in the house next weekend.
Second guy: "That is nothing, I had to promise my wife that I will build her a new deck for the pool."
Third guy: "Man, you both have it easy! I had to promise my wife that I will remodel the kitchen for her."
They continue to fish when they realized that the fourth guy has not said a word. So they asked him."You haven't said anything about what you had to do to be able to come fishing this weekend. What's the deal?"
Fourth guy: "I just set my alarm for 5:30 am. When it went off, I shut off my alarm, gave the wife a nudge and said, "Fishing or Sex" ........ and she said, " Wear sun-block."
Wednesday, August 04, 2004
Hello All! Hope everyone is doing well. Not feeling so good today so I thought I would do a "yada yada" list of my thoughts and life in general.....
1. My daughter starts school Monday, August 9th. First grade already. Wow. I have learned that it cost a fortune to buy all the school supplies you need BUT it is alot easier to buy them already "packaged" to keep from having to search for every little thing.
2. I read in the school handbook that they enforce corporal punishment at school. I am all about spanking but all I am saying is I am not happy about the fact that they don't tell you until AFTERWARDS. Ho Hum.
3. I had "MINOR" feminine surgery Monday. I am not feeling so good and hopefully we will get to the bottom of it tomorrow.
4. More and more I love my job.
5. One of my best friends is getting ready to move back to New York. (Where she is originally from.) She is leaving August 13th and I am so sad. To be honest we have not seen alot of each other this summer because we both have been so busy but I think it is just the fact of knowing that she won't be "right down the road" anymore. It is a good 19 hours or so away that she will be from me! *sob**sob*
6. Why is it SO hard to get motivated to "clean out" things. I mean all and all my house is pretty clean but I HATE to clean out boxes and I HATE to do laundry. What is up with that? What are your "house" pet peves?
7. I watched the last two episodes (and only two episodes I have seen) of The Simple Life 2 tonight. I was intrigued to watch it after seeing Lionel Richie and Nicole Richie on Oprah Monday afternoon. Speaking of corporal punishment those two (Paris and Nicole) seem to really need it. Of course, I shouldn't judge but that is the impression that they seem to give the whole world.
8. Knowing my hubby will be gone for 9 weeks in October has somewhat hendered our relationship ONLY because stupid me keeps dwelling on the fact that he is leaving instead of enjoying the time that he is here.
Thursday, April 08, 2004
Yeah! I just got another letter from Brian! How cool is that!! I am so excited and I feel 100% (well 99%) better after reading it! He also wrote Baylee a birthday card! She is going to be estatic! He said alot of really good things that mean the world to me! I am really beginning to think that this is a good thing for us. I think it has made both of us appreciate what we have more. I will leave out the "mushy" stuff for his sake but this is all he really had to say about boot camp.....
Turns out the recruiters were right, we have a bunch of little punks that don't know how to act so we get alot of EXTRA TRAINING!! But things seem to be slowly coming togehter. Camp is really not that hard. You just do what you are told and act like an adult and everything is straight. The IT (initiative training) is the hardest part. That is what they use to motivate us. I am a squad leader so everyone comes to me or one of 4 other people with problems. It kind of sucks 'cause its like fighting a never ending battle to get these people to shut up........(add in other "stuff" here).....I've been yelled at a coule of times. Twice for cussing, once for looking at an officer while he was talking to me "you don't eyeball them", and then for responding to "carry on" you don't do that either. Just little minor stuff I should have been paying attention to.....(add in othere "stuff" here)......we start running today, no sweat though I've been taking a spinning class, we lift weights, we run, we do calistentics or however you spell it.......(add some really sweet stuff here about me and Baylee)...Well I hate to quit writing but I have to shine mine and my shipmates boots. He irons my uniforms and I shine his boots.....(finishes off with some really sweet things)
I think I will be sleeping with this under my pillow tonight.......I hope I have really sweet dreams!
Tonight is my bunco night. We play the second Thursday of every month. We have such a great group of girls! It is my favorite night out! (Just about only night out!) So wish me luck in winning the big bucks!
My mom is going to pick up Baylee for me and I am going to run home to see if I got mail from Brian and let the dogs out! (Who let the dogs out?!?) Brian can write letters on Sundays so I look for them anytime between Thursday and Saturday. Pathetic.....I know! I am ready to hear from him again! Especially, after today. My daughters grandmother brought some pictures to me that she took around Christmas. Two of Brian helping clean her house and two of us at Christmas. AWWWWW.......makes me so sad! I will live! Not TOO much longer now!
I am so excited about going to Brian's graduation! (Yes, I know.....it is a month away!) The only problem is that I won't know until I am already there what flight he will be on coming back. I, also, won't know if he has to leave that day or if he can stay a couple. I do know that if they don't take the flight they have been given they have to pay for their own way back. We are doing good to be able to afford a plane ticket for me to go up! The problem is I can't hardly book a flight without knowing his information. First of all, we won't even get to be on the same flight coming home. Second of all, what if I scheduled mine to come home Sunday and he has to leave Friday? There would always be a possibility that I won't be able to move up my flight and I would be stuck in New Jersey for TWO days without my husband. (Which would be pointless!) So I decided that I am going to take the LONG 19 hour drive. I will actually get to go to states I have never been to before and I love "road" trips so this may be good for me. Then on the way home Brian and I will get 19 undisturbed hours together! Plus, he LOVES road trips and we would probably go through Washington coming home so we could both see the sites and/or just to say we have been there!
Monday, April 05, 2004
I had a really good friend from Junior High, High School and I guess you would say "adult" life. We were so close we more often than not got called sisters. She had a boyfriend turned fiance that broke up with her over email and moved hours away over night. In the meantime she found out she was pregnant and she asked me to call him and tell him. They then decided to get back together and get married. I, of course, was the maid of honor. (Fast forward about two years.) I got two anonymous calls from a guy who was asking me to "do things" with him. The guy eventually fessed up to be her husband and somewhat made a joke out of the calls then asked me a couple of very personal questions. This made me uncomfortable and to make matters worse before he got off of the phone he said, "Don't tell her I called you. You know how she is." That made me feel even worse. A co-worker and my husband were each present during the calls. My husband was furious. (For obvious reasons!) I felt horrible and felt that I really needed to tell her and my husband wanted me to because he was so mad. The thing is she caught him lying and flirting on many occasions when he did not know she was around so this was not the first time he had done something shady. So I tried and tried to tell her but I never could. I finally wrote her a letter and that was three years ago. I tried on many, many occasions to contact her but she never responded. I did admit in a letter to her and of couse I am admitting now that maybe I should have told her in person. I don't think that would have changed things and I know she must have been going through a tough time especially since at the time she was going through her second pregnancy. I know that sometimes my words can "hurt" and I am trying my best to work on that but I still don't think it is fair that I was "punished" for something I did not do. If nothing else she could have at least written me and said, "Don't ever talk to me again!" I got nothing. It was as if she was "dead" to me and I went through a very long "grieving" period. Just last week at work I came across a letter that I had written her and figured, "Why do I even try." I then proceeded to rip up the letter and "write off" our friendship. The strange thing is this past Saturday I got a letter from her. Remember this is the first time she has contacted me in THREE years. I was not as excited as I thought I would be. I guess because like I said before I had just "written her off". I think I was mad because I was finally getting over things and all of a sudden she thinks she just pop back in my life like nothing happened. The letter was real short and sweet. She just asked how we all were and just gave me some details on her family. I thought about it all weekend and decided I would write back. I answered all of her questions and then very politely asked what changed and why did she write me. I then asked if we were ever going to have "some kind of" relationship again. In closing, I told her that if we don't talk again that I was very happy she wrote me, glad they were doing well and best wishes in life!
Long term, team players needed, for challenging permanent work in an, oftenchaotic environment. Candidates must possess excellent communication and organizational skills and be willing to work variable hours, which willinclude evenings and weekends and frequent 24 hour shifts on call. Someovernight travel required, including trips to primitive camping sites on rainy weekends and endless sports tournaments in far away cities. Travel expenses not reimbursed. Extensive courier duties also required.
RESPONSIBILITIES:
The rest of your life. Must be willing to be hated, at least temporarily,until someone needs $5. Must be willing to bite tongue repeatedly. Also, must possess the physical stamina of a pack mule and be able to go from zeroto 60 mph in three seconds flat in case, this time, the screams from the backyard are not someone just crying wolf. Must be willing to facestimulating technical challenges, such as small gadget repair, mysteriouslysluggish toilets and stuck zippers. Must screen phone calls, maintaincalendars and coordinate production of multiple homework projects. Must haveability to plan and organize social gatherings for clients of all ages andmental outlooks. Must be willing to be indispensable one minute, anembarrassment the next. Must handle assembly and product safety testing of ahalf million cheap, plastic toys, and battery operated devices. Must alwayshope for the best but be prepared for the worst. Must assume final, completeaccountability for the quality of the end product. Responsibilities also include floor maintenance and janitorial work throughout the facility.
POSSIBILITY FOR ADVANCEMENT & PROMOTION:
Virtually none. Your job is to remain in the same position for years,without complaining, constantly retraining and updating your skills, so thatthose in your charge can ultimately surpass you.
Get this! You pay them! Offering frequent raises and bonuses. A balloonpayment is due when they turn 18 because of the assumption that college willhelp them become financially independent. When you die, you give themwhatever is left. The oddest thing about this reverse-salary scheme is thatyou actually enjoy it and wish you could only do more.
BENEFITS:
While no health or dental insurance, no pension, no tuition reimbursement,no paid holidays and no stock options are offered; this job supplieslimitless opportunities for personal growth and free hugs for life if youplay your cards right.
Saturday, April 03, 2004
Yeah! My hubby just wrote us a letter! It really doesn't say much but short and sweet if okay with me! I am just so excited to hear from him! He said the hardest part was missing us and that made me feel so good! It has been a long two weeks with everything that has been going on. As far as, boot camp this is all he really had to say:
I don't have much time to write, but everything is going pretty good. The company commanders are pretty tough, but they are fair. As long as we listen we don't get in trouble. If several people screw up we all do exercises. It's not too bad. (He fills in this part with sweet stuff to me and Baylee...then he finishes with..) Well it's about time to line up so I will write again next Sunday, that's the only time we get to write. (He then of course finishes with his sweet ending)
Baylee is so excited! She has ran all over the house saying, "We got a letter from daddy! We got a letter from daddy!" Then she ran and got all of her markers and a notebook and said I have to write him back right now so that he will write us back! I knew she would miss him, but I did not realize exactly how much of a daddy's girl she was!
Friday, April 02, 2004
UGH! Other than the stupid letter from the training center I have yet to hear from my husband! It is driving me insane! Good news is I can actually "forget about it" for once. I am going out with the girls tonight! All of our hubbies are out of town and momma needs a break! Before you start thinking anything....it is just innocent fun! I don't even drink so I am always the designated driver and I would never cheat on my husband. I honestly have never even cheated on anyone......just not my style. This is the same "girls" that my dear hubby "allows" me to go out with when he is in town! So that said, I am looking forward to a night to take my mind off of things. It has been a very stressful past couple of weeks and if this girl doesn't relax she is going to, "BLOW UP!" BBBOOOOOOMMM!
Wednesday, March 31, 2004
Today has been a good day. For the first time since my hubby has been gone I slept wonderful! I have had some "issues" with some family members and I have just prayed, thought about things and talked to some good friends. Now I have a whole new outlook today! I decided there is always going to be something that I do that people don't like, there is always going to be something that I don't do or isn't my fault that I will be blamed for and I can't please everyone. The decisions my husband and I make are our decisions and our decisions alone and we owe no one an explanation about it! If they are mad....so be it! I am not going to waste one second, that I could devote to much greater things, on a losing battle. SO I no that sounded harsh but for my sanity I needed to say it! Whew! This morning a coworker gave me the prettiest glass vase with a purple flower and a lady bug on it.....inside were Purple Iris'! BTW, purple is my favorite color! How sweet! Then my boss said that we are taking a late lunch and our office will be closed from 1:00 - 3:00! Yeah! Two-Hour paid lunch with a free meal at a good restaurant! Can't beat that! Not to mention today is pay-day! Oh yeah....the most important part...I lost 5lbs! I am sure it is just water weight but who cares! Today is a good day.....
1. If you love something, set it free. If it comes back, it will always be yours. If it doesn't come back, it was never yours to begin with. But, if it just sits in your living room, messes up your stuff, eats your food, uses your telephone, takes your money, and doesn't appear to realize that you had set it free....... You either married it or gave birth to it.
2. Reason to smile: Every 7 minutes of every day, someone in an aerobics class pulls a hamstring.
3. They keep telling us to get in touch with our bodies. Mine isn't all that communicative but I heard from it the other day after I said, "Body, how'd you like to go to the six o'clock class in vigorous toning?" Clear as a bell my body said, "Listen fatty....do it and die."
4. My mind not only wanders, it sometimes leaves completely.
5. The best way to forget all your troubles is to wear tight shoes.
6. The nice part about living in a small town: When you don't know what you're doing, someone else always does.
7. Just when I was getting used to yesterday, along came today.
8. Amazing! ! You hang something in your closet for a while and it shrinks two sizes!
9. Sometimes I think I understand everything, then I regain consciousness.
10. I read this article that said the typical symptoms of stress are eating too much, impulse buying, and driving too fast. Are they kidding? That's my idea of a perfect day.
Tuesday, March 30, 2004
Why is it so hard to drink water. I mean it is just water! It is like the more I try to drink it the less I want it. It is very important to have plenty of water and it has lots of good side effects ........BUT WHY CAN'T I DRINK IT! I have tried and tried but I fail every time. It is not that I don't drink it, it is the fact that I don't drink enough. To make matters worse when I try to cut back on drinking anything but water I end up going just about all day without drinking anything....just to keep from drinking water! Crazy.....
Monday, March 29, 2004
I got my first contact from the training center today. I received a letter basically just saying he arrived safely and just told general information about boot camp. I was so excited to get the letter but I wish it were from Brian instead! I miss him so much! Hopefully, I will be getting a letter from him in the next couple of days. As promised....I will keep you updated!
I am going through MAJOR "missing my husband blues" today. Am I going to have to join some kind of HBCA? (Husband at Boot Camp Anonymous) Will this go away or will I be tortured for the next 46 days! (Yes I have counted!) The only way I can explain it ....it is like hot flashes.....one minute you are fine the next you are burning up. Well one minute I am fine and the next minute I am missing him like crazy. I promised him that I would write every night but I did not realize until now exactly how much we tell each other and how much we are involved in each others life. By the time he gets his first letter it will be like a novel! I just hope he is doing well.....I am sure he is fine but I just can't help to wonder. I have to hear these four things from my five (almost 6!) year old EVERYDAY. "Momma, when is daddy coming home?" "Momma, I miss daddy." "Momma, remember when daddy......" and "Momma, I bet daddy would like to do this." I sure hope the time flies by!
Sunday, March 28, 2004
Well the weekend was not as horrible as I had imagined it to be. I kept myself very busy in order to keep from missing my sweet hubby! After work Friday I went to a friends house to see her new baby nursery and then we took the kids out for ice cream. Afterwards, I went to my friend Jessica's house to help pick out paint for her living room. I then went home and crashed.....and actually slept late Saturday! I guess the week finally caught up with me! Saturday Jessica and I took our kids to the park for a picnic. Then we flew kites, ran a obstical course (that tired us adults out more than the kids) and then took the kids for ice cream. (As you can tell my daughter had a sugar rush all weekend!) It really was one of the most beautiful days this year! Saturday night I ate at a fish & chicken place with another friend and her family. (Cock of the Walk....funny name huh.) We had a wonderful time and the food was as good as usual. Baylee and I then came home and watched movies until we feel asleep and slept all night in the living room! Today we mainly sat around and watched TV. I did clean out the garage and wash a few clothes. My mom and my little brother came over and we went for a walk at this very peaceful Botanical Garden near my house. Afterwards, Baylee and I went grocery shopping and now I am getting ready to clean out the fridge and unpack the groceries. I just thought I would get a little writing in before bed. My daughter has been sleeping in my room with me since her daddy left but she is going to sleep in her own room tonight, so hopefully things will go well for both of us! This weekend was definitely bitter-sweet! Baylee has asked me at least twice a day when her daddy is coming home! I hope you all had a wonderful weekend!
Tuesday, March 23, 2004
Okay I lied! That was not my last MIA post for awhile! I was checking my email right after my last post and I got this one from Brian at the USO. (If you don't know the USO is where the miliatary people go to "hang out" until their next flight or whatever.) It really touched me that he emailed me BUT made me feel so better! I will post the email even though he will hate me for it when he gets home! Oh well, I can deal with that!
To : tiffgarrett@hotmail.comSubject : Hello From Philly
Hey baby, I saw they had a computer with internet so I wanted to drop you and and everyone there a line. I hope no one misses me to much, and want you all to know I'll be fine. See you all on May 16. Love you all. Especially YOU and BAYLEE.
**One correction to his email - Actually I THINK they said his graduation will be May 14th and the 16th would be the day that we would fly home together.....BUT who cares at this point! I am just glad to hear from him and even more glad that he remembered my email address because he asks me AT LEAST once a week what it is!
Well this will be my last Brian MIA (Missing In Action) update for awhile! If I could draw I would draw sad eyes because that is how I feel! Brian called me a moment ago to tell me that he made it to Philadelphia and that he was at the USO waiting on the bus to take him to Cape May, New Jersey. He said there was not really much to see this trip because it was dark but if I flew into Philadelphia that it seemed really pretty, at night anyway. He said the flight was fine and that he was just really tired. He definitely sounded that way! That really makes me sad! This has been very physically and emotionally draining on him. I will just pray, pray, pray for him! Then wish for God Speed on his first letter getting here because I miss him like crazy already! This too shall pass................boohoo!
I got an unexpected call from my husband! He was supposed to call me from Philly but called me from North Carolina and then he will call me from Philly, too! He said he missed me & Baylee already and used some pretty good logic with me. He said, "You know now that I am gone you are in a better situation because that means you are two hours closer to seeing me and when you go to bed tonight you will be one day closer to seeing me." YEAH! He is a sweetie! So I don't have my pouty face anymore.......even though there are still tears in my eyes at least I have a smile on my face!
Well I have been told by about 5 or 6 people in the past week how funny I am or how they like the "funny stuff" on the site.....well today I am not so funny. I am somewhat of a "Gloomy Gus"! The past two days have been two of the most emotionally draining days I have had in years. I won't get into ALL of it right now but basically it started out with me thinking I was going to be with my husband for a couple of hours why he swears in and finishes up paperwork. It ended up that I was with him most of the day (which actually consisted of me mostly sitting in a waiting room) and then Baylee and I got to eat dinner with Brian and walk him to his hotel room. He was devastated because he had to tell her good bye. No sooner did we get in the car did she ask about him. She slept with a bear that he gave her for Valentine's day and hugged/kissed it and said, "Good Night, Daddy. I love you." Of course, that got the tears rolling with me and when I told Brian about it this morning he had a few tears. We had about 22 phone calls yesterday but Brian would not let me answer the phone. We were both in the mood that yesterday and this morning we needed it to be about "us". We have been so busy doing stuff we forgot about "us" and he was really starting to feel the pressure of having to leave so he felt it was best not to add anymore stress. I REALLY APPRECIATE EVERYONE who was checking on Baylee and I. Brian really appreciates everyone that was trying to wish him well. I have seen the website and seen all of my emails but to be honest could not really respond at the moment. I am at least trying to hold it together while I am at work! His flight is in "transit" right now and he should arrive in North Carolina around 3:00. I know he will at least get to call me from Philadelphia when he gets there. I will give everyone an update when he gets there.I am so proud of him and I know he will do great I already miss him though! So in saying that.....I think I am just going to pout for the rest of the day....not because I am not happy for him BUT because I am sad for me!
Friday, March 19, 2004
Time flys not only when you are having fun BUT when you are not looking forward to something! I am feeling a little like this picture.....a SAD BABY! Brian found out that he will now have to stay in a hotel Monday night and I can't stay with him. That makes me sad because that is one day less that I will get to see him. WHICH means that Sunday night will be the last night we will be able to spend time together in our own house. ONLY THREE MORE NIGHTS....*sob**sob*. Thus far the game plan is to take him to the military recruit office Monday morning and then just play it by ear. I will know more later but as of now it seems like I won't get to go to the airport or anything with him. I guess that is to keep people from acting like fools when their "babies" leave! I made him laugh by telling him I would lay down on the floor and hug his leg and scream, "No!" like you see these crazy people do in movies! Ha! I just hope that this goes by fast, but unfortunately I don't think it will! He is not even gone yet and I miss him already!
True peace only comes from the Prince of Peace.Peace does not mean that everything around you is calm and tranquil; true peace means that you are able to remain peaceful during the storms of life.
But this peace, which the Bible promises is available to believers, can only come from God. Jesus said, "I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace" (John 16:33). In other words, Jesus came so that you could have peace.
Paul tells us, in Philippians 4:6-7, that we can have peace if we don't become anxious about life but instead give our worries to God: "Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus."
Hand over all of your problems to the Prince of Peace, Jesus Christ, and He will give you a peace that passes understanding -- a peace that is beyond comprehension.
God has given us His Word as a guide for our life. However, His Word won't help us if we don't study it, know it, and live by it. Therefore, we must diligently study and apply God's Word if we wish for it to have an impact on our lives.
Jesus promised, "If you abide in My word ..., you are truly My disciples. And you will know the Truth, and the Truth will set you free" John 8:31-32 That's a promise that if we abide in His Word, we will know the Truth, because His Word is the Truth.
Why is it so important to follow God's Word? Because HIS Word keeps us from turning aside to the right or to the left; it keeps us on the straight and narrow path that leads to life. (See Matthew 7:13-14)
Therefore, abide in HIS Word, because HIS Word will keep you from sin.
This has been such a busy week! Monday night I ate out with some family members at one of my favorite resturaunts. (Kyoto's Japanese Steak House) It is one of those places where they cook your food right in front of you. It is YUMMY! The serving sizes are UNREAL! Every time I come out of there I feel like a stuffed cow! Tuesday night my daughter's grandparents came over to have a "play date" with her. Last night Brian, his mom, Baylee, Terry and I all ate at a new resturaunt in Flowood, Logan's Roadhouse. I thought the food was really good and the company was even better. I am so glad that my mother-in-law and I have such a good relationship now. She is a sweetie! Tonight Brian and I are going to the grand opening of "Headliners" (I mentioned this in an earlier post). I am SO tired but excited for the extra "fun" time I get to spend with Brian before he leaves. Tomorrow night we have to run around and do last minute errands before he goes out of town. Saturday night his dad's family is coming to see our new house and take us out to eat for Brian's "going away" party. Sunday afternoon will be interesting. It will kind of be a "come and go" gathering for any of Brian's friends and family who want to see him before he leaves. It has been a really good past couple of weeks and I have stayed busy which has kept my mind off of things but I do wish I would have had a little more alone time with him. Of course, anytime is special. I am just glad he has been having fun and had his mind off of things. I can imagine he is probably pretty nervous.
Wednesday, March 17, 2004
And then a hero comes along with the strength to carry on And you cast your fears aside and you know you can survive So when you feel like hope is gone look inside you and be strong And you'll finally see the truth that a hero lies in you
.....but have you really thought about it? "The Hero Lies in You". Are there things in your life that you have done or things that you are proud to have brought yourself through...especially if during those times you did not think you would make it? Okay, so if you haven't thought of yourself that way is there one person in your life or a person in general who is your "Hero"?
Monday, March 15, 2004
I had a really good weekend! I am feeling pretty refreshed today but really not in the mood to work! Friday night my hubby, daughter and I grabbed a quick dinner and made a quick trip to the store.....then we raced home to get in bed by 8:45pm! Okay, okay....I know we sound like old people (especially since we went to bed before our five year old)...but we have had alot going on and needed the rest! Saturday morning we hung out around the house and then my in-laws came over for what turned out to be a very enjoyable two hour visit. Afterwards, my hubby and I had a date night. We went to eat at Up The Creek and the went to see the movie Secret Window. (Which I DO NOT recommend....boring!) Sunday we lounged around that morning then met the in-laws at Planet Rock and then had dinner at Corky's. After dinner we made our second trip to Wal-Mart for the weekend where my husband bought our daughter a new bike for her birthday and I got a DVD with my favorite actress in it (Julia Roberts)Mona Lisa Smiles. It was a good "girlie" movie! So that is pretty much it for my weekend! How was yours?
Friday, March 12, 2004
Brian has his sweet moments but this one just got me. I was standing outside while he was working and he just started staring me down. I was like, "What??" He said, "Nothing. I was just trying to get a good picture of you to take to boot camp with me." Well, of course, I start crying like a big baby BUT come on .....who wouldn't! So I just had to add this for the world to see ......MY husband REALLY will miss me while he is gone! I guess absense does make the heart grow fonder!
I am SO excited! Tuesday my husband won VIP passes to a new club that is opening in Jackson! The name of it is Headliners Entertainment Resort. It is a quadplex of dining and entertainment. The 30,000-square-foot building will house a Cactus Cafe, Banana Joe's Island Party, Rascal's Comedy Club and Headliners Live, a room whre local and national musical acts will perform. This is an AWESOME thing for Jackson! We have really needed something like this for awhile. My husband and I don't go out very often but when we do it is with another couple and we have the hardest time deciding on what to do. All of us are so laid back and no one ever wants to make a decision. This is perfect because everyone has options and everyone is satisfied. The only other place that has ever really stuck around in Jackson is "The Dock" which did have a club in the same parking lot and you could pay one price to get in both BUT that was really not my "thing". Inside the sports bar at Headliners will be three large projection televisions, eight big-screen TVs, pool tables, video games and an open patio facing Ridgewood Road with two cabana bars. My brother in law was offered a position to DJ but turned it down because he has too much on his plate already. He, however, is working on an ad for them in a magazine he co-owns called, The Jackson Free Press. I think the tickets are for Thursday, March 18th.....I will do an update to let you know how it goes!
Thursday, March 11, 2004
Things You Can Control......~Your reaction to others~Your to-do list (and the number of items on it)~How your day is spent~Your goals~How much time you're willing to spend on a particular project~Your self-esteem and self-worth~How you treat others~Your exercise and eating habits~The communication of your needs to others~Telling people when you're stresses out and need time alone or help with projects~Whether or how much you smoke or drink alcohol~How old you act~The way you raise your children
Things You Can't Change......~The age or stage of development your children are in~The way you were raised~Whether the stoplight turns red or green~How fast other cars are driving~Other people~The timing of your teenager's mood swings or your toddler's temper tantrums~Your age~When work or a project takes much longer than expected~Waiting for your doctor 30 minutes after your scheduled appointment~A death, illness, or accident in the family~The Calendar~Being laid off from a job~Messes made right after you clean the house
Brian, my husband, has just nearly made me have a heart attack. He calls me and said Mark, his USCG recruiter, just offered him a position to go to Iraq. He told Brian that it would be more pay and he could get through school quicker. Basically, he would go to boot camp for two months, come home for a couple of weeks, go to school for nine weeks and then ship off to Iraq for 8 months! Ummm....hello.....I don't even know how I am going to make it for two months! I can't imagine going almost a year without seeing him! He, of course, turned it down for now and said he would consider it next year. (Yikes!) The reality of all of this is ......... there is ALWAYS a possibility of him having to go.......not just on a volunteer basis but because they make him. That will always weigh heavy in the back of my mind. I just have to remember that this is what he wants to do and I am VERY proud of him. It seems scary but I have to compare it to this.....would you really go to medical school and then never even practice medicine or deal with patients? More than likely you wouldn't so what he wants to do is protect his country so why get a job doing that and worry the whole time that you might actually have to do it?
Wednesday, March 10, 2004
I have had a "gloomy" disposition lately. I have had alot going on and have had a few other people in my life that have had to deal with some of the same things. In saying that....I have done alot of reading and this is one of the things I came across that really hit home for me in more ways that one.
In small doses, competition can motivate you to achieve more. Constantly comparing career successes, wardrobes, bank accounts or your love lives can wear down your self-esteem and you relationship with a friend or family member. Competition becomes unhealthy when it makes up feel bad about yourself. One of the main ingredients in a positive relationship is that BOTH people feel that they can be themselves and don't have to impress each other. People tend to harbor an irrational belief that there's only so much good stuff to go around. The root of the problem is not yours or their good luck it is yours/their own flagging sense of self-esteem.
"People who try to beat others all the time are attempting to bolster their self image." says psychologist Tina Tessina.
If you are the competitive party:* Think Before You Speak: Catch yourself before you say something that might hurt someone*Acknowledge Your Issues: Take a look on the inside of yourself.*Don't Beat Yourself Up
If you are on the receiving end:*Talk to him/her: Create some distance; He/She may sense something is amiss and look at his/her own behavior at what is causing the distance between the two of you.*Avoid His/Her Triggers*Know When To Let Go: If the problem is excessive, you have to consider whether this is someone you can have a "relationship" with.
***Some so called relationships are not worth the abuse ....so move on with no regrets.
Tuesday, March 09, 2004
My dear sweet husband is leaving in two weeks to go to USCG boot camp. Those who know me KNOW I will be a sobbing little baby! I don't know what I will do without my sweetheart for two whole months! I won't even get to hear his voice until the 5th week! BOOHOO!
Various people have had some questions about boot camp and what all it consists of. I am posting this site so you can check out what exactly Brian will be doing the next couple of months.
For the family and friends of Brian....several people have asked me about writing to him while he is gone. Since it takes so long to get mail and since he won't have time to respond to everyone individually we decided it would be best if you would send me the letter and I will send it to him when I send mine. I am SURE I will be sending him a letter AT LEAST once a week! *wink* Also, I will be updating via this website with any new information, letters or phone calls I get from Brian while he is gone! |
Technical requirements
For Business eBanking to work satisfactorily, we recommend that you always use the latest web browser. Minimum specifications for your PC and local network:
Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10
Browser
Support
Internet Explorer 11 or newer
Yes
Latest version of Firefox
Yes
Latest version of Google Chrome
Yes
Latest version of Edge
Yes
Apple Mac OS 10.9, 10.10, 10.11
Browser
Support
Latest version of (excl. file transfer)
Yes
Latest version of Firefox
Yes
Latest version of Google Chrome
Yes
Linux Ubuntu Latest version
Browser
Support
Firefox Latest version
No
Mobile and TabletIOS 8 and Android 4.4 required to run the apps.
Communication
All communication with the Bank takes place via the TCP/IP protocol. To communicate with the Bank, you have to open port 443.For file exchange with the Bank in Business eBanking, port 1414 must be open too.
Internet connection via ISP or Direct modem link to Danske Bank.
Internet connection
Modem with speed of 56 kbps or above.
ADSL or a faster connection recommended.
Screen resolution
The resolution of your screen will affect the look and feel of the web page. We design our web pages and internet banks with a screen resolution of 1024x768 pixels, which is the standard resolution for a 17 inch screen. If your screen resolution is lower than this, you will get a scroll bar in the right side of the screen, which you can use.
Contact
Danske Bank A/S (trading as Danske Bank) is authorised by The Danish FSA in Denmark and is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland for conduct of business rules. Danske Bank A/S is a plc registered in Copenhagen, CVR-no. 61126228, at the Danish DCCA. Registered branch in Ireland Company No. 905623 with office at 3 Harbourmaster Place, IFSC, Dublin 1, Eircode D01 K8F1. Registered office in Denmark: 2-12, Holmens Kanal, DK-1092, Copenhagen K, Denmark. Details of all Danske Bank A/S directors can be viewed at its registered offices. |
Q:
Using form in view component ASP.NET Core 1.0
I have view component1:
<form class="form-horizontal">
<input type="text" name="ip1" class="form-control"/>
<input type="submit" name="btnSubmit" class="btn btn-default" />
</form>
and view component2:
<form class="form-horizontal">
<input type="text" name="ip1" class="form-control"/>
<input type="submit" name="btnSubmit" class="btn btn-default" />
</form>
Two view components is in the same page. But I don't know how to handle post request inside each view component. And how to post a model to a view component?
Example code behind or similar:
public class Component1ViewComponent : ViewComponent
{
public Component1ViewComponent()
{
}
public async Task<IViewComponentResult> InvokeAsync(bool isPost)
{
if (isPost)
{
//handle post request and get model value here
} else
{
}
return View(model);
}
}
A:
ViewComponents are not a http request endpoints, so what you are trying to do is not possible. View components come into picture only when a view is being generated.
|
A winter storm slammed into the US Northeast with howling winds and frigid cold, dumping nearly 2 feet (60 centimetres) of snow on some areas and whipping up blizzard-like conditions. Thirteen deaths have been blamed on the winter weather.
By midday on Friday (local time), about 2200 flights were cancelled nationwide, according to the aviation tracking website FlightAware.com. Most were in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago and Washington, DC.
Governors in New York and New Jersey declared states of emergency, urging residents to stay at home. Hundreds of schools were shut down in Boston and New York, extending the holiday break for tens of thousands of students.
"This is nothing to be trifled with," New York Governor Andrew Cuomo said. "People should seriously consider staying in their homes."
Officials from the upper Midwest to New England were preparing for another arctic blast over the next few days that could be even worse.
The storm has led to at least 13 deaths as it sweeps across the eastern half of the US Slick roads have caused traffic deaths in Michigan, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois.
A massive pile of salt fell on a worker at a Philadelphia storage facility, killing him. And authorities say a woman with Alzheimer's disease froze to death after she wandered away from her rural New York home. |
// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsyntax-only -verify %s
// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsyntax-only -verify -std=c++98 %s
// RUN: %clang_cc1 -fsyntax-only -verify -std=c++11 %s
// A type-parameter defines its identifier to be a type-name (if
// declared with class or typename) or template-name (if declared with
// template) in the scope of the template declaration.
template<typename T> struct X0 {
T* value;
};
template<template<class T> class Y> struct X1 {
Y<int> value;
};
// [Note: because of the name lookup rules, a template-parameter that
// could be interpreted as either a non-type template-parameter or a
// type-parameter (because its identifier is the name of an already
// existing class) is taken as a type-parameter. For example,
class T { /* ... */ }; // expected-note{{candidate constructor (the implicit copy constructor) not viable}}
#if __cplusplus >= 201103L // C++11 or later
// expected-note@-2 {{candidate constructor (the implicit move constructor) not viable}}
#endif
int i;
template<class T, T i> struct X2 {
void f(T t)
{
T t1 = i; //template-parameters T and i
::T t2 = ::i; // global namespace members T and i \
// expected-error{{no viable conversion}}
}
};
namespace PR6831 {
namespace NA { struct S; }
namespace NB { struct S; }
using namespace NA;
using namespace NB;
template <typename S> void foo();
template <int S> void bar();
template <template<typename> class S> void baz();
}
|
Application of Barcoding to Reduce Error of Patient Identification and to Increase Patient's Information Confidentiality of Test Tube Labelling in a Psychiatric Teaching Hospital.
Learning from the experience of another medical center in Taiwan, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Suan Psychiatric Hospital has changed the nursing informatics system step by step in the past year and a half . We considered ethics in the original idea of implementing barcodes on the test tube labels to process the identification of the psychiatric patients. The main aims of this project are to maintain the confidential information and to transport the sample effectively. The primary nurses had been using different work sheets for this project to ensure the acceptance of the new barcode system. In the past two years the errors in the blood testing process were as high as 11,000 in 14,000 events per year, resulting in wastage of resources. The actions taken by the nurses and the new barcode system implementation can improve the clinical nursing care quality, safety of the patients, and efficiency, while decreasing the cost due to the human error. |
Galaxy Digital‘s crypto-currency investor and CEO, Michael Novogratz, gave his insight, during a recent interview, on the success of the most valuable crypto-coin, saying liquidity is one of the prime reasons for the 2020 bull run of Bitcoin. The huge amount of liquidity backed by the crypto asset was key to its success in 2020, he says.
Over the past week, Bitcoin (BTC) has seen its price rise exceeding the $10,000 mark, with many anticipating the success of the king’s coin in 2020 to be the start of the bull run anticipated before the block reward halved later in the year. At the time of writing this article, the price of Bitcoin was around $10,226.
Novogratz, in fact, was all praise for the king’s coin, remarking,
“Bitcoin is probably the best new brand of the last 11 years. $200 billion market cap for the line of code that came out 11 years ago.”
Novogratz went on to highlight how Bitcoin has “developed its own lane” and established itself as a valuable store.
The views are very close to those expressed by Zac Prince of BlockFi who had earlier claimed that the true value of Bitcoin in today’s environment is as a store of value and as an investment tool. He said more and more people are buying Bitcoin today mainly because they’re expecting to see the price increase over the next few months and make a return on their investment.
At the moment, many expect the price of Bitcoin to quickly climb above the $11,000 mark. Nonetheless, the Fear and Greed Index indicates that the prevailing market sentiment is’ greed’ at the moment, something that may cause the price to push upward.
With regard to Bitcoin, which could break its ATH by 2020, Novogratz has taken the positive approach, saying:
“We might be there literally by the havening, which is in a couple of months.”
0 0 vote Article Rating |
Process
Brewing Beer
All beers are brewed using a process based on a simple formula. Key to the process is maltedgrain—depending on the region, traditionally barley, wheat or sometimes rye. (When malting rye, due care must be taken to prevent ergot poisoning (ergotism), as rye is particularly prone to be infected by this toxic fungus.)
Malt is made by allowing a grain to germinate, after which it is then dried in a kiln and sometimes roasted. The germination process creates a number of enzymes, notably α-amylase and β-amylase, which convert the starch in the grain into sugar. Depending on the amount of roasting, the malt will take on a dark colour and strongly influence the colour and flavour of the beer.
The malt is crushed to break apart the grain kernels, expose the cotyledon which contains the majority of the carbohydrates and sugars, increase their surface area, and separate the smaller pieces from the husks. The resulting grist is mixed with heated water in a vat called a "mash tun" for a process known as "mashing". During this process, natural enzymes within the malt break down much of the starch into sugars which play a vital part in the fermentation process. Mashing usually takes 1 to 2 hours, and during this time various temperature rests (waiting periods) activate different enzymes depending upon the type of malt being used, its modification level, and the desires of the brewmaster. The activity of these enzymes convert the starches of the grains to dextrins and then to fermentable sugars such as maltose. In smaller breweries, the mash tun generally contains a slotted "false bottom" or other form of manifold which acts as a strainer allowing for the separation of the liquid from the grain.
A mash rest from 49-55°C (120-130°F) activates various proteases, which break down proteins that might otherwise cause the beer to be hazy. But care is of the essence since the head on beer is also composed primarily of proteins, so too aggressive a protein rest can result in a beer that cannot hold a head. This rest is generally used only with undermodified (i.e. undermalted) malts which are decreasingly popular in Germany and the Czech Republic, or non-malted grains such as corn and rice, which are widely used in North American beers. A mash rest at 60°C (140°F) activates β-glucanase, which breaks down gummy β-glucans in the mash, making the sugars flow out more freely later in the process. In the modern mashing process, commercial fungal based β-glucanase may be added as a supplement. Finally, a mash rest temperature of 65-71°C (149-160°F) is used to convert the starches in the malt to sugar, which is then usable by the yeast later in the brewing process. Doing the latter rest at the lower end of the range favors β-amylase enzymes, producing more low-order sugars like maltotriose, maltose, and glucose which are more fermentable by the yeast. This in turn creates a beer lower in body and higher in alcohol. A rest closer to the higher end of the range favors α-amylase enzymes, creating more higher-order sugars and dextrins which are less fermentable by the yeast, so a fuller-bodied beer with less alcohol is the result. Duration and pH variances also affect the sugar composition of the resulting wort.[1]
After the mashing, the resulting liquid is strained from the grains in a process known as lautering. Prior to lautering, the mash temperature may be raised to about 75 °C (165-170 °F) (known as a mashout) to deactivate enzymes. Additional water may be sprinkled on the grains to extract additional sugars (a process known as sparging).
At this point the liquid is known as wort. The wort is moved into a large tank known as a "copper" or kettle where it is boiled with hops and sometimes other ingredients such as herbs or sugars. The boiling process serves to terminate enzymatic processes, precipitate proteins, isomerize hop resins, concentrate and sterilize the wort. Hops add flavour, aroma and bitternessto the beer. At the end of the boil, the hopped wort settles to clarify it in a vessel called a "whirl-pool" and the clarified wort is then cooled.
The wort is then moved into a "fermentation vessel" where yeast is added or "pitched" with it. The yeast converts the sugars from the malt into alcohol, carbon dioxide and other components through a process called fermentation. After one to three weeks, the fresh (or "green") beer is run off into conditioning tanks. After conditioning for a week to several months, the beer is often filtered to remove yeast and particulates. The "bright beer" is then ready for serving or packaging.
There are four main families of beer styles determined by the variety of yeast used in their brewing. |
The present invention relates to a new and improved construction of brake apparatus with variable braking force for cablecars, i.e. cable railway vehicles or aerial cableway vehicles, of the type incorporating at least one pressure-released catch brake and wherein the actual brake or brakes are arranged in a separate brake mount or housing coupled with the traveling carriage of the cable railway or aerial cableway, and furthermore, means are provided in order, following application of the brake, to automatically reduce the brake pressure with increasing coefficient of friction and to increase the brake pressure with decreasing coefficient of friction.
In the construction of brake devices for cablecars, especially aerial cableways, generally for determining the required braking force the coefficient of friction .mu. is considered as a constant value. According to the regulations of the authorities there must be calculated a coefficient of friction of .mu. = 0.1 and the checking and approval of braking devices at aerial cableways is based upon these considerations. In fact, however, the coefficient of friction .mu. is not constant, but fluctuates essentially between 0.05 to 0.3, depending upon the surface properties of the brake elements and the stationary components of the cableway at which the braking effort occurs, in other words in the case of an aerial cableway the support cable or in the case of a funicular or cable railway the rails. It is practically not possible for the stationary cableway component to obtain throughout the entire cableway or track length over a longer operating time a coefficient of friction which is within a very narrow variable range. Also in the case of completely closed support cables there are always present smooth and rough locations. These conditions are naturally taken into account during the determination of the constant calculated value for the coefficients of friction. This leads however to the fact that in most instances the braking force is too large, i.e. the braking effort is much too pronounced. After carrying out the braking effort it then happens that there is a fraying or eroding of the brake jaws during the braking action and later melting away of the brake jaw material. A too pronounced braking action in the case of an aerial cableway represents a danger of overloading the vehicle due to centrifugal acceleration, overloading the traction cable and carrier or support cable, the supports and so forth, i.e. in other words the installation and the passengers are placed in danger. This is also the case for funiculars. In the case where the braking effort is too weak then there is the danger that the cabin will slide.
The dangers existing when the braking effort is too pronounced have been already recognized and previously it has been considered to be desirable to be able to vary the braking force of the braking devices at aerial cableways. Thus, in Swiss Pat. No. 209,254 for instance, there is the suggestion that the magnitude of the braking force or effort can be influenced by the deceleration occurring during braking of the cabin. However, no technical realization of this possibility has really been disclosed in this patent. In the more recent Swiss Pat. No. 292,279 there is described a braking mechanism with variable braking force at aerial cableway vehicles wherein between the traveling mechanism or carriage possessing the conventional clamp brakes and the load container of the vehicle there is interposed a transmission in such a manner that the load container automatically influences the braking force of the clamp brake, and the load container is hingedly connected with the traveling mechanism for a relative displacement in the direction of travel, and the displacement occurring during braking, against the pressure of a spring, brings about by means of the transmission a corresponding closing movement of the clamp brake directly or through the agency of an oppositely directed wedge. In the even more recent Swiss Pat. No. 323,222, there is described a further brake mechanism with variable braking force, in which a separate brake shoe support which is displaceable relative to the aerial cableway in the direction of travel, during the braking action, is automatically pulled by the action of a spring against a wedge closing the clamp. However, practical significance has not been attained by such braking devices with variable braking force. Just as was heretofore the case the construction of braking devices at aerial cableways, as previously mentioned, is predicted upon an assumed constant coefficient of friction. This conception has particularly found usefulness in the case of light aerial cableway vehicles and in such instance is justified. In the meantime, however, the capacity of the cabins of the more recently constructed aerial cableways and therefore the weight of the vehicle has considerably increased, so that the tendency prevails to build even larger aerial cableways with cabins capable of accommodating over 100 individuals. Under these circumstances a brake device possessing a braking force which varies during the braking action corresponding to variable coefficients of friction again becomes actual, since only such braking devices can ensure for a faultless and especially pendulum-free catch brake action and guarantee for the safety of the passengers. The previously mentioned known braking devices of this type, however, are much too inaccurate and too sluggish or inertia-prone in their action, in order to deliver for such type heavy aerial cableway vehicleseven a somewhat reliable braking effort. Just how high are to be placed the requirements regarding safety for a brake mechanism with variable brake force is determined for instance by the fact that a control of the brake force as a function of deceleration- or acceleration values measured by means of an acceleration measuring device, for instance a tachodynamo, driven by a traveling roller, must be considered as cumbersome and impractical since there cannot be eliminated the situation that the traveling roller driving the tachodynamo briefly slides at the support or carrier cable or is raised from the aforementioned carrier cable and just during this time initiates a catch braking action. |
``dump``
========
.. versionadded:: 1.5
The ``dump`` function was added in Twig 1.5.
The ``dump`` function dumps information about a template variable. This is
mostly useful to debug a template that does not behave as expected by
introspecting its variables:
.. code-block:: twig
{{ dump(user) }}
.. note::
The ``dump`` function is not available by default. You must add the
``\Twig\Extension\DebugExtension`` extension explicitly when creating your Twig
environment::
$twig = new \Twig\Environment($loader, [
'debug' => true,
// ...
]);
$twig->addExtension(new \Twig\Extension\DebugExtension());
Even when enabled, the ``dump`` function won't display anything if the
``debug`` option on the environment is not enabled (to avoid leaking debug
information on a production server).
In an HTML context, wrap the output with a ``pre`` tag to make it easier to
read:
.. code-block:: twig
<pre>
{{ dump(user) }}
</pre>
.. tip::
Using a ``pre`` tag is not needed when `XDebug`_ is enabled and
``html_errors`` is ``on``; as a bonus, the output is also nicer with
XDebug enabled.
You can debug several variables by passing them as additional arguments:
.. code-block:: twig
{{ dump(user, categories) }}
If you don't pass any value, all variables from the current context are
dumped:
.. code-block:: twig
{{ dump() }}
.. note::
Internally, Twig uses the PHP `var_dump`_ function.
Arguments
---------
* ``context``: The context to dump
.. _`XDebug`: https://xdebug.org/docs/display
.. _`var_dump`: https://secure.php.net/var_dump
|
680 F.3d 849 (2012)
In re MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC REGISTRATION SYSTEMS, INC., Petitioner.
No. 12-501.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
May 9, 2012.
*850 Cornelius Edwin Coryell, II, Wyatt, Tarrant & Combs, Louisville, KY, for Petitioner.
Justin Whittaker, Dana E. Deering, Parry, Deering, Futscher & Sparks, Covington, KY, for Respondents.
*851 Before: KEITH, MARTIN, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
OPINION
BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge.
Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc., seeks permission before this court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c), to appeal a district court order remanding the underlying action to the Kentucky state court from which it was removed. Generally, a district court's order remanding a case to state court for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction or defects in removal procedures is not appealable. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d); Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Servs., Inc., 551 U.S. 224, 229-30, 127 S.Ct. 2411, 168 L.Ed.2d 112 (2007). However, an exception has been created by the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d), which allows us to "accept an appeal from an order of a district court granting or denying a motion to remand a class action to the State court from which it was removed" if the application for leave to appeal is made "not more than 10 days after entry of the order." § 1453(c)(1). If we accept the appeal, our decision must be rendered "not later than 60 days after the date on which such appeal was filed," or within any extension either agreed to by the parties or ordered by the court. § 1453(c)(2), (c)(3). The underlying appeal presents the question of whether Mortgage Electronic, as a third-party defendant, may remove the underlying state court action to federal court under section 1453(c)(1). Although we have previously held in cases not under the Act that third-party defendants may not remove an action, see, e.g., First Nat'l Bank of Pulaski v. Curry, 301 F.3d 456, 461 (6th Cir.2002), we have yet to render a published opinion on this issue in light of the language contained in the Act. We GRANT the petition for permission to appeal, and we join our sister circuits who have addressed this issue and hold that Mortgage Electronic, as a third-party defendant, cannot seek removal of a state court action under the Act. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
I. Facts
The facts are undisputed. In 2005, Kathy Hanson obtained a loan from America's Wholesale Lender to purchase real property. As security, Kathy and her husband signed a mortgage with Mortgage Electronic. In 2010, BAC Home Loan Servicing, LP, formally known as Countrywide Home Loans Servicing, LP, filed a foreclosure action against the Hansons in the Circuit Court in Warren County, Kentucky. The Hansons filed a counterclaim, arguing that BAC did not establish that it validly held the loan or the mortgage because the documents they executed were not in favor of BAC. BAC, apparently claiming assignment from Mortgage Electronic, responded that the Hansons did not join a necessary party in the counterclaim. In 2011, the Hansons obtained leave of court to file a third-party class action complaint against Mortgage Electronic.
In their third-party complaint, the Hansons alleged that Mortgage Electronic did not hold a valid mortgage on the property and, therefore, could not properly assign an interest to BAC. The Hansons alleged that Mortgage Electronic merely served as a database for the assignment of mortgages and failed to follow Kentucky registration procedures. The Hansons sought a declaratory judgment under Kentucky law.
Within thirty days of receiving the third-party complaint, Mortgage Electronic filed a notice of removal to the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky. Mortgage Electronic sought *852 removal of the action based on 28 U.S.C. § 1453(b). The Act provides that a district court has jurisdiction in a civil action where there is diversity of citizenship; the amount in controversy exceeds $5 million; and the proposed class includes at least one hundred members. § 1332(d); Salling v. Budget Rent-A-Car Sys., Inc., 672 F.3d 442, 443 (6th Cir.2012).
The Hansons moved to remand the action to state court, arguing that as a third-party defendant, Mortgage Electronic could not remove the action to federal court under the statute. The Hansons based their argument on section 1441(a), which states that an action may be removed "by the defendant or defendants," and First National Bank of Pulaski, 301 F.3d at 461-63, where we held that third-party defendants do not have a right of removal. They further argued that the Act did not alter this rule. Mortgage Electronic opposed the motion for a remand, arguing that under section 1453(b), a qualifying class action "may be removed by any defendant without the consent of all defendants." § 1453(b) (emphasis added).
The district court entered a brief order granting the motion to remand. The district court agreed with the majority of courts that have addressed this issue, finding that a third-party defendant does not enjoy a right of removal under the Act. Mortgage Electronic petitions this Court for permission to appeal the judgment of the district court, and appeals that judgment.
II. Procedural posture of appeal
"An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise. . . ." § 1447(d). The Act, however, provides that we "may accept an appeal from an order of a district court granting or denying a motion to remand a class action to the State court from which it was removed if application is made to the court of appeals not more than 10 days after entry of the order." § 1453(c)(1). The statute further requires that: "[i]f the court of appeals accepts an appeal . . . the court shall complete all action on such appeal, including rendering judgment, not later than 60 days after the date on which such appeal was filed, unless an extension is granted under paragraph (3)." § 1453(c)(2). An extension to this time limitation may be granted "for any period of time" if all parties agree, or "for a period not to exceed 10 days" if the extension is "for good cause and in the interest of justice." § 1453(c)(3)(A), (B). If a final judgment is not issued before the end of the sixty-day time period, or the extended period if such an extension has been granted under section 1453(c)(3), "the appeal shall be denied." § 1453(c)(4).
We must address the question of when the sixty-day time period of section 1453(c)(3) begins to run. The explicit language of the statute provides that the sixty days begins to run when a court of appeals decides to "accept" the appeal. § 1453(c)(2). The statute gives us discretion to either accept or reject the appeal. § 1453(c)(1) ("[A] court of appeals may accept an appeal") (emphasis added); see also Morgan v. Gay, 466 F.3d 276, 277 (3d Cir.2006); Pritchett v. Office Depot, Inc., 420 F.3d 1090, 1093 (10th Cir.2005). Our sister circuits have held that a court of appeals "accepts" an appeal, and thus the sixty-day time period of section 1453(c)(2) begins to run, only when the court of appeals has granted the petition for permission to appeal. Coll. of Dental Surgeons of P.R. v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 585 F.3d 33, 37 (1st Cir.2009); Morgan v. Gay, 471 F.3d 469, 472 (3d Cir.2006); DiTolla v. Doral Dental IPA of N.Y., LLC, *853 469 F.3d 271, 275 (2d Cir.2006); Patterson v. Dean Morris, L.L.P., 444 F.3d 365, 368-69 (5th Cir.2006); Hart v. FedEx Ground Package Sys. Inc., 457 F.3d 675, 678 (7th Cir.2006); Evans v. Walter Indus., Inc., 449 F.3d 1159, 1162 (11th Cir.2006); Bush v. Cheaptickets, Inc., 425 F.3d 683, 685-86 (9th Cir.2005); Pritchett, 420 F.3d at 1093. But see Patterson, 444 F.3d at 370 (Garza, J., dissenting) (arguing that a plain reading of section 1453(c)(2) requires that the sixty-day time limit begin upon the filing of the appeal). Given the plain language of the statute, we agree with our fellow circuits and hold that the sixty-day time period of section 1453(c)(2) begins when the court of appeals decides to grant the petition for permission to appeal. Therefore, the time restriction of that statute does not restrict us as to when we are required to grant or deny Mortgage Electronic's petition. Because we believe the merits of the underlying appeal warrant consideration by this Court, we GRANT Mortgage Electronic's petition for permission to appeal.
III. Third-party defendants
We now address the merits of the appeal. The question is whether, as a third-party defendant, Mortgage Electronic may remove the state court action under the Act. Our review of the statute and applicable case law leads us to the conclusion that it cannot.
As we have noted, the Act confers federal jurisdiction over class actions in which the matter in controversy exceeds $5 million, there is minimal diversity of citizenship, and the proposed class includes at least one hundred members. Salling, 672 F.3d at 443. Such a class action may be removed to a federal district court as provided by "section 1446 (except that the 1-year limitation under section 1446(b) shall not apply), without regard to whether any defendant is a citizen of the State in which the action is brought, except that such action may be removed by any defendant without the consent of all defendants." § 1453(b) (emphasis added). Section 1453(b) thus eliminates three constrictions on removal that are present in cases not under the Act: (1) the one-year general limit on removal of a case after the commencement of the state court action, Smith v. Nationwide Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 505 F.3d 401, 406-07 (6th Cir.2007); (2) the rule that a "home-state" defendant may not remove the case; and (3) the requirement that all the defendants must consent to the removal. See Westwood Apex v. Contreras, 644 F.3d 799, 803-04 (9th Cir.2011). The parties dispute the meaning of "any defendant" under section 1453(b).
In general, "the defendant or the defendants" may remove a civil action from state court to federal court. § 1441(a). Under this language, a counterclaim or third-party defendant is not a "defendant" who may remove the action to federal court. See Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 104-08, 61 S.Ct. 868, 85 L.Ed. 1214 (1941) (construing earlier version of the removal statute); First Nat'l Bank of Pulaski, 301 F.3d at 461-62 (holding that third-party and counterclaim defendants cannot remove a case).
The term "defendant" in removal statutes is narrowly construed. First Nat'l Bank of Pulaski, 301 F.3d at 462. We have specifically held that third-party defendants have no right to remove an action from state court. Id. In Pulaski, the third-party defendant attempted to remove a complaint under section 1441, which only permits removal by "the defendant or defendants." Construing this language narrowly, we held that the statute did not provide a basis for removal by a third-party defendant. Id.
*854 Mortgage Electronic attempts to distinguish Pulaski by arguing that section 1453(b), which includes the term "any defendant," has expanded the right of removal in Class Action Fairness Act cases. But that language is used in a specific contextit is part of a larger clause providing that an appropriate action "may be removed by any defendant without the consent of all defendants." Contrary to Mortgage Electronic's position, the provision simply modifies the rule that all defendants must consent to the removal.
The majority of courts that have considered the issue have relied on the context of the Act to conclude that the language of section 1453(b) does not change the prior rule that counterclaim or third-party defendants do not have the right of removal. Most recently, the Ninth Circuit stated "that § 1453(b) did not overwrite the accepted meaning of `defendant.'" Westwood Apex, 644 F.3d at 806. Section 1453(b), the Ninth Circuit found, "removed three longstanding obstacles to removal of interstate class actions[:]" the rule that, in a diversity action, a home-forum defendant cannot remove; the rule that a defendant cannot remove a diversity action once it has been pending more than one year; and the rule that all defendants must consent to the removal." Id. "Given the care Congress took to modify the[se] three established legal principles . . . we cannot conclude that Congress also intended to modify the original defendant ruleanother established legal principlewithout any mention of its desire to do so." Id. at 806-07; see also First Bank v. DJL Props., LLC, 598 F.3d 915, 918 (7th Cir.2010) (holding that the word "defendant" in section 1453(b) has the same meaning it has elsewhere in the removal statutes and does not include a counterclaim defendant); Palisades Collections LLC v. Shorts, 552 F.3d 327, 328-29 (4th Cir.2008) (holding that section 1453(b) does not permit counterclaim defendants to remove an action from state court).
IV. Conclusion
In view of this authority, we hold that third-party defendants do not have the statutory authority under the Act to remove a state court action to a federal district court. Thus, Mortgage Electronic's attempt to make such a removal to the United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky is not authorized by the Act.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
|
Jazz icon Ella Fitzgerald’s voice is recognized by millions around the world. But few know about her career-defining friendship with Marilyn Monroe, to whom Fitzgerald said she “owe a real debt.”
While touring in the ’50s under the management of Norman Granz, Fitzgerald, like many African-American musicians at the time, faced significant adversity as a result of her race, especially in the Jim Crow states. Granz was a huge proponent of civil rights, and insisted that all of his musicians be treated equally at hotels and venues, regardless of race.
Despite his efforts, there were many roadblocks and hurdles put in to place, especially for some of the more popular African-American artists. Here is one story of Fitzgerald’s struggles (as written in chicagojazz.com):
Once, while in Dallas touring for the Philharmonic, a police squad irritated by Norman’s principles barged backstage to hassle the performers. They came into Ella’s dressing room, where band members Dizzy Gillespie and Illinois Jacquet were shooting dice, and arrested everyone. “They took us down,” Ella later recalled, “and then when we got there, they had the nerve to ask for an autograph.”
Across the country, black musicians, regardless of popularity, were often limited to small nightclubs, having to enter through the back of the house. Similar treatment was common at restaurants and hotels.
Enter Marilyn Monroe
During the ‘50s, one of the most popular venues was Mocambo in Hollywood. Frank Sinatra made his Los Angeles debut at Mocambo in 1943, and it was frequented by the likes of Clark Gable, Charlie Chaplin, Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall and Lana Turner.
