text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
|---|
Q:
How to use static functions to call UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum() with completion handler?
I am able to call UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum and handle the completion without problem:
class A {
func saveNow() {
UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(someImage, self, "saveImage:didFinishSavingWithError:contextInfo:", nil)
}
func saveImage(image: UIImage, didFinishSavingWithError error: NSError?, contextInfo:UnsafePointer<Void>) {
// handle completion
}
}
However, if I want to make saveNow() a static function, I am not able to set the completionTarget & completionSelector correctly so that I can handle the completion:
class B {
static func saveNow() {
UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(someImage, /* how to set here */)
}
static func saveImage completionSelector(image: UIImage, didFinishSavingWithError error: NSError?, contextInfo:UnsafePointer<Void>) {
}
}
How to modify class B if I want to use static functions?
A:
What you'd need to do is to set the target to YourClassName.self.
I.e.,
UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(someImage, YourClassName.self, "saveImage:didFinishSavingWithError:contextInfo:", nil)
By the way, your function name is not correct:
//Note the space between saveImage and completionSelector
static func saveImage completionSelector(image: UIImage, didFinishSavingWithError error: NSError?, contextInfo:UnsafePointer<Void>)
I think it should be:
static func saveImageWithCompletionSelector(image: UIImage, didFinishSavingWithError error: NSError?, contextInfo:UnsafePointer<Void>)
Thus, we may need to make a corresponding change:
UIImageWriteToSavedPhotosAlbum(someImage, YourClassName.self, "saveImageWithCompletionSelector:didFinishSavingWithError:contextInfo:", nil)
I just ran a quick test with the aforementioned change and suggestion; there should be a pop-up requesting for authorization for accessing photo album.
|
Topic > innovative mail
Outbox, a startup launching in San Francisco today, is an alternative to the “old system” of mail delivery. Outbox will collect and manage your physical mail for $5 a month, so you won’t have to visit your postal mailbox again. |
Multi-site optical recording of the rat piriform cortex activity.
Optical signals were recorded in the in vivo rat piriform cortex (PC) in response to olfactory bulb (OB) electrical stimulations delivered at 4 different sites. Afferent activity had a relatively wide (26.6% of the recorded area) but nonhomogeneous distribution on the PC surface. The different patterns of afferent activity observed in response to the 4 OB stimulations were intermixed with an overlap of only 38.5%. This activity was redistributed to the whole PC by intrinsic association fibres. The increase in the delay (from 4 ms to 12 ms) between afferent and redistributed activities along the antero-posterior axis indicated that the rostral to caudal association fibre system originating in the anterior PC was mainly responsible for the redistribution. |
Death penalty lurks at edges of election
Governor's views may matter little to voters
Death penalty politics resurfaced in the gubernatorial race last week on the heels of comments made by Gov. John Hickenlooper during a recent television interview.
But political observers wonder just how much voters actually care about capital punishment in relation to other issues, and what impact, if any, the death penalty debate will have come November.
Hickenlooper confirmed to KDVR-TV on Aug. 18 what many believe has been the case for a while — that he's changed his mind over the years and is now against the death penalty.
“There's no deterrence to having capital punishment,” Hickenlooper said during the interview.
The governor said he had been a death penalty supporter his entire life until factors, such as the high cost of putting someone to death, started to turn his mind around on the issue.
“And, I don't know about you, but when I get new facts, I change my opinion,” said Hickenlooper, who told voters four years ago that he was in favor of the death penalty.
Hickenlooper has had to deal with questions about his views on capital punishment since last year, when he chose to grant a temporary reprieve for death row inmate Nathan Dunlap, who was convicted of murdering four people at an Aurora Chuck E. Cheese's restaurant in 1993.Republicans have attacked Hickenlooper for failing to see through Dunlap's execution. The death penalty issue has been used by former Congressman Bob Beauprez, who is running against Hickenlooper this fall, as a way to call out the governor for his “failed leadership” on the issue.
“If he truly does oppose the death penalty, he should have commuted Nathan Dunlap's sentence instead of leaving the decision to the next governor,” Beauprez said through a press statement. “As Colorado's next governor, I will see that justice is served.”
Eddie Stern, a spokesman for Hickenlooper's campaign, said the governor “made a decision knowing it wouldn't be a popular decision, but it is the right decision.”
Stern also said it is important to remember that the governor granted a reprieve, not clemency for Dunlap.“At that time, he explained why he felt a temporary reprieve was more important than clemency,” Stern said.
Issue may not sway votes
But will voters care about Nathan Dunlap and the death penalty come November?
“When you look at voters, in particular, independents, and when you look at list of concerns they have, you're not going to find the death penalty on that list,” said Norman Provizer, a political science professor at Metropolitan State University of Denver.
“It's a hot topic and the Beauprez campaign is trying to make an issue out of it, but I don't think it's a high priority issue.”
John Straayer, a political science professor at Colorado State University, said “a lot of people have been changing their mind on the death penalty” over the years. And Straayer wonders if Beauprez is simply trying to energize voters who are already inclined to vote for him.
“It might be being done to the advantage of appealing to his own party,” he said. “But I just wonder whether they're getting a lot of traction out of that beyond the base of their own party.”Provizer said voters care more about Colorado's improved economy than issues like the death penalty.
“If I were a candidate and I had a choice between being attacked on the death penalty or unemployment being down to around 5 percent, it wouldn't be a question of what I would choose,” Provizer said.
Still, a polarizing issue like this one could have on an impact on at least a small percentage of the electorate — perhaps enough to flip a tight election.
“I think we all understand, in any close election, little things can make an enormous difference,” Provizer said. “I can say the death penalty question is not a major issue, but in a close election, it could make a difference.”
Comments
I care very much for Capital punishment. The only draw back I have is the length of time a prisoner is housed. If it's been proven without a shadow of a doubt, the person(s) were caught in the act. such as when law authority arrives suspect is chase for a murder, raping of a child, as soon as the verdict is given within eight hours they should be executed. No appeals, no hiding behind INSANITY. I find the legal system doesn't have the toughness to carry through the sentence once given. Judge should be the one to execute such orders. There should not be a trial of these crimes.. This would take care of over crowed jails... The whole system needs to be overhauled. too many people in jail over pettiness. We made the law they can be rewritten. We the People. |
He started out coding Amiga sample editors in assembler and went on to build audio technology for Factor 5 (including the GameCube SDK audio tools), Konami Hawaii and Electronic Arts, Vancouver before arriving at his current senior position within SCEE’s Creative Services Group.
So, how does he see the current and future state of game audio programming?
“A significant focus for me is audio analysis to help create smarter tools, improve audio engines and enhance or even create gameplays,” he says.
“For example you can analyse the spectral content of your assets and export this information to the game as metadata. When sounds are triggered or modified at runtime, you update the spectral matrix – a representation of the game’s overall output in the frequency domain.
“The audio engine can then make informed decisions: how to dynamically mix the game, to apply (or not) audio shaders to a sound effect based on its audio properties, and so on.
“Perceptual voice management is also made possible, supplementing voice priority systems, to decide whether frequency-wise, it’s appropriate to start a new sound or not. If there are already ten very low frequency sounds playing on the left you might not want to add more.
“Remember – audio engines are deaf. They take decisions that impact the whole gaming experience without ‘listening’.
“Analysis is also the key to creating higher-level tools. The more your application knows about the data you’re manipulating, the better because it can assist with creative choices. Content-aware tools can represent your assets in a meaningful and useful way - for instance, maybe for a debris sound effect what is important is the distribution of the impacts in time and the overall envelope. For a pitched musical instrument it will be the harmonics and the pitch. Audio analysis can be used to extract all kinds of features from amplitude to spectral shapes and more.
“As to enhancing gameplay, an example from my own experience would be when I worked on Lost In Blue, a DS game where the player is lost on an island and has to make a fire. You use the stylus to rub wood together onscreen whilst physically blowing into the microphone.
“In this case, an envelope follower can be used to analyse the incoming audio signal and autocorrelation evaluates if the player might just be saying ‘aah’ instead of actually blowing. It’s a simple example but there’s no reason you couldn’t have gameplay based on how you clap your hands, whistle, or hit a resonant object.”
Fournel is convinced that real-time processing methodology will continue to develop with more content dynamically updated at run-time, believing that talk of audio assets will give way to talk of models of assets.
“Real-time sound generation - including voice and sound effects - is the next big step for game audio,” he explains.
“One of the main tasks of a sound designer is creating dynamic content from static sounds. Usually, this is done with scripting and randomisation, and by multiplying the number of assets – but this is still playing static snapshots rather than a truly dynamic model. It would be naïve to say that procedural audio will replace everything though; it won’t make sense for all cases. But it’s a perfect solution for physics-based sounds – impacts and contacts for example.”
All well and good though the industry still faces a shortage of audio programmers. Moreover, Fournel is concerned about hiring the right individuals:
“Requirements have evolved significantly. I want to hire audio programmers with synthesis, processing and analysis knowledge. There are enough good game programmers who can stream files and calculate the 3D position of an emitter – now we need people passionate about audio who understand band-limited oscillators, filter design, or the Q-transform – who can invent fresh audio-centric solutions to our problems.
“Hopefully, the industry will attract more people into this discipline. There are really interesting technical challenges. For instance, right now I’m looking at analysing library sound effects to create dynamic models of them so that for procedural audio, the sound designer doesn’t have to go to an animal anatomy class to be able to build a bird call model. There’s the opportunity to make really rewarding, smart solutions, push back boundaries and realise entirely new ideas.”
--------------X
John Broomhall is an independent audio director, consultant and content provider develop@johnbroomhall.co.ukwww.johnbroomhall.co.uk |
San Antonio Rep. Chip Roy mocks coronavirus relief bill in since-deleted tweet
U.S. Rep. Chip Roy, whose district encompasses parts of north San Antonio, voted against a coronavirus relief package that passed the House on Saturday. U.S. Rep. Chip Roy, whose district encompasses parts of north San Antonio, voted against a coronavirus relief package that passed the House on Saturday. Photo: John Davenport / San Antonio Express-News Photo: John Davenport / San Antonio Express-News Image 1 of / 3 Caption Close San Antonio Rep. Chip Roy mocks coronavirus relief bill in since-deleted tweet 1 / 3 Back to Gallery
U.S. Rep. Chip Roy, whose district encompasses parts of north San Antonio, voted against a coronavirus relief package that passed the House on Saturday.
Roy mocked the bill on Twitter. He eventually deleted the tweet, but not before his opponent in the November election nabbed a screenshot.
The legislation, now under consideration in the Senate, would provide paid sick leave, unemployment insurance to those who lose jobs during the pandemic, and give Texas a Medicaid boost estimated in the billions.
Roy was one of six Texas Republicans who voted against the bill, protesting that they were given little time to review the 110-page bill.
A former federal prosecutor, Roy appeared to take issue with the content of the legislation as well.
"The only thing missing from the #PelosiDeal is free toilet paper for all," he wrote on Twitter, alongside a picture of a claw machine stocked with toilet paper.
On ExpressNews.com: Bill to provide paid sick leave, other benefits during coronavirus pandemic moves to Senate
Wendy Davis, the Democrat challenging Roy in the 21st District of Texas, shared a picture of his deleted tweet.
"The Internet doesn't forget," Davis wrote. "Nor will voters when they find out you voted against bipartisan legislation addressing this growing health and economic crisis."
👋@chiproytx
I see you tried to delete this tweet below
Unfortunately for you, the internet doesn't forget
Nor will voters when they find out you voted against bipartisan legislation addressing this growing health and economic crisis#coronavirus pic.twitter.com/j34Yo7Fq0k — Wendy Davis (@wendydavis) March 14, 2020
The bill passed the House on a 363-40 vote.
Roy expanded on his opposition to the legislation in an Op-Ed for The Federalist. He noted that the bill exempts businesses over 500 from providing paid sick leave, putting a large burden on small businesses, and was to be paid later through tax credits.
"In short, it does no good to mandate 'paid leave' from a job that doesn't exist because the business went under," Roy wrote.
The Senate is expected to take up the legislation Tuesday. |
Selective inhibition of cytosine-DNA methylases by polyamines.
We have advanced the hypothesis that polyamines affect DNA methylation and thus promote the expression of developmentally controlled genes. We demonstrate that the activity of cytosine-DNA methyltransferases HpaII, HhaI, HaeIII and SssI is inhibited by physiological concentrations of polyamines. On the other hand, activity of the adenine-DNA methyltransferase EcoRI, and restriction enzymes HpaII, HhaI, HaeIII and EcoRI, is insensitive to polyamine concentrations up to 40 mM. Our results indicate that the effect of polyamines on cytosine-DNA methyltransferases is rather selective and suggest a possible mode of action in vivo. |
Netflix and Sky partner to deliver 'ultimate' package
Netflix and Sky have partnered to create a new premium subscription pack: Ultimate On Demand.
The package will bring together Sky Box Sets, which includes 400 of its UK and US series, and the full Netflix service in a single on-demand service.
Consumers will be able to access Sky original productions such as Patrick Melrose and Tin Star alongside Netflix’s original dramas, films, comedies and documentaries, which include The Crown, Stranger Things and Making a Murderer.
Recommendations for Sky and Netflix shows will share the spotlight on Sky Q’s homepage, and content from both will be available via Sky Q's search function.
"We want Sky Q to be the number one destination for TV fans," said Stephen van Rooyen, chief executive officer, Sky UK and Ireland.
"Partnering with Netflix means we will have all the best TV in one great value pack, making it even easier for you to watch all of your favourite shows."
Chris Whiteley, director business development UK/IE, Netflix, commented: "Innovation is at the core of Netflix. We are delighted to partner with Sky to offer fans a new and exciting way to access the best of entertainment from around the world."
'Ultimate On Demand' will be £10 a month for all new and existing customers alongside their Sky Q subscription and is available as a 31-day rolling contract.
Existing Sky Q customers with Netflix will be able to easily move their account to the new pack or sign in to the Netflix app on Sky Q using their existing Netflix account details.
Newsline
Follow us
Cookies on Mediatel
Hello. We have downloaded cookies on your device. Some of these cookies are essential for the website to function. Others are non-essential and are used for analytics and advertising,
we need your consent for these types of cookies.
To withdraw your consent or change your cookie choices, please do this through your browser.
Otherwise, click OK to accept and continue. More information can be found in our cookie policy. Thanks. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to ultrasonic image diagnostic apparatuses that perform three-dimensional ultrasonic scanning on a subject to observe and examine the subjects.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, there have been used ultrasonic image diagnostic apparatuses that perform diagnoses based on ultrasonic images of living organs by inserting an ultrasonic probe, provided with an ultrasonic search unit in a tip end thereof, into a body cavity, and by transmitting or receiving ultrasonic waves to or from the living organs by using the ultrasonic search unit.
One of the living organs to be diagnosed may be the prostate, and the diagnosis of the prostate requires not only the shape of the prostate, but also the volume thereof, as important diagnostic factors.
Therefore, as described in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2001-178725, a method is employed that the volume of a spheroid is calculated based on two axes orthogonal to each other assigned in an ultrasonic topographic image. |
Opicapone as Adjunct to Levodopa Therapy in Patients With Parkinson Disease and Motor Fluctuations: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors are an established treatment for end-of-dose motor fluctuations associated with levodopa therapy in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Current COMT inhibitors carry a high risk for toxic effects to hepatic cells or show moderate improvement. Opicapone was designed to be effective without the adverse effects. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 25- and 50-mg/d dosages of opicapone compared with placebo as adjunct to levodopa therapy in patients with PD experiencing end-of-dose motor fluctuations. This phase 3 international, multicenter outpatient study evaluated a 25- and a 50-mg/d dosage of opicapone in a randomized, double-blind, 14- to 15-week, placebo-controlled clinical trial, followed by a 1-year open-label phase during which all patients received active treatment with opicapone. Patients with PD who experienced signs of end-of-dose deterioration and had a mean total awake off-time (state of akinesia or decreased mobility) of at least 1.5 hours, not including morning akinesia, were enrolled. Data were collected from March 18, 2011, through June 25, 2013. Data from the evaluable population were analyzed from July 31, 2013, to July 31, 2014. The primary efficacy outcome of the double-blind phase was the change from baseline in absolute off-time vs placebo based on patient diaries. The open-label phase focused on maintenance of treatment effect in off-time. A total of 427 patients (258 men [60.4%] and 169 women [39.6%]; mean [SD] age, 63.1 [8.8] years) were randomized to a 25-mg/d (n = 129) or a 50-mg/d (n = 154) dosage of opicapone or to placebo (n = 144). Of these, 376 patients completed the double-blind phase and entered the open-label phase, of whom 286 completed 1 year of open-label treatment. At the end of the double-blind phase, the least squares mean change (SE) in off-time was -64.5 (14.4) minutes for the placebo group, -101.7 (14.9) minutes for the 25-mg/d opicapone group, and -118.8 (13.8) minutes for the 50-mg/d opicapone group. The adjusted treatment difference vs placebo was significant for the 50-mg/d opicapone group (treatment effect, -54.3 [95% CI, -96.2 to -12.4] minutes; P = .008), but not for the 25-mg/d opicapone group (treatment effect, -37.2 [95% CI, -80.8 to 6.4] minutes; P = .11). The off-time reduction was sustained throughout the open-label phase (-126.3 minutes at 1-year open-label end point). The most common adverse events in the opicapone vs placebo groups were dyskinesia, constipation, and dry mouth. Fifty-one patients (11.9%) discontinued from the study during the double-blind phase. Treatment with a 50-mg once-daily dose of opicapone was associated with a significant reduction in mean daily off-time in levodopa-treated patients with PD and motor fluctuations, and this effect is maintained for at least 1 year. Opicapone was safe and well tolerated. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01227655. |
...the piece of cake rear wheel removal
...as I said, after doing the rear wheel on the GoldWing, the Boulevard's a piece of cake. Total time 45minutes, including searching for the 17mm socket that rolled unseen under the tool cabinet. I did have to remove the top muffler to drive the axle out with a drift punch (I used the extension from the socket set). A little wigglewigglewigglewiggle and she was free.
Incidentally, the Metzler tire with 2" whitewall retailed at 168.00 cdn (equal right now with usd). Dunlop K55 (or KK5) was 205.00. Don't have my converter handy but is this on a par with uk?
...and buttoned back up and taken for a test ride. The entire job solo. Total re-install time about 20 minutes. I'll tell you it's a bugger to torque that nut! lol All in all not a tough job, just attention to detail and procedure.
I think that is the key, most people have the ability to do their own maintenance but are often a little scared to go for it. The satisfaction of completing a job or some maintenance for ones self for me at least is immense.
I've just removed the rear wheel without removing the exhausts.Undone the torque arm and rear drum nuts, removed the axle nut and cover cap on left hand side. I then put a socket on the left hand side and tapped the axle with butt end of a hammer to get a start, after which I placed a screwdriver behind the bolt on the left and a rag to protect the frame. A little pressure on the screwdriver whilst turning the socket and out she came. worth its weight in gold to keep that axle maintained took about 15 mins in total.hope this helps some of you guys |
(by Daniel White)
Amount you wish to contribute: Option 1 - $5.00 USD Option 2 - $10.00 USD Option 3 - $20.00 USD Option 4 - $50.00 USD Option 5 - $100.00 USD
This collection of illusions was previously exclusive to paid viewers. We'd like to say a bigto everyone who has paid to see this page over the past few years. Due to the minimal number though (1 in every 20,000 approx), it seemed best to open this page to the public (commencing from 01/02/2010).Hosted on this page are some of the greatest optical illusions of all time, and they're brand new, created by Skytopia. We've taken some of the best illusions according to the Illusions poll * from the old illusions page , updated them, and created some entirely new ones. Prepare to be astounded!If you enjoyed the illusions, a contribution of your choice would be very much appreciated: |
An audit of the management of uterine malignancy within the West Midlands. West Midlands Gynaecological Oncology Group.
To audit the management of uterine malignancy. Retrospective casenote analysis. Cancer units/centres within the West Midlands. The last 100 cases managed by each hospital in 1997. Ninety-six cases of uterine malignancy from ten hospitals were analysed. Only six hospitals were able to provide a complete data set. Eighty-eight cases (92%) presented with abnormal, usually postmenopausal, vaginal bleeding. Over 90% of the cases were primary endometrial carcinomas. Of the 15 standards audited, 11 were met by at least one hospital. No hospital met all the standards, although every hospital was able to meet at least one. Standards concerned with initial referral and diagnostic intervals were universally failed. Outpatient diagnosis was made in only 30%. The availability of Rapid Access Clinics neither promoted outpatient diagnosis nor sped up diagnosis. Once the diagnosis had been made, surgery was usually performed within six weeks. This audit has provided valuable baseline data for future activity. Serious attention must be given to improvement in clinical cancer data collection. Referral pathways for women with suspected uterine cancer, and endometrial cancer in particular, need improvement. It is recommended that the current standards remain unaltered, and after the West Midlands Gynaecological Oncology Group had the opportunity to consider and implement the necessary changes, the audit be repeated. |
Bunzaburō Kawagishi
was a lieutenant-general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Biography
A native of Gunma prefecture, Kawagishi graduated from the 15th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1903. He served as a second lieutenant in the IJA 3rd Infantry Regiment during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. In November 1911, he graduated from the 23rd class of the Army Staff College. He served on the staff of the Japanese China Garrison Army, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, the 2nd Guards Regiment, the Kwantung Army and the IJA 1st Division until February 1924, when he was appointed as Aide-de-camp to the Emperor of Japan. Kawagishi briefly went into the reserves, but was recalled in 1929 to assume command of the 1st Guards Regiment. He was promoted to major general in August 1931 and again became Aide-de-Camp to Emperor Hirohito until 1934. He subsequently served as commander of the IJA 11th Independent Mixed Brigade from 1935 to 1936 and was assigned to command the IJA 20th Division in Korea later in the year,
After the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident Kawagishi moved his division into northern China, participating in the Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation under the North China Area Army. He returned to Japan in 1938 to be the Commander in Chief of the Eastern District Army until 1939 when he retired. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchū, Tokyo.
References
Books
External links
Category:1882 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:Japanese generals
Category:People from Gunma Prefecture
Category:Japanese military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Category:Japanese military personnel of World War II |
Briefs: Apple Valley moves ahead on ash tree removal
The Apple Valley City Council last week was expected to award a $6,437 contract to St. Croix Tree Service Inc. to remove 31 ash trees in the city next year.
Three other bids for the work were markedly higher, ranging from $11,500 to $14,450.
The trees that will be cut down will be on city rights of way. They were selected for removal because they were in decline or causing uplifting of sidewalks.
The project is part of the city's effort to manage ash trees in the face of the emerald ash borer infestation. Apple Valley has about 2,500 ash trees on city rights of way.
The contractor will remove and dispose of each tree, cutting it off within six inches of the ground. The city's public works division will grind the stumps and restore the boulevard area. The work is expected to be completed by the end of February 2014.
The item was on the council's consent agenda last Thursday but undecided before the deadline for this section.
DAKOTA COUNTY
Art sought for 'Heroes' kids' exhibit
Kids in grades 6 through 8 who live in Dakota County are invited to create an original work of art that explores the theme "Heroes of Today" and submit it for consideration in a new exhibit sponsored by the Dakota County Public Art Citizen Advisory Committee.
"Heroes of Today" is the fourth open exhibition of work by local artists sponsored by the public art committee. It will run February to August at the Dakota County Western Service Center, 14955 Galaxie Av, Apple Valley.
Artists must live in Dakota County, and their artwork should be ready for hanging. Entries are limited to one per person. Digital images of submissions may be e-mailed to jean.erickson@co.dakota.mn.us or mailed to Jean Erickson at Dakota County Public Services & Revenue Division, 1590 Hwy. 55, Hastings, MN 55033, by the deadline of Monday, Jan. 7.
For a complete list of criteria for the "Heroes of Today" exhibit or to access a submission form, visit www.dakotacounty.us and search art exhibit. For more information, call 651-438-4286.
EAGAN
City wants feedback on cable services
As part of Eagan's cable franchise renewal process, the city is asking for feedback from cable and non-cable subscribers on the quality of cable products and services, local television programming and how people get information about the community.
Comcast is seeking to renew its franchise that expires in January 2015. The city wants to document the public's expectations to help it negotiate new or better standards into any cable franchise.
The city is asking residents, businesses, teachers, and representatives of churches and other organizations to take a brief survey at www.cityofeagan.com/morethancable. It's hoping to have 1,000 responses by Dec. 19.
Participants will be entered into a drawing for a thank-you gift — a $200 "Family Fun Gift Pack" to Eagan locations including Cascade Bay, the Eagan Community Center and the Civic Arena. Respondents need to submit their names and e-mails on the last screen of the survey to be eligible to win.
Local groups get $30,000 in grants
The Eagan Rotary Club awarded $30,000 in grants to 27 local nonprofits at the end of November.
Grant recipients were chosen from a variety of education, social service, youth, arts and civic focused 501(c)(3)-designated organizations. In order to be considered for a grant, applicants needed to demonstrate that their program or project served the Eagan community exclusively or to a significant extent.
"Our club is focused on making a difference, on making Eagan an even better place," said Quinn Hutson, chairman of the club's Community Service Committee. "We're proud to be able to help so many Eagan-serving organizations with an important source of project and program funding." |
Alpha Dog Series Parka Vest_RED
Product Details
Padded vest. Size ranges from a SM (Small/Medium) to a 7XL. - Warmer, more functional, practical and high quality new sport - Perfect solution for dogs living outside a house for winter - New technology for dog winter jacket named "Faux Down Jacket" - Anti-Vacteria and Eco-friendly filling lining |
Tortorella pre-game
John Tortorella was asked if he can say whether Ryan Callahan’s or Michael Del Zotto’s injuries are getting to be more long-term at this point, and he said no. And he was asked if they’re both still day to day and he said yes.
This was one of those complete wastes of time for him to come to the pressroom. He had answered tons of questions yesterday after practice and so nobody had anything worthwhile to ask him pre-game (self included).
And since we already knew the deal with Henrik Lundqvist (flu) out, Martin Biron in and Chad Johnson up from Connecticut; and same lineup as Sunday — which means another shot for The Little Italian Kid from Norway — there sure wasn’t any news.
Thanks, Sally. We are enjoying it. Life is busy when you’re on vacation :-). Now mrs wants to go out, so I’ll be definitely watching DVR’d game. Let’s hope we see -5 hole- Marty tonight. See you afte the game, heads!
I don’t know why these numbskulls can’t just go “no-touch icing” and avoid all the stupid penalties and injuries, and also — since the offending team can’t change players — avoid guys gassing themselves trying to get there and then being spent for the next faceoff.
Carp,
I agree. However another potential flaw is relying on the linesmen to make a call whether or not the offensive or defensive player is winning the race. Why give them more to make a call on? They already byfuglin up the “judgement” calls they make now…duh!
This is always something I wondered. Considering that, unlike delayed penalties, icing is called or negated by contact alone, why don’t some players just sprawl out or dive towards the puck with their stick? I guess you run the risk of a tripping call or an injury, but you run the risk of injury every time you chase after an icing to begin with.
Hybrid icing is dumb. Either keep it like it is or go no-touch. If you’re a d-man and chasing after the puck what do you do if an opponent is right behind you? The same thing they do now! So, what good is it?
The current situation is a major opportunity for MZA. If he can be a stimulant for the PP he can practically guarantee a spot on this roster, at least for the short term (season’s end). He increases his worth exponentially since a PP with some teeth is invaluable in the second season. |
News article - Style E 3394
23 February 2004 13:59
The Welsh certainly believed in giving credit where credit was due in the aftermath of their defeat by Ireland in Lansdowne Road
Gareth Cooper last night spoke about how Wales were hit by an Irish tidal wave at Lansdowne Road. The scrum-half admitted there was little the Welsh team could do to stop their rampaging hosts, who scored six tries inside the first 52 minutes of yesterday's RBS Six Nations clash in Dublin.
But looking ahead to their next game against France, he said they could at least take some heart from the way they fought back in the final quarter, scoring two tries through replacement centre Tom Shanklin.
"It's one of the most physical games I have played in for Wales," said the Celtic Warrior."They came at us and it just seemed to be like a tidal wave. Their forwards would bring the ball forward and the backs would be steaming on to it. It's very hard to stop that.
"It felt like a steamroller. They had dominance in the rolling maul and their backs gave them targets to work from. The pace of the game wasn't that much greater than other internationals I have played in, it was just the physical aspect of it.
"The Irish forwards really got stuck in and battered us about a bit. The ball I received was quite clean. The problem is that ball needs to be taken forward at some stage to gain momentum and we didn't seem to be able to do that.
"At times I felt we did play a bit laterally. We knew we had the wind in the second half and we were disappointed we conceded a try early on after the break, which was a big blow to us, having turned round 24-3 down."
Wales missed a total of 10 tackles in the face of intense pressure from their hosts and Cooper admits the defence wasn't as good as it has been of late.
"We leaked a few times through the breakdown area," he said. "Perhaps we were below par in defence. But it is difficult when the opposition has got such a momentum up."
One man who caused Wales particular problems was Ireland skipper Brian O'Driscoll, who marked his return from a six-week injury lay-off with two tries in a 36-15 triumph."O'Driscoll is a very special player," said Cooper. "Considering he has been out for six weeks it didn't show. Perhaps he was a bit fresher if anything."
So the question now is how do Wales get themselves back up for their next Six Nations assignment against France at the Millennium Stadium in a fortnight?
"The message from within the camp is still to stay positive," said Cooper. "We knew we weren't the finished article and that we had a long way to go. Perhaps we didn't play as well as we could in this match and didn't improve on last week's performance against Scotland, but hopefully in the next game against France we can improve again.
"We have had some good performances in the last few games and dug in right to the end in this match. We could have gone into our shells and lost by 50 points. We did fight back and tried really hard but things just didn't go right for us at crucial times.
"Fair play to the boys, they did get stuck in and battle right to the end of the match. There were still positives to take out of the game, particularly the work rate of the boys in the second half. It was good seeing we were so far down. We could have caved in, but we didn't do that.
"It has been an intense fortnight. We will go away now and analyse the video of this match. We will work hard this week and then next week build up to the France game."
Cooper, who won his 17th cap yesterday, expects the French to have a few tricks up their sleeve when they come to Cardiff."They had a great win against Ireland and you've seen how good the Irish were in this game against us," said the 24-year-old. "For France to have beaten them shows how good a side they are.
"I am sure they were a little bit relaxed against Italy on Saturday. Perhaps their coaches told them not to use any of their strike moves, because they didn't seem to use many moves.
Newly-appointed Ireland Women's captain Ciara Griffin talks about attending her first Women's Six Nations launch and her pride at leading her country into the tournament, which kicks off with a trip to Toulouse next week to face France.
Speaking to Irish Rugby TV in Dubai, IRFU referee Joy Neville said she was 'over the moon and very proud' to receive the World Rugby Referee of the Year award last Sunday. She is in Dubai to referee in the opening round of the World Sevens Series this week, and is also looking forward to her Challenge Cup refereeing debut on Friday, December 15 (Bordeaux-Bègles v Enisei-STM).
First half tries from Darren Sweetnam, Jack Conan and Dave Kearney laid the foundations for Ireland's 23-20 win over Fiji in the second game of the GUINNESS Series at the Aviva Stadium. Check out the match highlights on Irish Rugby TV.
Tries from Andrew Conway, Rhys Ruddock, Rob Herring and Jacob Stockdale, and a man-of-the-match performance from Jonathan Sexton, gave Ireland a record 38-3 win against South Africa in the opening game of the GUINNESS Series. Check out the match highlights.
Who we are is how we play. Fancy seeing more of how we all belong to the #TeamOfUs? Check out the extended version of the new ad from Vodafone Ireland featuring Conor Murray, Rory Best, Tadhg Furlong and Tiernan O'Halloran.
They may have left the island but they've never really left Ireland behind. The Irish diaspora of 70 million people around the world are ready to 'arise and go now', ready for the world, ready for a tournament like no other. Bob Geldof reads from 'The Lake Isle At Innisfree' by WB Yeats.
The ChildFund 'Pass It Back' Belfast Cup brought together girls from Vietnam, the Philippines and Laos with players from across Ulster to celebrate the power of sport and highlight how rugby is developing in Asia.
Monday was community legacy day at Women's Rugby World Cup 2017 as the IRFU's 'Spirit of Rugby' programme brought together some local disability rugby players from DLSP Eagles, Seapoint Dragons and Westmanstown Wasps, and a number of WRWC players and coaches from the competing nations, for a fun-filled coaching/training session and Tag rugby games.
Monday was a momentous day for the Ireland Women's camp as the 28-strong squad was revealed for the Women's Rugby World Cup on home soil. Head coach Tom Tierney and captain Niamh Briggs spoke to the press at the announcement in UCD.
IRFU Chief Executive Philip Browne spoke to Irish Rugby TV about the Union's 2016/17 Annual Report, which includes increased investment in Women's rugby and addresses the challenges of funding for the game in Ireland.
The launch of a commemorative stamp to mark the Women's Rugby World Cup in Ireland was a special day for Women's rugby, team captain Niamh Briggs and her family. We spoke to her and her dad Mike at the GPO.
Marie Louise Reilly joined her Ireland team-mates Nora Stapleton and Lindsay Peat at a recent Dublin City Council event in support of the upcoming Women's Rugby World Cup. Reilly, who works as a DCC Sports Officer, said: "The team are coming together really well, we're working hard and hopefully August will be really memorable not just for us but for the whole country."
Fiona Coghlan, Women's Rugby World Cup 2017 Ambassador and Chair of the Dublin City Sports and Wellbeing Partnership, speaks about Dublin City Council's support of the tournament in August and the momentum and excitement building in the capital and around the four provinces for WRWC 2017. |
A term affection, reserved for people for whom you have the utmost affection. First used on the popular football and cheese forum TWTD to become a term the administrators are proud to be identified with |
Q:
How to make Orthogonalize simplify each new vector before using it to orthogonalize the next one?
I'm trying to construct a set of orthogonal polynomials, starting from a specially-prepared initial polynomials:
nMax = 3;
initPolys = Table[1 + R/2 x - R/2 x^2 - x^n, {n, 2, nMax}];
orthoPolys = Orthogonalize[initPolys, Simplify @ Integrate[#1 #2, {x, 0, 1}] &]
The result of Orthogonalize grows rapidly in size as nMax grows to as small values as 7. Yet, if I use Simplify on the output, the expressions appear quite "compressible".
The problem is that this simplification only happens after the whole set has been generated, and in the Gram-Schmidt method used by Orthogonalize, the large unsimplified expressions are being used, thus leading to unacceptable slowdown. E.g. nMax=11 has already been running for 10 hours without any result (so I aborted it).
Thus my question is, how can I make Orthogonalize simplify each new vector before using it in further calculations? Or do I have to make my own implementation of Gram-Schmidt process to do this?
A:
Recalling that the coefficients of the product of two polynomials is the same as the convolution of the coefficients of the factors, one can easily write a more efficient version of the required inner product:
iprod[f_, g_, x_] := With[{c = Simplify[ListConvolve[CoefficientList[f, x],
CoefficientList[g, x], {1, -1}, 0]]},
Simplify[Total[c/Range[Length[c]]]]]
Evaluating Orthogonalize[Table[1 + R/2 x - R/2 x^2 - x^n, {n, 2, 9}], iprod[#1, #2, x] &] is now much faster, tho the resulting polynomials need to be processed further with (Full)Simplify[].
|
The benefits of raw feeding are becoming more well-known, but incorporating raw dog food can still seem like a daunting task for the uninitiated. Which is why I’m so excited to work with Instinct® Raw to help bring the benefits of raw to even more pets!
This post is sponsored by Instinct® and the BlogPaws Professional Pet Blogger Network. I am being compensated for helping spread the word about Instinct Raw but This Pug Life only shares information we feel is relevant to our readers. Instinct is not responsible for the content of this article.
I began my raw feeding journey about two years ago by trying to incorporate at least 10% raw food into my dogs’ diet. I began to see improvements in their dental health after only a month. While exclusively raw feeding is certainly ideal, it’s not feasible for everyone’s life or budget. That’s why I’ve always recommended people do as much as they can. Just supplementing their normal diet with raw dog food can improve your dog’s digestion, skin, coat and teeth.
Instinct Raw Bites are a great option for the first-time raw feeder because they’re widely available at pet specialty stores and super convenient. I was able to find Instinct Raw Bites at my local PetSmart. Not every location has freezers yet but they are adding more all the time. I really like seeing raw dog food gaining ground in more mainstream stores and even the cashier asked me about raw feeding when I checked out.
I decided to test out the chicken and tuna formula first. You don’t have to worry about thawing Raw Bites ahead of time because they thaw quickly on the counter in about 10 minutes. Plus, you can measure and scoop them just like kibble. I know from experience that the more convenient a raw dog food product is, the more likely I am to stick with it instead of being lazy and just chucking kibble in the bowl.
The first night I gave the dogs a dinner of just Raw Bites as a special treat. In this picture they’re not completely thawed but both dogs were going crazy begging for me to put their bowls down. They liked this one so much they were willing to eat it partially frozen!
How I typically serve it is mixed half and half with kibble. You can do whatever proportion you like, I just replace an equal amount of kibble with Raw Bites. Supplementing with raw dog food is great for picky eaters like Molly who will gobble down a bowl of previously untouched food if I mix in a scoop of Raw Bites.
Instinct Raw Bites come in 8 different proteins (many single-source) including novel proteins like rabbit and venison. They contain 95% meat, organ and bone with 5% fruits and vegetables and absolutely no grains which makes it high quality and nutrient dense. That’s probably the best part of raw feeding to me – dogs think of it as a treat but it’s also optimum nutrition.
You guys know how passionate I am about good nutrition for dogs so as always feel free to contact me with any questions you have about Instinct Raw Bites or raw feeding in general. You can also follow Instinct on Facebook for great tips. Lastly, don’t forget to sign up for a $3 off coupon as it can even be used on a $3.99 trial size bag of Instinct Raw Bites! |
Q:
Does webmatrix Database class uses ADO.Net internally?
Is Database class just a wrapper for ADO.NET which makes use of db simpler ? What's its limits ?
A:
Yes - the Database Helper is a wrapper around ADO.NET. It is designed to minimize the code that a beginner needs to get started with querying databases, similar to how its done in PHP. Its limits depend on your point of view. As someone who is just starting to learn web development and databases, you might think that the helper is a stroke of genius. As a professional developer, you might not like the fact that it returns dynamic types or that it doesn't prevent people dynamically constructing their SQL and potentially opening up their application to SQL injection attacks.
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to integrated circuit memory systems, and more particularly to cache memory systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
In typical hierarchical memory systems, cache memories are small, fast memory circuits that store most-recently accessed code or data to reduce the latency (i.e., the total time between the start and completion) of references to memory. As integrated circuit die sizes increase and integrated circuit manufacturing process geometries decrease, the size of a cache memory that may be implemented on an integrated circuit die increases, e.g., 100 megabytes (MB) or greater. In an exemplary processor architecture, a cache memory occupies a substantial portion of the processor area and the ratio of cache memory area to core logic area may increase in the future.
In general, as cache memory size increases, the total power dissipation (i.e., static power dissipation, e.g., power dissipation due to leakage current or other current drawn continuously from the power supply, and dynamic power dissipation, e.g., power dissipation due to switching transient currents and/or charging and discharging of load capacitances) of the cache memory increases, which typically reduces battery life in portable applications. As cache memory sizes increase and gate sizes decrease, static power dissipation increases and may become a larger portion of total power dissipation. |
Synthesis and structural characterization of homochiral 2D coordination polymers of zinc and copper with conformationally flexible ditopic imidazolium-based dicarboxylate ligands.
Different novel coordination polymers containing zinc, 1-4, and copper, 5-8, metals, connected via chiral imidazolium-based dicarboxylate ligands, [LR]-, were isolated by reaction between zinc acetate or copper acetate and enantiomerically pure HLR compounds. They were characterised and structurally identified by X-ray diffraction methods (single crystal and powder). These compounds are two-dimensional homochiral coordination polymers, [M(LR)2]n, in which the metal ions are coordinated by the two carboxylate groups of [LR]- anions in a general bridging monodentate μ2-κ1-O1,κ1-O3 fashion that afforded tetrahedral metal coordination environments for zinc, 1-4, and square planar for copper, 5-8, complexes. In all the compounds the 3D supramolecular architecture is constructed by non-covalent interactions between the hydrophobic parts (R groups) of the homochiral 2D coordination polymers and, in some cases, by weak C-HO non-classical hydrogen bonds that provided, in general, a dense crystal packing. DFT calculations on the [LR]- anions confirmed their conformational flexibility as ditopic linkers and this fact makes possible the formation of different coordination polymers for four-coordinated metal centers. Preliminary studies on the Zn-catalyzed synthesis of chiral α-aminophosphonates were carried out and, unfortunately, no enantioselectivity was observed in these reactions. |
JPMorgan’s Rod Hall said that Q4 smartphone sales growth was ahead of their estimate, but marked the slowest growth since 2008. Global smartphone sales came in at 403 million units, up 9.7 percent year-over-year, according to Gartner.
In 2015, 1.4 billion units of smartphones were sold, an increase of 14.4 percent from 2014. Gartner mentioned that the availability of low-cost smartphones in emerging markets and the strong demand for premium smartphones were the driving factors. Nearly 85 percent of users in the emerging Asia/Pacific markets are replacing their current mid-range phones with the same category of phones.
Samsung, with a market share of 20.7 percent, and Huawei, with a 8 percent market share, were the only two of the top five smartphone vendors to record an increase in their sales to end users. Apple Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL), which commands a 17.7 percent market share, witnessed a quarterly decline for the first, down 4.4 percentage points.
Analyst Rod Hall stated that the news has no impact on Apple and QUALCOMM, Inc. (NASDAQ: QCOM). He added that although the smartphone sell-through growth of 9.7 percent was higher than the JPMorgan estimate of 7.8 percent, the same is likely to slow to 7.9 percent in 2016.
Hall further wrote, “We also note that Apple’s market share decline is immaterial, in our opinion, given most market growth is occurring at price points that Apple does not compete in. We believe Apple likely has continued taking share in the $400+ ASP category. |
In night of primary elections, Christine Hallquist makes history as the first transgender nominee for governor for a major party
This article is more than 2 years old
This article is more than 2 years old
Democrats in Vermont have nominated America’s first transgender nominee for governor for a major party, in a night of primary elections that also saw Minnesota Republicans reject a familiar face of the Republican old guard in favour of a candidate more aligned with President Donald Trump.
Minnesota also picked a woman who could be the first Somali-American member of Congress, and Connecticut Democrats nominated a candidate who could become the first black woman from the state to serve in Congress.
“Tonight we made history,” Hallquist, 62, told supporters during her victory speech. “I’m so honored to be part of this historical moment.”
Hallquist told CNN on Wednesday morning that she had not necessarily run to make history, but as a reaction to the election of Trump to the White House.
“The reason I’m here is because of what happened in 2016,” she said. “In physics we say for every action there’s an opposite and opposing reaction. Well, I’m definitely a reaction to 2016.”
Hallquist follows in the footsteps of Danica Roem, the Virginia Democrat who in 2017 became the first transgender state legislator in the US.
She will face incumbent Republican Phil Scott in November. Scott, a moderate who faced a primary challenge on the right fueled by his support for gun control, is considered the favorite of the two. According to one recent poll the incumbent Republican has a 61% approval rating from Vermont Democrats.
Last week she spoke to the Guardian about her chances of becoming the Democratic candidate, saying: “I tell people this isn’t the hardest thing I ever did. In fact, I think after transitioning everything else looks pretty easy.”
Her success caps a remarkable journey, which has included decades of internal strife over how her family would accept her as Christine, the five-year transition process before she felt ready to present herself as a woman in her job as a high-powered CEO, and even dodging an exorcism attempt as a child.
Vermont primary could pave way for first transgender governor in US Read more
Hallquist said she was inspired to run for governor when Trump became president.
“November 8, 2016, I realized the world changed,” she said.
“I went to bed, and of course like any other trauma I was in political depression and I just didn’t know what to do. I mean, many of us in this country shed a lot of tears for what happened on November 8.”
Minnesota
In Minnesota, Tim Pawlenty lost the Republican nomination for Minnesota governor on Tuesday after his opponent repeatedly attacked him for calling Trump “unfit” for the White House in the aftermath of the Access Hollywood tape.
In Minnesota, Pawlenty, who was governor from 2003 to 2011 and mounted an unsuccessful president bid in 2012, had been considered the favorite in the primary and was one of the GOP’s best hopes for picking up a governor’s mansion in an unfavorable national environment. However, like a number of other establishment Republicans his past criticism of Trump proved to be his Achilles heel.
Facebook Twitter Pinterest Tim Pawlenty Photograph: Jim Cole/AP
Instead, Republican Jeff Johnson will face Congressman Tim Walz in November.
Hallquist was not the only candidate to make history on Tuesday.
Ilhan Omar is poised to become the nation’s first Somali-American and one of the first Muslim women in Congress after winning the Democratic nomination in Minnesota’s Fifth Congressional District. Omar will likely join Rashida Tlaib, who won a Democratic primary in Michigan last week on Capitol Hill in January. Both are expected to easily win their general elections in safe Democratic districts.
In the special election for the Senate seat vacated by Al Franken’s resignation, appointed incumbent Tina Smith easily beat former White House lawyer and television pundit Richard Painter. Smith will face Republican Karin Housley in November to fill the remaining two years of Franken’s term.
Congressman Keith Ellison easily won the Democratic nomination for state attorney general despite allegations of domestic abuse and a video recording the abuse. Ellison, a progressive icon, has strongly denied the allegations and insisted “this video does not exist because I never behaved in this way, and any characterisation otherwise is false.”