Fitzgerald was not allowed to play at Mocambo because of her race. Then, one of her biggest fans made a telephone call that quite possibly changed the path of her career for good. Here, she tells the story of how Marilyn Monroe changed her life:
“I owe Marilyn Monroe a real debt … she personally called the owner of the Mocambo, and told him she wanted me booked immediately, and if he would do it, she would take a front table every night. She told him – and it was true, due to Marilyn’s superstar status – that the press would go wild.
“The owner said yes, and Marilyn was there, front table, every night. The press went overboard. After that, I never had to play a small jazz club again. She was an unusual woman – a little ahead of her times. And she didn’t know it."
Learning from Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald had an influence on Monroe as well. Monroe’s singing had a tendency to be overshadowed by dress-lifting gusts of wind and the flirtatious “Happy Birthday, Mr. President,” not to mentions her movies and marriage to Joe DiMaggio.
But years prior to the Mocambo phone call, Monroe was studying the recordings of Fitzgerald. In fact, it was rumored that a vocal coach of Monroe instructed her to purchase Fitzgerald’s recordings of Gershwin music, and listen to it 100 times in a row.
Continued study of Fitzgerald actually turned Monroe into a relatively solid singer for about a decade, but those years were overshadowed by her famous birthday tribute song to JFK in 1962. |
Marxism, materialism, and methodology
For those not versed in Marxist theory, the accusation of “eclecticism” must seem strange. Quite often people describe their taste in music, art, or literature as eclectic, in the sense that they appreciate a number of different styles or genres. Here the term simply means varied or wide-ranging, and even suggests broadmindedness. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was always careful to distinguish between aesthetic and cognitive judgments, however. Whereas the former are subjective, pertaining by the sensibility of the subject, the latter are objective, pertaining to the intelligibility of the object.1 De gustibus non disputandum est, as the old saying goes, “there is no arguing with taste.” Judgments based on the free play of the imagination do not demand strict logical consistency, and thus cannot be disputed in the same way as judgments based on the rigorous application of categories.2 One must be sure that the methods used to arrive at a conclusion are not mutually incompatible. At this point, insofar as it draws upon approaches which are at odds with each other, eclecticism proves to be unsound from a methodological perspective.
Reference to those thinkers who called themselves eclectics in the ancient world is sparse. Most of what is known about them comes from a single source: Diogenes Laertius. “In recent times,” he recorded in his Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, written sometime in the first half of the third century, “an Eclectic [Έκλεκτική] school was introduced by Potamon of Alexandria, who made a selection [έκλεξαμένου] from the tenets of each of the philosophical schools.”3 Etymologically, the name derives from the Greek verb “to select,” which gives an idea of the school’s characteristic procedure. Very little else has survived regarding Potamon and his followers, however. Galen twice mentioned a group of medical practitioners known as Έκλεκτικοί, while the apostle Paul advised the Thessalonians to “test everything, and hold fast to what is good.”4 Clement of Alexandria, an early church father, referred to his own preferred philosophical method as έκλεκτικον, which seems significant given his hometown: “When I speak of philosophy, I do not mean Epicurean, Stoic, Platonic, or Aristotelian, but all that is said rightly in each one of these schools.”5
Pierluigi Donini has traced “The History of the Concept of Eclecticism” in a long scholarly piece detailing its shifting fortunes over time. He discovers that the word still had positive connotations from about the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Jakob Brucker, author of the multivolume Historia critica philosophiae, wrote in 1742 that “the eclectic method of philosophizing… has long been employed by intelligent men.” Denis Diderot, the great French Enlightenment thinker, would virtually copy this definition in his 1755 overview of the subject for the Encyclopédie. “An eclectic,” Diderot declared, “is someone who, trampling underfoot prejudice, tradition, consensus, antiquity, authority — in a word, everything that governs the mind of the common herd — dares to think for himself, returns to the clearest general principles, examines them, discusses them, and admits nothing not based on the testimony of his own experience and reason… From all the philosophies he has analyzed for himself without bias, he then fashions one that belongs only to him.”6 Up until the nineteenth century, the term carried favorable undertones.
Near the end of the eighteenth, however, its usage began to change. Kant complained in his Critique of Practical Reason (1788) that consistent thinking was in short supply at present: “Consistency is the highest obligation of any philosopher, and yet the one most rarely found. Our syncretistic age has contrived a coalition system of contradictory principles, dominated by shallowness and dishonesty, because it commends itself to a public satisfied with knowing something of everything and nothing as a whole.”7 Gotthelf Kästner, who corresponded with Kant, concurred in a letter deploring “an eclectic [eklektisch] trend using unexplained words, unattached to any definable concepts, throwing together opinions without asking whether they cohere with one another.”8 By the mid-1790s, with idealist philosophies everywhere on the rise, Johann Gottlieb Fichte derided “eclectics [Eklektiker] who piece together an incoherent whole from heterogenous parts of the Leibnizian and Lockean systems.”9 Thirty years later, in his 1826 lectures on the history of philosophy, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel maintained “eclecticism yields nothing but a superficial aggregate,”10 a meager mélange of disconnected views. “Eclecticism is a disparaging term for a view that is too clever by half,” he wrote. “It consists in plucking out all that is best, one thing here and another here.”11
Siegfried Wollgast notes in his entry „Eklektizismus“ for the Historico-Critical Dictionary of Marxism [Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus] that the suspicious attitude Marx and Engels held on this score was largely a continuation of the early nineteenth century critique.12 Marx used the term to characterize his opponents both in the realm of politics and economics. “Petit-bourgeois socialists either become the eclectics or adepts of existing doctrines,” he observed in Class Struggles in France.13 Writing to Ferdinand Lassalle in 1858, Marx accused the post-Ricardians of “the most objectionable eclecticism” [widerlichstem Eklektizismus] in their endeavors to derive profit from equivalent exchange.14 Again and again in his economic manuscripts of the 1860s, the word appears in this pejorative sense to decry the “helpless, thoughtless, and unprincipled eclecticism” [hilfs-, gedanken-, und gewissenlosen Eklektizismus] of John Ramsay McCulloch15 as well as the “eclectic, syncretic compendia” [eklektische, synkretistische Kompendien] of John Stuart Mill.16 Finally, in a scathing footnote to Capital, Marx upbraided the vulgar economist Wilhelm Roscher’s “eclectic professorial twaddle” [eklektische Professoralfaselei tauft] about money as it exists under capitalism.17
Engels pursued a similar strategy after Marx’s death in 1883, and even slightly before, carefully distinguishing the science they had cultivated from false solutions that threatened to mislead the proletariat. “In his philosophy, the narodnik Piotr Lavrov is an eclectic who selects the best from all the different systems,” sniped Engels in an 1874 tract. “You must try everything! Keep only what is best!”18 His 1881 pamphlet Socialism: Utopian and Scientific was generally sympathetic toward the role utopians had played in the socialist movement, but faulted them for lacking a real foundation. “Nothing could come from their ideas but a kind of eclectic, average socialism — a mishmash of critical statements, economic theories, and images of the future society,” wrote Engels.19 This same deprecatory tone can also be heard in the 1888 preface to Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy, where the vibrancy of a bygone Hegelianism is contrasted with “the pauper’s broth of eclecticism [die eklektischen Bettelsuppen] which is currently being ladled out at German universities.”20
Over the course of the nineteenth century, meanwhile, “eclecticism” underwent several mutations, quite independent of the activities of Marx and Engels. Victor Cousin consciously concocted a system under this name, which incidentally did not impress Marx (who referred to him as “the weak, eclectic Cousin”),21 while the neo-Kantian Eduard Zeller authored a critical history of the ancient school.22 Zeller notwithstanding, neo-Kantianism began to make itself felt within socialist circles in highly eclectic ways. Antonio Labriola was among the first of Marx’s followers to defend the dialectic against the likes of Zeller.23 In an 1892 letter to Engels, Labriola took on the problem directly. “Eclecticism will not be going away anytime soon, since it is not just the effect of intellectual confusion, but the expression of a certain situation,” he averred. “When a few more or less socialist intellectuals address themselves to an ignorant, impolitic proletariat, which is in good part reactionary, it is almost inevitable they would reason theoretically as utopians and operate practically as demagogues.”24
Labriola was right. During this time, especially once Engels died in 1895, one controversy divided European socialism: the so-called “revisionist” debate. Revisionism was led by Eduard Bernstein, a veteran Social-Democrat and the executor of Engels’ estate. Bernstein was also a famous enthusiast of neo-Kantianism, going so far as to title the closing chapter of his 1899 treatise Preconditions of Socialism “Kant against cant.”25 He had already warned of the supposed “pitfalls” [Fallstricke] of Hegelianism in a previous section.26 Dialectic was for Bernstein a source of grave errors, its “logical somersaults” little more than sleight of hand, leading him to conclude that “[t]he great achievements of Marx and Engels were not because of Hegelian dialectic, but despite it.”27 Under the influence of the neo-Kantian legal philosopher Rudolf Stammler,28 whose lengthy 1896 work Wirtschaft und Recht engaged critically but respectfully with the materialist conception of history, Bernstein held that Marxists underestimated the importance of other “historical factors” besides the purely economic:
A multiplicity of causal factors remains, and it is not at all easy to display the connections between them with such precision that it is possible to determine where, in any particular case, the strongest impetus for the moment lies. Purely economic causes create, first of all, only a disposition to receive certain ideas. Yet how these then arise and spread and what form they take depends on a whole range of influences. It does historical materialism more harm than good if, from the outset, one superciliously rejects as eclecticism any accentuation of influences other than those of a purely economic nature. (Or, what is the same, if one rejects any consideration of economic factors other than the techniques of production along with their predicted development). Eclecticism — selecting from different explanations and ways of dealing with phenomena — is often just a natural reaction against the doctrinaire desire to derive everything from one thing, and then treat everything that exists according to the same method. Whenever this desire gets out of hand, “eclecticism” breaks through with elemental force: a rebellion of sober reason against the inbuilt tendency of all doctrines to confine thought inside a straitjacket. Factors other than the purely economic can influence social life.29
Unbeknownst to Labriola at the time, of course, Engels had already addressed some of these objections to the materialist doctrine of economic determinism in letters to Joseph Bloch and Konrad Schmidt. “The materialistic conception of history maintains that the production and reproduction of real life constitutes, in the last instance, the determining factor,” Engels wrote to the former in autumn 1890. “More than that neither Marx nor I ever contended.”30 Just a month later, he would elaborate on this point in response to Schmidt: “Production is, in the final analysis, the decisive factor. But in specific cases, and within the framework of that general dependence, new factors may crystallize which in turn obey laws of their own and react upon production.”31 Hammering it home even further, Engels continued: “Should someone try to argue that we deny that the political, etc., reflections of the economic trend have any effect whatsoever on that trend itself, he is simply tilting at windmills… Otherwise, why should we fight for the political dictatorship of the proletariat if politics (i.e., state power) ultimately proves powerless over economics?”32
Without access to this correspondence, which was kept by Bernstein until 1902, Labriola could not appeal to the authority of Engels on the matter. Forced to fend for himself, he immediately set to work discrediting the revisionists’ spurious “theory of factors.” Labriola asked what had given rise to this belief in the irreducible complexity of historical phenomena, such that they can only be explained as a confluence of numerous “factors.”33 In the face of this “empirical complexus” — “the immense mass of raw facts, which at first glance appears so confused” — it is tempting to treat social life as impervious to unitary explanation.34 Rather than trace out its manifold determinations, historians content themselves with the pseudo-insight that things are complicated. “Yet one must introduce a degree of analysis into this complexus, isolating concurrent aspects that afterwards acquire the semblance of autonomy,” insisted Labriola.35 Eventually, these aspects may be further sifted and parsed. Against the ad hoc methodology of the revisionists, he asserted that “historical materialism eliminates the eclecticism of empirical narrators of events.”36
Vladimir Lenin read Labriola’s Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History in French translation not long after it came out, deeming it “a very sensible and interesting book.”37 Georgy Plekhanov, the father of Russian Marxism, also held it in high regard. Several years earlier he had written an essay that earned him Engels’ praise,38 a retrospective “For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel’s Death,” in which arguments similar to those of Labriola were advanced. Plekhanov deployed the same criticism Hegel had made concerning the indeterminate “interaction” [Wechselwirkung]39 of multiple parts within a single phenomenon.40 “Hegel’s philosophy has the undeniable merit that it does not contain the slightest hint of eclecticism,” Plekhanov remarked.41 Though his 1897 review of Labriola’s Essays included some reservations here and there, on the whole it was quite positive.42 But Labriola was subtler than his Russian counterpart, stressing “the totality of the process” [la totalità del processo] over and above “the prevalence of the economic factor” [la prevalenza del fattore economico].43
Years later, Leon Trotsky recalled his first encounter with this work while imprisoned in Kherson: “In my cell, I read with delight two essays by the old Italian Hegelian Marxist Antonio Labriola. Unlike most Latin writers, he had mastered materialist dialectics in the philosophy of history. Labriola made short work of the official eclectic theory [официальная эклектика] of historical factors.”44 Reading these essays likewise left a lasting impression on Karl Korsch, who would count Labriola as “one of Marx and Engels’ greatest disciples.”45 Korsch considered him “the best interpreter of Marxian method, especially in its Hegelian methodological foundations.”46 As Labriola saw it, socialism was (to quote Marx) “a science in the German sense”47 of Wissenschaft, closer to the Latin scientia than to the narrow Anglo-Saxon meaning of the word. “We gladly accept the ‘scientific’ epithet,” wrote Labriola, “provided we are not mistaken for positivists, who presume to have a monopoly on science.”48 Marxism’s area of competence is social history, as the more “scientistic” Engels even seemed to realize.49
Despite the best efforts of Engels, Labriola, et al. to stave off the adulteration of Marx’s thought by a host of intellectual fads — from Machism to positivism to neo-Kantianism — a promiscuous mood slowly set in. Even Schmidt, to whom Engels grumbled about “the eclectic method [eklektische Methode] of philosophizing endemic at German universities since 1848,”50 succumbed shortly thereafter to neo-Kantianism.51 From top to bottom, the Second International was far too methodologically lax.52 Owing to a general inattentiveness to the philosophical underpinnings of Marxism, dilettantism reigned supreme in the realm of ideas.53 Concessions were granted without much pushback. The guardian of Social-Democratic “orthodoxy,” Karl Kautsky, paid lip-service to the dialectic in theory while liquidating it in practice. Neo-Kantianism and positivism were repudiated in word, but validated in deed.54 Jukka Gronow has brilliantly dissected all of this in his dissertation On the Formation of Marxism (1986),55 finally released after languishing in the University of Helsinki archives for three decades.
In any case, this was the context of Lenin’s intensive study of Hegel in Berne the summer of 1914. Recently some scholars have attempted to downplay the crucial significance of this rereading, arguing that there was no real change in outlook from before.56 Kevin Anderson’s research into the relationship between Lenin and Hegel more than withstands scrutiny, of course,57 but this will have to be dealt with another time. At least for now, it is enough to show how Hegelian themes worked their way into the polemics against eclecticism and informed a dialectical methodology. Lenin always had a knack for sniffing out contradictory bits of an opposing argument and laying them bare in a debate. “How eclectic [эклектическая] is this fashionable, quasi-realistic quest for an exhaustive enumeration of the separate ‘factors’ [«факторов»] and partial symptoms in a single phenomenon,” he wrote in 1902, with echoes of Labriola.58 While the notebooks on Hegel’s philosophy were still years away, Lenin upheld the materialist dialectic from an early date against neo-Kantian “eclectics.”59
Kautsky was Lenin’s go-to guide to the controversy around revisionism at the time.60 Summarizing Kautsky’s 1899 Antikritik, the reply to Bernstein, Lenin lampooned the revisionists’ “hybrid, eclectic views” [половинчатые, эклектические воззрения] as “a farrago [мешанина] of contrasting principles and ideas.”61 During the next few years, he kept his eyes peeled for any illicit additions to Marxist theory that might dilute its revolutionary spirit. “Unprincipled eclecticism [беспринципного эклектизма] is again rearing its head,” Lenin lamented in 1901, “aping every latest vogue.”62 Marxism was not a closed system for the Bolshevik leader; its method could be extended beyond the original scope of Marx’s inquiry and applied to emergent conditions. But this should not become an excuse for syncretizing impulses, which aim to assimilate or incorporate disparate schools of thought. One finds this sentiment in lines like the following, from What is to be Done?: “The much vaunted freedom of criticism does not imply substituting one theory for another, but freedom from all consistent, pondered theory — it implies eclecticism and lack of principle.”63
Just before the outbreak of World War I, Lenin had a chance to comment on Bernstein’s edition of the correspondence between Marx and Engels. “If one were to define in a single word the focus of the correspondence, the central point at which the body of ideas expressed and discussed converges,” he wrote, “that word would be dialectics.”64 Earlier in the review, throwing shade at Kautsky (albeit implicitly), he remarked: “Unfortunately, [Bernstein’s] eclectic attitude toward Marx’s ideological struggle against many of his opponents is becoming ever more widespread among contemporary German socialists.”65 Revisionism and orthodoxy were on increasingly good terms, since the rapprochement of Bernstein and Kautsky in 1910.66 Lenin began counterposing dialectical to eclectic approaches about a year or so later,67 but it was only after he returned to Hegel that this counterposition really appeared in earnest throughout his work. Consider these marginalia, found in Lenin’s copy of the Science of Logic:
Thoughts on dialectics, en lisant Hegel. An all-sided, universal flexibility of concepts, a flexibility reaching to the identity of opposites — that is the essence of the matter. Such flexibility, applied subjectively amounts to eclecticism and sophistry. Flexibility, applied objectively, i.e., reflecting the all-sidedness of the material process and its unity, is dialectics, an accurate reflection of the world’s development.68
Dialectic for Lenin provided a means by which to think through the contradictions of interimperialist war, not a rationale for opportunistically accommodating this new reality. It allowed him to see the status quo in transit, to affirm its actual basis even as he pushed for its possible negation through the very circumstances it engendered. Hence his slogan to “transform the imperialist war into a civil war,” not to reinstate the status quo ante of business as usual (parliamentarism, the endless waiting game of Ermattungsstrategie)69 but pursue the antagonisms to their logical end:
Empty, futile, skeptical negation is not what is characteristic or essential in dialectics. No doubt, it contains the element of negation. Indeed, this is its most vital element. But negation as a moment of development, retaining the positive without vacillations or doubts, i.e., without eclecticism.70
Marx had of course pinpointed this ambivalence as the essence of his materialist dialectic, “because it includes in its positive understanding of what exists a simultaneous recognition of its negation and inevitable destruction.”71 Class struggle was not a novel discovery on the part of Marx; his sole contribution, as he put to Weydemeyer, was to recognize that “class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat.”72 Kautsky’s denial of this fact, suggesting the phrase was just a slip of the pen, outraged Lenin. “How can this monstrous distortion of Marxism by that Marxist pedant Kautsky be explained?” Lenin asked. “As far as the philosophical roots are concerned, it is the substitution of eclecticism and sophistry for dialectics.”73 Violent revolution and the withering of the state had to go together, in Marx’s view, but Kautsky avoided this conclusion: “Usually the two are combined by means of eclecticism, by an unprincipled or sophistic selection made as if arbitrarily.”74
By 1915, Lenin was already drawing up notes for a polemic against Kautskyism under the title “the struggle against the swamp [болото]” (his contemptuous name for the international Marxist center). Swamps and centrism went hand in hand: “Eclectics instead of dialectics. The ‘middle way’ — i.e., the ‘reconciliation’ of extremes, absence of clear, definite, firm conclusions; vacillation.”75 Lenin rejected the toothless conception of dialectic as a search for some sort of middle path navigating between polar opposites. Indeed, as he put it in a letter to Zinoviev, “to pose questions of ‘the epoch’ and ‘the war’ as though they were ‘extremes’ is precisely what is meant by falling into ‘eclecticism.’ Just as though our aim were to strike the ‘happy mean’ between ‘extremes’!”76 With Zinoviev he coauthored an agitational text on Socialism and War in 1916, where they publicly aired these views. For them, “Kautskyism was not fortuitous, but the social product of unresolved contradictions within the Second International… representing the replacement of revolutionary Marxism with eclecticism in theory and servility toward opportunism in practice.”77
Georg Lukács, the Hungarian Marxist, ruminated on the vexed problem of method in the opening article of his 1923 collection History and Class Consciousness. Along with Karl Korsch, he was aware just how deceptive the figure of “orthodox Marxism” had been before 1914.78 He laid special emphasis on the revolutionary dialectical methodology of Marx and Engels, writing that “attempts to surpass or ‘improve’ [»verbessern«] this method have led to oversimplification, triviality, and eclecticism [Eklektizismus].”79 Quite obviously, Lukács was taking his cues from Lenin here. In his short 1924 survey of the Russian revolutionary’s thought, Lukács credited Lenin with the rebirth of Marxism in theory and practice. “Revisionism is always eclectic,” noticed Lukács. “The revisionist thus condemns the dialectic, for the dialectic is no more than the conceptual expression of the fact that social movements are really contradictory.”80 Methodologically, the greatness of Lenin resided in his studious adherence to a dialectical approach throughout.81
Lenin’s death in 1924 triggered a crisis of succession in the Soviet Union. None of his prospective successors were on the same theoretical level. Bukharin never had a proper grasp of dialectics, as Lenin testified in 1922,82 though he showed signs of improvement near the end of his life (see the posthumously-published Philosophical Arabesques, written after Stalin ordered him arrested in 1936). Only Trotsky came anywhere close to matching Lenin’s critical acuity or theoretical nimbleness of mind. Each of them was criticized by Lenin in 1921, during the trade union debate: Bukharin for his eclecticism, Trotsky for his one-sidedness, thus producing “a hodgepodge of political mistakes.”83 Stalin was completely hopeless as a theorist. David Riazanov insulted him at a party meeting, saying in front of the crowd: “You are making a fool of yourself, Koba… Everyone knows theory is not exactly your field.”84 Jan Sten tried to privately tutor Stalin in the dialectic, but was unsuccessful. For his trouble, he would be tried and executed in 1937.85
Regardless, it is not like the USSR’s problems could have been solved simply by having better theoreticians. Generally there have been precious few advances in the realm of revolutionary Marxist thought since the 1920s. After all, theory can only advance as far as practice has already taken it. Here and there one can locate groups, sometimes even individuals, who caught sight of something crucial — Amadeo Bordiga in Italy, Anton Pannekoek in Holland, Grandizo Munis in Spain, Paul Mattick in America, etc. But the repository of hard-earned lessons from history has not received much new material over this stretch, since today no revolution is imminent (and has not been for a long time). 1968 provided a brief but memorable effervescence of radical thought, and even a turn to Marxism within the academy. Very little of lasting value was left, however, as Russell Jacoby recalled in his Dialectic of Defeat:
The literature on Marxism threatens to drown both the theory and its students. Cynics might see this as a confirmation of Marxism’s obsolescence: It has fled the streets and factories for the halls and offices of the university, the struggle to publish replacing class struggle as academics jet to conferences to hawk competing brands of Marxism… Nowadays, a consumer’s guide is required just to stay abreast of the offerings and the recalls: structural Marxism, semiotic Marxism, phenomenological Marxism, feminist Marxism, hermeneutic Marxism, critical Marxism, and so on down the line.86
Whatever Jacoby said here of Marxism goes double for post-Marxism, another academic turn of the screw, this time in response to “postmodern” society. Jean-François Lyotard, formerly of Socialisme ou Barbarie, heralded its triumph in 1979. “Eclecticism is the degree zero of contemporary culture,” wrote Lyotard. “Someone listens to reggae, watches a Western, eats McDonald’s for lunch and local cuisine for dinner, wears Paris-made perfume in Tokyo and ‘retro’ clothes in Hong Kong. Knowledge is the stuff of TV quiz-shows. A public is easy to find for eclectic crap.”87 Post-Marxism mirrors this cultural logic at the level of theory, a bland blend of poststructuralist discourse and Gramscian platitudes about “hegemony,” à la Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe.88 Göran Therborn is not wrong to see it as postdialectical, as coming properly “after dialectics,”89 so to speak. Dialectics have finally run out of steam, exhausted at the end of history by radical altérité and sheer linguistic différance, so more or less anything goes. Loren Goldner’s pointed remarks about “the post-Marxists’ eclectic theoretical smorgasbord” apply with full force here.90
One might object that Marxism itself is nothing but a haphazard mixture of traditions which, on the surface, have little to do with each other. But such an objection would be misplaced. The “three component parts”91 of Marx’s thought, as Lenin put it — British political economy, French socialism, and German philosophy — were not selected at random.92 Rather, each component was an integral feature of capitalist modernity, revealing in its own distorted, ideological way some aspect of the social whole. “Marx developed his views from three principal sources,” explained the French Marxist Henri Lefebvre, “German philosophy (Hegel), English political economy (Smith, Ricardo), and French socialism (Saint-Simon, Fourier, Proudhon). He did not proceed eclectically or syncretically, but by way of a radical critique of philosophy, political economy, and socialism.”93 In other words, this was not an arbitrary assemblage thrown together willy-nilly from whatever subjects happened to strike Marx’s fancy. For Marx, the task of revolutionary theory was to provide “a ruthless criticism of everything that exists,”94 including the ideologies of the day.
Critique is the characteristic procedure of Marxism, its theoretical wellspring and unifying technique. “A principle that unites others within it, as the genuine unity of these mediations, is higher and more concrete,” argued Hegel. “Not external unification, but rather the internal connection of those principles. What is concrete should be differentiated from what is merely ‘eclectic’ — i.e., a ragbag of diverse opinions.”95 Engels in 1886 highlighted the pivotal distinction between method and system for Hegel, prioritizing the former over the latter. Unlike the great German idealist, he and Marx were not interested in idle system-building or erecting some pristine eidetic palace.96 Placing the dialectic back on its feet, grounded materially in the world at large so as to understand and overcome the systematic logic of capital, that was their main interest.97 Departing from the materialist dialectic, which is what Marx called his method, effectively entails a break with Marxism itself. Undoubtedly, the same can be said for efforts to “update” it.
Sebastian Timpanaro correctly pointed out in 1970 that “the true force and fascination of Hegelian Marxism lie in its anti-eclecticism, in its refusal to follow the latest philosophical or scientific fashion.” Just a sentence later, however, he voices his concern that “the price paid for this avoidance of eclecticism is an ostentatious archaism, a devaluation not only of how much is new in Marxism by comparison with Hegel, but also of how much in pre-Hegelian culture, and in particular the Enlightenment, is more advanced than Hegel.”98 Timpanaro’s worries are well-founded, of course, and the corrective he offers to tendentious interpretations which blame Engels for the vulgarization of Marx’s doctrine is important. But many today dismiss the dialectic as a relic of its time, a primitive way of conceptualizing social complexity which has long been outmoded. Marxists ought to adopt systems theory, according to these critics, or “upgrade” to some other newfangled conceptual technology. (How similar this is to getting a new IPhone.)
Now that Marxism is back in style, since 2008 or so, the range of topics that once fell within its purview are again fodder for the lecture circuit and campus speaking gigs. For the sake of novelty, though, the topics have to be spruced up and repackaged every few years in order to stay current. Lacanian Marxism, Deleuzean Marxism, Derridean Marxism, Foucauldian Marxism, various other name-specific brands. Queer Marxism, decolonial Marxism, Marxism alloyed with either critical race theory or Afropessimism: the list goes on and on, not to mention those Jacoby listed above. Revivals have also taken place: neo-Kautskyism, neo-Maoist bands of “Red Guards,” etc. In some ways, Freudo-Marxism paved the way for such later amalgams. Psychoanalytically-inclined Marxists, the best of the bunch, have tended to be Marxists first and Freudians second. Even Wilhelm Reich was clear about this: “Only scientific jugglers would seek to account for a single given phenomenon by means of both psychology and sociology, as this would be eclecticism of the worst kind,” he inveighed against Fromm.99
The example of Hegel is helpful here. His slow and methodical approach permitted him to work things out while others changed their positions with every passing enthusiasm or new book they skimmed. Many read too much, but understand too little. “Schelling conducted his philosophical education in public,” Hegel acidly quipped about his old roommate.100 Dialectical flexibility can cut both ways, moreover, with certain situations calling for inflexibility and even intransigence instead of adjustment. Adaptation to regressed conditions can easily slide into accommodation of regressed conditions. “When tactical schemes collapse beneath the weight of circumstances,” held Bordiga, “the matter is never remedied by relapsing into opportunism or eclecticism [l’éclectisme] but rather by renewed efforts to bring tactics back in line with the duties of the party.”101
Oblivion Oblomov
New York, NY
October 2018
Notes
1 “The judgment of taste is… not a cognitive judgment, hence not a logical one, but is rather aesthetic, by which is understood one whose determining ground cannot be other than subjective. Any relation of representations, however, even that of sensations, can be objective.” Immanuel Kant. Critique of Judgment. Translated by Paul Guyer and Eric Matthews. (Cambridge University Press. New York, NY: 2000). Pg. 89.
2 Ibid., pg. 214.
3 Diogenes Laertius. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Translated by Pamela Mensch. (Oxford University Press. New York, NY: 2018). Pg. 12.
4 Paul. “First Thessalonians, 5:21.” Translated by Richard S. Ascough. New Oxford Annotated Bible. (Oxford University Press. New York, NY: 2018). Pg. 1719.
5 Clement of Alexandria. Stromateis, Books 1-3. Translated by John Ferguson. (Catholic University of America Press. Washington, DC: 1991). Pg. 49.
6 “Eclectics are among the philosophers who are kings on the face of the earth: they who alone have remained in the state of nature, where everything belonged to everyone.” Denis Diderot, quoted in Pierluigi Donini. “The History of the Concept of Eclecticism.” Translated by A.A. Long. Commentary and Tradition: Aristotelianism, Platonism, and Post-Hellenistic Philosophy. (De Gruyter. New York, NY: 2011). Pgs. 199-200.
7 Immanuel Kant. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated by Mary J. Gregor. Practical Philosophy. (Cambridge University Press. New York, NY: 1996). Pg. 158.
8 Abraham Gotthelf Kästner. “Letter to Immanuel Kant, 2 October 1790.” Translated by Arnulf Zweig. Immanuel Kant. Correspondence. (Cambridge University Press. New York, NY: 1999). Pg. 360.
9 Johann Gottlieb Fichte. “Outline of the Distinctive Character of the Science of Knowledge with Respect to the Theoretical Faculty.” Translated by Daniel Breazeale. Early Philosophical Writings. (Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY: 1988). Pg. 290.
10 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 1825-1826: Volume 3, Medieval and Modern Philosophy. Translated by Robert F. Brown and J.M. Stuart. (Oxford University Press. New York, NY: 2009). Pg. 330.
11 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 1825-1826: Volume 1, Introduction and Oriental Philosophy, As Well As Later Introductions. Translated by Robert F. Brown and J.M. Stuart. (Oxford University Press. New York, NY: 2009). Pg. 267.
12 Siegfried Wollgast. „Eklektizismus“. Historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch des Marxismus, Band 3. (Berliner Institut für Kritische Theorie. Berlin: 1997). Pg. 232.
13 Karl Marx. The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850. Translated by Clemens Dutt. Collected Works, Volume 10. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1978). Pg. 126.
14 Karl Marx. “Letter to Ferdinand Lassalle, 11 March 1858.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. Collected Works, Volume 40. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1983). Pg. 287.
15 Karl Marx. Economic Manuscripts, 1861-1863. Translated by Emile Burns, Renate Simpson, and Jack Cohen. Collected Works, Volume 32. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1989). Pg. 356. See also: “a frivolous and unprincipled eclecticism designed for domestic use” [eines gedanken- und gewissenlosen, auf den Hausbedarf eingerichteten Eklektizismus], pg. 298; “easygoing, unprincipled eclecticism” [bequemen haltlosen Eklektizismus], pg. 311; “academic-syncretic and characterless-eclectic compilations” [gelehrt-synkretistische und charakterlos-eklektische Kompilation], pg. 501.
16 Karl Marx. “Bastiat and Carey.” Translated by Ernst Wangermann. Collected Works, Volume 28. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1986). Pg. 5.
17 Karl Marx. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1. Translated by Ben Fowkes. (Penguin Books. New York, NY: 1976). Pg. 187.
18 Friedrich Engels. “Refugee Literature, III.” Translated by Barrie Selman. Collected Works, Volume 24. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1989). Pg. 19.
19 Friedrich Engels. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Translated by Edward Aveling. Ibid., pg. 297.
20 Friedrich Engels. “Preface to the 1888 Edition of Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy.” Translated by Barrie Selman. Collected Works, Volume 26. Pg. 520.
21 Karl Marx. “Letter to Ludwig Feuerbach, 3 October 1843.” Translated by Jack Cohen. Collected Works, Volume 3. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1975). Pg. 350.
22 On Zeller’s Philosophie der Griechen, see Donini, “The History of the Concept of Eclecticism.” Pgs. 202-205.
23 Labriola wrote to Engels in 1893 of his exploits: “With youthful ingenuity I defended the dialectics of [Hegel] against Eduard Zeller, founder of neo-Kantianism.” Antonio Labriola. Socialism and Philosophy. Translated by Ernest Untermann. (Charles H. Kerr & Company. Chicago, IL: 1912). Pg. 56.
24 Antonio Labriola. “Letter to Friedrich Engels, 2 October 1892.” Quoted in Paolo Favilli. The History of Italian Marxism: From its Origins to the Great War. Translated by David Broder. (Brill Academic Publishers. Boston, MA: 2016). Pg. 142.
25 Eduard Bernstein. Preconditions of Socialism. Translated by Henry Tudor. (Cambridge University Press. New York, NY: 1993). Pgs. 189-210.
26 Ibid., pgs. 29-36.
27 Ibid., pg. 46.
28 On Stammler, see Lenin’s reaction to this work: “I recently read Stammler’s book here in German, and felt very dissatisfied with it. In my opinion, it is an excellent argument against neo-Kantianism.” Vladimir Lenin. “Letter to Maria Ulyanov, 17 August 1899.” Translated by George Hanna. Collected Works, Volume 37. (Progress Publishers. Moscow, USSR: 1967). Pg. 272.
29 Bernstein, Preconditions of Socialism. Pg. 18.
30 Friedrich Engels. “Letter to Joseph Bloch, 22 September 1890.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. Collected Works, Volume 49. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 2001). Pg. 34.
31 Friedrich Engels. “Letter to Konrad Schmidt, 27 October 1890.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. Ibid., pg. 58.
32 Ibid., pg. 63.
33 “Should the economic factor serve alone to explain the whole of history? …What is the explanation of social change?” Antonio Labriola. Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History. Translated by Charles Kerr. (Charles H. Kerr & Co. Chicago, IL: 1908). Pg. 75.
34 “This belief [in the irreducibility of phenomena] has become for historians a semi-doctrine, urged as a decisive argument against the unitary theory of historical materialism. And indeed, the belief that history is only intelligible as the juncture or meeting of various factors is deeply rooted.” Ibid., pg. 140.
35 For some reason, Kerr translates complesso as “complexus.” Ibid., pgs. 141-142.
36 Ibid., pg. 231.
37 Vladimir Lenin. “Letter to Maria, Olga, and Ulyanov, 10 December 1897.” Translated by George Hanna. Collected Works, Volume 37, pg. 135.
38 “Plekhanov’s articles [‚Zu Hegels sechzigstem Todestag’, a two-part essay] are excellent.” Friedrich Engels. “Letter to Karl Kautsky, 3 December 1891.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. Collected Works, Volume 49, pg. 317.
39 “Reciprocity [Wechselwirkung] is, to be sure, the proximate truth about the relationship of cause and effect and it stands, so to speak, on the threshold of the concept. Nevertheless — precisely for this reason — one should not be satisfied with the application of this relationship, insofar as what matters is to know conceptually. If one does not move beyond considering a given content only from the viewpoint of reciprocity, this is in fact an utterly conceptless way of behaving. One is then dealing merely with a dry fact. The requirement of mediation (what is prima facie at stake in the application of the relationship of causality) remains unsatisfied.” Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline, Part I: The Science of Logic. Translated by Klaus Brinkmann and Daniel O. Dahlstrom. (Cambridge University Press. New York, NY: 2010). Pg. 229.
40 “Right influences religion, religion influences right, each and both together influence philosophy and art, which in turn, affecting each other, also affect right, religion, and so on. But then the question still remains: what determines the historical development of religion, philosophy, art, right, etc.… down to the present epoch? This question is usually answered by referring to the same interaction, which thus ceases to explain anything.” Georgy Plekhanov. “For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Hegel’s Death.” Translated by Richard Dixon. Selected Philosophical Works, Volume 1. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1960). Pg. 406.
41 Ibid., pg. 408.
42 Georgy Plekhanov. “On the Materialistic Understanding of History.” Translated by Richard Dixon. Selected Philosophical Works, Volume 2. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1960). Pgs. 222-250
43 For more on Labriola, see Russell Jacoby. Dialectic of Defeat: Contours of Western Marxism. (Cambridge University Press. New York, NY: 1979). Pgs. 42-48. “Labriola came to Marxism as Marx had: via German idealism. As he told Engels in 1894, he arrived at socialism by way of his ‘rigorous Hegelian education.’ The timbre of Labriola’s Marxism resounded in his vocabulary; his terms attested to an effort to distance himself from both positivism and vulgar Marxism. Leery of the term ‘science,’ he preferred ‘critical communism’: ‘That is its true name; there is none more exact for this doctrine.’ He wrote to Engels of his misgivings about the terms ‘science’ and Wissenschaft; for Engels, Wissenschaft implied a ‘more profound, more organic, more complex’ meaning than the ‘science of the positivists,’ which supplanted it in Italy.”
44 Leon Trotsky. My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography. Translated by Joseph Hansen. (Pathfinder Press. New York, NY: 1970). Pg. 119.
45 Karl Korsch. “The Problem of ‘Marxism and Philosophy’.” Translated by Fred Halliday. Marxism and Philosophy, and Other Essays. (Monthly Review Press. New York, NY: 1970). Pg. 106.
46 Quoted in Patrick Goode. Karl Korsch: A Study in Western Marxism. (Macmillan Press. New York, NY: 1979). Pg. 114.
47 Karl Marx. “Letter to Ferdinand Lassalle, 24 November 1858.” Translated by Peter Ross. Collected Works, Volume 40, pg. 355.
48 Labriola, Essays. Pg. 17.
49 Some comments by Engels on religion dispel the image of him as a vulgar naturalist: “A religion like Christianity is not destroyed by ridicule and invective alone; it must also be overcome scientifically, i.e., explained historically, which is beyond even the natural sciences.” Friedrich Engels. “Varia on Germany I, 1789-1873.” Translated by Barrie Selman. Collected Works, Volume 23. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1988. Pg. 608)
50 Friedrich Engels. “Letter to Conrad Schmidt, 12 March 1895.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 2004). Pg. 463.
51 Georgy Plekhanov. “Conrad Schmidt vs. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.” Translated by Richard Dixon. Selected Philosophical Works, Volume 2, pgs. 379-397.
52 “Marxist philosophy and university philosophy, both expressions of different sectors of the same society, have never been radically separate. The two were always in communication with each other despite prejudices and a show of hostility. In fact, the young Marx and Engels developed within the Hegelianism of the Left bound to the revolutionary crises of the years 1830-1848 and, even though they continued their work after the collapse of progressive Hegelianism, which followed the defeat of the revolution, their disciples (Kautsky, Plekhanov, Bernstein, and even Lenin) transformed their thought as early as the close of the nineteenth century, orienting it toward a positivism quite close in some ways to university positivism and critical philosophy. The evolution from Marx to Bernstein, Kautsky, and Plekhanov is quite homologous to that which caused the German university philosophy of Hegel and the Hegelians to pass, via Schopenhauer and Haym, to neo-Kantianism and university positivism.” Lucien Goldmann. Lukács and Heidegger: Toward a New Philosophy. Translated by William Boelhower. (Routledge & Kegan Paul. Boston, MA: 1977). Pgs. 2-3.
53 “The prominent Marxist theorists of the period of the Second International (1889-1914) regarded concern with questions having to do with the general epistemological and methodological bases of Marxist theory as an utter waste of time. Of course, whether they liked it or not, they allowed discussion of such philosophical issues within the Marxist camp and in some circumstances even took part themselves. But in doing so they made clear that the elucidation of such problems was totally irrelevant to the practice of proletarian class struggle, and would always remain so. Such a conception was, however, only self-evident and logically justified on the premise that Marxism as a theory and practice was in essence totally unalterable and involved no specific position on philosophical questions whatsoever.” Karl Korsch. “Marxism and Philosophy.” Translated by Fred Halliday. Marxism and Philosophy, and Other Essays. (Monthly Review Press. New York, NY: 1970). Pgs. 32-33.
54 His anti-Hegelianism notwithstanding, Colletti is quite good here: “In [the divorce between science and revolution, between know-ledge and transformation of the world] lay the subordinate nature of the Marxism of the Second International, divided between positivist scientism and neo-Kantianism, yet internally consistent within this opposition.” Lucio Colletti. “Bernstein and the Marxism of the Second International.” Translated by Judith White and John Merrington. From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society. (Monthly Review Press. New York, NY: 1974). Pg. 74.
55 Jukka Gronow. On the Formation of Marxism: Karl Kautsky’s Theory of Capitalism, the Marxism of the Second International, and Karl Marx’s Critique of Political Economy. (Brill Academic Publishers. Boston, MA: 2016). Gronow is a bit too dismissive of “traditional Marxism,” but makes a number of valid points.
56 Lars T. Lih. “Lenin, Kautsky, Hegel, and the Outbreak of World War I.” Cataclysm 1914: The First World War and the Making of Modern Politics. (Brill Academic Publishers. Boston, MA: 2015). Pgs. 366-412.
57 Kevin Anderson. Lenin, Hegel, and Western Marxism: A Critical Study. (University of Illinois Press. Chicago, IL: 1995).
58 Vladimir Lenin. The Agrarian Question and “Critics of Marx”. Translated by George Hanna and Joe Fineberg. Collected Works, Volume 5. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1960). Pgs. 146-147.
59 “The disagreement between those Marxists who stand for the so-called ‘new critical trend’ and those who stand for so-called ‘orthodoxy’ is that they want to develop Marxism in different directions. One group want to remain consistent Marxists, developing the basic tenets of Marxism in accordance with the changing conditions and local characteristics of different countries, further elaborating the theory of dialectical materialism and politico-economic teachings of Marx. Meanwhile, the other group reject certain important aspects of Marx’s teachings, and in philosophy, for instance, take the side, not of dialectical materialism, but of neo-Kantianism, and in political economy the side of those who label some of Marx’s teachings as ‘tendentious.’ It is scarcely necessary to add that representatives of this eclectic trend have lately grouped themselves around Eduard Bernstein.” Vladimir Lenin. “Uncritical Criticism.” Translated by Joe Fineberg. Collected Works, Volume 3. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1960). Pgs. 630-631.
60 “Bernstein senses the eclecticism of his statements on value and tries to defend eclecticism as such, calling it ‘the revolt of the sober intellect against the tendency inherent in every dogma to constrict thought within narrow confines.’ Kautsky retorts that the real rebels against ‘the constriction of thought within narrow confines’ were never eclectics, that what has always characterized them has been a striving for the unity and integrity of ideas. Eclectics are too timid to dare revolt.” Vladimir Lenin. “Review of Karl Kautsky’s Book on Bernstein.” Translated by George Hanna and Joe Fineberg. Collected Works, Volume 4. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1960). Pg. 197.
61 Ibid., pg. 202.
62 Vladimir Lenin. “Where to Begin?” Translated by George Hanna and Joe Fineberg. Collected Works, Volume 5. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1960). Pg. 17.
63 Vladimir Lenin. What is to be Done? The Burning Questions of Our Movement. Translated by Lars T. Lih. Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context. (Brill Academic Publishers. Boston, MA: 2005). Pg. 695.
64 Vladimir Lenin. “The Marx-Engels Correspondence.” Translated by George Hanna. Collected Works, Volume 19. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1963). Pg. 554.
65 Ibid., pg. 552.
66 Georg Lukács. “Bernstein’s Triumph: Notes on the Essays Written in Honor of Karl Kautsky’s Seventieth Birthday.” Translated by Michael McColgan. Tactics and Ethics: The Question of Parliamentarism and Other Essays. (Verso. New York, NY: 2014).
67 “It is in his conclusion that Nikolin commits his chief sin — that of being vague and leaving things unsaid: ‘Both the infatuation with the old methods of action and the emphatically negative attitude to those methods are equally harmful.’ This is not a dialectical, but an eclectic, conclusion.” Vladimir Lenin. “Old and New.” Translated by Dora Cox. Collected Works, Volume 17. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1963). Pgs. 391-392.
68 Vladimir Lenin. “Conspectus of Hegel’s Science of Logic.” Translated by Clemens Dutt. Collected Works, Volume 38. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1961). Pg. 110.
69 “Kautsky developed in 1910 the strategic philosophy of wearing out the enemy (Ermattungsstrategie) as opposed to the strategy of overthrowing the enemy (Niederwerfungsstrategie). His line was that of an increasingly firm adaptation to the existing system. What was really ‘worn out’ in the process was not bourgeois society, but the revolutionary idealism of the masses of workers. All the philistines, all the officials, all the climbers sided with Kautsky, who was weaving for them intellectual garments with which to hide their nakedness. Then came the war, where the political strategy of exhaustion was ousted by the trench variety. Meanwhile Kautsky adapted himself to the war the same way that he had been adapting himself to peace.” Trotsky, My Life. Pg. 214.
70 Lenin. “Conspectus of Hegel’s Science of Logic.” Pg. 225.
71 Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1. Pg. 103.
72 Karl Marx. “Letter to Joseph Weydemeyer, 5 March 1852.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. Collected Works, Volume 39. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1983). Pg. 62.
73 “Kautsky is a past master at this substitution. Regarded from the point of view of practical politics, it amounts to subservience to the opportunists… Ever since war broke out, Kautsky has made rapid progress in this art of being a Marxist in words and a lackey of the bourgeoisie in deeds.” Vladimir Lenin. Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky. Translated by Jim Riordan. Collected Works, Volume 28. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1965). Pgs. 233-234.
74 Vladimir Lenin. State and Revolution: On the Marxist Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution. Translated by Stepan Apresyan. Collected Works, Volume 25. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1964). Pgs. 404-405.
75 Vladimir Lenin. “Notes on Kautskyism.” Translated by Clemens Dutt. Collected Works, Volume 39. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1968). Pg. 30. Lenin’s association of swamps with eclecticism likely comes from Engels, who mentioned “the swamp [Sumpf] of empty eclecticism.” Friedrich Engels. “1882 Preface to Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.” Translated by Peter and Betty Ross. Collected Works, Volume 24, pg. 459.
76 Vladimir Lenin. “Letter to Grigory Zinoviev, August 1916.” Translated by Andrew Rothstein. Collected Works, Volume 35. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1966). Pg. 228.
77 Vladimir Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev. Socialism and War. Translated by Julius Katzer. Collected Works, Volume 21. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1964). Pg. 312.
78 “No sooner were questions [about the ‘seizure of state power by the proletariat,’ the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat,’ and the final ‘withering away of the state’] posed in a concrete and unavoidable manner, than emerged at least three different theoretical positions on them, all of which claimed to be Marxist. Yet during the prewar period, the major leaders of these three tendencies — respectively Renner, Kautsky, Lenin — had not only been regarded as Marxists but as orthodox Marxists. For several decades there had raged an apparent crisis in the camp of Social Democratic parties and trade unions within the Second International, which took the shape of a conflict between orthodox Marxism and revisionism. But with the emergence of different socialist tendencies over these new questions, it became clear that this apparent crisis was but a provisional and illusory version of a deeper rift that ran through the orthodox Marxist front itself. On one side of this rift, there appeared Marxist neoreformism, which soon more or less amalgamated with the earlier revisionism. On the other side, the representatives of a new revolutionary proletarian party unleashed a struggle against the old reformism of the revisionists and the new reformism of the ‘center’ under the battle-cry of restoring pure (or revolutionary) Marxism.” Korsch, “Marxism and Philosophy.” Pgs. 53-54.
79 Georg Lukács. “What is Orthodox Marxism?” Translated by Rodney Livingstone. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. (MIT Press. Cambridge, MA: 1971). Pg. 1.
80 Georg Lukács. Lenin: A Study on the Unity of His Thought. Translated by Nicholas Jacobs. (Verso. New York, NY: 2009). Pg. 53.
81 “The common character of all opportunist currents is that they never regard events from the class standpoint of the proletariat and therefore fall victim to unhistorical, undialectical, and eclectic Realpolitik. This is what unites their different interpretations of the war and reveals these without exception as the inevitable consequence of their previous opportunism.” Ibid., pg. 55.
82 “Bukharin is not just a valuable and major theorist of the party. He is also rightly considered the favorite of the whole party. Still, his theoretical views can be classified as fully Marxist only with great reserve, for there is something scholastic about him (he has never made a study of dialectics, and never fully understood it).” Vladimir Lenin. “Letter to the Congress.” Translated by Andrew Rothstein. Collected Works, Volume 36. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1966). Pg. 95.
83 “[Bukharin’s] theoretical (in this case gnoseological) mistake lies in his substitution of eclecticism for dialectics… His eclectic approach has confused him and has landed him in syndicalism. Trotsky’s mistake is one-track thinking, compulsiveness, exaggeration, and obstinacy.” Vladimir Lenin. “Once Again on the Trade Unions.” Translated by Yuri Sdobnikov. Collected Works, Volume 32. (Progress Publishers. Moscow: 1973). Pgs. 99-100.
84 Isaac Deutscher. Stalin: A Political Biography. (Oxford University Press. New York, NY: 1967). Pg. 290.
85 “Hardly anyone knew Stalin better than Sten. Stalin, as we know, received no systematic education. Without success Stalin struggled to understand philosophical questions. And then, in 1925, he called Jan Sten, one of the leading Marxist philosophers of that time, to direct his study of Hegelian dialectics… Sten drew up a program of study for Stalin and conscientiously, twice a week, dinned Hegelian wisdom into his illustrious pupil. In those years dialectics was studied by a system that Pokrovsky had worked out at the Institute of Red Professors, a parallel study of Marx’s Capital and Hegel’s Phenomenology of Mind. Often Sten told me in confidence about these lessons, about the difficulties he, as the teacher, was having because of his student’s inability to master Hegelian dialectics. Jan dropped in to see me often after these sessions with Stalin, in a depressed and gloomy state. Despite his naturally cheerful disposition, he found it difficult to regain equilibrium. He was not only a major philosopher, but a political figure, an outstanding member of the Leninist cohort of old Bolsheviks… Sten’s lessons with Stalin ended in 1928. A few years later he was expelled from the party and exiled to Akmolinsk. In 1937, he was seized on the direct order of Stalin, who declared him chief of the Menshevizing idealists. Finally, on June 19, Sten was put to death in Lefortovo prison.” Yevgeny Frokov, quoted in Roy Medvedev. Let History Judge: Origins and Consequences of Stalinism. Translated by George Shriver. (Columbia University Press. New York, NY: 1989). Pg. 440-441.
86 Jacoby, Dialectic of Defeat. Pg. 1.
87 Jean-François Lyotard. The Postmodern Condition: Report on Know-ledge. Translated by Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi. (Minnesota University Press. Minneapolis, MN: 1984). Pg. 76.
88 Interestingly, Laclau and Mouffe cite Labriola as a failed attempt to move beyond the supposed narrowness of Marxian categories: “Since the life of society is more complex than the morphological categories of Marxist discourse (and this complexity was Labriola’s starting point) the only possible result is that ‘theory’ becomes an increasingly irrelevant tool for understanding concrete social processes.” Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. (Verso Books. New York, NY: 2001). Pgs. 26-27.
89 See “After Dialectics” in Göran Therborn. From Marxism to Post-Marxism?. (Verso Books. New York, NY: 2008). Pgs. 111-181.
90 Loren Goldner. “Postmodernism Meets the IMF: The Case of Poland.” Break Their Haughty Power. (July 24, 1990).
91 “[Marxism] is the legitimate successor to the best that man produced in the nineteenth century, as represented by German philosophy, English political economy, and French socialism.” Vladimir Lenin. “The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism.” Translated by George Hanna. Collected Works, Volume 19, pgs. 23-24.
92 Vladimir Lenin. “Karl Marx.” Translated by Julius Katzer. Collected Works, Volume 21, pg. 50.
93 Henri Lefebvre. The Sociology of Marx. Translated by Norbert Guterman. (Columbia University Press. New York, NY: 1982). Pg. 187.
94 Karl Marx. “Letter to Arnold Ruge, 15 May 1843.” Translated by Clemens Dutt. Collected Works, Volume 3. (International Publishers. New York, NY: 1975). Pg. 142.
95 Hegel, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Volume 1. Pg. 61.
96 “Whoever placed the emphasis on the Hegelian system could be fairly conservative in [religion and politics]; whoever regarded the dialectical method as the main thing could belong to the most extreme opposition in both spheres.” Friedrich Engels. Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy. Translated by Barrie Selman. Collected Works, Volume 26, pg. 363.
97 “With him, it is standing on its head. It must be inverted.” Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1. Pg. 103.
98 Sebastian Timpanaro. “Considerations on Materialism.” Translated by Lawrence Garner. On Materialism. (New Left Books. New York, NY: 1975). Pg. 37.
99 Wilhelm Reich. “Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis.” Translated by Anna Bostock and Lee Baxandall. Sex-Pol: Essays 1923-1934. (Vintage Books. New York, NY: 1972). Pgs. 69-70.
100 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, quoted in Georg Lukács. The Young Hegel: Studies in the Relation between Dialectics and Economics. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. (Merlin Press. London: 1975). Pg. 249.
101 Amadeo Bordiga. “Draft theses for the Third Congress of the Communist Party of Italy, Presented by the Left.” L’Unità. (Lyons: January 12-26, 1926). |
Humor and interpersonal attraction.
A humor test composed of cartoons, comic strips, and jokes was administered to 30 college couples (26 single, 4 married) who rated them for humor. Subjects also stated how much they loved and liked their partner, their probability of marrying the partner, and filled out Rubin's Liking and Love Scales. The hypotheses were that similarity of rating of the humorous stimuli would be associated with loving, liking, and predisposition to marry. Hypotheses were confirmed. |
Ketamine?
Ketamine or “K” is a dissociative anesthetic drug used in a variety of clinical settings, from veterinary clinics to the battlefield and hospital emergency rooms. It is on the World Health Organization’s Essential drug list and highly safe for clinical use because it anesthetizes patients without threatening their airways and other vital nervous system functions, and it is even used regularly on children2.
K is also widely used recreationally for its psychedelic effects at sub-anaesthetic or even fully anesthetic doses. The latter is often called a “K-hole”, the peak psychedelic experience of a ketamine trip. There are many interesting concepts surrounding the experiential topography of K, which I will not be discussing here. There is also an addictive potential for ketamine in its recreational use, but less than other substances such as nicotine, cocaine, opiates, and alcohol.
K has found other uses over the last fifty years, such as a potential treatment of chronic pain disorders5 and what this article intends to demystify, is its use as a fast acting antidepressant.
Ketamine For Depression
The potential of these anti-depressant effects are remarkable; a single session with K can help reduce symptoms of treatment-resistant depression, bipolar disorder, and acute suicidality for up to a week1,4. It has also been shown to offer noticeable reduction in symptoms of both obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder4. What is most interesting is that these effects come on within about two hours of onset and depending on dose and duration of administration, can last for up to a week, long after the drug has be metabolized and removed from the system3. Whereas our other medications for treating depression—assuming it can be chemically treated at all—take several weeks of regular use to take effect, such is the case with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs1.
The basic action of ketamine’s immediate effect is on the glutamate neurotransmitter system, wherein it binds to a very specific dock on the NMDA receptors (this dock also binds PCP), blocking the uptake of glutamate3. In that way, its actions are similar to Magnesium, leading to insight about magnesium deficiency and supplementation in the management of depression10. Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter in the brain and thus effectively cuts off “go” signals between the brain and the body (anaesthetic). Yet it also has both positive and negative effects on other neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine, acetylcholine, and the opioid system, contributing to its psychoactive effect beyond sedation3.
K’s delayed effects are what seem to be playing a role in its anti-depressive actions. Ketamine seems to increase production of Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF)1,2,3,4, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)2,3,4.
BDNF is a brain protein that helps with the production of new and protection of old neurons and synapses as well as adaptability to mood and emotions1,4,9. mTOR is also a protein responsible for various functions relating to cell growth and survival8. The hippocampus is a part in the brain involved in learning and memory7. The mPFC is thought to be an area responsible for planning complex cognitive behaviors, such as working towards goals and determining ‘good and bad’6. What is interesting here is that long-term depression actually reduces BDNF and mTOR in the hippocampus and mPFC1,4. It also causes changes to those areas in the brain, specifically decreased neural connectivity1,4,16.
A long-term effect of taking SSRIs is an increase in BDNF1. This observation along with the neurophysiological pathology of depression and the effects of ketamine lead to conjecture that drugs like SSRIs actually work to improve depressive symptoms via their direct effect on serotonin, by their ability to mitigate stress while the brain increases BDNF and mTOR again, or by directly increasing BDNF themselves1.
Ketamine Vs. Psilocybin
There is some interesting overlap in the potential use of psilocybin to treat depression. In humans, psilocybin has been shown to increase functional connectivity15 and reduce blood flow to the mPFC11 (giving it a break from rumination, in my opinion), as well as encourage neurogenesis in the hippocampus of mice13. Yet the positive effects psilocybin has on a person seem to be long lasting18. Lifetime psilocybin use has even been associated to a significantly lower rate of mental health illness compared to the general population17.
In my opinion, these positive effects K has on the hippocampus and mPFC allow for thought patterns and behaviors that transcend the previously ingrained detrimental behaviors of depression. The temporary release from depressive symptoms and behaviors, in addition to an increase in the aforementioned brain proteins, as well as the modulation of dopamine, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine associated with the drug’s effect, creates a cascade of positive feeling and self-image alterations in the individual, and perhaps a celebratory sense of being free of their depression. This same cascade begins to reverse when the depressive feelings return as a result of the continuation of the same stresses having produced the depression in the first place.
I believe this happens because the temporary relief comes so fast and without any actual awareness or connection to the emotional source of the depression, that the Ketamine acts like a quick fix, rather than a rebuild. In comparison, psilocybin produces an extended positive effect on personality14 because the very nature of psilocybin is to face the emotional source of detrimental behavior and properly integrate into our sense of self, which includes a sense of openness, possibility, and positive mystery. In my opinion, when the root of depression is not addressed, it will eventually return when the chemical crutches are removed.
That being said, ketamine’s potential for operating as an acute antidepressant is groundbreaking and exciting. Where it fails and will continue to fail is due to an exclusively neurochemical-centric model for treating depression, rather than a psychoneuroimmunological model.
Ketamine Risks & Gains
Of course, Ketamine is also dangerous. If you are reading this as part of an intention to help yourself or someone else out of depression, there are damaging consequences to be considered. For example, regular, long-term ketamine use is associated with severe damage to the bladder2,5, which can include the need for it to be surgical removed. It has also been shown to produce “persistent or recurrent schizotypical behaviour and memory defects”5. It also has potential for addiction.
Even with K’s positive effects on things like BDNF, it also creates oxidative stress on the brain by decreasing levels of Superoxide Dismutase4, an essential antioxidant. So the more you take ketamine, the more the collateral oxidation will further stress your brain and your depressive symptoms. This is where I believe the neurological side of Ketamine dependence emerges. Psychologically, you take it, you feel good and free, for a while. Then, things turn back and you reach to the Ketamine again. Physically, each time you take it, you need an increased dose due to tolerance, which creates ever-stronger recoil of oxidation, thus a stronger desire to redose.
So self-treatment with ketamine is NOT to be considered a safe alternative for those of us who have been conditioned to distrust SSRIs due to the distasteful ethics of the pharmaceutical industry.
In summary, Ketamine presents a vital opportunity to emergency medicine for the acute treatment of depression and suicidality. But in the author’s opinion, as an essential means for treating depression over the long term or accomplishing complete remission, it falls short due to its inability to physically or psychologically (or spiritually) address the root cause of depression.
[UPDATE July 2016
Although I am not intending to keep this essay perfectly up to date due to constant progression of the research, a very important discovery was recently made that I feel essential to be retrofitted.
In May of 2016 a team at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) discovered that the antidepressant effects of ketamine seem to be caused by the metabolite hydroxynorketamine. This metabolite does not cause the the anesthetic or euphoric effects related to K, not does it block NMDA receptors. It does however, have the effect of activating another aspect of the glutamate receptors, which is AMPA.
Check out this article to read more about this discovery]
You can help James Jesso continue writing via his Patreon Page
Sources:
{Please note, the author is not a doctor or a certified scientist, just a well-read guy with a deep fascination for psychopharmacology. Statements directly cited are the information of others; anything else is the personal opinion of the author. Citations are presented accurately, but casually, for reference to the sources of facts presented in this article, but are not to be considered a complete or exhausted list of relevant information}
1 – ‘New Mechanisms Elicited with Ketamine in Treatment-Resistant Depression’ Ronald S. Duman, PhD, 2012, (Lecture), YalePsychiatry/YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNsIiq-5354
2 – ‘Ketamine: clinical significance & recreational harm reduction’ Ian Mitchell, 2015, (Podcast Interview), ATTMind Radio
https://www.jameswjesso.com/ketamine-clinical-significance-recreational-harm-reduction-w-ian-mitchell/
3 – ‘Ketamine – more mechanisms of action than just nmda blockade’ Jamie Sleigh et al., 2014, (Article In Digital Journal), Trends In Anaesthesia & Critical Care
http://www.trendsanaesthesiacriticalcare.com/article/S2210-8440(14)20006-2/fulltext
4 – ‘Antidepressant Mechanism Of Ketamine: Perspective From Preclinical Studies’ Lisa Scheuing et al., 2015, (Article In Digital Journal), Frontiers In Nueroscience
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnins.2015.00249/full
5 – ‘Ketamine for chronic pain: risks and benefits’ Marieke Niesters et al., 2014, (Article in Journal), British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology [Volume 77, Issue 2, pages 357–367]
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.12094/full
6 – ‘Prefrontal cortex’, (Website), Wikipedia, accessed Dec. 28, 2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex
7 – ‘Hippocampus’, (Website), Wikipedia, accessed Dec. 28, 2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus
8 – ‘Mechanistic target of rapamycin’, (Website), Wikipedia, accessed Dec. 28, 2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanistic_target_of_rapamycin
9 – ‘Brain-derived neurotrophic factor’ Wikipedia, (Website), accessed Dec. 28, 2015
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor
10 – ‘Magnesium and the Ketamine Connection’ Emily Deans, (Website Article), Psychology Today, accessed Dec. 28, 2015
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201410/magnesium-and-the-ketamine-connection
11 – ‘Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin’ Robin L. Carhart-Harris et al., (Article In Digital Journal), 2012, PNAS
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/6/2138.full
12 – ‘Mystical Experiences Occasioned by the Hallucinogen Psilocybin Lead to Increases in the Personality Domain of Openness’ Katherine L. MacLean et al., (Article In Digital Journal), 2011, Journal Of Psychopharmacology
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537171/
13 – ‘Effects of psilocybin on hippocampal neurogenesis and extinction of trace fear conditioning’ Briony J Catlow et al., (Article In Journal), 2013, Experimental Brain Research [Volume 228, Issue 4, pp 481-491]
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00221-013-3579-0
14 – ‘Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance’ Roland R. Griffiths et al., (Article in Journal), 2006, Psychopharmacology [Volume 187, Issue 3, pp 268-283]
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5
15 – ‘Homological scaffolds of brain functional networks’ Giovanni Petri et al., (Article In Digital Journal), 2014, Journal of The Royal Society: Interface
http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/101/20140873
16 – ‘Depression and Anxiety Disorders Damage Your Brain, Especially When Untreated’ David Hellerstein, (Website Article), Psychology Today, accessed Dec. 28, 2015
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/heal-your-brain/201107/depression-and-anxiety-disorders-damage-your-brain-especially-when
17 – ‘Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study’ Teri S. Krebs, (Article In Digital Journal), 2013, PLOS One
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0063972
18 – ‘Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later’ Roland Griffiths et al., (Article in Journal), 2008, Journal of Psychopharmacology [Volume xxx, Issue xx) (2008) pp 1–12]
http://www.maps.org/images/pdf/2008_griffiths_23042_1.pdf
~*~
***Featured Image Courtesy of Wikipedia
*** Copy Editing Credit To Lauren Cote |
In Japan, the Suzuka 8-Hour is a huge deal, but for the rest of the world, it ranks on par with the rest of the FIM Endurance World Championship. That’s kind of a shame, really, as the Endurance World Championship is the only motorcycle championship where we still see different tire manufacturers competing against each other, the bikes are beautifully technical in their own special way, and in the case of Suzuka, there are often heavy-hitters at play. This year was no different, with Yamaha fielding its “Yamaha Factory Racing Team” with two MotoGP stars, Pol Espargaro and Bradley Smith, along with factory test rider and MotoGP podium-finisher Katsuaki Nakasuga.
Attention 2014 KTM 1290 Super Duke R owner, KTM North America is recalling 640 units of “The Beast” for a fuel leak that may occur from the threaded inserts at the rear of the gas tank. Obviously, a fuel tank poses a safety hazard to the rider, not only for its propensity to combust, but its ability to degrade traction to the rear tire. As such, KTM will notify affected owners, and KTM dealers will seal the threaded inserts to prevent future fuel leaks. If the motorcycle shows evidence of an existing fuel leak at the threaded insert, the gas tank will be replaced. Of course, these repairs will be performed free of charge. The recall on the KTM 1290 Super Duke R is expected to begin in August 2015.
Social media and some assorted motorcycle news websites (first here, and now here) are feverishly reporting that Erik Buell Racing has been out-right acquired by Hero MotoCorp, during the company’s receivership auction, thus confirming the wet-dream conspiracy theories of Buellistas around the world. The report was first started by the stalwart news source Motorcycle.in.th, and was then elevated quickly into the realm of semi-truthfulness by a bevy of other news outlets. With the journalistic bar now set so low, Asphalt & Rubber feels comfortable reporting that there is indeed a new owner for Erik Buell Racing, but it is not Hero MotoCorp, but instead the Flying Spaghetti Monster — deity to the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster.
Honda has officially dropped details and photos on its highly anticipated adventure-tourer, the 2016 Honda Africa Twin. A continuation of the legacy by the same name, the new Honda Africa Twin is an off-road focused machine that will go head-to-head with the big ADV bikes already on the market. Built around a 998cc parallel-twin engine, which makes 94hp and 72 lbs•ft of torque, the Africa Twin tips the scales at the curb at 503 lbs (standard model, first photos after the jump) / 534 lbs (DCT/ABS models, shown above). What we think ADV riders will come around to is Honda’s off-road built dual-clutch transmission, which will have the benefit of making shifts while out of the saddle much easier, and giving clutch-free operation, much like a Rekluse clutch.
When it comes to helmet brands, Arai Helmet is perhaps one of the best known in the business; and when it comes to the Japanese company’s flagship model, the track-focused Corsair reigns supreme. So, it’s a big deal when Arai decides to update its ready-to-race helmet offering, creating the Arai Corsair-X in the process. This week, we got to test the new Corsair-X in the flesh, spending a full-day riding at Thunderhill Raceway in Willows, California on Monday — melting away in the 104°F heat — as well as riding around my new hometown of Portland, Oregon. So let’s cut the fluff, breakdown what’s new with the Corsair-X, and talk about what our impressions are of this top-of-the-line helmet.
Last night we brought you a leaked video of the new Honda Africa Twin, which revealed the off-road oriented adventure bike in all its glory. Today, we get to see the leaked specs of the Honda CRF1000L (the model designation of the Africa Twin), along with what looks like an official high-resolution photo. The spec-sheet for the Africa Twin has long been something of interest for ADV fans, with the obvious questions being 1) how much horsepower will it make? and 2) how much will it weight. The answers are 94hp, and 458 lbs dry (467 lbs with ABS, 489 lbs with DCT).
Honda has been teasing a six-part video series about the Honda Africa Twin, and the final installment has just leaked onto the internet. As you would expect, the video finally gives us the full monty on what the Honda CRF1000L will look like, along with some great action footage. Perhaps even better, the final installment of Honda’s video series also features a very interesting discussion with HRC riders, Honda engineers, and stakeholders to the Africa Twin brand. The discussion is very insightful to the development of the 1,000cc adventure bike platform, including off-roading’s first dual-clutch transmission (DCT).
Superbike fans should rejoice to the news that Kawasaki has an all-new ZX-10R in the works for the upcoming model year. The news comes from Germany’s reliable Speedweek publication, which interviewed Guim Roda, the Team Manager of Kawasaki’s World Superbike racing effort. Talking to Speedwekk, Roda said “we will have a new Kawasaki ZX-10R in 2016. The concept will be the same but, with some details and changes, it will be even more competitive. Given that the current rules are very restricted, the motorbikes have to be developed with an eye on the sport. We are heading on a path that Aprilia, Ducati and BMW have already taken for this year by bringing out new bikes.”
Bad news continues from the Bonneville Salt Flats, as the SCTA has officially cancelled its upcoming Speed Week event — an event that was cancelled last year as well. As we reported earlier, Speed Week was put into serious doubt because of the conditions of the salt flats, which were shown to have a thin salt layer and wet/muddy conditions that made the historic site unsuitable for land speed racing. Spending Tuesday morning at Bonneville looking for a suitable stretch of salt for a 2.25-mile course, SCTA President/Race Director Bill Lattin & the BNI Chairman Roy Creel deemed the conditions unsafe for a race course, and thus dashed any hopes of the event being salvaged.
If you believe everything you read on the internet, then surely you know that Ducati is allegedly getting ready to release a Panigale-based Streetfighter in the next few months. Another potent rumor making the rounds is that Ducati is working on a totally new v-twin engine, which will meet Euro 4 emission standards. The first rumor got its start from Visordown, which says that it has received an invitation for press launch in September that will consist of “a track test for a road bike.” The second rumor comes from Moto-Station, with the French site getting word from a source that Ducati has an all-new Euro 4 compliant engine that it will debut at EICMA this November. They go on to speculate that the engine could have Ducati Variable Timing (DVT), and would fit a sport-touring bike.
It is hard to upstage Valentino Rossi. It takes something large, significant, to take the limelight away from the nine-time World Champion, and the man who has been the charismatic heart of MotoGP for the best part of 15 years. To do that, you have to “Go big or go home,” as British road racer Guy Martin likes to put it.
At Le Mans, Casey Stoner upstaged Rossi. The press conference – usually a rather staid affair, with the usual niceties about the track, each rider’s chances at the circuit and a couple of witticisms – started unusually, with Nick Harris, the veteran commentator who leads the official press conferences, saying that Stoner would like to make a statement to the press. Stoner then proceeded to press the big red button that set Twitter, the internet and newswires ablaze. In the process, he did not so much ignite the 2013 MotoGP Silly Season, as douse it in liquid oxygen and set a flame thrower to it.
Editor’s Note: This guest post by David Emmett was originally posted on his site MotoMatters under the title of “Editor’s Blog: Old And New – How Media Is Changing”. We thought Emmett was so on-point with his assessment of the use of the internet and social media in motorcycle racing, and the industry as a whole, that we asked him to reproduce his post here on Asphalt & Rubber. To put his post in complete context, Emmett just finished working this weekend as Fiat-Yamaha’s live blogger during the Qatar GP, where he wrote, tweeted, and hustled his way around the MotoGP paddock as the only online journalist with a permanent Dorna press pass. For more of an account of his time in Qatar, and for all your other racing news needs, you should visit his site at MotoMatters.com (after first reading Asphalt & Rubber first of course).
The comment that I have probably received most since I started this blog was “I want your job!” And frankly, I have to pinch myself to see if this is still all really happening, so it is a sentiment I can completely understand. Being allowed to work in the MotoGP paddock and up in the press room feels like a genuine privilege, and being surrounded with people who share the same passion is truly remarkable.
I often wonder at how this all came about. Just over four years ago, I posted a season preview on the Adventure Rider motorcycle forum, and now, I learned today, I am the first journalist from an online publication ever to receive a permanent pass from Dorna. In the intervening years I have worked hard both to keep learning as much as I can about racing, and communicate my passion for the sport to a wider audience. It has cost me blood, sweat, tears, and more money than I like to think about, but all these would have been to no avail if it wasn’t for one factor: The Internet.
We suspect there’s a Moto Guzzi PR agent homeless in the streets of Milan right now, after not one, but two mix-ups have occurred. First, there was the debacle of press information stating the Moto Guzzi V7 Clubman Racer was a production model. And second, there’s what appears to be a naming mix-up between the Moto Guzzi V12 X concept and Moto Guzzi V12 Strada concept. |
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// Copyright (C) 2010-2016 Lukas Lalinsky
// Distributed under the MIT license, see the LICENSE file for details.
#ifndef CHROMAPRINT_FFT_H_
#define CHROMAPRINT_FFT_H_
#include <cmath>
#include <memory>
#include "utils.h"
#include "fft_frame.h"
#include "fft_frame_consumer.h"
#include "audio_consumer.h"
#include "audio/audio_slicer.h"
namespace chromaprint {
class FFTLib;
class FFT : public AudioConsumer
{
public:
FFT(size_t frame_size, size_t overlap, FFTFrameConsumer *consumer);
~FFT();
size_t frame_size() const {
return m_slicer.size();
}
size_t increment() const {
return m_slicer.increment();
}
size_t overlap() const {
return m_slicer.size() - m_slicer.increment();
}
void Reset();
void Consume(const int16_t *input, int length) override;
private:
CHROMAPRINT_DISABLE_COPY(FFT);
FFTFrame m_frame;
AudioSlicer<int16_t> m_slicer;
std::unique_ptr<FFTLib> m_lib;
FFTFrameConsumer *m_consumer;
};
}; // namespace chromaprint
#endif
|
.\" Jean II - HPL - 2004-2007
.\" iftab.5
.\"
.TH IFTAB 5 "26 February 2007" "wireless-tools" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.\"
.\" NAME part
.\"
.SH NAME
iftab \- static information about the network interfaces
.\"
.\" DESCRIPTION part
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTION
The file
.B /etc/iftab
contains descriptive information about the various network interfaces.
.B iftab
is only used by the program
.IR ifrename (8)
to assign a consistent network interface name to each network interface.
.PP
.B /etc/iftab
defines a set of
.IR mappings .
Each mapping contains an interface name and a set of selectors. The
selectors allow
.B ifrename
to identify each network interface on the system. If a network
interface matches all descriptors of a mapping,
.B ifrename
attempt to change the name of the interface to the interface name
given by the mapping.
.\"
.\" MAPPINGS part
.\"
.SH MAPPINGS
Each mapping is described on a separate line, it starts with an
.IR "interface name" ,
and contains a set of
.IR descriptors ,
separated by space or tabs.
.PP
The relationship between descriptors of a mapping is a
.IR "logical and" .
A mapping matches a network interface only is all the descriptors
match. If a network interface doesn't support a specific descriptor,
it won't match any mappings using this descriptor.
.PP
If you want to use alternate descriptors for an interface name
(logical or), specify two different mappings with the same interface
name (one on each line).
.B Ifrename
always use the first matching mapping starting from the
.I end
of
.BR iftab ,
therefore more restrictive mapping should be specified last.
.\"
.\" INTERFACE NAME part
.\"
.SH INTERFACE NAME
The first part of each mapping is an interface name. If a network
interface matches all descriptors of a mapping,
.B ifrename
attempt to change the name of the interface to the interface name
given by the mapping.
.PP
The interface name of a mapping is either a plain interface name (such as
.IR eth2 " or " wlan1 )
or a interface name pattern containing a single wildcard (such as
.IR eth* " or " wlan* ).
In case of wildcard, the kernel replace the '*' with the lowest
available integer making this interface name unique. Note that
wildcard is only supported for kernel 2.6.1 and 2.4.30 and later.
.PP
It is discouraged to try to map interfaces to default interfaces names
such as
.IR eth0 ", " wlan0 " or " ppp0 .
The kernel use those as the default name for any new interface,
therefore most likely an interface will already use this name and
prevent ifrename to use it. Even if you use takeover, the interface
may already be up in some cases. Not using those name will allow you
to immediately spot unconfigured or new interfaces.
.br
Good names are either totally unique and meaningfull,
such as
.IR mydsl " or " privatehub ,
or use larger integer, such as
.IR eth5 " or " wlan5 .
The second type is usually easier to integrate in various network utilities.
.\"
.\" DESCRIPTORS part
.\"
.SH DESCRIPTORS
Each descriptor is composed of a descriptor name and descriptor
value. Descriptors specify a static attribute of a network interface,
the goal is to uniquely identify each piece of hardware.
.PP
Most users will only use the
.B mac
selector despite its potential problems, other selectors are for more
specialised setup. Most selectors accept a '*' in the selector value
for wilcard matching, and most selectors are case insensitive.
.TP
.BI mac " mac address"
Matches the MAC Address of the interface with the specified MAC
address. The MAC address of the interface can be shown using
.IR ifconfig (8)
or
.IR ip (8).
.br
This is the most common selector, as most interfaces have a unique MAC
address allowing to identify network interfaces without ambiguity.
However, some interfaces don't have a valid MAC address until they are
brought up, in such case using this selector is tricky or impossible.
.TP
.BI arp " arp type"
Matches the ARP Type (also called Link Type) of the interface with the
specified ARP type as a number. The ARP Type of the interface can be
shown using
.IR ifconfig (8)
or
.IR ip (8),
the
.B link/ether
type correspond to
.B 1
and the
.B link/ieee802.11
type correspond to
.BR 801 .
.br
This selector is useful when a driver create multiple network
interfaces for a single network card.
.TP
.BI driver " driver name"
Matches the Driver Name of the interface with the specified driver
name. The Driver Name of the interface can be shown using
.IR "ethtool -i" (8).
.TP
.BI businfo " bus information"
Matches the Bus Information of the interface with the specified bus
information. The Bus Information of the interface can be shown using
.IR "ethtool -i" (8).
.TP
.BI firmware " firmware revision"
Matches the Firmware Revision of the interface with the firmware
revision information. The Firmware Revision of the interface can be
shown using
.IR "ethtool -i" (8).
.TP
.BI baseaddress " base address"
Matches the Base Address of the interface with the specified base
address. The Base Address of the interface can be shown using
.IR ifconfig (8).
.br
Because most cards use dynamic allocation of the Base Address, this
selector is only useful for ISA and EISA cards.
.TP
.BI irq " irq line"
Matches the IRQ Line (interrupt) of the interface with the specified
IRQ line. The IRQ Line of the interface can be shown using
.IR ifconfig (8).
.br
Because there are IRQ Lines may be shared, this selector is usually
not sufficient to uniquely identify an interface.
.TP
.BI iwproto " wireless protocol"
Matches the Wireless Protocol of the interface with the specified
wireless protocol. The Wireless Protocol of the interface can be shown
using
.IR iwconfig (8)
or
.IR iwgetid (8).
.br
This selector is only supported on wireless interfaces and is not
sufficient to uniquely identify an interface.
.TP
.BI pcmciaslot " pcmcia slot"
Matches the Pcmcia Socket number of the interface with the specified
slot number. Pcmcia Socket number of the interface can be shown
using
.IR "cardctl ident" (8).
.br
This selector is usually only supported on 16 bits cards, for 32 bits
cards it is advised to use the selector
.BR businfo .
.TP
.BI prevname " previous interface name"
Matches the name of the interface prior to renaming with the specified
oldname.
.br
This selector should be avoided as the previous interface name may
vary depending on various condition. A system/kernel/driver update may
change the original name. Then, ifrename or another tool may rename it
prior to the execution of this selector.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{ filename } " value"
Matches the content the sysfs attribute given by filename to the
specified value. For symlinks and parents directories, match the
actual directory name of the sysfs attribute given by filename to the
specified value.
.br
A list of the most useful sysfs attributes is given in the next
section.
.\"
.\" SYSFS DESCRIPTORS part
.\"
.SH SYSFS DESCRIPTORS
Sysfs attributes for a specific interface are located on most systems
in the directory named after that interface at
.IR /sys/class/net/ .
Most sysfs attribute are files, and their values can be read using
.IR cat "(1) or " more (1).
It is also possible to match attributes in subdirectories.
.PP
Some sysfs attributes are symlinks, pointing to another directory in
sysfs. If the attribute filename is a symlink the sysfs attribute
resolves to the name of the directory pointed by the symlink using
.IR readlink (1).
The location is a directory in the sysfs tree is also important. If
the attribute filename ends with
.IR /.. ,
the sysfs attribute resolves to the real name of the parent directory
using
.IR pwd (1).
.PP
The sysfs filesystem is only supported with 2.6.X kernel and need to
be mounted (usually in
.IR /sys ).
sysfs selectors are not as efficient as other selectors, therefore
they should be avoided for maximum performance.
.PP
These are common sysfs attributes and their corresponding ifrename
descriptors.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{address} " value"
Same as the
.B mac
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{type} " value"
Same as the
.B arp
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{device} " value"
Valid only up to kernel 2.6.20. Same as the
.B businfo
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{..} " value"
Valid only from kernel 2.6.21. Same as the
.B businfo
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{device/driver} " value"
Valid only up to kernel 2.6.20. Same as the
.B driver
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{../driver} " value"
Valid only from kernel 2.6.21. Same as the
.B driver
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{device/irq} " value"
Valid only up to kernel 2.6.20. Same as the
.B irq
descriptor.
.TP
.BI SYSFS{../irq} " value"
Valid only from kernel 2.6.21. Same as the
.B irq
descriptor.
.\"
.\" EXAMPLES part
.\"
.SH EXAMPLES
# This is a comment
.br
eth2 mac 08:00:09:DE:82:0E
.br
eth3 driver wavelan interrupt 15 baseaddress 0x390
.br
eth4 driver pcnet32 businfo 0000:02:05.0
.br
air* mac 00:07:0E:* arp 1
.br
myvpn SYSFS{address} 00:10:83:* SYSFS{type} 1
.br
bcm* SYSFS{device} 0000:03:00.0 SYSFS{device/driver} bcm43xx
.br
bcm* SYSFS{..} 0000:03:00.0 SYSFS{../driver} bcm43xx
.\"
.\" AUTHOR part
.\"
.SH AUTHOR
Jean Tourrilhes \- jt@hpl.hp.com
.\"
.\" FILES part
.\"
.SH FILES
.I /etc/iftab
.\"
.\" SEE ALSO part
.\"
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR ifrename (8),
.BR ifconfig (8),
.BR ip (8),
.BR ethtool (8),
.BR iwconfig (8).
|
Confusion among world soccer officials and a lack of clear challengers suggest a murky path lies ahead toreplace FIFA President Sepp Blatter. He resigned yesterday as U.S. authorities confirmed they are trying to gather evidence linking him to a sweeping investigation into alleged corruption at world soccer’s governing body. Meanwhile, further doubt has been cast over whether Russia and Qatar will host the next two World Cups after losing Mr. Blatter, the strongest supporter of their bids. The Qatar stock market fell sharply today following news of his departure. But to many, his resignation couldn’t come soon enough. “Sepp Blatter was the Last Man on Earth to realize that soccer needed a de-Blattering,” writes our sports columnist Jason Gay. |
"Shots were fired between the suspects and the victims," Brady said. "One of the suspects was critically wounded and none of the victims were injured." |
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using FSharp.Compiler.SourceCodeServices;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
using JetBrains.Application.Progress;
using JetBrains.Diagnostics;
using JetBrains.DocumentManagers.impl;
using JetBrains.Lifetimes;
using JetBrains.ProjectModel;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Plugins.FSharp.Checker;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.Caches;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.Files.SandboxFiles;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.Modules;
using JetBrains.ReSharper.Psi.Tree;
using JetBrains.Util;
namespace JetBrains.ReSharper.Plugins.FSharp.Psi.Resolve
{
[SolutionComponent]
public class FSharpResolvedSymbolsCache : IPsiSourceFileCache, IFSharpResolvedSymbolsCache
{
public IPsiModules PsiModules { get; }
public FSharpCheckerService CheckerService { get; }
public IFcsProjectProvider FcsProjectProvider { get; }
private readonly object myLock = new object();
private readonly ISet<IPsiSourceFile> myDirtyFiles = new HashSet<IPsiSourceFile>();
public FSharpResolvedSymbolsCache(Lifetime lifetime, FSharpCheckerService checkerService, IPsiModules psiModules,
IFcsProjectProvider fcsProjectProvider)
{
PsiModules = psiModules;
CheckerService = checkerService;
FcsProjectProvider = fcsProjectProvider;
fcsProjectProvider.ModuleInvalidated.Advise(lifetime, Invalidate);
}
private static bool IsApplicable(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile) =>
sourceFile.LanguageType.Is<FSharpProjectFileType>();
public void Invalidate(IPsiModule psiModule)
{
lock (myLock)
{
PsiModulesCaches.Remove(psiModule);
if (psiModule.IsValid())
InvalidateReferencingModules(psiModule);
}
}
private void InvalidateReferencingModules(IPsiModule psiModule)
{
if (PsiModulesCaches.IsEmpty())
return;
// todo: reuse FcsProjectProvider references
using (CompilationContextCookie.GetOrCreate(psiModule.GetContextFromModule()))
{
var resolveContext = CompilationContextCookie.GetContext();
foreach (var psiModuleReference in PsiModules.GetReverseModuleReferences(psiModule, resolveContext))
if (PsiModulesCaches.TryGetValue(psiModuleReference.Module, out var moduleSymbols))
moduleSymbols.Invalidate();
}
}
protected virtual void Invalidate(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile)
{
var psiModule = sourceFile.PsiModule;
if (!psiModule.IsValid())
{
Invalidate(psiModule);
return;
}
if (PsiModulesCaches.TryGetValue(psiModule, out var moduleResolvedSymbols))
moduleResolvedSymbols.Invalidate(sourceFile);
InvalidateReferencingModules(psiModule);
}
public void MarkAsDirty(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile)
{
if (!IsApplicable(sourceFile))
return;
lock (myLock)
myDirtyFiles.Add(sourceFile);
}
public object Load(IProgressIndicator progress, bool enablePersistence) => null;
public void MergeLoaded(object data)
{
}
public void Save(IProgressIndicator progress, bool enablePersistence)
{
}
public bool UpToDate(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile)
{
lock (myLock)
return !myDirtyFiles.Contains(sourceFile);
}
public object Build(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile, bool isStartup) => null;
public void Merge(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile, object builtPart)
{
}
public void Drop(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile)
{
lock (myLock)
{
if (PsiModulesCaches.IsEmpty())
return;
Invalidate(sourceFile);
}
}
public void OnDocumentChange(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile, ProjectFileDocumentCopyChange change) =>
MarkAsDirty(sourceFile);
public void OnPsiChange(ITreeNode elementContainingChanges, PsiChangedElementType type)
{
if (elementContainingChanges == null)
return;
var sourceFile = elementContainingChanges.GetSourceFile();
Assertion.Assert(sourceFile != null, "sourceFile != null");
MarkAsDirty(sourceFile);
}
private void InvalidateDirty()
{
foreach (var sourceFile in myDirtyFiles)
Invalidate(sourceFile);
myDirtyFiles.Clear();
}
public void SyncUpdate(bool underTransaction)
{
lock (myLock)
InvalidateDirty();
}
public void Dump(TextWriter writer, IPsiSourceFile sourceFile)
{
}
public bool HasDirtyFiles
{
get
{
lock (myLock)
return !myDirtyFiles.IsEmpty();
}
}
protected readonly IDictionary<IPsiModule, FSharpModuleResolvedSymbols> PsiModulesCaches =
new Dictionary<IPsiModule, FSharpModuleResolvedSymbols>();
private IFSharpFileResolvedSymbols GetOrCreateResolvedSymbols(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile) =>
GetModuleResolvedSymbols(sourceFile).GetResolvedSymbols(sourceFile);
[NotNull]
private IFSharpModuleResolvedSymbols GetModuleResolvedSymbols(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile)
{
var psiModule = sourceFile.PsiModule;
if (psiModule.IsMiscFilesProjectModule() && !(psiModule is SandboxPsiModule))
return FSharpMiscModuleResolvedSymbols.Instance;
FcsProjectProvider.InvalidateDirty();
lock (myLock)
{
if (HasDirtyFiles)
InvalidateDirty();
if (PsiModulesCaches.TryGetValue(psiModule, out var symbols))
return symbols;
var parsingOptions = FcsProjectProvider.GetParsingOptions(sourceFile);
var filesCount = parsingOptions.SourceFiles.Length;
var moduleResolvedSymbols =
new FSharpModuleResolvedSymbols(psiModule, filesCount, CheckerService, FcsProjectProvider);
PsiModulesCaches[psiModule] = moduleResolvedSymbols;
return moduleResolvedSymbols;
}
}
public FSharpSymbolUse GetSymbolUse(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile, int offset) =>
GetOrCreateResolvedSymbols(sourceFile).GetSymbolUse(offset);
public FSharpSymbolUse GetSymbolDeclaration(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile, int offset) =>
GetOrCreateResolvedSymbols(sourceFile).GetSymbolDeclaration(offset);
public IReadOnlyList<FSharpResolvedSymbolUse> GetAllDeclaredSymbols(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile) =>
GetOrCreateResolvedSymbols(sourceFile).GetAllDeclaredSymbols();
public IReadOnlyList<FSharpResolvedSymbolUse> GetAllResolvedSymbols(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile) =>
GetOrCreateResolvedSymbols(sourceFile).GetAllResolvedSymbols();
public FSharpSymbol GetSymbol(IPsiSourceFile sourceFile, int offset) =>
GetOrCreateResolvedSymbols(sourceFile).GetSymbol(offset);
}
}
|
Preaxial polydactyly: a model for defective long-range regulation in congenital abnormalities.
Point mutations in the long-range, limb-specific regulatory element of the SHH gene are responsible for the human limb abnormality called preaxial polydactyly (PPD). Disruptions of regulatory elements in developmental genes are a small but increasingly significant class of mutations responsible for congenital defects. Identifying regulatory elements that might reside hundreds of kilobases from their relevant genes is difficult but rendered possible by the emerging field of comparative genomics. Genetic analysis of PPD highlights the notion that regulatory mutations might generate phenotypes distinct from any of those identified for coding region mutations. |
/*
* Copyright 1998-2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Sun designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
* CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
* have any questions.
*/
package com.sun.jdi;
import java.util.List;
/**
* Provides access to an array object and its components in the target VM.
* Each array component is mirrored by a {@link Value} object.
* The array components, in aggregate, are placed in {@link java.util.List}
* objects instead of arrays for consistency with the rest of the API and
* for interoperability with other APIs.
*
* @author Robert Field
* @author Gordon Hirsch
* @author James McIlree
* @since 1.3
*/
public interface ArrayReference extends ObjectReference {
/**
* Returns the number of components in this array.
*
* @return the integer count of components in this array.
*/
int length();
/**
* Returns an array component value.
*
* @param index the index of the component to retrieve
* @return the {@link Value} at the given index.
* @throws java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException if
* <CODE><I>index</I></CODE> is outside the range of this array,
* that is, if either of the following are true:
* <PRE>
* <I>index</I> < 0
* <I>index</I> >= {@link #length() length()} </PRE>
*/
Value getValue(int index);
/**
* Returns all of the components in this array.
*
* @return a list of {@link Value} objects, one for each array
* component ordered by array index. For zero length arrays,
* an empty list is returned.
*/
List<Value> getValues();
/**
* Returns a range of array components.
*
* @param index the index of the first component to retrieve
* @param length the number of components to retrieve, or -1 to
* retrieve all components to the end of this array.
* @return a list of {@link Value} objects, one for each requested
* array component ordered by array index. When there are
* no elements in the specified range (e.g.
* <CODE><I>length</I></CODE> is zero) an empty list is returned
*
* @throws java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException if the range
* specified with <CODE><I>index</I></CODE> and
* <CODE><I>length</I></CODE> is not within the range of the array,
* that is, if either of the following are true:
* <PRE>
* <I>index</I> < 0
* <I>index</I> > {@link #length() length()} </PRE>
* or if <CODE><I>length</I> != -1</CODE> and
* either of the following are true:
* <PRE>
* <I>length</I> < 0
* <I>index</I> + <I>length</I> > {@link #length() length()}</PRE>
*/
List<Value> getValues(int index, int length);
/**
* Replaces an array component with another value.
* <p>
* Object values must be assignment compatible with the component type
* (This implies that the component type must be loaded through the
* declaring class's class loader). Primitive values must be
* either assignment compatible with the component type or must be
* convertible to the component type without loss of information.
* See JLS section 5.2 for more information on assignment
* compatibility.
*
* @param value the new value
* @param index the index of the component to set
* @throws java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException if
* <CODE><I>index</I></CODE> is outside the range of this array,
* that is, if either of the following are true:
* <PRE>
* <I>index</I> < 0
* <I>index</I> >= {@link #length() length()} </PRE>
* @throws InvalidTypeException if the type of <CODE><I>value</I></CODE>
* is not compatible with the declared type of array components.
* @throws ClassNotLoadedException if the array component type
* has not yet been loaded
* through the appropriate class loader.
* @throws VMCannotBeModifiedException if the VirtualMachine is read-only - see {@link VirtualMachine#canBeModified()}.
*
* @see ArrayType#componentType()
*/
void setValue(int index, Value value)
throws InvalidTypeException,
ClassNotLoadedException;
/**
* Replaces all array components with other values. If the given
* list is larger in size than the array, the values at the
* end of the list are ignored.
* <p>
* Object values must be assignment compatible with the element type
* (This implies that the component type must be loaded through the
* enclosing class's class loader). Primitive values must be
* either assignment compatible with the component type or must be
* convertible to the component type without loss of information.
* See JLS section 5.2 for more information on assignment
* compatibility.
*
* @param values a list of {@link Value} objects to be placed
* in this array. If <CODE><I>values</I>.size()</CODE> is
* less that the length of the array, the first
* <CODE><I>values</I>.size()</CODE> elements are set.
* @throws InvalidTypeException if any of the
* new <CODE><I>values</I></CODE>
* is not compatible with the declared type of array components.
* @throws ClassNotLoadedException if the array component
* type has not yet been loaded
* through the appropriate class loader.
* @throws VMCannotBeModifiedException if the VirtualMachine is read-only - see {@link VirtualMachine#canBeModified()}.
*
* @see ArrayType#componentType()
*/
void setValues(List<? extends Value> values)
throws InvalidTypeException,
ClassNotLoadedException;
/**
* Replaces a range of array components with other values.
* <p>
* Object values must be assignment compatible with the component type
* (This implies that the component type must be loaded through the
* enclosing class's class loader). Primitive values must be
* either assignment compatible with the component type or must be
* convertible to the component type without loss of information.
* See JLS section 5.2 for more information on assignment
* compatibility.
*
* @param index the index of the first component to set.
* @param values a list of {@link Value} objects to be placed
* in this array.
* @param srcIndex the index of the first source value to use.
* @param length the number of components to set, or -1 to set
* all components to the end of this array or the end of
* <CODE><I>values</I></CODE> (whichever comes first).
* @throws InvalidTypeException if any element of
* <CODE><I>values</I></CODE>
* is not compatible with the declared type of array components.
* @throws java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException if the
* array range specified with
* <CODE><I>index</I></CODE> and <CODE><I>length</I></CODE>
* is not within the range of the array,
* or if the source range specified with
* <CODE><I>srcIndex</I></CODE> and <CODE><I>length</I></CODE>
* is not within <CODE><I>values</I></CODE>,
* that is, if any of the following are true:
* <PRE>
* <I>index</I> < 0
* <I>index</I> > {@link #length() length()}
* <I>srcIndex</I> < 0
* <I>srcIndex</I> > <I>values</I>.size() </PRE>
* or if <CODE><I>length</I> != -1</CODE> and any of the
* following are true:
* <PRE>
* <I>length</I> < 0
* <I>index</I> + <I>length</I> > {@link #length() length()}
* <I>srcIndex</I> + <I>length</I> > <I>values</I>.size() </PRE>
* @throws VMCannotBeModifiedException if the VirtualMachine is read-only - see {@link VirtualMachine#canBeModified()}.
* @see ArrayType#componentType()
*/
void setValues(int index, List<? extends Value> values, int srcIndex, int length)
throws InvalidTypeException,
ClassNotLoadedException;
}
|
55 Pandora
Pandora (minor planet designation: 55 Pandora) is a fairly large and very bright asteroid in the asteroid belt. Pandora was discovered by American astronomer and Catholic priest George Mary Searle on September 10, 1858, from the Dudley Observatory near Albany, NY. It was his first and only asteroid discovery.
It is named after Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology, who unwisely opened a box that released evil into the world. The name was apparently chosen by Blandina Dudley, widow of the founder of the Dudley Observatory, who had been involved in an acrimonious dispute with astronomer B. A. Gould. Gould felt that the name had an "apt significance". The asteroid shares its name with Pandora, a moon of Saturn.
This object is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.58 years, a semimajor axis of , and an eccentricity of 0.14. Its orbital plane lies at an angle of 7.2° to the plane of the ecliptic. Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Rozhen Observatory in Bulgaria during 2010 gave a light curve with a period of 4.7992 hours and a brightness variation of Δm=0.22 mag. This is consistent with a period of 4.804 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 obtained during a 1977 study. It has a cross-sectional size of .
See also
Aubrite
3103 Eger
2867 Šteins
References
External links
Category:Background asteroids
Pandora
Pandora
Pandora
Category:M-type asteroids (Tholen)
Category:X-type asteroids (SMASS)
18580910 |
The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion by Jonathan Haidt.
Pantheon, 419 pages, $28.95.
Together: The Rituals, Pleasures, and Politics of Cooperation by Richard Sennett. YaleUniversity
Press, 324 pages, $28.
The last three decades have been bitter medicine for the left. In the late 1970s, the achievements of the New Deal seemed secure, embraced even by Richard Nixon, the most conservative president since Herbert Hoover. Labor unions were an accepted feature of economic and political life. In the wake of Medicare and Medicaid, inaugurated in the 1960s, the path to universal health care seemed open. Nixon himself had created the Environmental Protection Agency, an important victory for the cause of governmental regulation. Jimmy Carter acknowledged that the corporate-loophole-ridden tax code was a "disgrace" and promised to make human rights the "soul" of American foreign policy. Despite much unhappiness over busing and Roe v. Wade, the feminist and civil-rights movements appeared triumphant.
Thirty-something years later ... well, there's no need to call the dreary roll of reverses. In policy and opinion, the country's political center of gravity has shifted far to the right. How has it happened?
Jonathan Haidt's fascinating, important, and exasperating new book offers one set of answers. A social psychologist at the University of Virginia and a professed liberal Democrat, Haidt was dismayed by liberalism's eclipse. Seeking to understand it, he proposes a new, or at any rate newly formulated, theory of our moral and political judgments, called Moral Foundations Theory.
As we all know and often forget, humans are not purely rational. Or, to put it another way, there's more to rationality than is dreamed of in our everyday philosophies. We have a long, complex evolutionary history, which has left us with a tangled, multilayered psyche and many more motives than we are usually conscious of. With the help of research by a couple of generations of psychologists, anthropologists, and behavioral economists, Haidt has excavated these psychic structures. But before entering on a detailed description, Haidt pauses to emphasize the First Principle of any adequate moral psychology: "Intuitions come first, strategic reasoning second."
Experiments repeatedly show that - to oversimplify only a little - we all believe what we want, regardless of reasons. This certainly tallies with my, and many other liberals', experience of political debate. Changing one's views in response to an opponent's arguments is about as rare as an honest Congressman. (Cases of both are known, but only a few.) Arguments are largely instrumental; they are meant for attack or defense. Most of the time, we argue like lawyers rather than philosophers. Hume was right: "Reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them."
Where, then, do our moral judgments come from? According to Moral Foundations Theory, morality begins as a set of evolution-derived intuitions, which each child then learns to apply within his or her culture. Haidt suggests six dimensions or categories or foundations, into which nearly all our intuitions fall: 1) Help those in need and minimize suffering everywhere (the Care/Harm foundation); 2) Reward people according to what they contribute (Fairness/Cheating); 3) Advance the fortunes of your group (Loyalty/Betrayal); 4) Defer to legitimate superiors and protect subordinates (Authority/Subversion); 5) Resist domination by illegitimate authority (Liberty/Oppression); 6) Respect your group's totems and taboos (Sanctity/Degradation).
By Haidt's reckoning, liberals focus too narrowly on the first and a special version of the second foundation. Compassion is the supreme liberal virtue, supplemented by egalitarianism, which relies on a view of contributing that emphasizes effort rather than output. Because it is individuals who suffer and need, liberalism is individualistic.
Conservatives, by contrast, have a more balanced moral matrix, resting more equally on the six foundations. The details of that argument rest to a considerable extent on questionnaires and psychology-lab experiments, but Haidt's main conclusion is overwhelmingly plausible: conservatives are less attuned to individual freedom and fulfillment, more sensitive to and concerned about the cohesiveness and stability of groups. They are instinctive Durkheimians, agreeing with the great French sociologist that every society is unified by sacred, unchallengeable beliefs, and that "to free man from all social pressures is to abandon and demoralize him." Even before "social capital" became a social-scientific buzzword, conservatives understood that communities are fragile and require continual shoring up, sometimes at the expense of individual welfare. "If you are trying to change an organization or a society and you do not consider the effects of your changes on moral capital, you're asking for trouble. This," Haidt affirms, "is the fundamental blind spot of the left." Where liberals see individuals in need, conservatives see social structures at risk.
Republicans trigger the full range of intuitions described by Moral Foundations Theory. Like Democrats, they can talk about innocent victims (of harmful Democratic policies) and about fairness (particularly the unfairness of taking tax money from hardworking and prudent people to support cheaters, slackers, and irresponsible fools). But Republicans since Nixon have had a near-monopoly on appeals to loyalty (particularly patriotism and the military virtues) and authority (including respect for parents, teachers, elders, and the police, as well as for traditions). And after they embraced Christian conservatives during Ronald Reagan's 1980 campaign and became the party of "family values," Republicans inherited a powerful network of Christian ideas about sanctity and sexuality that allowed them to portray Democrats as the party of Sodom and Gomorrah. Set against the rising crime and chaos of the 1960s and 1970s, this five-foundation morality [he hadn't yet gotten around to introducing the sixth one - GS] had wide appeal, even to many Democrats.
Some of this has been said before (eg, by George Lakoff), though not so systematically or with so large a background of experimental data and evolutionary theory. What should we make of it? What is true and valuable, in the first place, is the reminder that every utterance is the tip of an iceberg, merely the surface layer of a deep linguistic (Wittgenstein) or psychic (Freud) substrate. To understand someone, even for conversational purposes - much less persuade him or her - takes a lot of patient, skillful work. Of course every non-autistic adult recognizes this to some degree; but most of us, most of the time, to an inadequate degree.
So, for example, an opinion about immigration or the Affordable Care Act may have little to do with that issue or that law and much more to do with the speaker's feeling about his/her interlocutor, or about which group or tribe the opinion associates one with. In that case, facts and reasoning about policy will only get the discussants so far. They must either go deeper, baring their fundamental commitments and identifications to each other, or else save their breath.
How, then, do minds ever change? They rarely do, it appears. "Whether you end up on the right or the left of the political spectrum turns out to be just as heritable as most other traits: genetics explains between a third and a half of the variability among people on their political attitudes. Being raised in a liberal or conservative household accounts for much less." Presumably political campaigns, discussions with friends and co-workers, television programs, books and articles, and even one's education, account for still less.
Are society-wide misunderstanding and mistrust inevitable? Haidt's practical recommendations for avoiding them are not robust. "I believe that psychologists must work with political scientists to identify changes that will undermine Manichaeism." That should at least attract some foundation funding for psychologists and political scientists. Beyond that, he can only suggest that perhaps if Congressional families all lived in WashingtonDC and their children played sports together, Congressional Republicans and Democrats might be less polarized.
For secular rationalists (i.e., most politically active liberals and leftists), all this is discouraging. But we get no sympathy from Haidt, who scourges the "rationalist delusion": the idea that "reasoning is our most noble attribute," which usually goes along with "a claim that the rational caste (philosophers or scientists) should have more power" as well as "a utopian program for raising more rational children." We had better reconcile ourselves to religion, Haidt advises - he deplores the New Atheism - and if possible, even join one. Lack of belief is no problem: "it is religious belongingness that matters for [social capital]," he approvingly quotes from a scholarly study, "not religious believing."
Truth or falsity is beside the point for Haidt; the social benefits of religion are too great to allow for quibbling on that score. Religions "help groups to cohere, solve free rider problems, and win the competition for group-level survival"; and they make individuals "less selfish and more loving." Gods and religions are "tools that let people bind themselves together," or in the language of evolutionary psychology, "group-level adaptations for producing cohesiveness and trust." The data strongly suggest, Haidt claims, that religious people are happier, more generous, more productive, and better behaved than the non-religious.
At the very least, unbelievers should keep their skepticism to themselves. "Asking people to give up all forms of sacralized belonging and live in a world of purely 'rational' beliefs might be like asking people to give up the Earth and live in colonies orbiting the moon. It can be done, but it would take a great deal of careful engineering, and even after ten generations, the descendants of those colonists might find themselves with inchoate longings for gravity and greenery." Like the serpent in Eden, reason promises a brave new world but can only bring homelessness and exile.
The Righteous Mind is an easy book for a defensive liberal rationalist to ridicule. Haidt clearly knows a thing or two about moral psychology and political rhetoric, but apparently very little about current affairs or political economy. For one thing, the recent political polarization he laments is of a peculiar sort: there is only one pole. Since the Republican capture of Congress in 1994, and even before, the Republican side has been characterized by relentless, take-no-prisoners partisanship; the Democratic side by disunity, vacillation, surrender. This is the fundamental fact of recent American political history, and Haidt shows no awareness of it.
For another thing, though some of their electoral success may well result from the fact that "Republicans understand moral psychology; Democrats don't," it's also true - a regrettably partisan point, but it must be made - that Republicans cheat a lot. The Nixon campaign attempted to forestall a peace agreement in October 1968 that might have elected Hubert Humphrey. The Reagan campaign attempted to delay the release of the hostages until Jimmy Carter had left office. A Republican Supreme Court awarded the presidency to George W. Bush in 2000. The Swift Boat campaign against John Kerry in 2004, financed by Republican donors, was based on lies, while the CBS "60 Minutes" report alleging George Bush's evasion of National Guard duty was substantially true, despite a firestorm of successful Republican denial. Lee Atwater's and Karl Rove's dirty tricks are too numerous to catalogue. Currently Republicans across the country are busy with voter-suppression efforts, under the deceitful pretense of combating vote fraud. No doubt the Democrats are hardly political innocents; but compared with the Republicans, they are hapless pikers. Yet oddly, the Republicans' godly supporters do not object to this ungodly behavior.
There are also deeper, less obvious objections to Haidt's critique of liberal hyper-rationalism. Minds sometimes change; the voice of reason, though small and quiet, as Freud pointed out, does eventually get a hearing. Mightn't it be fruitful to ask how this can happen rather than assuming, as Haidt does, that it hardly ever will? Mightn't there be some material conditions in which rationality is not invincibly more difficult than unthinking allegiance, and in which cooperative inquiry seems as natural as strategic reasoning?
Strategic reasoning is, as Haidt emphasizes, a mechanism of inter-group competition; and competition is premised on insecurity. Universal radical insecurity - the inevitable and intended result of "flexible labor markets" and "minimal government" - is not conducive to imaginative receptivity or disinterested reflection. Veblen famously observed that it is all but impossible to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on his not understanding it. The same goes for his tax breaks, regulatory exemptions, government contracts, and other matters on which a man's survival, or his accustomed lifestyle, may depend. When the middle class is shrinking and one person in four or five is below, at, or not far from poverty level, most people will hunker down, not open up. Some degree of competition, insecurity, and inequality will probably always be necessary. But the price of our present degree of those things is a lessened ability to reason together about difficult matters.
Another, equally pervasive condition of contemporary life also handicaps collective rationality. Tellingly, nearly all the data Haidt refers to seems to be derived from brief interactions: lab experiments, interviews, questionnaires. There is rarely any occasion for prolonged reflection and relaxed discursiveness in these circumstances, any more than there is on radio and TV talk shows, where the average response is only seconds long and thoughtful pauses are disparaged by the producers as "dead air." Newspaper opinion pieces rarely exceed 700 words. Naturally readers and listeners fall back on preset attitudes and received opinions.
Moreover, we are all increasingly hyperstimulated. The sheer volume of commercial messages, entertainment, and social media makes some inner compensation necessary, so we double down on our inner stabilizers, otherwise known as prejudices. Deep experiences of any kind - grappling with art or philosophy, having one's mind changed about politics, or simply possessing one's soul - require a modicum of silence, slowness, and solitude. For most Americans, that modicum is vanishing.
Liberals (or anyone) challenged by Haidt's pessimism about social rationality will want to look into a new book by the maverick sociologist and cultural historian Richard Sennett. Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation is less ambitious than The Righteous Mind, but also less breezily in-the-reader's-face and more elegantly written. Throughout his career Sennett has chosen ample subjects - craftsmanship, respect, public space, built environments - and addressed them essayistically, with a varying mix of field work, social theory, literary/historical erudition, and idiosyncratic reflection. Together is part of a trilogy on "the skills of everyday experience," this volume on "responsiveness to others, such as listening skills in conversation, and [collaboration] at work and in the community."
Sennett is a non-doctrinaire left-liberal, not much interested in electoral politics or ideology. But he has a keen eye and ear for the textures and timbres of contemporary life and a historically informed sense of how they came to be that way. In Together, he traces the forms of working-class sociality from the 19th century to the present, including labor parties, workshops, settlement houses, and the Catholic Worker movement. At the center of labor history is the problem of what Haidt called "group cohesiveness": viz, what experiences, demands, or relationships might turn a class into a community? Sympathetically but critically, Sennett canvasses the attempts by Robert Owen, the German Social Democrats, Jane Addams, Dorothy Day, Saul Alinsky, and others to answer that question.
Nowadays the achievement of working-class community seems to him even less possible than formerly. "The new forms of capitalism emphasize short-term labor and institutional fragmentation; the effect of this economic system has been that workers cannot sustain supportive relations with one another." Activists who would base protest and resistance on group values, as Haidt counsels, are stymied, Sennett points out, by the difficulty of "strengthening communities whose economic heart is weak." Community, like rationality, has its material prerequisites, which are currently being eroded on a large scale.
For secular liberals, the message of these two books, especially Haidt's, is a sobering one: achieving large-scale trust, comity, and mutual aid is hard, very hard. Though it has sometimes been done in the past, secular liberals are barred from using the old methods. We want bonds, we want limits, we want authority; but we don't want illusions. The will of God, the infallibility of Scripture, and the divine right of husbands and fathers seem to us illusions. Even "my country right or wrong" is an illusion if it means, as it frequently does in the mouths of false patriots, "my country can do no wrong." We can't accept these illusions, and we can't ask others to accept them - even if it will make them better behaved - though of course we must live with, and compromise with, people who think otherwise.
But we also owe it to conservatives - and to ourselves - to devise ways of promoting stability and solidarity that don't rely on illusions. Here liberals have indeed failed, though the three centuries since the Enlightenment are hardly a great deal of time in which to resolve the immemorial tensions between reason and instinct or individual and group. Perhaps the best we can do for now is to point out, patiently, persistently, and with as much love for our equally stubborn fellow citizens as we can muster, that some social arrangements make it harder to hear one another.
[END]
George Scialabbais associate editor of TheBaffler and the author of What Are Intellectuals Good For? and The Modern Predicament. |
Pneumothorax: appearance on lateral chest radiographs.
The appearance of pneumothorax on lateral radiographs obtained with the patient erect were reviewed in 100 patients (122 total examinations). A pneumothorax could be seen on the lateral projection in 89% of the examinations (109 of 122). The displaced pleural line was most frequently identified anteriorly or posteriorly and was less commonly identified at the lung apex or in a subpulmonic location. In 11 cases, an air-fluid level was the only recognizable finding of a pneumothorax on the lateral projection. Although in 27% of examinations (32 of 122) the pneumothorax was either not seen (11%) (n = 13) or was a subtle finding (16%) (n = 19), in 14% of examinations (17 of 122) the lateral projection provided helpful information to supplement the posteroanterior projection. |
Chemical profiling of Portuguese Pinus pinea L. nuts.
The first detailed chemical characterisation of Portuguese pine nut (Pinus pinea L.) is reported concerning proximate composition, fatty acid, mineral and vitamin contents. Based on the analysis of 27 different populations, pine nuts were characterised by high contents of fat (47.7 g per 100 g dry matter (DM)), protein (33.8 g per 100 g DM) and phosphorus (1130 mg per 100 g DM) and low contents of moisture (5.9 g per 100 g DM) and starch (3.5 g per 100 g DM). They were also found to be a good source of zinc, iron and manganese. Mineral composition seemed to be most prone to variation, suggesting its potentially useful role in discriminating Mediterranean pine nuts. A significant variability was found in the nut composition of Portuguese P. pinea populations. |
Q:
Sort data into blocks
I am a beginner in programming, so the question is probably trivial.
I would like to get from:
1 sth
2 sth
3 sth
4 sth
3 sth
2 sth
2 sth
To:
1 sth
2 sth
2 sth
2 sth
3 sth
3 sth
4 sth
This is format required by gnuplot for a heatmap. I know you can sort the data by the first number in the line using: sort -n "datafile", but how do you split everything into blocks? Thanks.
A:
This kind of makes it:
$ sort -n file | awk '{if (a!=$1) {print ""} a=$1}1'
1 sth
2 sth
2 sth
2 sth
3 sth
3 sth
4 sth
Explanation
sort -n file is clear, as you already used it.
awk '{if (a!=$1) {print ""} a=$1}1'
whenever the first field of one line and the next one is different, print a new line.
this is accomplished by saving the first field value ($1) in the variable a.
the {}1 condition prints each one of the lines.
|
Gov. Christie says New Jersey won't run its own health insurance exchange
By Joseph A. Gambardello, Inquirer Staff Writer
Posted: February 18, 2013
Gov. Christie on Friday formally declared New Jersey will not operate its own health insurance exchange and will rely instead on the federal government to serve uninsured residents, small businesses, and others eligible for coverage under the signature piece of the Affordable Care Act.
New Jersey joins 25 other states, including Pennsylvania, that are leaving it to the federal government to run the new online insurance marketplace, designed to provide affordable health coverage for all Americans.
Friday was the deadline for states to decide.
States had a third option of operating an exchange in partnership with the federal government.
Seventeen states plus the District of Columbia are setting up their own exchanges, while seven states have opted for state-federal partnerships.
"My administration is committed to meeting our obligation to comply with the Affordable Care Act, but only in a manner that is the most effective and efficient for the residents of New Jersey and the businesses that will carry the costs of this new program," Christie wrote in a letter to Kathleen Sebelius, secretary of Health and Human Services.
Christie's decision was not unexpected. In December, using similar language and citing the uncertainty of costs, he vetoed legislation that would have established a state-based health-care exchange.
Christie's letter to Sebelius spelled out a number of steps New Jersey has already taken to comply with the law and promised cooperation with the federal government "in implementing this next phase of the federal healthcare mandate."
States can also adopt a state-run exchange later.
Reaction from the Legislature's majority Democrats was relatively mute.
Senate Commerce Chairwoman Nia H. Gill (D., Essex/Passaic), who sponsored the earlier legislation vetoed by Christie, said she would introduce a bill to create a task force to oversee implementation and operation of the health insurance exchange.
Raymond Castro, senior policy analyst for the liberal New Jersey Policy Perspective, said Christie's decision was disappointing, but "probably the right one" because of "the complexity of the challenge and the lateness of the hour."
Under the health-care law, the exchanges will provide one-stop health-insurance shopping for individuals and small businesses.
They will help low-income individuals determine whether they will qualify for Medicaid coverage and allow middle-income people to buy private insurance plans, for which they may receive federal assistance help to cover their premiums.
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, New Jersey has 1.35 million uninsured residents and 368,600 who are covered by individual policies. |
López Hernández JF, Zanders SE. *Veni, vidi, vici*: the success of *wtf* meiotic drivers in fission yeast. Yeast. 2018;35:447--453. 10.1002/yea.3305 29322557
1. INTRODUCTION {#yea3305-sec-0001}
===============
Allele transmission through meiosis is generally thought to be fair. One of the first things nascent geneticists are taught is that Aa heterozygotes pass both 'big A' and 'little a' to half of their offspring. This rule of heredity was first recognized by the monk Gregor Mendel and is generally thought to be so rigidly followed that it is commonly known as Mendel\'s *law* of segregation (Abbott & Fairbanks, [2016](#yea3305-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}). There is, however, tremendous evolutionary incentive for alleles to act selfishly and break this law. If 'little a' forces its own transmission to more than half of the gametes, it could spread to fixation in the population. This selfish behaviour is known as meiotic drive and is widespread in eukaryotes including plants, fungi, insects and mammals (Lindholm et al., [2016](#yea3305-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}).
The term meiotic drive was coined 60 years ago to specifically describe biased segregation into the one gamete made during asymmetric (female) meiosis (Sandler & Novitski, [1957](#yea3305-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}). Maize chromosomal knobs, for example, bias chromosome segregation to be preferentially transmitted into the female gamete whereas their competing alleles are lost in the polar bodies (Rhoades, [1942](#yea3305-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}). This type of meiotic drive has also been observed in monkeyflowers, mice and humans (Didion et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; Fishman & Saunders, [2008](#yea3305-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}; Ottolini et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}; Pardo‐Manuel de Villena & Sapienza, [2001](#yea3305-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}).