Wisconsin Democrats nominated Tony Evers to be their standard bearer against Scott Walker, who is facing his fourth statewide election in eight years. Walker who has faced a recall in addition two hard fought campaigns for office, drew national attention through his efforts to break public sector unions in the state and support for right to work legislation.
Walker’s protege Leah Vukmir also won a competitive primary against businessman Kevin Nicholson for the Republican Senate nomination. She will face incumbent Tammy Baldwin in November.
In Connecticut, businessman Ned Lamont easily won the Democratic nomination for governor against Joe Ganim, the mayor of Bridgeport who mounted a political comeback after a 2003 conviction for fraud.
Connecticut Democrats also picked former teacher of the year, Jahana Hayes, to run for the seat vacated by Elizabeth Esty, who is leaving Congress after bungling sexual abuse claims levied against a former staffer. Hayes could become the first black woman from the state to serve in Congress.
• This article was amended on 17 August 2018 because an earlier version misspelled Elizabeth Esty’s last name as Etsy.
|
The Humble Bundles were both huge hits, ultimately bringing in over $3 million in combined revenue. The smaller games released on Windows, Mac, and Linux platforms, combined with a lack of DRM and the ability to pay whatever you like, created the perfect storm. During his talk at the Game Developers Conference, Jeffrey Rosen even brought up how Ars Technica gave them the nudge needed to finish the first bundle.
"Mike Thompson in particular was one of the few journalists who immediately saw the potential in the Humble Bundle and actually worked hard to write a good article about it, rather than giving me the cold shoulder," Rosen said. "After that, I had no choice but to actually finish coding it—it was getting dangerously close to turning into vaporware!"
The other secret to getting noticed was the support across multiple platforms. "Contributions from Mac and Linux users doubled our revenue for the Humble Indie Bundle," Rosen told Ars after his talk. "Mac and Linux gamers are historically underserved by game developers, so they really appreciate the extra effort, and help you back disproportionately."
Rosen pointed out that Linux users were the most generous in terms of what they were willing to pay for the games. "It is sad that being Windows-exclusive is the norm and it's actually newsworthy when a developer supports another platform," he said.
He also pointed out that customer service was an important part of what the developers did. They had many people, including the developers themselves, sitting at computers, live-chatting with customers to fix their problems, and answering e-mails. You could download your games via a direct link or via bittorrent. If you felt they were doing a good job, you could always go back to the site to increase the amount you paid for the bundle. The Humble Bundle succeeded because the developers decided to be good guys about every aspect of the user experience, hoping people would reward that behavior. As we saw, the gamers certainly did.
There will of course be a third bundle, and Rosen said that he's looking forward to putting fewer "known" games in the bundle to get the word out on titles people may not have heard of, but it's also important to keep the quality of the games high. Until then, he can take a small break knowing that he raised a large amount of money for charity, and found a new way to promote and sell independent games. |
For services provided to outside customers such as a sorority/fraternity or the City
of San Jose, an invoice will need to be issued by Accounting Services. To request
an invoice to the outside customer, complete the Billing Request to Outside Customers (xls) and return it to Accounting Services.
Other Funds
Per directions from the Chancellor's Office, cost recoveries are no longer allowed
in the CSU Operating Fund (PeopleSoft fund 70000). To comply with this directive while
minimizing disruption to the campus community, Finance has created funds in the 77xxx
series (for cost recoveries from internal university departments) and the 78xxx series
(for cost recoveries from outside organizations). Certain departments that have a
large volume of cost recoveries have been given their own dedicated funds in these
series. All other departments may use the following funds for cost recoveries from
auxiliary organizations.
Fund
Fund Description
Organization Billed
Project Prefix
Cost Recovery Account
78005
Cost Recovery - RF
Research Foundation
F
580095
78006
Cost Recovery - TF
Tower Foundation
T
580095
78007
Cost Recovery - SU
Student Union
SU
580095
78008
Cost Recovery - SS
Spartan Shops
SS
580095
78009
Cost Recovery - AS
Associated Students
AS
580095
Departments incurring an expense that was to be reimbursed by an auxiliary organization
must use one of the funds list above and the appropriate project ID. When billed,
revenue will be credited in the same fund to the cost recovery account shown above.
Example 1
A department pays a faculty member's release time salary. The university invoices
the Research Foundation.
Requisitions or Direct Payment Vouchers in Financial Transaction Services for expenses
to partially reimbursed by an auxiliary organization
Expense Journals or Interdepartmental Expense Transfers in Financial Transaction Services
reclassifying an expense to a project with one of the above prefixes
Whenever possible, expenses to be charged 100% to an auxiliary organization should
be paid directly via that organization's procurement system, rather than being paid
by the university and coded for reimbursement as described above. |
Inactivation of viruses in labile blood derivatives. II. Physical methods.
The thermal inactivation of viruses in labile blood derivatives was evaluated by addition of marker viruses (VSV, Sindbis, Sendai, EMC) to anti-hemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates. The rate of virus inactivation at 60 degrees C was decreased by at least 100- to 700-fold by inclusion of 2.75 M glycine and 50 percent sucrose, or 3.0 M potassium citrate, additives which contribute to retention of protein biologic activity. Nonetheless, at least 10(4) infectious units of each virus was inactivated within 10 hours. Increasing the temperature from 60 to 70 or 80 degrees C caused a 90 percent or greater loss in AHF activity. An even greater decline in the rate of virus inactivation was observed on heating AHF in the lyophilized state, although no loss in AHF activity was observed after 72 hours of heating at 60 degrees C. Several of the proteins present in lyophilized AHF concentrates displayed an altered electrophoretic mobility as a result of exposure to 60 degrees C for 24 hours. Exposure to lyophilized AHF to irradiation from a cobalt 60 source resulted in an acceptable yield of AHF at 1.0, but not at 2.0, megarads. At 1 megarad, greater than or equal to 6.0 logs of VSV and 3.3 logs of Sindbis virus were inactivated. |
{"id":16114891,"title":"Dog Saves Puppy From Drowning in Pool","duration":"0:38","description":"A hero dog nudges and pulls at a puppy struggling in a swimming pool. ","url":"/GMA/video/dog-saves-puppy-drowning-pool-16114891","section":"GMA","mediaType":"Default"} |
Google Search
Why Liverpool wouldn’t sign Naby Keita this January revealed
Liverpool DID have the chance to buy Naby Keita this month, but decided against paying the £18m on top of what we’re already going to spend on the Guinean.
That’s according to Bild, who state that Jurgen Klopp refused the hefty premium fee, which is essentially like paying £18m for a six month loan – with the player unavailable for the Champions League anyway.
Rb Leipzig sporting director Ralph Rangnick has confirmed that Keita will remain in Germany until his scheduled move on June 1 “We will not give Naby Keita an early start, even though Liverpool have once again expressed their interest in him and want to sign him in this transfer window. As everyone knows, we are not a sales club.”
We’re a little disappointed, in truth.
After selling Coutinho for £142m, it doesn’t look like we’re going to bring in any enforcements, which is risky considering we’ve got three competitions to navigate.
Our first-XI is still very good, but an injury to one of the front-three will significantly weaken the side.
A midfielder with creativity and guile is also lacking, although Adam Lallana could temporarily fill the role. |
Calcium channel antagonist peptides define several components of transmitter release in the hippocampus.
The use of subtype-selective voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) antagonists has established that neurotransmitter release in mammalian brain is mediated by N-like and P-like VSCCs, and that other subtypes also contribute significantly. To determine the roles presynaptic VSCCs play in nervous system function and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of their selective inhibition, it is necessary to define further the contributions of VSCC subtypes to neurotransmitter release. The novel conopeptide, SNX-230 (omega-conopeptide MVIIC), has revealed a new VSCC subtype, the Q-type, in cerebellar granule cells. We have compared the effects of SNX-230 on release of tritiated D-aspartate ([3H]D-Asp; a non-metabolizable analog of glutamate), gamma-aminobutyric acid ([3H]GABA), and norepinephrine ([3H]NE) from rat hippocampal slices to those of the N-type VSCC blocker, SNX-111 (omega-conopeptide MVIIA), and the P-type blocker, omega-agatoxin-IVA (AgaIVA). SNX-230 blocks both [3H]D-Asp and [3H]GABA release completely, whereas AgaIVA blocks them potently but partially and SNX-111 has no effect. These results suggest that glutamate and GABA release are mediated by two VSCC subtypes, a P-type and another, perhaps Q-like. SNX-111 blocks [3H]NE release potently but partially, while SNX-230 blockade is complete, consisting of one very potent phase and one less potent phase. AgaIVA also blocks [3H]NE release potently but partially. These results suggest that at least two VSCC subtypes, an N-type and a novel non-N-type, mediate NE release. Pair-wise combinations of the three ligands indicate that at least three pharmacologically distinct components comprise [3H]NE release in the hippocampus. |
T.C. Memo. 1999-226
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
VASHON C. AND BEVERLY C. JACKSON, Petitioners v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 20815-97. Filed July 9, 1999.
Vashon C. Jackson, pro se.
William Henck, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DINAN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to
the provisions of section 7443A(b)(3) and Rules 180, 181, and
182.1
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are
to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the taxable years in
(continued...)
- 2 -
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' Federal
income taxes for 1990, 1991, and 1992 in the amounts of $6,959,
$7,039, and $8,013, respectively, and accuracy-related penalties
pursuant to section 6662(a) in the amounts of $303, $239, and
$232, respectively.
The issues for decision are: (1) The amount of rents
received by petitioners during the taxable years in issue; (2)
whether petitioners are entitled to any deductions with respect
to the rented property; (3) whether petitioners are entitled to
any deductions for unreimbursed employee business expenses; (4)
whether petitioners are entitled to charitable contribution
deductions in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent; and
(5) whether petitioners are liable for the section 6662(a)
accuracy-related penalties.
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.
The stipulations of fact and attached exhibits are incorporated
herein by this reference. Petitioners resided in Chesapeake,
Virginia, on the date the petition was filed in this case.
Petitioner husband worked as an auditor for the Army Corps
of Engineers during the taxable years in issue. Petitioner wife
worked as a schoolteacher during the taxable years in issue.
Petitioners reside at 2105 Hollins Court in Chesapeake, Virginia.
1
(...continued)
issue. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of
Practice and Procedure.
- 3 -
Petitioners purchased the residence of petitioner wife's
parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charity, and her maternal grandmother (the
Charitys) in 1987. This residence is located at 2117 Hollins
Court. The Charitys continued to use 2117 Hollins Court as their
residence after the sale and paid petitioners rent for such use.
The first issue for decision is the amount of rents received
by petitioners during the taxable years in issue.
On Schedules E attached to their 1990, 1991, and 1992
returns, petitioners reported "rents received" from 2117 Hollins
Court in the amount of $7,200 per year. This amount is equal to
the fair rental value appraisal of 2117 Hollins Court obtained by
petitioner in 1988 from Eagle Realty, a local real estate agency.
In the statutory notice of deficiency, respondent determined that
petitioners received rents from 2117 Hollins Court during 1990,
1991, and 1992 in the amounts of $8,400, $8,400, and $11,700,
respectively.
Section 61(a) includes in gross income all income from
whatever source derived including, but not limited to, rents.
See sec. 61(a)(5).
Petitioner husband testified that the Charitys paid $500 per
month as rent during the taxable years in issue. He further
testified that petitioners reported their "rents received" on
their tax returns as $7,200 per year ($600 per month), on the
advice of one of respondent's revenue agents, in order to satisfy
- 4 -
the "fair rental requirement" of section 280A. Respondent's
counsel stated at trial that the "rents received" determined in
the statutory notice of deficiency were based on bank records and
statements from the Charitys. The record does not include any
such evidence, and respondent's counsel's statement alone does
not have any probative value.
Based on petitioner husband's testimony and the lack of any
evidence which supports respondent's determinations of the "rents
received", we find that the Charitys paid $500 per month during
the taxable years in issue for their use of 2117 Hollins Court.
We hold that petitioners received rents in the amount of $6,000
during 1990, 1991, and 1992.
The second issue for decision is whether petitioners are
entitled to any deductions with respect to 2117 Hollins Court.
Petitioners claimed rental expenses for 1990, 1991, and 1992
in the amounts of $25,453, $23,586, and $23,859, respectively.
In the statutory notice of deficiency, respondent limited the
deductible amounts of petitioners' substantiated expenses to the
rents which he determined they had received on the ground that
"the rental arrangement with [their] relatives was not at fair
market value." Respondent also determined that petitioners only
substantiated $11,735, $14,717, and $12,247, respectively, of the
expenses claimed on their 1990, 1991, and 1992 returns.
- 5 -
Section 212(2) allows as a deduction all the ordinary and
necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year for
the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for
the production of income. Section 262(a) provides that no
deduction shall be allowed for personal, living, or family
expenses.
Section 280A(a) generally provides that no deduction shall
be allowed with respect to the use of a dwelling unit which is
used by the taxpayer during the taxable year as a residence.
Congress enacted section 280A in the Tax Reform Act of 1976, Pub.
L. 94-455, sec. 601, 90 Stat. 1520, 1569, as its response to the
concern that the rental of property used as a residence "afforded
the taxpayer unwarranted opportunities to obtain deductions for
expenses of a personal nature." Bolton v. Commissioner, 77 T.C.
104, 108 (1981), affd. 694 F.2d 556 (9th Cir. 1982). For
purposes of section 280A(a), a taxpayer uses a dwelling unit as a
residence during the taxable year if he uses it for personal
purposes for a number of days which exceeds the greater of 14
days or 10 percent of the number of days during such year that it
is rented at a fair rental. See sec. 280A(d)(1). As pertinent
in this case, a taxpayer is deemed to have used a dwelling unit
for personal purposes on any day that it is used for personal
purposes by any member of the taxpayer's family, unless the
family member rents the dwelling unit at a fair rental for use as
- 6 -
his principal residence. See sec. 280A(d)(2)(A) and (3)(A);
Kotowicz v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-563.
Since the Charitys paid only $500 per month for their use of
2117 Hollins Court as their principal residence and its fair
rental value was at least $600 per month (based on Eagle Realty's
1988 estimate), their personal use of 2117 Hollins Court is
treated as petitioners' personal use for every day of the taxable
years in issue. Thus, under section 280A(d)(1), 2117 Hollins
Court was used by petitioners as a residence during the taxable
years in issue. See Dinsmore v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-
134, affd. in part and remanded in part without published opinion
78 F.3d 592 (9th Cir. 1996). Accordingly, section 280A(a) is
generally applicable to the amounts in issue.
Section 280A(a) does not, however, apply to any item which
is attributable to the rental of the dwelling unit, as determined
under section 280A(e). See sec. 280A(c)(3). Section 280A(e)(1)
provides that, where an individual uses a dwelling unit for
personal purposes for any day during the taxable year, the amount
deductible with respect to the expenses attributable to the
rental of the dwelling unit for the taxable year shall not exceed
an amount which bears the same relationship to such expenses as
the number of days during each year that the unit is rented at a
fair rental bears to the total number of days during such year
that such unit is used.
- 7 -
Pursuant to section 280A(d)(2)(A), petitioners are deemed to
have used 2117 Hollins Court for personal purposes during the
taxable years in issue. Since 2117 Hollins Court was not rented
at a fair rental for any day of the taxable years in issue, none
of the claimed deductions are allowable under section 280A(c)(3)
and (e)(1) by reason of being attributable to its rental.2 See
Colbert v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1992-30; Gilchrist v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1983-288. The only expenses which are
deductible by petitioners with respect to 2117 Hollins Court are
those expenses which are deductible without regard to whether it
was rented. See sec. 280A(b) and (e)(2).
Based on the record, we find that petitioners paid the
following amounts3 with respect to 2117 Hollins Court:
Year Interest Taxes
1990 $4,522 $1,140
1991 6,881 1,180
1992 4,659 1,195
2
It appears that respondent erroneously determined that
all of the substantiated expenses were deductible under sec.
280A(c)(3) and (e)(1) and relied only on the sec. 280A(c)(5)
gross income limitation. We do not reach sec. 280A(c)(5) where,
as in this case, none of the disputed amounts in the first
instance meet the sec. 280A(c)(3) and (e)(1) conditions for
deductibility. See sec. 280A(c)(5); Bolton v. Commissioner,
supra at 109.
3
These amounts consist of the interest and taxes
determined by respondent in the statutory notice of deficiency to
have been substantiated. We find that petitioners have failed to
substantiate the "other interest" claimed by them and disallowed
by respondent which they claim was paid on a promissory note
secured by a second deed of trust on 2117 Hollins Court.
- 8 -
We hold that petitioners are entitled to additional Schedule
A itemized deductions for the foregoing amounts of interest and
taxes paid on 2117 Hollins Court under section 163(h)(3) and
section 164(a), respectively. See infra note 5.
The third issue for decision is whether petitioners are
entitled to deductions for unreimbursed employee business
expenses.
On Schedules A and Forms 2106 attached to their 1990, 1991,
and 1992 returns, petitioners claimed unreimbursed employee
business expenses, before the section 67(a) limitations, as
follows:
1990 1991 1992
Vashon C. Jackson $4,222 $4,889 $5,182
Beverly C. Jackson 1,950 2,795 4,680
6,172 7,684 9,862
In the statutory notice of deficiency, respondent disallowed
any deductions for the claimed expenses.
Section 162(a) allows a deduction for the ordinary and
necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in
carrying on a trade or business, including the trade or business
of being an employee. Commissioner v. Flowers, 326 U.S. 465
(1946). If an employee's ordinary and necessary business
expenses exceed the amounts received from his employer as
advances or reimbursements, the employee is entitled to a
deduction for such excess, if adequately substantiated. See sec.
- 9 -
1.162-17(b)(3), Income Tax Regs.; sec. 1.274-5T(f)(2)(iii),
(5)(i), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46028 (Nov. 6,
1985).
Section 274(d) provides that no deduction is allowable under
section 162 for any traveling expenses, including meals and
lodging while away from home, or with respect to any listed
property, defined in section 280F(d)(4) to include passenger
automobiles, unless the taxpayer complies with strict
substantiation rules. See sec. 274(d)(1), (4). In particular,
the taxpayer must substantiate the amount, time, place, and
business purpose of the expenses by adequate records or by
sufficient evidence corroborating his own statement. See sec.
274(d); sec. 1.274-5T(b)(2), (6), (c), Temporary Income Tax
Regs., 50 Fed. Reg. 46014, 46016 (Nov. 6, 1985).
Petitioners admit that some of their employee business
expenses were reimbursed by their respective employers. They
contend, however, that some of their employee business expenses
were not reimbursed and therefore are deductible.
Petitioners argue that petitioner husband was reimbursed for
the use of his automobile at mileage rates which were less than
the "standard mileage rates" established by respondent for the
taxable years in issue.4 They contend that the differences in
4
The standard mileage rates for an employee's use of his
own passenger vehicle for business purposes during 1990, 1991,
(continued...)
- 10 -
the rates are deductible as unreimbursed employee business
expenses. Petitioner husband's travel vouchers show that he was
generally reimbursed at the rate of 24 cents per mile in 1990 and
early 1991 and at the rate of 25 cents per mile in late 1991 and
1992 and, on limited occasions, at 9-1/2 cents per mile. It is
not clear from the travel vouchers or petitioner husband's
testimony as to why or for which miles he was reimbursed at a
lesser rate of 9-1/2 cents per mile.
Based on the travel vouchers and petitioner husband's
testimony, we find that petitioners have substantiated the number
of miles which they claimed petitioner husband used his
automobile in connection with his employment as an auditor. See
sec. 1.274-5T(b)(6), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 50 Fed. Reg.
46016 (Nov. 6, 1985). After accounting for the differences
between the standard mileage rates and the rates at which he was
generally reimbursed, we find that petitioners have established
that petitioner husband's allowable expenses for the use of his
car during 1990, 1991, and 1992 exceeded his advances and
reimbursements for such use by $642, $1,388, and $1,248,
respectively.
4
(...continued)
and 1992 were 26 cents, 27-1/2 cents, and 28 cents, respectively.
See Rev. Proc. 89-66, sec. 4.01, 1989-2 C.B. 792, 793; Rev. Proc.
90-59, sec. 4.01, 1990-2 C.B. 644, 645; Rev. Proc. 91-67, sec.
5.01, 1991-2 C.B. 887, 888.
- 11 -
Petitioners also argue that petitioner wife was not
reimbursed for certain expenses which she paid in connection with
her employment as a schoolteacher. Petitioner wife did not
testify at trial. Petitioners submitted some records of her
claimed vehicle and travel expenses for 1991 which are not
helpful because they do not indicate whether or not the listed
expenses were reimbursed. They submitted no records of her
expenses for 1990 or 1992. After reviewing the record, we find
that petitioner husband's testimony with respect to petitioner
wife's claimed expenses and the little written evidence in the
record does not satisfy the substantiation requirements of
section 274(d).
We hold that petitioner husband's unreimbursed expenses for
the use of his automobile in the course of his employment as an
auditor are deductible as miscellaneous itemized deductions to
the extent the total of such expenses and petitioners' other
allowed miscellaneous itemized deductions for the taxable years
in issue exceed the section 67(a) limitation for such years.
The fourth issue for decision is whether petitioners are
entitled to charitable contribution deductions in excess of the
amounts allowed by respondent. Petitioners claimed and
respondent disallowed in the statutory notice of deficiency
deductions for charitable contributions as follows:
- 12 -
1990 1991 1992
Claimed $6,892 $5,300 $5,300
Disallowed 5,419 4,270 4,168
Allowed 1,473 1,030 1,132
Section 170 allows a taxpayer to deduct a charitable
contribution "only if verified under regulations prescribed by
the Secretary." Sec. 170(a)(1). The regulations provide
specific record-keeping requirements. See sec. 1.170A-13, Income
Tax Regs. The written evidence submitted by petitioners with
respect to their claimed charitable contribution deductions
establishes only a 1992 cash gift in the amount of $275 and a
1992 donation of six tennis lessons to the Williams School
located in Norfolk, Virginia. Petitioners did not submit any
other receipts or canceled checks by which the amounts claimed on
their returns may be "verified".
Respondent allowed petitioners charitable contribution
deductions in excess of $1,000 for each of the taxable years in
issue. We find that petitioners have failed to substantiate
charitable contributions in excess of the allowed amounts.
Accordingly, we hold that petitioners are not entitled to
charitable contribution deductions in excess of the amounts
allowed by respondent.
The fifth issue for decision is whether petitioners are
liable for the section 6662(a) accuracy-related penalties.
- 13 -
Respondent determined that petitioners are liable for the
accuracy-related penalty imposed by section 6662(a) for their
underpayments of taxes for 1990, 1991, and 1992 that are
attributable to their disallowed charitable contribution
deductions, and that such underpayments were due to negligence or
disregard of rules or regulations.
Section 6662(a) imposes a 20-percent penalty on the portion
of an underpayment attributable to any one of various factors,
one of which is negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.
See sec. 6662(b)(1). "Negligence" includes any failure to make a
reasonable attempt to comply with the provisions of the Internal
Revenue laws or to exercise ordinary and reasonable care in the
preparation of a tax return. See sec. 6662(c); sec.
1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. It also includes any failure to
keep adequate books and records or to substantiate items
properly. See sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. "Disregard"
includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard of
rules or regulations. See sec. 6662(c); sec. 1.6662-3(b)(2),
Income Tax Regs.
Section 6664(c)(1), however, provides that the section
6662(a) penalty shall not apply to any portion of an
underpayment, if it is shown that there was reasonable cause for
the taxpayer's position with respect to that portion of the
underpayment and that the taxpayer acted in good faith with
- 14 -
respect to that portion. The determination of whether a taxpayer
acted with reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-
by-case basis, taking into account all the pertinent facts and
circumstances. See sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. The
most important factor is the extent of the taxpayer's effort to
assess his proper tax liability for the year. See id.
Based on the record, we find that petitioners have not
proved that their underpayments attributable to the disallowed
charitable contribution deductions were due to reasonable cause
or that they acted in good faith. We hold that petitioners are
liable for the section 6662(a) accuracy-related penalties as
determined by respondent.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered
under Rule 155.5
5
We lack jurisdiction over any increased deficiencies
which may result from our holdings on the issues in this case
because respondent has not asserted any claim for increased
deficiencies. See sec. 6214(a).
|
{
"images" : [
{
"idiom" : "universal",
"scale" : "1x"
},
{
"idiom" : "universal",
"filename" : "p_btn_selected@2x.png",
"scale" : "2x"
},
{
"idiom" : "universal",
"filename" : "p_btn_selected@3x.png",
"scale" : "3x"
}
],
"info" : {
"version" : 1,
"author" : "xcode"
}
} |
Q:
How to make a dynamic zooming timeline panel based on DateTime value in c# winforms
I have made a panel with static DateTime range on it and want to continue with the zoom feature which is dynamically changing the range time.
I had tried to look around on the internet, but just found about zooming to the panel (without dynamic range value of DateTime).
Is there anyone know how to do this in C# winforms? Or perhaps it will be great if anyone knows any reference about it?
Just want to make it more clear, here is the example:
This is my current timeline panel with the interval of 20 seconds :
For example if I zoom it at the interval of 04:21:30 and and 04:21:50, the timeline interval should be smaller, (in 2 seconds for instance).
A:
Since there was someone who voted and favorited my question, I will give the answer of my case.
At the end, I used the MouseDown and MouseUp events. With those events, I could calculate the scale of the pixel and the DateTime.
Here is the simplified version of my code:
int PressedCoordinate;
int ReleasedCoordinate;
private void Mouse_Down(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
int PressedCoordinate = e.X;
//in this part, calculate the DateTime based on the scale of pixel vs datetime
}
}
private void Mouse_Up(object sender, MouseEventArgs e)
{
if (e.Button == MouseButtons.Left)
{
int ReleasedCoordinate = e.X;
//in this part, calculate the DateTime based on the scale of pixel vs datetime
//calculate the range and do the zoom-in logic
}
}
If you want to discuss the detail of it, don't hesitate to comment. Cheers!
|
package providers
import "github.com/gophercloud/gophercloud"
const (
rootPath = "lbaas"
resourcePath = "providers"
)
func rootURL(c *gophercloud.ServiceClient) string {
return c.ServiceURL(rootPath, resourcePath)
}
|
Application of Federal Advisory Committee Act to
Non-Governmental Consultations
The Federal Advisory Committee Act does not apply to the consultations that the Department of
Defense plans to conduct with various individuals from outside the government regarding the
policies and procedures that DoD is developing for military commissions.
December 7, 2001
LETTER OPINION FOR THE GENERAL COUNSEL
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
You have asked for our opinion whether the Federal Advisory Committee Act
(“FACA”), 5 U.S.C. app. (2000), applies to consultations that the Department of
Defense (“DoD”) plans to conduct with various individuals from outside the
Government regarding the policies and procedures that DoD is developing for
military commissions. Based on your description of the consultations that are
contemplated, we conclude that FACA does not apply to the consultations.
Our conclusion is based on the following facts, which you have provided to us.
The Secretary of Defense or his representative will, from time to time, consult
selected non-governmental individuals concerning the policies and procedures that
DoD is developing for military commissions. These discussions will generally
occur on an individual by individual basis, which will not involve participation by
more than one individual being consulted. If, on occasion, the Secretary or his
representative talks with more than one individual at a time, they will solicit
comments from the individuals as individuals, and will not solicit comments from
them collectively as a group. DoD will not provide any staffing for the individuals
who are consulted, although DoD will provide the individuals with materials
relating to the consultations. Any written views that the individuals may submit
will be submitted individually, not as a group. As appropriate, DoD may make
public the fact that it has consulted with the individuals.
The basic question when determining whether FACA applies to an agency’s
non-governmental consultations is whether the agency has established or utilized a
“committee, board, commission, council, conference, panel, task force, or other
similar group” for the purpose of receiving advice or recommendations from the
group. 5 U.S.C. app. § 3(2). To the extent that the consultations you contemplate
are only with individuals on an individual basis, we do not believe there is any
basis for concluding that FACA’s threshold requirement—the existence of a
“group”—has been met.
Moreover, to the extent that these consultations take place with more than one
non-governmental individual at a time, we note that FACA certainly does not
apply to every situation in which executive officers meet with and receive advice
from more than one person at a time. Rather, to fall within FACA, the group of
291
227-329 VOL_25_PROOF.pdf 301 10/22/12 11:10 AM
Opinions of the Office of Legal Counsel in Volume 25
people with whom the officers meet must have the attributes of a “committee,
board, commission,” etc., and its purpose must be to provide advice or recommen-
dations as a group.
In other words, the group must have a collective function: It must have an
advisory purpose as a group, not merely as a collection of individuals. By contrast,
when an agency invites a number of individuals to a meeting in order to solicit the
opinion of each person as an individual, FACA does not apply. See Ass’n of Am.
Physicians & Surgeons, Inc. v. Clinton, 997 F.2d 898, 913 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“a
group is a FACA advisory committee when it is asked to render advice or
recommendations, as a group, and not as a collection of individuals”); Application
of Federal Advisory Committee Act to Editorial Board of Department of Justice
Journal, 14 Op. O.L.C. 53, 53 (1990) (“the board would be subject to FACA if it
deliberated as a body in order to formulate recommendations, but would not be
subject to FACA if each individual member reviewed submissions to the journal
and gave his own opinion about publication”); 41 C.F.R. § 102-3.40(e) (as
amended by 66 Fed. Reg. 37,728, 37,735 (July 19, 2001)) (examples of groups
that are not subject to FACA include “Groups assembled to provide individual
advice. Any group that meets with a Federal official(s), including a public
meeting, where advice is sought from the attendees on an individual basis and not
from the group as a whole”). This is true even where the government officers have
more than one meeting with such individuals, so long as the purpose of each
meeting is to receive the individual input of each person present.
Based on your description of the circumstances under which DoD may consult
more than one individual at a time, we do not believe that those individuals could
be viewed as having the attributes of a group, which is the threshold requirement
for triggering FACA. Moreover, even if they could be viewed as a group, FACA
would not apply because you intend to ask for the individual opinions of whoever
is consulted and will not solicit the advice or recommendations of those individu-
als as a group.
JAY S. BYBEE
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
292
227-329 VOL_25_PROOF.pdf 302 10/22/12 11:10 AM
|
The current generation of policy makers came of age in the 1970s, when a higher tolerance for inflation did not deliver the promised benefits. Instead, Western economies fell into “stagflation” — rising prices, little growth.
Lately, however, the 1970s have seemed a less relevant cautionary tale than the fate of Japan, where prices have been in general decline since the late 1990s. Kariya, a popular instant dinner of curry in a pouch that cost 120 yen in 2000, can now be found for 68 yen, according to the blog Yen for Living.
This enduring deflation, which policy makers are now trying to end, kept the economy in retreat as people hesitated to make purchases, because prices were falling, or to borrow money, because the cost of repayment was rising.
“Low inflation is not good for the economy because very low inflation increases the risks of deflation, which can cause an economy to stagnate,” the Fed’s chairman, Ben S. Bernanke, a student of Japan’s deflation, said in July. “The evidence is that falling and low inflation can be very bad for an economy.”
There is evidence that low inflation is hurting the American economy.
“I’ve always said that a little inflation is good,” Richard A. Galanti, Costco’s chief financial officer, said in December 2008. He explained that the retailer is generally able to expand its profit margins and its sales when prices are rising. This month, Mr. Galanti told analysts that sluggish inflation was one reason the company had reported its slowest revenue growth since the recession.
Executives at Walmart, Rent-A-Center and Spartan Stores, a Michigan grocery chain, have similarly bemoaned the lack of inflation in recent months.
Many households also have reason to miss higher inflation. Historically, higher prices have led to higher wages, allowing borrowers to repay fixed debts like mortgage loans more easily. Over the five years before 2008, inflation raised prices 10 percent. Over the last five years, prices rose 8 percent. At the current pace, prices would rise 6 percent over the next five years. |
The announcement that Jeremy Hunt would be the other finalist in the Tory leadership contest was greeted with a cheer from Boris Johnson’s campaign team and sighs of disappointment among political journalists. Many of my colleagues were salivating over the prospect of a final battle involving Michael Gove. A Gove-Johnson face-off had rich potential to turn into a spectacularly vicious bout of all-in mud wrestling between the two Brexiters. A Hunt-Johnson contest appears, at least at first sight, to offer a much less compelling spectacle, leading to a much more predictable ending.
“God knows how we got that many,” remarked a member of the Hunt campaign team when their candidate just squeaked into second place in the ultimate ballot of MPs. We don’t have to go to God for the answer to that one. As I predicted they would in this space last week, the Johnson team moved around some of their votes to get Mr Hunt into the final because he is their preferred opponent.
On the face of it, his chances of winning look as slight as Afghanistan’s hopes of lifting the Cricket World Cup. His rival has the support of more than twice as many MPs. Mr Johnson is overwhelmingly more popular with the Tory membership, an audience that is predominantly white, male, southerly, affluent, very Brexity and much keener on the former foreign secretary who campaigned to leave the EU than the current holder of the office who did the opposite.
What can Mr Hunt do about this? If his main interest is self-preservation, the cowardly option is to bow to what may seem like the inevitable and not endeavour to make it a proper contest. We will know he is taking this course if he goes easy on his rival, pulling his punches in the hope that not jabbing at the other man’s many vulnerable flanks will be rewarded with a plum post in the Johnson cabinet. We must hope that Mr Hunt possesses more self-respect than this; that he wants to do more than spend the next four weeks tramping around the country being the train-bearer to King Bozza as he swaggers towards a coronation.
This contest is an opportunity to kick the tyres, inspect the engine and check the brakes of the men who want to be Britain’s next prime minister. It is a deeply unsatisfactory process, from which the vast majority of the country are disenfranchised, but it is the only process there is. To make it a meaningful test, Mr Hunt must prove that he is tougher than he looks and make good on his promise to give the other man “the fight of his life”.
He won’t prosper by trying to imitate his rival. He will never tell better jokes. He will never make more fantastical promises. He will never match the other man’s gift with the flamboyant phrase and the outrageous untruth. He did himself no favours last year when he made a Johnsonian kind of remark about the EU resembling the Soviet Union. There’s no mileage for Mr Hunt in trying to be more Johnson than Johnson.
One of Mr Hunt’s tasks is to sit the Tory party down, tell it to breathe deeply and invite it to have a proper think
The former mayor of London will sell himself as the man who can make Tories feel good about themselves. Mr Hunt can’t contest at that level so he should campaign as the candidate who invites Tories to think soberly about themselves, their country and the qualities that ought to be required of a prime minister.
He is entitled to make character an issue. Not as in personality, but as in moral character. The Tories have a history as a party of falling for scoundrels who present as “lovable rogues”. This has always been an integral element of Boris Johnson’s popularity with the Tory grassroots. But do they really want to hand Number 10 to someone quite this roguish? And is he actually all that lovable? The spotlight has been swivelled on to his torrid personal life by the episode in the early hours of Friday morning at his girlfriend’s home. Neighbours who called the police heard banging, slamming, shouting, screaming, swearing, stuff getting smashed and Carrie Symonds complaining that a sofa had been ruined with red wine: “You just don’t care for anything because you’re spoilt. You have no care for money or anything.”
That’s an unattractive character reference from someone who goes to bed with him. It fits with a theme of his life: that the least flattering descriptions come from those who know him best. Sir Max Hastings, who employed him at the Daily Telegraph, describes him as “a gold medal egomaniac. I would not trust him with my wife nor – from painful experience – my wallet... He is also a far more ruthless, and frankly nastier, figure than the public appreciates.”
Politicians can change their hairstyles, waistlines, tax policies, views on transport projects and sexual partners, but they can’t change their essential character.
Mr Hunt will be wary of getting very personal, but he doesn’t have to get into his rival’s rackety private life to make the case that a Johnson premiership would be a hair-raising gamble with both the future of the Tory party and the future of Britain. Of course, Tory members probably know this already and perhaps they do not care. An eye-popping poll suggests that a majority of them will sacrifice almost anything in order to get Brexit, including the United Kingdom itself. They’d see Scotland and Northern Ireland ripped out of the UK rather than give up on Brexit. A large majority would quit the EU even if it inflicted “significant damage” on the economy and “destroyed” their party. This is the view of people who call themselves members of the Conservative and Unionist party.
So one of Mr Hunt’s tasks is to sit the Tory party down, tell it to breathe deeply and invite it to have a proper think. Are they really prepared to contemplate the ruination of so many things they once cherished in pursuit of an ultra’s version of Brexit? Is a party that once prided itself on being sensible really prepared to take a wild gamble on a Johnson premiership?
One duty that falls on Mr Hunt is to use the next month to direct fierce scrutiny at his rival’s often shifting and contradictory propositions about Brexit. Boris Johnson promises that he can negotiate a better deal and, if he can’t, Britain will be out “come what may” on 31 October. How exactly is he going to do a deal by Halloween with an EU that says it won’t reopen the withdrawal agreement? If he is in possession of a magical solution to the Irish border conundrum, why didn’t he reveal this masterplan to his colleagues during the two years when he sat in the cabinet as foreign secretary? How is he going to take Britain out of the EU without a deal when there is no mandate from the people for a crash-out Brexit and no majority for that outcome in parliament? He now echoes Nigel Farage in suggesting that Britain has a pain-free option called “leaving on WTO (World Trade Organisation) terms”. If that is a credible plan of action, why was it not aired by him or his fellow Brexiters during the 2016 referendum? Could it be because it is just another fantasy that doesn’t withstand a moment of examination by anyone who understands how trade agreements work?
These are questions that need asking and pressing, asking again and pressing again, until Mr Johnson runs out of unicorns to ride and places to hide. Mr Hunt should take a leaf out of Rory Stewart’s campaign book and make himself the honest candidate who asks the hard questions. He will have to be the one prepared to tell his party some truths about Brexit and get it to face the realities of its position.
This can get him in range of his opponent’s greatest vulnerability. Boris Johnson’s supposed talent as a campaigner is his big attraction to Tories. It comes attached to the big risk to them that he could tumble the country over the cliff and his party into an annihilating election. In that poll of Tory activists, there was one idea that they loathed more than giving up on Brexit. That was a Jeremy Corbyn government.
The odds are stacked against Mr Hunt. But even if he is defeated, he can fail honourably by making this a contest, not a coronation. He will be doing a vital service to both his party and the country if he interrogates the character, punctures the fantasies, nails the evasions and unravels the deceptions of his opponent. He should strive to compel a little more honesty from the other man. If Jeremy Hunt can do that, he might even make Boris Johnson a bit fitter to become prime minister.
• Andrew Rawnsley is Chief Political Commentator of the Observer |
mars.dataframe.groupby.DataFrameGroupBy.count
=============================================
.. currentmodule:: mars.dataframe.groupby
.. automethod:: DataFrameGroupBy.count |
It’s All In The Name
A couple of years ago, when I lived in Massachusetts, I shared a car ride from Montreal to Boston with a guy who did the drive almost every week. We headed south on snowy roads, and began chatting about the usual vague and generic topics. “Montreal or New York bagels? How do you like living in Boston? Do you prefer Montreal?” He went back home every weekend to see his girlfriend. “Oh, Montreal isn’t home? he asked.” No. “Wait, where is home? Ah… Lebanon.”
This made approaching the border fun, with him teasing me about the questions they might ask me. “Sir, do you know any terrorists? he asked, with an artificial low-sounding American-officer-of-the-law-voice. You must get a lot of shit at airports.” I always loved those comments. “Wait, you’re not a terrorist, are you? haha.” No. Haha. I suck at fake-laughing. “You must hate the Islamophobic climate nowadays, eh? Ah, you’re not a Muslim. What are you? What do you mean, nothing? Isn’t everyone in Lebanon something?” We all need labels. A name for what we are. At least he knew more about it than many who had questioned me before him. “You were baptized? So you’re a Christian, then.” Well, if that’s how that works, then… yes, I guess. “But still, it’s not easy, I imagine?” What? “Being from Lebanon.” Being from Lebanon is not so bad. It’s telling people about it that is.
I did end up having a genuine laugh when the border-patrol person questioned him a lot longer than me. While he had to talk about his job, what he’s bringing into the country, how long he was gone, and other trivial questions, “So, you study at Boston University?” is the only question I had to answer. We continued on our way, driving through the wintery-white green-mountains of Vermont (Yes, it’s in the name), onto New Hampshire, where the highway happened to skirt a town called… Lebanon.
“Did you know that people from this town prefer to pronounce its name Leba-nen, rather than Leba-none?” No. Why do they do that? “So they can distance themselves from the country. They don’t want to be too associated with it.” Well, then why don’t they change their name? was my immediate reaction.
I later researched it, and discovered that it was named after Lebanon, Connecticut, which was itself given the Biblical name because of the height of the land, and because of a large Cedar forest. It was not named by the local Mohegan tribe that used to live there, as you will have guessed, but by the white settlers who purchased the land from them in the early days of the colonizing saga of North America: a tale far-from-devoid of war and massive killing of people, and sadly not too different from more familiar colonizing tales of the 21st century (more familiar to some, at least).
But back to Lebanon, NH: do they not realize that in British English, Leba-nen is how the country’s name is pronounced? (Leba-nen is my inexact approximation of the British pronunciation). I mean, Lebanon has produced a culinary tradition that the entire world admires. It has produced music, art, literature, all of which speak for themselves.
These people are distancing themselves from us? Who ever heard of Lebanon, New Hampshire? Even a town whose main claim to fame is being near the junction of Interstates 89 and 91 gets to snub us? This bothered me a lot, at the time. But as I thought about it, I realized it’s really all in the name, and ours is always in the news. Fox News, it’s true, but they still call it the newshere. You want to be mentioned on the Food Channel, or in fun tourism documentaries, on sports channels, even comedy channels… just not on American news channels. People read your name too many times, and now they only think bad things.
I guess being unheard-of is better than being poorly-heard-of.
It got me thinking about names, and how loaded they are. So much is in a name that we don’t mention. Things we don’t even notice, things we forget, often on purpose. In the West, people name everything. The smallest ponds have names, every alley, even park benches sometimes have names. In Lebanon, if all streets have names that we wrote down somewhere, who knows them? I don’t know the names of most of Beirut’s streets where I spend my time. I’ll leave it to someone else to ponder why we avoid the practice of naming, and what it says about us, though I sometimes think it would be more useful to be explicit and precise…
Anyway, I remembered all of this earlier today when I read this article on BBC, which talks about a situation they’re having in the city of Frisco, Texas. A new high school is opening soon, and it’s going to be named after the small farming town that used to exist where the high school is being built: Lebanon High School. You might have predicted it, and it’s true: many people in town are complaining. As one resident put it, “for a high school name, it doesn’t fit this community.” Another resident added that although she appreciated the history of the name in the community (the small village of Lebanon had a long history, probably going back.. a hundred years, or who knows, maybe two, I didn’t research it) it (the name) always troubled her. “The present-tense name of a country that was in the news all the time with reference of war and battleground was always what was on my mind when I would say the name Lebanon,” a local resident told the school board.
Who can blame her? The nameis always associated with bloodshed and violence today. Don’t misunderstand her: Lebanon-the-country, not the other Lebanons. The history of the small village’s name is appreciated, even though it is indirectly linked with a history of colonization, of massive murder of hundreds of thousands of native Americans, with the slavery of millions of black people for centuries… No, no, you misunderstand. All of this doesn’t matter. It’s the name, Lebanon, that disturbs. I mean… Could it just be racism? – You mean, against who? The Lebanese? Against Arabs? What do you call that kind of racism? You see, it doesn’t have a distinct name, the way anti-semitism does (although Arabs are also Semites, for God’s sake). It’s lumped with all other kinds of racisms. Even the terrifying ones, like the kind against African-Americans, who have suffered unbelievable amounts of prejudice and discrimination for centuries, and still do, even in modern-day America.
All that to say that a name is something that comes with a baggage, with images and ideas associated with it, images that we need to work on improving, not only because everyone else in the world does it with their names, but also because many in the world make sure ours is seen as negatively as it is. People in Lebanon are all about conspiracy theories, and sadly always have been. That’s also a subject for another post, but in this case, it’s not far-fetched to say that the PR campaigns from certain other countries actively work as positively on their images as they do negatively on ours. Being conscious about this would at least help us not help them.
Israelis make movies like the one named Lebanon, about their soldiers’ experiences in the 1982 war. Bands call themselves Beirut while having nothing to do with the city. Towns called Lebanon shun us. Lebanese restaurants in the US often call themselves Mediterranean, because otherwise they would lose too many clients. Now, other restaurants call themselves Mediterranean too, and sell Lebanese-style cuisine, even though they’re not Lebanese at all. It works, we’re all hiding behind signs, pretending.
Who cares what something actually is. It’s all in the name.
p.s.- This may come off as a joke, but the BBC article actually closed with the following quote from a resident of Frisco: “All we’re asking for is a voice to be heard and have an open mind.” I think it’s about time we start demanding the same. |
Gut Yontif
Category archives for Gut Yontif
Even though I’m Jewish, I plan to forgo the traditional Jewish Christmas repast of Chinese food and indulge in our family’s tradition of a Christmas turkey–the Chinese restaurants are just full of Jews. Eek. So I’ll just leave you with two videos–can’t believe these are more than two decades old…. Video #1: RUN-DMC – Christmas…
Since, once again, my brethren and I failed to destroy Christmas, despite our new tactic of infiltrating the U.S. with cells of domestic homosexualists, I’ll wish everyone a Merry Christmas (only if you celebrate it of course): |
Q:
Pandas Modify Dataframe
I have a dataframe as below
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0.428519 0.000000 0.0 0.541096 0.250099 0.345604
1 0.056650 0.000000 0.0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
2 0.000000 0.000000 0.0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
3 0.849066 0.559117 0.0 0.374447 0.424247 0.586254
4 0.317644 0.000000 0.0 0.271171 0.586686 0.424560
I would like to modify it as below
0 0 0.428519
0 1 0.000000
0 2 0.0
0 3 0.541096
0 4 0.250099
0 5 0.345604
1 0 0.056650
1 1 0.000000
........