The term meiotic drive is also widely used to describe the actions of other selfish alleles that act to bias their own transmission into gametes without directly affecting chromosome segregation in meiosis (Lindholm et al., [2016](#yea3305-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}; Zimmering, Sandler, & Nicoletti, [1970](#yea3305-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}). These drivers act by causing the death or malfunction of gametes that fail to inherit them and can thus be called 'gamete‐killers' or 'killers.' The best understood of these is arguably the *het‐s* allele of *Podospora anserina* that encodes a prion protein and drives against the *het‐S* allele. HET‐s prions induce a conformational change in HET‐S proteins expressed in the spores that inherit the *het‐S* locus. Those altered HET‐S proteins then form a pore that disrupts the plasma membrane, causing cell death (Dalstra, Swart, Debets, Saupe, & Hoekstra, [2003](#yea3305-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}; Seuring et al., [2012](#yea3305-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}). Not all gamete‐killers, however, work the same way. The t‐haplotype driver in mouse interferes with the motility of the sperm that do not inherit the selfish locus by disrupting a Rho GTPase signalling cascade (Bauer, Willert, Koschorz, & Herrmann, [2005](#yea3305-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Schimenti, [2000](#yea3305-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}). Killer meiotic drivers have been observed in a wide range of eukaryotes including plants, insects, mice and filamentous fungi (Burt & Trivers, [2006](#yea3305-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}; Larracuente & Presgraves, [2012](#yea3305-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}; Lindholm et al., [2016](#yea3305-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}; Turner & Perkins, [1979](#yea3305-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}; Yang et al., [2012](#yea3305-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}). Until recently, however, meiotic drivers were conspicuously absent in yeasts.
Meiotic drivers can be costly to the organisms that carry them. Selfish alleles can directly contribute to infertility by destroying gametes. Drivers can also promote the maintenance and spread of linked mal‐adapted (e.g. disease causing) alleles in a population. In fact, drive alleles are often linked to recessive mutations that cause infertility or non‐viability (Dyer, Charlesworth, & Jaenike, [2007](#yea3305-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Larracuente & Presgraves, [2012](#yea3305-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}; Schimenti, [2000](#yea3305-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}). Owing to these fitness costs, unlinked suppressors that prevent meiotic drive should be favoured by selection (Burt & Trivers, [2006](#yea3305-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}; Crow, [1991](#yea3305-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}). This generates a genetic conflict between drivers and suppressors in which both sides are predicted to rapidly evolve (McLaughlin Jr & Malik, [2017](#yea3305-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}). As drivers exploit gametogenesis, it is likely that suppressors will be co‐opted from amongst gametogenesis genes. This could force the genome to make costly tradeoffs in which variants that are suboptimal for their role in gametogenesis are selected owing to their ability to suppress drive. Understanding the molecular tactics used by meiotic drivers to gain a transmission bias will probably provide critical insights into the processes of gametogenesis and the causes of infertility. In addition, analysing the molecular evolutionary arms races fostered by meiotic drivers will augment understanding of the forces shaping genome evolution.
Although many drive systems have been identified, the actual driving alleles underlying many meiotic drive systems are unknown. Even in most cases where some or all the genes required for drive are known, the molecular mechanisms the genes use to enact drive remain uncharacterized. One factor that has historically limited progress in the field is the genetic complexity of many identified drive systems. Many drive systems require multiple genes and the genes are often associated with chromosome inversions (Bauer et al., [2005](#yea3305-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Dyer et al., [2007](#yea3305-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Harvey et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}). These inversions prevent drive loci from being disrupted by recombination, but they also hinder efforts to map key genes. In addition to the complexity of drive loci, many drive systems have been identified in organisms with historically limited genetic tools (Dyer et al., [2007](#yea3305-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Phadnis & Orr, [2009](#yea3305-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}; Presgraves, Severance, & Wilkinson, [1997](#yea3305-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}). However, the recent discovery of meiotic drive in fission yeast, which provides a nearly unparalleled level of experimental tractability, should greatly facilitate addressing questions of how meiotic drive genes work and drive genome evolution (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}; Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}).
2. DISCOVERY OF MEIOTIC DRIVE IN FISSION YEAST {#yea3305-sec-0002}
==============================================
Most genetic experiments are carried out in isogenic or inbred organisms. This is especially true in the fission yeast *Schizosaccharomyces pombe* in which almost all commonly used laboratory stocks derive from a single strain isolated in France from grape juice in 1921 (Hu, Suo, & Du, [2015](#yea3305-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}). Urs Leupold then took this isolate and developed it into a genetic system (Fantes & Hoffman, [2016](#yea3305-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}). This isogeny has allowed generations of *pombe* geneticists to control for background effects and focus on the phenotypes caused by a given variant. The phenotypes of meiotic drivers, however, are invisible in isogenic organisms as they require heterozygosity to exhibit drive. Therefore, it is not surprising that meiotic drivers in fission yeast went undetected for decades.
Recent work exploring the genetic and phenotypic diversity of additional *pombe* isolates led to the discovery of yeast meiotic drivers. Not surprisingly, Amar Klar was a pioneer in this area. Klar\'s group identified a fission yeast variant in fermented tea and classified it as a distinct biological species, *S. kambucha*, because they found that laboratory *S. pombe/S. kambucha* hybrids are sterile (Singh & Klar, [2002](#yea3305-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"}). *S. kambucha* was subsequently sequenced and found to be highly similar, \~99.5% average DNA sequence identity genome‐wide, to the common laboratory isolate of *S. pombe* (Rhind et al., [2011](#yea3305-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}).
The rapid evolution of reproductive isolation between isolates of *S. pombe* suggested the existence of genetic conflict during gametogenesis. This hypothesis was supported by work in Harmit Malik\'s laboratory that demonstrated the existence of spore‐killing meiotic drive loci with varying strengths in *S. kambucha*, at least one on each of the three chromosomes. This work also posited the existence of a meiotic drive locus on *S. pombe* chromosome 3 (Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}).
The identity of the first cloned yeast meiotic drive genes was reported in back‐to‐back papers this year. Both groups used next‐generation sequencing‐assisted recombination mapping approaches to identify the drive loci. Nuckolls et al. ([2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}) returned to the *S. pombe*/*S. kambucha* hybrids and mapped two meiotic drive loci on *S. kambucha* chromosome 3. This work revealed a complex landscape of drivers in both strains. They also found evidence consistent with at least one drive suppressor -- one region of *S. pombe* exhibited drive only when isolated in an otherwise *S. kambucha* background (i.e. in the absence of the putative suppressor).
Hu et al. ([2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}) took an analogous approach by mapping the cause of infertility in hybrids generated by mating the laboratory *S. pombe* strain to CBS5557, another yeast isolate from Spain. Like *S. kambucha*, CBS5557 is nearly identical (\~99.5% genome average DNA sequence identity) to the laboratory *S. pombe* isolate. Hu et al. found that gamete killing meiotic drive also contributed to infertility in the laboratory *S. pombe*/CBS5557 hybrids. They also identified two meiotic drive loci on chromosome 3 of CBS5557 (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}).
Both groups identified distinct meiotic drive genes that are members of the previously uncharacterized *wtf* gene family. The *S. kambucha* genes were named *wtf4* and *wtf28*, whereas the CBS5557 genes were called *cw9* and *cw27* (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). The *wtf* gene family owes its catchy name to the family\'s association with long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the Tf transposons ([w]{.ul}ith [Tf]{.ul} transposon). Hu et al. ([2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}) demonstrated that this LTR association is not functionally important by showing that both *cw9* and *cw27* caused drive when their flanking LTRs were deleted.
3. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF *WTF* DRIVERS {#yea3305-sec-0003}
========================================
The *wtf* meiotic drive genes act by causing the death of spores that fail to inherit them from a heterozygote. Spore death and allele transmission bias are not observed in homozygotes (*wtf+* or *wtf−*). All four described genes can cause drive when introduced to an ectopic locus in the laboratory *S. pombe*, indicating that they are each self‐sufficient for executing drive (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). This is similar to other described single‐gene drive systems, *het‐s* and the *Spok* genes, of the *Podospora anserina* fungus (Dalstra et al., [2003](#yea3305-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}; Grognet, Lalucque, Malagnac, & Silar, [2014](#yea3305-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}). The self‐sufficiency of these drivers is remarkable in that a single gene can both distinguish self from non‐self, and destroy non‐self spores.
Nuckolls et al. ([2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}) explored how *wtf* genes could accomplish these tasks using *S. kambucha wtf4* as a model (Figure [1](#yea3305-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). To elucidate the mechanism of *wtf4*, they created separation‐of‐function alleles. This work revealed that *wtf4* encodes two distinct proteins, a poison and an antidote. In a previously undescribed drive mechanism, these two proteins are made using alternative transcriptional and translational start sites. The Wtf4^poison^ protein is encoded in a transcript that includes exons 2--6, plus two amino acids upstream of exon 2. This protein is first expressed prior to the meiotic divisions and all four spores generated by a heterozygote (*wtf4+/wtf4−*) are poisoned. The poison is highly effective and most spores exposed to the poison in the absence of an antidote die. The spores that inherit *wtf4+*, however, also express the Wtf4^antidote^ from a longer message that includes exons 1--6. The Wtf4^antidote^ protein is expressed only after spore individualization and the protein largely remains within the cells that encode the *wtf4+* locus. This coordinated expression of poison and antidote proteins results in the targeted destruction of *wtf4−* spores (Figure [1](#yea3305-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}).
![Meiotic drive in fission yeast. (a) The driving *Sk wtf4* gene makes two proteins: a *trans*‐acting poison that is first expressed prior to the meiotic divisions and a gamete‐specific antidote expressed after gamete (spore) individualization. The gametes that do not carry the *wtf* driver allele are destroyed. (b) The *Sk wtf4* poison and antidote proteins are made using alternative transcripts. Other *wtf* genes appear to share the ability to make two transcripts (top). Verified drive genes are shown in bold. A second class of *wtf* genes (bottom) appears to encode only a long transcript that is similar to the antidote transcript of *Sk wtf4*. (c) Model describing the hypothesized mechanisms of how the Wtf^poison^ protein kills and how the Wtf^antidote^ proteins neutralize the poisons \[Colour figure can be viewed at <http://wileyonlinelibrary.com>\]](YEA-35-447-g001){#yea3305-fig-0001}
It is likely that the other identified driving *wtf* genes also act via a similar mechanism. Two transcripts are common amongst *wtf* genes and the other three *bona fide wtf* drive genes also contain a potential alternative translational start site near the beginning of exon 2 (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Kuang, Boeke, & Canzar, [2016](#yea3305-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). In addition, Hu et al. ([2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}) found that deletions of the regions upstream of exon 1 of *cw9* and *cw27* generated poison‐only separation of function alleles. These results are consistent with the deletions disrupting expression of the antidote proteins from exons 1--6, but not affecting the expression of the poison proteins from exons 2--6.
It is currently unknown how the Wtf poison proteins kill spores or how the Wtf antidote proteins neutralize the poisons. It seems likely that a critical dose of the poison is required for toxicity as low levels of the poison are detectable well before the appearance of the antidote protein (Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). In addition, the four spores produced by *cw27+/cw27−* heterozygotes initially all look the same by electron microscopy. Later in spores maturation, the *cw27−* spores become markedly different (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). Similarly, in *wtf4*+/*wtf4*− asci, the doomed spores are misshapen and the membranes become permeable to the dye propidium iodide (Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}).
The sequences of the poison and antidote proteins offer limited clues about their mechanisms. The proteins contain multiple predicted transmembrane domains. It is possible that Wtf poisons kill cells by oligomerizing to form a pore in a vital membrane during spore development, analogous to bacterial protein toxins (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Lee & Lee, [2016](#yea3305-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). Owing to the shared sequences between the poison and antidote proteins, the Wtf antidotes could join the poison oligomers and disrupt pore formation or potentially actively promote destruction of the poison proteins (Figure [1](#yea3305-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}c). If the ability of antidotes to suppress poisons does rely on shared amino acid sequences, mutations that generate novel poisons would simultaneously generate compatible antidotes, allowing fast co‐evolution in the overlapped sequences. This mechanism could have facilitated the expansion and diversification of the *wtf* gene family.
4. EVOLUTION *WTF* DRIVERS {#yea3305-sec-0004}
==========================
The theoretical literature examining meiotic driver evolution is extensive, but to our knowledge none of these analyses predicted a family of genes as successful as the *wtf* genes (Burt & Trivers, [2006](#yea3305-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}). The origins of the *wtf* gene family are unknown, but the family probably arose recently within fission yeasts. The gene family exhibits rapid evolution with dynamic gene copy numbers and DNA sequence changes between syntenic loci in different isolates (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). The number of *wtf* genes varies between isolates with 25 *wtf* genes in the laboratory isolate of *S. pombe* at 20 different locations and 32 *wtf* genes in the assembled CBS5557 genome at 23 locations, including 3 locations not found in the laboratory isolate (Bowen, Jordan, Epstein, Wood, & Levin, [2003](#yea3305-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}; Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). The genes are found as singletons, pairs or triplets at each location. In both isolates, the genes are grossly enriched on chromosome 3. Twenty‐three of the *wtf* genes are on chromosome 3 in the laboratory isolate. This is remarkable because chromosome 3 is the smallest of the three chromosomes.
Each studied strain contains multiple genes that appear capable of encoding a driver with two proteins: an antidote (exons 1--6) and a poison (exons 2--6). The *S. pombe* reference genome, for example, contains four such genes: *wtf4*, *wtf13*, *wtf19* and *wtf23*. Interestingly, the antidote of one *wtf* driver does not necessarily work against the poison generated by a different *wtf* driver. *cw9* and *cw27*, for example, make incompatible poisons and antidotes such that, when these genes are both heterozygous in a diploid, most of the spores are destroyed (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). This observation may underlie the high fraction (77%) of the viable spores produced by *S. pombe*/*S. kambucha* diploids that inherit two (non‐sister) copies of chromosome 3: those spores are more likely to inherit drivers from both strains, thus protecting them from destruction (Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}). This phenomenon may also explain the failure of the *wtf* gene family to efficiently spread beyond chromosome 3, as this chromosome is the only one for which *S. pombe* tolerates aneuploidy (i.e. one copy of chromosomes 1 and 2, but two copies of chromosome 3; Niwa, Tange, & Kurabayashi, [2006](#yea3305-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}). Aneuploid spores may help mitigate the costs of competing *wtf* drivers on chromosome 3 in a way that could not happen on chromosomes 1 or 2.
Not all *wtf* genes tested, however, appear capable of causing meiotic drive. The *S. kambucha wtf2*, *wtf5*, *wtf6* and *wtf26* genes all appear intact, but they failed to drive when introduced into *S. pombe*. This observation could be because the ability of these genes to drive is suppressed in *S. pombe*, but we favour an alternative hypothesis. These genes all lack an in‐frame start codon near the beginning of exon 2 that could be used to encode a poison. Instead, these genes all appear to encode only one protein that is similar to the antidote of the intact driver genes. This similarity suggests that these and other *wtf* genes that lack the capacity to encode the shorter poison protein make only an antidote (Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). This antidote could act as a suppressor to other fully intact drivers. Indeed, the landscape of meiotic drivers in the *S. pombe/S. kambucha* hybrids includes drivers as well as suppressors of drive (Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}).
The primordial origin of the *wtf* genes is obscure, but the first *wtf* driver could have been born via mutation of a non‐driving gene. Nuckolls et al. ([2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}) proposed that such a change preceded the expansion of the family, thus the ancestral function of the expanded family in fission yeast is meiotic drive. The original *wtf* driver gene could have birthed duplicate genes. These duplicate genes could have been maintained owing to their ability to cause drive at a new locus. Eventually, identical *wtf* genes could diverge until their poisons and antidotes no longer neutralized each other, giving rise to distinct, competing selfish drive genes like *cw9* and *cw27* (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}). Some *wtf* genes (like *S. kambucha wtf2*) could have lost the ability to make a poison but retained the ability to make an antidote protein that could provide protection against intact *wtf* drivers. These *wtf* drive suppressors (and duplicate genes born from them) would have a fitness advantage in a population where drivers are common and should thus be maintained by selection (Crow, [1991](#yea3305-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}). Some *wtf* genes may be maintained at intermediate frequencies whereas others may have spread to fixation in the population. After fixation, a driver loses its selfish advantage and it could decay (poison first) into a pseudogene. Antidote‐only *wtf* suppressor genes could also become pseudogenized if the drivers they antagonize go extinct. A partial hypothetical timeline of *wtf* family evolution is shown in Figure [2](#yea3305-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}.
![Hypothetical evolutionary history of *wtf* genes in a population over time (left to right). The ancestral population did not carry driving *wtf* genes. The first *wtf* drive gene entered the population by mutation of an existing non‐driving gene, *de novo* gene birth, or by horizontal gene transfer. The *wtf* drive gene can spread in the population and birth new *wtf* drive genes via gene duplication (drivers are shown in shades of blue). Owing to the fitness costs of drivers, suppressors (shown in shades of green) are expected to emerge, perhaps from amongst the *wtf* drive genes themselves, through loss of the poison transcriptional or translational start sites. Fixation of a driver or successful antagonism by a suppressor could each contribute to the pseudogenization of a *wtf* driver. Suppressors lacking targets could also decay. These events are dynamic and ongoing, leading to a mix of functional drivers, suppressors, and pseudogene remnants in the genome \[Colour figure can be viewed at <http://wileyonlinelibrary.com>\]](YEA-35-447-g002){#yea3305-fig-0002}
5. WHAT IS THE COST OF SELFISHNESS? {#yea3305-sec-0005}
===================================
The genetic divergence amongst sequenced isolates of *S. pombe* (\>99.5% DNA sequence identity) is similar or lower than what is generally observed in other species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Jeffares et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}). Despite the similarity, it is common to observe reproductive isolation between different *S. pombe* isolates. Hybridization between *S. pombe* strains often yields \<50% viable offspring (Avelar, Perfeito, Gordo, & Ferreira, [2013](#yea3305-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}; Hu et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}; Jeffares et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}; Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}). This is in sharp contrast with *Saccharomyces sensu stricto* yeast where crosses for genotypes with \>99% similarity generally have high fertility (Hou, Friedrich, de Montigny, & Schacherer, [2014](#yea3305-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}). This suggests that there are forces driving extremely rapid evolution leading to reproductive isolation in fission yeasts (within \~2300 years; Jeffares et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}).
The *wtf* meiotic drivers are a major cause of infertility in laboratory *S. pombe*/*S. kambucha* and laboratory *S. pombe*/CBS5557 hybrids (Hu et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Nuckolls et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}). It is also plausible that *wtf* genes are a key underlying cause of hybrid infertility between other *S. pombe* isolates. Given the large number of *wtf* loci and their rate of change, it seems likely that one or more distinct driving *wtf* genes will be heterozygous in any given hybrid. These heterozygous *wtf* genes would each have the potential to kill up to half of the progeny.
The other verified cause of *S. pombe* hybrid infertility is chromosome rearrangements (Avelar et al., [2013](#yea3305-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}; Hu et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}; Jeffares et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}; Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}). Karyotype changes are common in *S. pombe*: changes dramatic enough to be detected on pulse‐field gels were present in \~20% of natural isolates (Brown et al., [2011](#yea3305-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}; Jeffares et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}). The high level of karyotype diversity in the *S. pombe* population is remarkable because of the high reproductive costs of chromosome rearrangements when heterozygous. Why have these rearrangements been tolerated by selection?
There are several, non‐mutually exclusive explanations for this paradox. One is that rearrangements can give rise to beneficial phenotypes and be maintained by selection (Avelar et al., [2013](#yea3305-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}; Jeffares et al., [2017](#yea3305-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}). Another explanation is that *S. pombe* could infrequently outcross, minimizing the fertility costs of rearrangements. Population genetic analyses do provide evidence of outcrossing, but the true frequency of outcrossing is difficult to gauge because meiotic drive can minimize evidence of outcrossing (Farlow et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}; Jeffares et al., [2015](#yea3305-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}). *S. pombe/S. kambucha* hybrids, for example, transmit predominantly *S. kambucha* alleles on all three chromosomes (Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}). The notable evolutionary success of the *wtf* gene family also supports outcrossing. Meiotic drivers rely on heterozygosity, and thus frequent outcrossing. Without it, drivers lose the opportunity to act and should go extinct. The expansion and maintenance of the *wtf* gene family therefore argues in favour of frequent outcrossing. We propose that chromosome rearrangements are sometimes maintained or even spread in the population because of their genetic linkage to meiotic drive alleles (Zanders et al., [2014](#yea3305-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}).
It is interesting to speculate how *S. pombe* will bear the burden of a genome full of *wtf* meiotic drive parasites over evolutionary time (Figure [2](#yea3305-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}). The high likelihood of spores being destroyed by drive or lacking essential genes owing to rapid karyotype evolution raises the question of why *S. pombe* even bothers outcrossing? These factors must be exerting significant evolutionary pressure to shape sexual reproduction. Perhaps variants that eschew traditional outcrossing in favour of other stress response or parasexual pathways could be favoured by selection? Perhaps a universal suppressor of *wtf* drivers will arise and drive these selfish parasites extinct? Perhaps *S. pombe* isolates with *wtf* genes will be unable to overcome their parasite burden and the species will go extinct?
6. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES {#yea3305-sec-0006}
======================
Innumerable areas of scientific inquiry have been founded on discoveries made in yeasts. Yet in the meiotic drive field, the yeast drive genes were not discovered until 60 years after meiotic drive was formally defined. Despite this lag phase, the drive field is still quite young in terms of molecular understanding and yeast has much to contribute. The *wtf* genes are not widely found in eukaryotes, but killer meiotic drive loci are (Burt & Trivers, [2006](#yea3305-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}; Lindholm et al., [2016](#yea3305-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}). As meiotic drivers in different organisms are not orthologous, they will not necessarily use the same mechanisms as *wtf* genes. It is possible, however, that through convergent evolution some drivers will use similar molecular mechanisms or target similar vulnerable aspects of gametogenesis. For instance, the *het‐s* drive system causes spore death via membrane disruption, analogous to the proposed mechanism of *wtf* action (Seuring et al., [2012](#yea3305-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}; Figure [1](#yea3305-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, the yeast system will facilitate high‐throughput empirical analyses of meiotic driver and suppressor evolution that are largely intractable in non‐microbial systems. Despite arriving late to the party, yeasts may yet guide discovery and analyses of meiotic drive systems in more complex eukaryotes, including humans.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST {#yea3305-sec-0008}
=====================
S.E.Z. is an inventor on a patent application based on *wtf* drivers, serial 62/491,107. The authors declare that there are no other conflicts of interest.
We would like to thank Dr Sue Jaspersen, Dr. Li‐Lin Du, members of the Zanders laboratory and three anonymous reviewers for feedback that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by the Stowers Institute for Medical Research and the National Institutes of Health under award number R00GM114436. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
|
Schools are now dealing with students kneeling during the national anthem. (Photo: ABC WFTS Tampa Bay)
All eyes have been on the NFL this past week, as players and teams are taking a knee in protest during the national anthem. In a method of demonstration initiated by former San Francisco 49er Colin Kaepernick just last year, kneeling during the country’s anthem has become a symbol for players taking a stance against police brutality and racism. President Trump spoke out against the act during a rally in Alabama, as well as through a series of tweets, expressing his belief that all players protesting should be fired from the league — setting an example for school administrations dealing with similar political expressions.
If a player wants the privilege of making millions of dollars in the NFL,or other leagues, he or she should not be allowed to disrespect…. — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) September 23, 2017
…our Great American Flag (or Country) and should stand for the National Anthem. If not, YOU'RE FIRED. Find something else to do! — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) September 23, 2017
The controversy surrounding taking a knee has spread to schools across the country, where student athletes have been seen following in the footsteps of professional players on their high school fields. But it wasn’t until a 6-year-old boy went down on one knee in his classroom during the pledge of allegiance that parents began to realize that the political issue may need their attention.
In a first-grade classroom in Pasco County, Fla., on Monday, a young boy was reprimanded by his teacher for kneeling during the Pledge of Allegiance. Without being offered an opportunity to discuss his reasoning behind the action, the boy was told to stand up and stop his protest.
“I just wanted to let you know that this morning when it was time to do the Pledge of Allegiance, [your son] went down on one knee,” the student’s teacher told his mother through a text message. “I knew where he had seen it but I did tell him that in the classroom we are learning what it means to be a good citizen we’re learning about respecting the United States of America and our country symbols and showing loyalty and patriotism and that we stand for the Pledge of Allegiance. I know its a sensitive issue but I wanted to make you aware. Thanks”
Story continues
The boy’s mother immediately took her case to the school’s principal, requesting that her son be placed in a different class. And although the school complied, it continued to support the teacher’s actions, which led the mother to share her upset with the local news station. She told the ABC affiliate that she encourages her son to “have an open mind and make decisions” and felt that was discouraged in this situation — a sentiment that child and family psychologist Barbara Greenberg agrees with.
“I am never a believer in public shame; there is nothing worse,” Greenberg tells Yahoo Lifestyle. “This child is probably a curious child if he’s watching what’s going on in his culture. Talk to the kid quietly about his thoughts and his views — that’s what should have happened.”
Pasco County School District spokesperson Linda Cobbe previously explained that the school was simply following state law. However, the district’s assistant superintendent, Kevin Shibley, has since issued a letter to educators about how best to handle a similar situation in the future, with a focus on avoiding public confrontations.
The idea of public shame is something that’s intertwined with the topic, as the president has spoken openly about firing professional players who take a knee during the anthem. Following suit, a school in Louisiana issued a statement on Thursday telling students that they would be removed from their sports teams if they chose to kneel.
And it has begun. High schools are now following Trump’s order. Will kick off any players who don’t stand during the National Anthem. pic.twitter.com/lfNWyW7z5f — Shaun King (@ShaunKing) September 28, 2017
“Parkway High School requires student athletes to stand in a respectful manner throughout the National Anthem during any sporting event in which their team is participating,” the statement by principal Waylon Bates reads. “Failure to comply will result in loss of playing time and/or participation as directed by the head coach and principal. Continued failure to comply will result in removal from the team.”
Although the school’s administration didn’t respond to Yahoo Lifestyle’s request for comment, the Bossier Parish superintendent, Scott Smith, told HuffPost that the entire district of 34 schools would stand by the same decision.
“In Bossier Parish, we believe when a student chooses to join and participate on a team, the players and coaches should stand when our National Anthem is played in a show of respect. It is a choice for students to participate in extracurricular activities, not a right, and we at Bossier Schools feel strongly that our teams and organizations should stand in unity to honor our nation’s military and veterans.”
The news of the stance that the Louisiana school district has taken has gone viral, prompting a number of responses. However, the one receiving the most attention is from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
The Supreme Court ruled that students don't have to stand for the Pledge of Allegiance—that goes for the national anthem on the ballfield too. https://t.co/ijNa3tn1U0 — ACLU (@ACLU) September 28, 2017
“The Supreme Court ruled that students don’t have to stand for the Pledge of Allegiance — that goes for the national anthem on the ballfield too,” the organization tweeted in response to Bates’s statement. In light of what the ACLU has pointed out, parents might want to be proactive in protecting their students by addressing the law with their districts.
Debates taking place around and within the schools about national anthem protests are similar to those taking place around the country and in the NFL. Regardless of the controversy, the importance of the protests is the conversation they have led to.
“It’s a wonderful discussion,” Greenberg says. “To make sure that kids understand what it is that they’re doing, it provides a good opportunity for parents to teach their children.”
Conversations continue to be shut down in schools across the country, as three high schools in Long Island just warned against protesting during the anthem. However, a football coach in Illinois is an example of leaders and officials using the political controversy as a teaching moment for America’s youth.
On Sunday, Cahokia coach Orlando Gooden’s entire team of 8-year-olds took a knee during the national anthem after the kids approached him about what they had seen on TV, both on the field and in the streets of St. Louis, and said that they wanted to learn more about it. When asked what they knew about the current protests, one player said, “Black people are getting killed and nobody’s going to jail.”
“I felt like it was a good teaching moment for me to circle the team and have a meeting,” Gooden told PIX11 about a conversation he had led about the state of the country and Kaepernick’s protest. “One of the kids asked, ‘Can we do that?’ I said, ‘As long as we know why we’re doing it, I don’t have a problem with any of it.’”
As political issues continue to affect America’s culture, young students and citizens are bound to take action and, most important, ask questions.
“What I teach my kids is love, integrity, honesty, fairness, respect, and boundaries,” Gooden said. All things that the world needs a little bit more of.
Read more from Yahoo Lifestyle:
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|
;=========================================================================
; OM API
; Multiplatform API for OpenMusic
; LispWorks Implementation
;=========================================================================
;
; This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
; (at your option) any later version.
;
; This program is distributed; in the hope that it will be useful,
; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
; GNU General Public License for more details.
;
; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
; along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
;
;=========================================================================
; Authors: J. Bresson, C. Agon
;=========================================================================
;=========================================================================
; DIALOG ITEMS CLASSES AND FUNCTIONS
;=========================================================================
(in-package :om-api)
(export '(
om-make-di
om-dialog-item-action
om-dialog-item-action-function
om-set-dialog-item-action-function
om-dialog-item-text
om-set-dialog-item-text
om-enable-dialog-item
om-dialog-item-enabled
om-simple-text
om-multi-text
om-custom-edit-text
om-editable-text
om-set-text-focus
om-set-text-completion
om-complete-text
om-copy-command
om-cut-command
om-paste-command
om-select-all-command
om-end-text-edit
om-text-edit-view
om-scroll-text-edit-view
om-make-edit-view
om-button
om-check-box
om-radio-button
om-checked-p
om-set-check-box
om-single-item-list
om-multi-item-list
om-popup-list
om-set-item-list
om-get-item-list
om-get-selected-item-index
om-set-selected-item-index
om-select-item-index
om-unselect-item-index
om-get-selected-item
om-set-selected-item
om-slider
om-slider-value
om-slider-increment
om-set-slider-value
om-get-slider-range
om-get-slider-orientation
om-simple-text
om-list-item
om-sort-list-by
om-multicol-item-list
) :om-api)
;;;=====================
;;;ABSTRACT
;;;=====================
(defclass om-standard-dialog-item (om-graphic-object)
((di-action :accessor di-action :initform nil :initarg :di-action :documentation "the main dialog-item action"))
(:default-initargs
:visible-border :default
:callback-type :item
:scroll-if-not-visible-p nil
))
;;;==========
;;; GENERAL API CALLS
;;;==========
(defmethod om-subviews ((self om-standard-dialog-item)) nil)
(defmethod om-get-view ((self om-standard-dialog-item)) self)
(defmethod om-invalidate-view ((self om-standard-dialog-item))
(capi::redisplay self))
;;;==========
;;; ACTION
;;;==========
(defmethod om-dialog-item-action ((self om-standard-dialog-item))
(when (di-action self)
(funcall (di-action self) self)))
(defmethod om-set-dialog-item-action-function ((self om-standard-dialog-item) action)
(setf (di-action self) action))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-action-function ((self om-standard-dialog-item))
(di-action self))
(defmethod om-enable-dialog-item ((self t) t-or-nil) nil)
(defmethod om-dialog-item-enabled ((self t)) t)
;;;=====================================
;;; SPATIAL ATTRIBUTES (SIZE, POSITION)
;;;=====================================
(defmethod om-dialog-item-text ((self om-standard-dialog-item))
(capi::item-text self))
(defmethod om-set-dialog-item-text ((self om-standard-dialog-item) text)
(setf (capi::item-text self) text))
(defmethod om-view-position ((self om-standard-dialog-item))
(if (capi::interface-visible-p self)
(let ((point (multiple-value-list (capi::pinboard-pane-position self))))
(om-make-point (first point) (second point)))
(om-make-point (vx self) (vy self))))
(defmethod om-set-view-position ((self om-standard-dialog-item) pos-point)
(capi::apply-in-pane-process self
(lambda ()
(setf (capi::pinboard-pane-position self)
(values (om-point-x pos-point) (om-point-y pos-point)))
))
(setf (vx self) (om-point-x pos-point)
(vy self) (om-point-y pos-point)))
(defmethod om-view-size ((self om-standard-dialog-item))
(if (capi::interface-visible-p self)
(let ((point (multiple-value-list (capi::pinboard-pane-size self))))
(om-make-point (first point) (second point)))
(om-make-point (vw self) (vh self))))
(defmethod om-set-view-size ((self om-standard-dialog-item) size-point)
(setf (vw self) (om-point-x size-point)
(vh self) (om-point-y size-point))
(when (capi::interface-visible-p self)
(capi::apply-in-pane-process self
(lambda ()
(capi::set-hint-table self (list :default-width (om-point-x size-point) :defalut-height (om-point-y size-point)
:visible-min-width (om-point-x size-point) :visible-min-height (om-point-y size-point)
;:internal-min-width (om-point-x size-point) :internal-min-height (om-point-y size-point)
;:internal-max-width (om-point-x size-point) :internal-max-height (om-point-y size-point)
:visible-max-width (om-point-x size-point) :visible-max-height (om-point-y size-point)
))
(when (and (numberp (om-point-x size-point))
(numberp (om-point-y size-point)))
(setf (capi::pinboard-pane-size self) (values (om-point-x size-point) (om-point-y size-point))))
(setf (capi::pinboard-pane-position self) (values (vx self) (vy self)))
))
)
(di-after-settings self))
;;;=====================================
; CONSTRUCTOR
;;;=====================================
(defun dialog-item-scrollbar-h (scroll)
(or (equal scroll :h) (equal scroll t)))
(defun dialog-item-scrollbar-v (scroll)
(or (equal scroll :v) (equal scroll t)))
(defmethod special-bg ((self t)) nil)
(defmethod di-after-settings ((self t)) nil)
(defun om-make-di (class &rest other-attributes &key
position size (text "")
container font bg-color fg-color (enabled t) print
(checked-p nil) cancel default focus range items
sort-styles
(scrollbars nil) selection
(direction :horizontal) (value 0)
di-action edit-action begin-edit-action completion resizable
&allow-other-keys)
(let* ((wi (if size (om-point-x size) 20))
(hi (if size (om-point-y size) 16))
(shift #+macosx -5 #-macosx 0)
(x (and position (+ (om-point-x position) shift)))
(y (and position (+ (om-point-y position) shift))))
(multiple-value-bind (w h) (adjust-size class wi hi)
(let ((di (apply 'make-instance
(append
(list class
;:x x :y y
:default-x x :default-y y
;:external-min-width (max w 30)
;:external-max-width w
:initial-constraints (list :visible-min-width w :visible-min-height h)
:visible-min-width w
:visible-max-width (if (or (equal resizable t) (equal resizable :w)) nil w)
;:internal-min-width w
;:internal-max-width w
:external-min-height h
:visible-min-height h
:visible-max-height (if (or (equal resizable t) (equal resizable :h)) nil h)
;:internal-min-height h
;:internal-max-height (print h)
:text text
:font font
:enabled enabled
:di-action di-action
:edit-action edit-action
:begin-edit-action begin-edit-action
:background (or (and (om-color-p bg-color) (omcolor-c bg-color)) #+cocoa :transparent #-cocoa :background)
:foreground (and (om-color-p fg-color) (omcolor-c fg-color))
:color-function (when (or (functionp fg-color)
(and (symbolp fg-color) (fboundp fg-color)))
#'(lambda (list-panel item state)
(declare (ignore list-panel state))
(let ((col (funcall fg-color item)))
(and col (omcolor-c col)))))
:sort-descriptions (convert-sort-styles sort-styles)
:selected checked-p
:default-p default
:cancel-p cancel
:items items
:start (or (first range) 0)
:end (or (second range) 100)
:orientation direction
:start-point :default
:slug-start value
:internal-border 0
:title-adjust t
:accepts-focus-p enabled
:horizontal-scroll (dialog-item-scrollbar-h scrollbars)
:vertical-scroll (dialog-item-scrollbar-v scrollbars)
:visible-border t
;;; only for text-edit
:allows-newline-p nil
:in-place-completion-function (when completion
#'(lambda (item str)
(declare (ignore item))
(or (funcall completion str)
(progn (capi::beep-pane) :destroy))))
:allow-other-keys t
)
;;; other attributes/keywords of the dialog-items
other-attributes
))))
(when print
(setf (capi::collection-print-function di) print))
(when selection
(om-set-selected-item di selection))
(when (or bg-color (special-bg di))
(om-set-bg-color di (or bg-color (special-bg di))))
(when position
(setf (vx di) x
(vy di) y
))
(when size
(setf (vw di) w
(vh di) h
))
(when container (om-add-subviews container di))
(when font (om-set-font di font))
(di-after-settings di)
(if focus (capi::set-pane-focus di))
(when completion (om-complete-text di))
di))))
(defun adjust-size (class w h)
#+linux (values (or (and (numberp w) (round w 3/4)) w)
(or (and (numberp h) (round h 3/4)) h))
#-linux (if (subtypep class 'om-editable-text)
#+windows (values (- w 10) (- h 10))
#-windows (values w h)
(values w h))
)
;=============================
; SIMPLE TEXT
;=============================
(defclass om-simple-text (om-standard-dialog-item capi::title-pane) ())
(defmethod om-set-dialog-item-text ((self om-simple-text) text)
(setf (capi::title-pane-text self) text))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-text ((self om-simple-text))
(capi::title-pane-text self))
;=================
; TEXT MULTI-LINES
;=================
(defclass om-multi-text (om-standard-dialog-item capi::display-pane) ()
(:default-initargs
:visible-border nil
:accepts-focus-p nil
:callback 'om-dialog-item-action))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-text ((self om-multi-text))
(capi::display-pane-text self))
(defmethod om-set-dialog-item-text ((self om-multi-text) text)
(capi:apply-in-pane-process self #'(setf capi:display-pane-text) text self))
(defmethod om-enable-dialog-item ((self om-multi-text) t-or-nil)
(setf (capi::simple-pane-enabled self) t-or-nil))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-enabled ((self om-multi-text))
(capi::simple-pane-enabled self))
(defmethod om-copy-command ((self om-multi-text))
(capi::set-clipboard self (om-dialog-item-text self)))
;=============================
; TEXT EDIT CUSTOM
;=============================
;; cursor = nil (no edit), int (pos in text) or list (b e) for selection.
(defclass om-custom-edit-text (om-standard-dialog-item capi::title-pane)
((cursor-pos :accessor cursor-pos :initform nil)))
;=============================
; TEXT EDIT SYSTEM
;=============================
(defclass om-editable-text (om-standard-dialog-item capi::text-input-pane)
((begin-edit-action :accessor begin-edit-action :initarg :begin-edit-action :initform nil :documentation "called when the text edit starts")
(edit-action :accessor edit-action :initarg :edit-action :initform nil :documentation "called when the text is edited"))
(:default-initargs
:visible-border #+windows t #-windows nil
:navigation-callback 'text-edit-special-action
:callback 'text-edit-validate-action
:change-callback 'text-edit-changed-action ; :change-callback-type '(:element :data)
:editing-callback 'text-edited-action ;;; EDITING START-STOP
))
(defmethod om-text-edit-begin-action ((self om-editable-text))
(when (begin-edit-action self)
(funcall (begin-edit-action self) self)))
(defmethod om-text-edit-action ((self om-editable-text))
(if (edit-action self)
(funcall (edit-action self) self)))
;;; prevents further action calls
(defmethod om-end-text-edit ((self om-editable-text))
(setf (edit-action self) nil
(di-action self) nil))
(defmethod om-view-click-handler ((self om-editable-text) position) nil)
(defmethod special-bg ((self om-editable-text)) (om-def-color :light-gray))
(defun text-edit-validate-action (self)
(om-dialog-item-action self))
;;; :tab-forward :tab-backward :return
;;; :shift-return :enter :shift-enter
(defun text-edit-special-action (self action)
(cond ((equal action :enter)
(om-dialog-item-action self))
((equal action :return) (if (capi::text-input-allows-newline-p self)
(let ((rec (capi::clipboard self)))
(capi::set-clipboard self (string #\Newline))
(capi::text-input-pane-paste self)
(capi::set-clipboard self rec))
(om-dialog-item-action self)
))
((equal action :tab-forward)
(om-view-key-handler self :om-key-tab))
))
(defun text-edited-action (self action)
(case action
(:start (om-text-edit-begin-action self))
(:end (om-dialog-item-action self))
))
(defun text-edit-changed-action (text self win position)
(declare (ignore text win position))
(om-text-edit-action self)
;(unless (or (string-equal text "") (> position (length text)))
; (om-view-key-handler self (elt text (max 0 (- position 1)))))
)
(defmethod om-dialog-item-text ((self om-editable-text))
(capi::text-input-pane-text self))
(defmethod om-set-dialog-item-text ((self om-editable-text) text)
(capi::apply-in-pane-process
self
#'(lambda ()
(setf (capi::text-input-pane-text self) text)
;(setf (capi:text-input-pane-caret-position self)
; (length (capi:text-input-pane-text self)))
)))
(defmethod om-enable-dialog-item ((self om-editable-text) t-or-nil)
(setf (capi::text-input-pane-enabled self) t-or-nil))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-enabled ((self om-editable-text))
(capi::text-input-pane-enabled self))
(defmethod om-copy-command ((self om-editable-text))
;(capi::set-clipboard self (om-dialog-item-text self))
(capi::text-input-pane-copy self))
(defmethod om-paste-command ((self om-editable-text))
(let ((pos (capi::text-input-pane-selection self))
(txt (capi::clipboard self)))
(unless (capi::text-input-allows-newline-p self)
(capi::set-clipboard self (substitute #\Space #\Newline txt)))
(capi::text-input-pane-paste self)
(capi::set-clipboard self txt)
(capi::set-text-input-pane-selection self (+ pos (length txt)) (+ pos (length txt)))
))
(defmethod om-cut-command ((self om-editable-text))
(capi::text-input-pane-cut self))
(defmethod om-select-all-command ((self om-editable-text))
(capi::set-text-input-pane-selection self 0 (length (capi::text-input-pane-text self))))
(defmethod om-set-text-focus ((self om-editable-text) &optional select-contents)
(om-set-focus self)
(if select-contents
(capi::set-text-input-pane-selection self 0 (length (capi::text-input-pane-text self)))
(capi::set-text-input-pane-selection self 0 0)))
(defmethod om-set-text-completion ((self om-editable-text) completion-fun)
(capi::apply-in-pane-process
self
#'(lambda () (setf (capi::text-input-pane-completion-function self) completion-fun)
(capi::text-input-pane-complete-text self)
)))
(defmethod om-complete-text ((self om-editable-text))
(when (capi::text-input-pane-completion-function self)
(capi::apply-in-pane-process
self
#'capi::text-input-pane-in-place-complete self)))
;=================
; EDIT MULTI-LINES
;=================
(defclass om-text-edit-view (om-editable-text capi::multi-line-text-input-pane) ()
(:default-initargs
:external-min-height nil
:external-max-height nil))
;(defmethod di-set-focus ((self om-text-edit-view))
; (capi::set-pane-focus self)
; (capi::set-text-input-pane-selection self 0 (length (capi::text-input-pane-text self))))
(defmethod om-paste-command ((self om-text-edit-view))
(capi::text-input-pane-paste self))
;===============
; BUTTON
;===============
;;; these will apply to all the following subclasses of capi::button
(defmethod om-enable-dialog-item ((self capi::button) t-or-nil)
(setf (capi::button-enabled self) t-or-nil))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-enabled ((self capi::button))
(capi::button-enabled self))
(defclass om-button (om-standard-dialog-item capi::push-button) ()
(:default-initargs :callback 'om-dialog-item-action))
;===============
; CHECK-BOX
;===============
(defclass om-check-box (om-standard-dialog-item capi::check-button) ()
(:default-initargs
#+win32 :accepts-focus-p #+win32 nil
:selection-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:retract-callback 'om-dialog-item-action))
(defmethod om-checked-p ((self om-check-box)) (capi::button-selected self))
(defmethod om-set-check-box ((self om-check-box) check?)
(capi:apply-in-pane-process
self
#'(lambda () (setf (capi::button-selected self) check?))))
;--------om-radio-button
(defclass om-radio-button (om-standard-dialog-item capi::radio-button)
((button-group :initarg :button-group :initform nil :accessor button-group))
(:default-initargs :callback 'om-dialog-item-action))
(defmethod om-radio-button-p ((self om-radio-button)) t)
(defmethod om-radio-button-p ((self t)) nil)
(defmethod om-dialog-item-action ((self om-radio-button))
(let ((container (capi::element-parent self)))
(when container
(let ((elems (capi::pane-children container)))
(loop for item in elems do
(when (and (om-radio-button-p item) (not (equal item self))
(equal (button-group item) (button-group self)))
(om-set-check-box item nil)))))
(call-next-method)))
(defmethod om-checked-p ((self om-radio-button)) (capi::button-selected self))
(defmethod om-set-check-box ((self om-radio-button) check?)
(setf (capi::button-selected self) check?))
;--------om-item-list abstract
(defclass om-item-list (om-standard-dialog-item capi::list-panel) ()
(:default-initargs
:callback-type '(:collection)
:selection-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:action-callback 'double-click-on-list
;:vertical-scroll t
:test-function 'string-equal))
(defclass om-list-item (capi::item) ())
(defmethod di-after-settings ((self om-item-list))
(if (remove nil (map 'list 'stringp (capi::collection-items self)))
(setf (capi::collection-test-function self) 'string-equal)
(setf (capi::collection-test-function self) 'equal)
))
(defmethod special-bg ((self om-item-list)) (om-def-color :white))
(defun vector-col-to-list (v)
(loop for i from 0 to (- (length v) 1) collect (elt v i)))
(defmethod om-set-item-list ((self om-item-list) names)
(setf (capi::collection-items self) names))
(defmethod om-get-item-list ((self om-item-list))
(vector-col-to-list (capi::collection-items self )))
(defmethod om-get-selected-item-index ((self om-item-list))
(capi::choice-selection self))
(defmethod om-set-selected-item-index ((self om-item-list) ind)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) ind))
(defmethod double-click-on-list ((self om-item-list)) nil)
(defun convert-sort-styles (styles)
(loop for style in styles collect
(capi:make-sorting-description
:type (car style)
:sort (nth (1+ (position :sort (cadr style))) (cadr style))
:reverse-sort (nth (1+ (position :reverse (cadr style))) (cadr style)))))
(defmethod om-sort-list-by ((self om-item-list) style)
(capi:sorted-object-sort-by self style)
(setf (capi::collection-items self)
(capi::sort-object-items-by self (capi::collection-items self))))
(defmethod om-invalidate-view ((self om-item-list))
;(capi:map-collection-items self
(map nil #'(lambda (item)
(capi::redisplay-collection-item self item))
(capi::collection-items self)))
;--------om-single-item-list
(defclass om-single-item-list (om-item-list) ()
(:default-initargs :interaction :single-selection
:retract-callback 'item-list-unselect))
(defmethod item-list-unselect ((self om-single-item-list))
(unless (capi::choice-selection self)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) 0)
))
(defmethod om-select-item-index ((self om-single-item-list) i)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) i))
(defmethod om-unselect-item-index ((self om-single-item-list) i)
(when (and (capi::choice-selection self) (= (capi::choice-selection self) i))
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) nil)))
(defmethod om-get-selected-item ((self om-single-item-list))
(capi::choice-selected-item self))
(defmethod om-set-selected-item ((self om-single-item-list) item)
(setf (capi::choice-selected-item self) item))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-action ((self om-single-item-list))
(call-next-method))
;--------om-multi-item-list
(defclass om-multi-item-list (om-item-list) ()
(:default-initargs
:interaction #+win32 :multiple-selection #-win32 :extended-selection
:right-click-selection-behavior :clicked/restore/restore
:extend-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:retract-callback 'om-dialog-item-action))
;;; :multiple-selection
(defmethod om-select-item-index ((self om-multi-item-list) i)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) (union (capi::choice-selection self) (if (listp i) i (list i)))))
(defmethod om-unselect-item-index ((self om-multi-item-list) i)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) (remove i (capi::choice-selection self))))
(defmethod om-get-selected-item ((self om-multi-item-list))
(capi::choice-selected-items self))
(defmethod om-set-selected-item ((self om-multi-item-list) items)
(setf (capi::choice-selected-items self) (if (listp items) items (list items))))
;--------multi-column-list
(defclass om-multicol-item-list (om-multi-item-list capi::multi-column-list-panel) ()
(:default-initargs
:callback-type '(:collection)
:selection-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:action-callback 'double-click-on-list
:interaction #+win32 :multiple-selection #-win32 :extended-selection
:right-click-selection-behavior :clicked/restore/restore
:extend-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:retract-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:test-function 'string-equal))
;--------om-slider
(defclass om-slider (om-standard-dialog-item capi::slider)
((increment :initarg :increment :initform 1 :accessor increment))
(:default-initargs
:callback 'om-slider-item-action
:show-value-p t))
(defmethod om-slider-value ((self om-slider))
(* (round (capi::range-slug-start self) (increment self)) (increment self)))
(defmethod om-slider-increment ((self om-slider))
(increment self))
(defmethod om-set-slider-value ((self om-slider) value)
(setf (capi::range-slug-start self) value))
(defmethod om-slider-item-action ((self om-standard-dialog-item) value type)
(when (di-action self)
(funcall (di-action self) self)))
(defmethod om-get-slider-range ((self om-slider))
(list (capi::range-start self) (capi::range-end self)))
(defmethod om-get-slider-orientation ((self om-slider))
(capi::range-orientation self))
;--------om-popup-list
(defclass om-popup-list (om-standard-dialog-item capi::option-pane)
((value :initform nil :initarg :value :accessor value))
(:default-initargs
:callback-type '(:collection)
:selection-callback 'om-dialog-item-action
:test-function 'equal
:separator-item "-"))
(defmethod initialize-instance :after ((self om-popup-list) &rest l)
(when (value self)
(let ((pos (position (value self) (vector-col-to-list (capi::collection-items self ))
:test (if (stringp (value self)) 'string-equal 'equal))))
(when pos
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) pos)))))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-action ((self om-popup-list))
(when (di-action self)
(funcall (di-action self) self)))
(defmethod om-get-item-list ((self om-popup-list))
(vector-col-to-list (capi::collection-items self)))
(defmethod om-set-item-list ((self om-popup-list) names)
(setf (capi::collection-items self) names))
(defmethod om-enable-dialog-item ((self om-popup-list) t-or-nil)
(setf (capi::option-pane-enabled self) t-or-nil))
(defmethod om-dialog-item-enabled ((self om-popup-list))
(capi::option-pane-enabled self))
;;; !!!
(defmethod om-get-selected-item ((self om-popup-list))
(nth (capi::choice-selection self) (om-get-item-list self)))
(defmethod om-get-selected-item-index ((self om-popup-list))
(capi::choice-selection self))
(defmethod om-set-selected-item-index ((self om-popup-list) pos)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) pos))
(defmethod om-set-selected-item ((self om-popup-list) str)
(let ((pos (position str (om-get-item-list self) :test 'equal)))
(when pos (setf (capi::choice-selection self) pos))))
(defmethod om-select-item-index ((self om-popup-list) index)
(setf (capi::choice-selection self) index))
|
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INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Zolpidem is a short acting, non benzodiazepine hypnotic, a member of the imidazopyridine class. Its mechanism of action shares much in common with benzodiazepines as it is active at the central benzodiazepine receptors (sometimes called the omega 'w' receptors).\[[@ref1]\] This receptor is a sub-unit of the GABA-A receptor and Zolpidem binds preferentially to the w1 receptor. Therefore, it has been proposed that it lacks benzodiazepine like side effects, having minimum abuse and dependence potential.\[[@ref2]\] This selectivity for w1 receptors however is lost at higher than standard hypnotic dosages, and thus Zolpidem acts like any other benzodiazepine.\[[@ref3][@ref4]\] The tolerance producing potential of Zolpidem was found to be the same as that of benzodiazepines and tolerance was found to develop in some people in just a few weeks, at doses of 30-120 mg above the recommended dose.\[[@ref5]\]
Various cases of Zolpidem dependence have been reported. However, till date, there is no consensus as regards the medication to be used in the detoxification.
We present a case report of an elderly female patient who developed dependence to Zolpidem over a period of 8 months and was successfully detoxified with Gabapentin.
CASE REPORT {#sec1-2}
===========
Mrs. M.C., 72-year-old female, received a prescription for Tab Zolpidem 10 mg per day as a treatment for insomnia. She gradually increased the number of tablets and would take Zolpidem even during the day as it increased her efficiency to carry out work done earlier. Over an 8 month period, the use escalated to 300 mg per day following which she was noted to be sleeping most of the time during the day, and would not attend to her routine household chores. If she was denied the tablets, she would become irritable on minimal provocation, would complain of feeling weak, along with decreased energy and ability to carry out work done earlier and would also develop tremulousness of hands and feet along with craving for Tab. Zolpidem. In view of the above symptoms, patient was taken to a private psychiatrist. She was initiated on 6 mg of Tab Clonazepam per day and the dose of Zolpidem was reduced to 150 mg per day over a period of 28 days. However, the craving persisted and hence she was referred to this hospital.
On mental status examination at admission, patient was found to be anxious with increased psychomotor activity, ill-sustained concentration, and dysphoric mood along with tremors of outstretched hands.
On physical examination, no gross abnormality was noted except for pallor and blood pressure of 180/110 mm Hg. Routine blood investigations and chest X-ray were within normal limits. ECG showed evidence of right bundle branch block.
She was started on a daily dose of Cap Gabapentin which was initiated at 300 mg one in the morning and two tablets at night, and gradually increased by 100 mg every fifth day to the dose of 1200 mg per day and Tab Zolpidem was reduced by 15 mg every third day. Patient was successfully detoxified over a period of 30 days. At discharge, the dose of Gabapentin was reduced to 600 mg per day which was tapered over a month. The patient was followed up after a fortnight of stopping Tab Gabapentin and was found to be asymptomatic.
DISCUSSION {#sec1-3}
==========
During the last decade, non BZD hypnotic, Zolpidem was considered to be a novel solution for the treatment of insomnia as it was suggested that it maintained the beneficial characteristics of BZDs as far as the reduction of sleep latency and sleep maintenance are considered, without having their side effects.
It was suggested that Zolpidem lacked anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant action and hardly caused memory impairment and more importantly minimal abuse and dependence potential.\[[@ref6]\]
Several recent publications have highlighted that the abuse potential of Zolpidem was underestimated. A systematic review based on Medline literature search identified 36 cases of Zolpidem dependence. Both sexes and all age groups were involved to a similar extent.\[[@ref7][@ref8]\]
In extreme cases, dose increase reached a factor of 30-120 mg above the recommended dose. In our case, patient used the drug to cope with everyday activities thereby receiving anxiolytic action from it. This is discrepant with the suggested reliability of Zolpidem for alpha 1 subunits of GABA receptors which are claimed to be responsible only for sedative activity.
Zolpidem has been suggested to have selective activity on GABA A receptors with alpha 1 subunits, opposite to BZDs which do not present selectivity and bind to alpha 2, 3, and 5 subunits.
Alpha 1 subunit containing receptors are located in most regions of the brain and it is presumed that their activation has hypnotic action. Alpha 2 subunit receptors are enriched in amygdala, the region that strongly contributes to anxiolytic action of benzodiazepines.
Zolpidem was believed to have low affinity for alpha 2 and 3 receptors therefore having minor anxiolytic action and minimal activity on memory function.
Our patient reported anxiolysis after using Zolpidem. It is possible that the drug in high doses such as that taken by this patient could induce this effect by losing its selectivity and acting also on alpha 2,3, and 5 subunit containing GABA A receptors.
In our patient we have used Gabapentin in the treatment of Zolpidem dependence.
Gabapentin has been used efficiently to assist or treat alcohol withdrawal, management of cocaine dependence as well as benzodiazepine dependence and detoxification.\[[@ref9][@ref10][@ref11][@ref12]\]
Gabapentin lacks shortbacks of BZDs in treatment of any drug dependence. It is eliminated *via* renal mechanisms which may be of particular utility in patients with hepatic dysfunction. It does not interact with liver enzymes thus decreasing the risk of pharmacokinetic interactions. It has no direct effect on the GABA receptors or transporters, it is shown to increase GABA turnover in various regions of the brain. It binds to subunits of the L-type calcium channels and increases the synthesis and non-synaptic release of GABA in the brain. Moreover, it may influence the synthesis of glutamate.\[[@ref13]\] It has been hypothesized that gabapentin, through its GABAergic activity, may restore the feedback inhibition from the nucleus accumbens after alteration through repeated drug use.\[[@ref14]\]
In addition to its increasingly corroborated efficacy in the treatment for alcohol detoxification, cocaine dependence as well as benzodiazepine dependence gabapentin seems to become a promising alternative in non-benzodiazepine detoxification, for non-benzodiazepine monodependence as well as for patients with multiple drug abuse.
CONCLUSION {#sec1-4}
==========
Gabapentin may be a compound worth screening as a potential treatment for Zolpidem detoxification. The possible effectiveness of Gabapentin in the detoxification of dependence producing substances warrants further investigation by systematic and well designed studies.
**Source of Support:** Nil
**Conflict of Interest:** None declared
|
Comments (15)
Okay what about reviews of human movies from a cat's perspective? I mean some of them are pretty dumb but others like That darn Cat (original version and the name of course) are quite excellent and reflect us as brilliant as we are.
This isn't exactly up your alley but there might be a side of Max that I don't know--2012 predictions are pretty marketable right now cause everyone is scared the world will end. You could have your own set of predictions or maybe you can just talk about how you want your humans to be prepared so that you don't like have any discomforts.
That's the best we can do on short notice but we'll keep thinking... (alas the Woman is not terribly tapped into what's popular right now. As if she ever was.)
Well, you can't exactly use this because I'm NaNoing it, BUT I'm writing a book where my three cats save humanity.....they are very heroic and insightful. All I had to do was to invent a way for them to get outside the house at will...
How about a 00kitty scenario? Or a Mission Impossible kitty...something for homeland security perhaps?
How about an advice book? You could give advice on all sorts of stuff--how to con people into giving you more food, how to cope with moving, what to do about sticky people, when is it and when it is not a good time to poop on the pillow or give something a toothy death, etc.
Toys are great, but they also have names. We have the pink cloth ones we call "Softie Mousies". The sisal wrapped ones called "ropies". The rattley mousies. The squeeky mousies. The fevver butt mousies and the firecracker mousies.
Surely a story of toys would be good.
Posted on: 11/07/2011 8:44 PM
catsrbetter
How about the Psychokitty's Guide to Raising a Companion Cat? You could write more things about growing up Budda-pest!
Like how to introduce a kitten to a solitary cat. How to keep the peace in a multicat household. Things the People don't think about, but learn to cope with while adding another kitty body like using screen doors to keep the peace.
Amazon.com has BUNCHES of new kitty books but none of them are told from the point of view of the resident cat. Tell your People how YOU would have done things, if they had just bothered to ask!
Give cats advice on attracting "Mr. Right Owner" and give humans advice on attracting a good cat (I realize "good cat" is redundant).
Maybe a chapter on keeping the magic in your kitteh/human relationship.
Posted on: 11/11/2011 8:35 AM
Cujo
Dude, my human just finished NaNoWriMo. It was AWFUL! She paid more attention to that darn laptop than she did to us! I mean she fed us and gave out catnip and cleaned the boxes and all, but she wouldn't listen to our suggestions for the book, even tho we sat on her shoulder and tried to show her how wrong she was. You didn't miss anything. |
Norby rolls to easy Assembly win
Assemblyman elect Chris Norby thanks his supporters during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
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Assemblyman elect Chris Norby is congratulated during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
1 of 16
Assemblyman elect Chris Norby thanks his supporters during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. Norby is expected to easily win Tuesday's special election to fill the vacant 72nd Assembly District seat. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Assemblyman elect Chris Norby celebrates with his wife Martha after initial returns showed a considerable lead in his election bid to fill the vacant 72nd Assembly District seat at his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
County Supervisor Chris Norby, right, checks election results with his kids Ana, 11, center, and Gary, 9, during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
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Lauryn Picchiano, executive director of the Republican Party of Orange County, puts up a Elect Norby sign before his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Lauryn Picchiano, executive director of the Republican Party of Orange County, photographs election results off a laptop screen durng Chris Norby's election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Assemblyman elect Chris Norby, center, is congratulated during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
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An Elect Norby sign adorns a wall at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton during Chris Norby's election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
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Nine-year-old Iris Norby, left, and her brother Gary, 9, check election results for their father Chris Norby during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Assemblyman elect Chris Norby thanks his supporters during his election night party at Cherch Lounge in Fullerton Tuesday night. KEVIN SULLIVAN, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
County Supervisor Chris Norby cruised to an easy win in Tuesday's special election to fill the state Assembly seat vacated by Mike Duvall, who resigned in September after he was caught bragging about extramarital sex.
Norby, the Republican nominee, was buoyed by being better known, having more campaign cash, and by the Republicans' 9 percentage point advantage among voters in the 72nd Assembly District. Norby beat Democrat John MacMurray by a 2-1 margin, getting 63 percent of the vote to MacMurrary's 31 percent. Only about 15 percent of voters cast ballots in the race.
"There was a very difficult inter-party race in November, but this runoff was very different with the party registration what it is," said Norby, a 60-year-old Fullerton resident. "We spent most of our money and energy in the primary."
The Green Party's Jane Rands, who rounded out the field, finished a distant third.
A date for swearing in has not been set, although it is likely to occur before the end of January. Norby must first resign his supervisor's seat. His Assembly District includes all of Fullerton, Placentia and Brea, and parts of Yorba Linda, Anaheim, Orange and La Habra.
Norby has spent seven years as supervisor and, before that, 18 years as a Fullerton City Council member. The former high school teacher emphasized education in his campaign, calling for a bigger slice of schools funds to go to the classroom. In an effort to attract and retain quality teachers, he's touted his proposal that 60 percent of school funding go to teachers.
Norby has long been an activist leading the charge for reform of redevelopment districts. He believes too many tax breaks and tax dollars are spent unnecessarily for retail establishments, and that money would be better spent on other public needs – including education.
MacMurray, a 63-year-old middle-school teacher, was making his third bid for the Assembly seat. He lost to Duvall by 21.5 percentage points in 2006 and 9.6 percentage points in 2008. Norby will face reelection later this year, and it's not yet clear whether MacMurray will run again. MacMurray did not return calls from The Orange County Register on election night.
Duvall, 54, resigned his seat on Sept. 9 after an Assembly committee videotape was made public in which he bragged about sexual affairs with two women other than his wife, and discussed spanking one of them. The comments were made to a fellow assemblyman during a break at a public meeting.
Several news reports identified one of the women as a 36-year-old Sacramento lobbyist. She publicly denied having any affair with Duvall, a Republican. Duvall himself, who'd campaigned as a family values candidate, later said he made the whole story up.
Norby's supervisorial seat will be filled by the winner of a June election. If the winner receives more than 50 percent of the vote, he or she will serve the remainder of the year – Norby's current term – and the following 4-year term. If the winner receives less than 50 percent of the vote, that person will serve out the rest of Norby's term but will face the second-highest vote getter in a November runoff for the upcoming 4-year term.
The campaign leading up to Tuesday's special election was low key compared to the Nov. 17 primary, when Norby and Linda Ackerman, who sits on the National Republican Committee, went at it tooth and claw, with more than a dozen mailers filling voters' mailboxes.
Norby prevailed with 37 percent of the primary vote. MacMurray received 27 percent of the vote, and Ackerman received 20 percent of the vote.
Both the primary and Tuesday's election featured low turnout. On Tuesday, 81 percent of the ballots were cast by mail. The outcome Tuesday was clear shortly after 8 p.m., when the tally for most of the mail ballots was announced and Norby was picked on 62 percentof them.
Tuesday night's tally, not including mail ballots turned in at the polls and provisional ballots, showed Norby with 20,292 votes, MacMurray with 10,018, and Rands with 1,963.
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Carson, CA – Robbie Keane is out of surgery and is doing just fine. He posted a photo of the aftermath of a surgical procedure on his Instagram earlier today.
Officially the club has announced that he’s expected to miss between 4-6 weeks and underwent “successful arthoscopic surgery on his right knee.” Robbie Keane will definitely miss this weekend’s match with Vancouver.
Last week Keane, who was on International duty with Ireland, was sent back to Los Angeles early without having trained or played in either of his National Team’s friendlies.
His departure was marked by this quote from Republic of Ireland National Team Manager Martin O’Neill:
“He was concerned about it (his right knee) because he doesn’t remember exactly what happened,” O’Neill told reporters in Ireland’s pre-match press conference. “It might have been a little bit of a knock and, of course, when that’s not going away immediately, then you start getting a bit of a concern. He feels as if he might just get it scoped and have a little look around to see what it is. In this day and age, that doesn’t take too long. “I don’t think he has got any real worries, but obviously, we will know when he goes back [to LA].” Via LAGalaxy.com and Reported by LA Galaxy Insider
The LA Galaxy released the following official statement:
CARSON, Calif. (Thursday, March 31, 2016) – LA Galaxy forward Robbie Keane underwent successful arthoscopic surgery on his right knee Thursday afternoon in Los Angeles. The surgery was performed by Dr. Bert R. Mandelbaum at the Santa Monica Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Group and Kerlan-Jobe Institute at Cedars-Sinai. The Galaxy captain is expected to miss 4-6 weeks. This season, the forward has appeared in three MLS matches, scoring two goals.
This would be the perfect time for some of the younger players. Jack McBean (LA Galaxy II), Ariel Lassiter, and Bradford Jamieson IV are all names that should be itching to make it onto the first team roster.
It should be noted that Ariel Lassiter did not dress for LA Galaxy II’s win over St. Louis FC on Wednesday night. Having heard no issues of injuries with him it would seem probable that he’ll be traveling with the team to Vancouver.
Robbie Keane joins fellow Designated Player Steven Gerrard (Left Calf Injury) in missing the Saturday matchup with Vancouver. Giovani dos Santos, the LA Galaxy’s third Designated Player, is expected to be available for the first time since opening day where he was injured after just 45 minutes.
Is this a sign that the LA Galaxy’s age is catching up to them? Only getting the players back from these injuries can prove or disprove that theory. But for now, the LA Galaxy will look to their deep bench and some of their younger players to carry them through.
Comments
comments |
export const dataProperties = [
{
name: 'loadData',
parameters: [
{ event: 'event.skip', description: 'First row offset ' },
{ event: 'event.take', description: 'Number of rows per page ' },
{ event: 'event.filters', description: 'Filters used to change data ' },
{ event: 'event.sorts', description: 'Sort order used to change data ' }
],
description: 'Callback to invoke when paging, sorting or filtering happens in infinite mode.'
}
];
|
[One of the possible mechanisms of development and progression of chronic glomerulonephritis].
Proceeding from clinical examination of 430 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) and morphological, histochemical and biochemical studies on kidney biopsy specimens the author has proposed and substantiated a hypothesis, according to which prolonged raised protein reabsorption in cells of the proximal tubules (PT) of the kidney can cause breakage and distortion of the activity of transport systems responsible for the absorption and catabolism of macromolecules. These changes can result in PT cell breakage, escape of lysosomal enzymes into the lumen and basal membrane of PT cells and pericanalicular interstice with further development of cortical interstitial sclerosis. The combination of the above mentioned disturbances would lead to GN progression and development of renal insufficiency. |
Q:
Chrome driver 2.28: "Chrome is being controlled by automated test software" notification. Can it be removed?
I have just updated my project with the latest chrome driver (2.28).
When I run the browser through the driver, a yellow notification pops under the URL bar, saying "Chrome is being controlled by automated test software".
Is there any way to configure Chrome not to show this notification?
I used this code to start the driver:
ChromeOptions cOptions = new ChromeOptions();
cOptions.addArguments("test-type");
cOptions.addArguments("start-maximized");
cOptions.addArguments("--js-flags=--expose-gc");
cOptions.addArguments("--enable-precise-memory-info");
cOptions.addArguments("--disable-popup-blocking");
cOptions.addArguments("--disable-default-apps");
driver = new ChromeDriver(cOptions);
A:
Just in case someone sees that post , I added :
cOptions.setExperimentalOption("excludeSwitches", Arrays.asList("enable-automation"));
And it caused the driver to crash when calling:
driver().manage().window().maximize();
So I had to remove it.
Anyway , Adding :
options.addArguments("disable-infobars");
solved the original issue.
Thank you all for your help.
A:
Solution for Python 3:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-infobars")
browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path = path_to_chromedriver,chrome_options=chrome_options)
A:
You can use
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setExperimentalOption("excludeSwitches", Collections.singletonList("enable-automation"));
Also, it's better to use Collections.singletonList instead of Arrays.asList since we are passing in a single argument to excludeSwitches.
Disabling the infobar using --disable-infobars flag will suppress other useful information in the future and is not recommended as @michaeldurrant suggested.
|
David Sánchez (weightlifter)
David Sánchez López (born July 20, 1994) is a Spanish weightlifter who competes in the 69 kg category. He placed tenth at the 2016 Olympics, and competed at the 2014 and 2015 World Weightlifting Championships.
Taking up the sport as a fifteen-year-old teen, Sánchez was named Male Sportsperson of the Year in 2013.
Major results
References
Category:1994 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish male weightlifters
Category:People from Melilla
Category:Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic weightlifters of Spain |
#include "df/building_nest_boxst.h"
#include "df/item_eggst.h"
#include "df/viewscreen_dwarfmodest.h"
using namespace DFHack;
using namespace df::enums;
using df::global::world;
using df::global::ui;
struct egg_fertile_hook : df::viewscreen_dwarfmodest {
typedef df::viewscreen_dwarfmodest interpose_base;
df::building_nest_boxst* getNestBox()
{
if (ui->main.mode != ui_sidebar_mode::QueryBuilding &&
ui->main.mode != ui_sidebar_mode::BuildingItems)
return NULL;
return virtual_cast<df::building_nest_boxst>(world->selected_building);
}
DEFINE_VMETHOD_INTERPOSE(void, render, ())
{
INTERPOSE_NEXT(render)();
df::building_nest_boxst* nest_box = getNestBox();
if (nest_box)
{
auto dims = Gui::getDwarfmodeViewDims();
bool has_eggs = false;
bool fertile = false;
int idx = 0;
for (auto iter = nest_box->contained_items.begin();
iter != nest_box->contained_items.end(); ++iter)
{
df::item_eggst* egg = virtual_cast<df::item_eggst>((*iter)->item);
if (egg)
{
has_eggs = true;
if (egg->egg_flags.bits.fertile)
fertile = true;
if (ui->main.mode == ui_sidebar_mode::BuildingItems)
{
Screen::paintString(
Screen::Pen(' ', fertile ? COLOR_LIGHTGREEN : COLOR_LIGHTRED),
dims.menu_x2 - (fertile ? 4 : 6),
dims.y1 + idx + 3,
fertile ? "Fert" : "N.Fert"
);
}
}
++idx;
}
if (has_eggs && ui->main.mode == ui_sidebar_mode::QueryBuilding)
{
Screen::paintString(
Screen::Pen(' ', fertile ? COLOR_LIGHTGREEN : COLOR_LIGHTRED),
dims.menu_x1 + 1,
dims.y1 + 5,
fertile ? "Eggs Fertile" : "Eggs infertile"
);
}
}
}
};
IMPLEMENT_VMETHOD_INTERPOSE(egg_fertile_hook, render);
|
Richard O'Kelly worked with Dean Smith at Walsall and Brentford
New Aston Villa head coach Dean Smith has been joined at the club by Richard O'Kelly, who was his assistant at Brentford and Walsall.
O'Kelly was confirmed as Villa's new assistant head coach on Monday, with former Chelsea and England captain John Terry already announced as Smith's other assistant.
Meanwhile, Thomas Frank, who has worked as assistant head coach at Brentford since December 2016, will continue to take first-team training as the Sky Bet Championship club search for a new manager.
Despite losing both Smith and O'Kelly to Villa, Brentford co-director of football Phil Giles says the duo left Griffin Park in amicable circumstances.
We can confirm that Richard O’Kelly has joined the club as Assistant Head Coach ✍️#PartOfThePride #AVFC pic.twitter.com/Ln4QqqLci7 — Aston Villa FC (@AVFCOfficial) October 15, 2018
He said: "The departure of Dean and Richard happened very quickly but they both left on good terms.
"We understood Dean's desire to take the job at Villa and everyone knows his history at that club. He wanted to take Richard with him and we were able to reach an agreement.
Dean Smith is a boyhood Aston Villa fan
"I would like to take this opportunity to thank them both for all their work at Brentford FC, and look forward to meeting up with them again in future fixtures."
Smith made the decision to leave Brentford - who have received compensation from Villa - to join the club he supports, despite the Bees being eight places better off in the Championship.
His first match will be at home to Swansea City on Saturday. |
Not long after Monday turned into Tuesday, while people sat on the patio at Bar Italia, shots were fired outside the bar.
"At the time we didn't know they were gunshots," said witness Bruce Haddad. "But now we know we heard 4 or 5 gunshots. And so I went over and looked out the window and saw two guys running away from Bar Italia really fast."
Police said the shooting took place at 12:40 a.m., but would not say if it was inside or outside the restaurant on Corydon Avenue.
When officers arrived, they found two people suffering from gunshot wounds. A 37-year-old man was rushed to hospital in critical condition, and a 28-year-old woman was taken in stable condition. On Wednesday the man died. On Thursday, police identified him as Winnipeg's Noel Talingdan, 37.
Police say it was a dangerous situation for everyone in the area at the time.
"We're talking about a heavily populated, public location," said Const. Tammy Skrabek with the Winnipeg Police Service. "There are a lot of patrons, a lot of people just out minding their own business. So there is a bit of a threat to the public when something like this happens."
At this point in the investigation, police say they aren't certain who the target of the shooting was. No suspects are in custody.
Rhea Collison, the general manager of Bar Italia tells CTV News, "The Bar Italia community is absolutely devastated by what happened."
She calls the shooting a horrendous event, and says her sympathy goes out to the man’s family.
Collison says the man who was shot was a regular customer, and a very nice guy. She believes that while he was at Bar Italia that evening, he wasn't on the patio when the shooting actually happened. |
Bipolar symptoms may begin in teen years
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The number of teenagers who have experienced mania -- a hallmark of bipolar disorder -- is close to the number of adults estimated to have the mood disorder, suggesting that for many the condition begins during adolescence, according to a new study.
"The traditional wisdom has been that mania begins in your 20s and 30s," said Kathleen Ries Merikangas, the study's lead author and chief of the genetic epidemiology branch at the National Institute of Mental Health.
"I think the important thing is for people to recognize that mania does occur in adolescents," she said.
Mania is a mood disorder characterized by excessive energy, a lack of sleep and sometimes risky and impulsive behaviors.
The most common diagnostic definition of bipolar disorder includes alternate cycles of mania and depression, though one type of bipolar diagnosis involves mania alone.
Merikangas said there have been smaller studies estimating how common mania is among children, and she and her colleagues sought to get a better handle on national rates of the disorder in kids.
The study included more than 10,000 teenagers who went through extensive interviews about their moods and behavior.
The research team found that 2.5 percent met the criteria for having had mania and depression, and 2.2 percent of teens had experienced it within the last 12 months.
Also within the year preceding the survey, 1.3 percent of the kids had mania alone and 5.7 percent had depression.
"I think that our data suggest that bipolar disorder is more common in adolescents than previous studies had shown," Merikangas told Reuters Health.
She said it could be because the questions used during the interviews were somewhat broader than what earlier surveys had asked. But all children considered to have a mood disorder in her study met the criteria for diagnosis in the DSM-IV, the standard diagnostic manual for psychiatry.
Merikangas and her colleagues point out in their report, published Monday in the Archives of General Psychiatry, that the rates of mood disorders they found among teenagers are close to what is seen in adults.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, 2.6 percent of adults have had bipolar disorder in the last 12 months.
"This (study) confirms the impression that onset in adolescents is part of the picture for this disorder for many many patients," said Dr. Robert Findling, director of the division of child and adolescent psychiatry at University Hospitals Case Medical Center, in Cleveland, who was not involved in the new study.
The mood disorders also became more common as kids got older.
For instance, 1.4 percent of 13 and 14 year olds met the criteria for mania whereas nearly twice as many 17 and 18 year olds had the disorder.
Dr. Benjamin Goldstein at the Sunnybrook Research Institute in Toronto said this study has made the greatest effort to date in determining how widespread bipolar disorder is among youth.
"I think what stuck out to me most was how severely impaired the adolescents were who were described as having bipolar disorder," said Goldstein, who did not participate in the research.
About one out of every five teens with mania and depression had made a suicide attempt, and more than half had an anxiety or behavior disorder as well.
The study found that only about half of kids with mania and depression had been treated for the disorder.
Goldstein said there are effective treatments for kids with mood disorders.
The study results don't necessarily suggest that the rates of bipolar symptoms in teens are rising.
More likely, Goldstein said, increasing numbers of teens who seek treatment for a psychiatric problem are being diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
"The take home message is that adolescence is when we really see bipolar disorder begin, so we should shift our focus of prevention and intervention earlier in the lifespan," Merikangas said. |
Hire Brian Rhea - kirillzubovsky
http://hirebrianrhea.com/
======
fractalcat
This is one of the least-usable sites I've ever seen.
~~~
jingojango
Hm. I found it pretty entertaining. On a side note, I visited your site,
fractalcat, and got "Unhandled Exception" when I tried to check your blog.
So, cool comment, bro.
~~~
fractalcat
Yeah, but I'm not submitting my homepage to Hacker News seeking work as a UX
dev. :P
Thanks for the heads-up; blog's back up now. That'll learn me to not set up
nagios.
------
thoughtpalette
Gorgeous site. Excellent Front-end and UX/UI skills. Someone hire this Sir.
------
dcope
"Textmate" should read "TextMate".
~~~
brianrhea
Thanks dcope, corrected!
------
PythonDeveloper
Best. resume site. Ever.
~~~
kirillzubovsky
I know, right. It's awesome to see when people put a lot of work into making
these things.
|
Controlling outpatient medical equipment costs through utilization management.
Utilization management programs have been widely used to control hospital inpatient costs, but little is known about their potential to control outpatient costs. Claims data covering a 21-month period beginning in January, 1990 were analyzed to evaluate the effects of a utilization management program established by an insurance carrier to contain costs for durable medical equipment. Four items were targeted for review: seat lifts, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) 2 and TENS 4 units, and power-operated vehicles. The program was associated with significant reductions (P < 0.05) in order requests, supplier charges, and claims payments for three of the four targeted items. Under the program, the rate of denials increased significantly (P < 0.05) for two of the targeted items. Most of the program's cost savings accrued from a "sentinel" or volume effect, not from an increase in denials. These findings provide further evidence of the cost containment potential of utilization management. Focused utilization management programs that target provider groups, patient populations, or service sectors experiencing high volume have the greatest chance of achieving cost savings. |
Amr ibn Uthman
Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan was the eldest or one of the eldest sons of Caliph Uthman and played political and military roles during the caliphates of Mu'awiya I (), Yazid I () and Marwan I ().
Life
Amr was a son of Caliph Uthman () from the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe and his wife Umm Amr bint Jundab ibn Amr of the Daws clan of the Azd tribe. He was born during the rule of Uthman's predecessor, Caliph Umar (). Biographical details about Amr are often confused in the traditional Islamic sources with Amr's full brother Umar. The historian al-Baladhuri (d. 892) asserts that Amr was Uthman's eldest son to have survived the caliph, who was killed in 656, and the historian Mus'ab al-Zubayri (d. 851) holds that Amr was the eldest of Uthman's sons to leave descendants, while the historians Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1492) and al-Qalqashandi (d. 1418) attribute both facts to Umar. Al-Zubayri further relates that Uthman privately named Amr as the second-in-line to succeed him as caliph after the leading companion of Muhammad, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. Amr was relegated to second-in-line because of his young age at the time. According to the modern historian Wilferd Madelung, this testament by Uthman most likely occurred during his illness in the year 644/45 and was discarded as soon as Uthman regained his health.
During the rule of the Damascus-based Caliph Mu'awiya I (), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, Amr married his daughter Ramla and they lived in Medina, the former capital of Amr's father. Amr and Mu'awiya likely maintained friendly ties for much of the caliph's reign, but latent tension may have developed between them due to Mu'awiya's suspicions of Amr's ambitions for the caliphate and the influence of their Umayyad kinsman Marwan ibn al-Hakam over Amr to pursue the caliphate. The modern historian Asad Q. Ahmed views these claims as difficult to "verify or refute". Amr's role in the Battle of al-Harra in 683 between the Syrian army of Mu'awiya's son and successor Yazid I () and the people of Medina who declared rebellion against the caliph is inconsistently reported in the traditional sources: al-Baladhuri holds that Amr fought alongside the Medinese and was consequently castigated and flogged by the victorious Syrian general Muslim ibn Uqba; Awana ibn al-Hakam holds that Amr was not expelled with the rest of the Umayyads of Medina, remained in the city and was punished by Ibn Uqba; while Abu Mikhnaf claims Amr was expelled with the Umayyads but refused to divulge intelligence about Medina's defenses as requested by Ibn Uqba.
After Marwan, who had been expelled from Medina in 683, was elected caliph by the Syrian loyalists of the Umayyads in 684, Amr refused to recognize his caliphate. Nonetheless, there was apparently close ties between Amr and Marwan's household; Amr or Umar was married to Marwan's niece Umm Kulthum bint al-Harith ibn al-Hakam and married off his own daughter Umm Ayyub to Marwan's son and successor Caliph Abd al-Malik (). Amr continued to live in the Hejaz and died in Mina.
Descendants
From his marriage to Ramla, Amr had two sons, Uthman and Khalid. The former died childless, while Khalid became a dignitary of Medina with several descendants who forged strong marital, political and economic links with the rest of the Umayyad clan in Syria and Medina. Amr had a son named Umar from a slave woman; though there is scant mention of Umar in the historical record, his son Abd Allah al-Arji became a well-known Umayyad poet in Medina, fought in the anti-Byzantine campaigns of the Umayyad general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, was imprisoned for wine drinking and died in a Medina jail during the reign of Caliph Hisham.
References
Bibliography
Category:630s births
Category:7th-century Arabs
Category:Umayyad dynasty
Category:People of the Second Fitna |
Diane Kearns
Diane knew she found herself in 1989 on her first climb, Mt. Rainier. This experience eventually led her to become a climbing instructor and co-owner of Seneca Rocks Climbing School. Diane tries to fit enough climbing, skiing, and running in between pushing a pencil (accounting type stuff) at SRCS, The Gendarme, Mountain Trails, and Fruit Hill Orchard, her family’s apple orchard operation in addition to being an instructor and guide at SRCS.
Diane has climbed on the east coast of Greenland and summited the three highest mountains there. She has been on two high altitude climbing expeditions to Nepal, Baruntse in 1993 and Ama Dablam in 1995. She and husband Arthur climbed on Illimani in Bolivia in 1996 and have made several trips to the western US.
Diane also enjoys climbing with the girls; on all-girl ventures she has climbed the Mirroir de’Argentine and the Dibona in the Alps, the Southwest ridge of Mt. Adamant in Canada, and attempted the Southwest Buttress on Denali.
Diane was also the first American female to cross Greenland’s icecap in 1998. |
LONDON — Europeans largely consider the death penalty a particularly brutal American anachronism, but the prolonged death of Clayton D. Lockett in Oklahoma, after a botched execution by lethal injection, produced more than the usual horror on Wednesday.
The death penalty is banned in the European Union, which has also moved to ban the export of sedatives like sodium thiopental for use in lethal injections. The drug’s producer has stopped making it, and other European companies have sought to prevent their drugs from being used for executions, fearing European Union sanctions. As a result, the authorities in Oklahoma, and officials in other states, have been improvising new mixtures of drugs.
According to the International Commission Against the Death Penalty, based in Switzerland, Belarus is the only European country that still carries out legal executions, usually by a gunshot to the head. But for some Europeans on Wednesday, even that method of killing seemed humane compared with what Mr. Lockett suffered until his heart stopped, about 43 minutes after the process began. Many here agreed with Madeline Cohen, a lawyer who witnessed the execution, who said that Mr. Lockett had been “tortured to death.” |
What to Know The coronavirus, known as COVID-19, originated in China.
The illness has killed more than 2,600 people, the vast majority of them in China. More than 80,000 cases have been reported.
Health officials said the person "is expected to fully recover.''
A Riverside County resident who was evacuated from the Diamond Princess cruise ship off the coast of Japan has tested positive for the coronavirus and is being treated in Northern California, county health officials said Tuesday.
The patient was not identified. Health officials said the person "is expected to fully recover.''
Cameron Kaiser, the county's public health officer, said the person is being closely monitored and there are no indications of any local exposures in Riverside County. There are no confirmed cases of the virus in Riverside County.
The coronavirus, known as COVID-19, originated in China. The illness has killed more than 2,600 people, the vast majority of them in China. More than 80,000 cases have been reported. |
Map of Germany locating Leipzig, where a Syrian man suspected of plotting a bomb attack was arrested (photo by: AFP/AFP)
After it emerged on Saturday that a Syrian refugee was wanted for amassing explosives in his apartment in the eastern town of Chemnitz, there has been concern it might cast a cloud of suspicion over others.1
"What they've done is proof of their deep respect for their host country, Germany.... It's hard to imagine greater integration (in the country). This is exemplary."
"The young men deserve the Federal Cross of Merit," Social Democrat defence expert Johannes Kahrs told Bild daily, referring to Germany's highest honour for civilians.
Calls grew Wednesday for Germany to honour three Syrian "heroes" who captured a compatriot suspected of plotting to bomb a Berlin airport in the name of the Islamic State group.
The arrival of 890,000 refugees last year has polarised Germany and misgivings run particularly deep in the ex-communist east, even more so since two IS-linked attacks hit Germany in July carried out by Syrian asylum-seekers.
But the mood turned somewhat when it emerged that the bomb p
lot suspect, Jaber Albakr, was turned in to police by three of his compatriots -- all refugees themselves.
The top-selling Bild daily described the trio as "the Syrian heroes from Leipzig" and asked: "Will they be fast-tracked to become German citizens?"
By Wednesday, more than 23,000 people had signed an online petition on change.org urging the eastern state of Saxony to honour the three for their valour.
'Tried to bribe us'
The Syrians had unwittingly invited the 22-year-old fugitive to stay at their apartment in the state's city of Leipzig.
They only realised later that Albakr was on the run from police, who on Saturday raided his apartment and found 1.5 kilos (over three pounds) of TATP, the homemade explosive used by Islamic State jihadists in the Paris and Brussels attacks.
After seeing the police appeals for information in Arabic on Facebook, the Syrians quickly overpowered the fugitive, tied him up, and called in officers to take him away.
Albakr had offered them money to let him go, they later said.
The EU's revised migrant quotas (photo by: Alain BOMMENEL, Laurence SAUBADU/AFP)
"He tried to bribe us, but we told him he could give us as much money as he wanted, we wouldn't free him," one of the men told RTL television, speaking with his back to the camera and identified only as Mohamed A., for fear of reprisals.
"Then we got an electrical cord and tied him up until the police got there," he said.
"I was furious with him, I couldn't accept something like this -- especially here in Germany, the country that opened its doors to us."
'Courageous action'
Asked if the government would be willing to honour the Syrians with the Federal Cross of Merit, spokesman Steffen Seibert recognised their contribution and than
ked them for their action, but said it was up to the president to make that decision.
"They acted courageously and decisively, and possibly prevented a major disaster," he said.
Noting that when it comes to foreigners, it is up to Germany's foreign ministry to nominate possible candidates for the honour, spokesman Martin Schaefer said his ministry was likely "to take a positive view" on the suggestion.
The trio's courageous action was not only celebrated by Germans, but also particularly feted on social media by tens of thousands of fellow Syrians who have sought asylum in Germany.
Neighbouring France granted citizenship to an undocumented migrant from Mali, Lassana Bathily, after he saved shoppers' lives during a jihadist attack on a Jewish supermarket in Paris last year.
And three Americans who helped thwart an attack on a train in France last year were awarded the Legion of Honour, the country's highest decoration.
Germany's domestic intelligence chief Hans-Georg Maassen said his service had received information that Albakr "initially wanted to target trains in Germany before finally deciding on one of Berlin's airports".
Investigators said explosives found in Albakr's apartment were "almost ready or even ready for use," and that he was apparently preparing a "bomb, possibly in the form of a suicide vest". |
package service
import (
"context"
"encoding/json"
"testing"
. "github.com/smartystreets/goconvey/convey"
)
func TestService_UpArcStat(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test up stat", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(883968)
data, err := s.UpArcStat(context.Background(), mid)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
Printf("%+v", data)
}))
}
func TestService_SetTopArc(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test set top arc", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(15555180)
aid := int64(5464686)
reason := "11123"
err := s.SetTopArc(context.Background(), mid, aid, reason)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
}))
}
func TestService_TopArc(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test top arc", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(0)
vmid := int64(15555180)
data, err := s.TopArc(context.Background(), mid, vmid)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
str, _ := json.Marshal(data)
Println(string(str))
}))
}
func TestService_DelTopArc(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test del top arc", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(16913)
err := s.DelTopArc(context.Background(), mid)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
}))
}
func TestService_Masterpiece(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test masterpiece", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(0)
vmid := int64(15555180)
data, err := s.Masterpiece(context.Background(), mid, vmid)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
str, _ := json.Marshal(data)
Println(string(str))
}))
}
func TestService_EditMasterpiece(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test masterpiece", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(15555180)
preAid := int64(5464686)
aid := int64(10098536)
//aid := int64(5464827)
reason := "test edit"
err := s.EditMasterpiece(context.Background(), mid, preAid, aid, reason)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
}))
}
func TestService_AddMasterpiece(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test masterpiece", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(15555180)
aid := int64(5464827)
reason := "test add"
err := s.AddMasterpiece(context.Background(), mid, aid, reason)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
}))
}
func TestService_CancelMasterpiece(t *testing.T) {
Convey("test masterpiece", t, WithService(func(s *Service) {
mid := int64(15555180)
aid := int64(5464827)
err := s.CancelMasterpiece(context.Background(), mid, aid)
So(err, ShouldBeNil)
}))
}
|
Q:
Is there a simple algorithm for calculating the maximum inscribed circle into a convex polygon?
I found some solutions, but they're too messy.
A:
Yes. The Chebyshev center, x*, of a set C is the center of the largest ball that lies inside C. [Boyd, p. 416] When C is a convex set, then this problem is a convex optimization problem.
Better yet, when C is a polyhedron, then this problem becomes a linear program.
Suppose the m-sided polyhedron C is defined by a set of linear inequalities: ai^T x <= bi, for i in {1, 2, ..., m}. Then the problem becomes
maximize R
such that ai^T x + R||a|| <= bi, i in {1, 2, ..., m}
R >= 0
where the variables of minimization are R and x, and ||a|| is the Euclidean norm of a.
A:
Summary: It is not trivial. So it is very unlikely that it will not get messy. But there are some lecture slides which you may find useful.
Source: http://www.eggheadcafe.com/software/aspnet/30304481/finding-the-maximum-inscribed-circle-in-c.aspx
Your problem is not trivial, and there
is no C# code that does this straight
out of the box. You will have to write
your own. I found the problem
intriguing, and did some research, so
here are a few clues that may help.
First, here's an answer in "plain
English" from mathforum.org:
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/67030.html
The answer references Voronoi Diagrams
as a methodology for making the
process more efficient. In researching
Voronoi diagrams, in conjunction with
the "maximum empty circle" problem
(same problem, different name), I came
across this informative paper:
http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~held/teaching/compgeo/slides/vd_slides.pdf
It was written by Martin Held, a
Computational Geometry professor at
the University of Salzberg in Austria.
Further investigation of Dr. Held's
writings yielded a couple of good
articles:
http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~held/projects/vroni/vroni.html
http://www.cosy.sbg.ac.at/~held/projects/triang/triang.html
Further research into Vornoi Diagrams
yielded the following site:
http://www.voronoi.com/
This site has lots of information,
code in various languages, and links
to other resources.
Finally, here is the URL to the
Mathematics and Computational Sciences
Division of the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (U.S.), a
wealth of information and links
regarding mathematics of all sorts:
http://math.nist.gov/mcsd/
-- HTH,
Kevin Spencer Microsoft MVP
A:
Perhaps these "too messy" solutions are what you actually looking for, and there are no simplier ones?
I can suggest a simple, but potentially imprecise solution, which uses numerical analysis. Assume you have a resilient ball, and you inflate it, starting from radius zero. If its center is not in the center you're looking for, then it will move, because the walls would "push" it in the proper direction, until it reaches the point, from where he can't move anywhere else. I guess, for a convex polygon, the ball will eventually move to the point where it has maximum radius.
You can write a program that emulates the process of circle inflation. Start with an arbitrary point, and "inflate" the circle until it reaches a wall. If you keep inflating it, it will move in one of the directions that don't make it any closer to the walls it already encounters. You can determine the possible ways where it could move by drawing the lines that are parallel to the walls through the center you're currently at.
In this example, the ball would move in one of the directions marked with green:
(source: coldattic.info)
Then, move your ball slightly in one of these directions (a good choice might be moving along the bisection of the angle), and repeat the step. If the new radius would be less than the one you have, retreat and decrease the pace you move it. When you'll have to make your pace less than a value of, say, 1 inch, then you've found the centre with precision of 1 in. (If you're going to draw it on a screen, precision of 0.5 pixel would be good enough, I guess).
If an imprecise solution is enough for you, this is simple enough, I guess.
|
/*
The MIT License
Copyright (c) 2017-2019 EclipseSource Munich
https://github.com/eclipsesource/jsonforms
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
*/
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import {
JsonFormsAngularService,
JsonFormsBaseRenderer
} from '@jsonforms/angular';
import {
getData,
isVisible,
JsonFormsState,
LabelElement,
OwnPropsOfRenderer,
RankedTester,
rankWith,
uiTypeIs,
getAjv
} from '@jsonforms/core';
import { Subscription } from 'rxjs';
const mapStateToProps = (
state: JsonFormsState,
ownProps: OwnPropsOfRenderer
) => {
const visible =
ownProps.visible !== undefined
? ownProps.visible
: isVisible(ownProps.uischema, getData(state), undefined, getAjv(state));
return {
visible
};
};
@Component({
selector: 'LabelRenderer',
template: `
<label class="mat-title" fxFlex> {{ label }} </label>
`
})
export class LabelRenderer extends JsonFormsBaseRenderer<LabelElement> {
label: string;
visible: boolean;
private subscription: Subscription;
constructor(private jsonFormsService: JsonFormsAngularService) {
super();
}
ngOnInit() {
const labelElement = this.uischema;
this.label =
labelElement.text !== undefined &&
labelElement.text !== null &&
labelElement.text;
this.subscription = this.jsonFormsService.$state.subscribe({
next: (state: JsonFormsState) => {
const props = mapStateToProps(state, this.getOwnProps());
this.visible = props.visible;
}
});
}
ngOnDestroy() {
if (this.subscription) {
this.subscription.unsubscribe();
}
}
mapAdditionalProps() {
this.label = this.uischema.text;
}
}
export const LabelRendererTester: RankedTester = rankWith(4, uiTypeIs('Label'));
|
using System;
namespace Specification {
public class ExpressionSpecification<TTarget> : CompositSpecification<TTarget> {
readonly Func<TTarget, bool> expression;
public ExpressionSpecification(Func<TTarget, bool> expression) {
this.expression = expression;
}
public override bool IsSatisfiedBy(TTarget candidate) {
return expression(candidate);
}
}
}
|
Subjects
Tuesday, December 4, 2012
Cash Balance Plans
"The real reason that we
can't have the Ten Commandments in a courthouse: You cannot post 'Thou shalt
not steal,' 'Thou shalt not commit adultery,' and 'Thou shalt not lie' in a
building full of lawyers, judges, and politicians. It creates a hostile work
environment." – George Carlin
"A cash balance plan splits the difference in that it provides a guaranteed minimum benefit for every employee but has predictable and manageable cost and is not susceptible to abuse." - According to Rep. Dan Biss of Skokie, whose fingerprints are all over the proposed change.
Cash Balance Plan (…like a pension only really different)
Noun: A Cash Balance Plan is just one of the many proposed moving parts put forth by Rep. Elaine Nekritz of Northbrook and Rep. Dan Biss of Skokie in another immoral attempt to stop Illinois' fiscal bleeding by bleeding the minority the General Assembly and the various Governors cheated to begin with. Don't be fooled by the saccharine description that will by provided by legislators like Biss. While they will promise you that a cash balance plan is a better compromise between the mismanagement of pensions and the risky self-management of 401(k)'s, it was never intended to provide for a stable retirement.
A Cash Balance Plan
is another variation on retirement savings plans developed in the 1980’s that
is both deceptively simple yet devilishly complicated. In its design, a Cash
Balance Plan falls into the federally recognized arena of defined
benefits (like a pension) as opposed to defined contributions (like a
401K). There is no simple definition, so
you’ll need to read on.
In essence, the employer
credits a worker, like a teacher, each working year a percentage (usually 4 –
5%) of her salary, which becomes a “hypothetical” account balance that grows
over the years. For example, let’s say
that Jane the reading teacher earns $30,000 in a year one of her work at the
school. Her “hypothetical” account would
be 4% of $30,000. That would equal
$1,200. Next year, Jane earns
$32,000. Add another 4% ($1,280), and
Jane’s “hypothetical” account has now grown to $2,480. Are you with me so far?
Now let’s add another aspect
to Jane’s “hypothetical” account. The employer will also provide an annual
percentage rate as if the money accumulating in Jane’s hypothetical account
were invested in something like an index or long-term Treasury bond. Right now, T-Bonds are a little under 3%, but
the employer will have to maintain that number and accept the risk throughout
Jane’s tenure at the school. In year
one, Jane has no interest as her “hypothetical” account starts. But in year two, she can figure an additional
$34.80 in interest added to her “hypothetical” account.
By the way, hypothetical
means just that. There is no real money
in any account, but the employer is responsible for actuarially maintaining
that record for later dispersing of funds “hypothetically” earned.
This alternative defined benefit plan has
become the darling of Representative Biss’ approach to solving the “pension
crisis.” In fact, Representative Biss (Skokie), whose proposal for a cash
balance plan in HB1673 was deleted only after Speaker Madigan handed the dying
bill to Rep. Cross last spring, still strongly considers this concept a positive
alternative for both Tiers of public employees.
The plan in HB1673 was a replica of his initial proposal in his own HB6149. Now we see its re-appearance in a proposed new bill HB6258 - being launched in the Veto Session. According to the legislator Biss, in the spring he wanted to make improvements to "the inadequate benefit offered Tier II employees and preserve the
existing defined benefit… for Tier I employees" (Representative Biss in a May 2012 email communication). Last spring Biss offered choices for cash balance plans. His new proposal, on the oher hand, will place all new hires since 2011 in a Cash Balance Plan. And, because of Representative Biss' connections to the pension
committee, which will once again hammer out the details of the next proposals
sure to come at us in November through January, we should all be aware of his
involvement and strong advocacy for this kind of retirement plan.
Second, let me try and make this simple. The main
differences between reading teacher Jane’s defined benefit pension and a Cash Balance Plan(CBP) are these (to name a few):
A CBP is a slowly building “hypothetical account” which
takes into account all of your years of service, and it is not
calculated at all like our current pensions. Many years from now, instead of calculating
Jane’s retirement by averaging the last four years of her earnings and a
percentage based upon the number of years of service, it will include all the early
years for which Jane made very little compensation. This is especially impactful for teachers who
have received pay increases over the years as well as later increased
compensation for educational advancements and degrees.
A CBP
is a completely portable account; consequently, it is very alluring to those
who move from one job to another (unlike most educators) and likewise serviceable
to employers. After two years of
service, the State of Illinois (or local school district – but that’s
another earlier vocab) can cut a check for Jane for $2,480 and send her on
her way. Oops, she’ll also get that
nearly 3% per year in hypothetical interest too. Or $34.80.
Let’s talk about that
interest, too. What if returns on
investments increase? What if the Great
Recession ends in the next ten or thirty years? What if the market returns on
investments become much more than just under 3%. Does Jane get that too? Sorry, no.
The employer reaps any extras off of Jane’s hypothetical accounts. Of course, the employer will argue that it
took on the risk to begin with.
Starting to see how this works?Cash Balance Plans were first developed in the 1980’s
by Kwasha-Lipton, a New Jersey investment firm, as a means to capture surplus dollars from
employee pension plans without running afoul of the IRS for not paying the
federal taxes on money taken out of employee pension plans (Schulz, Ellen. Retirement Heist). Regular pensions
produce rapid growth in value at the end of a career, but by creating an
instrument that grows slowly at a flat rate, money can be saved (or diverted)
from pension responsibilities. Multiple
those by a hundred thousand or more, and you’ve made some seriously big
money. According to Schulz,
Kwasha-Lipton partners determined savings of 25 – 40% in pension costs by
converting to this “new, complicated” product.
To see just how smugly they celebrated their manipulation of middle
class pension savings, take a look at some of their end-of-year parties. One of the
first companies to employ this new concept in order to re-direct funds destined
for workers pensions was Bank of America.
I’m shocked?
It gets
worse. When companies or the State of Illinois
convert to a Cash Balance Plan, they freeze the
old pension, ending its growth. On
occasion, the “old” pension is converted to a lump sum which becomes the new
“hypothetical account balance.” The
balance now grows by a flat rate of 4%, killing any leveraged growth. The older a worker, or the more time vested
in the regular pension plan, the greater the suffering. For example, a teacher like Kenneth, who has
over 30 years in the system, my have an opening account balance of nearly
$200,000 to start. But remember that at
9.4% per year, Kenneth has already contributed well over that amount – more
like $300,000. It will take Ken many
more years to build back that contribution amount. When Cash Balance Plans emerged in the
business world, age discrimination suits became a new growth industry. Later legal federal adjustments were made to
provide some protections for the elderly and vested employee. On the other hand, these instruments and
their half-sister, the 401 (k), were developed to provide portability to a more
mobile work force and savings for employers who faced promises of pensions to
an aging work force.
Finally, Cash Balance Plans are required by law to fulfill at
least one aspect of a defined benefit: they must provide an annuity payment for
the balance of a retiree’s life (or offer a lump sum pay out). Most workers wanting to manage their own end
of life savings/retirement choose the latter, but others will accept the annual
guaranteed pension benefit. How much per
month? Unlike a pension, you’d better
look at it from an annual perspective. According
to a recent CBS analysis of Cash Balance Plans vs. Insurance Annuities (2012),
the average annual pay out for those who desire the CBP
annuity for life is about $8,000 per
year for every $100,000 saved in their eventual "hypothetical account." See cash balance retirement plans: annuity options.
At those rates, young Jane
better have well over a million in her hypothetical account when its time to
leave. At those rates, the State of
Illinois will be able to begin having public employees pay down the debt
created by years of underfunding. Indeed, the unfunded liability is expected to be completely taken care of in a mere thirty years if Rep. Nekritz and Rep. Biss can get HB6258 or another yet unnumbered bill passed. Stop the bleeding? Remember, my fellow public employee, the target has always been you and
me.
About Me
I am a retiree, political activist, social advocate and community volunteer. I taught at Lyons Township High School in LaGrange for 34 years in the Language Arts classroom and worked as an administrator for several years. My current avocations include various community outreach and assistance programs. Having benefitted from employment in a collegial, reflective teaching environment that encouraged dedication and professionalism, I continue to seek the promotion of education at all levels as a long-term effort combining talent, perseverance, commitment, and constant professional growth - not a blind adherence to a business model of measured production.
Copyrights & Fair Use
This blog contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. I am making such material available in my efforts to advance understanding of issues vital to a democracy. I believe this constitutes a “fair use” of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law. |
Release date
Platform support
The main platform we support is Linux. However, we also compile cedar on Mac OSX and Windows
machines, so they should work as well, and we plan to fully support them in the very near future.
What's planned for the future?
There is still a huge list of features we want to implement. Fully completing it in a short time,
unfortunately, exceeds our available time and resources. You can find out what we plan to do in the short run
by looking at our tracker and searching for our next release dubbed "ludicrous lute". If you do not find a feature
in there, do not hesitate to let us know!
How to get started
If you want to get started, you should first download and install cedar. Once done, have a look at the
documentation - it should provide you with everything you need to get started.
Please visit our bitbucket page
if you want to check out the latest source code from the repository.
cedar VM
We offer a virtual machine that comes with a pre-installed cedar. This is the easiest way to test out our software. In our own experience, it takes less than 5 minutes after downloading and unzipping the archive below to start up cedar.
Download
Here you can download the virtual machine containing cedar. You need to install VirtualBox on your machine before using our VM. An installation guide (README) is included in the zip archive.
cedar plugins
cedar can be extended at run-time with plugins (as explained here). We have collected a list of plugins that might be interesting for you. If you are developing your own plugin and believe that it could be interesting for a broader audience, please write us an e-mail, so that we can include your project in this list. We ask you to provide a short description of the plugin, a public repository either on bitbucket or github, and a readme.me file in the base folder of the plugin that describes the content of the plugin and build instructions if necessary. Please also state the version of cedar your plugin compiles against (release or development, possibly a version number). |
Rafael Devers has earned a conversation reserved for a select few in Major League Baseball.
According to a source, the Red Sox are planning on offering Devers a contract extension in the offseason. The team has not extended the 22-year-old such an offer to date.
Devers is completing just his second full big-league season, making $614,500 in 2019. He will be eligible for arbitration after the 2020 campaign.
Mike Trout holds the record for largest extension for a player signing an extension with two-plus years service time, inking a six-year, $144.5 million deal. The longest pre-arbitration extension signed is Ryan Braun, who agreed to an eight-year deal with Milwaukee in 2008.
A good comparison for Devers might be Alex Bregman, who inked a five-year, $100 million contract last March. At the time of the agreement (which doesn't kick in until 2020) the Astros third baseman carried roughly the same level of service time the Sox slugger will possess heading into next season. The pair have very similar numbers -- in terms of batting average, OPS and home runs -- after their first two full major league seasons.
Devers headed into Saturday leading the majors with 89 extra-base hits and is the first player with 89 or more extra-base hits before turning 23 since Alex Rodriguez (91 in 1996). With two games left in the regular season he was hitting .309 with a .916 OPS and 32 homers.
Such an extension will become increasingly important for the Red Sox, whose ownership group has stated its goal heading into 2020 is to cut payroll to under $208 million. |
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<h2 title="Uses of Class kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader" class="title">Uses of Class<br>kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader</h2>
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<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing packages, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Packages that use <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Package</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><a href="#kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object</a></td>
<td class="colLast"> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><a href="#kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.docinfo">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.docinfo</a></td>
<td class="colLast"> </td>
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<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><a href="#kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc</a></td>
<td class="colLast"> </td>
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<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><a href="#kr.dogfoot.hwplib.util.compoundFile.reader">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.util.compoundFile.reader</a></td>
<td class="colLast"> </td>
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<h3>Uses of <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object</a></h3>
<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing methods, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Methods in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object</a> that return <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Method and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">RecordHeader.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html#copy--">copy</a></span>()</code>
<div class="block">새로운 레코드 헤더 객체를 생성하고 값을 복사한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li class="blockList"><a name="kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.docinfo">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Uses of <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.docinfo</a></h3>
<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing methods, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Methods in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.docinfo</a> with parameters of type <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Method and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/UnknownRecord.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc">UnknownRecord</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#addNewMemoShape-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">addNewMemoShape</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">새로운 메모 모양 객체를 생성하고 리스트에 추가한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/UnknownRecord.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc">UnknownRecord</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#addNewTrackChange2-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">addNewTrackChange2</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">새로운 [변경 추적 내용 및 모양] 객체를 생성하고 리스트에 추가한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/UnknownRecord.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc">UnknownRecord</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#addNewTrackChangeAuthor-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">addNewTrackChangeAuthor</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">새로운 [변경 추적 작성자] 객체를 생성하고 리스트에 추가한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#createDistributeDocData-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">createDistributeDocData</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">배포용 문서 데이터 객체를 생성한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#createDocData-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">createDocData</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">문서 임의의 데이터 객체를 생성한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#createForbiddenChar-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">createForbiddenChar</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">금칙처리 문자 객체를 생성한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">DocInfo.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/docinfo/DocInfo.html#createTrackChange-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">createTrackChange</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> rh)</code>
<div class="block">변경 추적 정보 객체를 생성한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li class="blockList"><a name="kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Uses of <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc</a></h3>
<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing methods, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Methods in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc</a> that return <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Method and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">UnknownRecord.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/UnknownRecord.html#getHeader--">getHeader</a></span>()</code>
<div class="block">레코드 헤더를 반환한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing methods, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Methods in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc</a> with parameters of type <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Method and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code>void</code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">UnknownRecord.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/UnknownRecord.html#setHeader-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">setHeader</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> header)</code>
<div class="block">레코드 헤더를 설정한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing constructors, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Constructors in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.etc</a> with parameters of type <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colOne" scope="col">Constructor and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colLast"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/etc/UnknownRecord.html#UnknownRecord-kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object.RecordHeader-">UnknownRecord</a></span>(<a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> header)</code>
<div class="block">생성자</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li class="blockList"><a name="kr.dogfoot.hwplib.util.compoundFile.reader">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Uses of <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a> in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/util/compoundFile/reader/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.util.compoundFile.reader</a></h3>
<table class="useSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Use table, listing methods, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Methods in <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/util/compoundFile/reader/package-summary.html">kr.dogfoot.hwplib.util.compoundFile.reader</a> that return <a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
<th class="colLast" scope="col">Method and Description</th>
</tr>
<tbody>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">StreamReader.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/util/compoundFile/reader/StreamReader.html#getCurrentRecordHeader--">getCurrentRecordHeader</a></span>()</code>
<div class="block">현재 레코드 헤더를 반환한다.</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colFirst"><code><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/object/RecordHeader.html" title="class in kr.dogfoot.hwplib.object">RecordHeader</a></code></td>
<td class="colLast"><span class="typeNameLabel">StreamReader.</span><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../../../../../kr/dogfoot/hwplib/util/compoundFile/reader/StreamReader.html#readRecordHeder--">readRecordHeder</a></span>()</code>
<div class="block">한글 레코드 헤더를 읽어서 반환한다.</div>
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‘Brand-Tech’ Firm You & Mr Jones Acquires Another Startup, This Time to Tackle Mobile Brand Safety
Latest acquisition from ex-agency vet David Jones
Former Havas CEO David Jones is adding another startup to his “brand technology” company You & Mr Jones, this time to tackle mobile brand safety.
The firm has acquired a majority stake in Mobkoi, a London-based mobile shop that handles media planning, buying, creative and campaign delivery for clients including GE, Mulberry, Nespresso and Bentley.
“It’s a great business in a very fast-growing and increasingly important vertical—mobile,” Jones, founder and CEO of You & Mr Jones, said. “We can help make it a truly global business by helping them with their geographic expansion.”
To address brand safety, Mobkoi uses a whitelisting process that lets brands pick individual websites from a list of 1,000 publishers, including the BBC, The Financial Times, Vogue, Bloomberg and Reuters, to determine where their ads appear.
For example, Nespresso may request to only run mobile ads on GQ’s website. “Our whitelists can be as short as one or two publications,” explained Mobkoi co-founder and CEO Quentin Le Pape.
From there, advertisers can zero in on specific sections or verticals within mobile apps and websites and then use what’s called “negative keyword targeting” to eliminate promos from running alongside negative content.
Mobkoi founders Guillaume and Quentin Le Pape
Since founding Mobkoi in 2014, brothers Quentin and Guillaume Le Pape have opened offices in France and Germany. As part of the acquisition, Mobkoi is opening an office in New York and other locations in Dubai, Singapore and Sydney. Jones described the upcoming opening of the office in New York as similar to when the firm acquired European data company fifty-five last year. Fifty-five now has an office in New York with 20 staffers who work with brands like Calvin Klein, Chanel and Shiseido.
“Mobkoi has built an extremely impressive business that combines the power of storytelling with the latest in mobile technology,” Jones said. “Importantly, the company also helps luxury and premium brands address the key issue of brand safety and ensure that their content is appearing in the environments where it deserves to be.”
Jones launched You & Mr Jones in 2015 to focus on acquiring tech firms to help build brands. In addition to Mobkoi and fifty-five, Jones’ firm has acquired Mofilm and theAmplify and launched two startups, Blood and Mosaic. You & Mr Jones has also invested in 13 tech companies including Ninantic, Mashable and Beeswax. |
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549 Pa. 1 (1997)
700 A.2d 395
DARIEN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT, INC., Appellant,
v.
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania, PUBLIC SCHOOL EMPLOYES' RETIREMENT SYSTEM, Appellee.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued January 28, 1997.
Decided August 20, 1997.
*2 Gerald Gornish and Jerome J. Shestack, Philadelphia, for Darien Capital Management, Inc.
James J. Kutz and Joseph D. Shelby, Harrisburg, for the Commonwealth, Public School Employes' Retirement System.
Before FLAHERTY, C.J. and ZAPPALA, CAPPY, CASTILLE and NIGRO, JJ.
OPINION
CAPPY, Justice.
We granted allocatur limited to the issues of whether the Commonwealth Court erred in concluding that the applicable statute of limitations had expired prior to the filing of Appellant Darien Capital Management, Inc.'s ("Darien") claim, and whether the principle of estoppel is applicable to this case. Because the applicable statute of limitations had not expired *3 prior to the filing of Darien's claim, we reverse the order of the Commonwealth Court and remand to the Board of Claims (the "Board") for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Darien manages investments for pension funds. Beginning in July, 1989, Darien provided services for Appellee Pennsylvania Public School Employes' Retirement System ("PSERS"). Darien and PSERS entered into an agreement, executed by Darien on July 20, 1990, pursuant to which Darien would manage an "option over-writing account" for PSERS. This agreement had a term of five years, but could be terminated by either party upon thirty days written notice. The agreement provided that Darien would receive a minimum annual "base management fee" of five basis points, which amounted to $62,500 per quarter, regardless of the results Darien obtained from its investments, and an "incentive fee" equal to 20% of any profits earned by Darien for PSERS, less certain deductions. The profit amount on which the incentive fee was to be based would be calculated on the last day of each calendar year.
The profits shown in Darien's program on December 31, 1990, totalled $23,543,984.00. On or about January 4, 1991, Darien sent an invoice to PSERS for $4,591,297.00, which represented 20% of the profits earned as of December 31, 1990.[1] PSERS reviewed the invoiced amount and, after audit, both parties agreed that the actual amount of the incentive fee should be $4,121,297.00.
PSERS had doubts about Darien's investment style and doubts about the whole incentive fee being calculated on only one day of the year. As a result of PSERS's concerns, on March 5, 1991, Darien sent to PSERS a proposed addendum to the agreement providing for a change in the method of calculation of the incentive fee, whereby 25% of net incentive fees owed at the end of each calendar quarter would be *4 payable.[2] This addendum was never executed by either party.[3]
On March 6 or 8, 1991, Darien sent to PSERS a revised invoice for $1,030,324, which was 25% of the incentive fee calculated as of December 31, 1990. PSERS, through the Treasury Department, paid the invoice on March 22, 1991.
Darien continued to provide services to PSERS through 1991. On April 1, 1991, Darien invoiced PSERS for Darien's first quarter base management fee in the amount of $62,500. PSERS paid this invoice. PSERS also paid Darien's quarterly invoices for the base management fees in July, 1991, and October, 1991.
Ultimately, on December 18, 1991, Darien sent an invoice to PSERS for the $3,090,973 unpaid portion of the 1990 incentive fee.[4] Following receipt of Darien's invoice, PSERS decided to terminate the agreement. On February 7, 1992, PSERS, by letter, advised Darien that its services were terminated. On or about February 11, 1992, PSERS's chief counsel informed *5 Darien that its invoice for the balance of the 1990 incentive fee would not be paid. On March 24, 1992, Darien filed a claim with the Board for the unpaid balance of the 1990 incentive fee, interest, and attorney's fees.
The Board never reached the merits of Darien's incentive fee claim, but instead dismissed Darien's claim as untimely, based on the applicable six month statute of limitations. The Commonwealth Court affirmed. This court granted Appellant's petition for allowance of appeal, limited to the above-stated issues.
The first issue on which this court granted allocatur is whether the applicable statute of limitations had expired prior to the filing of Darien's claim.[5] The applicable statute of limitations for contract claims against the Commonwealth is found at 72 P.S. § 4651-6.[6] This statute provides in relevant part:
the board shall have no power and exercise no jurisdiction over a claim asserted against the Commonwealth unless the claim shall have been filed within six months after it accrued.
Thus, the critical inquiry, and an issue of first impression for this court, is when does a claim "accrue" for purposes of § 4651-6.
As would be expected, PSERS and Darien offer two differing interpretations of when a claim accrues. PSERS contends that the lower tribunals properly found that a claim accrues as soon as a party is able to litigate a claim, that is, when the claimant is able to prepare a detailed statement of the claim. Darien counters that a claim does not accrue until a breach of contract has occurred and the claimant is affirmatively advised *6 that its claim for payment will not be honored by the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth Court has developed a two-prong standard to determine when a claim accrues. A claim accrues when 1) a claimant is first able to litigate his or her claim, e.g., when the amount due under the claim is known and the claimant is capable of preparing a concise and specific written statement detailing the injury, and 2) the claimant is affirmatively notified that he or she will not be paid by the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth Court has required that this denial of a claim be unequivocal. Crawford's Auto Center, Inc. v. Pennsylvania State Police, 655 A.2d 1064, 1072 (Pa. Commw., (1995), appeal denied, 542 Pa. 651, 666 A.2d 1059 (1995); Del-Car Automotive v. Pennsylvania State Police, 154 Pa. Commw. 535, 539, 624 A.2d 262, 264 (1993); Department of Public Welfare v. Ziegler, 117 Pa. Commw. 79, 82, 542 A.2d 226, 228 (1988); Department of Public Welfare v. Town Court Nursing Center, Inc., 97 Pa. Commw. 380, 386, 509 A.2d 950, 954 (1986), appeal denied, 515 Pa. 595, 528 A.2d 603 (1987); Department of Revenue, Bureau of State Lotteries v. Irwin, 82 Pa. Commw. 266, 475 A.2d 902 (1984); Department of Public Welfare v. Ludlow Clinical Laboratories, Inc. 64 Pa. Commw. 178, 439 A.2d 242 (1982). Thus, both of these prongs must be satisfied before a claim may considered to have accrued.