A:
Use stack with reset_index:
df1 = df.stack().reset_index()
df1.columns = ['col1','col2','col3']
print (df1)
col1 col2 col3
0 0 0 0.428519
1 0 1 0.000000
2 0 2 0.000000
3 0 3 0.541096
4 0 4 0.250099
5 0 5 0.345604
6 1 0 0.056650
7 1 1 0.000000
8 1 2 0.000000
9 1 3 0.000000
10 1 4 0.000000
11 1 5 0.000000
12 2 0 0.000000
13 2 1 0.000000
14 2 2 0.000000
15 2 3 0.000000
16 2 4 0.000000
17 2 5 0.000000
18 3 0 0.849066
19 3 1 0.559117
20 3 2 0.000000
21 3 3 0.374447
22 3 4 0.424247
23 3 5 0.586254
24 4 0 0.317644
25 4 1 0.000000
26 4 2 0.000000
27 4 3 0.271171
28 4 4 0.586686
29 4 5 0.424560
Numpy solution with numpy.tile and numpy.repeat, flattening is by numpy.ravel:
df2 = pd.DataFrame({
"col1": np.repeat(df.index, len(df.columns)),
"col2": np.tile(df.columns, len(df.index)),
"col3": df.values.ravel()})
print (df2)
col1 col2 col3
0 0 0 0.428519
1 0 1 0.000000
2 0 2 0.000000
3 0 3 0.541096
4 0 4 0.250099
5 0 5 0.345604
6 1 0 0.056650
7 1 1 0.000000
8 1 2 0.000000
9 1 3 0.000000
10 1 4 0.000000
11 1 5 0.000000
12 2 0 0.000000
13 2 1 0.000000
14 2 2 0.000000
15 2 3 0.000000
16 2 4 0.000000
17 2 5 0.000000
18 3 0 0.849066
19 3 1 0.559117
20 3 2 0.000000
21 3 3 0.374447
22 3 4 0.424247
23 3 5 0.586254
24 4 0 0.317644
25 4 1 0.000000
26 4 2 0.000000
27 4 3 0.271171
28 4 4 0.586686
29 4 5 0.424560
|
[Sialoadenosis of the parotid glands: diagnostic considerations].
We present 3 cases of Sialoadenosis of the parotid glands, one male and two females, who presented associated systemic pathology (liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus), detected following clinically suspect syaloadenosis (the patients were unaware of their systemic disease). In all three cases definitive diagnosis was established by needle aspiration of the gland. Which revealed great acinar dilatation. Finally, differential diagnosis was established between sialoadenosis and those conditions with clinical presentations similar to those described for sialoadenosis. |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" version="1.0" default-locale="en-GB">
<!-- Generated with https://github.com/citation-style-language/utilities/tree/master/generate_dependent_styles/data/csiro -->
<info>
<title>Invertebrate Systematics</title>
<id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/invertebrate-systematics</id>
<link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/invertebrate-systematics" rel="self"/>
<link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/emu-austral-ornithology" rel="independent-parent"/>
<link href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/123/aid/428.htm#6" rel="documentation"/>
<category citation-format="author-date"/>
<category field="biology"/>
<issn>1445-5226</issn>
<eissn>1447-2600</eissn>
<updated>2014-11-28T12:00:00+00:00</updated>
<rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License</rights>
</info>
</style>
|
Q:
Homotopy-theoretic derived Morita equivalences
Recall that two $k$-algebras $A, B$ are Morita equivalent iff their categories of left modules are equivalent. However, this relation turns out to be rather fine and one introduces a coarser equivalence relation of derived Morita equivalence by using (bounded) derived categories of modules, along with their triangulated structure.
(Note that I am no expert in this matters and I was mostly exposed to this viewpoint through algebraic geometry, where one instead works with bounded derived categories of coherent sheaves on a variety.)
However, as I understand it, the derived category of an algebra arises as a homotopy category of the stable model category of chain complexes. The latter may be seen as presenting a homotopy theory (ie. an $(\infty, 1)$-category), for example through the process of simplicial localization (and probably also some more direct, dg-theoretic methods?).
One could then say that two algebras are "higher derived Morita equivalent" if their $(\infty, 1)$-categories of (bounded?) complexes are equivalent as higher categories. The question is as follows: What can we say about this new equivalence relation? How far is this relation from derived Morita equivalence? How far is it from ordinary Morita equivalence?
I have no intuition about this and I can imagine answers that completely equate "higher derived Morita equivalence" with either of these two, although it would be probably most interesting if it was somewhere between them.
Note that one can imagine that somehow the derived category of an algebra remembers all the "higher homotopy", as it happens to be the case for some other homotopy categories of stable model categories. For example, in "The stable homotopy category is rigid" by S. Schwede it is proven that any stable model category $\mathcal{C}$ that satifies $ho(\mathcal{C}) \simeq \mathcal{SHC}$ (as triangulated categories, where the latter is the stable homotopy category) is in fact Quillen equivalent to model category of spectra, so they present the same homotopy theory.
I ask the question since I am currently studying higher categories and this led me to wonder what is their possible strength as invariants of other mathematical objects.
A:
Derived Morita equivalence is the same as higher derived Morita equivalence. Clearly, $\Leftarrow$ is obvious, and $\Rightarrow$ follows from Theorem 2.6 in Dugger-Shipley's 'K-theory and derived equivalences' Duke Math. J. 124 (2004), no.3, 587--617. This is surprising at a first glance, it follows from the fact that algebras are concentrated in degree $0$. The analogous result for DG-algebras is false, compare 'A curious example of triangulated-equivalent model categories which are not Quillen equivalent' Algebraic and Geomtric Topology 9 (2009), no. 1, 135-166, by the same authors. There're still some interesting open questions connected to this, though.
A:
Fernando's answer is excellent, but I can't resist mentioning what is perhaps the simplest counterexample to a generalization to your question. As Fernando says, there are counterexamples if you generalize from rings concentrated in degree 0 to dg-algebras. These examples are somewhat complicated, but if you generalize further to $A_\infty$ ring spectra, there is a very easy example.
Fix a prime $p$ and an integer $n>0$ and consider the Morava K-theory spectrum $K(n)$, which can be given an $A_\infty$ structure. The homotopy groups $\pi_*K(n)=\mathbb{F}_p[v_n^{\pm1}]$ are a graded field, and it follows that every $K(n)$-module is free (a wedge of suspensions of $K(n)$). In particular, the homotopy category of $K(n)$-modules is semisimple, and is actually equivalent (as a triangulated category) to the category of graded $\mathbb{F}_p[v_n^{\pm1}]$-vector spaces. This category is also equivalent to the homotopy category of $H\mathbb{F}_p[v_n^{\pm1}]$-modules (or equivalently, dg-modules over the graded ring $\mathbb{F}_p[v_n^{\pm1}]$). However, the corresponding $(\infty,1)$-categories are not equivalent. Indeed, the space of endomorphisms of a simple $K(n)$-module is $\Omega^\infty K(n)$, while the space of endomorphisms of a simple $H\mathbb{F}_p[v_n^{\pm1}]$-module is $\Omega^\infty H\mathbb{F}_p[v_n^{\pm1}]\simeq \prod_i K(\mathbb{F}_p,2i(p^n-1))$. These spaces have isomorphic homotopy groups, but are otherwise quite far from being homotopy equivalent.
|
Every once in a while, an opportunity arises to do the right thing, the common sense thing.
Right now, US Attorney General Eric Holder has such an opportunity. He is "reviewing" the federal government's options for dealing with the nettlesome fact that two US states have now enacted laws legalizing and regulating the personal use of marijuana.
Faced with a similar problem with those several states that have legalized medical marijuana use, Holder and the US attorneys in those states have essentially declared war on cannabis dispensers. They have gone so far as to deploy the heavy hand of the federal government to threaten landlords with seizure of property used for dispensaries operating in accordance with state and local laws. And all this is occurring despite President Obama having suggested the government has better things to do with its limited resources than prosecute medical marijuana businesses and users.
Now, Attorney General Holder – and ultimately, his boss, the president – have to come to grips with the reality of two states whose voters have decided that modern-day Prohibition should end. Interestingly, President Obama carried both Washington and Colorado on the same ballot on which the marijuana legalization measures appeared. That shouldn't matter, but …
As the attorney general maneuvers through this problem, it is important to remember why it is, in fact, a problem. Unlike the failed and ultimately rejected prohibition of alcohol in the last century, allowing states to permit the legal use of marijuana does not involve violating or repealing a constitutional amendment. The federal government has a problem simply because marijuana is classified as a Schedule 1 substance under the Controlled Substances Act – the same law that lets the government decide that one painkiller requires a prescription and another doesn't.
That simple classification, and the myriad state laws that have resulted from it, have turned millions of Americans into criminals and empowered murderous cartels – in the same way that Prohibition empowered Al Capone and an entire generation of organized crime. Voters in Washington and Colorado looked at those realities, and quite reasonably decided that the questionable benefits of treating marijuana use as a crime do not justify the considerable and unmistakable costs.
Those voters didn't stage a coup. They didn't defy the US Constitution. And they didn't incite a rebellion. Rather, they just made a perfectly rational policy decision.
Now, the Attorney General has an opportunity to do the same. Beyond the oft-stated arguments regarding whether marijuana use should be illegal, or legal and regulated like alcohol, the attorney general has the remarkably American option of invoking the notion of a limited central government and cutting the states of Washington and Colorado some slack to make their own decisions about what is, reasonably, a state issue.
I am among those who have called upon the Attorney General Holder and President Obama to remove cannabis from Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act. They have the authority to do so, and it just makes sense. In the meantime, I would argue they have the discretion to choose not to challenge the duly enacted laws of two states whose voters have made a reasoned decision about marijuana policy – a decision that in no way threatens any other states or the fed's precious authority.
I urge Attorney General Holder to do the right thing. Colorado and Washington have taken courageous steps to end another failed Prohibition. Holder doesn't have to like that decision; he just needs to stay out of the way. |
More than a year on the live registrar for more than 400,000
29 Sep 201057 Views
A recently published report from the Central Statistics Office (CSO) says this will be the sixteenth successive month with 400,000 on the live registrar.
The report, published today, says the annual increase in the live registrar has seen the number of those unemployed rise by almost 5.5pc, with a monthly decrease in those signing on for the month of September alone.
“On a seasonally adjusted basis there was a monthly decrease of 5,400 in the Live Register in September 2010. The number of persons on the Live Register now stands at 442,417, which represents an annual increase of 22,563 (+5.4pc) in the unadjusted series. This compares with an increase of 30,198 (+6.9pc) in the year to August 2010,” according to the report.
Much worse
Labour Party’s Willie Penrose TD commented: “This figure (442,417 people on the live registrar) would be much worse were it not for the 5,000 people plus, who are leaving the country every month.”
“This is the sixteenth successive month where the live register figures have exceeded 400,000,” he continued, estimating that the real cost of every person on the registrar was around €20,000 in terms of tax forgone and social welfare payments.
While the small decline in live register figures is welcome, Penrose believes that “the underlying pattern remains unchanged, and virtually all of the decline recorded today can be attributed to factors such as students returning to college,” and urged the Government to hold an election in order to “bring the country back to economic recovery”. |
Saturday, December 19, 2009
Yesterday I went to see my mom at the bank and run a few errands. Someone in Washington state bought some button earrings and I finally sent out my fingerprints and such to allow investigations into my character, background and other types of reports for a job. If I am trusted enough I get a job. If not, I'm not given a job. Let's hope I get a better paying job for the new year.
So I brought some jewelry stuff to the bank because they wanted to see it and was chatting up my mom when Dan came in.
Mom told me to turn around, look who was there. I was surprised and happy to see him. He did some banking and came to talk to us. He said he would like to rent to us. Meaning yes, we got it. The nook place. He wasn't checking that I worked at kohls, just taking my word for it because they have a silly phone service and I don't know any of the office numbers. He contacted my mom's references and they gave us good reviews. Five stars. So we officially get to start the move in and paper sign process on Sunday. Giving us about three days to get everything we want to keep out of the house.
I am excited and nervous because I have a few items I can't find that I want to bring with me. My major concern is my scrapbook with a bunch of photos I don't want to lose. I also have a scrapbook of Kerri's things someplace. And her curtains somewhere.
I know major items I'm taking like the bed and the couch and the two TVs. I will have to get my clothes together as well. That might be the more difficult thing. I have clothes all over the house and not all worth keeping. Again, I mention I am a packrat. I had begun the might purge last summer and had planned to continue it this coming one. So it is just going to be hurried along and I won't be able to dispose of things as I had hoped but I am forced to evaluate the bits and baubles I am clinging to. A fresh start for all. Mom is even getting a haircut on Sunday so she is starting fresh. This is good for us.
Thursday, December 17, 2009
This is made all the more difficult by The Carpenter's version of "I'll be home for Christmas." It just came on.
It is no surprise to anyone who knows me that I have a hard time getting rid of things. I am a packrat. So looking at my room, I see various parts of my past and objects that may not have meaning but are tied to many memories. The problem I face is one of importance. In a few ways, actually. I must figure out what is still important and what will be important in the future. Which, is an important task for moving.
Is my hat collection important? It certainly seems a waste to get rid of them. What about my craft supplies? Will I use them all? Will I scrapbook again? Will I have space? What furniture do I keep? And why am I holding on so tightly to certain things?
I think one of my fears is forgetting something. I'm afraid of leaving things behind and someone else finding it and never knowing how hard it was for me to leave behind.
As mom and I only have a few days now to get out, we can only bring so much and can only pack the most important things.
How do I determine which books are most important if I can't take them all.
I'm concerned there are things I will forget while thinking about what is important and then remembering when it is too late.
So I'm taking a breather. I can't see clearly enough to determine what is most important. If worse comes to worse I need the most important things to fit in the car for a while.
Dan is checking our references now and we should hear back soon I think.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
We had an appointment today for my number one place. Any of my other places are like number 54 when I think about this one. Wouldn't it be nice if you always got what you wanted. (By the by, if you do get everything you want I want you to please go away, but seeing as how my wants are not usually in the cards I'm given, I suspect you won't go away.)
After being too sure of myself and knowing where I was going, we got there eventually. Not a big deal because Dan forgot the house key and was going to be a little late. (and yeah, I kind of love Dan as just one of those really awesome kind of people even if this doesn't work out.) So mom and I wait in the driveway for about two seconds, seeing as how we were a little late, and Dan shows up. Introductions around and it is off to the back yard area, a bit of conversation and then to the garage. Yeah. GARAGE. Just for the tenant who moves in there.
Then we make our way up a couple of steps onto the side porch where there is enough space for a small deck table and chair set for nice days. Upon entering the apartment/duplex we are bathed in light from all of the windows. To the left, the bathroom, stand up shower-no tub-no problem, pretty good space I think. However, our bathroom now is a little narrow. To some it may be small. To the right of the side entrance door is the door that leads to the basement. Yeah, I know, a basement where there are washer dryer hookups and storage space for things in sealed containers because he said it can get a little wet with heavy rains. Back up the stairs and if you were to continue on onward from the side entrance is the kitchen. To the left of the kitchen, beside the bathroom, though blocked off by walls, is a breakfast nook or computer room. And that only sounds odd now, it being next to the bathroom. It isn't when you actually see the place. The kitchen is not huge but not tiny either. It is a really nice size for one or two people families. Walking through the kitchen you encounter the rooster room. It is a bit crazy and I kind if love it. I wish we had more that would go with the room but I think it will need a new paint job and such if we get it. To the left of the living room/rooster room is a little mud room entrance which is awesome because I have always wanted a mud room and it would be so cool to have. To the right of the rooster room is bedroom 2. I call it that because it isn't the master or larger room. It is a daisy yellow with a blue carpet and has a very nice closet with a bunch of room. The other room is a straight shot from the kitchen, through the rooster room and into the bubble room. It doesn't have a closet and could easily be a living space rather than a bed room but it will have to be a bedroom for our needs if we get it. There is a section of wall that bubbles out like it could maybe hold a window seat if it just stuck out a bit more and there are three windows letting in a bunch of light. There is no closet so that is the only road bump for storage but not a big deal. There is a sealed door to nowhere that I love very much. There is also a stairway to nowhere that was used as a closet in The rooster room and I love that as well.
Most of the flooring is wood and beautiful. I love this place. There are places mom could plant, Dan is willing to let us have dogs and would even like to rent to us. He has to show the place again on Thursday, Which may already be today, not sure what time it is now.
I have some photos but I am afraid if I post them it will be a jinx on the whole thing. I hope to know more soon. We sent the application to Dan via Chester computers today while visiting Kara.
I want to hope so badly but I just keep getting my hopes up about things and get way too depressed if they fail. So, one step at a time, a little bit by a little bit and maybe soon I will be able to say we found a place, even if it isn't this one.
The cat is sticking his nose in my eye and pawing my cheek. Which, I think, means he wants me to pay attention to him. The cat almost always gets what he wants. Almost.
Tuesday, December 15, 2009
The search continues for a dwelling after the disappointing Sunday experience. The neighbors were nice, the neighborhood was nice but when we got there the guy seemed surprised. I must admit I was a little surprised that he seemed surprised when we had set a date and time to meet. For sanity and privacy I will call him F. F was in a bomber jacket, airforce wing pins on the left. As he exited the house he said, "Well, I'm not really renting now because we are in foreclosure." He went back in a little and said, "but I'll show it to you anyway. Let me get the keys." Mom and I looked at each other and must have both been thinking something like "what the hell is he advertising this for and making appointments if he is losing his place" but I'm sure it was summed up in a four letter word starting with f.
We enter the buiding, there is still furniture left behind by the last tenant, the place is small, falling apart and the garage space is stil being used by the owner for storage. The bathroom is tiny and has a rotten floor. So it was a bust. As we were leaving, F told us that he was fighting to keep the place and because his name wasn't on the mortgage he had a good ground for objecting. We were also told we could move in if we wanted and they'd give us 60 days if he was foreclosed because we were new.
I told him to email me if things changed.
After sadly driving away, Mom and I went to Maryanns. She had me check fosters daily online to see about places renting and I did end up with a few. That night I Kara and I looked for some more places on a certain listing site. We found a few. So I added them to the list and got some sleep knowing I couldn't do anything at midnight on a Sunday.
Monday I made a bunch of calls. Most places won't accept the pets because they are 2nd floor units or think that the 2 large dogs are too young and too destructive. Which is entirely possible. So that brought my list of 20 to about 5.
One of the five places was supposed to be viewed today. However, I got a call today and told the time wasn't right as he has another appointment. I wasn't very excited about that place because it has on street parking and only for two vehicles.
There is a place I am hoping works out because it seems wonderful. And so far two other people also think it is wonderful. Mom and I have a 10:00 am appointment to see the place. I spoke to "Dan" and I use his name because he seems nice. We spoke for a while and he said that is seems like someone just needs to give us a break. We spoke about how I like to fix things up so I don't even mind if there are a few problem areas like funky walls or a room in need of a new paint job. Dan said that the place will go to whoever is most compatible with the place and whoever gets back to them fastest. So I am crossing my fingers that this place works. As not too many other places seem to be.
I am thinking that if nothing works we sell the cars, get an RV and live as gypsies. The new traveling circus. Who has a talent? Who wants to come? |
Errors involved in the existing B-term expressions for the longitudinal diffusion in fully porous chromatographic media Part II: experimental data in packed columns and surface diffusion measurements.
Peak parking experiments have been performed on three RP-HPLC different columns, using two different components and a variable mobile phase composition. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the B-term diffusion expressions currently used in the literature (which are all Knox-type models) should be replaced by the effective diffusion expressions that have been developed in the frame of the effective medium theory (EMT). Although the EMT-expressions are not fully accurate either (the mathematics of the complex interactions between different diffusion zones that are in close contact are too demanding to catch them in an exact analytical expression), they at least are physically sound and do not violate Maxwell's basic law of diffusion. Further they also provide a much better approximation of the numerically calculated effective diffusivity in the theoretical test situation considered in part I. The present study shows that the values of the surface or stationary phase diffusion coefficient that are derived from peak parking models can depend heavily on the employed B-term model. The EMT-based B-term expressions lead to values of the surface diffusion coefficient that vary much less strongly with the phase retention factor than if one of the Knox-type models is used to analyze the data. This implies that, since all peak parking experiments that have been performed in the past have all been interpreted with a Knox-type model, the conclusions that have been drawn from these studies should all be moderated or at least revisited. |
Pages
Monday, August 19, 2013
oK
I finally got the opportunity to ask my friendly G.P. about an alarming growth on my head. It feels like a dangerous pea-sized tumor that wiggles under my finger when I obsessively palpate it. Doc checked it out and offered a quick diagnosis. "It's a sebaceous cyst," she said, confidently.
2 comments:
I had one of those on my neck. It got really big and gross, so they lanced it and it was so disgusting. All that's left is a really tiny bump, like a large grain of sand. I stay away from it as much as possible. |
Thursday, November 14, 2013
Breaking: The Chaos Deepens As Obama Panics - Now Says You Can Keep Existing Policies
He's caved in to demands of his fellow Democrats and is expected to announce shortly that White House is going to allow people to keep their existing insurance policies.
This comes right before a vote in the House is scheduled to vote on a Republican-sponsored bill that would do the same thing. Dozens of Democrats who face tough re-election fights next year were expected to vote in favor, would have forced Harry Reid and Senate Democrats to kill the bill or President Obama to veto it.
However, there are major problems with the 'fix'.
Millions of Americans have already lost their policies, and if they're now going to be able to get those policies back ( and that by no means certain), the logistics of rewriting and reissuing those policies are going to be a nightmare. First off, it involves a huge expense for the insurance companies themselves, which is going to need to be passed on to consumers.
There's also the problem of actuarial standards, by which insurance companies determine risk. For instance, if you had an existing policy but contracted cancer or a heart condition after you purchased it that was covered and then lost that coverage because of ObamaCare, what this presidential diktat does is to force the company to rewrite your policy at the old rate without accounting for your now pre-existing condition. That expense (and it will be huge) is going to be passed on to all consumers, and I frankly would be surprised if insurance companies didn't take this to court.
Not only is the government now forcing individuals to buy a product sold by a private company using the IRS as a policing instrument, it is now attempting to force private companies to sell to individuals at a fixed and uneconomic price. To say this is unconstitutional is an understatement.
Finally, there's the problem of ObamaCare itself. The entire Ponzi scheme was not particularly a health care bill, but a redistributive tax on the middle class to subsidize people the regime feels are more deserving.It was based on people currently holding health insurance to pay increases in their premiums of anywhere from 3 to 10 times more than they were paying and accept increased coverage with higher co-pay and larger deductibles in order to fund the subsidies, policies for people with pre-existing conditions, one size fits all comprehensive benefits for people who neither need or want them, insurance for illegal aliens, the waivers for the president's political allies, and the huge bureaucracy the entire program involves.
If these same people are now going to be allowed to return to their previous policies at the same rate, how is ObamaCare going to be funded? Is the president going to come back to Congress and ask for more money to pay for it? I doubt they'll go with it, but he may. If he does, that adds yet another lie to the president's already considerable portfolio - that ObamaCare was going to reduce the deficit.
Anyone who did the math knew that already, but now it's simply going to become a lot more obvious.
This is a political band-aid designed to try and rescue the president's fellow Democrats from facing up to this next year. Unfortunately, the underlying problems of ObamaCare are only going to worsen because of it, the train wreck is going to continue and the Democrats who voted for it are going to have to face the music.
Those of you who refer to yourselves as 'progressives' ought to think about your support for this president. For two years, he had an ironclad majority in congress and could have done pretty much whatever he wanted. Fortunately for the rest of us, he settled for a tyrannical and unworkable ObamaCare law, a bogus 'stimulus' designed to pay off his political allies and lots of parties, five star luxury vacations and golf.
UPDATE: Oh, this is precious! It's even worse than I thought. In his remarks, the president is NOT going to address the millions who lost their coverage,had their hours cut or were laid off because of ObamaCare.
And he is still refusing to change the ObamaCare regulations to allow all existing health insurance plans to be grandfathered so they are legal under Obamacare's requirements...'if yu like you plan, you can keep it'.
No, instead of that, the president saying that the IRS will use "enforcement discretion" to allow health insurance plans that don't meet ObaamCare's requirements to be able to still be sold in the future. In other words, the Obama administration might not enforce the penalty on individuals for not having eligible health insurance plans and they'll now allow the insurance companies to still sell plans that are illegal to sell under Obamacare! And only through 2014, after which the midterms will be over.
"I don't see within the law how they can do this administratively," said Speaker John Boehner in a press conference on Capitol Hill. "No one can identify anything the president could do administratively to keep his pledge that would be both legal and effective."
He's got that right. And he could have adding constitutional to the mix. You can't pass a law and then arbitrarily decide to pick what parts you enforce to benefit your party politically. Not to mention the fact that the insurance companies are going to balk at issuing policies that are illegal but that the Obama Administration might decide not to penalize them for. And that they will have to cancel in a year's time, once the elections are over. |
Q:
Why error "Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '='" in php cli code in variable assignment?
I'm trying to test max execution time by creating an infinite loop on the cli.
root@server [~]# php -d max_execution_time=2 -r "$i=1;while($i>0) { $i++ }"
I get this error:
Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '=' in Command line code on line 1
So I just try this:
root@server [~]# php -r "$i=0;"
And I get the same error. Are variables not allowed in the cli? lol
PHP 5.5.20 on Centos 6.
A:
When using PHP CLI you should put the code into single quotes.
php -d max_execution_time=2 -r '$i=1;while($i>0) { $i++; }'
http://php.net/manual/en/features.commandline.usage.php
|
News Details
Extra $9 million in Incentives Approved
Action designed to spur trade, air pollution control
February 2, 2010
The Long Beach Board of Harbor Commissioners on February gave preliminary approval to nearly $9 million in extra incentives to further boost participation in the Green Flag air quality program and to increase the use of trains to move import and export cargo containers.
The Green Flag Program, which gives financial incentives to ship operators to slow down their vessels near the Port, will double to $6 million a year. Currently, nearly all ships docking at the Port of Long Beach slow down within a 20-mile zone around the harbor. The added incentives are expected to encourage more ships to slow within 40 miles, further decreasing air pollution from the ships' diesel engines. In 2009, the Green Flag Program helped reduce about 2,000 tons of pollution; the expanded incentives could reduce an additional 300 tons.
The Port also will add nearly $6 million in incentives to a program designed to attract more rail-borne cargo through the Port of Long Beach. The program, which gives fee discounts to terminal operators, was set to expire on April 30, 2010, but it is now extended until December 31, 2010. The program is designed bring more import cargo through the Port of Long Beach and to help the Port's customers stay competitive during the current economic downturn. |
It must be said, that like the breaking of a great dam, the American decent into Marxism is happening with breath taking speed, against the back drop of a passive, hapless sheeple, excuse me dear reader, I meant people.
Read the whole thing, its a BEAUTY particularly considering the source. I think the fact that you can read truer criticism of the US government in Pravda than you can in the NY Times (or, let it be said, than any Canadian paper either) is a sure sign the end times are upon us. Look for a two headed calf in your driveway tomorrow, possibly a nice rain of toads Monday or Tuesday.
Thursday, May 28, 2009
Evidence appears to be mounting that the Obama administration has systematically targeted for closing Chrysler dealers who contributed to Republicans. What started earlier this week as mainly a rumbling on the Right side of the Blogosphere has gathered some steam today with revelations that among the dealers being shut down are a GOP congressman and closing of competitors to a dealership chain partly owned by former Clinton White House chief of staff Mack McLarty.
The basic issue raised here is this: How do we account for the fact millions of dollars were contributed to GOP candidates by Chrysler who are being closed by the government, but only one has been found so far that is being closed that contributed to the Obama campaign in 2008?
SAN DIEGO -- A local pastor and his wife claim they were interrogated by a San Diego County official, who then threatened them with escalating fines if they continued to hold bible studies in their home, 10News reported. Attorney Dean Broyles of The Western Center For Law & Policy was shocked with what happened to the pastor and his wife.Broyles said, "The county asked, 'Do you have a regular meeting in your home?' She said, 'Yes.' 'Do you say amen?' 'Yes.' 'Do you pray?' 'Yes.' 'Do you say praise the Lord?' 'Yes.'"The county employee notified the couple that the small bible study, with an average of 15 people attending, was in violation of county regulations, according to Broyles.Broyles said a few days later the couple received a written warning that listed "unlawful use of land" and told them to "stop religious assembly or apply for a major use permit" -- a process that could cost tens of thousands of dollars.
Friends of the tyrant get special deals, not-friends get taxed really hard, and active opponents are singled out for extra attention by the little faceless jerks who hide within the bureaucracy. If you want to do well, you loudly support the tyrant and give him gifts.
You also start seeing things like this: Nancy Pelosi speaking in China said this in answer to a question about the USA's efforts at taming carbon emissions.
"We have so much room for improvement," she said. "Every aspect of our lives must be subjected to an inventory ... of how we are taking responsibility."
Now, a generous reader of that out-of-context remark would naturally assume Speaker Pelosi meant to describe the actions of a conscientious citizen, things such a person would voluntarily do to curb global warming. But in view of Speaker Pelosi's perfidious lies regarding water boarding briefings at the CIA, Mr. Obama's nomination of a member of La Raza for a seat on the Supreme Court, and recalling the two examples given above, I'm not feeling particularly generous.
I think she's planning an actual inventory of private holdings, for the purpose of taxing them based on some arcane carbon cap-and-trade calculation. A wealth tax if you will, where the government takes a percentage of everything you've got, instead of "just" a percentage of everything you earn in a year.
Well my friends, it may come to pass that Americans will be fleeing to Canada for the lower taxes and the personal freedom. That will be irony indeed.
Tuesday, May 26, 2009
I've been saying the whole capital "E" Environmentalism thing is just as over as gun control in the vast majority of people's minds. The last election cycle will be the last one ever where global warming and enviro-freakism will be a plus issue. The Dems are going to cut it loose just like the Brady Campaign after Algore lost, and the Republicans are going to boldly run against it. It is in fact a dead horse. Only the moonbats will keep beating it.
Here's your proof: a US mainstream media TV network is running a show this fall that mocks the greenies. Yes, they are. ABC, Wednesday night at 9.
Director Mike Judge's new animated television series "The Goode Family" is a send-up of a clan of environmentalists who live by the words "What would Al Gore do?" Gerald and Helen Goode want nothing more than to minimize their carbon footprint. They feed their dog, Che, only veggies (much to the pet's dismay) and Mr. Goode dutifully separates sheets of toilet paper when his wife accidentally buys two-ply. And, of course, the family drives a hybrid.
So this means two things. First, ABC is so desperate for ratings they will brave the wrath of the enviroNazis and the Hollyweird elite just for a chance at a hit show. Second, they know its SO over for the greens that this thing can't miss.
President Obama has been accused of a major policy U-turn after he decided to restore the controversial military commissions set up by George Bush to prosecute terror suspects.
Amnesty International is not amused to find itself under the bus.
"President Obama is reinstating the same deeply-flawed military commissions that in June 2008 he called an 'enormous failure.' In one swift move, Obama both backtracks on a major campaign promise to change the way the United States fights terrorism and undermines the nation's core respect for the rule of law by sacrificing due process for political expediency.
"Whatever revisions the Obama administration has made to the commissions do not change the fact that the commissions do not provide an adequate standard of justice for the detainees nor the victims of terrorism -- they merely mock the U.S. Constitution, international laws and undermine fundamental human rights standards.
"What happened to President Obama's confidence in the U.S. justice system's ability to try detainees? He himself said that 'we need not throw away 200 years of American jurisprudence while we fight terrorism.'
"U.S. federal courts are a perfectly sound system to try any and all detainees. They have brought other terror suspects to justice, and there is no reason why these courts cannot continue to do the same."
White House spokesmen say "Is not a U-turn! He had his fingers crossed!" You think I'm kidding?
The White House insisted that Mr Obama had not gone back on his word. Aides maintained the president 'never promised to abolish' military tribunals. He 'has always envisioned a role for commissions, properly constituted,' added an official.
For the first time, Pelosi (D-Calif.) acknowledged that in 2003 she was informed by an aide that the CIA had told others in Congress that officials had used waterboarding during interrogations. But she insisted, contrary to CIA accounts, that she was not told about waterboarding during a September 2002 briefing by agency officials. Asked whether she was accusing the CIA of lying, she replied, "Yes, misleading the Congress of the United States."
Under strong attack from Republicans, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi accused the CIA and Bush administration of misleading her about waterboarding detainees in the war on terror and sharply rebutted claims she was complicit in its use.
"To the contrary ... we were told explicitly that waterboarding was not being used," she told reporters, referring to a formal CIA briefing she received in the fall of 2002.
Pelosi said she subsequently learned that other lawmakers were told several months later by the CIA about the use of waterboarding.
"I wasn't briefed, I was informed that somebody else had been briefed about it," she said.
The speaker's weekly press conference drew a standing-room-only crowd of reporters tracking the steady drip, drip, drip of revelations that have come out over the past several weeks. Dressed in a key-lime green pantsuit and smiling broadly, Mr. Pelosi charged that the CIA lied to Congress and that House Republicans are using her as "a diversionary tactic" to deflect criticism from Mr. Bush.
Aside from not being briefed on what was in that briefing, she said she was very busy at the time -- "I was fighting the war in Iraq at that point, too, you know" -- and battling a Bush administration that was "misleading the American people about the threat of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq."
FOX News' Major Garrett was the first and only reporter to ask Press Secretary Robert Gibbs what the White House's reaction is to Nancy Pelosi's accusation that the C.I.A. lied to her. Gibbs said President Obama is "keeping the American people safe by looking forward." Garrett reminded Gibbs this is a serious matter, leading Gibbs to respond that he will not "R.S.V.P" to get involved.
Times like this, it is good to be a Conservative. All you have to do is lean back and watch your opponents wing over, crash and burst into flames. Gonna roast me some marshmallows.
Yes friends, as Algore and David (Superfly) Suzuki keep telling us, the science of global warming is settled. Its a done deal. They know everything there is to know, so we all need to shut up and get on with the capping and the trading on CO2 so they can get filthy, stinking rich off it.
Today's latest "settling" of the science creates yet another sink hole in the Great Global Warming Superhighway. This one's big enough to swallow a Peterbilt. Seems the Atlantic Conveyor deep ocean current doesn't really "convey" the way all the computer models assume.
"This new path is not constrained by the continental shelf. It's more diffuse," said Bower. "It's a swath in the wide-open, turbulent interior of the North Atlantic and much more difficult to access and study."
And since this cold southward-flowing water is thought to influence and perhaps moderate human-caused climate change, this finding may impact the work of global warming forecasters.
"This finding means it is going to be more difficult to measure climate signals in the deep ocean," Lozier said. "We thought we could just measure them in the Deep Western Boundary Current, but we really can't."
Computer climate models: garbage in, garbage out.
Dang. I was looking forward to a palm tree on my front lawn. Guess I'll have to go to Arizona for my palm tree fix. |
Insight Trumps Knowledge
Insight Trumps Knowledge
Most of us spend our lives pursuing knowledge when what we really need is insight. Throughout our education and our careers we strive to learn things that we hope will bring us success. While knowledge is certainly important, a great insight will beat it every time.
For example:
People had been experimenting with electricity for well over a century and researchers all over the world understood how it worked; one of them invented the light bulb and the infrastructure that made it viable.
Many companies knew how to make automobiles—and were doing it very profitably; a guy named Ford started doing it on an assembly line.
Many companies were selling cosmetics when one woman decided to do it in a way that provided non-traditional jobs to other women, selling to women. She created Mary Kay.
Sears and K-Mart were once two of the most successful retailers in the world. They knew their business, until a company in ruralArkansasbegan selling in places those companies considered too small to bother with and Wal-Mart overtook them.
IBMunderstood the computer business like no one else in the world—or so it thought. So it gave what it considered to be the least profitable part of a new venture to a fledgling company called Microsoft.
Thousands of entrepreneurs saw dollar signs on the Internet; one realized that the way to leverage that new medium was with, of all things, books. He called it Amazon.com.
Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Mary Kay Ash, Sam Walton, Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos. They’re just a tiny fraction of all the examples one could give of people whose insight trumped everyone else’s knowledge. Any business school graduate could quickly list many more.
It’s no different inside organizations. Does anyone who has worked in a large company more than a few months believe that promotions go to those who “know” the most? (And even when they do, is that always good?)
One of business’ greatest truisms is that you must know your customer. Yet you can know your customer quite well and still get thumped in the marketplace—by someone who has figured out something that even your customers don’t yet know about themselves. (See above list.)
Knowledge is not only less powerful than insight; there are times when what we think we know can become one of our greatest obstacles. (IBM, Sears…)
If some genie ever offers you a choice between profound knowledge and profound insight, choose insight. |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>WebStorm: The Smartest JavaScript IDE by JetBrains</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible"
content="IE=edge">
<meta
name="viewport"
content="width=device-width, maximum-scale=1">
<link href="/favicon-32x32.png" rel="icon" sizes="32x32" type="image/png"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.jetbrains.com/webstorm/"/> <!-- .117-->
<meta class="local" content="A powerful IDE for modern JavaScript development with code completion and refactoring for JavaScript, TypeScript, and the most popular web frameworks." name="description">
<script>
var current_lang = 'en-us';
var i18n_info = {"current_lang": "en-us", "languages": [{
"code": "en-us", "label": "English"}, {
"code": "de-de", "label": "Deutsch"}]};
var english_only_url_prefixes = [];
</script>
<link href="/_assets/common.c3adb5a646375587a942.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<style>
.page__beam._beam-1{-webkit-transform:translate(-40px,-700px);transform:translate(-40px,-700px)}.page__beam._beam-1 svg{position:absolute;left:50%;width:1244px;height:1250px;margin-left:-622px}
</style>
</head>
<body class="nojs ">
<div class="page">
<div class="page__header">
<header class="menu-main header" id="js-menu-main">
<div class="wt-container">
<div class="wt-row wt-row_nowrap wt-row_size_s wt-row_align-items_center">
<div class="wt-col-auto-fill">
<a class="menu-main__logo-link" href="/"></a>
</div>
<div class="wt-col-inline wt-display-md-none menu-main-skeleton-text-1" style="min-width: 69px"></div>
<div class="wt-col-inline wt-display-md-none menu-main-skeleton-text-1" style="min-width: 81px"></div>
<div class="wt-col-inline wt-display-md-none menu-main-skeleton-text-1" style="min-width: 46px"></div>
<div class="wt-col-inline menu-main-skeleton-button"></div>
<div class="wt-col-inline menu-main-skeleton-button"></div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="menu-second " id="js-menu-second">
<div class="wt-container">
<div id="js-menu-second-mobile-wrapper" class="wt-display-none">
<div id="js-menu-second-mobile">
<div class="menu-second-mobile wt-row wt-row_size_m wt-row_align-items_center wt-row_justify_between ">
<div class="wt-col-inline menu-second-skeleton-text-2" style="max-width: 120px"></div>
<div class="wt-col-inline menu-second-skeleton-button" style="max-width: 80px"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="js-menu-second-desktop" class="menu-second-desktop
wt-row wt-row_size_0 wt-row_align-items_center">
<div class="wt-col-auto-fill">
<a class="menu-second-title-box"
href="/webstorm/">
<span class="menu-second-title-box__logo jetbrains-logo">
<svg class="_webstorm sprite-img" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><use xlink:href="#webstorm"></use></svg>
</span>
<span class="menu-second-title-box__title wt-h3 ">WebStorm</span>
</a>
</div>
<a href="/webstorm/whatsnew/"
class="wt-col-inline wt-text-2 wt-text-2_hardness_average menu-second__link">
What's New
</a>
<a href="/webstorm/features/"
class="wt-col-inline wt-text-2 wt-text-2_hardness_average menu-second__link">
Features
</a>
<a href="/webstorm/social/"
class="wt-col-inline wt-text-2 wt-text-2_hardness_average menu-second__link">
Blog & Social
</a>
<a href="/webstorm/buy/"
class="wt-col-inline wt-text-2 wt-text-2_hardness_average menu-second__link">
Buy
</a>
<a href="/webstorm/download/"
class="wt-col-inline menu-second__download-button wt-button wt-button_size_s
wt-button_mode_primary">
Download
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
VIDEO FEATURE: MICKE'S SWEET SIXTEEN DOMINATION
Fri, 2018-03-30 20:28
There was a time when Radial vs. The World drag racer Mark Micke believed he needed to park his boxy 1978 Malibu for a more aerodynamic and modern Pro Modified style car. Last Saturday, April 24, 2018, Micke showed why newer isn't always better. Not only did he score a new world record, but also put a hurting on everyone he faced. The following video recaps the incredible race weekend. |
Q:
Universal Image Loader: ImageScaleType is ignored
I am using UIL to load bitmaps. It works fine. But I have an issue when using it with widgets.
I am loading it with custom NonViewAware:
private static class WidgetImageAware extends NonViewAware
{
protected final int mId;
public WidgetImageAware(int imageSize, int id)
{
super(new ImageSize(imageSize, imageSize), ViewScaleType.CROP);
mId = id;
}
@Override
public int getId()
{
return mId;
}
}
To set scaling I use imageScaleType(ImageScaleType.EXACTLY) in DisplayImageOptions.
After calling:
imageLoader.displayImage(someUri, new WidgetImageAware(480, id), displayImageOptions, new SimpleImageLoadingListener()
{
@Override
public void onLoadingComplete(String imageUri, View view, Bitmap loadedImage)
{
height = loadedImage.getHeight() // height == 950 !!
width = loadedImage.getWidth() // width == 950 !!
}
});
So the size of loaded Bitmap is much bigger (950x950) than requested in Aware (480x480). I need to load Bitmap with size EXACTLY 480x480. Otherwise update of widget will throw:
java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: RemoteViews for widget update exceeds maximum bitmap memory usage (used: 3632836, max: 2304000) The total memory cannot exceed that required to fill the device's screen once.
A:
So there is a bug when using two instances of DisplayImageOptions with two different ImageScaleTypes.
It is cached according firstly used ImageScaleType and all ongoing ImageScaleTypes are ignored. This is caused by process of generation of key in cache that ignores ImageScaleType.
I have simplified the issue to following test example:
public void testMultipleImageScaleTypes() throws InterruptedException
{
final CountDownLatch lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
final List<Bitmap> bitmaps = new ArrayList<>();
// this image is 950x950
final String uri = "http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/3d-gallery/sun-sdo-disk.en.jpg";
final DisplayImageOptions first = new DisplayImageOptions.Builder().imageScaleType(ImageScaleType.IN_SAMPLE_POWER_OF_2).cacheInMemory(true).build();
final DisplayImageOptions second = new DisplayImageOptions.Builder().imageScaleType(ImageScaleType.EXACTLY).cacheInMemory(true).build();
ImageLoader.getInstance().init(new ImageLoaderConfiguration.Builder(getContext()).memoryCache(new LRULimitedMemoryCache(2048)).build());
ImageLoader.getInstance().displayImage(uri, new NonViewAware(new ImageSize(480,480), ViewScaleType.CROP), first, new SimpleImageLoadingListener()
{
@Override
public void onLoadingComplete(String imageUri, View view, Bitmap loadedImage)
{
bitmaps.add(loadedImage);
ImageLoader.getInstance().displayImage(uri, new NonViewAware(new ImageSize(480,480), ViewScaleType.CROP), second, new SimpleImageLoadingListener()
{
@Override
public void onLoadingComplete(String imageUri, View view, Bitmap loadedImage)
{
bitmaps.add(loadedImage);
lock.countDown();
}
});
}
});
lock.await(1, TimeUnit.HOURS);
assertEquals(950, bitmaps.get(0).getWidth());
assertEquals(950, bitmaps.get(0).getHeight());
assertEquals(480, bitmaps.get(1).getWidth()); // it fails here - bitmap size is 950x950
assertEquals(480, bitmaps.get(1).getHeight());
}
I have submitted bug report. The workaround might be to use different ImageLoader instances for different ImageScaleTypes. But it is quite wasting of memory.
|
# Copyright (c) 2008, Humanized, Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# 3. Neither the name of Enso nor the names of its contributors may
# be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
# software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Humanized, Inc. ``AS IS'' AND ANY
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Humanized, Inc. BE LIABLE FOR ANY
# DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
# (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
# ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# enso.messages.windows
#
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""
Implements the various Message windows.
"""
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Imports
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
from enso import cairo
from enso import graphics
from enso.graphics.transparentwindow import TransparentWindow
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Generic Message Window
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class MessageWindow:
"""
A generic message window class, combining the TransparentWindow
functionality with a Cairo context to create a usable message
window class, with sizing, positioning, and drawing methods.
"""
def __init__( self, maxSize ):
"""
Initialize the message window.
"""
self.__maxSize = maxSize
self.__currSize = ( 1, 1 )
self.__currPos = ( 0, 0 )
self.__setupWindow()
def __setupWindow( self ):
"""
Creates the MessageWindow's underlying TransparentWindow and
Cairo Context objects, once and for all.
"""
width = self.__maxSize[0]
height = self.__maxSize[1]
xPos = self.__currPos[0]
yPos = self.__currPos[1]
# The following are protected to allow subclasses access
# to them.
self._wind = TransparentWindow( xPos, yPos, width, height )
self._context = self._wind.makeCairoContext()
def getSize( self ):
return self.__currSize
def getMaxSize( self ):
return self.__maxSize
def getPos( self ):
return self.__currPos
# LONGTERM TODO: Consider replacing setSize,setPos with setBox, and
# establish a clipping function isOnScreen for use in the contract.
def setSize( self, width, height ):
"""
Sets the current size of the message window the width, height.
Using the function appropriately vastly improves performance,
as it reduces the visible size of the window and the number of
pixels that must be copied on window updates.
"""
assert width <= self.getMaxSize()[0]
assert height <= self.getMaxSize()[1]
self.__currSize = width, height
if self._wind != None:
self._wind.setSize( width, height )
def setPos( self, xPos, yPos ):
"""
Sets the current position of the window to xPos, yPos, which
should be in points.
"""
self.__currPos = xPos, yPos
if self._wind != None:
self._wind.setPosition( xPos, yPos )
def hide( self ):
"""
Sets the underlying TransparentWindow's size to (1,1) so that
the window essentially vanishes. This effectively "hides" the
window, causing it to cease interfering with performance of
windows that are "underneath" the message window.
"""
# LONGTERM TODO: This method should eventually be
# re-implmeneted or removed; merely setting the size of the
# window to 1x1 pixels can still result in performance
# degredation (see trac ticket #290).
self._wind.setSize( 1, 1 )
self._wind.update()
def show( self ):
"""
Sets the underlying TransparentWindow's size to the stored
"current size" variable, essentially re-correlating the actual
displayed rectangle on the screen to the size required by the
MessageWindow's underlying content.
"""
self.setSize( *self.getSize() )
self._wind.update()
def clearWindow( self ):
"""
"Clears" the underlying cairo context.
"""
# Works by blanking the whole surface.
# The cairo paint() method does the whole (clipped) cairo
# surface.
cr = self._context
cr.set_source_rgba( 0, 0, 0, 0 )
cr.paint()
def computeWidth( doc ):
"""
Utility function for computing the 'actual' width of a text layout
document, by taking the maximum line width.
"""
lines = []
for b in doc.blocks:
lines.extend( b.lines )
if len(lines) == 0:
return 0
else:
return max( [ l.xMax for l in lines ] )
|
Quality of Life Research
An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation - An Official Journal of the International Society of Quality of Life Research
Uitgave 6/1997
Print ISSN: 0962-9343
Elektronisch ISSN: 1573-2649 |
Insurance and Financial Assistance
We know how difficult a cancer diagnosis can be, and we are committed to helping you get the care you need. Dana-Farber and our affiliated physicians are contracted with an extensive list of local and national health insurances and participate in their network of providers. Even if your plan is listed below, it is important to learn how your benefits will apply at Dana-Farber. Many programs require referrals and authorizations for specific services and some may require patients to pay for a portion of the care. We encourage you to contact your health plan to better understand these details.
Accepted insurance plans
This list is not specific to individual product offerings and is subject to change.
Stem Cell Transplant Networks
One Care (MassHealth and Medicare)
Commonwealth Care Alliance (CCA)Network Health - Unify
Government Programs
Health Safety NetMassHealth**Medicare**
International Health Plans
CMN Global Inc.For adult international patients, Dana-Farber coordinates services with Brigham and Women’s Hospital through their International Program. For pediatric international patients, Dana-Farber coordinates services with Boston Children's Hospital through their International Health Services. Both of these offices ensure that patients are clinically appropriate for services, assist in the coordination of travel and logistical details, and prepare financial and billing arrangements, including detailed estimates and consolidation of invoices from various care providers. To speak to a Dana-Farber financial counselor regarding these services, please call 617-632-3455 (option 1).
*These payers have a small number of products that limit access to certain facilities; please check with your insurance company to verify coverage.
If your plan is not listed or if you are unsure whether your health insurance is going to be accepted, contact your insurance company directly.
Other partnering providers
A portion of your care may be provided by one of our clinical partners, which is specific to your Dana-Farber location. In Boston, Dana-Farber is very closely aligned with Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital. We also provide adult services at several satellite locations. Each provider will work with you in understanding your health insurance coverage for their services.
Understanding your insurance policy
Each insurance policy is different; contact your insurance company for the specifics of your policy (the phone number is usually on your insurance card). They should be able to tell you about in-network and out-of-network coverage for care at Dana-Farber, as well as what your financial responsibility will be if you become a patient here.
Some insurance companies require referrals and other approvals from your PCP or health plan before you can receive treatments.
The level of coverage for exams and procedures depends on your specific health plan, so it is important to read and understand your policy.
Since patients are fully responsible for all bills related to treatment, it is important for you to know the details of your insurance coverage and out-of-pocket expenses.
Questions to ask your insurance company
Use these questions as a guide when you talk to your insurance company about your coverage options. Be sure to note the name of the person you spoke with and the date; this will be important to refer back to in case you have any questions in the future.
What type of insurance plan (HMO, POS, PPO) do I have? What does this mean in terms of where I receive my care and if I will have out-of-pocket expenses?
Is Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in my network? If so, does my insurance plan cover physician costs as well as inpatient and outpatient hospital services? What, if any, are my out-of-pocket expenses, including co-payments?
If Dana-Farber is not in my network, and I go out of network, what percentage of the bill can I expect to be responsible for?
Does my policy have an out-of-pocket maximum? If so, how will this work?
Before I see a doctor at Dana-Farber, do I need a referral from my primary care physician and/or will I need authorization from my insurance carrier?
Will I be covered for any testing, pathology or radiology charges that may be incurred as part of my initial consultation with a Dana-Farber doctor?
Does my insurance plan offer any additional coverage — for example, traveling and lodging benefits for transplant — through special networks or programs?
How we help
Our Financial Counselors are ready to guide you every step of the way as you consider Dana-Farber. Whether you have questions about coverage, payment plans or Medicaid applications, a financial counselor can help you sort through the details and steps needed to make your financial arrangements go smoothly. Please call 617-632-3455 (option 1) to speak to a financial counselor.
In addition, our Customer Service representatives are available at 617-632-3795 or 866-408-4669 to answer any questions you have about your bills and/or statements.
Patient assistance funds
Generously donated patient assistance funds are available, based on financial need, to help ease the financial burden of a cancer diagnosis. To learn more, call 617-632-3301.
Financial coaching program
Dana-Farber patients and caregivers have access to financial planners free of charge through collaboration with the Financial Planning Association of Massachusetts. To learn more, contact your social worker, resource specialist, or patient navigator, or call 617-632-3301.
Patient Financial Assistance
These documents offer more information about Dana-Farber's Patient Financial Assistance program, which aims to help low-income patients who don't have the ability to pay for their health care. You should call our Financial Counselors at 617-632-3455 if you think you will have difficulty paying your medical bills. |
The Airbus A-340 service, Flight AF358 from Charles De Gaulle airport with 297 passengers and 12 crew members, was attempting to land during a thunderstorm when it ran into trouble and overshot the runway by about 200 meters, said Steve Shaw of the Greater Toronto Airport Authority at a news conference.
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. |
http://UKIP-vs-EUkip.blogspot.com is the current main link but much of the archive is at http://Caterpillarsandbutterflies.blogspot.com - to identify me + Contact data http://GregLanceWatkins.blogspot.com
First of all, my compliments to those professors who have been brave enough to take this challenge to the German Constitutional Court. It takes great strength and courage to swim against the tide of a media and academic environment which is continuously and fanatically pushing an agenda of EU political integration. You, the knowledgeable and visionary people have taken a stand of which you can be proud, a stand which is principled, and protective of the highest ideals of German democracy. I am here today to show my support and encourage you all to further develop the vital work you have already started
Empires of Political Union never work.
You have taken the first step in the fight against the construction of a European empire, centred in Brussels.
If you travel to Northern Africa today, in the hot sands of Egypt for example, you can see the ruins of opulent buildings of the once mighty Roman Empire. The remnants of the courts, and palaces and gymnasia of the Roman Empire are dotted all over this continent and others.
People were once taught to believe that the Roman Empire would last forever, that it was invincible, indestructible - and most importantly they thought it was inevitable. That here was no alternative but to be obedient and to submit to its political and military power. This was not true
The historical developments show us that large multi-national empires, or political unions if you like, do not properly function and further more do not survive. Where are today the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, or the Austrio-Hungarian Empire? Their glorious histories and their proud times are just pieces of information on the books, historical documentaries and mouments covered over by the sands of time.
Spurred on by events, the peoples of these once powerful political unions, acted to seek one of the most precious things that a people can possess - their freedom and the ability to determine their own future.
The EU project is not about peace but about elite gaining more power.
Frequently the builders of these empires appealed to those whom they ruled, saying that they wanted to build up a pact of diverse nations into a union of peace and prosperity. That people must forget their own national interests in the name of a greater peace.
On his 80th birthday, Helmut Kohl announced that the fate of the EU’s floundering single currency was a matter of life and death: He said, “European unification is a question of war and peace... and the euro is part of our guarantee of peace.”
I am fascinated by the effect and history of the First World War. I have been to Verdun many times, frequently leading parties of history enthusiasts to learn what happened there, and why.
Who can forget the iconic image of Chancellor Helmut Kohl and French President, François Mitterrand, at the battlefield of Verdun in September 2004, holding hands and saying 'Never again.'. The subtext being of course, that the EU is necessary to prevent war on the European Continent. They forgot to mention that mature democracies rarely, if ever, initiate wars. They played on a peoples' honorable desire for peace while aiming to justify their drive towards the political unification of European nations and the destruction of national democracies.
Far from being a project of Peace, as Sunday Telegraph journalist Christopher Booker has ably shown in his book 'The Great Deception', the initial impetus towards the Common Market was an American desire to re-arm Germany after World War II and prepare for a possibly violent Cold War with the Communist East.
Of course, now the EU is showing its true colours, EU Commission President Barroso a few weeks ago called for a Common EU Defence and Foreign Policy
The claim that the EU was built up for the benefit of peace is a completely false foundation myth.
Lets not forget the example of the Former Republic of Yugoslavia. It is a clear and strong model which shows us that the un-natural and undemocratic squeezing together of diverse peoples into a political union against their will surely lead to resentment, anger and eventually, in the case of Yugoslavia, horrible bloodshed.
The World has Grown to Love Germany
The propagandists of the EU project have for decades played on and encouraged German guilt about the War to build up sympathy and support for their political and bureaucratic project.
However, this attempt shall fail for a number of reasons:
The number of young people who have never experienced the War is increasing all the time.
Because over the last 60 years the world has grown to love the German people again.
Germany needs to get over its World War guilt complex. The rest of the world has clearly moved on, and forgiven any past wrongs. Look around and see how a young German, Lena was voted Eurovision Song Contest winner, while the Catholic Church chose an erudite German, Joseph Ratzinger as Pope. A humorous Catholic might say that Germany now has even the Holy Spirit on side!
Germany just lost out on a chance to win the World Cup on Football by a few badly taken penalties!
It is this World War guilt complex which has emotionally squeezed many German politicians to support and fund the political integration of the EU.
But the good thing is, the world has forgiven Germany, and the time for war reparations, (paid as subvention of the EU) is over.
"The current situation is that the EU plays, Germany pays.
The German people should rightfully oppose forking out a huge amount of money to prop up a failed currency. Up to this point, the German people have been the mugs of Europe. They have paid for to much.
Time to say to the weak economies of Europe, enough is enough, you have to look after yourselves. Time to grow up and be responsible adults. 'You are fifty years of age, no more pocket-money from Daddy.'
As it stands the ECB are buying up junk government bonds in the market place which will undoubtedly lead to trouble.
Billionaire investor George Soros, who knows a thing or two about currencies, recently said, "Due to its history, Germany is more worried about inflation than about recession. In the rest of the world, it is exactly the other way around." Germany's interests are not served by being in a monetary union with other countries who have completely different needs and goals.
To prevent economic disaster, Germany needs to take back the Mark, and take back control.
Chancellor Merkel has used the concept of 'beneficial crisis', and has used this situation of financial crisis as an excuse to grab more power for Euro federalists. She and her fellow travellers like Martin Schulz cynically manipulating a situation to gain more of what they want. The EU and ill-conceived Euro project to a large extent created this crisis, yet these manipulators now call for more Europe, more centralised EU control - more of the same.
The German people need to protect themselves, their country and get rid of Eurofanatics.
Concerning the Greek bailout, to protect their own future, and prevent their hard-earned money being poured down a black hole of no return, the German people need to tell their politicians, 'Not one penny more. If the Greeks need the money, let them call in the IMF alone. We have paid enough already.'
The strong economies of northern Europe and the weak economies of the Med are incompatible. You can't hold two watermelons in the same hand at once. It is a huge waste of money trying to bail them out.
The Economic Consequences of the Euro and loss of Democratic oversight
You should feel proud of your hard work and your loyal commitment to your nation which has built a strong German economy and stable society. Yet why should the Germans pay billions of Euro to bail out the Meds, and prop up the Euro, while being forced to cut their budget for German childcare and education? The euro currency and political union is a crazy project. The Euro is a folly which no longer serves the interests of the German people or indeed the other peoples of Europe.
To ensure the stability of European economies as a whole, either the weak Meds leave the Euro, or the Germans leave the euro and take back the Deutsche mark. That is the only way forward.
It is in everybody's interest that countries like Greece, Spain and Ireland leave the euro, take up their own currency again and devalue. They need to be free to prosper. The alternative for these countries is a deflationary spiral, allied to increasing debt levels and eventual default.
By 2013 the debt levels of Greece and Spain etc will be so huge, that they shall not be able to repay. For Chancellor Merkel to give bucket loads of German taxpayers' money, created by your hard work, to such countries in the name of 'an ever closer political union' which no-one wants, is unjust and definitely un-necessary.
This is compounded by the fact that the German people are now having to face massive cuts in Government spending for vital services because the ruling politicians, committed to this EU Project are sending your taxpayers' money abroad.
This economic crisis in Europe, facilitated in many ways by the Euro, will finally make people question this whole project of political union. The Euro is unwanted, political union unnecessary.
Cooperation and Free trade -YES, political union- NO
I am all in favour of democratically elected national government cooperating together, freely agreeing minimum standards if that is what they want.
Cooperation and free-trade is great, but that is all we need. Political union cannot and shall not work.
The EU is asking the German people to bail it out, when the EU accounts have not been approved for 15 years. Given that the EU is a codeword for profligate waste and fraud, the question to you is - Should you, the German people, trust your money to this organisation?
The EU, the institution of butter mountains and wine lakes is the last institution the German people should be entrusting their hard-earned money to."
Loss of democratic oversight by the German people.
But the question of the Euro brings us to a much deeper problem with the EU.
Whoever asked the German people their opinion about ditching the deutche mark and having the Euro currency imposed instead? Can you remember being asked?
They were never consulted about the Euro, nor have they been directly consulted about a huge amount of laws which affect their daily lives.
Prompted by a question by Dr Roman Herzog, Former German President and former president of the German Constitutional Court who asked about the extent of new German laws which emanate from Brussels, the German Ministry of Justice compared the legal acts adopted by the Federal Republic of Germany between 1998 and 2004 with those adopted by the European Union during that period.
What was the result of this study? It found that an incredible 84 percent of news laws and regulations came from Brussels while only 16 percent of the laws came originally from the German Bundestag in Berlin. These figures are both startling and worrying
Dr Herzog himself said "the question has to be raised of whether Germany can still unreservedly be called a parliamentary democracy.", This is frightening - a real wake-up call.
This indicates that the German people have lost democratic oversight of the laws which govern their lives. This is very dangerous for democracy, a concept and practice which the German people helped develop and protect. In the national elections - what does it really matter which of the current parties you vote for when all of them are happy to allow the laws to be dictated by people you did not elect in Brussels and of whom you cannot get rid of.
By handing over the power to decide on German laws, the euro federalists have carried out the equivalent of setting fire to the Reichstag. It is people who want national democracy and are the good Europeans.
The EU has no Legitimacy
The question must be asked, if the German people did not consent to this hand over of power to the Brussels elite, how did the unelected Bureaucrats of the EU get this power?
Quite simple, the bureaucrats of the EU stole it by lying, and by cheating the people of Europe.
They lied about the effects of the Maastricht and Lisbon Treaties. They ignored the fair referendum results in France, Holland and Ireland over the Lisbon treaty. They changed the name and a bit of text in the EU Constitution, called it the Lisbon Treaty and refused to give all the peoples of Europe a vote whether they wanted it or not.
They manipulated in Ireland, but putting in a huge amount of money for the Yes campaign, all allied to a subservient press.
The more power the EU has, the more unpopular it becomes.
This now leads us to an unusual situation. Just when the EU has never had more power, it has never been more unpopular.
The EU's own polling system Eurobarometer has shown a stark decline in levels of support for the present regime of the EU. In the last six months there has been a huge decline of the popularity of the EU system in Germany, in Greece, in Portugal. In Britain, a recent YouGov opinion poll (published on Sept 10th this year) has shown that a clear 47 % of the British population want to leave the EU political union altogether. A mere 33 % of British people think the EU is a good thing and wish to remain members in the current format.
Just look at the areas in which the EU has gained most power over the years. The Common Fisheries policy has been an economic and ecological disaster. The Common Agricultural policy an engine of inequity, the Common Commercial policy is helping to strangle business opportunities. And now with a surge towards a Common Foreign Policy - the EU talks about human rights but turns a turns a blind eye to abuse of basic human rights in China.
The EU has no respect for human rights. The EU made a fundamental mistake by allowing the accession of countries like Romania and Bulgaria to join the European Union when it knew of the high levels of corruption, and rampant discrimination against the large minorities of Roma in these countries.
Those political elites who control the direction of the EU turned a blind eye because the European Empire wants to expand and now the problem is not just in those countries - it is a problem for all of us.
Barroso just recently called for a Common Defence and Foreign policy. Where will it end? Quite simply, this surge towards EU Political union will not end unless you in Germany, the largest financial contributors to the EU, put a stop to it. I ask you to act to protect your democracy, your incomes and your national interest.
You now have a very real opportunity and the power to take back democratic control.
In the UK, we in UKIP, in 1993 started off very small, because a number of people were unhappy about the possibility of losing the pound and entering the ERM (say full name). But in the last European Parliament election in the UK we took 13 seats, beating the governing Labour Party.
The tide of opinion is turning in Germany. You now have the momentum of public opinion and events turning in your favour. Democrats in Germany now have a golden opportunity to build a broad eurosceptic movement with credible candidates to present to the German public in the next European elections.
If I may quote Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: "Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do.”
This is a time of opportunity. I ask you to grab it and act on your noble desire of democracy again.
Thank you very much for your invitation, and thank you for your careful attention.
Britaine
ZIMBIO
CAVEAT
For YOUR GuidanceAll articles on this web site are copyright by the author & we try our best to be accurate & pictures etc. that we use we try to ensure that we do not use copyright material. If by accident we do use copyright material, please contact us and we will be happy to ensure fair credit is given or the item is removed. Some of the images and video on this blog have been created by the author, others come from friends or public domain. Text we directly use is published in blue with a link to the original source, where possible. If you use material from this site please do not alter it to deceive or change the meaning & we would appreciate a credit and a link to this blog site.*******************************************************PLEASE NOTE - If we accidentally get details wrong we welcome the opportunity to correct them and ensure that the factual data on our blog is as accurate as it reasonably can be. We also from time to time make adjustments to postings to improve their clarity and veracity. *******************************************************To Source full Contact Data & Other Blogs CLICK HERE |
Republicans don’t care about budget deficits, and never did. They only pretend to care about deficits when one of two things is true: a Democrat is in the White House, and deficit rhetoric can be used to block his agenda, or they see an opportunity to slash social programs that help needy Americans, and can invoke deficits as an excuse. All of this has been obvious for years to anyone paying attention.
So it’s not at all surprising that they were willing to enact a huge tax cut for corporations and the wealthy even though all independent estimates said this would add more than $1 trillion to the national debt. And it was also predictable that they would return to deficit posturing as soon as the deed was done, citing the red ink they themselves produced as a reason to cut social spending.
Yet even the most cynical among us are startled both by how quickly the bait-and-switch is proceeding and by the contempt Republicans are showing for the public’s intelligence.
In fact, the switch began even before the marks swallowed the bait.
During the Senate debate over the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, Senator Orrin Hatch was challenged over support for the Children’s Health Insurance Program, which covers nine million U.S. children — but whose funding lapsed two months ago, and has not been renewed. Hatch declared his support for the program, but insisted that “the reason CHIP’s having trouble is because we don’t have money anymore” — just before voting for a trillion-and-a-half-dollar tax cut that will deliver the bulk of its benefits to the richest few percent of the population. |
Q:
VB Object reference not set to an instance of an object
I am simply trying to load an xml file and I cannot figure out how. Here is my code:
Dim root As Xml.XmlDocument = Nothing
root.Load(My.Application.Info.DirectoryPath & "C:\XMLFile1.xml")
It compiles without errors but then gives me "Object reference not set to an instance of an object" when I step through the debugger and it reaches that second line. The file exists where it is supposed to. I've tried almost every variation of the above lines that I could find online (ie with just the path within the parentheses in the second line etc) but still get the same issue.
A:
Look closely at what you're doing:
Dim root As Xml.XmlDocument = Nothing
This line says to create a variable called root but set it to Nothing. That is, don't assign it an instance of any actual object. Then:
root.Load()
You're trying to use the object, which you just explicitly defined as not being an object.
The error has nothing to do with your XML file, it never gets that far. You need an actual instance of an object before you can call members of that object. I think what you're looking for is this:
Dim root As New XmlDocument
root.Load(My.Application.Info.DirectoryPath & "C:\XMLFile1.xml")
This creates an instance of an XmlDocument object and then invokes the Load member on that object. (Though I think the path is wrong, but that's another issue entirely. I can't imagine any path information preceeding the drive letter...)
|
Introduction
============
Magnetic nanoparticles, when exposed to an external magnetic field, can produce an energy transfer, inducing hyperthermia. Their application in oncology has been tested on different types of tumors, especially in prostate cancer,[@b1-ijn-7-2399] and their usefulness also has been proven in experimental models of kidney, liver, and breast cancer.[@b2-ijn-7-2399]--[@b4-ijn-7-2399] In neoplastic liver disease, one of the therapeutic options would be to administer a fluid open access to scientific and medical research with magnetic properties that could be injected intra-arterially into tumor tissue, and which would induce thermal ablation when placed under an external magnetic field. This technique could be used to reach neoplasms through the arterial bed, in a similar manner as the transarterial procedures of embolization, chemoembolization, and radioembolization.
Several super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have demonstrated their usefulness as contrast agents in MRI. However, because of their physicochemical properties and characteristic biodistribution, they cannot be used as thermotherapeutic agents.[@b5-ijn-7-2399],[@b6-ijn-7-2399] We have developed a fluid based on a suspension of iron oxide (Fe~3~O~4~) magnetic nanoparticles in Lipiodol^®^ (Guerbet Laboratory, Villepinte, France), for future use in thermotherapy for neoplastic liver disease. The iodized oil, Lipiodol^®^, was selected because of its affinity with tumor tissue.[@b7-ijn-7-2399] As a preliminary step, prior to assessing the real ability of the fluid to induce heating, we studied the hepatic intra-arterial distribution of the Fe~3~O~4~ nanoparticles in a model of colorectal carcinoma induced in rat liver. There were two purposes for doing so: to evaluate the characteristics of this fluid in terms of its affinity for neoplastic tissue and, more importantly, to develop a noninvasive diagnostic tool that will be effective in the assessment of the presence of nanoparticles in target tissues, which will potentially be very useful in human disease. To attain these objectives, we carried out morphological imaging studies and non-invasive measurements of the presence of iron in neoplastic and healthy liver tissues, using MRI. For quantifying the iron concentrations with MRI, we used a method based on changes in the signal intensity of the tissues due to the presence of different quantities of iron.[@b8-ijn-7-2399] Moreover, to check the reliability of the results obtained by this method, we made quantitative iron measurements from tumor and liver samples harvested after necropsy, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a technique that allows the concentration of different chemical elements in tissues to be quantified.
Materials and methods
=====================
Development of the experimental model
-------------------------------------
The study was carried out using 132 male, four-month-old, WAG/RijCrl rats. All the procedures were performed in accordance with current national legislation on animal experimentation. The rats were kept in an animal house under standard conditions, and they were analyzed in eleven consecutive series of twelve individuals. On day 0 of the experiment, to induce neoplastic liver disease, all the rats received subcapsular injections, into the left hepatic lobe, of 25,000 syngeneic cells of colon adenocarcinoma (cellular line: CC-531) suspended in 0.05 mL of Hank's solution. After tumor cell inoculation, the rats were randomized into two groups:
- Infused Group (IG): rats that would be infused intraarterially with nanoparticles.
- Control Group (CG): rats that would not be infused and would serve as basal measurements of tissue iron to be obtained using MRI and ICP-MS.
Anesthesia
----------
During the process of tumor inoculation, the animals were maintained under halothane-induced anesthesia. For the procedures of magnetic fluid infusion and for the imaging tests, intraperitoneal anesthesia was administered, with a combination of diazepam (25 mg/kg) and ketamine (100 mg/kg).
Magnetic fluid
--------------
Ultra-small, magnetic, iron oxide (Fe~3~O~4~) nanoparticles, ranging between 4 and 7 nm, were synthesized by decomposition of iron precursor at high temperatures in organic solvent. In our experiments, we obtained iron nanoparticles coated with oleic acid by the reduction of iron (III) acetylacetonate by 1,2-hexadecanediol in a suspension of oleylamine and oleic acid in phenyl ether.[@b9-ijn-7-2399] The lipid nature of these ligands allows the particles to be suspended in the iodized oil Lipiodol ^®^. Suspensions of 3.5 mg of nanoparticles in 0.2 mL of Lipiodol^®^ were prepared for intra-arterial hepatic infusion in each animal.
Infusion procedure
------------------
The morphological characteristics of neoplastic tissue, even when only approximately 1 mm in diameter, enables it to be readily distinguished from healthy liver parenchyma by macroscopic visual examination.[@b10-ijn-7-2399] On day 28 after tumor cell inoculation, a midline laparotomy was performed on each animal to assess hepatic tumor development. In both groups, rats in which no tumors were observed were rejected, and the subset of IG rats with neoplastic tissue received the magnetic fluid. The magnetic fluid infusion procedure required the exposure of the visceral arterial vessels. Using a surgical microscope (Leika M651), the celiac trunk was identified and, using removable surgical staples, its main branches clamped, except for the hepatic artery, with the aim of driving most of the celiac vascular flow toward this artery. Then, using a 30G needle that was connected to an infusion pump previously filled with the fluid, the celiac trunk was directly punctured, and the suspension was infused slowly (over 3 minutes) ([Figure 1](#f1-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}). The progression of the suspension was monitored visually through the microscope; each rat received a maximum of 0.15 mL of magnetic fluid containing 2.6 mg of iron. Before removing the clamps and the needle, ligatures were tied around the celiac artery. Finally, the laparotomy was closed.
MRI: sequences and procedures
-----------------------------
Within the first twelve hours after infusion of the fluids, an MRI was performed on a 1.5T Siemens Symphony system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), using a standard cranial coil. Axial STIR \[repetition time: 3600 ms; echo time: 20 ms; inversion time: 130 ms (3600/20/130); section thickness: 3 mm; intersection gap: 0.3 mm; matrix: 288 × 512\] and gradient-echo (GRE) \[120/4(DP\*) and 120/14(T2\*); flip angle: 20°; section thickness: 3 mm; intersection gap: 0.3 mm; matrix DP\*: 288 × 512; matrix T2\*: 288 × 512\] weighted sequences were made.
Hyperintense masses observed inside the liver on the STIR sequences were considered to be neoplastic lesions. In an attempt to assess differences in concentration of iron nanoparticles in the tissues, we used GRE sequences, which are known to be useful in the diagnosis of iron overload.[@b8-ijn-7-2399] We considered that the homogeneous decay of signal intensity (SI) from the liver and tumors, in GRE sequences performed on the IG rats, could be attributed to the presence of iron nanoparticles in these tissues, and it was taken to be evidence of proper vascular diffusion of the suspensions.[@b11-ijn-7-2399] In both groups of rats, we made measurements of SI obtained from the tumors, healthy liver tissue, and paravertebral muscles, with both DP\* and T2\*-weighted sequences. The SI values obtained from an ROI located in these tissues allowed the calculation of the SI ratio (SIr) of the different tissues. The hepatic SI ratio (hSIr) was defined as the ratio between the SI values from healthy liver tissue and paravertebral muscle, and the tumor SI ratio (tSIr) was defined as the ratio between the values from tumor tissue and muscle. Furthermore, from the MRI, it was possible to calculate the tissue iron concentration, \[Fe\], in micromoles per gram of dry liver, according to the following formula: \[Fe\] μmol·g^−1^ = e^(5.808−(0.877\ ×\ T2\*SIr)−(1.518\ ×\ DP\*SIr).8^ This approach allowed the presence of different quantities of iron in the tumor and healthy tissues to be assessed non-invasively and, thus, the different concentrations of nanoparticles to be estimated, once the correlation of these values with those obtained by ICP-MS were determined. The results achieved in the CG rats were expected to reflect endogenous hepatic iron, mainly present in hepatocytes and in blood hemoglobin, while the results obtained in the IG rats were expected to reflect a mixture between the endogenous iron and the exogenous iron from the magnetic fluid.
Necropsy: evaluation of tumor induction and quantification of iron by ICP-MS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
After the imaging studies, the IG and CG rats were euthanized. The livers were extracted, and the neoplastic lesions were excised. Tumor volumes were calculated in mm^3^ according to the following formula:
Longest diameter
×
(
Shortest diameter
)
2
/
2\.
12
To study the healthy liver tissue from all the rats, tissue fragments weighing at least 100 mg were collected. Once labeled, metastases and liver samples were processed to measure \[Fe\]. For iron quantification, samples were subjected to a digestion process in acid, and the resulting solutions were analyzed by ICP-MS. In our experiments, this technique yielded values of average \[Fe\] in micrograms per gram, \[Fe\] μg·g^−1^, of wet tissue. To make comparisons between the results obtained with ICP-MS and with MRI, however, it was necessary to transform the values from μg·g^−1^ of wet tissue to μmol·g^−1^ of dry tissue: \[Fe\] μmol·g^−1^ dry tissue = \[Fe\] μg·g^−1^ wet tissue × *f*/55.8; where 55.8 is the atomic weight of iron, and *f* is a variable describing the water content of the tissues. The water content in rat liver is about 70%,[@b13-ijn-7-2399],[@b14-ijn-7-2399] and, accordingly, the \[Fe\] calculated per gram of wet liver is 3.33-fold lower than per gram of dry liver; therefore, *f* for liver corresponded to 3.33. On the other hand, water content in tumors is higher; in our estimates, we considered the water content to be 80%,[@b14-ijn-7-2399] hence an *f* of 5.
Histological analysis
---------------------
Samples of liver and tumor were obtained from 12 IG rats with tumor volumes greater than 100 mm^3^. The samples were placed in 10% formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Perls' Prussian blue for optical microscopy. Microscopy was used to look for acute inflammatory changes or necrotic areas associated with the infusion of the magnetic fluid, and for highlighting the iron deposits within vascular structures.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Quantitative variables are described by their mean and standard deviation (SD). For SIr and \[Fe\] values, the median (Md) and interquartile range (IQR) also were calculated. Ratios were used as appropriate. Statistical analysis was carried out using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon test for related samples), and comparisons between pairs of groups were performed using the Mann--Whitney U test. For two-variable data sets, we produced scatter plots and box plots, and to evaluate the statistical dependence between two variables, we used Spearman's rho. To assess agreement between the differences in the measurements obtained by MRI and ICP-MS, the Bland--Altman plot was used. *P* values \<0.05 were considered significant.
Results
=======
On day 28, we found tumors in 81 rats. In 23 CG and 19 IG rats, it was possible to perform all the procedures. The other 39 were not suitable, due to deficiencies in the process of infusion (n = 8), or because there was very little tumor tissue to be seen on the MRI or to be measured by ICP-MS (n = 31).
The mean weights of the CG and IG animals were 288 g (SD = 34.7) and 292 g (SD = 38.4), respectively, (*P* = 0.7). The mean volume of the tumors induced in the CG was 172.9 mm^3^ (SD = 91.6), and in the IG it was 138.4 mm^3^ (SD = 107.7); the difference between these values was not significant (*P* = 0.21). The IG rats were infused with a mean of 0.12 mL (SD = 0.02) of the magnetic fluid, meaning that they received a mean of 2.21 mg (SD = 0.49) of nanoparticles intra-arterially. The results of the measurements described below are reported in [Table 1](#t1-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="table"}, by group of rats.
Results for CG rats
-------------------
On the MRI, neoplastic masses were detected on STIR images as hyperintense nodes in the liver. On the GRE images, the tumor implants appeared with slightly hyperintense SI compared to the liver parenchyma; this fact allowed tSIr and hSIr values to be calculated for DP\* and T2\*-weighted sequences ([Figure 2](#f2-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}). On the DP\* and T2\*-weighted images, the mean tSIr values were 1.09 and 1.34, while the mean hSIr values were 1.04 and 0.99, respectively. The mean values of \[Fe\] in tumor and healthy liver tissues that were estimated using MRI were 13.2 and 19 μmol·g^−1^ of dry tissue, respectively.
The mean values of \[Fe\] in the tumor and liver tissues, obtained using ICP-MS, were 66.6 μg·g^−1^ and 196.9 μg·g^−1^, respectively. After transforming these values, the mean values of \[Fe\], in μmol·g^−1^ calculated, were 5.9 and 11.7 μmol·g^−1^ of dry tissue, respectively.
In the comparative analysis of SIr values between tumor and healthy liver tissue, we obtained the following results:
- DP\* tSIr vs DP\* hSIr, *P* = 0.042, slightly significant differences.
- T2\* tSIr vs T2\* hSIr, *P* \< 0.001, a high degree of statistical significance.
In the same context, when we generated scatter plots to assess the correlation between the different SIr values calculated on the DP\* and T2\*-weighted images, and the \[Fe\] quantities obtained by ICP-MS, we observed similar values of DP\* SIr from the tumor and healthy liver tissue. On the other hand, with respect to the T2\* data, the higher quantities of iron present in healthy liver tissue provoked an evident decrease in hSIr ([Figure 3](#f3-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}).
The Bland--Altman plot revealed excellent agreement between the results of the measurements obtained by MRI and by ICP-MS, in both the tumors and healthy livers ([Figure 4](#f4-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}). However, in the comparative analysis between \[Fe\] μmol values obtained by the two techniques, we found significantly (*P* \< 0.001) lower quantities of iron by ICP-MS than by MRI. Moreover, a difference also was observed in the ratios of the mean \[Fe\] values obtained by the two techniques: with MRI, the results were 2.2-fold higher for tumors and 1.6-fold higher for healthy liver tissue.
Finally, we performed statistical analyses to look for a relationship between tumor volume and \[Fe\] values obtained by ICP-MS; however, we found only a weak correlation (r = 0.44, *P* = 0.03).
Results for IG rats
-------------------
On the STIR images, the tumor implants appear as hyperintense nodes. On the GRE sequences, especially on the T2\* images, the IG rats showed a marked decrease in SI of the tumor and hepatic tissues, attributable to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles. This fact made it difficult to identify correctly the areas for measurement; nevertheless, it was possible to use the STIR images as a guide to locate the ROI properly over the neoplastic tissue on the GRE images ([Figure 2](#f2-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}). On the DP\* and T2\*-weighted images, the mean tSIr values were 0.27 and 0.23, and the mean hSIr values were 0.41 and 0.2, respectively. The mean values of the \[Fe\] of the tumor and healthy liver tissues obtained by MRI were 148.9 and 115.3 μmol·g^−1^ of dry tissue, respectively.
By ICP-MS and from samples harvested after necropsy, we obtained the \[Fe\] in μg·g^−1^ of tumor and of healthy liver tissue. The mean \[Fe\] values were 105.6 μg·g^−1^ for the tumors and 194.6 μg·g^−1^ for healthy liver tissue. After transformation, these yielded mean \[Fe\] values, quantified by ICP-MS, of 9.4 μmol · g^−1^ for the tumors, and 11.6 μmol · g^−1^ for healthy liver tissue.
In the comparative analysis between SIr values, the results were as follows:
- DP\* tSIr vs DP\* hSIr, *P* = 0.03, significant differences.
- T2\* tSIr vs T2\* hSIr, *P* = 0.53, non-significant differences.
Again, we produced scatter plots to assess the correlation of the SIr calculated on the DP\* and T2\*-weighted images with the \[Fe\] values obtained by ICP-MS ([Figure 3](#f3-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}). In this case, the DP\* values of the tumor and healthy liver tissues showed wide variation and, contrary to what had been expected, there was no clear pattern of hSIr decreasing with increasing \[Fe\]. Nevertheless, the values obtained on T2\*-weighted images were less widely dispersed, and the SIr values from the tumor and healthy liver tissues fell progressively with increasing \[Fe\].
When we compared the two measurement techniques -- MRI and ICP-MS -- the Bland--Altman plot revealed a clear disagreement, due to the values obtained from the MRI ([Figure 4](#f4-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}).
When we compared the results of tumor volumes with the \[Fe\] values quantified by ICP-MS, we observed that the presence of iron and, accordingly, the uptake of this metal, was higher in smaller tumor implants ([Figure 5](#f5-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}). In the statistical analysis to assess the relationship between tumor volume and metal concentration values, we found a moderately strong correlation (r = −0.56, *P* = 0.01).
Finally, when we looked for potential correlations between the different volumes of magnetic fluid infused and other variables, such as tumor volume and \[Fe\] μg·g^−1^ of tumor, we found no relationship (r = −0.03 and r = 0.04, respectively).
Comparative analysis between groups
-----------------------------------
In the comparative analysis between the CG and IG rats regarding the results of tSIr, hSIr, and quantification of \[Fe\] by MRI, we found significant differences in all cases (*P* \< 0.001). Regarding the ICP-MS measurements, the results obtained from the tumors demonstrated that the quantity of metal in the IG rats was significantly greater than in the CG animals, (*P* \< 0.001). However, in the analysis of the healthy liver samples, no significant differences were found (*P* = 0.92) ([Figure 6](#f6-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}).
Histological analysis in IG rats
--------------------------------
In the macroscopic visual examination of the samples, we observed several dark deposits of magnetic fluid within the tumors. Under microscopy, the tumor samples showed scattered deposits of fluid within vascular structures, and their distribution was very irregular. In the analysis of the liver, we observed sinusoidal congestion, scattered foci of inflammatory cells, and hepatocyte necrosis, associated with patchy infarction phenomena. Moreover, Perls' Prussian blue stain demonstrated iron deposits along the inner walls of the vessels, especially into the tumor tissue ([Figure 7](#f7-ijn-7-2399){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion
==========
Local therapies, such as radiofrequency thermal ablation and transarterial chemoembolization, developed for patients with nonoperable metastatic liver disease, are only partially effective.[@b15-ijn-7-2399]--[@b18-ijn-7-2399] As such, there is a clear need for new therapeutic procedures to be developed for these patients. Despite its limitations, thermotherapy offers an important advantage in antitumor therapy -- its low systemic toxicity. This has prompted the study of the use of metallic magnetic nanoparticles for generating hyperthermia in local therapy of neoplastic pathologies. With procedures that involve direct insertion into the bed of the tumor, magnetic nanoparticles have been used in experimental models of cancer,[@b2-ijn-7-2399]--[@b4-ijn-7-2399] and at a clinical level in various types of recurrent neoplasia.[@b1-ijn-7-2399],[@b19-ijn-7-2399] However, at an experimental level, it has been demonstrated that a more homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles in neoplastic tissues can be achieved by intra-arterial administration, which may enable the hyperthermia to be generated, and therefore, the treatment, to be more effective.[@b3-ijn-7-2399]
Intratumor distribution of magnetic fluids by vascular administration has been studied in several neoplastic models induced by direct inoculation of tumor cells into the liver.[@b3-ijn-7-2399],[@b20-ijn-7-2399],[@b21-ijn-7-2399] In general, these studies are based on the fact that the vascular supply of the neoplastic tissue comes exclusively via the hepatic artery.[@b3-ijn-7-2399],[@b22-ijn-7-2399] This characteristic would allow the selective deposition of nanoparticles into tumors, thereby avoiding lesions in healthy liver parenchyma. Therefore, the evaluation of the distribution of the fluids in an experimental model is of crucial importance before assessing their hypothetical ability to induce thermal effects. Taking into account that MRI has demonstrated high sensitivity to iron nanoparticles, this technique could be useful for evaluating their presence in different tissues inside the liver. In fact, several SPIONs currently are being used as contrast agents in MRI, especially for detecting tumor lesions in the liver. After intravascular injection, the SPIONs are phagocytosed by the Kupffer cells; these cells are present in the hepatic parenchyma and in some liver tumors, but not in metastatic tissue. The accumulation of iron inside the Kupffer cells provokes a decrease of the SI of the tissues, which indirectly enhances the metastasic tissue as a non-modified area.[@b5-ijn-7-2399],[@b6-ijn-7-2399] However, in our study, as we were looking to obtain the deposition of enough iron nanoparticles in the metastases but not in the liver parenchyma, SPIONs could not be used, so we had to develop a different kind of nanoparticle. Ultra-small, lipophilic, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, due to their smaller size, avoid phagocytosis by Kupffer cells, and can be suspended in an iodized oil, which shows high affinity for the tumor tissue.
For our study, it was necessary to obtain two groups of animals with very similar physiological characteristics. Under normal conditions, the rat liver contains variable amounts of iron, which may depend on several factors, including age, sex, and body weight. On the other hand, tumors also contain iron, the content of which may vary due to differences in vascularization and in necrosis, related to tumor volume. To avoid bias arising from such variations, the two groups included only male rats, of the same age, with very similar tumor volumes and weights. In relation to this, in our study, tumor volume was not found to have a great influence on the amount of iron in tumor tissue quantified in CG rats; there was, however, a clear volume effect in the IG rats, with the smallest lesions showing higher exogenous iron uptake.
The STIR sequences allowed us to identify the tumors correctly in all the animals, and they were not affected by the presence or absence of the magnetic fluid. On the other hand, in the GRE sequences, the effect of the magnetic fluid was clear, with a decrease in the SI, in both healthy tissue and tumors, allowing us to establish a rough qualitative assessment of the suitability of the intravascular infusion procedure.[@b11-ijn-7-2399]
We quantified the various different concentrations of iron by MRI and by ICP-MS. In order to compare the results obtained using the two techniques, it was necessary to convert the measurements to the same units; this process involved various correction factors. In particular, it should be noted that the value for the tumor water content was estimated theoretically from the literature, and it might be a conservative estimate. In the CG rats, the liver \[Fe\] values obtained by ICP-MS, and the SIr values observed in the healthy liver tissue and the tumors, were in agreement with or similar to figures published elsewhere.[@b8-ijn-7-2399],[@b23-ijn-7-2399] In these rats, there was a significant decrease in hSIr compared to tSIr, especially in the T2\* sequences, due to the higher quantities of iron in the liver, and as a clear indication of the greater sensitivity of these sequences to small changes in \[Fe\].
Bland--Altman plots are useful for revealing relationships between the differences and the magnitude of measurements, to look for any systematic bias, and to identify possible outliers.[@b24-ijn-7-2399] In the CG rats, this approach indicated a good level of agreement between the results obtained by MRI and by ICP-MS. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the values estimated by the two techniques. Specifically, using MRI, the values were higher overall, and 1.3 times higher in the tumors than in the healthy liver tissue. Given the relatively low concentration of iron to be measured, technical limitations of the MRI procedure used may explain this discrepancy to some extent. On the other hand, the results obtained with the sequences used, designed to assess human liver tissue, seemed to require a correction factor; this is probably due to differences in water content in the tissues, which in rats is at least 10% higher in neoplastic tissue than in healthy liver tissue. In these animals, such a correction could provide better agreement with the iron values obtained by ICP-MS.
In the IG rats, differences in the volume of fluid infused did not significantly affect the measurements. In these animals, ICP-MS results indicated a significant increase in \[Fe\] with respect to baseline values, only in tumor tissue and in relationship with the presence of exogenous iron, the estimated value of which was 39 μg·g^−1^. However, using MRI, a marked decrease in SI was detected both in the healthy liver and in the tumors, indicating the presence of exogenous metal in these territories and in a large amount, much higher than that estimated using ICP-MS.
This finding was clear in the Bland--Altman graphs, where a great discrepancy was observed between the measurements obtained with ICP-MS and those obtained with MRI, especially in the tumor lesions. With MRI, the \[Fe\] measurements were in disagreement not only in magnitude, but also in contrast to ICP-MS; the imaging detected a higher absolute concentration of iron in the tumors than in the healthy liver tissue. Finally, in the same context and in the SIr analysis, the values from the T2\* sequences were low overall, while there was marked variability in values from the DP\* sequences, especially with regard to the liver values. These findings probably indicate a systematic bias, associated with the method and the formula used to quantify \[Fe\] with MRI. Furthermore, it must be considered that the formula used was developed to measure iron deposits in the hepatocytes, and its usefulness for quantifying iron located in the extracellular medium was not evaluated in previous studies.
The explanation for all these results was found at the histological level, partly due to differences in the proportion of endogenous and exogenous iron in the two types of tissue, and partly due to irregularity in its distribution. Specifically, microscopy studies of the liver and tumor samples revealed that the infused fluid, despite reaching most regions, did so unevenly. Furthermore, in our model, we found that there was aggregation of iron nanoparticles, probably resulting from hydrophobic interactions due to the lipid nature of the suspension medium. Indeed, it has been demonstrated, in in vitro studies, that nanoparticles added to a culture medium tend to form aggregates, due to magnetic attraction forces or hydrophobic interactions,[@b25-ijn-7-2399] and that these aggregates result in a drastic shortening in T2 relaxation times of water protons.[@b26-ijn-7-2399] Therefore, a heterogeneous distribution of the magnetic fluid in the liver, due to its lipid nature, would lead to a displacement of the iron present in blood under normal circumstances, by a mechanism of incomplete sinusoidal embolization.[@b27-ijn-7-2399] This may explain why the \[Fe\] values in the CG and IG were similar using ICP-MS, as well as the high level found using MRI in the IG animals, which were carriers of aggregated exogenous iron. On the other hand, the vascular tree is less well structured in tumors; it has been demonstrated that they accumulate more Lipiodol^®^ than neighboring healthy liver tissue,[@b7-ijn-7-2399],[@b28-ijn-7-2399] and they have a lower baseline \[Fe\]. In tumors, the displacement of blood would have less effect than that provoked by the deposit of magnetic fluid aggregates. This exogenous iron would be responsible for the dramatic shortening in the T2 relaxation time and for the high \[Fe\] obtained from MRI measurements, which would reflect a higher concentration of exogenous iron in neoplastic tissue.