The Board and the Commonwealth Court did not apply this standard in determining when the statute of limitations had run in this case, but instead, considered only the first prong of the two-prong standard. In concluding that the claim had accrued in March, 1991, the time at which Darien had sent the revised invoice to PSERS for the incentive fee, the Board explained that the case represented an example of how a claim may accrue, even in the absence of an affirmative refusal to pay, citing the Commonwealth Court's decision in Philanthropic Consultants, Inc. v. Department of General Services and Department of Public Welfare, 155 Pa. Commw. 460, 625 A.2d 198 (1993), appeal denied, 535 Pa. 650, 633 A.2d 154 (1993).
*7 In affirming the Board's order, the Commonwealth Court, in an attempt to "clearly" set forth the law in this area, declared that a claim accrues when "the injured party is first able to litigate its claim that is, when that party is able to prepare a detailed statement of the claim," also citing Philanthropic for support. Darien, 668 A.2d at 213. Applying that standard, the Commonwealth Court concluded that Darien's claim accrued in January, 1991, the date Darien originally sent its invoice for the 1990 incentive fee to PSERS. In so doing, the Commonwealth Court explicitly recognized that the time of accrual was before any unequivocal denial of Darien's claim.
Therefore, to resolve when Darien's claim accrued, we must consider the apparent conflict between the general standard and the truncated standard as articulated by the Commonwealth Court in this matter, and to do that, we must review the Commonwealth Court's decision in Philanthropic.
In Philanthropic, the Department of Public Welfare ("DPW"), acting through the Department of General Services, entered into a lease agreement with Philanthropic Consultants, Inc. ("Philanthropic"), a commercial landlord, for certain rooms of a building for storing inactive DPW files. A subsequent inspection of the building by Philanthropic revealed structural damage to the building which was believed to have been caused by the storage of the files. Philanthropic informed DPW of the situation and after an engineer's report confirmed the cause of the damage, DPW notified Philanthropic that it would be vacating the building. On March 29, 1989, DPW advised Philanthropic that the DPW lease was being cancelled, prior to the end of its term, effective April 30, 1989. Fifteen months later, on July 31, 1990, Philanthropic filed a statement of claim with the Board. The statement contained a claim for breach of an implied covenant in the lease because DPW vacated the premises and failed to return the property to Philanthropic in the same condition in which it was leased to DPW. Restoration damages were demanded in addition to lost rent to the end of the lease's term and during repair.
*8 The Board found that Philanthropic's claim was barred by the statute of limitations because its claim had accrued more than six months before the claim was filed. On appeal before the Commonwealth Court, Philanthropic argued that it attempted to contact appropriate officials to settle the matter, but found its demand for payment transferred between various agency officials without any refusal to pay. Therefore, Philanthropic submitted that its cause of action did not accrue until May, 1990, when it received DPW's letter that no "equitable adjustment" could be made regarding the damages.
The Commonwealth Court determined that the claim had accrued before the Commonwealth's refusal to settle, as the extent of damages was known to Philanthropic by no later than April 30, 1989, the date Philanthropic received notification of the cancellation and, thus, breach of the lease.[7] The Philanthropic court noted that while case law suggests that a claim does not accrue until there exists a refusal of payment, the case before it presented a "good example of how in some instances, a claim can accrue notwithstanding the absence of an affirmative refusal to pay." Philanthropic, 155 Pa. Commw. at 468, 625 A.2d at 203. Thus, Philanthropic's claim was deemed to be untimely.
The Philanthropic court explicitly acknowledged the general standard regarding claim accrual and its requirement of an affirmative notice of a refusal to pay, and admitted that it found no case on "all fours" with the circumstances before it. Philanthropic, 155 Pa. Commw. at 468, 625 A.2d at 203. Nevertheless, it chose to disregard the second prong of the two-part standard and created an exception to the general rule regarding claim accrual.
We find this exception to the general standard to be unwarranted. First, the general standard could have been applied in Philanthropic. Philanthropic submitted a demand to DPW for the payment of damages when the DPW vacated its *9 building. Philanthropic contended that the demand was not affirmatively denied until May, 1990. Under the general standard, this is when Philanthropic's claim should have accrued. Thus, the two-prong general standard regarding claim accrual could have been, and should have been, applied in that case.
Moreover, the cases relied upon by the Philanthropic court for its standard were either consistent with the general rule and contained evidence of some affirmative refusal of payment or inapplicable to a determination of claim accrual.[8]
Finally, the Philanthropic court stated that its determination of claim accrual applied only to damages consequent to a breach and did not apply to a situation where there is a delay of payment under a contract for goods or services. Philanthropic, 155 Pa. Commw. at 465 n. 3, 625 A.2d at 201 n. 3. However, the court gave no reasons for such a distinction, and we can find no basis for recognizing a distinction between a failure to pay for damages subsequent to a breach and a failure to pay for services rendered. The situation in Philanthropic where the claimant's demand for payment for damages was not denied by the Commonwealth until a later date, is virtually identical to the situation before us where an invoice for payment of services rendered was not refused until a later time.
We believe that the Commonwealth Court's decision in Philanthropic unnecessarily alters the otherwise bright-line standard that has been established by other panels of the *10 Commonwealth Court regarding claim accrual. Thus, we reject the Philanthropic court's adoption of a standard different from the two-prong standard stated above.
As the Philanthropic court's creation of an exception to the general standard was in error, the Commonwealth Court's "clarification" of the standard for claim accrual in this case which discards the general standard's second requirement of an affirmative and unequivocal notice of a refusal of payment was also in error, and, therefore, is specifically rejected by this court.[9]
Thus, we embrace the well-established standard for claim accrual as most recently stated in Crawford's. In the context of this case, and distilled to its essence, a claim for a failure to pay for services rendered accrues when an invoice for the services is presented and payment by the Commonwealth is affirmatively and unequivocally refused.
Common sense dictates no less. To hold that a claim accrues solely when a party is able to prepare a detailed statement of the claim, would negatively impact both contractors and the Commonwealth by encouraging needless and premature litigation. Specifically, any time the Commonwealth does not pay an invoice within six months, a contractor will be forced to file a precautionary law suit or risk being barred at a later time due to the running of the statute of limitations. Of course, there are many reasons why an invoice may not be paid within six short months which have nothing to do with a refusal of payment. Nevertheless, to protect itself in the event of a subsequent refusal to pay, a prudent contractor will initiate a prophylactic action or be subject to the possibly ruinous effects of the statute of limitations.
Moreover, the filing of a myriad of protective law suits will necessarily create an administrative burden for the Commonwealth, as well as for the Board. To find that a claim accrues *11 merely when a contractor is able to prepare a detailed statement of a claim would be tantamount to encouraging unnecessary litigation, something that this court is loathe to do. In sum, we believe that the strong public policy of minimizing needless litigation would be ill-served by adopting a rule of claim accrual which fails to include a requirement of affirmative and unequivocal notification of the denial of a claim against the Commonwealth.
We now apply our holding to the matter sub judice, to determine whether Darien's claim was filed within the statute of limitations. On or about February 11, 1992, PSERS's chief counsel specifically informed Darien that the invoice for the balance of the 1990 incentive fee would not be paid. We find this notification to constitute the first affirmative and unequivocal refusal by PSERS to pay the outstanding balance of the 1990 incentive fee.[10] Darien filed its claim with the Board for the outstanding incentive fee on March 24, 1992. Thus, applying the above-stated standard regarding claim accrual, Darien's claim was filed well within the applicable six month statute of limitations.
Therefore, we hold that the Commonwealth Court erred in failing to apply the appropriate legal standard in the case at bar, and, as a result, incorrectly determined that the statute of limitations had expired prior to the filing of Darien's claim.[11]*12 The order of the Commonwealth Court is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the Board for proceedings in accordance with this opinion.[12]
NEWMAN, J., did not participate in the consideration or decision of this matter.
NOTES
[1] Specifically, this amount was calculated by applying the 20% to the remainder after subtracting the base fee paid to Darien from July 1, 1988, from the total profits.
[2] The addendum stated:
The following represents a change in only the fee calculation portion of the contract.
Incentive fees owed to the manager shall be calculated quarterly at the end of each calendar quarter according to the existing method and 25% of the fee owed shall be paid to the manager.
The remaining 75% of profits upon which fees are owed shall be carried forward to the end of the next calendar quarter and added to that quarter's profits or losses. If the sum of these two numbers is positive another incentive fee will be owed and 25% will be paid at the end of each quarter.
If the management relationship is terminated by either party any fees owed shall be payable within 60 days.
[3] Before the Board, PSERS contended that the addendum modified the agreement, and, thus, Darien was no longer entitled to the balance of the 1990 incentive fee. The Board rejected this argument, finding that the proposed addendum was of no force or effect, having never been executed or accepted by PSERS. The Commonwealth Court implicitly affirmed this finding, which we find to be supported by the record.
[4] Darien further contends that there was an undisputed record of ongoing negotiations between the parties which ended in December, 1991. We need not determine whether or not such negotiations took place as the above-stated facts are sufficient for resolution of this matter.
[5] This court's standard of review is limited to a determination of whether constitutional rights were violated, whether an error of law was committed, and whether necessary findings of fact were supported by substantial evidence. Com., Com'n on Charitable Organizations v. Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), 502 Pa. 1, 463 A.2d 406 (1983).
[6] Section 6 of the Act of May 20, 1937, P.L. 728, as amended, 72 P.S. § 4651-6.
[7] The Commonwealth Court's opinion is internally inconsistent as to what date Philanthropic was notified of the termination of the lease. At one point in the opinion, the court states that Philanthropic was notified on March 29, 1989, at another point, on April 30, 1989.
[8] The Philanthropic court relied upon Department of Public Welfare v. Federated Security, Inc. 49 Pa. Commw. 411, 411 A.2d 284 (1980) and Department of Community Affairs v. Craftech International, Ltd., 72 Pa. Commw. 162, 456 A.2d 247 (1983) for its abbreviated standard regarding claim accrual. However, Federated Security is consistent with the general standard. In Federated Security, DPW, by letter, advised the claimant that its outstanding invoices would not be paid until a problem with claimant provided services was resolved. In response, the claimant withheld services, and shortly thereafter, DPW terminated the contract. Craftech is simply inapplicable to this issue as it dealt with equitable estoppel rather than claim accrual. In Craftech, the court found that the Department of Community Affairs' conduct concealed facts necessary to institute claimant's action, and, thus, the Department was estopped from asserting the statute of limitations as a defense.
[9] While the Commonwealth Court and PSERS go to great lengths to distinguish cases such as Crawford's and Del-Car, it is sufficient to note that the critical aspect of the holdings regarding claim accrual in those cases is the requirement of an affirmative and unequivocal denial of payment by the Commonwealth.
[10] While the Board did not include in its findings of fact the February 11, notification, as it was not necessary for its disposition of the case, the undisputed testimony of record establishes that on or about February 11, 1992, PSERS gave notice of its refusal to pay the invoice for the balance of the incentive fee.
[11] Although the main thrust of PSERS's brief is that the Board made a factual determination that PSERS denied Darien's incentive fee, the Commonwealth Court found, and the record reveals, that PSERS never denied liability for the fee. Darien, 668 A.2d at 217. Also, the Commonwealth Court rejected the Board's assertion that Darien did not anticipate that the balance of the 1990 incentive fee would be paid. Id. Moreover, while PSERS asserts that the Board made a finding that "by its actions" PSERS alerted Darien that it had no intention of paying the balance of the incentive fee, a finding made without reference to the record, our review of the record discloses that there were no "actions," other than the notification of February 11, 1992, which would satisfy the requirement of an affirmative and unequivocal denial of payment. Finally, PSERS's alternative arguments that Darien's claim accrued in March or April, 1991 are unavailing for the same reason, that is, during those times, Darien was never affirmatively and unequivocally notified that payment of the balance of the incentive fee would be denied.
[12] As we hold that the applicable statute of limitations did not expire prior to the filing of Darien's claim, we need not address the second issue on which allocatur was granted, and which forms the basis of Darien's alternative argument, i.e., whether the Commonwealth was equitably estopped from asserting the statute of limitations pursuant to this court's decision in Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare v. UEC, Inc., 483 Pa. 503, 397 A.2d 779 (1979).
|
333 N.W.2d 477 (1983)
Jane M. MATHISON, Plaintiff,
v.
The Honorable Gordon Speights YOUNG, Juvenile Court Judge of the Iowa District Court for Story County, Defendant.
Nos. 67648, 68578, 68583 and 68584.
Supreme Court of Iowa.
April 20, 1983.
Jane M. Mathison of Pasley, Singer, Pasley, Holm, Timmons & Mathison, Ames, pro se.
Thomas J. Miller, Atty. Gen., Joseph P. Weeg, Asst. Atty. Gen., and Mary Richards, Story County Atty., for defendant.
Considered en banc.
*478 McCORMICK, J.
The question here concerns the legal standard for determining reasonable compensation for an attorney appointed as counsel for indigent parents or children in juvenile cases. Plaintiff Jane M. Mathison brought these consolidated certiorari actions to challenge fee orders entered for her services in four juvenile proceedings by defendant District Associate Judge Gordon Speights Young. We find that defendant employed an incorrect legal standard in the orders and therefore sustain the writs and remand the cases for a new determination of fees.
Section 232.141(1) of the Iowa Code (1981) provides that certain specified expenses "upon certification of the judge or upon such other authorization as provided by law are a charge upon the county in which the proceedings are held ..." subject to a limitation not applicable here. "Reasonable compensation for an attorney appointed by the court to serve as counsel or guardian ad litem" is one of the specified expenses. § 232.141(1)(d). The dispute here relates to the legal standard for determining reasonable compensation.
Plaintiff served as court-appointed counsel for parents or children in four juvenile proceedings. After her services in each proceeding were complete, she submitted a claim for fees including an itemized statement. She requested compensation at the rate of $60 per hour. She served notice of her claims on the county attorney, and the State did not resist her claims. Pursuant to district rule, the claims were reviewed by a panel of three judges. In each instance the panel recommended to defendant that he allow a fee lower than the amount claimed but did not say what the fee should be. Although defendant found the services were reasonably necessary and, with minor exceptions, that the time claimed was compensable, the court awarded fees substantially less than the amounts claimed. One claim was allowed at $40 an hour, a second at $42.50 an hour, and the other two at $50 an hour.
Plaintiff filed objections to the reduction of fees in each instance. A hearing was held concerning one of the claims. She offered evidence that law office overhead in the community averaged $38 an hour and that the ordinary and customary charge for juvenile court services in the community was $60 per hour. In his order overruling plaintiff's objection, defendant said he determined the fee in accordance with the standard in Parrish v. Denato, 262 N.W.2d 281 (Iowa 1978), and Soldat v. Iowa District Court for Emmet County, 283 N.W.2d 497 (Iowa 1979). Specifically the judge acknowledged having reduced the fee to take into account the certainty of payment from the public treasury and the duty of an attorney to represent the poor. In overruling plaintiff's objections to the other three orders, the judge said he discounted the fees on the same basis in those proceedings. In the present certiorari actions, plaintiff contends the judge erred in reducing the fees on those grounds.
In Hulse v. Wifvat, 306 N.W.2d 707, 709 (Iowa 1981), this court observed that two elements inhere in any standard providing for reasonable attorney fees: "The services must have been reasonably necessary and the valuation must be reasonable in amount." The present controversy concerns only the second element, the reasonableness of amount.
Plaintiff contends the court applied an incorrect legal standard and abused its discretion in determining a reasonable amount for her fees. These are separate issues. Ascertaining the correct legal standard is an issue of law. Once the correct legal standard is ascertained, a court has broad discretion in applying it. Id. If discretion alone is involved, we reverse only if it "was exercised on grounds or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable." State v. Buck, 275 N.W.2d 194, 195 (Iowa 1979). We will address these issues separately.
I. The legal standard. The legal standard for determining reasonable compensation for court-appointed attorneys in juvenile cases has not previously been decided. *479 Reasonable compensation for such services was first mandated by this court's decision in Ferguson v. Pottawattamie County, 224 Iowa 516, 278 N.W. 223 (1938). It has been mandated by statute since 1966. See Iowa Code § 232.52 (1966).
The parties in the present case each read the caselaw interpreting statutes governing court-appointment fees in criminal cases as controlling. We believe those cases shed light on the problem but are not determinative.
Section 775.5 of the Iowa Code (1977) provided for "reasonable compensation" in criminal case court appointments. In Woodbury County v. Anderson, 164 N.W.2d 129, 132 (Iowa 1969), this court put a judicial gloss on that statute by holding it did not purport to provide full compensation or the same fee as would be charged to nonindigent clients. The court noted the statute had been amended to remove provisions providing fees in set amounts in an effort to "alleviate the financial burden on individual lawyers in light of the developing law of an indigent's right to counsel under recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court and this court." Id.
Section 815.7 of the Iowa Code (1979) supplanted section 775.5. It included language defining reasonable compensation as "the ordinary and customary charges for like services in the community...." We held in Hulse, 306 N.W.2d at 711, that in making the change the legislature intended that "reasonable compensation for court-appointed lawyers be set under the criteria which govern reasonable compensation for other litigation services." Thus section 815.7 provided a legislative definition of reasonable compensation that differed from the previous judicial definition. The court said: "The effect of this change is to make reasonable compensation full compensation. No discount is now required based on an attorney's duty to represent the poor." 306 N.W.2d at 711. Certainty of payment of the fee was recognized as a factor that should be taken into consideration in determining reasonable compensation, along with the other factors discussed in Parrish, 262 N.W.2d at 285.
Because section 232.141(1)(d) lacks both the legislative and judicial history of section 815.7, its interpretation is not necessarily dictated by the cases interpreting former section 775.5 or present section 815.7. We believe, however, that the legislative definition of reasonable compensation in section 815.7 is persuasive authority for giving the same interpretation to the legislature's concurrent use of the same term in section 232.141(1)(d). See State v. Dowell, 297 N.W.2d 93, 96 (Iowa 1980). We therefore hold that the standard of reasonable compensation under section 232.141(1)(d) is the same as the standard of reasonable compensation in section 815.7 as delineated in Hulse.
The State suggests this interpretation overlooks an attorney's ethical obligation to represent the poor and the oppressed. We do not agree. We recognize that the vast majority of lawyers provide gratuitous or substantially discounted services on a daily basis to persons unable to pay regular fees. As the Code of Professional Responsibility notes, however, these services address only part of the need:
Historically, the need for legal services of those unable to pay reasonable fees has been met in part by lawyers who donated their services or accepted court appointments on behalf of such individuals. The basic responsibility for providing legal services for those unable to pay ultimately rests upon the individual lawyer, and personal involvement in the problems of the disadvantaged can be one of the most rewarding experiences in the life of a lawyer. Every lawyer, regardless of professional prominence or professional workload, should find time to participate in serving the disadvantaged. The rendition of free legal services to those unable to pay reasonable fees continues to be an obligation of each lawyer, but the efforts of individual lawyers are often not enough to meet the need. Thus it has been necessary for the profession to institute additional programs to provide legal services. Accordingly, legal aid offices, *480 lawyer referral services, and other related programs have been developed, and others will be developed, by the profession. Every lawyer should support all proper efforts to meet this need for legal services.
E.C. 2-27, Iowa Code of Professional Responsibility for Lawyers.
The critical problem of providing legal services to the poor is now being addressed through public as well as private programs. At best, however, the public programs merely alleviate part of the burden borne by the private bar. This court has recognized the magnitude of the task in requesting the organized bar to develop additional programs to provide legal services to the poor in civil cases. Denying lawyers reasonable compensation for mandatory court-appointed services could have a crippling effect on their ability to respond to this need. The same concept is reflected in the ethical consideration relating to obtaining reasonable compensation from private clients: "The legal profession cannot remain a viable force in fulfilling its role in our society unless its members receive adequate compensation for services rendered, and reasonable fees should be charged in appropriate cases to clients able to pay them." Id., E.C. 2-18.
Providing legal services to the poor is no different in principle than providing them with medical and other basic services. The problem is exacerbated by the complexity of modern life as well as by the constitutionally-mandated expansion of the right to legal services in juvenile and penal cases. The bar of this state has a proud tradition of service to the poor. Yet, as the bar, Congress, and the Iowa General Assembly have recognized, the entire need cannot satisfactorily be met by donated services.
We do not believe that in providing for reasonable compensation from the public treasury to attorneys appointed to represent the poor in juvenile cases the legislature purported to demand a subsidy from the private bar. Instead we believe lawyers remain free to determine how and in what cases they will discharge their ethical obligation to assist the poor. Ample opportunity exists for them to do so outside the field of mandatory court-appointment services. We find that section 232.141(1)(d) does not authorize a discount from otherwise reasonable compensation based on an attorney's duty to help the poor.
We hold that the judge employed an incorrect legal standard in determining plaintiff's compensation. The fees should not have been reduced based on the ethical consideration. Instead the factors listed in Hulse, 306 N.W.2d at 711-12, should have been utilized. Those factors are the time necessarily spent, the nature and extent of the services, the penal consequence involved, the difficulty of handling and importance of issue, the responsibilities assumed and results obtained, the standing and experience of the attorney, the customary charge for similar services in the community, and the certainty of payment. Id.
Plaintiff contends that certainty of payment should not be relevant. She offered evidence that several Ames lawyers collect nearly 100 percent of the fees they charge to private clients. From this she argues that payment of private fees is not uncertain. In fact she argues public fees are uncertain because, as these cases illustrate, they are not assured until they are allowed. We are not persuaded that the collectibility of fees for private clients is so nearly certain as plaintiff argues, nor do we think uncertainty of amount should be equated with uncertainty of payment. We adhere to our holding in Hulse.
Because the judge did not apply the correct legal standard, we sustain the writs of certiorari and remand to permit the fees to be determined anew.
II. Abuse of discretion. We find no evidence that the judge abused his discretion in determining the fees. Rather the record shows he made a thorough and conscientious examination of plaintiff's claims and carefully applied what he conceived to be the appropriate legal standard. Our disagreement is with the choice of standard, not with the way in which it was applied.
*481 We do not intimate what the fees should be. We remand to permit the judge to make that determination under the correct standard. In making that determination he is not bound to award the amounts claimed. The claims are based on a rigid hourly rate rather than the characteristics of the services, which vary from case to case. While we recognize the convenience of determining fees based on time alone, that approach is not only simplistic but contrary to our holding in Hulse that time expended is only one of the factors to be considered in determining reasonable compensation.
Plaintiff has independently challenged the fee orders on equal protection grounds, asserting she was denied equal protection by the court's application of a different fee standard in juvenile cases than is applicable in criminal cases. In view of our holding, we do not reach the constitutional question.
WRITS SUSTAINED AND CASES REMANDED.
All Justices concur except HARRIS and McGIVERIN, JJ., who dissent.
WOLLE, J., takes no part.
HARRIS, Justice (dissenting).
I dissent for the reasons stated in the dissenting opinion in Hulse v. Wifvat, 306 N.W.2d 707, 714-16 (Iowa 1981). I do not think the legislature, in adopting Iowa Code § 232.141(1)(d), intended to make it illegal for the judge to consider a lawyer's obligation to assist the poor when fixing "[r]easonable compensation." I recognize no statute and, prior to the majority holdings here and in Hulse, no rule which makes it illegal to give consideration to that long-recognized obligation.
The majority cannot say, and does not say, the fees allowed here were unreasonable. The fees strike me as entirely reasonable and this is all the legislature required them to be.
I would annul the writ.
McGIVERIN, J., joins this dissent.
|
Q:
$http.get from jpg to img
I'm trying to load one image with $http.get because it'll later come from the server, and I dont really know what to do:/
the code I have now is:
in the service i get like this:
return $http.get('resources/mock-data/image.jpg', {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'image/jpg'
}
});
that returns me a promisse, that comes with a binary data like this:
����JFIF��� ( %!1!%),...383,7(-.+
,$&,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,�������K!1AQ"aq��2���BRr�#3b����$4S���Ccst���5D������< !1AQ"aq�����2���3Br�#$4b�C����R��?���
Ԑ-�o>�vJ4�>�aW�s̯�����I�&��ϻ��sl���Z��.�6-���-�r�R�hK;���֮�T!� �k����R
[�Muw�EKO����Cً����p��(LJ
���nUjul�5m�v>}�ԙҺʵ��ڸ��x��c]���+
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($(����(�s{�g��y���0�w'���#^d�i�k I>�'WJpJQ������^�}:��c�g#�G�^��5N��v<�ҡ��i���fJ�k�ul��9����6zKe��٘|Zۭ��W��)�'�:�j�L�qU�x������b��9RVg5��
(jI5AV\F�\�1�4�G��
9� (� h�k9�#H+��1�sȂ��K������@{�\�W)T]#��m�Ӕ�U��_��B=�&�a��Θx�l�]nΛfX_2y8���Q������4\�+�O��0!�~̱�t;�����K^�+��5������_H�UQ��v��k��&;������RV�ó�����I�x���]���2ڟB�
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(@�,��E:5&.P���{R���IŘ��R:8|4����ػ����H�0X W�r��5�l�g�G��p����l���Ǜ1���� �V���0�{'���
��C�ʴ�#�M�~͟��i�>I�ÿ��0�-}����<��5�V��JT�v����f3�b;��Vg3����P@�@!�%/lk�S����ᔂʘx�۵�9�=p���-������ٽ��m�q��E(��K%�]ż[w�gѾ�+%�m�l8^�Vn���!@��қ��
that is just a part of it... it is 12500 of length...
on the controller i get like this to parse to base64:
var base64 = 'data:image/jpg;base64,' + btoa(unescape(encodeURIComponent(image.data)))
console.log(base64);
$scope.fullImage = base64;
where the image is the response of the promisse, and data is where the binary i putted above is.
my view has the following:
<img ng-src="{{fullImage}}" class="coolin_home_full_image"/>
so, anybody has any idea on how to fix this
A:
I finally figured out what was it.
I was calling the $http get without the header, so it was not returning me a bufferArray but a string, i fixed with:
var deferred = $q.defer();
var promise = deferred.promise;
$http.get('resources/mock-data/image.jpg', {}, {
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'image/jpg'
},
responseType: 'blob'
}).then(function(image) {
var blob = new Blob([image.data], {
type: 'image/jpeg'
});
var fr = new FileReader();
fr.onload = function() {
deferred.resolve(fr.result);
};
fr.readAsDataURL(blob);
}, function(error) {
deferred.reject(error);
});
return promise;
and then in the controller you call just the return of the promise and throws inside a img like
<img ng-src="{{fullImage}}" />
|
Haze eases across southern provinces
A fisherman can see the skyline of Singapore - in the daytime. (Reuters photo)
The haze from wildfires in Indonesia drifting into Thailand has generally improved in the southern provinces due to recent rain and strong winds.
Chatchai Promlert, chief of the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Department (DDPM), said the level of dust particles measuring less than 10 micrometres, or PM10, had dropped below the safety standard of 120 microgrammes per cubic metre across the South on Sunday.
In Songkhla, the PM10 level dropped to 87 µg/cu metre.
The level in Phuket dropped to 81, while in Phangnga, it fell to 77.
In Yala, the level was down to 61, in Satun to 60, in Pattani to 59 and Narathiwat, 58.
Mr Chatchai said the DDPM is still working closely with local authorities to implement measures to cope with the haze.
Residents have been advised not to burn rubbish and fire trucks have been used to spray water into the air in haze-affected areas to help reduce the dense smog.
Mr Chatchai said he has also instructed provincial health offices to give villagers face masks and to educate them on how to deal with the haze.
In Yala's Betong district, visibility is improving as the haze has thinned out over wide areas including several tourist destinations.
Kallaya Towaearyee, director of the Yala Provincial Natural Resources and Environment Office, said the latest level of smog particles in downtown Yala has dropped to 61 µg/cu m.
She said the air quality is expected to return to normal if it continues to rain, which will help break down the worst of it.
The haze has also eased in nearby Songkhla.
However, three flights were delayed Sunday at Hat Yai airport after visibility fell to 100 metres due to a mixture of haze and fog after the rain. |
[request_definition]
r = sub, dom, obj, act
[policy_definition]
p = sub, dom, obj, act
[role_definition]
g = _, _, _
[policy_effect]
e = some(where (p.eft == allow))
[matchers]
m = r.sub == p.sub && g(r.obj, p.obj, r.dom) && r.dom == p.dom && r.act == p.act
|
Preoperative transarterial chemoembolization does not increase hepatic artery complications after liver transplantation: A single center 12-year experience.
As a bridge to liver transplantation or downstaging therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has potential risks in causing damage to hepatic artery (HA), resulting in severe postoperative complications. To evaluate the impact of pre-TACE on postoperative hepatic artery complications (HAC) for HCC patients in a single liver transplant center. Clinical data of 450 HCC patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) from January 2001 to December 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into Group 1 (with pre-TACE) and Group 2 (without pre-TACE). Preoperative characteristics and postoperative HAC were compared. One hundred and eleven patients (69 men; median age, 37±9.9 years) in Group 1 were compared with 339 patients (244 men; median age, 38.8±8.0 years) in Group 2. Patients were comparable in donor/recipients characteristics between groups. Histological review for native liver samples showed that Edema was the most often seen complication following pre-OLT TACE (troncluar: 87 vs 9; segmental: 91 vs 10; liver parenchyma: 93 vs 8; P=0.000). Fibrosis, thrombosis and aneurysm were only seen in Group 1. There were no significant difference in postoperative HAC (5/111 (4.5%) vs 5/339 (1.5%), P=0.131) between groups. Our single institution experience showed that it might be safe to perform pre-TACE in HCC patients before OLT. It would not increase postoperative HAC risk. |
//
// Generated by class-dump 3.5 (64 bit) (Debug version compiled Oct 15 2018 10:31:50).
//
// class-dump is Copyright (C) 1997-1998, 2000-2001, 2004-2015 by Steve Nygard.
//
#import <ConfigurationEngineModel/CEMConfigurationBase.h>
#import <ConfigurationEngineModel/CEMRegisteredTypeProtocol-Protocol.h>
@class NSNumber, NSString;
@interface CEMSecurityFDEFileVaultDeclaration : CEMConfigurationBase <CEMRegisteredTypeProtocol>
{
NSString *_payloadEnable;
NSNumber *_payloadDefer;
NSNumber *_payloadUserEntersMissingInfo;
NSNumber *_payloadUseRecoveryKey;
NSNumber *_payloadShowRecoveryKey;
NSString *_payloadOutputPath;
NSString *_payloadUsername;
NSString *_payloadPassword;
NSNumber *_payloadUseKeychain;
NSNumber *_payloadDeferForceAtUserLoginMaxBypassAttempts;
NSNumber *_payloadDeferDontAskAtUserLogout;
NSString *_payloadCertificateIdentifier;
}
+ (id)buildRequiredOnlyWithIdentifier:(id)arg1 withEnable:(id)arg2;
+ (id)buildWithIdentifier:(id)arg1 withEnable:(id)arg2 withDefer:(id)arg3 withUserEntersMissingInfo:(id)arg4 withUseRecoveryKey:(id)arg5 withShowRecoveryKey:(id)arg6 withOutputPath:(id)arg7 withUsername:(id)arg8 withPassword:(id)arg9 withUseKeychain:(id)arg10 withDeferForceAtUserLoginMaxBypassAttempts:(id)arg11 withDeferDontAskAtUserLogout:(id)arg12 withCertificateIdentifier:(id)arg13;
+ (id)restrictionPayloadKeys;
+ (id)allowedPayloadKeys;
+ (id)profileType;
+ (id)registeredIdentifier;
+ (id)registeredClassName;
- (void).cxx_destruct;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *payloadCertificateIdentifier; // @synthesize payloadCertificateIdentifier=_payloadCertificateIdentifier;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadDeferDontAskAtUserLogout; // @synthesize payloadDeferDontAskAtUserLogout=_payloadDeferDontAskAtUserLogout;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadDeferForceAtUserLoginMaxBypassAttempts; // @synthesize payloadDeferForceAtUserLoginMaxBypassAttempts=_payloadDeferForceAtUserLoginMaxBypassAttempts;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadUseKeychain; // @synthesize payloadUseKeychain=_payloadUseKeychain;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *payloadPassword; // @synthesize payloadPassword=_payloadPassword;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *payloadUsername; // @synthesize payloadUsername=_payloadUsername;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *payloadOutputPath; // @synthesize payloadOutputPath=_payloadOutputPath;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadShowRecoveryKey; // @synthesize payloadShowRecoveryKey=_payloadShowRecoveryKey;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadUseRecoveryKey; // @synthesize payloadUseRecoveryKey=_payloadUseRecoveryKey;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadUserEntersMissingInfo; // @synthesize payloadUserEntersMissingInfo=_payloadUserEntersMissingInfo;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSNumber *payloadDefer; // @synthesize payloadDefer=_payloadDefer;
@property(copy, nonatomic) NSString *payloadEnable; // @synthesize payloadEnable=_payloadEnable;
- (id)copyWithZone:(struct _NSZone *)arg1;
- (id)serializePayloadWithAssetProviders:(id)arg1;
- (BOOL)loadPayload:(id)arg1 error:(id *)arg2;
- (id)assetReferences;
- (int)activationLevel;
- (BOOL)mustBeSupervised;
- (BOOL)multipleAllowed;
// Remaining properties
@property(readonly, copy) NSString *debugDescription;
@property(readonly, copy) NSString *description;
@property(readonly) unsigned long long hash;
@property(readonly) Class superclass;
@end
|
* * * Thus the volume of employment is not determined by the marginal disutility of labor measured in terms of real wages, except in so far as the supply of labor available at a given real wage sets a maximum level to employment. The propensity to consume and the rate of new investment determine between them the volume of employment, and the volume of employment is uniquely related to a given level of real wages — not the other way round. If the propensity to consume and the rate of new investment result in a deficient effective demand, the actual level of employment will fall short of the supply of labor potentially available at the existing real wage, and the equilibrium real wage will be greater than the marginal disutility of the equilibrium level of employment.
This analysis supplies us with an explanation of the paradox of poverty in the midst of plenty. For the mere existence of an insufficiency of effective demand may, and often will, bring the increase of employment to a standstill before a level of full employment has been reached. The insufficiency of effective demand will inhibit the process of production in spite of the fact that the marginal product of labor still exceeds in value the marginal disutility of employment.
Moreover the richer the community, the wider will tend to be the gap between its actual and its potential production; and therefore the more obvious and outrageous the defects of the economic system. For a poor community will be prone to consume by far the greater part of its output, so that a very modest measure of investment will be sufficient to provide full employment; whereas a wealthy community will have to discover much ampler opportunities for investment if the saving propensities of its wealthier members are to be compatible with the employment of its poorer members. If in a potentially wealthy community the inducement to invest is weak, then, in spite of its potential wealth, the working of the principle of effective demand will compel it to reduce its actual output, until, in spite of its potential wealth, it has become so poor that its surplus over its consumption is sufficiently diminished to correspond to the weakness of the inducement to invest.
But worse still. Not only is the marginal propensity to consume [6] weaker in a wealthy community, but, owing to its accumulation of capital being already larger, the opportunities for further investment are less attractive unless the rate of interest falls at a sufficiently rapid rate; which brings us to the theory of the rate of interest and to the reasons why it does not automatically fall to the appropriate level, which will occupy Book IV. Thus the analysis of the Propensity to Consume, the definition of the Marginal Efficiency of Capital and the theory of the Rate of Interest are the three main gaps in our existing knowledge which it will be necessary to fill. * * *
The idea that we can safely neglect the aggregate demand function is fundamental to the Ricardian economics, which underlie what we have been taught for more than a century. Malthus, indeed, had vehemently opposed Ricardo’s doctrine that it was impossible for elective demand to be deficient; but vainly. For, since Malthus was unable to explain clearly (apart from an appeal to the facts of common observation) how and why effective demand could be deficient or excessive, he failed to furnish an alternative construction; and Ricardo conquered England as completely as the Holy Inquisition conquered Spain. Not only was his theory accepted by the city, by statesmen and by the academic world. But controversy ceased; the other point of view completely disappeared; it ceased to be discussed. The great puzzle of Effective Demand with which Malthus had wrestled vanished from economic literature. You will not find it mentioned even once in the whole works of Marshall, Edgeworth and Professor Pigou, from whose hands the classical theory has received its most mature embodiment. It could only live on furtively, below the surface, in the underworlds of Karl Marx, Silvio Gesell or Major Douglas.
The completeness of the Ricardian victory is something of a curiosity and a mystery. It must have been due to a complex of suitabilities in the doctrine to the environment into which it was projected. That it reached conclusions quite different from what the ordinary uninstructed person would expect, added, I suppose, to its intellectual prestige. That its teaching, translated into practice, was austere and often unpalatable, lent it virtue. That it was adapted to carry a vast and consistent logical superstructure, gave it beauty. That it could explain much social injustice and apparent cruelty as an inevitable incident in the scheme of progress, and the attempt to change such things as likely on the whole to do more harm than good, commanded it to authority. That it afforded a measure of justification to the free activities of the individual capitalist, attracted to it the support of the dominant social force behind authority.
But although the doctrine itself has remained unquestioned by orthodox economists up to a late date, its signal failure for purposes of scientific prediction has greatly impaired, in the course of time, the prestige of its practitioners. For professional economists, after Malthus, were apparently unmoved by the lack of correspondence between the results of their theory and the facts of observation;— a discrepancy which the ordinary man has not failed to observe, with the result of his growing unwillingness to accord to economists that measure of respect which he gives to other groups of scientists whose theoretical results are confirmed by observation when they are applied to the facts.
The celebrated optimism of traditional economic theory, which has led to economists being looked upon as Candides, who, having left this world for the cultivation of their gardens, teach that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds provided we will let well alone, is also to be traced, I think, to their having neglected to take account of the drag on prosperity which can be exercised by an insufficiency of effective demand. For there would obviously be a natural tendency towards the optimum employment of resources in a Society which was functioning after the manner of the classical postulates. It may well be that the classical theory represents the way in which we should like our Economy to behave. But to assume that it actually does so is to assume our difficulties away. |
Songgotu
Songgotu (Manchu: ; ; 1636 – 1703) was a minister during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing Dynasty. He was an uncle of the emperor's primary spouse, Empress Xiaochengren of the Hešeri clan, who died during childbirth. He was also the son of Sonin, one of the four regents appointed to assist the young Kangxi Emperor during his minority. As Empress Xiaochengren's paternal uncle, he was also therefore, the great-uncle of Yinreng, who was crown prince throughout most of the Kangxi Emperor's reign. Songgotu did not inherited the noble title First-class Duke or First-class Earl from his father Sonin because his mother was not the primary consort, therefore, he had the lowest status of his brothers. His sixth brother and fifth brother inherited the noble titles First-class Duke and First-class Count. His oldest brother, Gabula, was Empress Xiaochengren's father, and he also had the noble title First-class Duke.
Songgotu helped the young Kangxi Emperor depose Oboi, a regent during the reign of the young emperor. Gradually, Songgotu gained more power and became one of the most prominent officials under Kangxi. He was involved in a long power struggle with Mingju, another leading official at Kangxi's court. He also acted as a diplomat and signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia.
During Kangxi's expedition against Dzungar khan Galdan, Songgotu advocated for a withdrawal, but was reprimanded by the emperor for suggesting such a strategy. Songgotu was later implicated in the heir-apparent crisis, and he was imprisoned until death. Kangxi rescinded recognition for all of Songgotu's achievements during the latter's life, with the sole exception of the Treaty with Russia.
In fiction
The Deer and the Cauldron (), a wuxia novel by Louis Cha. In the story, Songgotu was an aristocrat who befriended the protagonist Wei Xiaobao.
References
Spence, Jonathan. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi. Jonathan Cape (1974) .
Category:Qing dynasty diplomats
Category:Manchu politicians
Category:1636 births
Category:1703 deaths
Category:Politicians from Shenyang
Category:Qing dynasty politicians from Liaoning
Category:Hešeri clan |
Solstice and the Christian Story
It’s not a coincidence that the Christian holiday of Christmas is so close to the day of the Winter Solstice, which is December 21-22 each year. The Winter Solstice is the day of the Sun’s lowest culmination, which means the day of least sunlight, before it then starts to culminate higher and higher in the sky until the Summer Solstice, which is the longest day of the year. Then the cycle repeats for as long as there is an Earth circling the Sun and is at an inclination to it.
More Depression During Winter Solstice
Many people feel down or depressed during this time of year, and some will say it is because they are sensitive to the idea that they are supposed to be “full of joy” during the Christmas season. The fact is though that we receive the least amount of solar energy at this time, it gets dark quite early, and much colder than at other times.
So people are naturally “gloomy” at this time; it’s not necessarily a social expectations issue, it’s more biological than anything perhaps.
Symbolically the winter represents the twilight, death and subsequent rebirth of man (especially if you subscribe to the idea of reincarnation). It’s the end of the old cycle (the old man) and the commencement of the new cycle (the new man, now a babe).
Pagan Roots of Christianity
So the actual birth of the man Jesus Christ could have occurred at any time, but the church fathers apparently chose December 25, a day suspiciously close to the Winter Solstice. This time of year corresponds to other so-called pagan holiday/celebrations: the Sol Invictus of Roman times, the Norse Yule, Hanukkah, and Kwanzaa among many others.
Christianity has so many pagan foundations it would startle most Christians, with their own religio-centric views. Truth is most faiths and philosophies borrow heavily from others that preceded it, seeking to steal the copyright, as it were, as their own. Slap a new name and face on it, and you got a new movement to challenge the status quo with.
When you get down to it though, all faiths and philosophies have an identical message: God exists, He/She took on flesh to be a teacher, teacher struggles against the disbelief and demonization of the people he/she came to save, gets killed, rises again, his/her followers start a movement borrowing a lot of the concepts from the old, which are now repurposed for “modern” times.
The Social Control Aspects of Christianity
When you think if it, the symbolisms of the Christian faith are very manipulative and geared towards control of masses of people. Christ was not a king with honors, he was lowest of the low, born in a stable, became a carpenter and always mingled with the “poor”, he was persecuted, tortured and killed in a very ghastly crucifixion play. This is supposedly what all Christians are to aspire to.
I’m definitely not here to condemn Christianity, because at the same time the Bible and Christianity itself portrays what I would call true spirituality, but it is also the most tampered with in my opinion. It occurs to me that if you wanted to control the vast masses of society and keep them docile and sheep like, the above image of their God would be a very convenient way to give spiritual legitimacy to a life of hardship, poverty and backwardness which the Church and feudal lords at that time profited very greatly from.
Churches, especially ones of long-standing corruption and decay like the Catholic Church, which in my opinion keeps the masses in the dark about the true nature of spirituality, sin and what happens when you die, would need to perpetuate such a sort of religion/myth for their own continued well-being and financial power.
The gruesome image of Christ nailed to the cross can keep the masses in a perpetual state of fear, submission and a perverse fascination/horror that would effectively prevent them from being “bad” but also at the same time keep them from progressing in a true spiritual way.
So I hope I haven’t ruined your Christmas celebration but I wanted to publish some of my recent thoughts about Christmas, just to present another look at the holidays, and make you think a bit. |
Danielle Lloyd - Big Brother Star - Saint or Sinner?
Danielle Lloyd is a model. She is hugely appealing to everyone. She is also controversial. She is in all the newspapers. She makes lots of money as a model for magazines. She poses in Mens Magazines constantly. Oh alright, she’s a babe, I admit. People have Danielle Lloyd wallpapers on their mobile phones, Danielle Lloyd pictures on their desktop. There isn’t a website or some newspaper that does not have at least ONE Danielle Lloyd Video. She has won over many men. She has also had a rough time of it too. Danielle has been a star of British TV Show Big Brother but did not win, due to a controversial fracas involving Jade Goody and a famous Indian Film Star Shilpa Shetty all caught on camera. She has become an instant celebrity. She has been in a famous Beauty Contest Miss Great Britain, which she won then lost over a controversy. Stories emerged of the possibility she had apparently slept with one of the contest judges. It leaves one to ask the question - is she - in general terms, a saint or sinner? Victim of unfortunate events (in the wrong place at the wrong time) where things were beyond her control? Or victim of her own actions? Just who is the real Danielle Lloyd?
Danielle Lloyd
Danielle showed better chutzpah when she won Celebrity Total Wipe Out. She had been expected to be a washout. While Richard “The Hampster” Hammond (co-presenter of TV show Top Gear) remarked with a pile of smart-ass quips and back-handed compliments as she battled through the many obstacles in super slow motion, the female co-host Amanda Byram cheered her across the finishing line, as Danielle beat all other contestants convincingly. Too bad Richard. Which proves you can win ‘em all. And you may be asking - why haven't you seen this woman before now? Or have you? You may have seen Danielle Lloyd photos but still don't know her story. Just who is Danielle Lloyd? And what's all the fuss over her?
Danielle was born in December 16th, 1983, in Liverpool, home of the Beatles, (ok, not the actual home – they all came from four different houses) and she emerged from the womb as a fully formed Glamour model. She smiled at a camera lens and people’s hearts melted. Those gorgeous come-hither hazel eyes and those pouting gorgeous red lips that had an incredible effect on people. She wanted to be so many things in life (Scientist, Vet, Nuclear Physicist, Astronaut, Presenter of Top Gear) but all the time people just kept on taking pictures of her - till she decided she had had enough, and so she put her foot down and told everyone - she would become a model. And not try to stop her.
After winning the prize title of “Miss England 2004”, and trying her hand at Miss World, to no avail – she impressed enough judges in the 2006 Miss Great Britain to win that title, only to lose it in dramatic fashion. The Tiara Crown with glittering plastic fake diamonds wasn’t on her head 5 minutes before stories came out that she had posed in Playboy around the same time (a violation of the contest rules) and to make matters worse – or more interesting (if you’re a paparazzi), she allegedly bedded Footballer Teddy Sheringham, a judge in the same beauty contest. She explained that it was not the lure of money that made her do it – she apparently read the wrong contract.
In 2006 during an appearance on the BBC TV Show Test the Nation, Danielle proved how smart she was by revealing that in her expert opinion – a statue of former Prime Minister Winston Churchill was supposed to be a statue for the First Black President.
Of England, presumably. Sorry Danielle. There hasn’t ever been a president in England. Not since Tony Blair.
2006 also saw Danielle have her bits surgically enhanced 3 times to size 32DD. The same bus you get from Edgbaston to Pompifrey. (Yes, I just made that up. I don’t know what came over me.)
In 2007, in what should have been a good year for Danielle, turned from bad to worse when both she and Jade Goody (who has since died) got involved in a nasty racist fracas with Bollywood star Shilpa Shetty on the Big Brother show. Channel 4 TV were embarrassed by the two British women’s bullying behaviour, and it may have contributed to the falling ratings that have dogged Big Brother ever since. (Big Brother sadly is to be now axed, unless another company decides to buy the show). Jade Goody had to travel to India to apologise publicly for her behaviour. Goody was unaware of her own impending health matters that would later take their toll on her life.
Danielle claimed in her own defence (amongst other things) that she had been bullied as a kid at school. That’s a serious point, except...one of her Headmasters (From St. Hilda’s School) said that there was no record or evidence or proof that Danielle Lloyd was a victim of bullying – rather the opposite. It also emerged that she had been warned by her own agent not to use racist taunts or behaviour on the show beforehand. She told Davina Mc Call she “felt terrible” about the racist abuse hurled at Shetty.
Danielle Lloyd lost several modelling contracts with some major firms as a direct result of her bahaviour. In the publicity business, image is everything.
The events of Big Brother, with its world wide audience, cast a long shadow over her public career, even causing Gordon Brown to make a comment while in India as the then Chancellor of the Exchequer. He rounded on the TV show for it’s negative portrayal of Britain as somehow lacking in (racial) tolerance. Many British people were deeply disturbed by the events that took place. Having Bigotry scripted in a TV show is one thing, seeing it live as it unfolds in its raw state before your own eyes is far more insidious. You don’t forget something like that. Television tries sometimes to shock its audiences and increase ratings to bolster profits. And Danielle Lloyd knows a great many photographers, publicists and journalists and knows how to work the system.
And seemingly, things have somehow moved on. Danielle Lloyd somehow managed to appear on Celebrity The Weakest Link and win it. She donated her winnings to charity. Danielle appeared on the MTV show “Cribs” where she showed off her Bachelorette Pad and managed to put on a very posh accent and show an alternative side to her. She revealed in another TV Special how in previous troubled relationships that she experienced abuse and violence. In May 2009, she had to undergo plastic surgery for damage to her leg when she was thrown onto a table full of drinking glasses. So why does controversy seem to follow her doggedly? What's going on really?
Source
I’m not saying the poor Danielle is a trouble magnet. I’m not saying that sexy Danielle is always going to get out of trouble because she helps too many newspapers and Men's magazines make lots of money and boosts their circulation. She has lots of Danielle Lloyd wallpapers that are downloadable, and pictorially is pure eye candy! The Danielle Lloyd video of her fitness exercises has done very well. Danielle has serious qualifications – she is after all a qualified nail technician.
However, it seems that trouble is somehow never far away from Danielle, and leaves many to guess at the real causes of it all. Is she a saint or a sinner? Is she a victim of circumstance? Or a cause of it? She got her big break in Big Brother on TV, and that ended in disaster. Is she an example of ill-educated, angry element in the UK, who think that whatever they do, they can get away with it, in the hope that a certain culture in the country somehow almost excuses it, allows it or ignores it or finds ways of letting its instigators off the hook? Sometimes, the rich, the famous, the successful, the Creators of Wealth or Entertainment are allowed to get away with things that ordinary people would never be allowed to get away with. A Privileged Class of People.
In 2010, she gave her £10,000 winnings from Celebrity Wipe Out to charity. It was won convincingly. Danielle Lloyd is still modelling, has so far managed to keep herself (reasonably) well behaved, and was engaged to footballer Jamie O’ Hara. (She was engaged before to DJ Ironik) Yes, that's his name, folks. She is now rumoured to be pregnant, with a new man in her life.A lot of people admire her for lots of different reasons. So is she a saint or sinner? I will let you decide that. I hope this hub may open up the personality of Danielle Lloyd a bit, to give everyone a slightly better view than just a bunch of pretty pictures. And she is pretty at that. Danielle makes for very interesting reading don’t you think? Watch this Hub space.
Comments
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Author
Cassandra Mantis 5 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hi Celebritieshubs! Glad you liiked this!
CelebritiesHubs 7 years ago
Nice hub
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello JohnStephens: h'mm, what a small world! That is a very interesting bit of news. Well, well! I know what it's like to have been persecuted a bit at school. People who persecute are usually victims of persecution themselves, so I can actually empathise with that. I get the insecurity bit. Thanks for the interesting heads up on Danielle Lloyd. Damn she is sexy! :)
JohnStevens 7 years ago
100% Sinner. My friend had the misfortune of teaching her at St Hilda's in Liverpool. In her opinion she was gifted with the ability to be charming, whenever she wanted something but had a really nasty streak which was evident for the way she and her cronies persecuted several fellow pupils.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello JohnBarret: glad you like the hub, and Danielle Lloyd. She is a hottie! She likes to be looked at, she loves publicity! Thanks for the comments.
JohnBarret 7 years ago
Good hub, but as far as Saint or Sinner is concerned I really don't like to comment on that.
But, your hub is really great.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
My hubs are stuffed with pictures of my face. Check out my website and blog. Everyone knows what I look like. Heh! You are such a flatterer, Colin! Why are you that far away in your picture? Oh,you are in Ontario, well it's a very good zoom lens! LOL! Time for my jog. Take care, Colin. :)
epigramman 7 years ago
..yes but ....the simple matter of the truth is I have no idea what you look like - but you are a very beautiful person/woman - and from the inside - that is a very very good place to start ....... and I can tell because I am a good judge of character and very perceptive - and that you are a very sexy person - I can tell that by the way you write - and I mean that with the utmost respect - you are very intelligent and witty - and that goes a long way in my book .......
..and 'sexy' or being sexy is way way more than just about looks ....... just look at me - I told the camera man to take this picture far far away - I live in Ontario and he took it in Quebec - lol lol
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello epi - ahaw, this is keeping you up, is it? You are very taken with our Danielle Lloyd, I see. Well, don't stay up too late, moi friend! I know she is sexy as hell, but really!...Heh! You are so funny! Reading that magazine just for the articles? Yeah, right! I believe you, obviously. I am sure those ladies wearing so little are no interest to you whatsoever. I am keeping a straight face here. No, really!! LOL! What a guy!! :)
epigramman 7 years ago
.......I was just about to go to bed and I saw this - yaaaaaaaawooooooooooooooooo - it's looks like I'm gonna be up for awhile ...... (tongue wagging like a dog - just like a man!!!!!!) lol lol lol
...but Cheeky Girl just listen to me for a moment - I am the kind of guy who reads PLAYBOY just for the articles ....... lol lol
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello dobo700: Hehehe! You will have to get in the queue perhaps! No problem!! Cheers!
dobo700 7 years agofrom Australia
Lock me up for a few months with her - no problem
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello again, rodolphe. Glad you like my Danielle Lloyd Hub! :)
rodolphe 7 years agofrom Montreal,Quebec
This is a wa! Ta!Ta! nice hub page
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello @MagicBoy: it's great to see your visits here. Yes, Danielle has been a naughty girl, it seems, but she is a babe and guys go crazy for a girl like her. (Some women might even join 'em) and she is never far from some comment made in the media. But time is also a healer, and the world moves on. Danielle will bounce back. And yes, Danielle Lloyd is a hot babe! Hehehehe! Glad you approve! Take care! :D
@MagicBoy 7 years agofrom Qatar
For sure it is interesting reading about her, She has such gorgeous looks, that makes her a saint..but a saint with bad attitude is worst than a sinner in my view..she has faced the brunt for her behavior and I am sure she is sorry for it, well she should be, it costed her career..never the less, she is one of the hottest babes I have seen face the camera..
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy themist: the scenes in Big Brother will be etched in many memories. It was not pleasant to view. Any person who is Asian who watched it would be so easily offended and rightly so. Danielle Lloyd seems to have survived the controversy somehow. Thanks for the comments.
themist 7 years agofrom London
She was definitely just led astray by Jade Goody on big brother. Felt sorry for her afterwards.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Thanks Dinkan for the comments! Appreciate it!
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello Ollie: she is all that! Cheers.
@ skn12: that is a great description for Danielle Lloyd!
skn12 7 years agofrom Sambalpur(Orissa)
She is beautiful and bold.
Ollie 7 years ago
Great hub page, she is a top class UK glamour model.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Dan: She is a hottie for certain. But I agree, - wife material is another thing. Would she make me a bacon and cheese buttie? Maybe not the way I like it! Heh! Cheers! Always god to get your comments here!
DanPowers 7 years agofrom Tokyo
She is very hot. I'm not sure she would be good wife material though.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello stars439: yes, she is all that! I try to make 'em interesting, not just eye candy for candy sake, if you know what I mean. Cheers! have a great weekend! : )
stars439 7 years agofrom Louisiana, The Magnolia and Pelican State.
Very lovely young lady. She has the gift of beauty. I see no harm in that. Your hub is interesting and your photographs are nice. GBY.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy NCCRA: Hope you weren't reading this hub from the office there! Hehehehe! I am kidding! Yes, I am glad you like the hub, and the gal too! I am hearing good things about Danielle these days! Thanks for the comment and welcome to Hub Pages! Cheers!
NCCRA 7 years ago
Wow, these girls are so amazing??
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Philipo: yes, she is very beautiful and sexy! Glad you agree! Cheers!
Philipo 7 years agofrom Nigeria
Very beautiful lady, though sexy.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
It's great to get these comments on our sexy Danielle!
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
No problem, moi friend. Be my guest! : )
Phillyfreeze69 7 years ago
Thanks for the info...I will check her out.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Phillyfreeze69: Glad you enjoyed this! Page 3? Uh, actually I honestly don't read that type of paper so I don't know. I don't want to give you wrong info here. She appears in "Nuts" and other magazines like that, mainly Mens mags. Her pictures are easy to find in Google! Some are quite saucy! : )
Thanks Tony, that's nice of you to say that. I'm just casting my eye over my hubs before sleeping here. Glad you are doing well. I just installed a Google task bar, and damn this Danielle Lloyd hub has a 3 rating already! Wow! I see what you mean by the stride thing! LOL! Thanks for this, moi friend! Cheers! Gnyt, Tony!
tony0724 7 years agofrom san diego calif
I am doin well my friend , thank you for asking. And yes you are definitely hittin your stride. Good work and cheers to ya ! :)
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello Tony: That's ok on the pop culture. She sure is a hottie! LOL! I am good. Settling in here nicely! How are you?
tony0724 7 years agofrom san diego calif
I am not real up on my pop culture. But she is a cutie ! How ya doin Cheeky Girl ?
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Indian Blues: thanks for the comment, moi friend!
Ani: howdy to you too!
ani 7 years ago
hi how r u????????????/
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Jackson Riddle: Yes, the scenes were quite uh watchable to some extent. Babes galore! Thanks for the comment!
Jackson Riddle 7 years agofrom Melbourne
I would've watched big brother if I knew babes like this were on it!
the indian blues 7 years ago
Nice hub
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy dreamreachout: LOL! That sounds like a statement wrapped in a question. To be or not to be, that is the question....
dreamreachout 7 years ago
Poisonous Beauty .. Is it?
Author
Cassandra Mantis 7 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello inwest: Thanks for the comments, though not sure what "my palace photos" has to do with anything here. Or the fact that you are lumping my hub here with something that is mistakenly yours? Is that a typo on your part, perhaps? Feel free to clear that little point up. Cheers.
Hy iphonemovies: She is currently reported to be pregnant and no she is not so single any more, is dating a footballer! Thanks for the comments.
Hy Dohn: Yes, she comes across as hot and cold, but sexy as hell! Heh! My wordcount is one of my best features as a person, Dohn! Well, okay I got lots of other great features too! LOL! You know I mean my hubs! ROLF! Glad you like the humor too! I like to be cheeky! I like to show these gals as much as the next person! *wink* Thanks for the nice comments, moi friend! ; )
dohn121 7 years agofrom Hudson Valley, New York
Yowsa! She's pretty darn hot ;) She's a girl you love to hate and adversely, hate to love. You know, the hottest girls are usually the meanest--admirers just allow them to be mean, I guess.
I don't know what the word count on this article is, but I'm sure it's over 1,400 easy. And if anyone accuses you that this is a "photo" hub, send them my way ;)
Wonderful work, Cheeky! Loved the flippancy and humor!
Dohn
iphonemovies 8 years ago
Wow, i had never heard of this girl before but she is a perfect 10. Is she single?