In summary, we found several limitations in our work. The MRI system used is not specifically designed for small animals, which could lead to certain inaccuracies. Regarding the sequences used, we observed that it was necessary to take into account the water content of the different tissues in order to obtain more accurate estimates of \[Fe\]. Moreover, the magnetic fluid has shown, at the histological level, a heterogeneous vascular distribution into the tissues with formation of aggregates of iron, and this fact prevents the sequences of MRI used to evaluate properly the intravascular deposits of exogenous iron.
Despite these limitations, however, it is possible to draw some interesting conclusions from this study. The magnetic fluid showed a higher affinity for the neoplastic tissue than for the healthy hepatic tissue. Moreover, in baseline in vivo conditions, our experiment rendered a reasonable agreement between the \[Fe\] calculated by MRI and by ICP-MS. In addition, despite the fact that MRI was not able to quantify the exogenous iron accurately, the findings indicate that this technique is highly sensitive to this variable, as it did indicate a higher concentration of this metal in the neoplastic tissue.
On the basis of these findings, we believe that further research is required into non-aggregating nanoparticles. In particular, it would be interesting to use ultra-small, hydrophilic, magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with carbohydrates, silica, antibodies, or peptides,[@b5-ijn-7-2399],[@b6-ijn-7-2399],[@b29-ijn-7-2399] which would be able to diffuse more homogeneously, and could display greater biocompatibility and a higher affinity for tumor cells. If these hypotheses prove to be true, then an investigation of the real potential of MRI for determining the distribution of thermotherapeutic nanoparticles in various types of tissue should be carried out.
This project has been possible thanks to funding from the 2008 and 2010 Grants for Research Projects from the Departments of Health and Industry of the Basque Government, and from the program for FIS Research Projects of the Carlos III Health Institute of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.
**Disclosure**
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
{#f1-ijn-7-2399}
{#f2-ijn-7-2399}
![Scatter plot of the iron concentration values quantified using ICP-MS against the SI ratio from healthy liver and tumor tissues, calculated from DP\* and T2\*-weighted images. Control rats, (**A**) DP\* and (**B**) T2\*. In DP\* sequence images, the values obtained are similar, but in the case of T2\*-weighted sequences, significantly lower values for the healthy liver can be seen. Rats infused with magnetic fluids, (**C**) DP\* and (**D**) T2\*. In both the DP\*- and T2\*-weighted images, the SIr in the tumors tends to progressively decrease with increasing iron in the tumor tissue. In the healthy liver tissue, the trend is not as clear, which is probably related to differences in the endogenous and exogenous \[Fe\], which affects the measurement of the metal in the tissue.\
**Abbreviations:** ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; SI, signal intensity; Slr, signal intensity ratio; \[Fe\], iron concentration.](ijn-7-2399f3){#f3-ijn-7-2399}
{#f4-ijn-7-2399}
![Scatter plot of the tumor volume of the infused rats against \[Fe\] in μg·g^−1^, determined using ICP-MS.\
**Note:** The measured iron tissue concentration is higher in the smallest lesions.](ijn-7-2399f5){#f5-ijn-7-2399}
![Box plot, graphical representation of the quantification of the metal by ICP-MS, in liver and tumor tissues, in the two groups of animals.\
**Note:** A significantly higher \[Fe\] can be observed in the tumors of IG animals.\
**Abbreviations:** ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; IG, infused group.](ijn-7-2399f6){#f6-ijn-7-2399}
{#f7-ijn-7-2399}
######
Results of the measurements in the two groups of rats
Control group (n = 23) Infused group (n = 19) *P*-value
--------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------ -------------- -------------- ---------
tSIr
DP\* 1.09 (0.07) 1.08 (0.11) 0.27 (0.29) 0.13 (0.27) \<0.001
T2\* 1.34 (0.19) 1.39 (0.28) 0.23 (0.14) 0.18 (0.09) \<0.001
hSIr
DP\* 1.04 (0.07) 1.04 (0.05) 0.41 (0.24) 0.30 (0.42) \<0.001
T2\* 0.99 (0.17) 1.02 (0.21) 0.20 (0.10) 0.18 (0.07) \<0.001
MRI \[Fe\] μmol·g^−1^
Tumor 13.2 (2.8) 12.8 (4.6) 148.9 (55.8) 178.3 (60.7) \<0.001
Liver 19.0 (5.2) 18.0 (4.0) 115.3 (43.3) 140.2 (75.9) \<0.001
ICP-MS \[Fe\] μg·g^−1^
Tumor 66.6 (28.7) 56.1 (40.6) 105.6 (36.1) 98.9 (44.1) \<0.001
Liver 196.9 (62.4) 195.8 (51.1) 194.6 (50.3) 211.7 (99.9) 0.92
ICP-MS \[Fe\] μmol· g^−1^
Tumor 11.7 (3.7) 5.0 (3.6) 9.4 (3.2) 8.8 (3.9) \<0.001
Liver 5.9 (2.5) 11.6 (3.0) 11.6 (3) 12.6 (5.9) 0.92
**Notes:** Using MRI, the iron concentration estimates are for dry tissue. For ICP-MS, the iron concentrations expressed in μg·g^−1^ are the values calculated from wet tissue, and these values are transformed into μmol·g^−1^ for the purpose of comparison.
**Abbreviations:** SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.
|
Movement for Black Lives Wants Communities to Reclaim Public Land
Children help put finishing touches on a mural at a lot at 75th and Macarthur Boulevard in Oakland in effort for communities to reclaim public land.
Black Lives Matter Bay Area and other organizations gathered on Juneteenth with members of the community in a day of action at the intersection of 75th and MacArthur in Oakland as part of a nationwide call by Movement for Black Lives and Black Land and the Liberation Initiative to reclaim public land.
About 80 people came out to the all-Black event after organizers spent time learning what the neighbors both wanted and needed. The open lot has been transformed into a mini-park, something that brought joy to the community, which includes dozens of children.
“What we learned was that they had never had a park,” said organizer Cara Cotton, a second-grade teacher at Ile Omode school and an East Oakland native.
Community members put up four semi-permanent structures, Cotton said, including a play structure, two benches made from cinder blocks and a mural by Richmond painter Malik Seneferu. There is also an altar with candles on the top and books about Africans in America and a biography of Nat Turner at the bottom.
“The idea was to make it a memorial for community … a way to connect Black people in the area with their history,” said Cotton. Accompanied by some of her students, she poured libation and asked those present to recite the names of their ancestors.
According to lead organizer Chinyere Tutashinda, of the BlackOUT Collective, “Land and capital has continued to flow out of Black communities while Black people are displaced through cycles of police and vigilante terror, gentrification, incarceration, and economic forces; and it is time for us to take stand.”
The movement to reclaim land has a special meaning for Oakland, said Mitchell. “Historically, Oakland has been a city marked widely by Black home ownership,” said Nikita Mitchell. “But through the mechanisms of capitalism, Black people are being displaced from these historically Black spaces through banks and developers greedily snatching and flipping these properties for greater profit.”
Across the country, hundreds of individuals joined the day of action — in Oakland and Vallejo, CA; Chicago, IL; Atlanta, GA; New Orleans, LA; Kansas City, MO; Detroit, MI and several other cities — to put land-based reparations back into the national conversation. |
Prostatic and periprostatic cysts: findings on MR imaging.
Cysts of the prostate or perioprostatic tissues are uncommon and include congenital müllerian or utricular cysts, prostatic retention cysts, cysts of benign prostatic hyperplasia, cystic carcinoma, parasitic and infectious cysts, as well as cysts of the ejaculatory apparatus or seminal vesicles. The radiological diagnosis of prostatic or periprostatic cysts can be difficult because of the resolution needed to define the relationship of a cyst to surrounding structures, such as the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts [1]. Prostatic cysts are easily identified on MR images by virtue of their high signal on T2-weighted images and can be characterized because of their typical locations and the high resolution and multiple imaging planes provided by MR [2]. Because these conditions are usually managed conservatively, pathologic proof is not possible in all cases, and the diagnosis is often made on the basis of clinical features and imaging appearance. The purpose of this essay is to illustrate the findings on MR imaging. |
Smith, A. W., Jackman, C. M., Frohmaier, C. M., Coxon, J. C., Slavin, J. A., & Fear, R. C. (2018). Evaluating single‐spacecraft observations of planetary magnetotails with simple Monte Carlo simulations: 1. Spatial distributions of the neutral line. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 10,109--10,123. 10.1029/2018JA025958
This article is a companion to Smith et al. (2018), <https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025959>.
1. Introduction {#jgra54689-sec-0001}
===============
Magnetic reconnection is the fundamental physical process by which magnetic fields can be reconfigured and, in so doing, transfer stored magnetic energy to the local plasma. Though the phenomenon occurs on very small spatial scales (e.g., Øieroset et al., [2001](#jgra54689-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"}), it can result in the generation of large magnetic structures, for example, magnetic flux ropes (Hughes & Sibeck, [1987](#jgra54689-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Moldwin & Hughes, [1991](#jgra54689-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}; Russell & Elphic, [1978](#jgra54689-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}). Such large‐scale structures can be used to indirectly track the process. For planets with a strong solar wind influence reconnection is also responsible for a cycle of global convection: On the dayside of a planet magnetospheric flux can be opened through reconnection with the interplanetary magnetic field. The newly opened flux can then convect across the poles of the planet with the motion of the solar wind. Open magnetospheric flux can later be closed through reconnection at the center of the magnetotail, allowing the freshly closed field to convect back around to the dayside, completing the cycle (Dungey, [1961](#jgra54689-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}).
Flux ropes are helical magnetic structures that can be generated by reconnection at multiple points within a magnetospheric current layer, for example, on the dayside magnetopause (e.g., Lee & Fu, [1985](#jgra54689-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}; Russell & Elphic, [1978](#jgra54689-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"}; Southwood et al., [1988](#jgra54689-bib-0047){ref-type="ref"}) or at the center of the magnetotail plasma sheet (e.g., Moldwin & Hughes, [1991](#jgra54689-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}; Sibeck et al., [1984](#jgra54689-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"}; Slavin et al., [1989](#jgra54689-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}, [1993](#jgra54689-bib-0042){ref-type="ref"}, [1995](#jgra54689-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}). Once generated by reconnection, the direction of motion of the flux ropes is thought to be determined by their location relative to the dominant X‐line, or neutral line. In the magnetotail, those flux ropes planetward of the dominant neutral line move toward the planet and eventually re‐reconnect with the strong planetward field (Slavin et al., [2003](#jgra54689-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}), perhaps forming dipolarization fronts (Lu et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}). Meanwhile, tailward of the neutral line flux ropes are ejected down the magnetotail and are lost to the solar wind (e.g., Hones et al., [1984](#jgra54689-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}; Ieda et al., [1998](#jgra54689-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}; Moldwin & Hughes, [1992](#jgra54689-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}). In general, the velocity of the flux ropes far exceeds the orbital velocity of spacecraft, such that spacecraft can be approximated as stationary during a flux rope encounter.
In situ flux rope encounters possess distinctive magnetic field signatures: a bipolar field signature in the normal component and a peak in the axial component and total field strength. In general, these features can be used to identify in situ spacecraft encounters. However, the exact signature is dependent on the relative trajectory of the spacecraft through the structure: examples of several possible trajectories can be found in Borg et al. ([2012](#jgra54689-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}) and DiBraccio et al. ([2015](#jgra54689-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}). In general though, the leading and trailing hemispheres of the flux rope are responsible for the extremes of the bipolar signature; if one hemisphere is "missed," then the signature may be asymmetric. The magnitude of the bipolar signature and peak in the axial direction will strongly depend on the minimum separation between the spacecraft and the center of the structure.
Many magnetotail surveys have been undertaken, using many years of spacecraft data, to identify flux rope signatures and evaluate their properties and distributions. Such surveys have been performed at Earth (e.g., Imber et al., [2011](#jgra54689-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}; Moldwin & Hughes, [1992](#jgra54689-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}; Slavin et al., [2003](#jgra54689-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}), Mercury (e.g., DiBraccio et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}; Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}; Sun et al., [2016](#jgra54689-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}), and Mars (e.g., Briggs et al., [2011](#jgra54689-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}; Vignes et al., [2004](#jgra54689-bib-0049){ref-type="ref"}). However, surveys of in situ spacecraft data are inherently limited by the orbital coverage of the spacecraft and ultimately represent single point observations of a very large, stochastic system. This report describes a Monte Carlo‐based approach designed to assess and quantify the impact of orbital sampling on statistical surveys of flux ropes, allowing an estimation of the underlying (or intrinsic) distribution and recurrence rate. These properties are crucial to determine the links between magnetotail conditions (or solar wind driving) and the process of reconnection. The Monte Carlo technique presented in this study has been developed with reference to Mercury\'s magnetotail but would be applicable to other planetary environments (e.g., other magnetotails or even perhaps magnetopauses) with some adaptation. The inherent biases that are created by placing selection criteria on the required magnetic field signatures are investigated in a companion paper (Smith, Jackman, Frohmaier, et al., [2018](#jgra54689-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}).
1.1. Mercury\'s Magnetotail {#jgra54689-sec-0002}
---------------------------
Data from the flyby of Mariner 10 suggested that the Near Mercury Neutral Line (NMNL) was located between 3 and 6*R* ~*M*~ (*R* ~*M*~=2,440 km) down the magnetotail. Later, during two flybys of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)\'s MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging) spacecraft (M2 and M3), the neutral line was inferred to be 2.8 and 1.8*R* ~*M*~ from the planet, respectively (Slavin et al., [2012](#jgra54689-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}), using the orientation of the magnetic signatures of flux ropes. MESSENGER later orbited Mercury between March 2011 and April 2015 (Solomon et al., [2007](#jgra54689-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}), collecting high‐resolution magnetometer data (Anderson et al., [2007](#jgra54689-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}). MESSENGER\'s orbit was highly inclined and elliptical with an 8‐ to 12‐hr period (depending on the phase of the mission). The orbit precessed around the planet once every Mercury year (∼88 days), such that the spacecraft made cuts through the magnetotail plasma sheet approximately twice per day during "hot" and "warm" seasons. These plasma sheet crossings generally lasted less than 10 min (Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}), a period during which flux ropes were often observed to pass over the spacecraft as they moved tailward/sunward from the location at which they were generated (assumed to be in close proximity to the NMNL).
A statistical analysis of magnetometer data from 319 of MESSENGER\'s plasma sheet crossings has suggested that the NMNL is most often located ∼3*R* ~*M*~ down the tail (Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}). However, complementary studies of large numbers of flux ropes (and their inferred direction of travel) have been less clear, perhaps suggesting a large degree of variability in the downtail location of the NMNL (DiBraccio et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}; Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). In addition to inferring the approximate location of the NMNL, statistical flux rope surveys (e.g., Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}; Sun et al., [2016](#jgra54689-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}) have noted a dawnward offset in the observed flux rope distributions. This also correlates with shifts in statistical field distributions (Poh et al., [2017b](#jgra54689-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}), dipolarizations (Dewey et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}), and the distribution of energetic electrons (Baker et al., [2016](#jgra54689-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}) and their precipitation onto the surface (Lindsay et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}). In addition, Zhong et al. ([2018](#jgra54689-bib-0050){ref-type="ref"}) recently reported the first observations of an active reconnection site in Mercury\'s magnetotail, during which the spacecraft was located ∼0.5*R* ~*M*~ dawnward of midnight.
Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) investigated the number of flux ropes observed during plasma sheet crossings, as well as the spacing between consecutive observations. The majority of crossings (61%) did not feature any flux ropes, while groups of up to eight were observed during periods of intense activity. Meanwhile, the spacing between adjacent flux ropes was generally found to be less than 100 s, and therefore, consecutive events could be related to the same interval of reconnection. For context, the Dungey cycle timescale at Mercury is thought to be very short, perhaps as little as 2 min (Christon, [1987](#jgra54689-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}; Siscoe et al., [1975](#jgra54689-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}; Slavin et al., [2009](#jgra54689-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"}, [2012](#jgra54689-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"}). Similarly, the duration of Hermean substorms has been found to be ∼200 s on average (Imber & Slavin, [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}).
Section [2](#jgra54689-sec-0003){ref-type="sec"} describes the setup of the Monte Carlo model. Section [3](#jgra54689-sec-0005){ref-type="sec"} then considers the general results of the model, investigating the effects of varying the model parameters and the orbital selection. Section [4](#jgra54689-sec-0009){ref-type="sec"} then compares the results of the model to those of a recent large survey (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}), allowing investigation of the intrinsic properties Mercury system (including neutral line location and width).
2. The Model {#jgra54689-sec-0003}
============
In this section the design and properties of the model will be discussed, along with the some of the implicit assumptions of such a setup.
2.1. Model Setup {#jgra54689-sec-0004}
----------------
The orbit of MESSENGER resulted in plasma sheet crossings that were separated by ∼8--12 hr, much longer than the timescale on which global Hermean magnetospheric dynamics operate. Additionally, during just under half of all MESSENGER plasma sheet crossings there were short periods during which the products of a (likely single) reconnection interval could be observed (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). Therefore, for the purposes of this work we will treat each plasma sheet crossing as independent (from adjacent crossings) and assume that (at most) one instance of tail reconnection can occur. If this model were adapted for comparison with other surveys/environments, then the validity of these assumptions would need to be reevaluated.
The Cartesian Mercury Solar Magnetospheric (MSM) coordinate system is used in this study. In this system, the ${\hat{X}}_{\text{MSM}}$ axis points toward the Sun, the ${\hat{Z}}_{\text{MSM}}$ axis is aligned with the magnetic dipole and directed northward, and the $Ŷ_{\text{MSM}}$ axis completes the right‐handed set (pointing duskward). The model forms a two‐dimensional plane (the equivalent of the *X* ~MSM~‐*Y* ~MSM~ plane), approximating the plasma sheet on the nightside of the planet. The model is set up to simulate a given number of orbits, which are approximated as vertical passages through the plasma sheet to approximate the trajectory of MESSENGER. Therefore, for each orbit the spacecraft location (*X* ~MSM~ and *Y* ~MSM~) and plasma sheet dwell time are generated. The location is initially drawn from a uniform distribution, while the dwell time is drawn from a database of current sheet crossings identified in the MESSENGER data (Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}). This initial setup simulates a spacecraft data set with completely even coverage (i.e., with no orbital bias), which may represent the ideal scenario for a large statistical survey. During a fraction of orbits (an adjustable parameter) reconnection is deemed to have occurred. Initially the probability is set to 50% of orbital passes, and for each of these a neutral line is generated. The effects of changing this probability will be explored further in sections [3](#jgra54689-sec-0005){ref-type="sec"} and [4](#jgra54689-sec-0009){ref-type="sec"}. In reality, the probability of observing a flux rope during a crossing of the Hermean plasma sheet has been found to scale with the magnitude of the preceding lobe magnetic field strength (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). The generated neutral lines have a randomly selected center (*X* ~MSM~ and *Y* ~MSM~) and azimuthal width (*W* ~NL~). It should be noted that while the neutral line in the model is implicitly assumed to be stationary during each plasma sheet crossing, neutral lines have commonly been observed to retreat tailward at Earth (e.g., Alexandrova et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}; Eastwood et al., [2010](#jgra54689-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}), Jupiter (e.g., Kasahara et al., [2011](#jgra54689-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}; Kronberg et al., [2005](#jgra54689-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}), and Saturn (e.g., Smith, Jackman, Thomsen, et al., [2018](#jgra54689-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}). Limiting the azimuthal width of the neutral line implies the presence and closure of field aligned currents. Such field aligned currents have been observed by MESSENGER and are postulated to close through the conducting interior of the planet (e.g., Anderson et al., [2014](#jgra54689-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}). The results of global magnetohydrodynamic modeling are also consistent with such current systems (Jia et al., [2011](#jgra54689-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}).
This setup is illustrated in Figure [1](#jgra54689-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}a. The orange shaded area shows the region within which the spacecraft and neutral line could be generated, roughly representing MESSENGER\'s coverage of Mercury\'s magnetotail. An example generated spacecraft location (black star) and neutral line (green point and line) are shown in Figure [1](#jgra54689-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}a.
{#jgra54689-fig-0001}
As a first approximation, the neutral line is considered to generate a single flux rope moving planetward and a single flux rope moving tailward, with azimuthal widths provided by the extent of the neutral line. If the neutral line and spacecraft are spatially coincident (along the Y ~MSM~ axis) then the neutral line is considered to be "detected." Selection effects, that is, those that would cause the flux rope to not be identified even when encountering the spacecraft, are considered in a companion paper (Smith, Jackman, Frohmaier, et al., [2018](#jgra54689-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}). With this setup the number of flux ropes generated either side of the stationary neutral line is equal, supported by the approximately equal numbers of planetward and tailward moving flux ropes observed by recent surveys (DiBraccio et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}; Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). Consideration of the impact of neutral line motion and the generation of multiple flux ropes is outside the scope of this paper but could be considered in future adaptations of this model.
The model allows a map to be constructed where flux ropes (and associated neutral lines) are detected and where they are missed, purely as a result of the spacecraft coverage. Figure [1](#jgra54689-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b shows the results of 10 orbits. Five neutral lines have been generated (i.e., 50% of the orbits are associated with reconnection). The red neutral lines show those that were not spatially coincident with their respective spacecraft and so were missed, while the blue neutral lines show those that generated flux ropes that passed over the randomly placed spacecraft. In accordance with expectation, though with a small sample size, it can be seen in Figure [1](#jgra54689-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b that the wider neutral lines were detected, while the smaller ones were missed by the random sampling. This effect will be further explored in sections [3](#jgra54689-sec-0005){ref-type="sec"} and [4](#jgra54689-sec-0009){ref-type="sec"}.
It should be noted that no boundary effects are considered (e.g., the dawn or dusk magnetopause). Instead, the boundaries are implicitly provided by the limits of the spacecraft orbit and neutral line centers simulated. This does mean that some portion of the neutral line width may be outside of the region within which the spacecraft could observe it. Therefore, if the center of the neutral line is placed at the edge of the spacecraft\'s orbital region then the effective length of the neutral line could be up to a factor of two shorter than that explicitly generated.
3. Recovery of the Intrinsic Distribution {#jgra54689-sec-0005}
=========================================
To begin, the distributions that are recovered by (or inferred from) the virtual spacecraft will be compared to those that would be obtained with complete magnetotail coverage (i.e., the true or intrinsic distribution). This provides a measure of the effectiveness of the spacecraft sampling and can be evaluated as a function of the number of orbits, orbital selection, or properties of the dynamic structures of interest (e.g., recurrence or extent).
3.1. Increasing the Number of Orbits {#jgra54689-sec-0006}
------------------------------------
In this section, the model results will be discussed while drawing the spacecraft position ( $X_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{SC}}$, $Y_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{SC}}$), neutral line center ( $X_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{NMNL}}$, $Y_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{NMNL}}$), and neutral line width (W ~NL~) from uniform distributions, the details of which are provided in Table [1](#jgra54689-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}. The reconnection probability is initially set to 0.5. It should be noted that these correspond to initial test parameters, selected to demonstrate the effects of increasing the random sampling. The parameters will be further investigated in section [3.2](#jgra54689-sec-0007){ref-type="sec"}.
######
The Distributions From Which Draw Parameters Were Drawn in Section [3](#jgra54689-sec-0005){ref-type="sec"}
Parameter Distribution Minimum Maximum
-------------------------------- -------------- --------- -----------
$X_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{SC}}$ Uniform −3R ~M~ −1.5R ~M~
$Y_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{SC}}$ Uniform −2R ~M~ 2R ~M~
$X_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{NMNL}}$ Uniform −3R ~M~ −1.5R ~M~
$Y_{\text{MSM}}^{\text{NMNL}}$ Uniform −2R ~M~ 2R ~M~
W ~NL~ Uniform 2R ~M~ 2.5R ~M~
As orbits are added it is possible to build dawn‐dusk maps of the distribution of flux ropes observed. Figure [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"} explores how the addition of orbits affects the comparison between the inferred and "true" distributions (i.e., the distribution that would be obtained if the entire tail were monitored by spacecraft). Figures [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}a and [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}b show the results after 100 and 500 randomly distributed orbits, respectively. The top panels show the number of flux ropes observed by the spacecraft, the middle shows the spacecraft cumulative dwell time, while the bottom shows the inferred rate in blue. The red bars in the lower panels represent the distribution that would be inferred if the observations of multiple spacecraft (evenly spaced across the entire magnetotail) were combined, that is, the true distribution. It is possible to compare the recovered and true distributions using a χ ^2^ metric; the values of which are shown above Figures [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}a and [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}b. The lower the value of this measure, the closer the observed rate matches the value that would be recovered with complete magnetotail coverage. A value approaching 1 would suggest good agreement.
{ref-type="table"}. MSM = Mercury Solar Magnetospheric coordinate.](JGRA-123-10109-g002){#jgra54689-fig-0002}
Between 100 and 500 orbits the intrinsic/true distributions (red) do not change significantly: the underlying distribution is fairly settled. However, after 100 orbits have been completed the randomly located spacecraft has not adequately sampled the tail, and so the *χ* ^2^ is high: the observed distribution poorly represents the underlying distribution. In contrast, once 500 orbits have been performed, the system has been much better sampled, and the *χ* ^2^ has dropped by a factor of ∼8.
Figure [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}c shows how the *χ* ^2^ (between the true and inferred distributions) varies as a function of the number of orbital passes. Overall, the *χ* ^2^ can be seen to drop rapidly with the addition of more orbits. Eventually, this effect is saturated and the *χ* ^2^ plateaus after ∼300--350 uniformly distributed orbits. There are some exceptions to this behavior, with small jumps observed, perhaps when a region is temporarily over sampled and the stochastic nature of the modeled reconnection boosts the rate in a region to an unrepresentative value.
Figure [3](#jgra54689-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}a shows the median variation in *χ* ^2^ as a function of orbits (for 1000 sets of orbital passes, or iterations, which has the effect of removing the random fluctuations). It can be seen that the value of the median *χ* ^2^ drops steadily until around ∼250--300 orbits at which point diminishing returns begin to apply and the addition of more orbits does not significantly reduce the *χ* ^2^. Therefore, it could be said that, for the parameters selected, at least 200--300 uniformly distributed orbits should be considered before commenting conclusively on the measured cross‐tail distribution. It should be noted that the assumption of uniformly distributed orbits represents the simplest possible case, while in practice spacecraft trajectories often provide unevenly spread coverage. Figure [3](#jgra54689-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}b shows the median number of flux ropes observed as a function of the number of orbits, allowing the inference that the ∼250 orbit limit equates to a sample size of ∼60 flux ropes.
{ref-type="table"}.](JGRA-123-10109-g003){#jgra54689-fig-0003}
3.2. Varying System Parameters {#jgra54689-sec-0007}
------------------------------
The effects of varying several model parameters will now be explored. For example, one of the key model parameters is the width of the neutral line. Figures [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#jgra54689-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"} were created with a uniform distribution of neutral line widths between 2 and 2.5*R* ~*M*~ (Table [1](#jgra54689-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). Figure [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}a shows how the median *χ* ^2^ varies for a range of neutral line widths (with the probability of reconnection fixed at 0.5). It should be noted that the *χ* ^2^ metric cannot be evaluated if the true value for a bin is zero; therefore, the averages in Figures [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}a and [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}c only begin at the point at which every cross‐tail bin (in every iteration) had observed at least a single flux rope. For narrow neutral lines (e.g., those 10% of the model magnetotail: 0.4*R* ~*M*~, in red) the *χ* ^2^ is both higher and drops slower than for the wider neutral lines. This is likely a result of the fact that smaller reconnection products will be observed less often by the spacecraft, and thus, the observed distribution is always less representative of the full distribution. This can be seen in Figure [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}b, where the number of flux ropes observed for those spanning 10% of the tail only reaches ∼20 after 500 orbits. This is approximately the number that may be expected by simply taking the number of orbits and then multiplying through by the probability of reconnection and the fractional extent of the neutral lines (*N* ∼ 500 × 0.5 × 0.1 = 25). It should be noted that the effective sampling can be improved by increasing the width of the bins considered (i.e., the bin width could be said to be inappropriately narrow in Figure [2](#jgra54689-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}a).
{ref-type="table"}.](JGRA-123-10109-g004){#jgra54689-fig-0004}
Another interesting parameter to test is the probability of reconnection occurring during an orbital pass. Figure [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}c shows how the median *χ* ^2^ varies for four selected probabilities (with the width fixed at 50% of the model tail width: 2*R* ~*M*~). For a low probability (0.2, in red) the measured *χ* ^2^ is relatively high, once more linked to the low number of flux rope encounters (Figure [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}d). In contrast, if the probability is high (e.g., 0.8, in yellow) then very few orbits are needed to adequately describe the tail, potentially as few as ∼150 orbits.
More generally, this technique allows the quantification of the common sense results: if the dynamic structures of interest are more azimuthally confined or less likely to be produced, then more orbits are required to constrain their distribution. Another interesting result that may be inferred from Figure [4](#jgra54689-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"} is that the *χ* ^2^ distributions do not correspond or scale linearly with the number of flux ropes observed; that is, there is not a predetermined number of flux ropes that is required to accurately assess the distribution (independent of the physical parameters of the structures). Additionally, orbits during which no dynamic product or evidence of reconnection is observed need to be accounted for when the spatial distributions are considered.
3.3. Orbit Selection {#jgra54689-sec-0008}
--------------------
Sections [3.1](#jgra54689-sec-0006){ref-type="sec"} and [3.2](#jgra54689-sec-0007){ref-type="sec"} drew the spacecraft locations from uniform distributions (Table [1](#jgra54689-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). However, uniform spacecraft coverage is often not possible for large surveys; therefore, the effects of uneven coverage will now be explored. In their recent survey of the Hermean tail Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) used a catalog of 319 plasma sheet crossings (identified by ; Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}).
The effects of uneven spacecraft coverage will depend on the relative locations of both the spacecraft and the structures of interest. Therefore, for this investigation the uniform flux rope distributions are exchanged for normal distributions with a center and width defined by *Y* ~0~ and *σ* *Y* ~0~. The reconnection probability is set to 0.5, while the neutral line width remains between 2 and 2.5*R* ~*M*~ (as above). Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"} compares the effectiveness of the orbit selection used by Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}; Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}a) with the same number of orbits (319) uniformly distributed over the magnetotail (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}b). The quality with which the true distribution is recovered is quantified with a *χ* ^2^ metric (as above); this has been repeated 10,000 times for randomly selected combinations of *Y* ~0~ and *σ* *Y* ~0~. The results of the 10,000 iterations have then been averaged, and the mean per bin is presented in Figures [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}a and [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}b. The lower panels show the spatial sampling used by the Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) survey (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}c) and the mean of the uniformly distributed orbits (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}d).
{ref-type="ref"}; a) and for randomly (and uniformly) distributed orbits (b). (bottom row) The cumulative dwell time within each spatial bin across the magnetotail for the orbits selected by (Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}; c) and the mean dwell time per spatial bin for the uniformly distributed orbits (d). The red vertical dashed lines present in the lower panels represent the total width of the region plotted in the upper panels.](JGRA-123-10109-g005){#jgra54689-fig-0005}
The 319 uniformly distributed orbits can be seen to well capture the underlying distribution (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}b), with low (≤2) values of the *χ* ^2^ obtained for both narrow (low *σ* *Y* ~0~) and wide distributions (high *σ* *Y* ~0~) when the centers are located anywhere across the center of the magnetotail (−1*R* ~*M*~≤*Y* ~0~≤1*R* ~*M*~). In contrast, the orbits used by Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) can be seen to give poorer comparisons for most of the simulated distributions (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}a). The reduced spacecraft coverage beyond *Y* ~MSM~=±1*R* ~*M*~ (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}c) in particular results in more poorly recovered distributions at larger values of *σ* *Y* ~0~ and toward *Y* ~0~∼1*R* ~*M*~.
However, even if the inferred distributions may not well represent the underlying distributions, it does not necessary follow that it is impossible to uniquely identify the intrinsic distribution. It is possible that use of the Monte Carlo method would still result in the inference of the correct underlying distribution. In the future, this technique could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a given spacecrafts orbital coverage for observing statistical distributions of various transient features.
4. Spatial Distributions at Mercury {#jgra54689-sec-0009}
===================================
The model can be used to compare a given set of observations with various intrinsic distributions (each generated by unique set of system parameters). For this study the results of Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) will be used for comparison. In order to make the comparisons valid either the model or the results of the survey require adjustment; for example, clusters of up to eight flux ropes were observed during a single plasma sheet crossing (a feature not present in the model). A mechanism could be added to the model to allow the generation of multiple flux ropes, however to keep the number of free parameters low (and minimize possible degeneracies) the results of Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) have instead been reprocessed. This has been performed such that multiple detections within the same plasma sheet crossing are only counted as a single detection. For intervals when the orientation of flux ropes changed during a crossing, then the orientation is taken as that which dominated the interval.
First, the dawn‐dusk distribution of flux ropes will be considered. This will allow some of the physical parameters of the Mercury system to be estimated, for example, probability of reconnection and neutral line width. Once these parameters have been estimated, the model may be setup to provide an overall rate of flux rope detections that is consistent with observations. This will then allow the location of the NMNL to be explored by further investigation of the relative rates of planetward and tailward moving structures.
4.1. Dawn‐Dusk Distribution {#jgra54689-sec-0010}
---------------------------
First, the uniformly distributed spacecraft locations are replaced with those orbits performed by MESSENGER during the original survey (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). Second, the uniform distributions from which the neutral line locations were drawn (in sections [3.1](#jgra54689-sec-0006){ref-type="sec"} and [3.2](#jgra54689-sec-0007){ref-type="sec"}) are exchanged for normal distributions. This allows parametrization in terms of a distribution center (*Y* ~0~) and a distribution width (*σ* *Y* ~0~), as in section [3.3](#jgra54689-sec-0008){ref-type="sec"}. The final variables employed are the probability of reconnection during an orbital pass (*P*) and the width of the neutral lines (*W* ~NL~). The model can then be run, for the MESSENGER orbits, for millions of iterations with random combinations of the four parameters (*Y* ~0~, *σ* *Y* ~0~, *P*, and *W* ~NL~). Each iteration (consisting of the 319 orbits performed by MESSENGER) can be compared to the observed cross‐tail distribution from the survey (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}), and a *χ* ^2^ metric derived for each combination of parameters. Three million parameter combinations were simulated, and the resulting parameter space smoothed with a histogram binning method. The number of simulations was observed to adequately sample the possible parameter space, while the smoothing removed stochastic variability between similar runs, allowing the underlying trends to be examined.
The resulting four‐dimensional parameter space was then sampled using an affine‐invariant Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) ensemble sampler (Foreman‐Mackey et al., [2012](#jgra54689-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}), in order to estimate the Bayesian posterior probability density functions (PPDFs): the probability distribution of the variables given the evidence presented by the sampling. Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"} shows the results of the MCMC sampling. The six panels in the lower left (b, d, e, and g--i) represent the one, two, and three sigma contours projected onto all possible combinations of two parameters. The panels along the uppermost diagonal (a, c, f, and j) represent the PPDF functions marginalized for each of the four parameters considered. The blue dots/lines represent the medians of the marginalized PPDFs. It should be noted that the medians may not be colocated with visible peaks if the full distributions are not present within the simulation limits; therefore, it is perhaps more constructive to draw conclusions from the peaks and shapes of the marginalized distributions (if they extend beyond the simulated parameter space).
{#jgra54689-fig-0006}
First, the distribution in Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}a shows that the results of the survey are most consistent with neutral line distribution marginally offset dawnward of midnight ( $Y_{0} = - 0.37_{- 1.02}^{+ 1.21}\; R_{M}$), though the midnight meridian is within 1*σ*. The results are also most consistent with a relatively broad neutral line distribution (Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}c), indicating a substantial amount of variability between orbital passes. The sampling provided by the selected MESSENGER orbits (Figure [5](#jgra54689-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}c) has been shown to poorly recover broad distributions: this likely results in the lack of an "edge" to the distributions on the broad side (with large *σ* *Y* ~0~).
Second, the median width of the neutral line is found to be $2.16_{- 0.98}^{+ 0.96}\; R_{M}$, just over half the width of the model magnetotail (Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}f). However, this should be regarded as an upper limit as there is no consideration of the magnetopause boundary, and so the effective width of the neutral line could be up to a factor of 2 smaller (depending on the location of the neutral line center). It is also clear from the shape of the *W* ~NL~ distribution in Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}f that larger neutral lines (i.e., to the right of the peak of the distribution) are more consistent with the survey results, rather than those $\lesssim 1.6\; R_{M}$. Finally, from the marginalized distributions, the median probability of a neutral line forming during a plasma sheet crossing is found to be $0.52_{- 0.19}^{+ 0.22}$. This result is intuitive: Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}) found that during 39% of crossings flux ropes were observed. Accounting for occasions where the spacecraft was not colocated with the neutral line will result in a fraction greater than 39%.
Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"} also shows the covariances between the parameters. For example, from Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}d, if the width of the neutral line is larger, then the distribution center (*Y* ~0~) is required to be offset further toward dawn. This is shown by the diagonal slope formed by the probability contours, from upper left to middle bottom. This is necessary to explain the relative lack of observations duskward of ∼1*R* ~*M*~ (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). If the neutral lines are wider, then a more central distribution would result in the observation of significant numbers of flux ropes close to dusk. The same relationship can be seen in the *σ* *Y* ~0~ versus *Y* ~0~ panel (Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}b), where the contours slope from upper left to lower middle. Physically, this can be interpreted as a broader distribution requiring that the center be offset further toward dawn. Finally, a classically expected degeneracy is quantified by the panel showing the projection onto width (*W* ~NL~) versus probability (*P*) space (Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}i): If there is a greater probability of reconnection occurring, then the neutral lines are required to be narrower and vice versa.
4.2. Downtail Neutral Line Location {#jgra54689-sec-0011}
-----------------------------------
The previous section allowed the basic parameters of the model to be estimated, that is, those which provide a rate of flux rope observations that best match the survey results. The downtail location of the neutral line can now be investigated by using the derived parameters and comparing the relative rates of the tailward and planetward moving distributions. For this, the neutral line location is parameterized in terms of a distribution center (*X* ~0~) and a width (*σ* *X* ~0~; which physically corresponds to variation between individual orbits).
Over a million simulations were performed with random selected combinations of *X* ~0~ and *σ* *X* ~0~, sufficiently sampling the parameter space. The planetward and tailward distributions were each compared to the respective results from the survey of Smith et al. ([2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}), and two *χ* ^2^ metrics evaluated (for the planetward and tailward distributions separately). As with section [4.1](#jgra54689-sec-0010){ref-type="sec"}, the results were smoothed using a histogram and the parameter space sampled using an affine‐invariant MCMC sampler (Foreman‐Mackey et al., [2012](#jgra54689-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}). The results are displayed in Figures [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}a and [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}b for the tailward and planetward moving distributions, respectively. The formats are the same as for Figure [6](#jgra54689-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}.
{ref-type="fig"}.](JGRA-123-10109-g007){#jgra54689-fig-0007}
The results for the tailward distribution (Figure [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}a) give a median neutral line location of $X_{0} = - 2.92_{- 1.28}^{+ 1.04}$ and favor a relatively broad distribution (in *σ* *X* ~0~). This result is consistent with a previous statistical study: Poh et al. ([2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}) inferred the location to be on average at ∼−3*R* ~*M*~ (using an independent method).
However, the results for the comparison of the planetward moving distribution (Figure [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}b) are not consistent with that found for the tailward population, with a median neutral line location of $- 1.70_{- 0.85}^{+ 0.49}$ appearing most consistent. The X‐line location inferred from the tailward moving population (*X* ~0~∼−3*R* ~*M*~) would result in too high a rate of planetward moving flux ropes, much greater than is observed. Therefore, the X‐line is inferred to be closer to the planet. It is also clear that simply increasing the variability in the location of the X‐line (i.e., increasing *σ* *X* ~0~, moving up in Figure [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}b) is insufficient to account for this effect. In other words, the contours in Figure [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}b do not allow the X‐line to move deeper into the tail (left) if the variability in location is greater (*σ* *X* ~0~ increases). The lack of self‐consistency in the neutral line location suggests that there is some physics of the underlying system not captured by the simple parameterization.
To investigate this, additional parameters are added to the model. The first consideration is that there is perhaps some maximum distance that the flux rope can travel from the X‐line, at which point it becomes unrecognizable as a flux rope, parameterized as a distance *A*. Physically, this could correspond to the flux rope becoming distorted, such that it is not well approximated by the force free model, or perhaps forming a dipolarization front (e.g., Lu et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}). This travel distance is represented by the red arrow and dashed line in Figure [8](#jgra54689-fig-0008){ref-type="fig"}. Therefore, in order to observe the flux rope, the spacecraft would have to be located tailward of the red dashed line. The second mechanism added to the model is a distance of closest approach to the planet by the flux rope, parameterized with *X* ~Min~, and some variation in this value (*σ* *X* ~Min~). Physically, this could represent the distance at which the flux rope halts its planetward motion, re‐reconnecting with the planetary field (Slavin et al., [2003](#jgra54689-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}). This region is represented by the blue dashed line (*X* ~Min~) and shaded region (*σ* *X* ~Min~) in Figure [8](#jgra54689-fig-0008){ref-type="fig"}. As with the maximum travel distance (*A*), the spacecraft must be located tailward of the distance of closest approach in order to observe a flux rope.
{ref-type="fig"}. The additions are shown by a maximum travel distance, indicated with the red arrow and vertical dashed line, and a distance of closest approach indicated with a blue shaded region and vertical dashed line.](JGRA-123-10109-g008){#jgra54689-fig-0008}
Figure [9](#jgra54689-fig-0009){ref-type="fig"} shows the results of the model with the addition of these parameters (for the planetward distribution). The addition of the loss terms has reduced the median value of *X* ~0~ such that it is now fully consistent with both the tailward distributions in Figure [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}a and previous studies (e.g., Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}; with a median $X_{0} = - 2.93_{- 1.32}^{+ 1.15}$). This suggests that some form of dissipation planetward of the neutral line is fundamentally important at Mercury within the region surveyed by MESSENGER.
{ref-type="fig"} and [7](#jgra54689-fig-0007){ref-type="fig"}, the uppermost diagonal panels (a, c, f, j, and o) show the marginalized posterior probability distributions for each parameter, while the lower left panels (b, d, e, g, h, i, k, l, m, and n) show the two‐dimensional projections for all parameter combinations.](JGRA-123-10109-g009){#jgra54689-fig-0009}
Once more, the median values quoted above the diagonal panels in Figure [9](#jgra54689-fig-0009){ref-type="fig"} should be regarded with a degree of caution as the full distributions are not within the simulated parameter space. It is also clear that the parameterization of the loss terms is not entirely physical: the marginalized distributions do not show a clear peak for *X* ~Min~, *σ* *X* ~Min~, or *A*. However, the addition of these dissipation mechanisms does allow the X‐line location to be self‐consistent. Additionally, a faint relationship is observed between *X* ~Min~ and *A* (Figure [9](#jgra54689-fig-0009){ref-type="fig"}m): increasing the size of the quasi‐dipolar region (decreasing *X* ~Min~) increases the maximum travel distance (*A*) that is consistent with the observations. Physically this would correspond to a larger "quasi‐dipolar region" negating the requirement for a maximum travel distance, and vice versa.
5. Discussion {#jgra54689-sec-0012}
=============
A Monte Carlo model has been presented which allows the orbital sampling of a single spacecraft to be investigated. The model was tailored to investigate Mercury\'s magnetotail and used to evaluate a recent survey of MESSENGER spacecraft data. The model presented has confirmed that, accounting for the orbital sampling of MESSENGER and the finite width of magnetic flux ropes, the effects of a slight dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the location of the Mercury\'s magnetotail neutral line are present in the observations of a recent flux rope survey (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). The inferred neutral line asymmetry (e.g., Sun et al., [2016](#jgra54689-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}) has previously been linked to asymmetries in the plasma population (Poh et al., [2017b](#jgra54689-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}). Mercury\'s plasma sheet has been found to predominantly consist of H^+^ and Na^+^, with the Na^+^ density determined to peak premidnight (Delcourt, [2013](#jgra54689-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}; Gershman et al., [2014](#jgra54689-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}; Raines et al., [2013](#jgra54689-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}). The presence of such heavy ions (e.g., Na^+^) has been suggested to increase the growth rate of the tearing mode instability (Baker et al., [1982](#jgra54689-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}), thereby causing reconnection. Conversely, it has also been suggested that the presence of the heavier ions will reduce the mean Alfvén speed, reconnection inflow velocity, and therefore the rate of reconnection (Shay & Swisdak, [2004](#jgra54689-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}). The results of this investigation and previous studies (e.g., Baker et al., [2016](#jgra54689-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}; Dewey et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}; Lindsay et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}; Poh et al., [2017b](#jgra54689-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}; Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}; Sun et al., [2016](#jgra54689-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"}) suggest that the latter mechanism may dominate in the Hermean tail.
In order to reproduce the observed planetward and tailward moving distributions, dissipation terms were required planetward of the neutral line. These terms could be physically explained as mechanisms that would re‐reconnect the flux rope with the planetary field (Slavin et al., [2003](#jgra54689-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}) or distort the structure of the flux rope in such as way that it is not recognizable (e.g., forming a dipolarization front; Lu et al., [2015](#jgra54689-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}).
6. Conclusions {#jgra54689-sec-0013}
==============
A Monte Carlo‐based analysis technique has been presented and applied to a single‐spacecraft survey of Mercury\'s magnetotail. First, synthetic, randomly distributed orbits were tested to determine the number of orbits required to obtain a good estimate of the underlying intrinsic distributions of magnetotail flux ropes. The required number of orbits was shown to be heavily dependent upon the properties of the system and the flux ropes themselves, for example, the width of the structures and the probability of their occurrence. The efficacy of two different orbital sampling regimes were compared; uniformly distributed orbits were found to best infer the majority of intrinsic distributions tested.
Second, many iterations with different combinations of model parameters were performed and compared to the results of a recent survey (Smith et al., [2017](#jgra54689-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"}). The survey results were found to be most consistent with an neutral line that is offset dawnward of midnight by $- 0.37_{- 1.02}^{+ 1.21}\; R_{M}$. Azimuthally wider flux ropes (e.g., ≥2*R* ~*M*~) were found to be more consistent with the results, rather than narrower structures. The statistical downtail location of the neutral line was then probed. The distribution of tailward moving flux ropes allowed the recovery of a statistical location consistent with previous studies (e.g., Poh et al., [2017a](#jgra54689-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}). However, the distribution of planetward moving structures returned a result that was both inconsistent with previous work in the literature and with the results obtained from the comparison to the tailward moving distribution. This discrepancy could be resolved with the addition of parameters describing dissipation mechanisms planetward of the reconnection site (e.g., a "maximum travel distance" or "distance of closest approach").
This work allows the effects of orbital sampling from a single spacecraft to be explored, suggesting the required orbital coverage (given properties of the system). It also allows the inference of the global properties of the system that are most consistent with a set of observations. This type of analysis, with specific adaptation, could be useful for both future statistical studies at Mercury and at other planets as well as for mission/trajectory design.
A. W. S. is funded by a SEPnet PhD studentship. C. M. J. is supported by a Science and Technology Facilities Council Ernest Rutherford Fellowship ST/L004399/1. R. C. F. is supported by a Science and Technology Facilities Council Ernest Rutherford Fellowship ST/K004298/2. J. A. S. was supported by NASA\'s Living With a Star Program (NNX16AJ67G). A. W. S. would like to thank J. J. Reed for helpful discussion. The authors acknowledge the use of the IRIDIS High Performance Computing Facility, and associated support services at the University of Southampton, in the completion of this work. Data analysis, modeling, and plotting were conducted in Python. Specifically, the libraries used were NumPy, SciPy, Matplotlib, Pandas, lmfit, and emcee. The model code can be found at <https://github.com/SmithAndy005/FluxRopeMC>.
|
Zonisamide: newer antiepileptic agent with multiple mechanisms of action.
Zonisamide (Zonegran, Eisai, Inc.) is a broad spectrum antiepileptic drug indicated for use as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures. Zonisamide has multiple mechanisms of action, which may explain widespread reports of its utility in focal epilepsy and generalized epilepsy, and for nonseizure disorders such as headache and neuropathic pain. Zonisamide has been available in Japan since 1989 and became available in the USA in 2002. The rights to this drug in North America and Europe were recently acquired by Eisai Co. A review of the chemical properties, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, potential mechanisms of action, efficacy in seizure and nonseizure disorders, and tolerability was therefore thought to be timely. |
package org.bndtools.core.editors;
import java.util.Iterator;
import org.eclipse.core.resources.IMarker;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.source.IAnnotationHover;
import org.eclipse.jface.text.source.ISourceViewer;
import org.eclipse.ui.texteditor.MarkerAnnotation;
public class BndMarkerAnnotationHover implements IAnnotationHover {
@Override
public String getHoverInfo(ISourceViewer sourceViewer, int lineNum) {
@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
Iterator iter = sourceViewer.getAnnotationModel()
.getAnnotationIterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
Object annotation = iter.next();
if (annotation instanceof MarkerAnnotation) {
IMarker marker = ((MarkerAnnotation) annotation).getMarker();
int markerLine = marker.getAttribute(IMarker.LINE_NUMBER, 0);
// Hover line is zero-based and marker line is one-based. FML.
if (markerLine == lineNum + 1) {
return marker.getAttribute(IMarker.MESSAGE, null);
}
}
}
return null;
}
}
|
const fs = require('fs')
const http = require('http')
const crypto = require('crypto')
const connect = require('connect')
const sinon = require('sinon')
const request = require('request')
const supertest = require('supertest')
const expect = require('chai').expect
const rocky = require('..')
const ports = { target: 9890, proxy: 9891, replay: 9892 }
const baseUrl = 'http://127.0.0.1'
const proxyUrl = baseUrl + ':' + ports.proxy
const targetUrl = baseUrl + ':' + ports.target
const replayUrl = baseUrl + ':' + ports.replay
suite('http', function () {
var proxy, replay, server
beforeEach(function () {
proxy = replay = server = null
})
afterEach(function (done) {
if (replay) replay.close()
if (server) server.close()
if (proxy && proxy.server) {
proxy.server.close()
}
setTimeout(done, 20)
})
test('simple forward', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
server = createTestServer(assert)
proxy.get('/test')
http.get(proxyUrl + '/test', noop)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
done()
}
})
test('forward and replay', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTestServer(assert)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
}
})
test('forward and replay to multiple backends', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTestServer(assert)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(noop)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
}
var asserts = 0
function assertReplay (req, res) {
asserts++
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
if (asserts > 2) done()
}
})
test('forward and replay with payload', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.bufferBody()
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.post('/test')
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTestServer(assert)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/test')
.send({ hello: 'world' })
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(noop)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('{"hello":"world"}')
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('{"hello":"world"}')
done()
}
})
test('forward and replay large payload', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.post('/test')
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTestServer(assert)
var replays = 0
var body = fs.readFileSync('test/fixtures/data.json').toString()
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/test')
.type('text/plain')
.send(body)
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(noop)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
replays += 1
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
if (replays === 2) done()
}
})
test('forward and replay large payload as stream', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.post('/test')
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTestServer(assert)
var body = fs.readFileSync('test/fixtures/data.json').toString()
fs.createReadStream('test/fixtures/data.json')
.pipe(request.post(proxyUrl + '/test'))
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
}
var replays = 0
function assertReplay (req, res) {
replays += 1
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
if (replays > 1) done()
}
})
// Temporary disabled due to stream incompatibilities with latest node versions
test.skip('proxy forward with retry', function (done) {
var v = process.version.slice(1)
if (+v.charAt(0) === 5 && +v.charAt(2) >= 6) return done()
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
.forward('http://foobar')
.options({ timeout: 100 })
.retry({
retries: 3,
factor: 1,
minTimeout: 150,
maxTimeout: 500,
randomize: true
})
.on('proxy:retry', spy)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(502)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.end(assert)
function assert (err, res) {
expect(err).to.be.null
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(502)
expect(spy.args.length).to.be.equal(3)
done()
}
})
// Temporary disabled due to stream incompatibilities with latest node versions
test.skip('proxy replay with retry', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
server = createTestServer()
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay('http://127.0.0.1:9999')
.retry({
retries: 3,
factor: 2,
minTimeout: 100,
maxTimeout: 30 * 1000,
randomize: true
})
.on('replay:retry', assert)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.all('/test')
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/test')
.send({ hello: 'world' })
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.end(noop)
var calls = 0
function assert (err, res) {
spy(err, res); calls += 1
if (calls < 3) return
expect(err.code).to.be.equal('ECONNREFUSED')
expect(spy.args.length).to.be.equal(3)
done()
}
})
test('global middleware', function (done) {
proxy = rocky().forward(targetUrl)
server = createTestServer(assert)
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy.use(function (req, res, next) {
spy(req, res)
next()
})
var routespy = sinon.spy()
proxy.get('/test')
.use(function (req, res, next) {
routespy(req, res)
next()
})
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(routespy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.options).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.proxy).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.route).to.be.an('object')
}
})
test('forward middleware', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky().forward(targetUrl)
server = createTestServer(assert)
proxy.useForward(middlewareFn)
proxy.get('/test')
.useForward(middlewareFn)
function middlewareFn (req, res, next) {
spy(req, res)
next()
}
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(spy.calledTwice).to.be.true
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.options).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.proxy).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.route).to.be.an('object')
}
})
test('replay middleware', function (done) {
proxy = rocky().forward(targetUrl)
server = createTestServer()
replay = createReplayServer(assert)
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy.replay(replayUrl)
proxy.useReplay(middlewareFn)
proxy.get('/test')
.useReplay(middlewareFn)
function middlewareFn (req, res, next) {
spy(req, res)
next()
}
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(spy.calledTwice).to.be.true
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.options).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.proxy).to.be.an('object')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.route).to.be.an('object')
}
})
test('param middleware', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky().forward(targetUrl)
server = createTestServer(assert)
proxy.useParam('id', middlewareFn)
proxy.get('/:id')
function middlewareFn (req, res, next) {
spy(req, res)
next()
}
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/1')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/1')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
}
})
test('response middleware', function (done) {
proxy = rocky().forward(targetUrl)
server = createTestServer()
proxy.get('/test')
.useResponse(middlewareFn)
function middlewareFn (req, res, next) {
res.setHeader('x-custom', '1.0')
res.removeHeader('content-type')
assert(req, res)
next()
}
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('{"hello":"world"}')
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.getHeader('x-custom')).to.be.equal('1.0')
expect(res.getHeader('content-type')).to.not.exist
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(res.body.toString()).to.be.equal('{"hello":"world"}')
}
})
test('overwrite forward options via middleware', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky().forward('http://invalid')
server = createTestServer(assert)
proxy.get('/test')
.use(middlewareFn)
function middlewareFn (req, res, next) {
spy(req, res)
req.rocky.options.target = targetUrl
next()
}
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
}
})
test('overwrite replay options via middleware', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay('http://invalid')
.on('replay:start', spy)
.on('replay:error', spy)
server = createTestServer()
replay = createReplayServer(assert)
proxy.get('/test')
.useReplay(middlewareFn)
function middlewareFn (req, res, next) {
spy(req, res)
req.rocky.options.target = replayUrl
next()
}
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(function (err) {
setTimeout(function () {
expect(spy.calledThrice).to.be.true
done(err)
}, 10)
})
function assert (req, res) {
spy(req, res)
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(spy.args[0][0].url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(spy.args[0][0].rocky.options.target).to.be.deep.equal(replayUrl)
}
})
test('forward events', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
server = createTestServer(assert)
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.on('proxyRes', spy)
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('replay:start', spy)
.on('replay:error', spy)
.on('route:error', spy)
.on('error', spy)
proxy.get('/test')
.on('proxyRes', spy)
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('replay:start', spy)
.on('replay:error', spy)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(end)
function end (err) {
expect(err).to.be.null
expect(spy.args.length).to.be.equal(6)
done()
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
}
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
}
})
test('body buffer forwaring original body', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl, { forwardOriginalBody: true })
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy
.post('/payload')
.bufferBody()
.transformRequestBody(function (req, res, next) {
var body = JSON.parse(req.body.toString())
var newBody = JSON.stringify({ salutation: 'hello ' + body.hello })
next(null, newBody)
})
server = createTestServer(assert)
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/payload')
.send({ hello: 'world' })
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ salutation: 'hello world' })
.end(noop)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/payload')
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('{"hello":"world"}')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
}
var calls = 0
function assertReplay (req, res) {
calls++
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/payload')
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('{"salutation":"hello world"}')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
if (calls === 2) done()
}
})
test('intercept and transform response payload', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy
.post('/payload')
.transformResponseBody(function (req, res, next) {
var body = JSON.parse(res.body.toString())
var newBody = JSON.stringify({ salutation: 'hello ' + body.hello })
next(null, newBody)
})
replay = createReplayServer(assert)
server = createTestServer(assert)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/payload')
.type('application/json')
.send('{"hello": "world"}')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ salutation: 'hello world' })
.end(function (err) {
if (err) done(err)
})
var calls = 0
function assert (req, res) {
calls++
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/payload')
expect(res.statusCode).to.match(/200|204/)
if (calls > 2) done()
}
})
test('intercept and transform request payload', function (done) {
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay({ target: replayUrl, replayOriginalBody: true })
.replay({ target: replayUrl, replayOriginalBody: true })
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy
.post('/payload')
.transformRequestBody(function (req, res, next) {
var body = JSON.parse(req.body.toString())
var newBody = JSON.stringify({ salutation: 'hello ' + body.hello })
next(null, newBody)
})
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTestServer(assert)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/payload')
.type('application/json')
.send('{"hello":"world"}')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({'hello': 'world'})
.end(end)
function end (err) {
setTimeout(function () { done(err) }, 50)
}
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/payload')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('{"salutation":"hello world"}')
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/payload')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('{"hello":"world"}')
}
})
test('route', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
server = createTestServer(assert)
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
proxy.get('/test')
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.options({ hostRewrite: true })
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('replay:start', spy)
.on('error', spy)
.use(function (req, res, next) {
req.headers['X-Test'] = 'rocky'
next()
})
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(end)
function end () {
expect(spy.calledTwice).to.be.true
done()
}
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
expect(req.headers['x-test']).to.be.equal('rocky')
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
expect(req.headers['x-test']).to.be.equal('rocky')
}
})
test('missing target', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
proxy.get('/test')
.on('error', spy)
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('route:error', spy)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(502)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.end(assert)
function assert (err, res) {
var errorMsg = /missing target URL/i
expect(err).to.be.null
expect(spy.calledTwice).to.be.true
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(502)
expect(spy.args[0][0].message).to.match(errorMsg)
expect(spy.args[0][1].url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.body.message).to.match(errorMsg)
done()
}
})
test('missing route', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
proxy
.on('route:missing', spy)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(end)
function end (err, res) {
expect(err).to.not.be.null
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(502)
expect(res.body.message).to.match(/^Route not configured/i)
done()
}
})
test('replay after forward', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
server = createTestServer(spy, 100)
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
proxy.options({ replayAfterForward: true })
proxy.get('/test')
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
var start = Date.now()
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(function (err) {
if (err) done(err)
})
function assertReplay () {
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect((Date.now() - start) >= 100).to.be.true
done()
}
})
test.skip('replay after forward with large payload', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
server = createTestServer(assertForward, 100)
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay, 10)
proxy.post('/test')
.replayAfterForward()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
var start = Date.now()
var body = longString(10 * 1024)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/test')
.send(body)
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(function (err, res) {
if (err) done(err)
})
function assertForward (req, res) {
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
spy()
done()
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
expect((Date.now() - start) >= 100).to.be.true
done()
}
})
test('sequential replay', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
var spyReplay = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
server = createTestServer(spy, 100)
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay, 100)
proxy.post('/test')
.replayAfterForward()
.replaySequentially()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
var start = Date.now()
var startReplay = Date.now()
var body = longString(1024 * 1024)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.post('/test')
.send(body)
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(function (err) {
if (err) done(err)
})
function assertReplay (req, res) {
spyReplay(req, res)
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(req.body).to.be.equal(body)
expect((Date.now() - start) >= 100).to.be.true
if (spyReplay.calledThrice) {
expect((Date.now() - startReplay) >= 175).to.be.true
done()
}
}
})
test('do not replay if forward fails', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
replay = createReplayServer(spy)
proxy.options({ replayAfterForward: true })
proxy
.get('/test')
.forward('http://invalid')
.replay(replayUrl)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(502)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.end(function (err) {
setTimeout(function () {
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.false
done(err)
}, 50)
})
})
test('unavailable forward server', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
proxy = rocky()
proxy.get('/test')
.forward('http://invalid.server')
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('proxy:error', spy)
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(502)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect(/ENOTFOUND/)
.end(end)
function end (err, res) {
expect(err).to.be.null
expect(spy.calledTwice).to.be.true
expect(spy.args[1][0].message).to.match(/ENOTFOUND/)
done()
}
})
test('replay without forwarding', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
proxy = rocky()
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('route:error', spy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(502)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect(/Cannot forward/i)
.end(end)
function end (err, res) {
expect(err).to.be.null
expect(spy.calledTwice).to.be.true
expect(spy.args[0][0].message).to.match(/Target URL/i)
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
done()
}
})
test('streaming data', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
var endSpy = sinon.spy()
var assert = assertData()
var assertReplay = assertData()
server = createStreamingServer(ports.target, assert, assertEnd)
replay = createStreamingServer(ports.replay, assertReplay, assertEndReplay)
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.all('/*')
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('replay:start', spy)
var opts = { method: 'POST', host: '127.0.0.1', port: ports.proxy }
var req = http.request(opts, function (res) {
res.setEncoding('utf8')
res.on('data', assertData())
res.on('end', end)
})
req.on('error', done)
// Write body asynchronously
setTimeout(function () {
req.write('foo')
}, 100)
setTimeout(function () {
req.write('bar')
}, 200)
setTimeout(function () {
req.write('far')
}, 300)
setTimeout(function () {
req.end()
}, 400)
function assertData () {
var count = 0
spy()
return function (data) {
var e = expect(data)
switch (count) {
case 0: e.to.be.equal('foo')
break
case 1: e.to.be.equal('foobar')
break
case 2: e.to.be.equal('foobarfar')
break
}
count += 1
}
}
function end () {
endSpy()
if (endSpy.args.length === 3) return done()
}
function assertEnd (req, res) {
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('foobarfar')
end()
}
function assertEndReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.body).to.be.equal('foobarfar')
end()
}
function createStreamingServer (port, onData, onEnd) {
var server = http.createServer(function (req, res) {
process.nextTick(handler)
function handler () {
req.setEncoding('utf8')
res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/plain' })
var body = ''
req.on('data', function (data) {
body += data
onData(body, req, res)
setTimeout(function () {
res.write(body)
}, 10)
})
req.on('end', function () {
req.body = body
end()
})
}
function end () {
onEnd(req, res)
res.end()
}
})
server.listen(port)
return server
}
})
test('next route', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
replay = createTestServer(assert)
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
.use(function (req, res, next) {
next('route')
})
proxy.get('/*')
.on('proxyReq', spy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.end(end)
function end (err, res) {
expect(err).to.be.null
}
function assert (req, res) {
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
done()
}
})
test('unregister route', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
replay = createTestServer(assert)
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
.use(function (req, res, next) {
throw new Error('Noo!')
})
.unregister()
proxy.get('/*')
.on('proxyReq', spy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.end(end)
function end (err, res) {
expect(err).to.be.null
}
function assert (req, res) {
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
done()
}
})
test('timeout', function (done) {
var spy = sinon.spy()
var serverSpy = sinon.spy()
replay = createReplayServer(assertReplay)
server = createTimeoutServer()
proxy = rocky()
.forward(targetUrl)
.replay(replayUrl)
.listen(ports.proxy)
proxy.get('/test')
.options({ timeout: 50 })
.on('proxyReq', spy)
.on('proxy:error', spy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.end(end)
function end (err, res) {
expect(err).to.not.be.null
expect(spy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(serverSpy.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(err.code).to.be.equal('ECONNRESET')
done()
}
function assertReplay (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(204)
serverSpy()
}
})
test('balancer', function (done) {
var spy1 = sinon.spy()
var spy2 = sinon.spy()
var spy3 = sinon.spy()
createServer(9893, 200, spy1)
createServer(9894, 201, spy2)
createServer(9895, 202, spy3)
proxy = rocky()
proxy
.get('/test')
.balance([
'http://localhost:9893',
'http://localhost:9894',
'http://localhost:9895'
])
proxy.listen(ports.proxy)
var count = 0
request()
function request () {
count += 1
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200 + count)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(count === 3 ? assert : request)
}
function assert () {
expect(spy1.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(spy2.calledOnce).to.be.true
expect(spy3.calledOnce).to.be.true
done()
}
})
test('connect middleware', function (done) {
proxy = rocky().forward(targetUrl)
server = createTestServer(assert)
proxy.get('/test')
connect()
.use(proxy.middleware())
.listen(ports.proxy)
supertest(proxyUrl)
.get('/test')
.expect(200)
.expect('Content-Type', 'application/json')
.expect({ 'hello': 'world' })
.end(done)
function assert (req, res) {
expect(req.url).to.be.equal('/test')
expect(res.statusCode).to.be.equal(200)
}
})
})
function createTestServer (assert, timeout) {
return createServer(ports.target, 200, assert, timeout)
}
function createReplayServer (assert, timeout) {
return createServer(ports.replay, 204, assert, timeout)
}
function createTimeoutServer (assert) {
return createServer(ports.target, 503, assert, 30 * 1000)
}
function createServer (port, code, assert, timeout) {
var server = http.createServer(function (req, res) {
setTimeout(handler, +timeout || 1)
function handler () {
res.writeHead(code, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
res.write(JSON.stringify({ 'hello': 'world' }))
var body = ''
req.on('data', function (data) {
body += data
})
req.on('end', function () {
req.body = body
end()
})
}
function end () {
if (assert) assert(req, res)
res.end()
}
})
server.listen(port)
return server
}
function longString (x) {
return JSON.stringify(crypto.randomBytes(+x || 1024 * 1024))
}
function noop () {}
|
Q:
Swift: How to use two func textfield at same time
I'm using Xcode 8 and Swift 3.
I have a project with 3 textfields, 1 button to clear and label to display result.
Inside my class ViewController I have:
class ViewController: UIViewController,UITextFieldDelegate {
@IBOutlet weak var input1: UITextField!
@IBOutlet weak var input2: UITextField!
@IBOutlet weak var input3: UITextField!
@IBOutlet weak var lblResult: UILabel!
@IBOutlet weak var clearButton: UIButton!
I want to limit my textfields inputs to max 3 digits but also to a value of 360. I manage to get code for both things and they work if used only one at a time but because they both start with func textfield I can't make them both work together. Do I have to do it in different class?
I know this is a basic question but its part of the learning process.
These are the two codes I want to combine:
func textField(_ textField: UITextField, shouldChangeCharactersIn range: NSRange,
replacementString string: String) -> Bool
{
let maxLength = 3
let currentString: NSString = textField.text! as NSString
let newString: NSString = currentString.replacingCharacters(in: range, with: string) as NSString
return newString.length <= maxLength
}
and:
func textField(_ textField: UITextField,
shouldChangeCharactersIn range: NSRange,
replacementString string: String) -> Bool
{
var startString = ""
if (textField.text != nil)
{
startString += textField.text!
}
startString += string
let limitNumber = Int(startString)
if limitNumber! > 360
{
return false
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
They are both inside the class ViewController.
Thanks for the help!
A:
If I am not mistaken, here is all you need:
func textField(_ textField: UITextField, shouldChangeCharactersIn range: NSRange,
replacementString string: String) -> Bool {
let maxLength = 3
let limitValue = 360
let text = textField.text!
let currentString: NSString = text as NSString
let newString: NSString = currentString.replacingCharacters(in: range, with: string) as NSString
var startString = ""
if !text.isEmpty {
startString += text
}
startString += string
let limitNumber = Int(startString)!
return limitNumber < limitValue && newString.length <= maxLength
}
Update:
Auto focus on a next texfield.
func textField(_ textField: UITextField, shouldChangeCharactersIn range: NSRange,
replacementString string: String) -> Bool {
let maxLength = 3
let limitValue = 360
let text = textField.text!
let currentString: NSString = text as NSString
let newString: NSString = currentString.replacingCharacters(in: range, with: string) as NSString
var startString = ""
if !text.isEmpty {
startString += text
}
startString += string
let limitNumber = Int(startString)!
let newLength: Int = newString.length
if textField == input1 {
if newLength == maxLength {
input2.becomeFirstResponder()
}
}
if textField == input2 {
if newLength == maxLength {
input3.becomeFirstResponder()
}
}
if textField == input3 {
if newLength == maxLength {
self.view.endEditing(true)
}
}
return limitNumber < limitValue && newLength <= maxLength
}
|
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
F I L E D
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT December 28, 2005
Charles R. Fulbruge III
Clerk
No. 05-10547
Summary Calendar
STANLEY M. SCHWARTZ,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
Defendant - Appellee.
--------------------
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
(04-CV-644)
--------------------
Before JOLLY, DAVIS and OWEN, Circuit Judges.
W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:1
Plaintiff Stanley Schwartz appeals the dismissal of his suit
under the Federal Tort Claims Act. Schwartz, a Federal
Administrative Law Judge, sued the United States, the U.S.
Department of Labor and Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission alleging that he suffered intentional infliction of
emotional distress arising out of conditions relating to his
employment. The district court dismissed the case without
prejudice to allow the Secretary of Labor to determine if
1
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the Court has determined
that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent
except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R.
47.5.4.
Schwartz’s claims were covered by the provisions of the Federal
Employees Compensation Act (“FECA”). We affirmed that decision.
The Department of Labor’s Office of Workers’ Compensation
Programs (“OWCP”) determined that Schwartz’s condition, if
compensable, was covered under FECA but that Schwartz failed to
prove his case. Other than requesting reconsideration by the
OWCP, Schwartz did not pursue further post-deprivation remedies
available to him under FECA. Schwartz then refiled his petition
in the district court. In response to the defendant’s Motion to
Dismiss, the district court dismissed Schwartz’s claim. Schwartz
again appeals.
The district court correctly concluded that it lacked
subject matter jurisdiction to review the Secretary of Labor’s
FECA benefits determination. Such review is expressly precluded
by 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b). Benton v. United States, 960 F.2d 19 (5th
Cir. 1992).
A limited exception to FECA preclusion has been recognized
for substantial cognizable constitutional challenges to the
proceedings. The substance of Schwartz’s complaint is that the
OWCP revised its initial decision in his case as a result of
improper contact between the Department of Labor’s Solicitor’s
Office and the OWCP. However, even if Schwartz could establish a
due process violation with regard to his OWCP hearing, that does
not constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the
2
due process clause if a meaningful post-deprivation remedy for
the loss is available. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533
(1984). Schwartz made no allegations to the district court or to
us that FECA’s post-deprivation remedies are constitutionally
inadequate. In addition, the district court properly found that
the post-deprivation remedies available to FECA claimants are
sufficient to assure that claimants receive sufficient due
process, even in situations where there were violations of OWCP
procedures. See Raditch v. United States, 929 F.2d 478 (9th Cir.
1991); Lepre v. Dep’t of Labor, 275 F.3d 59 (D.C. Cir. 2001);
Stuto v. Fleishman, 164 F.3d 820 (2d Cir. 1999).
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s dismissal of
Schwartz’s claims for lack of jurisdiction is AFFIRMED.
3
|
The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to controlling a compute circuit and, more particularly, to controlling post-silicon configurable instruction behavior of a compute circuit.
Currently, core logic development can be completed many months to years in advance of a product launch. For example, currently, some timelines have core logic development complete about three years before the logic is returned in silicon and shipped as a product to a customer making it generally available.
This means that decisions are taken very early for the project on the exact implementation of instructions, even before the software teams designing products to run on the core logic have refined and finalized their requirement for a new instruction. In the past, this has led to adding new instructions in hardware that turned out to not be used by software because they did not fulfil all requirements. Accordingly, a lot of development effort and silicon area is potentially wasted. Also, the new instructions may need to be supported for all next generations of chip, increasing the burden and potential waste. Thus, the elongated development time can make it difficult to react to changes e.g. in open source software, when a new technology emerges and a similar instruction is implemented by another and the software tailored for that new instruction.
Currently, in order to take advantage of the most recent instructions, a new machine would be needed to have a competitive implementation that can handle the new instruction technology. However, a new release of a chip can take years and even if the timelines are accelerated, metal layer changes are expensive and the management of existing versions of the chip are challenging.
Alternatively, software can be coded to work around the existing limitation of the hardware instruction, resulting in slower code and overall lower system efficiency and speed. Further, software rewrites can also be cost intensive and are slow to react to changes in open source software. Further, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation can be used but these devices have limited bandwidth (are “far” from the processor cores) and have a large implementation bill.
Accordingly, there is a desire to provide a system and/or method to handle the special cases in instruction coding that evolve over time by the time a circuit is brought to market. |
Go.dev: a new hub for Go developers - 0xmohit
https://blog.golang.org/go.dev
======
mholt
The part I'm most excited about here is the pkg.go.dev site, which is
basically a module-aware godoc.org server!
For months now, the godocs for Caddy 2 (in beta) have been inaccessible, but
now you can read the godocs for every specific tag of Caddy:
[https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2@v2.0.0-be...](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/caddyserver/caddy/v2@v2.0.0-beta9?tab=doc)
That's really, really a game-changer in my opinion. All the trouble
transitioning to modules is starting to become worth it!
~~~
frou_dh
In the long term, do we think godoc.org is going to go away?
~~~
jqiu25
Eventually, we plan to redirect godoc.org requests to the equivalent
pkg.go.dev URL. We will make sure not to break godoc.org links!
~~~
frou_dh
Cool - This new package browser is definitely "viable", in fact it's very
nice.
------
benesch
This is... strange? It seems go.dev is a enterprisey marketing hub (with
"Solutions" and "Case Studies" and "Testimonials"), while golang.org remains
the pure, text-based, engineer-focused home of the language itself.
I can't think of another language that splits its official web presence across
separate domains like this. Rust (rust-lang.org), Python (python.org), Ruby
(ruby-lang.org) all have sections dedicated to marketing/eduction (usually
"Community" or "Success Stories" tabs), as well as hosting the language
reference, documentation, and downloads.
The result sure is confusing. Why aren't the blog and playground hosted on
go.dev, for example? I can only imagine this is the result of internal
politics at Google; it sure smells like the Go team engineers didn't want the
growing Go marketing division to corrupt golang.org.
~~~
nzach
>This is... strange? It seems go.dev is a enterprisey marketing hub (with
"Solutions" and "Case Studies" and "Testimonials"), while golang.org remains
the pure, text-based, engineer-focused home of the language itself.
Given that go.dev registrar is MarkMonitor and not Google itself I think is
safe to assume this isn't an initiative led by Google.
~~~
benesch
No, it's an official Google project. Here is the official Google announcement
by a Google employee: [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/golang-
announce/OW8b...](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/golang-
announce/OW8bHSryLIc)
------
choward
I don't understand this at all. How is this for developers?. The first
screenshot of the main page is half logos/ads for companies using go. If I'm a
developer using this is meaningless to me.
The first link in the navigation "Solutions" brings you to another page that
is completely filled with pointless logos of companies using go. And then if
you click on one of the 4 "solutions" you get taken to ANOTHER page with
company logos. I DON'T CARE!!! Get that noise out of there.
> Clicking on Explore brings you to pkg.go.dev
What?! I would have never guessed that. Why isn't the link just "Packages"
then? "Explore" means nothing to me as a developer. Naming is one of the
hardest problems in computer science and you already had a good name (it's in
the URL!), why create another meaningless name?
As a developer I can say this web site isn't targeted at me. And to be honest,
I don't know who the target is. Is it for developers who aren't go developers?
Is it for go developers? As a non-go developer, this site doesn't encourage me
to want to use go. And as a go developer I don't want to have to sift through
meaningless marketing speak, testimonials, and company logos. I'm already
using the damn language!
Can't all the company logos and testimonials be moved to a section called
"Case studies" instead of being littered all over adding noise?
All I want to know is who is the target audience for this?
~~~
i_v
> All I want to know is who is the target audience for this?
I imagine these pages are intended for someone who's interested in Go but
wants to know more. I know plenty of people who base their decision entirely
on what companies have had the most success when picking a programming
language to learn. I think these pages satisfy the questions of "Who uses Go?
What do they use it for? What did their success look like afterward?"
The package explorer does add some confusion for me though. The site otherwise
seems entirely geared toward people who are curious about Go.
~~~
choward
> I imagine these pages are intended for someone who's interested in Go but
> wants to know more
But the title literally says "a new hub for Go developers".
------
ngrilly
I appreciate the design and marketing effort, but the split between golang.org
and go.dev, and godoc.org and pkg.go.dev, is confusing. Newcomers may wonder
what is the official website.
------
jsd1982
pkg.go.dev has no apparent way to browse the standard packages that I can see,
just this awfully useless split between popular packages and featured
packages, both of which are never useful to me if I want to discover what's in
the standard library or what's out in external packages that solves certain
problems. Search is an abysmal user experience here. Discoverability should
take priority.
~~~
jqiu25
You can view the list of standard library packages at
[https://pkg.go.dev/std?tab=packages](https://pkg.go.dev/std?tab=packages).
------
cmdshiftf4
On a number of fronts, I appreciate this.
When I was first assessing whether to get into Go, and as a team lead whether
it would be fit for future efforts, some of the questions answered on this
site were some of the first I queried to see if the investment was worth it
i.e.
Why would I use this? Who is using this? What are they using it for? If I
introduce this to my teams as a potential member of our stack, am I
introducing something that will be niche and hard for others to pick up and
maintain, or will this have multiple applications and thus foster greater
adoption?
I obviously could find the answers elsewhere and have since chosen Go for a
lot of cases, but a clean one-stop-shop like this for others to look to, or be
pointed to, when they first hear of the language is valuable (from my
experience, and in my opinion).
------
aqatl
Is it just me or it really resembles the rust-lang.org?
~~~
geodel
Seems just you. I find color scheme and layout quite different.
------
jypepin
Did they change their logo recently? Never noticed it before - it's pretty
terrible imo; looks like something out of the 80s and doesn't inspire me to
use Go at all...
~~~
guessmyname
April 26th, 2018 — the new logo was released publicly 566 days ago [1].
People didn’t like it much [2]; it gathered mixed comments in the Gophers
Slack group.
[1] [https://blog.golang.org/go-brand](https://blog.golang.org/go-brand)
[2] [https://www.reddit.com/r/golang/comments/8f5n19/go-
brand/](https://www.reddit.com/r/golang/comments/8f5n19/go-brand/)
|
---
abstract: |
We present observations of the 36- (4$_{-1}$ $\rightarrow$ 3$_0$E) and 84-GHz (5$_{-1}$ $\rightarrow$ 4$_0$E) class I methanol maser transitions towards a sample of 94 known class I sites. These observations resulted in 93 and 92 detections in the 84- and 36-GHz transitions. While the majority of the 36-GHz sources have been previously reported, many of the sites are observed in the 84-GHz transition for the first time. The near-simultaneous observations of the two transitions revealed strikingly similar spectral profiles and a mean and median 36- to 84-GHz integrated flux density ratio of 2.6 and 1.4.
Alongside the 36- and 84-GHz observations, we included rare class II methanol masers at 37.7-, 38.3-, 38.5-, 86.6- and 86.9-GHz, a number of recombination lines, and thermal molecular transitions. We detect one new site of 86.6- and 86.9-GHz methanol masers, as well as six maser candidates in one or more of 37.7-, 38.3-, 38.5-, 86.6- and 86.9-GHz methanol maser transitions.
We detect a relatively higher rate of HC$_3$N compared to that reported by MALT90 (once the respective detection limits were taken into account) who targeted dense dust clumps, suggesting that the class I methanol maser targets incorporate a relatively higher number of warm protostellar sources. We further find that there are similar relationships between the integrated flux density of both class I transitions with the integrated intensity of HC$_3$N, HNC, HCO$^+$, HNC, SiO and H$^{13}$CO$^+$. We suggest that this indicates that the integrated flux density of the 36- and 84-GHz transitions are closely linked to the available gas volume.
author:
- |
S. L. Breen,$^{1}$[^1] Y. Contreras,$^{2}$ J. R. Dawson,$^{3}$ S. P. Ellingsen,$^{4}$ M. A. Voronkov,$^{5}$ T. P. McCarthy$^{4,5}$\
\
$^1$ Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;\
$^2$ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;\
$^3$ Department of Physics and Astronomy and MQ Research Centre in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Astrophotonics, Macquarie University,\
NSW 2109;\
$^4$ School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 37, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;\
$^5$ CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
title: '84-GHz methanol masers, their relationship to 36-GHz methanol masers and their molecular environments'
---
masers – stars: formation – ISM: molecules – radio lines: ISM
Introduction
============
Methanol masers are important tracers of star formation, in part due to the complexity of the methanol molecule that results in numerous maser transitions, each prevalent within a slightly different range of physical conditions [e.g @Cragg05; @McEwen14; @Leurini16]. The many transitions of methanol masers are empirically divided into two classes of sources [e.g. @Batrla87; @Menten91b]. Class I methanol masers are collisionally excited and tend to occupy the region surrounding an outflow or an expanding [H[ii]{} ]{}region [e.g. @Voronkov14], while class II methanol masers are radiatively pumped and so are generally much more closely associated with the young star formation region [e.g. @CasMMB10]. Whereas some class I methanol masers have been detected towards low-mass stars [e.g @Kalenskii2010], class II methanol masers (at least at 6.7-GHz) are exclusively associated with high-mass star formation regions [e.g. @Minier03; @Xu08; @Breen13].
In recent years, a definitive, unbiased search for class II methanol masers at 6.7-GHz has been made in the Southern hemisphere [@CasMMB10; @GreenMMB10; @CasMMB11; @Green12; @Breen15], detecting 972 maser sites, each of which have been searched for accompanying 12.2-GHz emission, resulting in a detection rate of 45.3 per cent [@BreenMMB12a; @BreenMMB12b; @BreenMMB14; @Breen16]. Other, rarer class II methanol maser observations are becoming more prevalent, and significant samples have now been targeted for the 19.9-, 23.1-, 37.7-, 38.3-, 38.5-, 85.5-, 86.6-, 86.9-, 107.0- and 156.6-GHz transitions [e.g. @Val'tts99; @Ellingsen03; @Ellingsen04; @Cragg04; @Caswell00; @Ellingsen11; @Umemoto07]. These more rare transitions trace less commonly found physical conditions and their presence either indicates a short-lived evolutionary phase in the star formation process, or unusual star formation regions. In some cases the rarer transitions can also be weaker [although high flux density sources also exist; e.g. @Ellingsen18] adding further complexity to their detection. Recently, studies of the transitions at 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz have lead to the suggestion that their short-lived presence may indicate the end of the class II methanol maser phase in high-mass star formation phase [@Ellingsen11; @Ellingsen13] and the first high-resolution observations of these transitions have been recently made [@Ellingsen18]. Other transitions like the 86.6-GHz 7$_{2}$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_{3}$ A$^{-}$ and the 86.9-GHz 7$_{2}$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_{3}$ A$^{+}$ transitions are especially rare, even taking into account the relatively small number of searches that have been conducted. To date, maser emission in these transitions have only been detected towards G345.01+1.79, W3(OH) and W51-IRS1 [@Cragg01; @Sutton01; @Minier02; @Ellingsen03]. Class I methanol masers studies have also generally been limited to targeted observations [e.g. @Kurtz04; @Ellingsen05; @Cyg09; @Chen11; @Voronkov14; @GM16; @RG17], with the exception of a recently completed survey of 5 square degrees of the Southern galaxy in the 44-GHz transition [@Jordan15; @Jordan17], a small region towards the Galactic center in the 36-GHz transition [@YZ13], and a large-scale search for the rare 23.4-GHz transition [only one detection made in a relatively shallow search across a 100$^{\circ}$ $\times$ 1$^{\circ}$ region of the Galactic plane; @Voronkov11]. The most extensively studied lines are those at 36-, 44- and 95-GHz and have resulted in hundreds of detections across the Galaxy [e.g @Jordan17; @Voronkov14; @Chen11]. The 5$_{-1}$ - 4$_0$ E class I methanol maser transition at 84-GHz is particularly poorly characterised, having only been observed in a small number of searches since the transition was first detected towards DR 21(OH), NGC2264 and OMC-2 [@BM88; @Menten91]. The most extensive search for this transition was conducted by @Kalenskii01 who targeted 51 class I methanol masers, detecting narrow maser-like emission towards 14 of their targets and quasi-thermal emission towards a further 34. An additional search by @RG18 targeted 38 sites of 44-GHz methanol maser emission with the Large Millimeter Telescope and resulted in a detection rate of 74 per cent despite a velocity resolution of $\sim$100 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. Further, targeted observations of this transition have included a limited number of sources, revealing detections at the locations of both high- and low-mass star formation regions [e.g. @Salii02; @Kalenskii06]. Maser emission from the 84-GHz transition (5$_{-1}$ - 4$_0$ E) is expected to be similar to the more widely studied 36-GHz (4$_{-1}$ - 3$_0$ E) transition given that they are consecutive transitions in the same transition series. The more commonly observed class I masers at 44- (7$_0$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_1$ A$^+$) and 95-GHz (8$_0$ $\rightarrow$ 7$_1$ A$^+$) are also consecutive transitions in the same (J+1)$_0$ $\rightarrow$ J$_1$ A$^+$ transition series. The 95-GHz transition has a high detection rate towards 44-GHz sources, but is usually about a factor of three weaker [e.g @Val'tts00; @McCarthy18].
Here we present a series of spectral line observations conducted with the Mopra radio telescope towards 94 class I methanol maser targets [@Kurtz04; @Voronkov14]. The primary goal of the observations was to detect new sources of the poorly studied 84-GHz class I methanol maser transition, with quasi-simultaneous observations of the 36-GHz class I methanol maser line also included to obtain meaningful line ratios to inform maser pumping models and to allow comparisons with observations of extragalactic class I sources [e.g. @McCarthy17; @Ellingsen17; @McCarthyIP]. Alongside these main target lines we were able to include a number of other, rare class II methanol maser lines (at 37.7-, 38.3-, 38.5-, 86.6- and 86.9-GHz) as well as a number of recombination lines and thermal lines, tracing dense and shocked gas, and allowing us to make some comparisons between the detected methanol masers and their environments. Given that the Mopra beam is 1.3$\arcmin$ and at 36 GHz and 0.6$\arcmin$ at 84 GHz, on the scale of whole clumps rather than individual star formation regions, we present the results and discussion with this in mind.
Observations and data reduction
===============================
Targets
-------
Our observations targeted the locations of 94 known sites of class I methanol maser emission, comprising the full @Voronkov14 sample of 71 southern 36- and 44-GHz class I methanol masers along with a further 23 sources from the @Kurtz04 sample of 44-GHz class I methanol masers (we excluded 14 sources from their sample as their declinations were north of +20 degrees).
@Voronkov14 targeted their 36- and 44-GHz class I methanol maser observation towards known class I methanol masers south of a declination of $-$35 degrees, combining detections reported by @Slysh94, @Val'tts00 and @Ellingsen05, which themselves targeted the locations of [H[ii]{} ]{}regions, 6.7-GHz methanol maser emission and 22-GHz water maser emission. @Kurtz04 directed their 44-GHz class I methanol maser observations towards a diverse sample of 44 star formation regions, including both very young regions devoid of accompanying UC[H[ii]{} ]{}regions as well as those slightly more evolved sources with developed UC[H[ii]{} ]{}regions. Our sample of 94 targets therefore represents a range of sources, initially detected in a range of selection methods and as such should not be dominated by a particular class of object.
Both @Voronkov14 and @Kurtz04 provide spot maps of each of their sources, revealing the extent of the class I methanol maser emission in each case. We have targeted the centre of the class I maser emission region as reported by @Voronkov14 for 71 of our targets and observed the averaged right ascension and declinations of the maser spot positions reported in @Kurtz04 for the remaining 23. Our full target list, together with appropriate references, is given in Table \[tab:84\_36\].
Observations
------------
We conducted targeted observations at both 7 and 3mm towards the 94 class I methanol maser sites, using the Mopra 22-m radio telescope between 2018 April 30 and 2018 May 6. At both frequencies, the Mopra spectrometer (MOPS) was configured to record two orthogonal linear polarisations across 16 sub-bands, each covering 138 MHz with 4096 channels. During the 7mm observations these sub bands were distributed in the frequency range of 33077 to 40805 MHz and during the 3mm observations between 84468 and 92127 MHz, allowing us to observe up to 16 lines simultaneously at both 7- and 3mm. This configuration resulted in a velocity coverage of $\sim$1100 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}and a native velocity resolution of $\sim$0.34 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}at 36.2-GHz and a velocity coverage of 480 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}and a native velocity resolution of $\sim$0.14 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. The targeted lines are listed in Table \[tab:lines\], and includes the typical 1-$\sigma$ noise limits as well as the final velocity resolution (taking any smoothing into account).
At both frequency set ups, the pointing was corrected by observing a nearby SiO maser approximately once per hour, resulting in pointing uncertainties of less than 10$\arcsec$. Each target was observed in a series of position-switched observations, with reference observations made $-$15$\arcmin$ in declination from each target. At 7mm we observed a reference, source, source, reference pattern once and spent one minute at each position, resulting in a total on source integration time of two minutes. At 3mm we repeated the same observation pattern twice, and spent two minutes at each position, making our total on source integration time eight minutes. At 7mm the system temperature was measured soley by a continuously switched noise diode, but at 3mm we also made a paddle measurements every 15 - 20 mins to achieve a calibrated antenna temperature. We estimate that the flux density/antenna temperature measurements are accurate to 20 per cent (taking into account residual pointing errors, opacity variations and primary calibration errors).
At the frequency of the 36-GHz methanol maser line, the HPBW of Mopra is 1.3$\arcmin$ and at the frequency of the 84-GHz methanol maser line it as 0.6$\arcmin$, which are both large enough to accommodate the majority of expected class I methanol maser distributions [@Voronkov14].