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Adam: thanks for the comment, she's a great lass!
AdamGee 8 years ago
interesting article about an interesting woman. Thanks, Cheeky Girl!
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hello prasetio30: Thankyou for the comment. We are all agreed on the simple fact that - yes - Danielle is "hot"! She is quite beautiful. : )
prasetio30 8 years agofrom malang-indonesia
She is really "hot" and beautiful. thanks for showing me about her.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Yup, she has that "cross-grain" going through her, as Grandad would love to say. And she is now preggers! Wehey!
Cathy Nerujen 8 years agofrom Edge of Reality and Known Space
She has got to have the perfect "thing" going for her as a woman. Looks that turn heads and get attention, which for a woman is heaven, I guess, and then the "bad-girl" image which endears her to a whole legion of other sycophants. Controversy sells, she sells, everything sells...
I'm glad I am a woman. : )
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Isabelle22: I'm surprised you are hearing of her for the first time here, Isabelle. Obviously she has still to make any impression where you live - but over here she has an established uh...reputation I guess! Heh! She is a stunner alright. Just don't get into an argument with her! LOL!
Isabelle22 8 years agofrom Somewhere on the coastline
Oh she is gorgeous. First time I have heard of her but won't forget her.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
To TattoGuy: Ten diff kinsa drunks! Gosh, that's gonna be interesting! I didn't know you could have more than one identity on the hubs. Guess I was not reading the fine print closely! Health Tip too!
@ Bad_Company: Roll on saturday! I will not miss this for the world! It's gonna be a great weekend, Capn! Take care! Will pop by later! XXX
TattoGuy 8 years ago
Over the weekend moi friend, his 1st hub twil be " 10 Different Types Of Drunks ", ya so know yer gonna love it ; )
Oh and am bringin HealthTip back to life as well lol !
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Ha! I thought you might! Wonder when are we gonna see Bad Company hubs? Soon I hope! : )
TattoGuy 8 years ago
Ohhhhhhh, I loved that ; ) xoxox
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Captain! Can I give ya a great big hug! I am so thrilled! I never thought I'd see it happen. 10,000 already. Where did the weeks go to? No wait, I know, I was writing hubs and laughing at your amazing Hubs! You must be up in the stratosphere yourself with views! Thanks Art! And thankyou for all your help and support and the links too! And thanks for the "good" company! Heh! Mwah!
XOXOXOXOXOXOXOX
TattoGuy 8 years ago
Congrats on yer 10,000 views, yer a star xox
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Blaise, maybe would love it. All publicity is good publicity, especially if you happen to be Danielle! Powder room shenanigans - h'mm! It may be hundreds of fans but possibly followed hotly by hundreds of complaints! I dont wana get banned! What happens in the powder room stays in the powder room! LOL! You crack me up! ; D
Hy Cathy: It's a milestone, and I am proud of it. Gonna get another 200 again and then more, and you better hurry and publish the hub you just finished, dear! X
Cathy Nerujen 8 years agofrom Edge of Reality and Known Space
I already said this, but well done, Cheeky. I guess that 200 is a good thing. Seems like I have a looooong way to go. Well, on to hub no. 2 for me. : )
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
I am so happy! 200! That is a milestone indeed! Thankyou Art! Nice of you to drop in here and say that! Gotta thank PinkyLee too! *Lotsa Hugs* from me and us! XOXOXOXOX
TattoGuy 8 years ago
Congrats and huge hugs on hitting 200 fans xoxo
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
@ Obscurely Diverse: What an interesting name you have. It's good I think to always flesh in the sometimes rarely-mentioned details that lurk in the background, just waiting to come to the fore. They make for interesting reading. Great to get your comments here! Thanks!
Very nice... Those provocative, sexy, suspect troublemakers are always great for the media...and make for excellent pinup photographs, along with other things & possible uses! ;)
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Maita! Wow! Thirs comment from ya today! Must be my birthday! Heh! Danielle does divide opinion, no doubt and everyone has an opinion on her. And everyone is entitled to have an opinion too! I should keep a "pool" on her and count the votes both for and against! H'mm, that just gave me an idea! Thanks, moi friend! Have a great day, Maita! : )
Hy Blaise: Trple mother of everything - she addd you to her fFacebook! Gadzooks! Now there's one for the book! It just goes to show you! If I was on facebook and she copped that I am the writer of this, I wonder how she'd react? Heh! Crystal heart, true friend...ahaw...yeah ...right! LOL!
Blaise, honey! Snap out of it! *laughing like crazy here*
Oh you'd like to hearof my encouters in there, would you? Well, that depends on who's buying, daaahlink! Lol! I'm just being funny here! I have had a funny day, Blaise! Be careful what you ask for....!
Thanks for the nice comments, ok! : )
Fehl Dungo 8 years agofrom close to you...
holy triple mother..hahaha guess what? the aspiring saint just added me on facebook, literally was talkin to her secs ago, that's why I came back here. Some weird things happen doncha think? :p but i do admire her, she has a crystal heart :) and a true friend..infairness.
SAINT for me, QT girl she is, or rather in between hehe, thanks my cheeky girl, Maita
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Astra: Heh! Nice to see you here, dear! Interesting description for Danielle!
Hy TattoGuy: Aye Capn! Hey you're here twice, technically! LOL! If she came into your bedroom, you mean ya would lock the door more like! Heh! "Only have her cause I'm desperate..." Ooh dear! I am so trying to keep a straight face! Don't ever lose that sense of Humour, Art! You are fantastic!
Bad_Company: Aaaaah! *Gives you a Big Hug* You handsome devil! This statement is in sharp contrast to the previous statement I have just read here!! But I love it having such men around! I am smiling like crazy now! Thanks "both" o' you" for these comments! LOL! I wish Cathy was here to read this! Heh!
AARON99: If that is your view, then I wish I could toss you her phone number. Sadly I do not have it! Nor will I ever! LOL! If you're planning a date, she seems to have dumped her football player boyfriend to who she was engaged to and now seems to be attached to some other new guy. Wow! What can I say!...
I'm going to keep my trap shut and move on to...
laswi: Hy moi friend! Yes, the world and especially the Asian world is aware of this singlar fact, and it was a costly mistake. Cathy said as much to me also. It was the racist insult heard around the world. Thanks for the headsup. Cheers everyone for the comments here about Danielle Lloyd! She sure gets a lot of opinions in here!
laswi 8 years agofrom Sri Lanka
Yeah, Danielle was accused of making racist comments towards Shilpa Shetty the famous Indian actress several times. These comments almost damaged her career and she lost modeling contracts with several companies........... For more pictures please visit : https://hubpages.com/entertainment/Danielle-Lloyd-...
AARON99 8 years ago
Saint or sinner doesn't matter. She is just beautiful.
Bad_Company 8 years ago
I likes her ; )
TattoGuy 8 years ago
I hate her totally, jeeez if she walked into my bedroom naked I wud tell her to get to hell out, yeahhhhhh riteeeee lol !!!
I have been looking for that part two Cassy and can't find it, wud ya leave me a link to it, cheers moi friend ; )
PS - I really don't like Danielle Lloyd and wud only have her cause I am desperate ; )
Cathy Nerujen 8 years agofrom Edge of Reality and Known Space
She is a strange lady. Gorgeous yet with a hint of danger.
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Blaise: well was he blind or just oblivious to your presence and great literary talent? Oh wow, the powder room? There was some amazing goings-on my my college in the powder room, let me tell ya! Hehehehehe! Yes, you did impress, Blaise - but then you always do that, moi friend! Thanks for your comments! Cheers *waves my beer glass to you* ; )
Fehl Dungo 8 years agofrom close to you...
it wasn't me, hey! not a chance my prof would even look at my way LOL I used to raise hand just goin to the powder room ;p Hell yea, dont you think they're impressive to CV? LOLOL especially this hub. Cheers!
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy entertianmentplus: Thankyou, for this again, moi friend! She can soap down my car any time, that's all I can say. Could say more, but I don't wanna get arrested!
To Blaise25: Hy blaise, OMG, was that your hand that got raised? Heh! Ok, don't worry about it.She is hot and yet seems to have a "name" carved out for herself that divides opinion. Yes, she doesn't give a crap to much! Yes, one law for them, another law for us. I had to stick that oar in there, didn't I. Thanks for these comments, moi friend. I'm gonna write them down and put them in my CV. LOL! Cheers!
To yenajeon: yes, this pretty woman's next plan is to pull some guy and get hitched. Which will be a small miracle. Or maybe she will do more TV show appearances. She seems to like a challenge or two. Ho knows...Mastermind Quiz perhaps? Maybe some "gladiator-style tv show or something...
I am facinated to know myself! I am such a nosey woman but I do want to know too! I am such a heel for saying that - especially after writing this hub! *chuckles here like anything* Thanks for these comments here! This is great! : )
yenajeon 8 years agofrom California
She is really pretty. Wonder what her next plans are?
ntweisen 8 years ago
she's beautiful!
Fehl Dungo 8 years agofrom close to you...
ow, I never heard of her, just now and thanks to you Cheeky! Saint or sinner? which is easier? LOL I remember when I was in a Catholic school, our prof asked who is aspiring to be a saint..just one raised her hand. (oh erase that, dunno why I brought that LOL) Anyway, seriously that Danielle girl is hot! Too bad she's getting famous from her not-so-good publicity. But I admire her "I dont give a crap whatever!" attitude
You're right...sometimes, the rich, the famous, the successful, the Creators of Wealth or Entertainment are allowed to get away with things that ordinary people would never be allowed to get away with.
Love your writings. There's always humor, class and frankness.
entertianmentplus 8 years agofrom United States
Danielle is hot for sure.Some good reading Cheeky Girl
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy Darlene! Wow! Are you psychic? I have just been reading two of your hubs and left comments on them. That's funny.
Danielle is hot, but there is more to her than looks. She is known here in the UK and now known in India, for all the wrong reasons. Wow, thankyou for the style comment. I have been reading on screenwriting; another hubber Allie recommended to me. I noticed that journalists mostly all use a certain style for outting info across. So I was trying to do similar. I love writing, and suiting the voice to the message so to speak. Sorry if Im boring you to death, Darlene! Colorado sounds like heaven, from what people tell me. Big cities can be mean and unfriendly. I prefer the wide open spaces and the freedom, if only my job would permit it!... Thankyou, Darlene!
Darlene Sabella 8 years agofrom Hello, my name is Toast and Jam, I live in the forest with my dog named Sam ...
No Doubt she is hot, however bad behaviour does not make you a saint, so I must assume she is a sinner. However, I never heard of her until I read you most wonderful hub, your writing style is awesome. I feel way behind in the times. I live in the Mountains of Colorado, what could you expect? Very great hub...
Author
Cassandra Mantis 8 years agofrom UK and Nerujenia
Hy sabreblade: thanks for the comment here! You are first uo here, and your broke a landspeed record, cos the ink is still wet on the page here! Heh! Yup, the Shetty incident set her back somewhat. No doubt. She is pretty. If I ever meet her, I'll get you to stand between her and me. You know martial arts! Just in case she gets uppity after reading this hub! LOL! Thanks for the comments!
sabrebIade 8 years agofrom Pennsylvania
Yeah I had read about the Shilpa Shetty incident. It's a shame because Danielle really is pretty. |
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abstract: 'We show how to systematically apply the Faddeev-Jackiw symplectic method to General Relativity (GR) and to GR extensions. This provides a new coherent frame for Hamiltonian analyses of gravitational theories. The emphasis is on the classical dynamics, uncovering the constraints, the gauge transformations and the number of degrees of freedom; but the method results are also relevant for canonical quantization approaches. We illustrate the method with three applications: GR and to two Brans-Dicke cases (the standard case $\omega \not= - 3/2$ and the case with one less degree of freedom, $\omega = - 3/2$). We clarify subtleties of the symplectic approach and comment on previous symplectic-based Hamiltonian analyses of extended theories of gravity, pointing out that the present approach is systematic, complete and robust.'
author:
- 'Davi C. Rodrigues'
- Mariniel Galvão
- 'Nelson Pinto-Neto'
bibliography:
- 'bibdavi2016c.bib'
title: 'Hamiltonian analysis of General Relativity and extended gravity from the iterative Faddeev-Jackiw symplectic approach'
---
Introduction
============
General Relativity (GR) is currently the standard theory for gravitational phenomena. Considering phenomena at different scales, newer tests are being performed showing compatibility with GR [@Will:2014kxa; @TheLIGOScientific:2017qsa; @Rodrigues:2018duc; @Collett:2018gpf]. Nonetheless, there are still different opens issues, anomalies and possible reasons for considering going beyond GR, and not only due to quantum gravity [@Capozziello:2010zz; @Iorio:2014roa; @1107453984; @Freedman:2017yms]. Nowadays, the subtle aspects of GR, specially concerning its gauge symmetries, are much better understood than it was by the time it was proposed. Hence, sometimes it is useful to use the GR example to analyze new proposals. It must be remarked that such intuition developed from GR should be used with care, since not all aspects of GR extensions are continuous extensions, one example being their numbers of degrees of freedom. General formalisms for dealing with the dynamical structure of a physical theory can disclose trustworthy and useful properties.
One of the fundamental theoretical developments of GR was its Hamiltonian formulation. The pioneering work of Arnowitt, Deser and Misner (see [@Arnowitt:1962hi; @Deser:2015bia] for reviews), the ADM formalism, was important for various developments of GR, from canonical quantum gravity and the causal structure of GR to numerical GR. It is the most commonly used Hamiltonian formulation of GR, and it is based on a set of variables that has a clear dynamical meaning. It is surprising that, although the ADM formalism is known for decades, some of its fundamentals concerning gauge symmetries and other subtleties were discussed and elucidated only some years ago [@Kiriushcheva:2008fn; @Frolov:2008sn; @Mukherjee:2007yi; @Kiriushcheva:2008sf; @Pons:2009cz]. These issues were discussed within the standard formalism for constrained systems, the Dirac-Bergmann formalism (for reviews, see [@Dirac:1964:LQM; @Gitman:1990qh; @0691037698]),
Here we consider another formalism for constrained systems, the symplectic formalism, more specifically the Faddeev-Jackiw formalism [@Faddeev:1988qp] with the Barcelos Neto-Wotzasek extension [@BarcelosNeto:1991kw; @BarcelosNeto:1991ty]. The latter extension includes an iterative procedure to deal with the constraints. Our main goal in this work is to show how to apply this formalism to GR, elucidating some of its subtleties, and thus providing the means for applying the formalism to other GR-like theories. In the process, we clarify some general issues on this symplectic formalism approach, which concerns not only gravity theories (further details in the Conclusions). Apart from the application to GR, we also consider, to illustrate the formalism application to GR extensions, two Brans-Dicke theories, confirming some of the results presented in other papers, and showing explicitly, for the first time, the infinitesimal gauge transformations of these theories in terms of the ADM variables.
This paper is organized as follows: in the next section we review in detail the symplectic formalism and present some new comments, in particular a procedure to count the degrees of freedom entirely within the formalism. In section \[sec:GR\] we apply apply the formalism to GR, together with the development of a suitable notation. Section \[sec:BD\] applies the formalism to two Brans-Dicke cases, which serve as examples on how the formalism can be useful for extended gravity cases, display some minor new results on gauge symmetries, and uncover some general caveats on the symplectic formalism. Our conclusions are presented in Section \[sec:conclusions\]. In the end, there are three appendices \[app:det\], \[app:timed\] and \[app:eta2\] presenting details of certain calculations.
A review on symplectic methods for constrained systems {#sec:review}
======================================================
We review in this section the symplectic method of Faddeev and Jackiw (FJ) [@Faddeev:1988qp; @Jackiw:1993in], and its extension as proposed by Barcelos Neto and Wotzasek (BW) [@BarcelosNeto:1991kw; @BarcelosNeto:1991ty]. The latter combination is sometimes referred in the literature as modified FJ formalism, or simply as symplectic method.
The Faddeev-Jackiw method
-------------------------
It is common to introduce the FJ method starting by presenting it in the context of a system of particles, but, since all the applications that will be performed here consider fields, this brief review will use the field notation from the start.
Let ${\cal L} = {\cal L}(\phi_a, \partial_\mu \phi_a, \partial_\mu \partial_\nu \phi_a, \dots)$ be the Lagrangian density of a given theory that depends on the fields $\phi_a$ (with $a=1,2,...,A$) and on an arbitrary number of its derivatives, where middle greek indices $\mu$ and $\nu$ denote spacetime indices. For simplicity and clarity, we consider four dimensional spacetimes with metric signature $\begin{pmatrix} -1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$. The first step of the FJ method is to write the Lagrangian density $\cal L$ as a function of certain fields $\xi^\alpha$, the symplectic fields, with $\alpha = 1,2,...,N$ (symplectic indices are denoted by initial greek indices), such that $\cal L$ depends at most linearly on the first time derivative of $\xi^\alpha$, $\dot \xi^\alpha$. For instance, for quadratic theories on the velocities $\dot \phi_a$, a common way to linearise the Lagrangian is to use the canonical momenta of the fields, $$\pi^a \equiv \frac{\partial {\cal L}}{\partial \dot \phi_a},$$ yielding, $$\label{eq:generalSympVec}
\xi^\alpha = \begin{pmatrix} \phi_a & \pi^a \end{pmatrix}.$$
We remark that the index $a$ above may be understood as indexing only the fields or the fields and their components. From now on we will only use $a$ to index the fields. Hence, $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ may respectively refer to a rank $p$ and a rank $q$ tensor, whose components would be indexed by internal indices of $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$. Symplectic indices do not have a straightforward relation to spacetime indices.
Independently on the original Lagrangian, and on the technique used to linearize it, to start the FJ method one should write the action in the following form, $$\label{action}
S[\xi] = \int [a_\alpha(\xi) \dot \xi^\alpha - {\cal V}(\xi)]d^4x,$$ where $a_\alpha$ and $\cal V$ are respectively called the components of the canonical 1-form ($a = a_\alpha d\xi^\alpha$) and the potential. From this point onward, the dependence on the spatial derivatives will no longer be explicitly specified, hence $a_\alpha(\xi)$ in general cannot depend on $\dot \xi^\alpha$, but may depend on $\partial_i \xi^\alpha$ (with $i=1,2,3$) and higher order spatial derivatives.
Apart from surface terms, which will not be considered at this point, the field equations are found from the action variation, $$\label{eq:deltaS1}
\delta S[\xi] = \int [\delta a_\alpha \dot \xi^\alpha + a_\alpha \delta \dot \xi^\alpha - \delta {\cal V}]d^4x.$$
For a function $f=f(\xi)$, one can write the following useful relations [see e.g., @3642140890; @9783540591795], $$\delta f(x) = \int \frac{\delta f (x)}{\delta \xi^\alpha (x')} \delta \xi^\alpha (x')\, d^3x',$$ $$\dot f(x) = \int \frac{\delta f (x)}{\delta \xi^\alpha (x')} \dot\xi^\alpha (x')\, d^3x',$$ $$\frac{d}{dt} \delta f = \delta \frac{d}{dt}f = \delta \dot f,$$ where the functional derivative satisfies, $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\delta \xi^\alpha(x)}{\delta \xi^\beta(x')} &=& \delta^\alpha_\beta {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}, \\[.1in]
\frac{\delta \partial_i \xi^\alpha(x)}{\delta \xi^\beta(x')} &=& \delta^\alpha_\beta \partial^x_i {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}= - \delta^\alpha_\beta \partial^{x'}_i {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}.\end{aligned}$$ In the above, $x$ and $x'$ refer to different spacetime points, but with the same value for the $t$ coordinate (i.e., the derivatives are taken at equal time, $x'^0 = x^0 = t$).
Hence, apart from a surface term, eq. (\[eq:deltaS1\]) becomes, $$\begin{aligned}
\delta S &=& \int \left [ \frac{\delta a_\alpha(x)}{\delta \xi^\beta(x')} \dot \xi^\alpha(x) \delta \xi^\beta(x') - \frac{\delta a_\alpha(x)}{\delta \xi^\beta(x')} \dot \xi^\beta(x') \delta \xi^\alpha(x) - \frac{\delta {\cal V}(x)}{\delta \xi^\beta (x')} \delta \xi^\beta(x')\right]d^3x\, d^3x'\, dt \nonumber \\[.1in]
&=& \int \left [ f_{\alpha \beta}(x,x') \dot \xi^\beta(x') - \frac{\delta {\cal V}(x')}{\delta \xi^\alpha (x)} \right]\delta \xi^\alpha(x) \, d^3x\, d^3x'\, dt, \label{eq:deltaS}\end{aligned}$$ where the pre-symplectic matrix is defined as $$\label{presymplecticmatrix}
f_{\alpha \beta} (x,x') \equiv \frac{\delta a_\beta(x')}{\delta \xi^\alpha(x)} - \frac{\delta a_\alpha(x)}{\delta \xi^\beta(x')}.$$
By demanding that $\delta S =0$ for an arbitrary variation $\delta \xi^\alpha$, the field equations can be written as $$\label{eq:symeq}
\int f_{\alpha \beta}(x,x') \dot \xi^\beta (x') d^3x' = \frac{\delta V}{\delta \xi^\alpha(x)},$$ with $V \equiv \int {\cal V}(x') d^3x'$. The procedure above is to be used independently on the existence of constraints (either already known and implemented by Lagrange multipliers, or yet to be discovered). If there are unknown constraints, they should be found from the field equations, and the constraints may be re-inserted into the action with the help of Lagrange multipliers, see Sec. \[sec:review\] for further details. Similarly to the Dirac formalism, one uses the assumption that the action contains all the relevant physical information, and even if the constraints are not explicit in the original action, they can be derived from it.
If $f_{\alpha \beta}$ has an inverse, then this matrix is called the symplectic matrix, and all the velocities $\dot \xi^\alpha$ can be derived from the field equations (\[eq:symeq\]). Systems with this property are called non-singular. In this case, the dynamical evolutions of all the fields are uniquely determined, there are no gauge symmetries or constraints.
If $f_{\alpha \beta}$ is singular, then the pre-symplectic matrix has zero-modes (i.e., eigenvectors whose corresponding eigenvalues are zero). Let there be $M$ independent zero-modes denoted by $\nu_m^\alpha(x)$, then, $$\label{eq:zero}
\int \nu^\alpha_m(x) f_{\alpha \beta}(x,x') d^3x =0,$$ where $m=1,2,...,M$. Therefore, from eq. (\[eq:symeq\]), one finds $M$ null relations given by $$\label{eq:consistCondition}
0 = \int \nu^\alpha_m(x)\frac{\delta V}{\delta \xi^\alpha(x)}d^3x.$$ The following special case can be commonly found in many examples of physical theories, $$\label{eq:zero2}
\nu^\alpha_m(x) f_{\alpha \beta}(x,x') =0.$$ If this particular case is true, then eq. becomes $$\label{eq:consistCondition2}
0 = \nu^\alpha_m(x)\frac{\delta V}{\delta \xi^\alpha(x)}.$$
The eqs. (\[eq:consistCondition\], \[eq:consistCondition2\]) can either be trivial, if they simply lead to a known relation (i.e., $0=0$), or they can lead to new relations between the symplectic fields. The latter case implies the existence of constraints, which, for simplicity, we assume that they are all independent among themselves. If there are $M$ of such nontrivial relations, the system is said to have $M$ constraints given by $$\label{eq:constraint}
\Omega_{m}[\xi] \equiv \int \omega_{m}(\xi(x)) \, d^3x \equiv \int \nu^\alpha_{m}(x)\frac{\delta V[\xi]}{\delta \xi^\alpha(x)}\, d^3x=0,$$ with $m= 1,2,...,M$. If $\omega_m=0$, for all $m$, these equations are expected to determine a surface in the symplectic space, which is the constraint surface (see also Ref. [@0691037698] for further details on the geometric interpretation).
The original FJ method [@Faddeev:1988qp; @Jackiw:1993in] proposes to solve the constraints and use a Darboux transformation with the purpose of finding the true symplectic matrix. As was pointed out by Jackiw, “[*Of course there may be the technical obstacles to carrying out the above steps: solving the constraints may prove too difficult, constructing the Darboux transformation to canonical coordinates may not be possible*]{}” [@Jackiw:1993in]. One way to circumvent these issues is to simply abandon this approach and move to the Dirac method. Another way is to continue within this approach and use the BW algorithm, which is briefly reviewed in the next subsection.
The Barcelos Neto-Wotzasek (BW) extension of the FJ method {#sec:BW}
----------------------------------------------------------
The BW algorithm [@BarcelosNeto:1991kw; @BarcelosNeto:1991ty] is an iterative procedure whose starting point is the Lagrangian density ${\cal L}^{(0)}$ linearized on the velocities, as implicitly given by the action (\[action\]). This Lagrangian leads to the identification of the zeroth-order symplectic fields $\xi^{(0) \alpha}$, the components of the canonical 1-form $a_\alpha^{(0)}$ and the pre-symplect matrix $f^{(0)}_{\alpha \beta}$. This algorithm can be iteratively performed up to a certain step $r$ in which the symplectic matrix $f^{(r)}_{\alpha \beta}$ is found, without the need to eliminate the constraints or to find the appropriate Darboux transformation, as requested by the original FJ method.
The FJ method application to GR, without the BW algorithm and with the Darboux transformation, was performed in Refs. [@Garriga:1997wz; @Vitenti:2012cx], with the purpose of finding the generalized (Dirac) brackets.
In general, to find the symplectic matrix (and hence the generalized brackets) using this method, it is necessary to fix the gauge. However, this work aims to uncover the gauge generators and the constraints of a given gravitational theory, there should be no need to fix the gauge. We envisage to stop the BW iterative procedure at a certain step $r' \leq r$ in which no gauge fixing was done and all the constraints were found. This is also sufficient for a degree of freedom counting.
If the $f^{(0)}_{\alpha \beta}$ has zero-modes that lead to constraints $\omega_m^{(0)}$, as given by eq. , the BW algorithm proposes to add this constraints to the kinetic part of ${\cal L}^{(0)}$, leading to [@BarcelosNeto:1991kw; @BarcelosNeto:1991ty] $$\label{eq:L1}
{\cal L}^{(1)}(\xi^{(0)}, \lambda^{(0)m}) \equiv {\cal L}^{(0)}(\xi^{(0)}) + \dot \lambda^{(0) m} \omega^{(0)}_m(\xi^{(0)}).$$
In the above, ${\cal L}^{(1)}$ is dynamically equivalent to ${\cal L}^{(0)}$ since they only differ on the explicit imposition that the constraints should not evolve on time (i.e. $\dot \omega_m =0$). Also, ${\cal L}^{(1)}$ is already linear on the velocities, hence one can apply the FJ method steps to the Lagrangian ${\cal L}^{(1)}$. To this end, one identifies $\left (\xi^{(1) \beta} \right ) = \left (\xi^{(0) \alpha}, \lambda^{(0)m}\right)$. If the index $\alpha$ associated to the zeroth iteration runs through 1 to $N$, and $m$ of the same iteration runs through 1 to $M$, then the $\beta$ of the first iteration runs from 1 to $N+M$. This procedure will lead to the first iteration pre-symplectic matrix $f^{(1)}_{\alpha \beta}$. If it still has zero-modes that yield new constraints $\omega^{(1)}_m$, the process is repeated by demanding that $\dot \omega^{(1)}_m = 0$, which leads to ${\cal L}^{(2)}$, defined analogously to ${\cal L}^{(1)}$ in eq. . The procedure stops once no new constraint is found.
In the BW algorithm, all the information on the constraints are implemented in the kinetic part; thus it is not hard to guess that there is no need to keep any constraints in the potential part after their implementation in the kinetic one [@BarcelosNeto:1991kw]. Indeed, the discovered constraints can be iteratively eliminated from the potential (e.g., ${\cal V}^{(1)}\equiv {\cal V}^{(0)}|_{\omega_m^{(0)}=0}$). The sole purpose of this procedure is to ease the computations, while preserving the same dynamics on the constraint surface. This is a common and computationally useful procedure, but it is not mandatory.
Gauge symmetries in the BW algorithm {#sec:gauge}
------------------------------------
This subsection reviews the connection between gauge symmetries and zero-modes, as discussed in particular in Refs. [@Montani:1992sy; @Montani:1993hf; @Montani:1998ip]. It also deals with issues related to field systems, and comments on a particular relevant case in which the rank of the pre-symplectic matrix becomes smaller on the constraint surface. Various particular examples on uncovering gauge symmetries from the symplectic formalism within field systems can be found in the literature (e.g., [@Montani:1993hf; @Wotzasek:1994ck; @Neves:2003gz; @Abreu:2013kpa]), but, to our knowledge, a general presentation about this case, highlighting its subtleties with respect to the particle system case, has not appeared before.
Within particle systems, the main result on the generators of gauge symmetries can be briefly stated as follows (see [@Montani:1992sy; @Montani:1993hf; @Montani:1998ip]): let a pre-symplectic structure, at some iteration of the BW algorithm, be degenerated in the constraint surface with $Z$ independent zero-modes which do not generate new constraints. Then, all these zero-modes will be associated to independent gauge transformations on the constraint surface. The relation between the gauge-related zero-modes and symplectic coordinate transformations is given by $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}}\xi^{\alpha} = \nu^{\alpha}_{k} \varepsilon^{k}$, where $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}}$ represents infinitesimal gauge transformations, the index $k$ is used to label the zero-modes, and $\{\varepsilon^{k}\}$ is a set of infinitesimal arbitrary parameters, one for each of the zero-modes.
Indeed, if $\delta_{\mbox{\tiny G}} \xi^\alpha$ represents an infinitesimal gauge transformation on the symplectic fields and on the constraint surface, then, by definition, $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} S = 0$ on the constraint surface \[without using the field equations (\[eq:symeq\])\]. When it is relevant to stress that an equality holds on the constraint surface we use the “weak equality”, introduced by Dirac, “$\approx$”. Thus $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} S \approx 0$. From eq. (\[eq:deltaS\]), with $\delta \xi^\alpha = \delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha$, one gets $$\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} S[\xi] = \int \left [ f_{\alpha \beta}(x,x') \dot \xi^\beta(x') - \frac{\delta {\cal V}(x')}{\delta \xi^\alpha (x)} \right] \delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha(x) \, d^3x\, d^3x'\, dt \, .$$ Since, by hypothesis, $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} S \approx 0$ and as $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha$ is independent from the velocities $\dot \xi^\alpha$, one finds the two independent weak equalities, $$\begin{aligned}
\int f_{\alpha \beta}(x,x') \delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}}\xi^\alpha(x) d^3 x& \approx & 0 \, \label{eq:weakzeromode}\\[.1in]
\int \frac{\delta {\cal V}(x')}{\delta \xi^\alpha (x)} \delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha(x) d^3 x & \approx & 0 \, . \label{eq:gauge1}\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha$ is a gauge transformation on the constraint surface if and only if $\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha$ is a zero-mode of $f_{\alpha \beta}$ in the same surface and this zero-mode does not generate new constraints. The present work is not the first one to stress the importance of considering zero-modes on the constraint surface, see for instance Ref. [@Wotzasek:1994ck].
To conclude, we consider the issue of the general gauge generator. Let $\nu^\alpha_\varepsilon$ be the most general zero-mode of the pre-symplectic structure, and such that it satisfies (\[eq:gauge1\]). The most general gauge transformation is therefore given by $$\label{eq:gaugeG}
\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \xi^\alpha = \nu_\varepsilon^\alpha \, .$$ The relation between $\nu_\varepsilon^\alpha$ and $\nu^\alpha_k$ for particle systems is given by $\nu_\varepsilon^\alpha = \nu_k^\alpha \varepsilon^k$, but this form is not in general valid for fields, due to the integration in eq. . In general, $\nu_\varepsilon$ depends on $Z$ arbitrary parameters $\varepsilon^k$ such that, for particular choices of $\varepsilon^k$, one can recover each of the particular linearly independent zero-modes $\nu^\alpha_k$.
Number of degrees of freedom
----------------------------
To our knowledge, the symplectic approach was not previously used to directly uncover the number of degrees of freedom (NDF). Here we present the general procedures to this end. For a review on the degrees of freedom counting, from the Dirac formalism, see Ref. [@0691037698]. We remark that currently a number of gravity theories with nontrivial NDF is being considered. The best well known case is, probably, that of massive gravity and bigravity [@deRham:2014zqa]. The expected NDF for a massive spin-2 particle in four dimensional spacetime is five, but unless a very specific form for the mass term is chosen, one finds six degrees of freedom, the extra one being a ghost (e.g., [@Golovnev:2011aa; @Huang:2013mha; @Molaee:2017enn]). We also add that the NDF of massless spin-two and spin-zero fields are two and one, respectively; but a theory with these two fields needs not to have three degrees of freedom. Indeed, Brans-Dicke theory with $\omega = -3/2$ has an additional symmetry, a conformal invariance, which leaves the theory with 2 degrees of freedom. These results will be verified in the following sections within the formalism here proposed.
We start with the simplest case. Let ${\cal L}^{(0)}$ be a Lagrangian description of a theory with $N^{(0)}$ independent field components, this description is assumed to have no constraints or gauge symmetries. In this case, the zeroth step of the BW algorithm is already the final one, and the NDF in this case must be $\mbox{NDF} = N^{(0)}/2$. Consider now the case where ${\cal L}^{(0)}$ describes a theory such that at the $k$-th iteration a total of $M$ independent constraints were found and $f^{(k)}$ is non-degenerate (i.e., $M$ is the total number of constraints and there are no gauge symmetries). Since each independent constraint can in principle be used to remove one of the independent field components, this theory has $\mbox{NDF} = (N^{(0)} - M)/2$.
In the previous example, in case $f^{(k)}$ has $G$ independent zero-modes that do not lead to new constraints, then $\mbox{NDF} = (N^{(0)} - M - G)/2$. Indeed, one can always fix the gauge, and for each independent zero-mode one should impose an independent condition on the original $N^{(0)}$ field components.
In the symplectic literature that uses the BW algorithm, it is common to find cases in which at some $k$-th iteration some of the field components are eliminated. Indeed, due to the process of eliminating the constraints from the potential (see Sec. \[sec:BW\]), eventually a field component that was present in the $(k-1)$-th iteration is no longer present in ${\cal L }^{(k)}$. If this happens for $E$ components, then $E$ independent field components will be eliminated along the algorithm, and one finds $$\label{eq:ndf}
\mbox{NDF} = \frac 12 (N^{(0)} - M - G - E).$$
For particle systems, the NDF should always be an integer number, and it must be compatible with Eq. . Consider first that $G=E=0$. Indeed, the pre-symplectic matrix can only have an inverse at the $k$-th iteration if $N^{(k)}$ is even, since a square antisymmetric matrix with finite dimensions can only have an inverse if its dimension is even. For each independent constraint, one needs to insert a new Lagrange multiplier, hence for $M$ constraints (with no symplectic field elimination), one will have a symplectic vector with $N^{(0)} + M$ components. Assuming no gauge symmetry and no field elimination, if at this iteration the symplectic matrix is found, than necessarily $N^{(0)} + M$ is even. Consequently, $N^{(0)} + M - 2 M = N^{(0)} - M$ is also even, and the NDF is an integer. This argument can be trivially extended to the case with gauge symmetry and field elimination, and one finds that the NDF computed from eq. is always an integer for particle systems.
To conclude, since all iterations should generate Lagrangians that are dynamically equivalent among themselves, it must be possible to state eq. (\[eq:ndf\]) as a function of $N^{(k)}$, being $k$ the iteration at which no new constraints are found. If at the $k$-th iteration $M$ constraints were found, then in ${\cal L}^{(k)}$ there should appear $M$ field components that only appear once in ${\cal L}^{(k)}$ and with a time derivative. These are the Lagrange multipliers within the symplectic formalism. Since $N^{(k)}$ includes the number of Lagrange multipliers, which is always precisely $M$, we write $$\label{eq:ndfk}
\mbox{NDF} = \frac 12 (N^{(k)} - 2 M - G).$$ Alternatively, eq. (\[eq:ndfk\]) can be found from eq. (\[eq:ndf\]) by using that $N^{(k)} = N^{(0)} - E + M$.
Application to General Relativity {#sec:GR}
=================================
ADM variables and Lagrangian preparation
----------------------------------------
Here we employ ADM variables (for reviews, see [@Hanson:1976cn; @Wald:1984rg; @Bojowald:2010qpa; @Deser:2015bia]) and we assume that spacetime is globally hyperbolic. Hence, it can be foliated by space-like hypersurfaces that can be parametrized by a scalar quantity $t$, these hypersurfaces are labeled $\Sigma_t$. The dynamics of GR from the ADM perspective can be seen as the evolution of the Riemmanian manifold ($\Sigma, h_{\mu \nu})$, where $h_{\mu \nu}$ is the induced tridimensional metric, and $\Sigma$ is a three dimensional manifold whose metric changes along $t$. From the ADM perspective, the dynamical field is $h_{\mu \nu}$.
Using the ADM variables with an adapted coordinate system, the spacetime line element can be written as [@Hanson:1976cn; @Wald:1984rg; @Bojowald:2010qpa] $$\label{eq:admline}
ds^2 = - N^2 dt^2 + h_{ij}(dx^i + N^i dt)(dx^j + N^j dt)\, ,$$ where the indices $i,j = 1,2,3$, the induced metric is $h_{ij}$, and $N$ and $N^i$ are respectively the lapse function and the shift vector.
Apart from surface terms, the action of GR reads, $$\label{eq:GR3+1}
S[N, {\mathbf{N}}, {\mathbf{h}}] = \dfrac{1}{2 k }\int d^4x \, N\sqrt{h}[{\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R + K_{ij}K^{ij} - K^2],$$ where $k = 8 \pi G$, ${\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R$ and $K_{ij}$ are respectively the Ricci scalar and the extrinsic curvature of $\Sigma_t$, while $K = K_{i j} h^{i j} = K_i^i$. The fundamental fields of the theory are $N$, $N^i$ and $h_{ij}$. The extrinsic curvature, as a function of the fundamental fields, is $$K_{ij} = \frac{1}{2N} \left( \dot h_{ij} - D_i N_j - D_j N_i\right),$$ where $D_i$ is the covariant derivative in $\Sigma$, and spatial indices are raised and lowered by $h_{ij}$.
In order to find the velocity-linearized Lagrangian, as in the action , we employ the canonical momenta. Using that $S = \int {\cal L} \, d^4x$, the canonical momenta are given by[^1] $$\begin{aligned}
\Pi_{N} &\equiv& \frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{N}}=0 \, , \\[.2cm]
\Pi_{i}&\equiv&\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{N}^i}=0 \, , \\[.2cm]
\Pi^{ij}&\equiv&\frac{\partial \mathcal{L}}{\partial \dot{h}_{ij}}= \frac{\sqrt{h}}{2 k } ( K^{ij} - K h^{ij}) \, . \label{eq:PiRG}\end{aligned}$$
The last equation can be inverted, $$\dot{h}_{ij} = \frac{2 k N}{\sqrt{h}} (2\Pi_{ij} - \Pi \, h_{ij}) + 2D_{(i}N_{j)},$$ where $\Pi = \Pi^i_i$ and parenthesis indicate symmetrization, $A_{(i j)} = \frac 12 (A_{ij} + A_{ji})$.
It is now possible to write the velocity-linearized Lagrangian as $${\cal L}^{(0)} =
\Pi^{ij} \dot{h}_{ij} - {\cal V}^{(0)} \,,$$ where the potential reads $${\cal V}^{(0)} =
\frac{2k N}{\sqrt{h}} (\Pi_{ij} - \frac{1}{2} \Pi \, h_{ij})\Pi^{ij} + 2\Pi_{ij}D^{i}N^{j} - \frac{1}{2k } N\sqrt{h} {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R \, .$$ Since the canonical momenta, with the usual conventions, were used to linearize the Lagrangian, the potential above is the canonical Hamiltonian of General Relativity (e.g., [@Wald:1984rg]).
Notation conventions
--------------------
For the application to particular theories, it is convenient to introduce a clear and compact notation. Tensors in the tangent space of $\Sigma_t$ are denoted in boldface[^2], while their individual components are specified with the letters $i,j,k, l,$ and $p$ \[e.g., ${\mathbf{N}} = (N^i), {\mathbf{h}} = (h_{ij})$\]. Spatial dependence on the coordinates $x'^i$ are simply denoted by a prime in the corresponding field, $\Pi'^i = \Pi^i({x'})$; for fields that depend on both ${x}$ and ${x'}$ no prime is used. Tensors in the symplectic space are denoted by a boldface with a bar, and their components are written with the letters $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ \[e.g., ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}= (\xi^\alpha), {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}= (f_{\alpha \beta})$\]. Each value of a symplectic index is associated to a field, not a to component of a field, hence one writes $\xi^2 = {\mathbf{N}}$, or $\xi^{2_i} = N^i$. A sum in a symplectic index always imply that the corresponding internal ($\Sigma_t$) indices are summed as well, hence $$({{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}})_{\beta_{k l}}= \nu^\alpha f_{\alpha \beta_{k l}} = \sum_{\alpha, i, j} \nu^{\alpha_{ i j}} f_{\alpha_{i j} \beta_{k l}} \,.$$
A $3 \times 3$ identity matrix is denoted by ${\mathbf{1}}$. We use $({\mathbf{1}})^i_j = \delta^i_j$ and $({\mathbf{1}})_j = {\mathbf{1}}_j = (\delta^i)_j$, i.e., ${\mathbf{1}}_j$ is the j-th line of the identity, in particular ${\mathbf{1}}_1 = ( 1 \;\; 0 \;\; 0 )$. There is a type of identity element that is recurrent in the following computations, this lead us to introduce the quantity ${\mathbf{I}}$ as follows, $$\frac{\delta h_{i j}}{\delta h'_{kl}} = \delta_{(i}^k \delta_{j)}^l {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}\equiv I_{ij}^{kl},$$ where the parenthesis on $i$ and $j$ indicate symmetrization.
The dot-product indicates that the maximum possible number of indices is being contracted, hence a dot-product between a rank 2 with a rank 4 tensor implies that two indices are being contracted. Some tensor contractions with omitted indices may seem at first not evident or ambiguous, but the dependence on the coordinates ${x}$ or ${x'}$ always sets which indices are being contracted. Let ${\mathbf{A}} = (A^{i}), {\mathbf{B}} = (B^{i})$ and ${\mathbf{C}}=(C_{i})$, then $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathbf{A}} \cdot \frac{\delta {\mathbf{C}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{B}}} &= A^{i} \dfrac{\delta {\mathbf{C}}'}{\delta B^{i}} & = \left ( A^{i} \dfrac{\delta {C'_j}}{\delta B^{i}} \right ) \, , \nonumber \\[.1in]
{\mathbf{A}} \cdot \frac{\delta {\mathbf{C}}}{\delta {\mathbf{B}}'} &= A^{i} \dfrac{\delta C_i}{\delta {\mathbf{B}}'} & = \left( A^{i} \dfrac{\delta C_i}{\delta {B'^j}} \right )\, .\end{aligned}$$
The iteration index $^{(i)}$ introduced by the Barcelos Neto-Wotzsek formalism is only displayed when necessary, commonly at the start of a new iteration.
The zeroth iteration: finding all the constraints
-------------------------------------------------
From the zeroth-iteration Lagrangian ${\cal L}^{(0)}$, one identifies the symplectic vector and the corresponding symplectic one-form,
$$\begin{aligned}
\label{sympVect0GR}
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}^{(0) } &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
N & {\mathbf{N}} & {\mathbf{h}} & {\mathbf{\Pi}}
\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}
N & N^i & h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij}
\end{pmatrix} \, , \\[.2cm]
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(0)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
0 \; & \;\; 0 & \; {\mathbf{\Pi}} & \; 0
\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}
0 \; & \; \; 0_k & \;\Pi^{kl} & \; 0_{k l}
\end{pmatrix}\,.\end{aligned}$$
From the above, $$\frac{\delta a'_\beta}{\delta \xi^{\alpha}} = \delta_{\alpha}^4\delta_{\beta}^3 \frac{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi'}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}}= \delta_{\alpha}^4\delta_{\beta}^3 \, {\mathbf{I}}\,.$$ Thus, the pre-symplectic structure reads $$\label{eq:f0RGind}
f_{\alpha \beta} = \delta_{\alpha}^{4}\delta_{\beta}^{3} \, {\mathbf{I}} - \delta_{\beta}^{4}\delta_{\alpha}^{3} \, {\mathbf{I}} \, .$$
The matrix associated to the above pre-symplectic structure is clearly degenerate, and it is simple to find its zero-modes . Indeed: $$0= ({{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}})_\beta = \delta_{\beta}^{3} \, {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{4}\cdot {\mathbf{I}} - \delta_{\beta}^{4}\, {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{3} \cdot {\mathbf{I}} = \left ( \delta_{\beta}^{3} \, {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{4} - \delta_{\beta}^{4}\, {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{3} \right ) {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}\, .$$
Any zero-mode must therefore satisfy[^3] ${\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{3} = {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{4} = 0$. The components 1 and 2 of $\nu^\alpha$ were left arbitrary, thus the linearly independent zero-modes can be written as $\nu_\sigma^\alpha$, with $\sigma = 1, 2$, with $\nu^\alpha_1 = 0$, except for $\alpha = 1$; and $\nu^\alpha_2 = 0$, except for $\alpha = 2$.
From the consistency condition (\[eq:consistCondition2\]), for the zero-mode ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_1$, $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \nu_{1}^{ \alpha} \dfrac{\delta V }{\delta \xi^{\alpha}} = \nu_{1}^{ 1} \dfrac{\delta V }{\delta N} \nonumber \\[.2cm]
&=& \nu_1^1 \left[\dfrac{2k }{\sqrt{h}} \left( \Pi_{ij} \Pi^{ij} - \dfrac{1}{2} \Pi^{2} \right)
- \dfrac{\sqrt{h}}{2 k } {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R \right]\;.\end{aligned}$$ The expression above leads to the Hamiltonian constraint, $$\begin{aligned}
\omega_0 = \dfrac{2 k }{\sqrt{h}} \left( \Pi_{ij} \Pi^{ij} - \dfrac{1}{2} \Pi^{2} \right) - \dfrac{\sqrt{h}}{2 k } {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R\;.\end{aligned}$$
The consistence condition for the second zero-mode ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_2$ reads $$\begin{aligned}
0 = \nu_{2}^{\alpha} \dfrac{\delta V }{\delta \xi^{\alpha}} = \nu_{2}^{2_i} \dfrac{\delta V }{\delta N^{i}} = - 2 \nu_{2}^{2_i} D^{j}\Pi_{j i} \;.\end{aligned}$$ Thus, we find the three diffeomorphism constraints, $$\begin{aligned}
\omega_{i} = - 2 D^{j} \Pi_{j i}\;.\end{aligned}$$ The name for these constraints are somewhat misleading within the symplectic formalism, since gauge symmetries are not generated by special types of constraints, but by special types of zero-modes. In the next iteration the gauge symmetries will be found.
With the above, the zeroth iteration is complete. Since constraints were found, one proceeds to the next iteration, thus $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{L}}^{(1)} = \dot{h}_{ij} \Pi^{ij} + \dot{\lambda}^0 \omega_{0} + \dot{\lambda}^i \omega_{i}\, .\end{aligned}$$ where the known constraints were eliminated from the potential, leading to $$\label{eq:V1RG}
{\cal V}^{(1)} =0\, .$$ Since the potential is null, it is possible to guarantee at this point that there are no new constraints to be uncovered. The infinitesimal gauge transformations are found in the next subsection.[^4]
The first iteration: uncovering the gauge symmetries {#sec:firsti}
----------------------------------------------------
The symplectic vector and the symplectic one-form of the first iteration are identified as $$\begin{aligned}
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}}^{ (1)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
{\mathbf{h}} & {\mathbf{\Pi}} & \lambda^0 & \; {\mathbf{\lambda}}
\end{pmatrix} =
\begin{pmatrix}
h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij} & \lambda^0 & \lambda^i
\end{pmatrix} \, , \nonumber \\[.1cm]
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(1)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
{\mathbf{\Pi}} & 0 & \; \omega_0 \; & {\boldsymbol{\omega}}\end{pmatrix} =
\begin{pmatrix}
\Pi^{kl} & 0_{kl} & \omega_0 \; & \omega_{k}
\end{pmatrix}\,.\end{aligned}$$ All the fields that do not appear in ${\cal L}^{(1)}$ were omitted from ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}^{(1)}$. With the above, $$\label{eq:axifirst}
\frac{\delta a'_\beta}{\delta \xi^{\alpha}} = \delta_\alpha^1\delta_\beta^3 \frac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}}+ \delta_\alpha^1\delta_\beta^4 \frac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} +\delta_\alpha^2\delta_\beta^1 \, {\mathbf{I}}+ \delta_\alpha^2\delta_\beta^3 \frac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} + \delta_\alpha^2\delta_\beta^4 \frac{\delta {\mathbf{\omega'}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \, .$$
The pre-symplectic structure can be found by properly anti-symmetrizing eq. . It can be represented in matrix form by associating each $\alpha$ value to a line and each $\beta$ value to a column, thus $$\begin{aligned}
\label{preSympMatrixRG}
{{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}=
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & - {\mathbf{I}} & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} \\[0.2cm]
{\mathbf{I}} & 0 & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \\[0.2cm]
-\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} & 0 & 0 \\[0.2cm]
-\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} & 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}\;.\end{aligned}$$ One can explicitly compute the determinant of the above matrix and show that, in the complete symplectic space, it is not degenerated. Nonetheless, in the constraint surface, it is degenerated, as shown in Appendix \[app:det\]. Therefore, we need to find zero-modes such that $\int {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}\, d^3 x \approx 0$, see also eq. (\[eq:weakzeromode\]). We shall first consider the following two components, $$\begin{aligned}
0 \approx \int ({{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}})_3 d^3 x&=& \int \left( {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{1} \cdot \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} + {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^2 \cdot \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \right ) d^3x \, , \label{ff3} \\
0 \approx \int ({{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}})_{4} d^3x&=& \int \left( {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{1} \cdot \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} + {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^2 \cdot \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \right)d^3x\, \label{ff4}.\end{aligned}$$ It is not hard to realize that for particular choices of ${\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{1}$ and ${\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{2}$ the above structure can be expressed as Poisson brackets among fields. Since the zero-mode can only depend on the spatial coordinate $x$, it cannot depend on variational derivatives of the functions[^5] $\omega_0$ or $\omega_i$, but it can depend on derivatives of the functional $\Omega_\mu = \int \omega_\mu d^3x$ (with $\mu=0,1,2,3$). Then, making use of the well known Dirac algebra (see e.g., [@Dirac:1951zz; @Castellani:1981us; @Mukherjee:2007yi]), $$\begin{aligned}
\{\omega_0, \omega'_0 \} &=& (\omega^i + \omega'^i ) \partial_i {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}, \nonumber \\
\{\omega_i, \omega'_0 \} &=& \omega_0 \partial_i{\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}, \label{eq:constraintalgebra} \\
\{\omega_i, \omega'_j \} &=& \omega'_i \partial_j{\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}+ \omega_j \partial_i{\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}\, . \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ one can get the four $\mu$ indexed solutions to eqs. (\[ff3\], \[ff4\]): $$\begin{aligned}
{\boldsymbol{\nu}}^1_\mu = \frac{\delta \Omega_\mu}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \, , \;\;\; {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^2_\mu = -\frac{\delta \Omega_\mu}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}}\, .\end{aligned}$$ From the knowledge of the components 1 and 2, it is easy to derive the remaining components. The four zero-modes read $$\begin{aligned}
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_{0} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\delta \Omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}} } & - \frac{\delta \Omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & -1 & \; 0
\end{pmatrix}, \label{modoZeroRG11} \\[.1in]
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_{p} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\delta \Omega_p}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}} } & - \frac{\delta \Omega_p}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \; 0 \; & - {\mathbf{1}}_p
\end{pmatrix}. \label{modoZeroRG12}\end{aligned}$$
One can directly verify that ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_\mu$ are indeed zero-modes on the constraint surface (which we call “weak zero-modes”), $$\int ({{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_\mu \cdot {{{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}})_\beta \, d^3x = \delta^3_\beta \{\omega'_0, \Omega_\mu\} + \delta^4_\beta \{{\boldsymbol{\omega}}', \Omega_\mu\} \approx 0\,.$$
In order to uncover the gauge symmetries, the weak zero-modes must be generalized by introducing an arbitrary infinitesimal field. From the algebra , it is easy to see that, for any $\varepsilon^\nu$, $$\int \{ \omega_\mu , \varepsilon'^\nu \omega'_\nu\} d^3 x' = \int \left( \varepsilon'^\nu \{ \omega_\mu, \omega'_\nu \} + \{ \omega_\mu , \varepsilon'^\nu \} \omega'_\nu \right) d^3 x' \approx 0.$$ This implies that the zero-modes (\[modoZeroRG11\], \[modoZeroRG12\]) can be generalized to depend on an arbitrary infinitesimal vector field $\varepsilon^\mu$, which is achieved by replacing $\Omega_\mu$ with $ \Omega_\varepsilon \equiv \int \varepsilon^\mu(x) \omega_\mu(x) d^3x$. Indeed, one can write the following general weak zero-mode, $$\label{modoZeroRG05ep}
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_{{\varepsilon}} =
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & - \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & -\varepsilon^0 & \boldsymbol{\varepsilon}
\end{pmatrix}.$$ Each of the four zero-modes (\[modoZeroRG11\], \[modoZeroRG12\]) are found from ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_{{\varepsilon}}$ by a particular choice of $\varepsilon^\mu$.
The infinitesimal gauge transformations of $h_{ij}$ in the constraint surface are found from the first component of ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_{{\varepsilon}}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}}h_{ij} & \approx & \frac{\delta \Omega_{\varepsilon}}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} \nonumber \\
&\approx & \int \left( \varepsilon'^0 \frac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} + \varepsilon'^k \frac{\delta \omega'_k}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} \right ) d^3x' \nonumber \\
&\approx & \int \left [ \varepsilon'^0 \frac{4 k}{\sqrt{ h'}}\left( \Pi'_{ij} - \frac 12 \Pi' h'_{ij}\right){\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}- 2 \varepsilon'_k\frac{\delta D'_l \Pi'^{lk}}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} \right]\, d^3x' \nonumber \\[.1in]
&\approx & 2 k \, \varepsilon^0 \, K_{i j} + 2 D_{(i} \varepsilon_{j)} \, .\end{aligned}$$
The above result, within the Dirac formalism, can also be found in[^6] Ref. [@Mukherjee:2007yi] (more precisely, their eq. (44)). The term $2 D_{(i} \varepsilon_{j)}$ in the above equation is a Lie derivative, hence it is immediate to interpret it as coordinate transformations on $\Sigma_t$ alone. The $\varepsilon^0$ term refers to changes along the normal direction of $\Sigma_t$. The above expression is the correct one. Equivalent results can be obtained in a similar way for the phase space variable $\Pi^{ij}$, although the gauge changes normal to $\Sigma_t$ are much more cumbersome in this case. For further details on the interpretation of gauge transformations of GR within the ADM variables, see Refs. [@Castellani:1981us; @Mukherjee:2007yi; @Kiriushcheva:2008fn; @Shestakova:2011ek; @Frolov:2008sn; @Kiriushcheva:2008sf].
Degrees of freedom counting {#sec:dof}
---------------------------
In order to count the number of degrees of freedom in General Relativity, we proceed as follows, using eq. (\[eq:ndf\]): the total number of field components in ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}^{(0)}$ is 16 (one scalar, one vector and two symmetric tensors); from those original components, four were eliminated ($N$, $N^i$); four constraint components were found ($\omega_0, \omega_i$); and, in the last iteration, four independent zero-modes were found ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_\mu$. Hence, as expected, there are $\frac 12 (16-4-4-4) = 2$ degrees of freedom in GR.
Applications to two Brans-Dicke Theory cases {#sec:BD}
============================================
The Brans-Dicke action and momenta
----------------------------------
The Brans-Dicke action with a potential reads [@Brans:1961sx; @Fujii:2003pa; @Capozziello:2010zz] $$\label{action27}
S[g,\phi] = \frac 1{2 k } \int \left ( \phi R - \frac{\omega}{\phi} \partial_\mu \phi \partial^\mu \phi - P(\phi) \right ) \sqrt{-g} \, d^4x \,,$$ with $\omega$ being a constant and $P(\phi)$ the scalar field potential. This action is not the most general scalar-tensor gravity, but it is sufficiently simple and interesting. It includes the original Brans-Dicke proposal ($P(\phi)=0$) [@Brans:1961sx], it is dual to the metric $f(R)$ gravity if $\omega =0$, and it is dual to the Palatini $f(R)$ gravity if $\omega = -3/2$ [@Capozziello:2010zz]. This action is known for having three degrees of freedom if $\omega \not= -3/2$, and 2 degrees of freedom if $\omega = -3/2$ [@Olmo:2011fh]. In vacuum, the theory with $\omega = - 3/2$ has a conformal symmetry and it is possible to map its solutions to the GR ones [@Ferraris:1992dx]. The corresponding action is a reformulation of GR in vacuum, and it is a good example on how to apply the formalism, as it has some relevant subtleties that are further developed in the end of this section and in Appendix \[app:timed\].