-------------------------------------------- --------------- --------------- ------ ------ ----------- ------------ --
[**(MHz)**]{}
CH$_3$OH 4$_{-1}$ $\rightarrow$ 3$_0$ E 36169.290(14) 0.34 13.6 0.8 @XL97 class I
CH$_3$OH 7$_{-2}$ $\rightarrow$ 8$_{-1}$ E 37703.696(13) 0.32 14 0.8 @XL97 class II
CH$_3$OH 6$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 5$_3$ A$^-$ 38293.292(14) 0.32 14 0.8 @XL97 class II
CH$_3$OH 6$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 5$_3$ A$^+$ 38452.652(14) 0.32 14 0.8 @XL97 class II
CH$_3$OH 5$_{-1}$ $\rightarrow$ 4$_0$ E 84521.169(10) 0.20 16 0.8 @Muller04 class I
CH$_3$OH 7$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_3$ A$^-$ 86615.600(5) 0.20 16 0.8 @Muller04 class II
CH$_3$OH 7$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_3$ A$^+$ 86902.949(5) 0.20 16 0.8 @Muller04 class II
H$^{13}$CN 86339.9214 0.20 – 0.04 @splat07 incomplete
H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$ (1$-$0) 86754.2884 0.20 – 0.04 @splat07
SiO (2$-$0) v=0 86846.96 0.20 – 0.04 @splat07
HCN (1$-$0) 88631.847 0.19 – 0.04 @splat07
CH$_3$OH 15$_3$ $\rightarrow$ 14$_4$ A$^-$ 88940.09 0.19 – 0.04 @splat07
HCO$^+$ (1$-$0) 89188.5247 0.19 – 0.04 @splat07
CH$_3$OH 8$_{-4}$ $\rightarrow$ 9$_{-3}$ E 89505.808 0.19 – 0.04 @splat07
HNC (1$-$0) 90663.568 0.19 – 0.04 @splat07
HC$_3$N (10$-$9) 90979.023 0.19 – 0.04 @splat07
CH$_3$CN 5(1)$-$4(1) 91985.3141 0.19 – 0.05 @splat07
H72$\beta$ 33821.51 0.51 – 0.04 @Lilley68
H57$\alpha$ 34596.39 0.50 – 0.04 @Lilley68
H69$\beta$ 38360.28 0.48 – 0.04 @Lilley68
H55$\alpha$ 38473.36 0.45 – 0.04 @Lilley68
H42$\alpha$ 85688.40 0.20 – 0.06 @Lilley68 incomplete
H41$\alpha$ 92034.45 0.19 – 0.06 @Lilley68
-------------------------------------------- --------------- --------------- ------ ------ ----------- ------------ --
\[tab:lines\]
Data reduction
--------------
The data were processed using the ATNF Spectral Analysis Package (ASAP) using standard techniques for position switched observations. Alignment of the velocity channels was carried out during processing and the adopted rest frequencies are given in Table \[tab:lines\]. For some of the lines, data were Hanning smoothed during the processing and the resultant velocity resolutions are also given in Table \[tab:lines\]. The maser data were converted from antenna temperature to Janskys following @Urquhart10 at 7mm, who give conversion factors of 13.6 and 14 for the 36-GHz methanol transition and the three class II transitions near 38-GHz, respectively. At 3mm the conversion factor was calculated using the main beam efficiency presented by @Ladd05 which implies an antenna temperature to Jansky conversion factor of 16. For each of the maser transitions the conversion factor used is listed in Table \[tab:lines\]. Molecular and recombination lines are presented in units of antenna temperature (T$_A^*$).
Typical 1-$\sigma$ noise limits for each of the lines are given in Table \[tab:lines\] in units of Jy for the masers and antenna temperature for all other lines. In the case where 36- and 84-GHz emission is not detected, source specific 3-$\sigma$ detection limits are given in Table \[tab:84\_36\] and likewise for the thermal molecular and recombination lines listed in Table \[tab:thermal\].
In the case of the molecular and recombination lines, we fitted Gaussian profiles to the emission. In the simple cases for lines without hyperfine structure, a single Gaussian component was used to determine the peak antenna temperature, peak velocity, line width and integrated intensity. For HCN we simultaneously fit the hyperfine components and have presented the peak antenna temperature, peak velocity, line width of the main line and the combined integrated intensity, including the hyperfine components. In the case of CH$_3$CN we have fit each of the detected hyperfine components simultaneously but presented each of them individually. Given our limited signal-to-noise ratio, we have detected a range in the number of components from one right through to five.
Results
=======
Observations of seven different methanol maser transitions, 10 molecular lines and six recombination lines have resulted in a rich data set, with many detections of the target lines. Given the large number of lines, we describe the results in subgroups. For some sources which require additional information to that which can be described in tables and spectra there are comments given in Section \[sect:individual\].
36- and 84-GHz methanol sources
-------------------------------
Of the 94 class I methanol masers targeted (previously characterised at either or both of the 36- and 44-GHz transitions), we have detected 92 in the 36-GHz transition and 93 in the 84-GHz transition. The two sources we failed to detect at 36-GHz were Mol77 and G45.07+0.13 which were both reported by @Kurtz04 as 44-GHz class I methanol masers (Mol77 is also the only source where no emission was detected in the 84-GHz methanol line). The first of these was detected with a peak flux density of 0.57 Jy and the second was detected at 1.08 Jy by @Kurtz04 during their observations in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Given that 44-GHz masers are generally stronger than accompanying emission in the 36-GHz transition [@Voronkov14], and that our 3-$\sigma$ 36-GHz detection limits are higher than the reported 44-GHz peak flux densities (1.9 and 1.8 Jy for the 36 and 84-GHz transitions in Mol77, and 2.9 Jy for the 36-GHz transition in G45.07+0.13), their non-detection is expected.
The properties of both the 36- and 84-GHz masers are given in Table \[tab:84\_36\], including 3-$\sigma$ detection limits where appropriate. References to previously detected 84-GHz sources are given in the final column, indicating that only six of the 93 detections have been reported in the literature previously. References to previously detected 36-GHz masers are not explicitly given in Table \[tab:84\_36\] but those 71 targets taken from @Voronkov14 (indicated by a ‘$^1$’ following the source name) were characterised at both 36- and 44-GHz in that work. The remaining 23 targets are taken from a 44-GHz methanol maser catalogue [@Kurtz04] for which few sources have been followed up at 36-GHz previously.
For each of the 94 class I methanol maser targets, spectra of the detected 84-GHz sources have been overlaid with the detected 36-GHz emission in Fig. \[fig:84\_spect\]. For completeness we have included the three spectra where we fail to detect any emission. These spectra highlight that the structure of the two transitions are remarkably similar in almost all cases.
37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz methanol masers
-----------------------------------------
Alongside our observations of class I 36-GHz methanol masers we were able to simultaneously observe the rarer, 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz class II methanol maser lines. Despite the 7 mm observations being motivated by the (generally) much stronger 36-GHz transition which required very short on source integration times (2mins), we were able to detect emission from a number of maser lines. In total we detect seven known 37.7-GHz masers, three known 38.3-GHz masers and two known 38.5-GHz masers [@Ellingsen11; @Ellingsen13; @Ellingsen18; @Haschick89]. While these known masers account for most of our detections, we also present a further six maser candidates that are very close to the 3-$\sigma$ detection limit of the observations. While their peak flux densities are low, they all have velocities close to both the detected 36-GHz class I methanol maser emission and the velocity ranges of reported 6.7-GHz methanol maser emission [@GreenMMB10; @CasMMB11; @Green12]. The properties of the previously detected sources, together with our six maser candidates, are presented in Table \[tab:7mm\_meth\]. Spectra for each of the listed sources are given in Fig. \[fig:37\_spect\].
Of the six maser candidates, three are accounted for by G327.29$-$0.58 which shows very weak potential emission in each of the three transitions. If these transitions were considered in isolation the ‘emission’ would not be notable, but given the marginal detections at the same velocity in each of the transitions it is worth including in more sensitive follow-up observations. Further discussion of this source, together with the other marginal detections, is presented in Section \[sect:individual\].
86.6- and 86.9-GHz methanol detections
--------------------------------------
Towards the 94 target class I methanol maser sites we detect nine sites exhibiting 86.6- and 86.9-GHz emission. Spectra of each of these detections are presented in Fig. \[fig:86\_spect\] and their properties are given in Table \[tab:3mm\_meth\]. Of the nine detections, four appear to have typically thermal spectral profiles (G327.29$-$0.58, G351.77$-$0.54, G34.26+0.15 and W51E1), three have some indications of narrow, maser-like emission (G339.88$-$1.26, G344.23$-$0.57 and G351.42+0.65) and two appear to be maser emission (G345.01+1.79 and G29.96$-$0.02). As indicated in Table \[tab:3mm\_meth\] five of these are new detections in these transitions, including one of the maser sources and two of the possible maser candidates.
Five of the nine detections also show emission (or potential emission) in one or more of the 37.7-, 38.3- or 38.5-GHz transitions. These sources are discussed further in Section \[sect:individual\].
----------------------------- ----------- ------------- ----------------------------- -------------- ------------- ----------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ----- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
[Source name]{} Refs
[($l,b$)]{} [V$_L$]{} [V$_{H}$]{} [V$_{pk}$]{} [S$_{pk}$]{} [S$_{I}$]{} [V$_L$]{} [V$_{H}$]{} [V$_{pk}$]{} [S$_{pk}$]{} [S$_{I}$]{}
[($^{\circ}$ $^{\circ}$)]{} (Jy) (Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}) (Jy) (Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{})
G327.29$-$0.58 $-$47.6 $-$43.3 $-$45.3 2.2 3.0 $-$47.2 $-$43.1 $-$46.4 1.8 3.5
G339.88$-$1.26 $-$38.4 $-$33.6 $-$38.2 1.4 1.5 $-$38.2 $-$33.9 $-$37.7 2.0 1.4
G344.23$-$0.57 $-$25.1 $-$16.4 $-$21.8 2.8 4.2 $-$23.3 $-$16.8 $-$23.2 2.0 2.7
G345.01+1.79 $-$22.8 $-$15.6 $-$22.1 8.4 8.3 $-$23.5 $-$17.0 $-$22.2 7.9 8.3 1,2
G351.42+0.65 $-$11.3 $-$4.0 $-$10.1 3.9 13.8 $-$10.6 $-$3.9 $-$7.0 3.9 13.6 1,2
G351.77$-$0.54 $-$7.8 $-$1.0 $-$4.2 4.4 14.3 $-$7.9 $-$1.1 $-$7.1 4.2 15.2 2
G29.96$-$0.02 97.0 98.4 97.1 1.9 1.0 98.8 99.0 98.9 1.8 0.5
G34.26+0.15 57.0 61.4 58.6 2.7 6.7 56.1 61.2 59.5 2.6 7.8
W51E1 49.7 61.4 55.6 3.4 19.0 49.7 62.3 56.1 3.8 24.4 3
----------------------------- ----------- ------------- ----------------------------- -------------- ------------- ----------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ----- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
\[tab:3mm\_meth\]
Molecular and recombination line detections
-------------------------------------------
During our targeted methanol maser observations we were able to simultaneously observe a number of molecular and radio recombination lines. The parameters of these lines, derived from Gaussian fitting are presented in Table \[tab:lines\]. In the case where no emission is detected a 3-$\sigma$ detection limit is given. We only list H$^{13}$CN and H42$\alpha$ when the velocity range of the given source is included in the observations.
The detection rates of each of the lines which have a reasonably complete set of observations (i.e. the observing bandwidth accommodated the full complement of velocity ranges, so excludes H$^{13}$CN) are presented in Fig. \[fig:detection\], showing that we detect HNC, HCN, HCO$^{+}$, H$^{13}$CO$^+$ and HC$_3$N towards 94.7 per cent of the methanol maser targets. SiO emission was detected towards 80.9 per cent of our target sources. CH$_3$CN was detected towards 69.1 per cent of the targets, although often not the full complement of hyperfine components, preventing us from deriving temperatures. Thermal methanol transitions 15$_3$ $\rightarrow$ 14$_4$A$^-$ and 8$_{-4}$ $\rightarrow$ 9$_{-3}$E are detected towards just 9 and 8 of the targets, respectively. One or more of the radio recombination lines were detected towards 29.8 per cent of the sample.
Comments on individual sources {#sect:individual}
------------------------------
In this section we draw attention to notable sources, associations, marginal detections and other details that are not able to be described fully in the source tables and spectra.\
[*S255 (G192.58$-$0.04).*]{} @Kurtz04 detected 44-GHz class I methanol maser emission towards this source using the VLA. @Pratap08 conducted further single-dish observations of the 44-GHz emission in this source and used their derived position for targeted 36-GHz methanol maser emission. Their position was 49 arcsec offset from the @Kurtz04 position, comparable to their HPBW, likely accounting for their non-detection in the 36-GHz transition. We detected 36-GHz methanol maser emission with a peak flux density of 12 Jy at the @Kurtz04 44-GHz methanol maser position.\
[*G300.97+1.15.*]{} Although the candidate 37.7-GHz methanol maser emission we detect towards this source is relatively weak (2.1 Jy), its velocity is coincident with the 36-GHz methanol maser emission. @Ellingsen11 targeted this site for 37.7-GHz methanol maser emission previously, achieving a 3-$\sigma$ detection limit of 5.7 Jy, significantly higher than the emission detected in the current observations.\
[*G318.95$-$0.20.*]{} We detect a 37.7-GHz methanol maser towards this site, with a similar peak flux density to previous observations [@Ellingsen13; @Ellingsen18]. While we failed to detect any emission from the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions, @Ellingsen18 report detections of these transitions with peak flux densities of 0.14 and 0.12 Jy, well below our 3-$\sigma$ detection limits.\
[*G323.74$-$0.26.*]{} This site has been detected in the 37.7-GHz transition by @Ellingsen11 [@Ellingsen13; @Ellingsen18], exhibiting some temporal variability between the observation epochs. The 2011 observations of @Ellingsen18 found a peak flux density of 16.1 Jy, while the current observations detect emission of 32 Jy. The higher sensitivity observations of @Ellingsen18 also allowed the detection of weak emission (0.28 and 0.22 Jy) in the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions.\
[*G327.29$-$0.58.*]{} Very marginal emission is detected towards this source at 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz as well as more significant, thermal emission in the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz transitions. This is also one of the nine sources where the 88.9- and 89.5-GHz methanol transitions are detected. The fact that emission is detected in all the transitions, make the marginal emission in the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz lines believable.\
[*G335.79+0.17.*]{} Both the 37.7- and 38.3-GHz masers we detect have been reported previously by @Ellingsen13 with peak flux densities of 13.8 and 7 Jy, respectively. We detect emission with the same peak velocity ($\sim$46.1 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}) but with peak flux densities of 8.2 and 4.7 Jy, respectively. The target positions of the @Ellingsen13 observations are within a couple of arcsec (so within the pointing uncertainty of the Mopra telescope) of the position we targeted so a pointing offset cannot account for the difference. @Ellingsen13 commented that this source was unusual as the only source that has been found to have emission in the 38.3-GHz transition but not the 38.5-GHz transition.\
[*G339.88$-$1.26.*]{} This site hosts the 37.7-GHz methanol maser with the highest flux density; 400 Jy in our observations. With their higher sensitivity observations, @Ellingsen18 also detect emission in the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions, with peak flux densities of 0.93 and 0.69 Jy.
In the 86.6-GHz transition we detect very marginal emission which is only reportable given the presence of slightly stronger 86.9-GHz emission, together with the previously reported tentative detection made at this site by @Ellingsen03. The current observations are not of sufficient sensitivity to be able to definitively rule out that some of the emission may be arising from a maser. Further, sensitive observations will be required to confidently infer its nature. We detect no emission from the 88.9- and 89.5-GHz methanol transition.\
[*G343.12$-$0.06.*]{} @Voronkov06 conducted high spatial resolution observations of a number of class I methanol maser transitions towards this source, including the 84-GHz transition. @Voronkov06 found that the 84-GHz methanol maser emission was spatially coincident with the 95-GHz transition, with some spots shown to be coincident with a molecular outflow.\
[*G344.23$-$0.57.*]{} @Voronkov14 show that the 36- and 44-GHz class I methanol maser emission is distributed right out to the FWHM of the ATCA beam at 7mm (which is comparable to the Mopra beam), meaning that some of the 84-GHz components may lie beyond the half-power points of the smaller 3mm Mopra beam. The targeted position is close to the class II methanol maser location [@CasMMB11] and we detect a narrow feature at the 38.3-GHz methanol transition, but no emission in either the 37.7- or the 38.5-GHz transitions. The velocity of the detected emission is at $-$20.5 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}, identical to the peak velocity of the 36-GHz transition. This velocity correspondence certainly gives credibility to the narrow emission. Even though it is unusual to see emission in the 38.3-GHz transition without corresponding 37.7 or 38.5-GHz detections, there are examples of other sources where 38.3-GHz emission is seen without accompanying 38.5-GHz emission (e.g. G335.79+0.17), and sources where the 37.7-GHz emission is significantly weaker than either the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions (e.g. G351.42+0.65).
We also detect emission from the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz transitions, which is likely to be thermal but shows some hints of narrow emission in the 86.6-GHz line. Methanol emission in the 88.9- and 89.5-GHz transitions is also detected.\
[*G345.01+1.79.*]{} @Ellingsen11 detected 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz emission towards this source, with peak flux densities of 207, 9.4 and 5.0 Jy, respectively. Their high-resolution observations showed some variation in the peak flux density in the time between the two sets of observations, with peak flux densities of 181, 9.3 and 5.9 Jy for the respective transitions. We detected peak emission of 291, 44 and 21 Jy in our current observations, indicating significant variability between the 2011 observations of @Ellingsen11 and our 2018 observations.
This source also hosts one of the few known examples of 86.6- and 86.9-GHz maser emission, first detected by @Cragg01 with peak flux densities of 2.8 and 4.1 Jy at a velocity of $\sim$$-$21.7 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. Further 86.6-GHz observations by @Ellingsen03 revealed two spectral features with flux densities of 16.4 and 10 Jy at velocities of $-$22.0 and $-$21.2 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. In our observations we find weak emission at $-$21.2 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}of about 1.5 Jy and a main spectral feature at $-$22.1 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}of $\sim$8 Jy at the two transitions.\
[*G351.42+0.65.*]{} This source, also known as NGC6334F, has been observed at 37.3-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz by @Ellingsen11 and @Ellingsen18 previously. Comparison of their peak flux densities with the current observations reveal some significant temporal variations in each of the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions (with flux densities of 70, 39 and 107 Jy for the 37.7-GH transition; 174, 126 and 117 for the 38.3-GHz transition; and 150, 151 and 116 for the 38.5-GHz transition in the @Ellingsen11, @Ellingsen18 and current observations, respectively).\
[*G9.62+0.19.*]{} This is the site of the highest peak flux density 6.7-GHz methanol maser ever detected [e.g. @Green12; @Green17]. At 36- and 84-GHz we detected almost identical emission in the two transitions, with peak flux densities of 3.8 and 3.4 Jy, respectively. At 37.7-GHz we detected emission with a peak flux density of 30 Jy, slightly higher than previous observations [@Ellingsen11; @Ellingsen13; @Ellingsen18]. Observations by @Ellingsen18 revealed weak emission in the 38.3-GHz transition (0.22 Jy), but no emission in the 38.5-GHz transition.\
[*G10.6$-$0.4.*]{} We detect very weak emission in the 38.5-GHz transition (peak flux density of 1.3 Jy) without detectable accompanying emission in either the 37.7- or 38.3-GHz transitions. The weak 38.5-GHz feature does share the same velocity of the peak feature in both the 36- and 84-GHz emission, lending some credibility to its authenticity. There are two nearby 6.7-GHz methanol maser sites [both of which may be associated with the W31 region: G10.627$-$0.384 and G10.629$-$0.333; @GreenMMB10] with velocity ranges that overlap with the 38.5-GHz detection so it is unclear where the emission is located. This site was observed by @Ellingsen11 but the emission was too weak (their rms is 1.1 Jy at 38.4-GHz) to be detected. Further, more sensitive observations would be needed to confirm this detection.\
[*G29.96$-$0.02.*]{} We detect narrow emission in both the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz methanol transitions, making it the forth example of a maser in these transitions. The emission we detect show slightly different peak velocities at the two transitions, but the 86.6-GHz spectrum shows weak emission at the velocity of the 86.9-GHz maser peak. The peak velocity of the associated 6.7-GHz methanol maser is at 96.0 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}[@Breen15], slightly blueshifted compared to the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz detections, which at a velocity of $\sim$98 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}still falls well within the overall 6.7-GHz velocity range of 93.4 to 106.4 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}.
Discussion
==========
Are the detected 36- and 84-GHz sources masers? {#sect:masers}
-----------------------------------------------
Fig. \[fig:84\_spect\] shows a number of different spectral profiles, ranging from narrow maser-like features (e.g. G328.21$-$0.59), to broad, thermal-like components (e.g. G327.39+0.20) and a combination of the two (e.g. G331.13$-$0.24). From our single-dish observations alone, we can not definitively confirm that all of the sources that we detect are masers (or a combination of maser and thermal) since the implied lower limits on brightness temperature do not exceed the expectations for kinetic temperatures in high-mass star formation regions, but we can make some arguments that they are likely to be based on previous observations. The bulk of the target list (71/94) has been taken from @Voronkov14 sample of southern class I methanol masers at 36- and 44-GHz. These sources have all been scrutinized with interferometric observations and confirmed to host maser emission at both 36- and 44-GHz [the rest of the sample are known to host maser emission at 44-GHz @Kurtz04].
It is difficult to make a direct comparison of the 36-GHz spectra presented in Fig. \[fig:84\_spect\] with those in @Voronkov14 since the latter has high-resolution source maps which break the distributed maser emission into components while our spectra have blended all of the components into one single spectrum. However, comparison of some of the more “thermal-looking” (i.e. broader and more Gaussian-like) sources in Fig. \[fig:84\_spect\] with the corresponding spectra in @Voronkov14 show that our single-dish observations have have blended distinct maser components that are present in the higher-resolution data and that, in these sources, our flux densities are generally higher (although not by a consistent percentage). This suggests that the current single-dish spectra have additional thermal contributions that are resolved out in the interferometric observations.
@Jordan17 compared the spectral profiles of 44-GHz class II methanol masers derived from the auto- and cross-correlation data from the same interferometric observations taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. They found that, for their 77 maser sites, there was a huge distribution in the difference between the flux density of the two spectra, ranging from very similar to sources where about $\sim$70 per cent of the flux density was resolved out in the cross-correlation data (they had baselines up to 1.5 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}).
Since it is clear that all of the 36-GHz sources in Fig. \[fig:84\_spect\] that have been observed with interferometry (the majority) host maser emission, even those that have spectral profiles reminiscent of thermal emission in the current observations, it follows that the very similar 84-GHz spectra also contain maser emission, even in the case that they too appear to have thermal-like spectral profiles. However, comparing the 36-GHz flux densities of our current observations with those of @Voronkov14, combined with the findings of @Jordan17 for 44-GHz class I methanol masers, it is also likely that in a number of cases our single-dish spectra also have contributions from thermal emission.
Previous 84-GHz observations: detection rates and nature of the emission
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Previous targeted class I methanol maser searches by @Kalenskii01 and @RG18 (both with single dish telescopes) have resulted in 84-GHz detection rates of 94 and 74 per cent, respectively. The latter target list was exclusively made up of 44-GHz targets, and the former is likely to be, although the authors just state that they are class I maser targets. @Kalenskii01 reported that the majority of their sources (34/48) were likely to be quasi-thermal rather than simply maser emission based on their broad line-widths, especially when compared to their 44-GHz methanol maser counterparts. The spectral resolution (100 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}) accounts for the slightly lower detection rate in @RG18 and prohibits them from assessing spectral profiles or intensities.
Unlike @Kalenskii01 who compared their 84-GHz spectra to the 44-GHz (7$_0$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_1$ A$^+$) transition, we find the spectral profiles for our two transitions to be remarkably similar. The 44-GHz transition is not in the same transition family as the 36- and 84-GHz transitions so is much less likely to have a similar spectral profile. Interferometric observations of 84-GHz methanol sources are very limited, but the one source in our sample that has been observed at high spatial resolution [@Voronkov06] was found to harbor maser emission. For these, and the reasons outlined in Section \[sect:masers\] we believe our sources contain maser emission, however, further high spatial resolution observations would be required to definitely understand the nature of the detected 84-GHz emission.
Comparison of the 36- and 84-GHz spectral profiles
--------------------------------------------------
Spectra of both the 36- and 84-GHz methanol maser lines are presented in Fig. \[fig:84\_spect\] for each target, showing remarkably similar spectral profiles in the majority of cases. These 36- and 84-GHz methanol lines are the result of consecutive transitions of the same ladder, the next of which (the 6$_{-1}$$-$5$_0$E transition at 133-GHz) has also been found to closely resemble the spectral profiles of 84-GHz emission [@Kalenskii01]. While it is somewhat expected for pairs of transitions to show similar spectral profiles, our own observations show that the 36- and 84-GHz pair are much more alike than other cases such as the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz transitions, which are the next in sequence in the series that produces the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz lines. In another example, @McCarthy18 used their interferometric data to compare the positions and velocities of both 44- (7$_0$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_1$ A$^+$) and 95-GHz (8$_0$ $\rightarrow$ 7$_1$ A$^+$) methanol maser features. They found that 49 per cent of 95-GHz maser components had accompanying 44-GHz emission whereas we find few examples of 84-GHz emission devoid of a 36-GHz counterpart (although higher spatial resolution would be needed to confirm this). @Kim2018 conducted simultaneous 44- and 95-GHz observations, detecting 44-GHz emission towards 83 sources and accompanying 95-GHz methanol maser emission towards 68 of those, also indicating a slightly less close relationship than for the 36- and 84-GHz transitions.
Fig. \[fig:vel\] shows a comparison of the velocity of the peak 36-GHz and 84-GHz methanol emission, revealing a tight correlation between the peak velocities of the 92 sources detected at both frequencies. Only eight sources show 36- and 84-GHz peak velocity differences of more than 2 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}, 75 show velocities within 1 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}of each other and 67 of those are within 0.5 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. The largest peak velocity difference is 5.2 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}in G345.42$-$0.95 which is a rare example of a source that shows no 84-GHz emission at the 36-GHz peak. Inspection of the @Voronkov14 high spatial resolution data shows that the 36-GHz peak emission that we detected at $-$17.8 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}lies well beyond the HPBW of the 3mm Mopra beam so further observations would be needed to rule out 84-GHz emission at that location.
The mean and median velocity ranges are slightly higher for the 36-GHz sources compared to the 84-GHz sources - 10.1$\pm$0.8 and 9.2 compared with 7.7$\pm$0.5 and 7.1 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}, respectively. The 36-GHz velocity ranges fall between 0.2 and 48.3 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}and the 84-GHz sources between 0.6 and 34.8 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. The sources with the largest velocity ranges are G341.19$-$0.23 at 36-GHz and G328.81+0.63 at 84-GHz.
Fig. \[fig:vels\_thermal\] shows box plots of the peak velocity of HC$_3$N, HNC, HCO$^+$, HCN, SiO and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ with respect to the peak velocity of the associated 36- and 84-GHz emission. In all cases the median velocity difference is close to zero, but it is clear that some molecules show better velocity agreement with the 36- and 84-GHz methanol masers than others. In most instances this is due to significant self-absorption in some of lines with high optical depths such as HCN, which is more often blueshifted with respect to the maser velocity, consistent with the detection of significant emission on the nearside of the source. From these comparisons it appears that the best maser velocity correspondence is with HNC, HC$_3$N and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ (the latter two are likely to be optically thin).
In an analysis of 44-GHz class I methanol masers, @Jordan17 found that class I methanol masers were better indicators of systemic velocities than class II methanol masers. Comparing the peak 44-GHz methanol maser velocity to CS (1–0) they found a mean velocity difference of 0.09$\pm$0.18 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}, a median velocity difference of 0.04 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}, and a standard deviation of 1.56 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. Table \[tab:vel\_diff\] shows the mean, median and standard deviations of the velocity of the HC$_3$N, HNC and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ peak velocities with respect to the 36- and 84-GHz methanol maser peak velocities, showing that they are comparable to that found by @Jordan17 when comparing the 44-GHz peak velocities to that of CS (1–0).
---------------- --------------- -------- ------ ------------------ -------- ------ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Line
mean median s.d. mean median s.d.
HC$_3$N 0.22$\pm$0.16 0.29 1.46 0.05$\pm$0.12 0.2 1.17
HNC 0.30$\pm$0.16 0.35 1.54 0.13$\pm$0.14 0.1 1.32
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.10$\pm$0.16 0 1.51 $-$0.04$\pm$0.13 0 1.24
---------------- --------------- -------- ------ ------------------ -------- ------ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
\[tab:vel\_diff\]
Comparison between the 36- and 84-GHz flux densities
----------------------------------------------------
The 92 36-GHz methanol maser detections range in peak flux density from 1.8 to 245 Jy (mean of 28.1, median 14.3 Jy) and the 93 84-GHz detections range in peak flux density from 1.2 to 68 Jy (mean of 13.0 and median of 8.7 Jy). The strongest 36-GHz maser is G335.59$-$0.29 and the strongest 84-GHz source is G327.29$-$0.58. A comparison between the 36- and 84-GHz peak and integrated flux densities are shown in Fig. \[fig:flux\]. The correlation coefficient between the peak and integrated flux densities of the two transitions are 0.52 and 0.71, indicating moderate and strong positive correlations. The fact that the integrated flux densities are more tightly correlated than the respective peak flux densities is reflected in Fig. \[fig:flux\] and indicates that the integrated flux densities are more robust to more extreme differences that might be seen in only a single velocity feature. The mean and median 36- to 84-GHz peak flux density ratio are 2.4 and 1.6, respectively. The 27 36-GHz methanol masers with peak flux densities that surpass 30 Jy have relatively higher 36- to 84-GHz peak flux density ratios with a mean value of 4.1 and a median of 2.4.
The average 84-GHz integrated flux density is 46.8 Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}and the median is 29.4 Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}compared with the 36-GHz sample which has an average of 77.0 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}Jy and median of 41.3 Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. The average 36- to 84-GHz integrated flux density ratio is 2.6 and the median is 1.4. The ratio of these lines is similar to that of the 84- to 133-GHz transitions, reported by [@Kalenskii01] to be 1.4. Fig. \[fig:int\_ratio\] shows the distribution of integrated flux density ratios for the full sample, along with the ratio for both 36- and 84-GHz masers that have integrated flux densities of more than 50 Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}. For 36-GHz masers with integrated flux densities greater than 50 Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}, the mean and median ratio is 3.8 and 2.1, compared to 1.9 and 1.5 for the 84-GHz that have integrated flux densities greater than 50 Jy [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}.
There are 16 cases where the 84-GHz peak flux density surpasses that of the 36-GHz methanol maser counterpart, 15 of which also have higher integrated intensities. There are an additional eight sources that have a larger 36-GHz peak flux density but have a higher 84-GHz integrated flux density. The sources with the largest 84- to 36-GHz integrated flux density ratio is G301.14-0.2.
Although the 36- and 84-GHz methanol maser transitions have similar optimal conditions [e.g. @Leurini16], there are conditions that favor the 36- or 84-GHz transitions differently. For example, at high densities (10$^6$ - 10$^8$ cm$^{-3}$), 36- to 84-GHz ratios close to one might be expected but lower densities (10$^3$ - 10$^6$ cm$^{-3}$) can favor the 36-GHz transition, resulting in 36- to 84-GHz ratios of $\sim$2 @McEwen14.
Fig. \[fig:flux\] also highlights the targets where radio recombination lines have also been detected. In previous studies, it has been suggested that other types of masers show a change in luminosity with evolution [e.g. @Breen10] and if we consider the presence of detectable recombination line as an indication of a slightly more evolved site, Fig. \[fig:flux\] shows that there is no simple trend whereby the line ratio of the 36- to 84-GHz sources changes with evolution. Given that class I methanol masers trace shocks, they can be associated with multiple phases in the evolution of a young high-mass star [such as outflows and expanding [H[ii]{} ]{}regions; @Voronkov14] it is not surprising that there is no simple evolutionary trend. Further complicating the issue is the large Mopra beam which may lead to confusion between the multiple detected lines.
Comparison of the class I methanol masers with thermal molecular lines
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Fig. \[fig:detection\] shows the detection rates of the thermal molecular and recombination lines we detect (excluding H$^{13}$CN since the frequency coverage excludes the velocities of most of the targets), highlighting the high association rates of most of the observed lines with our maser-associated star formation regions. The fact that HNC, HCN and HCO$^{+}$ were all detected towards 93 of the 94 target sources very strongly indicates the presence of dense gas at the locations of all of the target class I methanol masers. In the one case where HCO$^{+}$ is not reported in Table \[tab:thermal\] (towards G335.06$-$0.43), H$^{13}$CO$^+$ was, and there are hints of some narrow emission at the right velocity of the HCO$^{+}$ spectrum, indicating that it is significantly self-absorbed.
Also present in Fig. \[fig:detection\] are the MALT90 detection rates of eight of our lines toward a sample of 3246 high-mass clumps [@Rathborne16]. While MALT90 has similarly high detection rates of HNC, HCN and HCO$^+$, there is a significant drop off in the detection rates of H$^{13}$CO$^{+}$, HC$_3$N, SiO, CH$_3$CN and radio recombination line emission. This is mostly explained by the higher sensitivity of the current observations, as can be seen by the excellent agreement between the MALT90 detection rates and our detection rates adjusted to the MALT90 95 per cent completeness level, shown by the grey crosses in Fig. \[fig:detection\] [T$_A^*$$>$0.4 K; @Rathborne16]. The notable exception is HC$_3$N, which has much higher detection rates towards the class I methanol maser selected sample. We have compared MALT90 detection rates as a function of source temperatures [from @Guzman15] and also their MALT90-defined evolutionary categories, which indicate that, in order to account for the high HC$_3$N detection rates, the class I methanol maser targets are (in general) likely to be both protostellar and warm.
Fig. \[fig:maser\_integrated\] shows the 36- and 84-GHz methanol maser integrated flux density plotted against the integrated HC$_3$N, HNC, HCO$^+$, HNC, SiO and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ intensities. The correlation coefficients mostly indicate moderately correlated positive relationships, suggesting that the 36- and 84-GHz sources with higher integrated flux densities are generally associated with molecular lines with higher integrated intensities. The slopes of the fitted linear relationship in each case are similar (0.41$\pm$0.06, 0.31$\pm$0.06, 0.31$\pm$0.06, 0.33$\pm$0.07, 0.56$\pm$0.07, 0.29$\pm$0.05 for the 36-GHz maser, and 0.51$\pm$0.05, 0.38$\pm$0.05, 0.37$\pm$0.07, 0.42$\pm$0.06, 0.60,$\pm$0.07 and 0.36$\pm$0.04 for the 84-GHz maser line), indicating that the integrated flux density of the maser lines scale with the overall quantity of gas. For optically thin gas, intensity scales linearly with the abundance of a given molecule, however, for the same temperature it has an exponential dependence on excitation energy. This, together with inadequate sensitivity, could account for the very low detection rate of the 88.9- (CH$_3$OH A$^-$) and 89.5-GHz (CH$_3$OH E) thermal methanol transitions. Furthermore, the spatial resolution of the current observations is insufficient to resolve the regions of gas where the masers originate, so determining the exact relationship would require higher-resolution follow up observations.
Comparison of the 44-GHz class I methanol integrated flux densities (derived from their auto-correlated data) with the integrated intensities of CS (1–0), SiO (1–0) and CH$_3$OH 1$_0$–0$_0$ A$^+$ by @Jordan17 similarly found moderately correlated positive relationships (correlation coefficients of 0.41, 0.57 and 0.40, respectively) between the masers and the thermal line emission. They suggested that this could indicate that the more luminous 44-GHz methanol masers may be associated with the more massive high-mass star formation regions. Interestingly, @Jordan17 find that the integrated intensity of the 44-GHz masers had a closer relationship with the integrated intensity of the SiO (1–0) emission than the other lines. In our targeted observations we find that the tightest linear relationships in Fig \[fig:maser\_integrated\] are with HC$_3$N and SiO (2–1) which have Pearson correlation coefficients with the integrated 36-GHz methanol masers of 0.61 and 0.69, and with the integrated 84-GHz methanol masers of 0.74 and 0.73. This indicates that there is an even closer relationship between the SiO (2–1) and the 36- and 84-GHz integrated intensities than that of the 44-GHz methanol masers and SiO (1–0). The close intensity correlation between that of the collisionally excited class I methanol masers and SiO probably is a reflection of the fact that they are both tracers of shocked gas, often found in the vicinity of outflows [e.g. @Garay02]. In the case of HC$_3$N, a hot core tracer, the positive linear correlation is likely suggesting that when there is a larger volume of hot and dense material (and so a higher HC$_3$N integrated intensity), there is also a larger volume of gas contributing to the maser emission. Alternatively, recent work by @Taniguchi18 suggests that HC$_3$N can trace shocked gas so the tight correlation might also be reflecting a similar origin, as with the SiO emission.
Some molecular line ratios have been shown to change with the evolution of the associated high-mass star formation region [e.g. @Hoq13; @Sanhueza12]. @Rathborne16 used the MALT90 sample to show that the HCO$^+$ to HNC and HCN to HNC integrated intensity ratios increased with evolutionary stage, agreeing with @Hoq13 that this is probably a reflection of the fact that HNC is more abundant in less evolved clumps. @Rathborne16 also found a similar trend in the HCO$^+$ to H$^{13}$CO$^+$ and HNC to HN$^{13}$C integrated intensity ratios and suggested that this is likely because there is either less self-absorption or a decrease in optical depth with clump evolution. The median values of our HCO$^+$ to HNC, HCN to HNC and HCO$^+$ to H$^{13}$CO$^+$ integrated line intensities are 1.3, 2.1 and 5.5, respectively. In their fig. 20, @Rathborne16 show the median values for these line ratios in the categories of quiescent, protostellar and [H[ii]{} ]{}regions (since they were looking for evolutionary trends). Our median line ratios are similar to those found in the quiescent, [H[ii]{} ]{}regions and protostellar for the HCO$^+$ to HNC, HCN to HNC and HCO$^+$ to H$^{13}$CO$^+$ line ratios, respectively. This apparent discrepancy is probably a reflection of our smaller sample and the fact that median values are not a robust indicator of a distribution.
An investigation of the 36- and 84-GHz methanol maser properties with the ratios of HCO$^+$ to HNC, HCN to HNC and HCO$^+$ to H$^{13}$CO$^+$ revealed no obvious trends. Even though both our data and that from MALT90 suffer from confusion (given the large Mopra beam) it is possible that our much smaller sample prevents us from revealing a statistical change. Fig. \[fig:mol\_ratio\] shows the HCN to HNC ratio plotted against the HCO$^+$ to H$^{13}$CO$^+$ ratio, revealing a weak positive correlation between the data points. Those targets where radio recombination lines are also detected are scattered throughout Fig. \[fig:mol\_ratio\], suggesting that the line ratios from our sample are not a good indication of evolution.
Aside from the common molecular lines which were also observed by MALT90, we also observed two thermal methanol transitions at 89.5 GHz (CH$_3$OH E) and 88.9 GHz (CH$_3$OH A$^-$). Their detection rates were relatively low (as can be seen in Fig. \[fig:detection\]) with both transitions detected towards eight sources and a further source detected in just the 88.9 GHz transition, but with a peak T$_A^*$ of just 0.04 K, below the 3-$\sigma$ detection limit of the 89.5 GHz transition. The upper energy level is 171 K for the 89.5 GHz transition and 328 K for the 88.9 GHz transition. The ratio of the 89.5 to 88.9 GHz line integrated intensity falls between 0.76 to 1.3 for seven of the eight sources and is 7.1 for G327.29$-$0.58, the final source with detections in both transitions. For optically thin methanol gas in LTE these ratios imply rotational temperatures of $\sim$200 K for most of the sources, and $\sim$70 K for G327.29$-$0.58. Of the nine sources detected at either transition, five are associated with radio recombination lines.
Comparison of the class I methanol masers with recombination lines
------------------------------------------------------------------
Compared to the MALT90 sample of dense clumps, we detected a larger fraction of sources associated with radio recombination lines (29.8 compared with 0.6 per cent) towards our sample of class I methanol masers. This difference can be fully explained by the fact that our data is not only more sensitive to H41$\alpha$ emission (the recombination line included in the MALT90 observations) but that we also observe a number of 7mm recombination lines (see Table \[tab:lines\]). In fact, if we consider only the H41$\alpha$ line and restrict our detection limit to the MALT90 95 per cent completeness level for peak T$_A^*$, as shown in Fig. \[fig:detection\], the detection limits are consistent, indicating that there is no obvious bias towards the class I methanol maser targets being more evolved than a large fraction of the MALT90 sample.
Of the 28 sites of radio recombination line emission that we detect, many are associated with previously identified hyper and ultracompact [H[ii]{} ]{}regions [e.g. @Murphy10; @Sewilo04; @MH2003]. @Murphy10 summerised the quantitative criteria for the discrimination between hyper and ultracompact [H[ii]{} ]{}regions from the literature. They suggest that the consensus is that recombination line FWHM linewidths less than 40 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}are a good indicator of ultracompact [H[ii]{} ]{}regions, while FWHM linewidths greater than 40 [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$ ]{}may suggest the presence of an hypercompact [H[ii]{} ]{}region. Using this criterion, only three (G301.14-0.23, G5.89$-$0.39 and G34.26+0.15) of the 28 recombination lines are associated with hypercompact [H[ii]{} ]{}regions, and the bulk of the detections (25/28) are associated with ultracompact [H[ii]{} ]{}regions.
37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz sources
---------------------------------
In the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz class II methanol maser transitions, we detected seven, three and two known sources, respectively [@Ellingsen11; @Ellingsen13; @Ellingsen18; @Haschick89] plus five candidate lines towards four additional sources. As discussed in Section \[sect:individual\], the velocities of the candidate sources often show corresponding emission in the 36-GHz transition, lending some credibility to their authenticity. @Ellingsen18 compared the velocities of 37.7-GHz maser emission with that of the associated 6.7-GHz emission, finding that in the majority of cases, the 37.7-GHz emission was blueshifted with respect to the majority of the accompanying 6.7-GHz emission. Of the four targets where we detect maser candidates in the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz lines, all of them have velocities that are blueshifted with respect to the 6.7-GHz methanol maser peak [reported in the MMB survey @GreenMMB10; @CasMMB11; @Green12]. @Ellingsen13 looked at the temporal variability of 37.7-GHz methanol masers, comparing their 2012 data to data taken in 2009 by @Ellingsen11. Over the three year period they found that the largest changes in flux density was at the 40 per cent level. We have observed seven 37.7-GHz methanol masers that were included in @Ellingsen13 observation and find that, in the 6 years between the observations, five of the sources have shown variations at the 15 - 41 per cent level (we see both increases and reductions at this level so it is not a calibration problem). The other two sources, G323.74$-$0.26 and G351.42+0.65, have increased by 122 per cent and decreased by 52 per cent in that time.
We further find that 37.7-GHz sources with counterparts at 38.3-GHz and 38.5-GHz do not necessarily show similar level of variability in all of the detected transitions. In the case of G335.79+0.17, the 38.3-GHz transition has shown a reduction in peak flux density at approximately the same levels as for the 37.7-GHz transition (41 and 33 per cent, respectively). However, for G345.01+1.79 and G351.42+0.65, where we detect emission in all three of the lines we see an increase of 41, 219 and 198 per cent in G345.01+1.79 and an increase of 52 and decrease of 31 and 22 per cent in G351.42+0.65 for the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions.
86.6- and 86.9-GHz sources
--------------------------
To date only three sites of 86.6- and 86.9-GHz maser emission have ever been reported [towards G345.010+1.792, W3(OH) and W51-IRS1 @Ellingsen03; @Cragg01; @Sutton01; @Minier02]. Although the searches that uncovered these sources were not particularly extensive (@Ellingsen03 targeted 18 sources, @Cragg01 targeted 17 sources, @Minier02 targeted 23 sources and @Sutton01 only targeted W3(OH)) masers at 86- and 86.9-GHz are expected to be rare given that they are the next transitions up the ladder from the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions (the 38-GHz transitions are 6$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 5$_3$A$^-$ and 6$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 5$_3$A$^+$ and the 86-GHz transitions are 7$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_3$A$^-$ and 7$_2$ $\rightarrow$ 6$_3$A$^+$). Alongside the maser detections, these searches have uncovered a handful of thermal sources detected at either of these transitions [Orion KL, NGC6334F, G351.77-0.54, W51E2 and NGC 7538-IRS1 @Ellingsen03; @Cragg01; @Minier02]. @Ellingsen03 also report the detection of marginal detections towards G323.740$-$0.263 and G339.884$-$1.259.
Our observations have uncovered nine detections of these transitions, four of which show no deviation from a typically thermal profile shape (G327.29$-$0.58, G351.77$-$0.54, G34.26+0.15, W51E1). A further three show possible narrow spectral features in one of the transitions (G339.88$-$1.26, G344.23$-$0.57, G351.42+0.65) but the noise levels in the current observations make it difficult to confirm if these are masers. We note that one of these (G351.42+0.65 or NGC6334F) has also been reported as a thermal source previously. The detection of G339.88$-$1.26 is very marginal at 86.6-GHz, but more convincing in the 86.9-GHz spectrum, allowing us to confirm the marginal detection from @Ellingsen03.
We have detected two sources with convincing narrow features - G345.01+1.79 and G29.96$-$0.02, the latter of which is a new detection. Interestingly, G29.96$-$0.02 shows a different dominant spectral feature at the two frequencies, although a hint of emission is seen in the 86.6-GHz spectrum at the velocity of the 86.9-GHz detection. Higher signal-to-noise observations will be needed in order to show if the spectra are genuinely different.
Interestingly, of the nine sources detected in the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz methanol transitions, six were also detected in the 89.5 and 88.9 GHz lines. The three that have no associated 89.5 and 88.9 GHz emission are the most convincing maser detections - G339.88$-$1.26, G345.01+0.1.79 and G29.96$-$0.02. Five of the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz detections also show detections in one or more of the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz methanol transitions. Since the 86.6- and 86.9-GHz are the next transitions up the ladder from the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions, we might expect that masers seen in the 38.3- and 38.5-GHz lines are good targets for 86.6- and 86.9-GHz masers.