Similarly to the case of general relativity, we use ADM variables, as in eq. , see also [@Olmo:2011fh; @Moon:2013ska], $$\begin{aligned}
S[g,\phi] &=& \frac{1}{2 k } \int \left\{ N \phi[{\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R + K_{i j} K^{ij} - K^2]+ 2 D_i N D^i \phi - 2 K(\dot \phi - N^j D_j \phi) +\right. \nonumber \\
& & \left. + \frac{\omega}{N\phi} [ (\dot \phi - N^i D_i\phi)^2 - N^2 D_i \phi D^i \phi] - N P(\phi)\right \} \sqrt h \, d^4x \, .\end{aligned}$$
The momenta read[^7] (see also Ref. [@Olmo:2011fh]) $$\begin{aligned}
\Pi_N &=& \frac{\partial {\cal L}}{\partial \dot N} = 0 \, , \\[0.2cm]
\Pi_i &=& \frac{\partial {\cal L}}{\partial \dot N^i} = 0 \, , \\ [0.2cm]
\Pi^{ij} &=& \frac{\partial {\cal L}}{\partial \dot h_{ij}} = \frac{\sqrt{h}}{2 k } \left [\phi (K^{ij} - K h^{ij}) - \frac{1}{N} h^{i j} (\dot \phi - N^k D_k \phi)) \right]\, , \label{eq:piBD}\\[0.2cm]
\Pi_\phi &=& \frac{\partial {\cal L}}{\partial \dot \phi} = \frac{\sqrt h}{ k } \left ( - K + \frac{ \omega}{N \phi} (\dot \phi - N^iD_i \phi)\right ) \, . \label{eq:piphi}\end{aligned}$$
In order to linearize the Lagrangian with respect to the velocities, it is useful to note that $$\label{eq:PiPiphiphi}
\Pi - \phi \Pi_\phi = \frac{\sqrt h}{2 k }\frac{(3 + 2 \omega)}{N} \left ( N^i D_i \phi - \dot \phi \right ) \, .$$
Brans-Dicke with $\omega \not= -3/2$
------------------------------------
The Lagrangian density linearized in the velocities reads [@Zhang:2011vg], $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Lbrans}
{\cal L}^{(0)} &=& \dot{h}_{ij} \Pi^{ij} + \dot{\phi} \Pi_{\phi}
+ \dfrac{\sqrt{h}}{2 k } N \left ( \phi {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R - \dfrac{2 k ^2}{ h\phi} \left( 2 \Pi^{ij} \Pi_{ij} - \Pi^{2} \right) - \dfrac{\omega}{\phi} D_{i}\phi D^{i} \phi - \nonumber \right. \\[.1in]
&& \left. - 2 D_iD^i \phi - \dfrac{2 k ^2}{h \phi (3+2\omega)} \left( \Pi - \phi \Pi_{\phi} \right)^{2} - 2 P(\phi) \right) + N^{j} \left( 2 D^{i}\Pi_{ij} - \Pi_{\phi} D_{j} \phi \right) \;.\end{aligned}$$
For the symplectic vector, we select the most economical form (neglecting any field that does not appear in ${\cal L}$), hence $$\begin{aligned}
\label{sympVectBD}
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}}^{(0) } &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
N & N^i & h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij} & \phi & \Pi_\phi
\end{pmatrix} \, , \\[.2cm]
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(0)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
0 \; & \; 0_k & \;\Pi^{kl} & 0_{k l} & \Pi_\phi & 0 \;\;
\end{pmatrix}\,.\end{aligned}$$ From these vectors we compute $$f_{\alpha \beta} = \delta_{\alpha}^4\delta_{\beta}^3 \, I^{k l}_{i j} + \delta^6_\alpha \delta^5_\beta \, {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}- \delta_{\alpha}^3 \delta_{\beta}^4 \, I_{k l}^{i j} - \delta^5_\alpha \delta^6_\beta \, {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}\, .$$
The zero-modes of ${{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}$ are vectors ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}$ such that all their components are null, except for ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}^1$ and ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}^2$, which are arbitrary. One finds that there are four independent zero-modes, which lead to the following four constraints, $$\begin{aligned}
\omega_0 &=& \dfrac{\sqrt{h}}{2 k } \left ( -\phi {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R + \dfrac{2 k ^2}{ h\phi} \left( 2 \Pi^{ij} \Pi_{ij} - \Pi^{2} \right) + \dfrac{\omega}{\phi} D_{i}\phi D^{i} \phi + 2 D_iD^i \phi + \right. \nonumber \\[.1in]
&& \left. + \dfrac{2 k ^2}{h \phi (3+2\omega)} \left( \Pi - \phi \Pi_{\phi} \right)^{2} + 2 P(\phi) \right)\, , \\[.2in]
\omega_{j} &=& - 2 D^{i}\Pi_{ij} + \Pi_{\phi} D_{j} \phi \, .\end{aligned}$$
The first iteration Lagrangian, with the constraints removed from the symplectic potential, reads $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{L}}^{(1)} = \dot{h}_{ij} \Pi^{ij} + \dot \phi \Pi_\phi + \dot{\lambda}^0 \omega_{0} + \dot{\lambda}^i \omega_{i}\, .\end{aligned}$$ The first-iteration potential is zero, therefore $\omega_0$ and $\omega_i$ are all the constraints of the theory.
The symplectic vector and the symplectic one-form of the first iteration are taken to be $$\begin{aligned}
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}}^{ (1)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij} & \; \phi & \Pi_\phi & \lambda^0 & \lambda^i
\end{pmatrix} \nonumber \\[.1cm]
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(1)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
\Pi^{kl} & \; 0_{kl} & \Pi_\phi & 0 & \omega_0 \; & \omega_{k}
\end{pmatrix}\,.\end{aligned}$$
The pre-symplectic structure reads, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{preSympMatrixBD}
{{{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}} =
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & - {\mathbf{I}} & 0 & 0 & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} \\[0.2cm]
{\mathbf{I}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \\[0.2cm]
0 & 0 & 0 & -{{\delta^{(3)}}}& \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta \phi} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta \phi} \\[.2cm]
0 & 0& {{\delta^{(3)}}}& 0 & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta \Pi_\phi} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta \Pi_\phi} \\[.2in]
-\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} & - \dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta \phi'} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta \Pi'_\phi} & 0 & 0\\[0.2cm]
-\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta \phi'}& - \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta \Pi'_\phi}& 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}\;,\end{aligned}$$ with ${{\delta^{(3)}}}\equiv {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}$. The above ${{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}$ can be promptly seen as an extension of eq. (\[preSympMatrixRG\]), and it only has zero-modes on the constraint surface. Following analogous steps, the weak zero-modes must be given by $$\begin{aligned}
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_0 &= &
\begin{pmatrix}
\dfrac{\delta \Omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & - \dfrac{\delta \Omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \dfrac{\delta \Omega_0}{\delta \Pi_\phi} & - \dfrac{\delta \Omega_0}{\delta \phi} & \; -1 \; & \; 0
\end{pmatrix} \, , \\[.2in]
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_p &= &
\begin{pmatrix}
\dfrac{\delta \Omega_p}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & - \dfrac{\delta \Omega_p}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} &\dfrac{\delta \Omega_p}{\delta \Pi_\phi} & - \dfrac{\delta \Omega_p}{\delta \phi} & \;\; 0 & \;- {\mathbf{1}}_p
\end{pmatrix} \,. \end{aligned}$$
In order to verify that the above vectors satisfy $\int {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}\, d^3x \approx 0$, one needs to use the Brans-Dicke constraint algebra. It is not necessary to use explicitly the algebra details, the only relevant relation is that, for Brans-Dicke, likewise in GR, $\{\Omega_\mu, \omega_\nu \} \approx 0$ (see for instance Ref. [@Zhang:2011vg]). Conversely, if one was not aware of the Brans-Dicke algebra, but knew that its action is a scalar, the latter condition would need to be true (otherwise, there would be no gauge symmetry on the constraint surface, and hence no diffeomorphism invariance).
The Brans-Dicke theory with $\omega \not= -3/2$ has three degrees of freedom, indeed, from eq. (\[eq:ndfk\]): (18 - 2 $\times$ 4 - 4)/2 = 3 degrees of freedom.
The gauge transformations are found from the most general zero-mode. It is an extension of eq. , and it reads $$\label{nuepsilonBD1}
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_{{\mathbf{\varepsilon}}} =
\begin{pmatrix}
\dfrac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & - \dfrac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \dfrac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \Pi_\phi} & - \dfrac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \phi} & -\varepsilon^0 & -\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}
\end{pmatrix}.$$
The gauge transformation for the dynamical fields ${\mathbf{h}}$ and $\phi$ are respectively found from the first and the third component of ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_\varepsilon$, namely, $$\begin{aligned}
\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} h_{ij} & = & \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} \nonumber \\
&= & 2k \varepsilon^0K_{ij} + \frac{2k \epsilon^0}{\sqrt{h}\phi(3+2\omega)} (\Pi - \phi\Pi_{\phi})h_{ij} + 2 D_{(i} \varepsilon_{j)} \nonumber \\
& = & 2k \varepsilon^0 K_{ij} + \frac{\varepsilon^0}{\phi N} (N^l D_l \phi - \dot \phi)h_{ij} + 2 D_{(i} \varepsilon_{j)}\, , \label{gaugeBD1h}\\[.1in]
\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \phi &= & \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \Pi_\phi} \nonumber \\
&=& \frac{\varepsilon^0}{\phi N} (N^l D_l \phi - \dot \phi) \phi + \varepsilon^i D_i \phi \, . \label{gaugeBD1phi}\end{aligned}$$
Gauge transformations for $\Pi_{ij}$ and $\Pi_{\phi}$ can be obtained in a similar way. To our knowledge, the above gauge transformations have not yet explicitly appeared in the literature. For the Brans-Dicke gauge transformations with a different set of variables, displaying a $SU(2)$ gauge symmetry, see Ref. [@Zhang:2011vg]. Similarly to the GR case, the diffeomorphism invariance on the $\Sigma_t$ surface can be promptly spotted as the last terms of eqs. (\[gaugeBD1h\], \[gaugeBD1phi\]), which are both Lie derivatives.
Brans-Dicke with $\omega = - 3/2$ {#sec:BD2}
---------------------------------
The case with $w=-3/2$ should have one degree of freedom less than the previous $ w \not= 3/2$ Brans-Dicke theory, see Refs. [@Capozziello:2010zz; @Ferraris:1992dx]). Indeed, from eq. one can promptly see that a new constraint emerges, $$\begin{aligned}
\eta_1 \equiv \Pi - \Pi_\phi \phi = 0.\end{aligned}$$ In Dirac language, this is a primary constraint, as it comes directly from the momenta definition, hence either one solves the constraint eliminating one of the fields, or the constraint must be inserted in the Lagrangian. We add it to the Lagrangian following the same formalism rules we have been using before, that is, adding the time derivative of the constraint (or the time derivative of the Lagrange multiplier). We remark that adding this constraint without any time derivative is incompatible with the symplectic formalism we are adopting, as it will be commented in the Conclusions and demonstrated in the Appendix \[app:timed\].
The linearized Lagrangian on the velocities reads (see also [@Olmo:2011fh; @Zhang:2011vg]), $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Lbrans32}
{\cal L}^{(0)} &=& \dot{h}_{ij} \Pi^{ij} + \dot \phi \Pi_\phi + \dot \zeta_1 \eta_1 + N^{j} \left( 2 D^{i}\Pi_{ij} - \Pi_{\phi} D_{j} \phi \right) + \nonumber \\
&& +N \dfrac{\sqrt{h} }{2 k } \left ( \phi {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R - \dfrac{2 k ^2}{ h\phi} \left( 2 \Pi^{ij} \Pi_{ij} - \Pi^{2} \right) + \dfrac{3}{2 \phi} D_{i}\phi D^{i} \phi - 2 D_iD^i \phi - 2 P(\phi) \right) \, .\end{aligned}$$
The symplectic vector and the canonical 1-form are written as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{sympVect0GR32}
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}}^{(0) } &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
N & N^i & h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij} & \phi & \Pi_\phi & \zeta_1
\end{pmatrix} \, , \\[.2cm]
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(0)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & \; 0_k & \Pi^{kl} & 0_{k l} & \Pi_\phi & 0 \; & \; \eta_1 \;
\end{pmatrix}\,.\end{aligned}$$ From the above we get, $$\frac{\delta { a}'_\beta}{\delta {\xi}^{\alpha}} = \delta_{\alpha}^4\delta_{\beta}^3 \, {\mathbf{I}} + \delta^6_\alpha \delta^5_\beta {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}+ \left(\delta_\alpha^3 {\mathbf{\Pi}} + \delta_\alpha^4 {\mathbf{h}} - \delta_\alpha^5 \Pi_\phi - \delta_\alpha^6 \phi \right )\delta_\beta^7 {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}\, .$$ Hence, to satisfy $({{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}\cdot {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}})_{\beta} = 0 $, one finds the following equations (each one for a different value of $\beta$), $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^4 - \nu^7 \, {\mathbf{\Pi}} \, ,\\
0 &=& {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^3 + \nu^7 \, {\mathbf{h}} \, , \\
0 &=&\nu^6 + \nu^7 \, \Pi_\phi ,\\
0 &=&- \nu^5+ \nu^7 \, \phi \, ,\\
0 &=& {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^{3} \cdot {\mathbf{\Pi}} + {\boldsymbol{\nu}}^4 \cdot {\mathbf{h}} - \nu^5 \, \Pi_\phi - \nu^6 \, \phi \, .\end{aligned}$$ The first four equations fix four components of ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}$ as functions of $\nu^7$. The fifth equation is not independent, it can be found from the previous four. Hence, there are three linearly independent zero-modes, which are denoted by $\nu^\alpha_\sigma$, with $\sigma = 1,2,3$ and read $$\begin{aligned}
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_1 &=& \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & \;\; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \;\; \, 0 & \;\;\; 0\end{pmatrix}, \\
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_{2_p} &=& \begin{pmatrix} 0 & {\mathbf{1}}_p & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \;\; 0 & \;\;\; 0\end{pmatrix}, \\
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_3 &=& \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & - {\mathbf{h}} & {\mathbf{\Pi}} & \phi & -\Pi_\phi & 1\end{pmatrix} . \label{eq:nu3BD}\end{aligned}$$
The zero-modes ${{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_1$ and ${{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_2$, from the consistency equation, yield respectively the following constraints: $$\begin{aligned}
\omega_0 &=& \dfrac{\sqrt{h} }{2 k } \left ( \phi {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R - \dfrac{2 k ^2}{ h\phi} \left( 2 \Pi^{ij} \Pi_{ij} - \Pi^{2} \right) + \dfrac{3}{2 \phi} D_{i}\phi D^{i} \phi - 2 D_iD^i \phi - 2 P(\phi) \right) \, , \label{omega0RG} \\[.1in]
\omega_i &=& - 2 D^{k}\Pi_{ki} + \Pi_{\phi} D_{i} \phi\, . \label{omegaiRG}\end{aligned}$$
The zero-mode ${\boldsymbol{\nu}}_3$ leads to the constraint $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \int \left( -h_{ij} \frac{\delta}{\delta h_{ij}} + \Pi^{ij} \frac{\delta}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} + \phi \frac{\delta}{\delta \phi}- \Pi_\phi \frac{\delta}{\delta \Pi_\phi} \right) V d^3x \nonumber \\
&\approx & \int N\sqrt{h}( -2P + \phi \partial_\phi P ) d^3x\, . \label{findingeta2constraint}\end{aligned}$$ Further details on the computation above can be found in Appendix \[app:eta2\]. From the above, we identify a new constraint[^8] $$\label{eta2}
\eta_2 = -2P + \phi \partial_\phi P \, .$$ This constraint has a simple solution, $$\label{Psol}
P = \lambda \phi^2,$$ where $\lambda$ is a dimensionless constant. Note that $\lambda$ is not a mass scale. Indeed, by making the field redefinition $\phi = \varphi^2$ in order to put the kinetic term of the scalar field in canonical form in Lagrangian , one gets the usually well known conformally invariant potential $\lambda \varphi ^4$, as it is the only one with a dimensionless coupling constant. No other scalar field potential can be made compatible with conformal invariance, as it will necessarily introduce a dimensional coupling constant leading to a fundamental scale in the theory. This is an important remark that will be used later on.
There is no reason to keep the constraint $\eta_2$ in explicit form further, since there is no other possible development besides the solution above. Thus, we eliminate this constraint. The scalar potential $P$ is, from now on, taken to be given by eq. .
The first iteration Lagrangian, with the constraints removed from the symplectic potential, reads $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathcal{L}}^{(1)} = \dot{h}_{ij} \Pi^{ij} + \dot \phi \Pi_\phi + \dot{\lambda}^0 \omega_{0} + \dot{\lambda}^i \omega_{i} + \dot \zeta_1 \eta_1 \, .\end{aligned}$$ Since the potential has disappeared at this iteration, no new constraints can be found. The symplectic vector and the canonical 1-form are written as $$\begin{aligned}
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}}^{(1) } &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij} & \phi & \Pi_\phi & \zeta_1 & \lambda^0 & \lambda^i
\end{pmatrix} \, , \\[.2cm]
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(1)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
\Pi^{kl} & 0_{k l} & \Pi_\phi & 0 \; & \eta_1 & \omega_{0} & \omega_{k} \;
\end{pmatrix}\,.\end{aligned}$$ The pre-symplectic structure reads, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{preSympMatrixBDmod}
{ {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}} =
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & - {\mathbf{I}} & 0 & 0& {\mathbf{\Pi}} & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{ h}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} \\[0.2cm]
{\mathbf{I}} & 0 & 0 & 0 & {\mathbf{h}} & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} \\[0.2cm]
0 & 0 & 0 & -{{\delta^{(3)}}}& -\Pi_{\phi} & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta \phi} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta \phi} \\[.2cm]
0 & 0& {{\delta^{(3)}}}& 0 & -\phi & \dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta \Pi_\phi} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta \Pi_\phi} \\[.2in]
- {\mathbf{\Pi}}' & - {\mathbf{h}}' & \Pi_{\phi}' & \phi' & 0 & 0 & 0 \\[0.2cm]
-\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} & - \dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta \phi'} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta \Pi'_\phi} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\[0.2cm]
-\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta \phi'}& - \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta \Pi'_\phi}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\[0.2cm]
\end{pmatrix}\;. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
Since this model comes from an action that is invariant under coordinate transformations, it is already known that it must posses a zero-mode, parametrized by $\varepsilon^\mu$, that extends eq. (see also eq. ). Indeed, using that $\{ \Omega_\mu, \omega'_\nu\} \approx 0 $, it is straightforward to verify that the following vector is a zero-mode on the constraint surface, $$\label{nuepsilonBD2}
{{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_{{\mathbf{\varepsilon}}} =
\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & - \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \Pi_\phi} & - \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \phi} & 0 & -\varepsilon^0 & -\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}
\end{pmatrix}.$$
Since the constraint surface is spanned by five independent constraints, there may be up to five linearly independent zero-modes. Considering the first five columns of ${{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}$, one can find another zero-mode candidate \[see also eq. (\[eq:nu3BD\])\], $${{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_{\eta} = \eta
\begin{pmatrix}
- {\mathbf{h}} & {\mathbf{\Pi}} & \phi & - \Pi_{\phi} & 1 & 0 & 0
\end{pmatrix}\;,$$ where $\eta$ in an infinitesimal arbitrary field. To verify that ${{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}}_{\eta}$ is indeed a weak zero-mode of ${{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}$, one uses the same computations already derived in Appendice \[app:eta2\].
To count the number of degrees of freedom for the Brans-Dicke theory with $\omega = -3/2$, we use eq. (\[eq:ndfk\]): (19 - 2 $\times$ 5 - 5)/2 = 2 degrees of freedom.
The gauge transformation for ${\mathbf{h}}$ and $\phi$ now depend on five parameters ($\varepsilon^\mu$ and $\eta$) and are respectively found from the first and the third components of the most general zero-mode, ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_\varepsilon + {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_\eta$, therefore, $$\begin{aligned}
\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} h_{ij} & = & \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} - \eta h_{ij} \nonumber \\
& = & 2k \varepsilon^0K_{ij} + 2 D_{(i} \varepsilon_{j)} - \eta h_{ij} \, . \\[.2in]
\delta_{{\mbox{\tiny G}}} \phi & = & \frac{\delta \Omega_\varepsilon}{\delta \Pi_\phi} + \eta \phi \nonumber \\
&=& \varepsilon^i D_i \phi + \eta \phi \, . \end{aligned}$$ This shows that in the present Brans-Dicke case, besides the gauge symmetry related to coordinate transformations, parametrized by $\varepsilon^\mu$, there appears a conformal gauge transformation parametrized by $\eta$.
Conclusions {#sec:conclusions}
===========
Here we have shown how to apply the iterative symplectic formalism [@Faddeev:1988qp; @BarcelosNeto:1991kw; @BarcelosNeto:1991ty; @Montani:1992sy] to GR and to two cases of the Brans-Dicke theory. In the process, we have clarified issues in the general formalism and opened the way to applications to other extended formulations of gravity. Below, we stress and comment on some results of this work:
[*(1) Degrees of freedom counting.*]{} In Sec. \[sec:dof\] we introduced a method, completely within the symplectic formalism, to count the degrees of freedom.
[*(2) Generalized zero-mode and gauge transformations.*]{} We introduced the most general zero-mode parametrized by an arbitrary field. For particle systems, a simple multiplication of the zero-mode by an arbitrary parameter $\varepsilon(t)$ is sufficient, but for the fields it is shown that this process depends in general on an integration of the arbitrary parameter , which leads to the introduction of $\Omega_\varepsilon$.
[*(3) Weak zero-modes and diffeomorphism invariance.*]{} In the symplectic formalism, eigenvectors with eigenvalues that are a linear combination of the constraints need to be considered among the zero-modes of the symplectic matrix [@Wotzasek:1994ck]. These kind of zero-modes we named weak zero-modes, in reference to the weak equality introduced by Dirac. To our knowledge, this is the first work to point its relation to diffeomorphism invariance, and to explicitly derive the zero-modes that generate gauge symmetries in GR, which can be parametrized by $\varepsilon^\mu$ \[see eq. \].
[*(4) On the symplectic approach of Escalante and collaborators.*]{} In Refs. [@Escalante:2015aea; @Escalante:2016qky; @Escalante:2017fzh] another approach to the iterative symplectic algorithm can be found. In their approach, some columns of the pre-symplectic structure were ignored in the process of finding the zero-modes. The reason why it is hard to find the zero-modes of the complete matrix was clarified in this work and just stated above: there are no such zero-modes, only weak zero-modes. In some cases, their approach can lead to the correct results, but there is no proof that one can simply ignore some columns and always find the correct answer. From the Dirac-Bergmann formalism perspective, this is analogous of stating that some constraints are first-class constraints without verifying the Poisson brackets among these constraints. It may work, but for each system there should be a good explanation on why it is not necessary to verify all the Poisson brackets. Anyway, here we provided a detailed proof that the symplectic formalism can be applied to GR and to extended theories of gravity, and there is no need to neglect part of the pre-symplectic matrix. Also, as shown in Sec. \[sec:firsti\], the last columns of the pre-symplectic matrix can be useful for uncovering the (weak) zero-modes. Hence, even in the cases where it is possible to ignore the last columns, to do so is not necessarily the fastest procedure.
[*(5) On the importance of the order of the constraints and the time derivatives of the Lagrange multipliers.*]{} Reference [@Toms:2015lza], while commenting on the symplectic formalism, states that time derivatives on the Lagrangian multipliers can be used, but are innocuous, since Lagrange multipliers are arbitrary. In a broad sense there is truth in this remark, but we stress that within the symplectic formalism (and probably any Hamiltonian formalism), this statement should be understood with great care. As explicitly shown in Appendix \[app:timed\], changing a Lagrangian multiplier to its time derivative does change the physics emerging from the symplectic formalism: it can change the amount of constraints that are found, leading to physically non-equivalent results. This issue appears in particular in the application presented in Sec. \[sec:BD2\].
[*(6) Notation and arbitrary rank tensors.*]{} The notation introduced here, which associates each symplectic index value to a field, not to a field component, can be promptly employed to theories with arbitrary rank tensors.
We expect that this method, and extensions based on it, will prove fruitful for the analysis of specific systems within GR or for extended theories of gravity. The formalism here presented also provides a parallel framework that can work as a cross-check for the results derived from other approaches.
DCR and MG thank Álefe Freire de Almeida for relevant discussions during the beginning of this work. DCR thanks Raju Roychowdhury for comments on a draft version of this work and Clóvis Wotzasek for long ago discussions on the symplectic formalism that proved useful to this work. DCR thanks FAPES (Brazil) and CNPq (Brazil) for partial support. NPN would like to thank CNPq of Brazil for financial support PQ-IB number 309073/2017-0.
The determinant of the pre-symplectic structure of GR {#app:det}
=====================================================
To compute the determinant of , we use the same technique of [@Ellicott:1990up; @Toms:2015lza], which starts from the observation that, for a given square matrix $M$ that can be subdivided in four blocks, one writes $$\det M = \det \begin{pmatrix}
A & B \\
C & D
\end{pmatrix} = \det (D - C A^{-1} B) \, \det A \, .$$ In the above, it is assumed that $A$ and $D$ are square matrices and that $\det A \not= 0$. The matrices $B$ and $C$ need not to be square matrices.
We set $$\begin{aligned}
&& A = \begin{pmatrix}
0 & - {\mathbf{I}}\\
{\mathbf{I}} & 0
\end{pmatrix} , \;\;\; B = \begin{pmatrix}
\dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}} \\[.1in]
\dfrac{\delta \omega'_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}}
\end{pmatrix} \, , \nonumber\\[.1in]
&& C = \begin{pmatrix}
-\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'} \\[.1in]
- \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}'} & - \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}'}
\end{pmatrix} \, , D = \begin{pmatrix}
0 & 0 \\
0 & 0
\end{pmatrix} \, ,\end{aligned}$$ that is, the matrix $M$ is the pre-symplectic matrix ${{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}$ from eq. (\[preSympMatrixRG\]). Using the above definitions for the blocks $A, B, C, D$ and the algebra , we find, $$\begin{aligned}
(C A^{-1} B)_{a b} (x, x''')&=& \int C_{a c}(x,x') (A^{-1})^{c d}(x',x'') B_{d b}(x'', x''') \, d^3x' d^3x'' \nonumber \\
&=& \int \left [\begin{pmatrix}
\dfrac{\delta {\mathbf{\omega}}_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}''} & -\dfrac{\delta \omega_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}''} \\[.2cm]
\dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}''} & - \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}''}
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
\dfrac{\delta \omega'''_0}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}''} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'''}{\delta {\mathbf{h}}''} \\[.2cm]
\dfrac{\delta \omega'''_0}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}''} & \dfrac{\delta {\boldsymbol{\omega}}'''}{\delta {\mathbf{\Pi}}''}
\end{pmatrix} \right ]_{ab}
d^3 x'' \nonumber \\[.4cm]
&=& \begin{pmatrix}
\{\omega_0''', \omega_0 \} & \{ {\boldsymbol{\omega}}''', \omega_0 \} \\
\{\omega_0''', {\boldsymbol{\omega}}\} & \{{\boldsymbol{\omega}}''', {\boldsymbol{\omega}}\}
\end{pmatrix}_{ab} \label{CAB}\\[.2in]
&\approx& 0 \nonumber \, .\end{aligned}$$ In the full symplectic space $\det {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}\not=0$, while on the constraint surface, $\det {{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}= 0$. This implies that ${{{\mathbf{\bar{f}}}}}$ has no zero-modes in the full symplectic space, but it has at least one zero-mode in the constraint surface.
On the proper use of the time derivative of constraints {#app:timed}
=======================================================
In the Lagrangian of eq. , the constraint $\eta_1$ appears in the term $\eta_1 \dot \zeta_1 $, where $\zeta_1$ is the Lagrangian multiplier. This constraint $\eta_1$ was found directly from the definition of momenta, that is, in the Dirac nomenclature it would be a primary constraint. Contrary to the other primary constraints that appear in this paper, this is the single one that does not imply an obvious field elimination. For instance, the primary constraint $\Pi_{N} = 0$ found in Sec. \[sec:GR\] simply leads to the elimination of $\Pi_N$. One could as well solve $\eta_1$, say eliminating $\Pi_\phi$ in favor of the other quantities, but in this case there are more than one possible field elimination, and breaking such symmetry may lead to technical difficulties and inconveniences. Hence, this is a primary constraint that is useful to be kept. The symplectic principles tell us that constraints, once found, should be added to the Lagrangian with the time derivative of the Lagrange multiplier. This is the procedure followed in Sec. \[sec:BD2\]. On the other hand, one may think that there is no harm in inserting a term without time derivatives, as for instance suggested in a comment of Ref. [@Toms:2015lza]. We explore this path here.
By using $\eta_1 \zeta_1$ in Lagrangian , ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}$ and ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}$ become $$\begin{aligned}
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{\xi}} }}}^{(0) } &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
N & N^i & h_{ij} & \Pi^{ij} & \phi & \Pi_\phi & \zeta_1
\end{pmatrix} \, , \\[.2cm]
{ {{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}}^{(0)} &=&
\begin{pmatrix}
0 & \; 0_k & \Pi^{kl} & 0_{k l} & \Pi_\phi & 0 \; & \; \; 0 \;
\end{pmatrix}\,,\end{aligned}$$ that is, $\eta_1$ does not appear in ${{\boldsymbol{\bar{a}}}}$. Consequently, $$\frac{\delta { a}'_\beta}{\delta {\xi}^{\alpha}} = \delta_{\alpha}^4\delta_{\beta}^3 \, {\mathbf{I}} + \delta^6_\alpha \delta^5_\beta {\delta^{(3)}({x}, {x'})}\, .$$ The pre-symplectic matrix has now the following zero-modes, $$\begin{aligned}
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_1 &=& \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0\end{pmatrix}, \\
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_{2_p} &=& \begin{pmatrix} 0 & {\mathbf{1}}_p & 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0\end{pmatrix}, \\
{{\boldsymbol{\bar{\nu}}}}_3 &=& \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 0 & \; 1\end{pmatrix} .\end{aligned}$$ The two first zero-modes lead to the same constraints (\[omega0RG\], \[omegaiRG\]), while $\eta_1$ is found as a constraint from the last zero-mode. This may seem to show the equivalence between the approaches, since although $\eta_1$ was put in the potential part at first, it was in the end found as a constraint. However, in the procedure of inserting the time derivative of the Lagrangian multiplier from the start, a new constraint, $\eta_2$, is found at the zeroth-iteration. The main problem is that $\eta_2$ is neither found at the zeroth-iteration, nor at any other iteration: at the first iteration the full potential becomes null (it is just a linear combination of constraints), and therefore it is impossible to find any new constraints.
In conclusion, if $\eta_1 \zeta_1$ is inserted in the Lagrangian instead of $\eta_1 \dot \zeta_1$, one is not following the symplectic formalism (since all constraints should be inserted in the Lagrangian with time derivatives) and these different procedures are not physically equivalent. In this case, the constraint $\eta_2$ is not obtained, and it is a physically fundamental constraint saying that the unique non-trivial potential compatible with conformal invariance is the $\lambda\varphi ^4$ potential.
Similarly to the previous case, since $N$ and $N^i$ can be promptly seen to be Lagrange multipliers in GR and Brans-Dicke theories, one can consider the possibility of using a shortcut such that $N$ and $N^i$ are replaced by $\dot \lambda^0$ and $\dot \lambda^i$ before the first iterative step. This procedure can work in some cases, leading to correct and faster results, but there is no guarantee that it will always work. Indeed, for the Brans-Dicke case with $\omega = -3/2$ this procedure misses the constraint $\eta_2$, which is a fundamental constraint for the self-consistency of the theory.
The determination of the $\eta_2$ constraint for Brans-Dicke with $\omega = - 3/2$ {#app:eta2}
==================================================================================
The $\eta_2$ constraint is derived from the following relation \[see eq. \], $$\label{operatoreta2}
\int \left( -h_{ij} \frac{\delta}{\delta h_{ij}} + \Pi^{ij} \frac{\delta}{\delta \Pi^{ij}} + \phi \frac{\delta}{\delta \phi}- \Pi_\phi \frac{\delta}{\delta \Pi_\phi} \right) V \, d^3x= 0 \, .$$
The potential $V$ comes from the Lagrangian , and it reads, $$\begin{aligned}
V &=& - \int \left \{ N \dfrac{\sqrt{h} }{2 k } \left [ \phi {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R - \dfrac{2 k ^2}{ h\phi} \left( 2 \Pi^{ij} \Pi_{ij} - \Pi^{2} \right) + \dfrac{3}{2 \phi} D_{i}\phi D^{i} \phi - 2 D_iD^i \phi - 2 P(\phi) \right] + \right. \nonumber \\[.2in]
&& + N^{j} \left( 2 D^{i}\Pi_{ij} - \Pi_{\phi} D_{j} \phi \right) \bigg \} \, d^3x = \int ( - N\omega_0 + N^i \omega_i) d^3x \, .\end{aligned}$$ The constraints $\omega_0$ and $\omega_i$ are defined in eqs. (\[omega0RG\], \[omegaiRG\]).
To ease the computation of eq. , we subdivide $V$ into seven terms ($V = \sum_{i=1}^7 V_i$). These terms are explicitly stated below, $$\begin{aligned}
V_1 = - \int \frac{\sqrt{h}}{2 \kappa} N \phi {\, {}^{\mbox{\tiny (3)}}\!}R \, d^3x \, ,& \;\;\;\; & V_2 = \kappa \int \frac{N}{\sqrt{h} \phi} \left( 2 \Pi^{i j} \Pi_{i j} - \Pi^2\right) d^3x \nonumber \\[.2in]
V_3 = - \frac {1}{2 \kappa} \int \frac{3 N \sqrt{h} }{2 \phi} D^i \phi D_i \phi \, d^3 x \, , & \; \; \; \; & V_4 = - \frac 1 \kappa \int \sqrt h D_i N D^i \phi \, d^3x\, , \nonumber \\[.2in]
V_5 = \int \frac{ N \sqrt h}{\kappa} P(\phi) \, d^3 x \, , & \;\;\;\; & V_6 = \int N^i \Pi_\phi D_i \phi d^3 x \, , \\[.2in]
V_7 = 2 \int \Pi^{k m}D_k N^l h_{l m} \, d^3x\, . & \;\;\;\; & \nonumber\end{aligned}$$
The application of each of the variations that appear in eq. to each of the terms of $V$ is displayed in Table \[tab\]. Putting the individual results together, one finds, $$\begin{aligned}
0 &= &\frac 12 \sum_{i=1}^5 V_i - 2 V_5 + \int \frac{N \sqrt{h}}{\kappa} \phi \partial_\phi P(\phi) d^3x \nonumber \\
&\approx &\int \frac{ N \sqrt h}{\kappa} [ -2 P(\phi) + \phi \partial_\phi P(\phi) ]d^3x \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where it was used that $\sum_{i=1}^5 V_i \propto \omega_0$. Therefore, one finds the constraint $\eta_2$, as given by eq. .
$\displaystyle \int h_{ij} \dfrac{\delta}{\delta h_{ij}}$ $ \displaystyle \int \Pi^{ij} \dfrac{\delta}{\delta \Pi^{ij}}$ $ \displaystyle \int \phi \dfrac{\delta}{\delta \phi}$ $ \displaystyle \int \Pi_\phi \dfrac{\delta}{\delta \Pi_\phi}$
------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------
$V_1$ $ V_1 / 2$ 0 $V_1$ 0
$V_2$ $V_2/2$ $2 V_2$ $- V_2$ 0
$V_3$ $V_3/2$ 0 $V_3$ 0
$V_4$ $V_4/2$ 0 $V_4$ 0
$V_5$ $3 V_5/2$ 0 $\int N \sqrt h \phi \partial_\phi P(\phi) d^3 x / \kappa$ 0
$V_6$ 0 0 $V_6$ $V_6$
$V_7$ $V_7$ $V_7$ 0 0
: Results on the applications of the operators in eq. to the seven terms of $V$.[]{data-label="tab"}
[^1]: If one uses the definition $\tilde \Pi_{ij} \equiv {\partial \cal L}/{\partial \dot h^{ij}}$, then the momenta will differ from eq. by a global sign, i.e. $\tilde \Pi_{ij} = - \Pi_{ij}$. We use $\Pi^{ij}$ since it is commonly adopted (e.g., [@Hanson:1976cn; @Wald:1984rg; @Bojowald:2010qpa]).
[^2]: To be more precise, we use boldface symbols as an ordered collection of components of tensors, not tensors themselves. That is, if $A$ is a second rank rank tensor on the tangent bundle of $\Sigma_t$, and if $\{ e^i\}$ is a basis of the tangent space, then $A = A_{ij} e^i \otimes e^j$. The symbol ${\mathbf{A}}$ is a representation of $A$ in that basis, defined by ${\mathbf{A}} \equiv (A_{ij})$. Also, one can use $\delta S/\delta {\mathbf{A}} \equiv (\delta S/ \delta A_{ij})$.
[^3]: Since ${\boldsymbol{\nu}}^3 \cdot {\mathbf{I}} = (\nu^{3_{ij}} I_{ij}^{kl})$ and $I_{ij}^{kl} = I_{ji}^{kl} $, only the symmetric part of $\nu^{3_{i j}}$ and $\nu^{4_{i j}}$ must be null. Nonetheless, the anti-symmetric part has no information either on dynamics or on a relevant gauge symmetry, since all the rank 2 tensors on $\Sigma_t$ are symmetric; thus we take it to be zero.
[^4]: From the perspective of the Dirac formalism, if the Hamiltonian can be written as a linear combination of the known constraints no new constraint will be found. In this case $\dot \omega_m \approx \{\omega_m, H\} \approx \sum_{m'} \lambda_{m'} \{\omega_m, \omega_{m'}\}$, therefore either all the constraints are of first class, and thus all Lagrange multipliers will not be determined; or some of the constraints will be of second class, leading to the determination of some Lagrange multipliers [@0691037698]. In both cases, no new constraints appear.
[^5]: Since $\delta \omega_0(x)/ \omega_i(x')$ depends on both $x$ and $x'$.
[^6]: There is a sign difference in the term proportional to $\varepsilon^0$, but this is due to their definition of the extrinsic curvature, which differs from ours by a global sign.
[^7]: Regarding eq. , there is a misprint on sign of $K$ in the corresponding equation in Ref. [@Olmo:2011fh].
[^8]: This constraint can also be found directly from the field equations (e.g., [@Capozziello:2010zz]).
|
10, 2*r - 51 = -5*b + 54. Let y be -12*(-4 + r/12). Solve -h = h + y for h.
-4
Let n(t) be the first derivative of -t**4/4 + 5*t**3/3 + t**2/2 - 5*t + 7. Let y be n(5). Let q(o) = o**2 + 32. Let d be q(y). Solve -d + 12 = 5*h for h.
-4
Let m(t) = -10*t**3 - 17*t**2 + 9*t + 29. Let j(s) = -3*s**3 - 6*s**2 + 3*s + 10. Let g(p) = -7*j(p) + 2*m(p). Let v be g(-8). Solve 0 = -0*y + 4*y - v for y.
3
Let c = -1366 + 1368. Let s be (4 + 0)/2 - -1. Suppose 46 + 5 = s*k - 3*q, 0 = k + 5*q + 13. Solve -c = -2*y - k for y.
-5
Let a = 37 + -5. Let h be (80/a)/((-10)/(-8)). Suppose -h*q + 5*q = 0. Solve 5*f - 6 - 14 = q for f.
4
Suppose 3*k - 458 = -4*f, 3*k - f = 4*k - 151. Solve 0 = -k*c + 141*c + 10 for c.
2
Suppose -3*u + c + 5 = -c, -7 = -3*u + 4*c. Let x be u*((-6)/2)/(-3). Solve -z - 3 = x for z.
-4
Let l be (-5456)/(-80) + 2/(-10). Solve 73*t - l*t - 10 = 0 for t.
2
Let x = -791 - -800. Solve 8 = x*m - 10 for m.
2
Let h(x) = 2*x**2 + 9*x - 6. Let d be h(-6). Suppose 2*f - f + 15 = 4*j, 4*f + d = 4*j. Solve j*w - 9 = w for w.
3
Suppose -78 = -6*l + 7*l. Let a = l - -83. Let g = 4 + 0. Solve -a*b = -b + g for b.
-1
Suppose -4*g - 5*y = -1, -g + 13 = 3*g + y. Suppose n = -4*v + 4*n + 12, 4*v - 12 = g*n. Solve -2*q - 3 = -v*q for q.
3
Let b be -28*((-2)/20 - (-6)/(-15)). Solve -4*w - b - 2 = 0 for w.
-4
Suppose -11*p = -25*p + 56. Let j = -2 + 2. Solve u + p + 1 = j for u.
-5
Let r(k) = 10*k**2 - 2*k + 1. Let s be r(1). Suppose 5*u - s = 6. Solve t + 2 = -u for t.
-5
Suppose -9*o - 91 = -16*o. Solve o = 2*h + 5 for h.
4
Suppose 23*f - 19*f = 24. Solve -10 = -4*q + f*q for q.
-5
Let a be 2/(-4)*6 + 79. Solve -8*x = 11*x + a for x.
-4
Let z(m) = m**3 - 6*m**2 - 11*m + 6. Suppose 0 = -3*l - f + 26, -l - 4*f + 12 = -3*f. Let u be z(l). Let k = 24 + u. Solve -2 = -y + k*y for y.
-2
Suppose 10*l - 37 = 73. Solve 0 = -l*o + 14 + 19 for o.
3
Let y be 26/3 - 1/(-3). Suppose -y*o + 13*o = -116. Let d = -25 - o. Solve 2 = -d*w - 2 for w.
-1
Suppose -4*z + 0*k - 8 = 4*k, -4*k + 19 = -5*z. Let n be -2*(0/z - 1). Solve -a + 4 = -n*a for a.
-4
Let x = -6 + 10. Let s be (12 + 666/(-54))*(-7 - -1). Solve 0 = 2*z - x - s for z.
3
Suppose -x - 2*m = -40, -5*x - 2*m + 128 = -40. Let t be (3/(-4))/((-12)/x). Suppose 50 = 4*g - t*k, -2*g - 12 = 4*k - 62. Solve g = a - 6*a for a.
-3
Let j be (6/10)/((-2)/10). Let a = j - -13. Let v = -4 + a. Solve -w + 2 = v for w.
-4
Let i(d) = -d + 1. Let t(w) = w**3 - 10*w**2 + 9*w - 2. Let l be t(9). Let z be i(l). Solve -z = -s - 1 for s.
2
Suppose -4*y - 3*u + 16 = 0, -y - u + 1 + 2 = 0. Let a(d) = 2*d - 11. Let r be a(y). Solve r*p + 11 + 1 = 0 for p.
-4
Suppose -4*w - 16 = -4*h, 2*h + 2*w = -h + 12. Let j be 4/(-16) + 17/h. Suppose 3*n + 0*z - j*z - 22 = 0, 0 = 3*n + 2*z + 2. Solve 2 = n*a - 8 for a.
5
Suppose -547 = -9*x + 605. Solve 129*z - 4 = x*z for z.
4
Let k be (8 - 128/12)*(-3)/4. Solve 58 = -28*x + k for x.
-2
Suppose -5*q + 0*q = -t - 2, 0 = 5*q - 5*t - 10. Let a be 3 + q*(-1)/2. Suppose a*y + 0*l + 2*l = 11, -10 = 5*l. Solve 0 = -y*u - 7 - 3 for u.
-2
Let j = -4 - -7. Suppose a - 7*k = -11*k + 8, 9 = a + 5*k. Solve 3 = a*i - j*i for i.
3
Suppose -i - 2*s = -4, -28*s = -i - 27*s + 10. Solve 0 = -i*v - 27 + 3 for v.
-3
Suppose -3*x + 26 = -8*r + 6*r, -4*x = -5*r - 30. Suppose -20 = 5*k - x*k. Solve -t = -k + 2 for t.
2
Let p = 22 + -12. Let l be 10*(3/6 + (-1)/p). Solve -l*c + 2*c = 0 for c.
0
Suppose 4*y + 5*n - 45 = 0, -8 = 2*y - 3*n - 3. Solve y*u - 3*u - 6 = 0 for u.
3
Suppose k = 5*w + 16, 3*w - 5*k + 11 = w. Let b be 272/(-32)*w/(3/2). Solve 0 = 5*l + b + 3 for l.
-4
Suppose 25 = -3*z - 11. Let g be (8/z)/(2/(-6)). Let d be (-2)/(-7) + 5/7. Solve g*x - d = x for x.
1
Suppose 9*f - 12*f + 15 = 0. Solve -1 - 9 = -f*q for q.
2
Let d be ((-6)/(10 + -4))/(2/(-4)). Solve 0*a = d*a + 4 for a.
-2
Let c(r) = 82*r - 113. Let k be c(2). Solve -55 = -v - k for v.
4
Let p(l) = -l + 7. Let h be p(-5). Let m be -11*1*(-36)/66. Solve m*a - 2*a = h for a.
3
Let o = 188 + -173. Solve 4*b - o = 1 for b.
4
Let t = -24 + 27. Suppose -t*u - u = -8. Solve -o - 7 = -u for o.
-5
Suppose 3*s = -2*s. Let d be 6 - 5 - (1 + s). Solve d = 3*o - 0*o for o.
0
Let s = 9 - 6. Solve -2*i = s*i + 15 for i.
-3
Let m(k) be the first derivative of -k**2/2 - 6*k + 17. Let b be m(-9). Solve 10 = 2*g + b*g for g.
2
Let q be 1 - (-29)/7 - (-2)/(-14). Suppose -10 = -q*n, 3*o + 2*n - 12 - 1 = 0. Solve -6 + 0 = -o*v for v.
2
Let s(r) = -r**3 + 9*r**2 - 11*r - 14. Let p be s(7). Suppose 0 = -p*y + 5*y. Solve y + 3 = 3*x for x.
1
Let h(i) be the second derivative of i**3/2 + 7*i**2/2 - 9*i. Let l be h(9). Let w = -32 + l. Solve -w*f + 4*f - 4 = 0 for f.
2
Suppose -5*m = -4*n - 46, 16 = -15*n + 11*n. Solve m*f - 4*f = -f for f.
0
Suppose 0 = -19*x - 51 + 355. Suppose -x*v = -33 - 63. Solve 2*o + 4 = v*o for o.
1
Suppose 0 = 22*c - 11*c - 33. Solve 33 - 21 = c*l for l.
4
Suppose 3*q - 17 = -5*t - 0*t, 2*q = -t + 9. Suppose 2*v - t = v. Suppose -4*h = -p - 40, -2*h + 2*p - v + 21 = 0. Solve h = r + r for r.
5
Let z = 61 + -55. Let n(u) = -2*u**2 + 11*u + 13. Let b be n(z). Solve 8 = b*a - 5*a for a.
4
Suppose 0 = c - 0*c. Suppose -4*l - 32 = -2*m - m, -5*m + 5*l + 45 = c. Suppose -s - 14 = -4*s + 4*r, 4*s + m*r = 56. Solve -7*f - s = -2*f for f.
-2
Let i be 1/2 + (-1)/(-2). Let z be i/5 + (-13)/65. Solve z*q + 2*q = -10 for q.
-5
Let p be (-434)/(-10) - 1/(15/6). Let v = -43 + p. Solve 2*c - 3*c - 3 = v for c.
-3
Let c(y) = 3*y + 21. Suppose -2 = 3*q + 4*r, 0 = -4*q - 3*r - 17 + 5. Let a be c(q). Solve a*n + 8 - 2 = 0 for n.
-2
Suppose 3*d = 3*l - 33, -9*l + 7*l = -5*d - 10. Suppose 5*p + 2 = -g + 8, 3*p = 0. Solve g*n = n - l for n.
-3
Suppose 0 = 2*z + 2*b - 20, 7*z - 9*z + 3*b + 5 = 0. Solve -z*g = -14*g for g.
0
Let u = -4 - -11. Suppose 0 = 4*c - 13 + 21. Let j be c - (-8*1)/2. Solve u = -3*t - j for t.
-3
Let c = 645 + -641. Solve -5 = c*p + 7 for p.
-3
Let m(h) = -h**3 + 8*h**2 + h - 10. Let f be m(8). Let a be f + (4 - (-4 + 3)). Let k be -2 + a + (10 - 4). Solve -4*n + 19 - k = 0 for n.
3
Let l = 214 + -209. Solve 13*s = 14*s - l for s.
5
Let l be (9/(-12))/((-2)/8). Suppose 15 = 4*u + l*j, -4*u = j - 8 - 5. Solve -u*c - 3 = 6 for c.
-3
Suppose -2*x + 58 = -r, 3*r + 126 = r + 2*x. Let d = 73 + r. Solve -6*m + m = -d for m.
1
Let s = 155 + -245. Let h = s + 94. Solve 0 = 3*x + 7 - h for x.
-1
Let c(h) = 2*h - 12. Let a be c(8). Suppose 3*g + 3*i = 27, -a*i - 7 = 5. Let z be g/(-2 - 2) - -3. Solve 0 = -2*j - z*j - 6 for j.
-3
Let u = -78 + 88. Suppose -12*l + 17*l - u = 0. Solve l*i - 1 = 5 for i.
3
Let x(m) = -8*m - 149. Let v be x(-19). Solve v*o + 21 - 27 = 0 for o.
2
Let n = 42 + -38. Suppose 2*q = 18 - n. Solve -q*m = -4*m for m.
0
Let v(i) = 63*i**2 + i. Let l be v(-1). Let s = 66 - l. Solve -k = 3*k - s for k.
1
Let v(d) = d**3 + 5*d**2 + 2*d + 10. Let n be v(-5). Solve 18*i + n = -0 for i.
0
Let y(j) = -j**3 + 10*j**2 - j + 13. Let z(c) = 5*c - 15. Let b be z(5). Let d be y(b). Solve 2*p = -d*p + 20 for p.
4
Let r be (4/8)/(-1)*-14. Let a = r - 2. Suppose -f = 3*v - 21, -a*f - v + 1 = -34. Solve 0 = -3*u + 9 + f for u.
5
Let o be 366/8 + (-7)/(4 + -32). Let s be 24/48 - (1 - o/4). Solve s = -5*v - 4 for v.
-3
Suppose -9*t + 8 = 3*b - 11*t, -b + 2*t = 0. Solve 15 = -b*h - 1 for h.
-4
Let i be 1*(-1 - 4/(-2)). Let f be (3 - i - 1) + -1. Suppose p - 4*p + 42 = f. Solve -p = -3*q + 1 for q.
5
Suppose 2*i = 3*t + 6 + 9, -4*i + 5*t + 33 = 0. Solve -g - 3*g = -i for g.
3
Let q be 0/7*1/2. Suppose -3*i + 2*i + 25 = -2*w, -5*w - 125 = -5*i. Solve -6*o + o + i = q for o.
5
Suppose -6*w = -13 - 17. Suppose 3*i - 2*v + w*v = 21, -5*i = -3*v - 27. Solve -2*j = -i*j for j.
0
Let j(w) = w**3 - 10*w**2 - 8*w - 35. Let b be j(11). Let z be 0/b*(-6)/6. Solve 10*d - 5*d + 15 = z for d.
-3
Let p be (22 + 4)*(-2)/(-4). Suppose -16 = -p*r + 10. Solve r*c + c = 9 for c.
3
Suppose -5*g = -5 - 0. Solve -3*n + g = -2*n for n.
1
Suppose d - 5 = 0, -2*z = -3*z - d + 1. Let m be (-13)/z*(-4)/(-1). Solve 5*t + 7 = -m for t.
-4
Let z be 1*(-9)/6*2. Let j be (-1 + 0)*(-1 - z). Let p = 0 - j. Solve -v + 0 = -p for v.
2
Let m be (-4 - -23) + -1*9. Solve y - m*y - 27 = 0 for y.
-3
Let o be 3/1 + (-3 - -2). Let u be 0/(o/(-2) + 3). Suppose 5*r = -2*t + 6*t - 28, 2*t + r = u. Solve -t + |
TÁNAISTE AND MINISTER for Foreign Affairs Eamon Gilmore has begun a four day visit to Israel and Palestine today.
He is due to meet local business people in Gaza later today to hear about the continuing impact of the Israeli blockade on the Gaza economy.
Gilmore said that the search for peace in the Middle East is a “core objective” of Irish foreign policy.
During the course of the visit the Tánaiste will also meet with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Foreign Minister Riad Malki as well as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Deputy Prime Minister Dan Meridor. He will also meet with Israel’s controversial Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman.
“We know well from our own experience how difficult the process of making peace can be, particularly taking the first crucial steps,” said the Tánaiste.
The Tánaiste will begin his visit in Gaza today where he will meet with the head of the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and visit some schools and projects run by UNRWA.
He will also meet with non-governmental organisations dealing with human rights issues in Gaza.
“The search for peace in the Middle East remains a core objective of Irish foreign policy,” said Gilmore. “In my discussions with Israeli and Palestinian leaders, I will be underlining Ireland’s and the EU’s continuing strong desire to see substantive direct peace talks begin as soon as possible”.
Earlier this week low-level talks between Israelis and Palestinians ended without any breakthrough. |
The first solar district heating collector field in Denmark with direct-flow, aluminium absorbers from Finnish company Savo-Solar came into operation in July 2015. Municipal district heating company Løgumkloster Fjernvarme had ordered 9,400 m² of collector area (6.6 MW th ) during the first phase of the project. “If we are satisfied with the performance, we will extend the collector field by 35,000 m² next year,” confirmed Peter G. Andersen, Head of Operations at Løgumkloster Fjernvarme. Savo-Solar used this demonstration project for a successful entry into the Danish district heating market, which was dominated by only one supplier, Arcon-Sunmark, since a merger in February 2015. The Finnish collector manufacturer won the tender by Jelling Varmevaerk in June 2015 and negotiated the final contract for the delivery of 15,000 m² collector area (10.5 WM th ) with the municipality in southern Denmark. The utility aims at receiving the permits and confirming the contract by the beginning of November.
Photo: Savo-Solar
The preparation for the Løgumkloster project started in 2012 with talks between Løgumkloster Fjernvarme and Sapa (former Hydro), the producer of the aluminium profiles which Savo-Solar uses in its collectors. The Multi-Port Extrusion (MPE) profiles are produced in a Danish factory in Tønder. “Aluminium is a lot cheaper than copper and the field with Savo-Solar collectors looked good,” Andersen names the reasons for targeting a project with Sapa/Hydro. The district heating company has received a grant of around EUR 0.85 million from the Energy Technology, Development and Demonstration Programme, EUDP.
Cost-effective mounting system
“We have patented a pipe system for the field, with the collectors being so close together that we were able to improve the energy density of the field and reduce heat losses,” explains Jari Varjotie, Managing Director of Savo-Solar. “Because of the collectors being mounted directly next to each other, we have also been able to halve the number of rammed piles for the support structure, which is a cost-saving factor.” The photo above shows an evenly stretched out solar field, because there are no pipes above the collectors. According to the company, “this avoids shade impact and improves the field’s visual appearance” – another advantage over the competitors from Denmark.
“We are happy that – after careful evaluation by the customer – Savo-Solar has been chosen to negotiate the final contract in Jelling,” Varjotie was quoted as saying in a press release from 23 June 2015. The conditional contract is planned to be finally confirmed in November and the solar collector field would be delivered and installed in April 2016. The Danish market for district heating is the biggest one in Europe and is showing dynamic growth: According to the statistics by the European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF), market volume grew by 53 % from 117,170 in 2013 to 179,186 m² (125 MW th ) in 2014.
Performance guarantee by collector supplier
“What counts for the district heating companies in Denmark is a low price per solar kilowatt hour, because they want to reach a low energy price for their clients as well,” explains the managing director of Savo-Solar. “They are very professional in their tenders and compare the efficiency of the different projects among each other.” An important success tool is the performance guarantee. “The supplier guarantees a certain product performance and this performance will be verified in use,” explains Varjotie.
Savo-Solar was founded in 2009 with the aim of coating absorbers in the factory in Mikkeli, Finland. Since 2011, the company offers collectors including the MPE absorber for large-scale projects. Since 2 April, the company´s shares have been traded on First North Sweden maintained by NASDAQ OMX Stockholm. In Denmark, the company had to cope with some delays in realising its projects, which forced company management to lower the revenue estimate in January 2015, from EUR 4 million down to EUR 2 to 2.5 million. Even temporary layoffs of the approximately 30 employees were announced for August and September. With Løgumkloster’s order of an additional 5,500 m² to be delivered in January 2016 and the newly signed contract with Jelling Varmevaerk, it fortunately doesn’t look as if the process will have to be repeated in 2016.
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It’s been seven years since Barack Obama made one of his first pledges as president – to shut down the Guantánamo Bay prison. Now, it finally might be happening.
Mr. Obama’s chief-of-staff Denis McDonough said in an interview Sunday the commander-in-chief will make good on his promise by the end of his second term.
“The president has said from the beginning of this administration that we will close Gitmo because it’s bad for our national security and because it’s too costly,” Mr. McDonough said on “Fox News Sunday.”
First, Obama will look to Congress to approve his long-awaited plan and iron out the details, he explained. If Congress fails to act, as it did in 2010, the White House will consider another plan of action. There are currently 104 detainees left at the prison.
Two days after his inauguration in 2009, Obama signed an executive order to transfer Guantánamo's remaining detainees and permanently close the facility in Cuba within the year. In 2010, Congress blocked the proposed transfers, curtailing Obama’s ability to meet his deadline.
Currently, Guantánamo prisoners are permitted to be transferred to other countries but not within the US. In order to leave the prison, detainees must have approval from a team comprised of agents from six government departments, and then be signed off by the defense secretary.
When PBS’s Frontline reached out to the Department of Defense in July, spokeswoman Henrietta Levin said the department is committed to closing the facility.
“Unfortunately, this process can be slowed unnecessarily by burdensome legislative provisions,” she said, of a system that could only be adjusted with the approval of Congress.
Since his failed executive order, Obama has repeatedly brought up the issue in his State of the Union addresses. He has alluded to the prison's exorbitant operation costs – more than $440 million each year, or more than $4 million for each of the inmates – as well as the possibility that it’s featured in propaganda for groups like al Qaeda as a recruitment tool.
Guantánamo protesters maintain that the facility does more harm than good, as the prisoners are held without trial, and have long been said to be tortured.
But critics say that once released, Guantánamo's detainees, many suspected to be high-ranking terrorist affiliates, might return to terrorism. Under the Bush administration, about 20 percent of the 532 transferred detainees were confirmed to have returned to crime. As of January of last year, the rate under the Obama administration was five percent.
“There’s no such thing as zero risk,” Ian Moss, the spokesman the envoy in charge of transfers, told Frontline. But, he added, “under this administration, and with the approach we’ve taken, we have had a very, very small percentage of individuals who are confirmed of having re-engaged.”
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McDonough did not confirm whether Obama will issue an executive order to achieve Guantánamo’s closure.
“We ought to make sure that we’re in a position to close that facility because it strengthens us when we close it,” he said. “That’s what the president will do. He feels an obligation to his successor to close that, and that’s why we’re going to do it.” |
Q:
Using a wildcard to open an excel workbook
I want to use a wildcard to open a workbook stored in the same folder as my macro workbook. In the folder is a file named 302113-401yr-r01.xlsm. Here is my code:
Workbooks.Open filename:=ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\302113*.xlsm"
However, it tells me that there is no such file. Any advice?
A:
We cannot open a file using a wildcard - imagine the chaos if we could!
You'll need to use Dir(ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\302113*.xlsm") to loop through the files that this returns. If there will only be one then just use this function once:
Dim sFound As String
sFound = Dir(ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\302113*.xlsm") 'the first one found
If sFound <> "" Then
Workbooks.Open filename:= ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\" & sFound
End If
Dir Function :tech on the net
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Birds of a feather and birds flocking together: physical versus behavioral cues may lead to trait- versus goal-based group perception.
Entitativity perception refers to the perception of a collection of individuals as a group. The authors propose 2 perceptual-inferential bases of entitativity perception. First, perceivers would expect a collection of individuals with similar physical traits to possess common psychological traits. Second, perceivers watching a group of individuals engage in concerted behavior would infer that these individuals have common goals. Thus, both similarity in physical traits (e.g., same skin color) and concerted collective behavior (e.g., same movement) would evoke perception of group entitativity. Results from 5 experiments show that same group movement invariably leads to common goal inferences, increased perceived cohesiveness, and increased perceived entitativity. Moreover, same skin color evokes inferences of group traits and increases perceived homogeneity and perceived entitativity but only when skin color is diagnostic of group membership. |
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