Summary
=======
We have surveyed a sample of 94 class I methanol maser sources [@Voronkov14; @Kurtz04] for the little studied 84-GHz class I methanol maser transition. We also conducted near-simultaneous observations of the 36-GHz class I methanol maser transition to allow meaningful comparison of the two transitions and to derive line ratios. Alongside these observations, the flexibility of the Mopra spectrometer allowed us to concurrently search the sources for the rarer class II methanol maser transitions at 37.7-, 38.3-, 38.5-, 86.6- and 86.9-GHz as well as a number of thermal molecular and radio recombination lines.
Towards the 94 class I methanol maser targets, we detected 84-GHz emission in 93 (all sources except Mol77) sources and accompanying 36-GHz emission towards 92 sources (all sources except Mol77 and G45.07+0.13). The spectral profiles of the two transitions are strikingly similar and we use this as the basis for an argument that our sources are likely to contain maser emission even in the case where the spectra are reminiscent of more typically thermal line profiles (since we know the 36-GHz transition shows maser emission from previous interferometric observations). The mean and median peak flux density 36- to 84-GHz ratio are 2.4 and 1.6, similar to the integrated flux density mean and median ratios of 2.6 and 1.4. We further find that the stronger 36-GHz masers have higher 36- to 84-GHz ratios than the strong 84-GHz sources (as well as the full sample of sources).
We detect one new source of 86.6- and 86.9-GHz methanol maser emission, adding to the small number of masers that have been found in this transition. We detect a further known maser at 86.6- and 86.9-GHz, three sources that may contain narrow maser features and four sources that show no deviation from a thermal profile. In the 37.7-, 38.3- and 38.5-GHz transitions we detect emission (in one or more of the lines) from seven known sources and present four further maser candidates that require followup observations with higher sensitivity.
Comparison of the detection rates of thermal molecular lines toward our class I methanol masers with those found towards dense dust clumps across the Galaxy in the MALT90 shows almost identical rates in HNC, HCN, HCO$^+$, H$^{13}$CO$^+$, SiO, CH$_3$CN and the H41$\alpha$ recombination line (once the respective detection limits are accounted for). We, however, detect much higher rates of HC$_3$N, which we believe indicates that a larger proportion of the class I maser target list are warm protostellar sources compared to the MALT90 sample.
We find a close correspondence between the peak velocity of the class I maser sources and the thermal line counterparts, in particular with HNC, HCO$^+$, H$^{13}$CO$^+$, supporting a result found previously for 44-GHz methanol masers, that class I methanol masers are generally excellent tracers of systemic velocities.
There is a positive correlation between the 36- and 84-GHz integrated flux densities and integrated intensities of the detected thermal lines. Given the similarity of the slopes in each of the relationships, we suggest that this indicates that the maser integrated flux density is a reflection of the available quantity of molecular gas.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
The Mopra radio telescope is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility. Operations support was provided by the University of New South Wales, the University of Adelaide, The University of Sydney, The University of Newcastle, Nagoya University, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre and Western Sydney University. This research has made use of: NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Abstract Service; and the SIMBAD data base, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. J.R.D. acknowledges the support of an Australian Research Council (ARC) DECRA Fellowship (project number DE170101086). S.P.E. acknowledges the support of ARC Discovery Project (project number DP180101061).
Batrla W., Matthews H. E., Menten K. M., Walmsley C. M., 1987, Nature, 326, 49
Batrla W., Menten K. M., 1988, ApJL, 329, 117
Breen S. L., Ellingsen S. P., Caswell J. L., Lewis B. J., 2010, MNRAS, 401, 2219 Breen S. L., Ellingsen S. P., Caswell J. L., Green J. A., Voronkov M. A., Fuller G. A., Quinn L. J., Avison A., 2012a, MNRAS, 421, 1703 Breen S. L., Ellingsen S. P., Caswell J. L., Green J. A., Voronkov M. A., Fuller G. A., Quinn L. J., Avison A., 2012b, MNRAS, 426, 2189 Breen, S. L., Ellingsen S. P., Contreras Y., Green J. A., Caswell J. L., Stevens J. B., Dawson J. R., Voronkov M. A., 2013, MNRAS, 435, 524 Breen S. L., Ellingsen S. P., Caswell J. L., Green J. A., Avison A., Voronkov M. A., Fuller G. A., Quinn L. J., Titmarsh, A., 2014, MNRAS, 438, 3368 Breen S. L., et al., 2015, MNRAS, 450, 4109 Breen S. L., et al., 2016, MNRAS, 459, 4066 Caswell J. L. et al., 2010, MNRAS, 404, 1029 Caswell J. L. et al., 2011, MNRAS, 417, 1964
Caswell J. L., Yi J., Booth R. S., Cragg D. M., 2000, MNRAS, 313, 599
Chen X., Ellingsen S. P., Shen Z.-Q., Titmarsh A., Gan C.-G., 2011, ApJS, 196,9
Cragg D. M., Sobolev A. M., Ellingsen S. P., Caswell J. L., Godfrey P. D., Salii S. V., Dodson R. G., 2001, MNRAS, 323, 939
Cragg D. M., Sobolev A. M., Caswell J. L., Ellingsen S. P., Godfrey P. D., 2004, MNRAS, 351, 1327 Cragg D. M., Sobolev A. M., Godfrey P. D., 2005, MNRAS, 360, 533 Cyganowski C. J., Brogan C. L., Hunter T. R., Churchwell E., 2009, ApJ, 702, 1615 Ellingsen S. P., Cragg D. M., Lovell J. E. J., Sobolev A. M., Ramsdale P. D., Godfrey P. D., 2004, MNRAS, 354, 401 Ellingsen S. P., Cragg D. M., Minier V., Muller E., Godfrey P. D., 2003, MNRAS, 344, 73
Ellingsen S. P., 2005, MNRAS, 359, 1498
Ellingsen S. P., Breen S. L., Sobolev A. M., Voronkov M. A., Caswell J. L., Lo N., 2011, ApJ, 742, 109
Ellingsen S. P., Breen S. L., Voronkov M. A., Dawson J. R., 2013, MNRAS, 429, 3501
Ellingsen S. P., Voronkov M. A., Breen S. L., Caswell J. L., Sobolev A., 2018, MNRAS, 480, 4851
Ellingsen S. P., Chen X., Breen S. L., Qiao H.-H., 2017, MNRAS, 472, 604
Garay G., Mardones D., Rodr[í]{}guez L. F., Caselli P., Bourke T. L., 2002, ApJ, 567, 980
G[ó]{}mez-Ruiz A. I., Kurtz S. E., Araya E. D., Hofner P., Loinard L., 2016, ApJS, 222, 18
Green J. A. et al., 2010, MNRAS, 409, 913 Green J. A. et al., 2012, MNRAS, 420, 3108 Green J. A. et al., 2017, MNRAS, 469, 1383 Guzm[á]{}n A. E., Sanhueza P., Contreras Y., Smith H. A., Jackson J. M., Hoq S., Rathborne J. M., 2015, ApJ, 815, 130 Haschick A. D., Baan W. A., Menten K. M. 1989, ApJ, 346, 330
Hoq, S., et al. 2013, ApJ, 777, 157
Jordan C. H., [et al.]{} 2015, MNRAS, 448, 2344
Jordan C. H., Walsh A. J., Breen S. L., Ellingsen S. P., Voronkov M. A., Hyland L. J., 2017, MNRAS, 471, 3915
Kalenskii S. V., Slysh V. I., Val’tts I. E., Winnberg A., Johansson L. E. B., 2001, Astron. Rep., 45, 26
Kalenskii S. V., Promyslov V. G., Slysh V. I., Bergman P., Winnberg A., 2006, Astron. Rep., 50, 289
Kalenskii S. V., Johansson L. E. B., Bergman P., Kurtz S., Hofner P., Walmsley C. M., Slysh V. I., 2010, MNRAS, 405, 613
Kim C.-H., Kim K.-T., Park Y.-S., 2018, ApJS, 236, 31
Kurtz S., Hofner P., [Á]{}lvarez, C. V., 2004, ApJS, 155, 149
Ladd N., Purcell C., Wong T., Robertson S., 2005, PASA, 22, 62
Leurini S., Menten K. M., Walmsley C. M., 2016, A&A, 592, 31
Lilley A. E., Palmer P., 1968, APJS, 16, 143
Mart[í]{}n-Hern[á]{}ndez N. L., Bik A., Kaper L., Tielens A. G. G. M., Hanson M. M., 2003, A&A, 405, 175
McCarthy T. P., Ellingsen S. P., Chen X., Breen S. L., Henkel C., Voronkov M. A., Qiao H.-H., 2017, ApJ, 846, 156
McCarthy T. P., Ellingsen S. P., Breen S. L., Henkel C., Voronkov M. A., MNRAS, 2018, 480, 4578
McCarthy T. P., Ellingsen S. P., Voronkov M. A., Cim[ò]{} G., 2018, MNRAS, 477, 507
McEwen B. C., Pihlstr[ö]{}m Y. M., Sjouwerman L. O., 2014, ApJ, 793, 133
Menten K. M., 1991a, in Atoms, ions and molecules: New results in spectral line astrophysics, eds. Haschick A., Ho P. T. P., ASP 16, San Francisco, p. 119
Menten K. M., 1991b, ApJ, 380, L75
Minier V., Ellingsen S. P., Norris R. P., Booth R. S., 2003, A&A, 403, 1095 Minier V., Booth R. S., 2002, A&A, 387, 179
M[ü]{}ller H. S. P., Menten K. M., M[ä]{}der H., 2004, A&A, 428, 1019 Murphy T., Cohen M., Ekers R. D., Green A. J., Wark R. M., Moss V., 2010, MNRAS, 405, 1560 Pratap P., Shute P. A., Keane T. C., Battersby C., Sterling S., 2008, AJ, 135, 1718
Rathborne J. M. [et al.]{}, 2016, PASA, 33, 30
Remijan, A. J., Markwick-Kemper, A., ALMA Working Group on Spectral Line Frequencies, 2007, in Bulletin ofthe American Astronomical Society, Vol. 39, American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, 963
Rodr[í]{}guez-Garza C. B., Kurtz S. E., G[ó]{}mez-Ruiz A. I., Hofner P., Araya E. D., Kalenskii S. V., 2018, in Tarchi A., Reid M. J., Castangia P., eds., Proc. IAU Symp., 336, Astrophysical Masers: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Universe. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, p. 239
Rodr[í]{}guez-Garza C. B., Kurtz S. E., G[ó]{}mez-Ruiz A. I., Hofner P., Araya E. D., Kalenskii S. V., 2017, ApJS, 233, 4
Salii S. V., Sobolev A. M., Kalinina N. D. 2002, Astron. Rep., 46, 955
Sanhueza, P., Jackson, J. M., Foster, J. B., Garay, G., Silva, A., Finn, S. C. 2012, ApJ, 756, 60
Slysh V. I., Kalenskii S. V., Val’tts I. E., Otrupcek R., 1994, MNRAS, 268, 464
Sutton E. C., Sobolev A. M., Ellingsen S. P., Cragg D. M., Mehringer D. M., Ostrovskii A. B., Godfrey P. D., 2001, ApJ, 554, 173 Sewilo M., Churchwell E., Kurtz S., Goss W. M., Hofner P., 2004, ApJ, 605, 285
Taniguchi K., [et al.]{}, 2018, ApJ, in press
Umemoto T., Mochizuki N., Shibata K. M., Roh D.-G., Chung H.-S., 2007, in IAU Symposium, Vol. 242, IAU Symposium, Chapman J. M., Baan W. A., eds., pp. 234-235
Urquhart J. S. [et al.]{}, 2010, PASA, 2010, 27, 321 Val’tts I. E., Ellingsen S. P., Slysh V. I., Kalenskii S. V., Otrupcek R., Voronkov M. A., 1999, MNRAS, 310, 1077 Val’tts I. E., Ellingsen S. P., Slysh V. I., Kalenskii S. V., Otrupcek R., Larionov G. M., 2000, MNRAS, 317, 315
Voronkov M. A., Brooks K. J., Sobolev A. M., Ellingsen S. P., Ostrovskii A. B., Caswell J. L., 2006, MNRAS, 373, 411 Voronkov M. A., [et al.]{}, 2011, MNRAS, 413, 2339
Voronkov M. A., Caswell J. L., Ellingsen S. P., Green J. A., Breen S. L., 2014, MNRAS, 439, 2584
Xu Y., Li J. J., Hachisuka K., Pandian J. D., Menten K. M., Henkel C., 2008, A&A, 485, 729
Xu L.-H., Lovas F. J. 1997, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 26, 17 Yusef-Zadeh F., Cotton W., Viti S., Wardle M., Royster M., 2013, ApJ, 764, L19
Thermal molecular and recombination line fits
=============================================
-------------------- ------------------ --------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Line Peak T$_A^*$ V$_{peak}$ V$_{width}$ Integrated
(K) ([$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}) ([$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{}) (K [$\mbox{km~s}^{-1}$]{})
S255$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.16(0.03) 1.93(0.09) 0.93(0.21) 0.154
0.14(0.02) 3.61(0.14) 1.72(0.37) 0.265
HC$_3$N 0.77(0.01) 8.64(0.03 3.23(0.06) 2.667
HNC 1.86(0.01) 8.65(0.01) 3.14(0.03) 6.219
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.14
HCO$^+$ 2.82(0.01) 8.81(0.01) 3.25(0.02) 9.748
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.14
HCN 2.96(0.01) 8.41(0.01) 3.29(0.02) 19.454
SiO (2-1) 0.14(0.01) 8.09(0.15) 3.26(0.37) 0.488
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.24(0.02) 8.79(0.10) 2.70(0.22) 0.684
H$^{13}$CN 0.22(0.01) 7.84(0.11) 3.34(0.26) 0.777
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H69$\beta$ $<$0.12
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H72$\beta$ $<$0.12
G269.15$-$1.13$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.094(0.01) 4.93(0.16) 2.16(0.37) 0.217
0.12(0.02) 26.58(0.08) 0.91(0.19) 0.116
HC$_3$N 0.86(0.01) 10.27(0.02) 2.96(0.05) 2.728
HNC 1.49(0.01) 10.07(0.02) 4.28(0.04) 6.811
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.14
HCO$^+$ 2.06(0.02) 10.15(0.02) 5.35(0.05) 11.720
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.14
HCN 2.73(0.02) 9.31(0.01) 2.32(0.02) 17.574
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.01) 10.00(0.46) 12.35(1.09) 1.091
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.36(0.02) 10.51(0.07) 3.04(0.16) 1.150
H$^{13}$CN 0.35(0.02) 9.74(0.06) 2.60(0.15) 1.652
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.16
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.08
G270.26+0.84$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.09(0.01) 9.18(0.24) 3.96(0.57) 0.397
HC$_3$N 0.48(0.01) 9.31(0.04) 3.84(0.10) 1.947
HNC 1.84(0.01) 9.76(0.01) 3.11(0.02) 6.082
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.14
HCO$^+$ 4.24(0.02) 10.0(0.01) 2.89(0.02) 13.035
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.14
HCN 3.41(0.02) 9.99(0.01) 2.31(0.02) 18.081
SiO (2-1) 0.25(0.01) 11.52(0.12) 7.02(0.28) 1.897
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.28(0.02) 9.29(0.09) 3.34(0.22) 0.988
H$^{13}$CN 0.19(0.01) 10.56(0.19) 8.54(0.47) 1.685
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.16
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H69$\beta$ $<$0.08
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G294.98$-$1.73$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.13
HC$_3$N 0.59(0.02) $-$8.19(0.02) 1.62(0.05) 1.012
HNC 1.42(0.01) $-$8.30(0.01) 2.83(0.03) 4.273
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 2.25(0.01) $-$8.25(0.01) 3.67(0.02) 8.812
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 1.97(0.02) $-$8.55(0.01) 3.09(0.03) 13.348
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.01) $-$5.43(0.34) 8.41(0.81) 0.756
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.19(0.02) $-$8.29(0.08) 2.04(0.20) 0.415
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.11
G300.97+1.15$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.11(0.01) $-$48.3(0.15) 2.58(0.35) 0.290
0.105(0.01) $-$42.53(0.17) 3.35(0.40) 0.373
HC$_3$N 0.81(0.01) $-$42.8(0.02) 2.37(0.04) 2.037
HNC 1.87(0.01) $-$42.9(0.01) 3.08(0.02) 6.131
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 2.58(0.01) $-$42.7(0.01) 3.62(0.02) 9.958
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 2.64(0.01) $-$43.0(0.01) 3.32(0.03) 21.73
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.01) $-$40.6(0.61) 21.49(1.45) 1.789
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.29(0.01) $-$43.0(0.06) 2.59(0.15) 0.813
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G301.14$-$0.23$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.10(0.01) $-$42.2(0.33) 8.6(0.78) 0.935
HC$_3$N 0.66(0.01) $-$39.3(0.03) 4.4(0.08) 3.093
HNC 1.61(0.01) $-$39.2(0.01) 4.7(0.03) 8.009
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.14
HCO$^+$ 2.59(0.01) $-$39.3(0.01) 5.8(0.03) 16.072
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.14
HCN 1.92(0.08) $-$40.2(0.02) 4.1(0.10) 34.771
SiO (2-1) 0.39(0.01) $-$39.4(0.08) 7.7(0.20) 3.228
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.32(0.01) $-$39.3(0.07) 3.9(0.20) 1.341
H41$\alpha$ 0.06(0.01) $-$59.0(1.2) 40.6(2.8) 2.533
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G305.21+0.21$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.12
HC$_3$N 0.39(0.01) $-$41.0(0.06) 4.7(0.14) 1.960
HNC 1.89(0.01) $-$40.7(0.01) 4.6(0.03) 9.231
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 2.64(0.01) $-$40.5(0.01) 5.2(0.02) 14.487
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 2.3(0.05) $-$40.7(0.02) 4.0(0.07) 26.171
SiO (2-1) 0.07(0.02) $-$39.9(1.3) 11.4(3.1) 0.868
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.22(0.01) $-$40.7(0.11) 4.8(0.26) 1.117
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G305.25+0.25$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.13
HC$_3$N 0.45(0.01) $-$37.5(0.03) 2.4(0.08) 1.154
HNC 1.13(0.01) $-$37.5(0.02) 3.9(0.04) 4.652
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 1.50(0.01) $-$37.7(0.02) 4.5(0.04) 7.284
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 1.43(0.05) $-$37.2(0.02) 3.4(0.08) 12.921
SiO (2-1) 0.04(0.02) $-$38.5(1.1) 5.9(2.7) 0.266
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.14(0.02) $-$37.3(0.16) 2.4(0.38) 0.353
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) $-$40.3(0.92) 31.6(2.17) 2.739
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G305.37+0.21$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.13
HC$_3$N 0.24(0.01) $-$37.9(0.09) 4.2(0.20) 1.082
HNC 0.42(0.01) $-$38.2(0.03) 5.8(0.06) 5.796
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 1.22(0.01) $-$38.6(0.02) 6.0(0.06) 7.815
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 0.71(0.02) $-$38.3(0.03) 2.6(0.09) 14.342
SiO (2-1) 0.04(0.01) $-$38.7(1.5) 24.3(3.5) 1.090
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.12(0.01) $-$37.7(0.24) 6.8(0.57) 0.856
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ 0.15(0.01) $-$37.4(0.43) 27.6(1.01) 4.412
H69$\beta$ 0.04(0.01) $-$38.4(1.72) 44.0(4.05) 1.988
H57$\alpha$ 0.27(0.01) $-$38.0(0.24) 30.2(0.56) 8.950
H72$\beta$ 0.06(0.01) $-$38.2(0.85) 20.8(2.0) 1.416
G309.38$-$0.13$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.13
HC$_3$N 0.26(0.01) $-$51.0(0.07) 3.0(0.16) 0.843
HNC 0.86(0.01) $-$50.9(0.03) 4.4(0.06) 4.046
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 0.97(0.01) $-$51.1(0.03) 6.1(0.07) 6.225
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 0.59(0.01) $-$50.7(0.09) 11.0(0.26) 7.089
SiO (2-1) 0.19(0.01) $-$50.5(0.15) 6.3(0.34) 1.302
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.34(0.01) $-$50.8(0.06) 2.9(0.13) 1.039
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G316.76$-$0.01$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.06(0.01) $-$43.1(0.40) 6.2(0.93) 0.410
HC$_3$N 0.47(0.01) $-$39.6(0.04) 3.2(0.09) 1.597
HNC 2.6(0.01) $-$39.2(0.01) 4.4(0.02) 12.018
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 2.3(0.01) $-$38.6(0.01) 4.8(0.02) 11.609
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.14
HCN 1.4(0.02) $-$39.3(0.02) 2.4(0.04) 15.391
SiO (2-1) 0.17(0.01) $-$38.8(0.16) 6.2(0.37) 1.113
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.51(0.01) $-$39.4(0.04) 3.1(0.08) 1.688
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G318.05+0.09$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.07(0.01) $-$52.9(0.48) 11.3(1.2) 0.847
HC$_3$N 0.55(0.02) $-$49.8(0.03) 2.9(0.07) 1.694
HNC 1.7(0.01) $-$50.1(0.01) 3.4(0.03) 5.943
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.14
HCO$^+$ 2.93(0.02) $-$50.6(0.01) 3.2(0.02) 10.010
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.14
HCN 2.47(0.02) $-$50.7(0.01) 2.6(0.03) 19.266
SiO (2-1) 0.09(0.01) $-$50.6(0.28) 4.9(0.65) 0.467
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.45(0.01) $-$49.6(0.04) 2.7(0.10) 1.333
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.11
G318.95$-$0.20$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.12(0.01) $-$37.8(0.31) 9.5(0.72) 1.189
0.07(0.01) $-$16.9(0.34) 4.0(0.79) 0.299
0.06(0.01) 11.7(0.44) 4.8(1.0) 0.294
HC$_3$N 0.77(0.01) $-$34.7(0.03) 2.9(0.06) 2.421
HNC 1.85(0.01) $-$34.3(0.01) 4.1(0.03) 8.048
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.16
HCO$^+$ 1.76(0.01) $-$33.9(0.02) 4.7(0.04) 8.795
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.15
HCN 1.17(0.01) $-$29.1(0.04) 9.4(0.11) 26.494
SiO (2-1) 0.24(0.01) $-$33.7(0.17) 9.1(0.41) 2.331
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.62(0.01) $-$34.3(0.04) 3.0(0.08) 1.980
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.17
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G320.29$-$0.31$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.09(0.01) $-$67.5(0.74) 32.4(1.73) 3.082
HC$_3$N 0.30(0.01) $-$65.9(0.07) 3.7(0.17) 1.201
HNC 0.77(0.01) $-$65.9(0.03) 4.2(0.07) 3.436
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.17
HCO$^+$ 0.88(0.01) $-$66.5(0.03) 4.6(0.07) 4.364
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.17
HCN 1.02(0.02) $-$66.9(0.03) 2.8(0.07) 7.769
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.02) $-$65.1(0.80) 5.3(1.9) 0.449
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.16(0.01) $-$65.2(0.15) 4.3(0.36) 0.745
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.17
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.11
G322.16+0.64$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.28(0.02) $-$62.0(0.39) 7.4(0.94) 2.213
0.23(0.04) $-$55.9(0.25) 3.4(0.61) 0.834
0.14(0.02) $-$40.7(0.44) 6.9(1.03) 1.035
0.15(0.02) $-$11.3(0.33) 4.4(0.78) 0.689
HC$_3$N 1.14(0.02) $-$57.0(0.05) 5.4(0.12) 6.581
HNC 2.52(0.02) $-$56.5(0.02) 5.5(0.05) 14.852
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.32
HCO$^+$ 4.32(0.02) $-$56.7(0.01) 5.8(0.03) 26.730
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.32
HCN 4.24(0.07) $-$56.5(0.11) 6.3(0.22) 50.302
SiO (2-1) 0.39(0.02) $-$56.3(0.17) 7.3(0.40) 3.075
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.54(0.02) $-$56.9(0.10) 4.6(0.240 2.627
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.33
H55$\alpha$ 0.09(0.01) $-$52.2(0.60) 17.9(1.4) 1.675
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ 0.19(0.01) $-$54.9(0.36) 25.9(0.85) 5.252
H72$\beta$ 0.06(0.01) $-$53.7(1.1) 25.3(2.7) 1.587
G323.74$-$0.26$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.30
HC$_3$N 0.60(0.03) $-$50.2(0.06) 2.6(0.15) 1.692
HNC 1.00(0.02) $-$49.7(0.05) 4.5(0.12) 4.776
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.31
HCO$^+$ 1.29(0.03) $-$48.5(0.04) 3.6(0.09) 4.981
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.31
HCN 0.90(0.05) $-$48.6(0.06) 2.5(0.15) 13.559
SiO (2-1) $<$0.093
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.50(0.03) $-$49.7(0.08) 3.0(0.20) 1.586
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.31
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.32
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.11
G324.72+0.34$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.19(0.01) $-$57.4(0.09) 2.4(0.21) 0.470
0.10(0.01) $-$51.7(0.20) 4.0(0.50) 0.447
0.04(0.01) $-$33.8(0.65) 6.4(1.52) 0.279
HC$_3$N 0.64(0.01) $-$51.9(0.03) 3.0(0.07) 2.020
HNC 1.29(0.01) $-$51.8(0.02) 4.8(0.04) 6.612
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 0.93(0.01) $-$52.9(0.03) 5.8(0.07) 5.715
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 0.47(0.02) $-$53.4(0.03) 1.2(0.07) 11.029
SiO (2-1) 0.15(0.01) $-$52.4(0.22) 8.9(0.52) 1.402
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.39(0.01) $-$51.9(0.04) 2.5(0.11) 1.045
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G326.48+0.70$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.30(0.03) $-$46.9(0.19) 3.1(0.42) 0.959
0.20(0.02) $-$41.5(0.39) 5.6(0.99) 1.221
HC$_3$N 0.88(0.02) $-$40.9(0.05) 3.6(0.12) 3.408
HNC 2.19(0.02) $-$40.9(0.02) 4.5(0.06) 10.582
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.31
HCO$^+$ 2.86(0.02) $-$40.9(0.02) 5.1(0.05) 15.523
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.31
HCN 0.72(0.05) $-$41.4(0.04) 1.1(0.10) 26.567
SiO (2-1) 0.34(0.02) $-$41.1(0.24) 11.1(0.58) 3.980
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.46(0.03) $-$41.1(0.10) 3.1(0.23) 1.543
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.31
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.32
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H69$\beta$ $<$0.12
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G326.64+0.61$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.16(0.01) $-$44.8(0.11) 3.2(0.26) 0.540
0.11(0.01) $-$38.8(0.21) 5.4(0.54) 0.629
0.05(0.01) $-$20.8(0.45) 6.7(1.05) 0.329
HC$_3$N 0.81(0.01) $-$38.6(0.02) 3.2(0.04) 2.788
HNC 1.05(0.01) $-$39.0(0.02) 6.7(0.05) 7.483
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 1.27(0.01) $-$38.7(0.03) 8.6(0.06) 11.707
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 0.77(0.02) $-$40.6(0.19) 8.3(0.41 14.198
SiO (2-1) 0.28(0.01) $-$39.4(0.10) 9.1(0.23) 2.673
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.48(0.01) $-$38.1(0.04) 4.2(0.08) 2.134
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G326.66+0.57$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.11
HC$_3$N $<$0.10
HNC 0.26(0.01) $-$39.3(0.09) 8.0(0.22) 2.167
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.46(0.01) $-$37.7(0.06) 11.2(0.15) 5.548
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 0.15(0.01) $-$33.9(0.08) 2.0(0.23) 8.400
SiO (2-1) $<$0.12
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ $<$0.12
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ 0.09(0.01) $-$43.0(0.61) 23.5(1.4) 2.342
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ 0.21(0.01) $-$43.3(0.30) 26.2(0.70) 5.956
H72$\beta$ 0.06(0.01) $-$44.0(0.80) 17.3(1.9) 1.185
G326.86$-$0.68$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.10
HC$_3$N 0.20(0.01) $-$67.2(0.07) 3.1(0.17) 0.655
HNC 0.48(0.01) $-$66.4(0.04) 5.0(0.09) 2.562
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.64(0.01) $-$66.6(0.03) 6.0(0.08) 4.141
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.29(0.02) $-$67.2(0.11) 3.9(0.31) 5.443
SiO (2-1) 0.06(0.01) $-$66.2(0.39) 7.5(0.91) 0.480
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.28(0.01) $-$66.4(0.04) 2.3(0.11) 0.692
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G327.29$-$0.58$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.50(0.02) $-$51.6(0.06) 4.0(0.13) 2.136
0.52(0.01) $-$45.8(0.11) 6.9(0.22) 3.801
0.30(0.01) $-$27.6(0.07) 5.5(0.16) 1.789
0.23(0.01) 1.1(0.09) 5.9(0.22) 1.460
0.06(0.01) 41.2(0.38) 7.3(0.90) 0.492
HC$_3$N 1.99(0.01) $-$45.2(0.01) 5.1(0.02) 10.763
HNC 1.63(0.01) $-$44.8(0.02) 7.3(0.04) 12.719
CH$_3$OH E 0.06(0.01) $-$43.9(0.32) 6.4(0.75) 0.439
HCO$^+$ 1.45(0.01) $-$45.1(0.02) 8.5(0.04) 13.017
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.07(0.01) $-$44.7(0.33) 7.0(0.77) 0.508
HCN 0.38(0.02) $-$43.8(0.05) 1.9(0.12) 28.167
SiO (2-1) 0.64(0.01) $-$44.8(0.04) 7.1(0.09) 4.844
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.63(0.01) $-$44.9(0.03) 4.9(0.07) 3.258
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.07(0.01) $-$44.6(0.53) 29.0(1.3) 0.642
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ 0.07(0.01) $-$43.7(0.91) 29.1(2.1) 2.273
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G327.39+0.20$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.09(0.01) $-$95.2(0.18) 4.1(0.46) 0.407
0.10(0.01) $-$88.7(0.17) 3.8(0.42) 0.392
HC$_3$N 0.39(0.01) $-$89.0(0.04) 3.7(0.09) 1.559
HNC 1.22(0.01) $-$89.1(0.01) 4.7(0.03) 6.031
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 1.54(0.01) $-$89.2(0.01) 5.7(0.03) 9.350
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.78(0.02) $-$90.2(0.05) 4.3(0.13) 12.108
SiO (2-1) 0.21(0.01) $-$88.3(0.11) 6.8(0.25) 1.498
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.33(0.01) $-$89.0(0.05) 3.6(0.11) 1.284
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G327.62$-$0.11$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.11
HC$_3$N 0.11(0.01) $-$88.9(0.15) 4.2(0.34) 0.514
HNC 0.66(0.01) $-$88.3(0.03) 4.1(0.06) 2.867
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.56(0.01) $-$88.3(0.04) 6.8(0.09) 4.074
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.26(0.01) $-$88.9(0.04) 1.8(0.12) 4.504
SiO (2-1) 0.07(0.01) $-$88.3(0.39) 9.7(0.93) 0.686
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.20(0.01) $-$88.3(0.07) 2.7(0.16) 0.562
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.12
G328.21$-$0.59$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.10
HC$_3$N 0.08(0.01) $-$41.2(0.13) 1.6(0.30) 0.140
HNC 0.24(0.01) $-$42.4(0.08) 5.7(0.19) 1.463
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.30(0.01) $-$41.5(0.07) 6.8(0.18) 2.201
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.17(0.02) $-$43.2(0.06) 1.2(0.15) 3.349
SiO (2-1) $<$0.11
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.13(0.01) $-$42.3(0.12) 3.1(0.28) 0.420
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.11
G328.24$-$0.55$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.06(0.01) $-$50.2(0.20) 2.4(0.55) 0.152
HC$_3$N 0.15(0.01) $-$42.8(0.13) 5.5(0.30) 0.898
HNC 0.28(0.01) $-$42.5(0.11) 10.0(0.26) 2.973
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.32(0.01) $-$42.5(0.130) 12.7(0.31) 4.323
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.53(0.01) $-$46.0(0.03) 2.4(0.06) 3.828
SiO (2-1) 0.06(0.01) $-$42.5(0.39) 8.7(0.93) 0.589
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.22(0.01) $-$43.6(0.08) 4.3(0.19) 1.036
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G328.25$-$0.53$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.12(0.01) $-$47.5(0.27) 10.7(0.64) 1.329
HC$_3$N 0.72(0.01) $-$44.7(0.03) 3.6(0.06) 2.726
HNC 1.75(0.01) $-$46.3(0.01) 2.9(0.02) 5.379
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 2.02(0.01) $-$46.8(0.01) 3.0(0.02) 6.367
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 2.23(0.01) $-$46.4(0.01) 2.2(0.02) 9.952
SiO (2-1) 0.23(0.02) $-$44.1(0.28) 5.9(0.67) 1.453
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.37(0.01) $-$44.6(0.06) 4.7(0.15) 1.888
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G328.81+0.63$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.31(0.01) $-$47.7 (0.16) 5.3(0.35) 1.765
0.30(0.01) $-$41.7(0.16) 4.7(0.32) 1.497
0.13(0.01) $-$24.8(0.21) 6.2(0.49) 0.868
0.10(0.01) 4.0(0.24) 4.5(0.56) 0.474
HC$_3$N 1.35(0.01) $-$42.0(0.02) 4.2(0.04) 6.069
HNC 2.81(0.01) $-$42.6(0.01) 3.0(0.02) 9.085
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 4.67(0.02) $-$42.9(0.01) 2.9(0.01) 14.630
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 4.27(0.02) $-$43.0(0.01) 2.9(0.01) 27.974
SiO (2-1) 0.64(0.01) $-$41.1(0.06) 10.2(0.15) 7.080
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.76(0.01) $-$41.8(0.02) 3.3(0.06) 2.688
H41$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) $-$39.5(0.84) 22.3(2.0) 1.853
H42$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) $-$38.3(0.67) 26.0(1.6) 2.216
H55$\alpha$ 0.06(0.01) $-$40.5(0.86) 23.7(2.0) 1.622
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) $-$44.5(0.94) 38.7(2.2) 3.190
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G329.03$-$0.20$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.18(0.01) $-$48.4(0.32) 7.5(0.70) 1.428
0.11(0.02) $-$42.4(0.26) 3.9(0.59) 0.458
0.06(0.01) $-$26.5(0.30) 3.9(0.71) 0.255
0.05(0.01) 3.6(0.50) 8.4(1.19)
HC$_3$N 0.70(0.01) $-$43.7(0.03) 5.7(0.08) 4.299
HNC 0.51(0.01) $-$44.0(0.07) 10.0(0.16) 5.464
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 0.32(0.01) $-$45.8(0.16) 18.7(0.39) 6.306
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 0.55(0.02) $-$46.5(0.02) 1.2(0.06) 10.702
SiO (2-1) 0.32(0.01) $-$44.6(0.34) 14.5(0.79) 4.926
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.26(0.01) $-$43.5(0.08) 4.5(0.20) 1.249
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G329.07$-$0.31$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.13(0.01) $-$49.3(0.23) 4.9(0.56) 0.605
0.08(0.01) $-$43.4(0.32) 3.9(0.74) 0.334
HC$_3$N 0.38(0.01) $-$43.4(0.06) 5.4(0.13) 2.204
HNC 0.87(0.01) $-$43.3(0.02) 4.7(0.06) 4.386
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 0.71(0.01) $-$42.8(0.03) 3.2(0.06) 2.402
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 0.48(0.02) $-$43.6(0.03) 2.0(0.08) 6.458
SiO (2-1) 0.28(0.01) $-$43.6(0.21) 8.7(0.50) 2.599
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.18(0.01) $-$43.0(0.12) 5.2(0.29) 1.010
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G329.18$-$0.31$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.12(0.01) $-$55.5(0.12) 2.3(0.33) 0.297
0.09(0.01) $-$50.7(0.36) 6.6(0.88) 0.648
HC$_3$N 0.63(0.01) $-$49.5(0.02) 3.3(0.06) 2.218
HNC 0.71(0.01) $-$50.6(0.02) 3.4(0.06) 2.596
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.74(0.01) $-$51.8(0.03) 4.1(0.07) 3.262
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.51(0.01) $-$51.6(0.03) 2.8(0.09) 5.589
SiO (2-1) 0.19(0.01) $-$49.7(0.017) 12.3(0.40) 2.509
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.31(0.01) $-$49.4(0.06) 3.9(0.14) 1.316
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G329.47+0.50$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.05(0.01) $-$71.3(0.62) 14.8(1.6) 0.850
HC$_3$N 0.20(0.01) $-$68.2(0.10) 6.0(0.23) 1.285
HNC 1.1(0.01) $-$68.0(0.02) 4.5(0.04) 5.003
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 1.2(0.01) $-$68.0(0.03) 5.8(0.04) 7.202
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 0.42(0.01) $-$68.7(0.03) 2.19(0.08) 10.801
SiO (2-1) 0.11(0.01) $-$69.7(0.29) 15.2(0.68) 1.822
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.34(0.01) $-$68.0(0.04) 2.6(0.09) 0.945
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G331.13$-$0.24$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.18(0.01) $-$91.3(0.29) 6.8(0.58) 1.326
0.13(0.01) $-$85.3(0.27) 4.5(0.50) 0.639
0.091(0.01) $-$68.9(0.24) 7.2(0.55) 0.691
0.09(0.01) $-$40.7(0.24) 7.4(0.56) 0.713
HC$_3$N 0.60(0.01) $-$86.2(0.03) 5.5(0.07) 3.519
HNC 0.77(0.01) $-$87.2(0.04) 7.9(0.08) 6.469
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.75(0.01) $-$86.7(0.05) 11.0(0.12) 8.749
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 0.97(0.01) $-$89.0(0.02) 3.3(0.06) 14.763
SiO (2-1) 0.27(0.01) $-$86.7(0.11) 11.5(0.25) 3.320
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.32(0.01) $-$86.5(0.07) 5.5(0.17) 1.867
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G331.34$-$0.35$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.034
HC$_3$N 0.27(0.01) $-$66.1(0.04) 2.6(0.10) 0.748
HNC 0.81(0.01) $-$65.9(0.02) 3.1(0.04) 2.648
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 1.27(0.01) $-$65.8(0.01) 3.3(0.03) 4.404
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 1.01(0.01) $-$66.0(0.02) 2.7(0.05) 8.117
SiO (2-1) 0.04(0.01) $-$66.2(0.62) 7.9(1.46) 0.313
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.16(0.01) $-$66.1(0.09) 2.4(0.22) 0.422
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G331.44$-$0.19$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.06(0.01) $-$91.4(0.43) 11.2(1.0) 0.681
HC$_3$N 0.23(0.01) $-$88.5(0.07) 4.5(0.16) 1.113
HNC 0.16(0.01) $-$89.0(0.20) 10.2(0.45) 1.692
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.26(0.01) $-$91.5(0.11) 5.1(0.27) 1.412
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN t
SiO (2-1) 0.11(0.01) $-$88.8(0.20) 8.6(0.48) 1.032
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.11(0.01) $-$87.7(0.18) 4.9(0.42) 0.578
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G332.30$-$0.09$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.10(0.01) $-$54.4(0.17) 5.0(0.45) 0.531
0.09(0.01) $-$48.6(0.13) 2.4(0.31) 0.245
HC$_3$N 0.50(0.01) $-$48.7(0.03) 3.2(0.06) 1.685
HNC 0.90(0.01) $-$48.9(0.02) 4.2(0.04) 4.029
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.71(0.01) $-$50.4(0.02) 4.0(0.05) 2.981
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 0.78(0.01) $-$49.5(0.02) 2.8(0.06) 6.501
SiO (2-1) 0.09(0.01) $-$50.0(0.22) 6.9(0.53) 0.683
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.26(0.01) $-$48.5(0.08) 3.7(0.18) 0.997
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G332.60$-$0.17$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.09
HC$_3$N 0.15(0.01) $-$46.3(0.09) 3.4(0.21) 0.538
HNC 0.80(0.01) $-$46.9(0.02) 4.1(0.04) 3.462
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.86(0.01) $-$47.5(0.02) 4.5(0.06) 4.136
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.48(0.01) $-$45.5(0.02) 1.3(0.06) 2.738
SiO (2-1) 0.05(0.01) $-$47.3(0.41) 8.1(0.96) 0.452
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.21(0.01) $-$46.8(0.10) 3.6(0.24) 0.811
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G332.94$-$0.69$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.06(0.01) $-$55.5(0.22) 3.3(0.55) 0.206
0.09(0.01) $-$50.2(0.13) 2.6(0.32) 0.246
HC$_3$N 0.40(0.01) $-$49.9(0.03) 2.9(0.07) 1.242
HNC 0.71(0.01) $-$49.0(0.02) 5.1(0.06) 3.851
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.83(0.01) $-$48.6(0.02) 5.8(0.06) 5.158
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 0.24(0.01) $-$49.2(0.04) 1.3(0.10) 8.079
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.01) $-$48.8(0.26) 7.0(0.60) 0.584
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.96(0.01) $-$49.5(0.04) 3.0(0.10) 0.960
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G332.96$-$0.68$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.16(0.01) $-$55.2(0.21) 5.0(0.42) 0.853
0.14(0.01) $-$49.5(0.24) 4.9(0.48) 0.736
0.07(0.01) $-$31.9(0.19) 4.1(0.45) 0.322
0.04(0.01) $-$2.7(0.42) 6.3(0.99) 0.273
HC$_3$N 0.69(0.01) $-$49.5(0.02) 4.3(0.05) 3.205
HNC 0.76(0.01) $-$49.0(0.03) 7.7(0.07) 6.231
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.058(0.01) $-$49.0(0.06) 11.1(0.15) 6.943
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.35(0.01) $-$52.9(0.03) 2.4(0.09) 8.953
SiO (2-1) 0.17(0.01) $-$50.7(0.14) 11.2(0.34) 2.080
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.40(0.02) $-$49.5(0.08) 4.0(0.18) 1.699
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.03$-$0.06$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.063(0.01) $-$48.0(0.18) 2.8(0.43) 0.191
0.05(0.01) $-$41.2(0.22) 2.8(0.51) 0.154
HC$_3$N 0.46(0.01) $-$42.0(0.02) 2.3(0.05) 1.105
HNC 0.15(0.01) $-$43.1(0.06) 1.8(0.15) 0.298
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.31(0.01) $-$43.0(0.03) 1.4(0.09) 3.307
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.32(0.01) $-$43.0(0.03) 1.6(0.09) 3.020
SiO (2-1) 0.07(0.01) $-$42.1(0.18) 2.9(0.43) 0.208
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.34(0.01) $-$41.8(0.03) 2.2(0.08) 0.792
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.13$-$0.44$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.26(0.01) $-$55.7(0.07) 4.2(0.19) 1.153
0.22(0.01) $-$49.9(0.09) 4.0(0.21) 0.920
0.08(0.01) $-$33.0(0.21) 5.0(0.48) 0.431
0.06(0.01) $-$4.3(0.31) 5.6(0.72) 0.341
HC$_3$N 1.15(0.01) $-$50.1(0.01) 3.9(0.03) 4.701
HNC 2.98(0.01) $-$50.3(0.01) 4.6(0.02) 14.466
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 3.74(0.02) $-$50.5(0.01) 4.4(0.02) 17.723
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 3.25(0.01) $-$49.8(0.01) 3.8(0.02) 28.824
SiO (2-1) 0.23(0.01) $-$50.1(0.10) 9.5(0.24) 2.323
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.62(0.02) $-$50.1(0.02) 3.7(0.06) 2.430
H41$\alpha$ 0.07(0.01) $-$50.8(0.68) 20.4(1.6) 1.466
H55$\alpha$ 0.23(0.01) $-$49.0(0.24) 26.7(0.57) 6.600
H69$\beta$ 0.07(0.01) $-$50.7(0.65) 19.7(1.5) 1.524
H57$\alpha$ 0.41(0.01) $-$50.1(0.16) 30.1(0.37) 13.104
H72$\beta$ 0.08(0.01) $-$49.1(0.70) 24.1(1.6) 2.087
G333.13$-$0.56$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.18(0.01) $-$62.8(0.15) 5.2(0.35) 0.985
0.15(0.01) $-$56.8(0.18) 4.6(0.38) 0.705
0.07(0.01) $-$40.6(0.23) 5.4(0.54) 0.392
0.06(0.01) $-$11.1(0.27) 5.1(0.64) 0.302
HC$_3$N 0.67(0.01) $-$57.4(0.02) 4.7(0.05) 3.354
HNC 1.31(0.01) $-$59.2(0.01) 3.3(0.02) 4.660
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.27(0.01) $-$59.7(0.01) 3.5(0.03) 4.753
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.55(0.01) $-$66.7(0.03) 4.9(0.08) 3.858
SiO (2-1) 0.35(0.01) $-$57.3(0.05) 6.7(0.13) 2.532
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.27(0.01) $-$57.8(0.05) 3.9(0.13) 1.105
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.16$-$0.10$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.09
HC$_3$N 0.22(0.01) $-$92.7(0.04) 1.9(0.10) 0.440
HNC 0.44(0.01) $-$92.4(0.03) 3.0(0.08) 1.409
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.13(0.01) $-$93.2(0.13) 3.5(0.3) 0.495
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.23(0.01) $-$93.0(0.07) 3.9(0.18) 1.701
SiO (2-1) $<$0.9
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.13(0.01) $-$92.3(0.08) 2.1(0.19) 0.291
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.07(0.01) $-$91.7(0.69) 22.0(1.6) 1.716
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.18$-$0.09$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.04(0.01) $-$90.7(0.48) 6.4(1.1) 0.246
HC$_3$N 0.19(0.01) $-$86.5(0.06) 3.3(0.15) 0.662
HNC 0.46(0.01) $-$86.3(0.03) 3.9(0.07) 1.907
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.09(0.01) $-$86.0(0.15) 2.6(0.34) 0.263
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.23(0.01) $-$80.7(0.07) 3.4(0.16) 0.971
SiO (2-1) $<$0.09
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.14(0.01) $-$86.3(0.09) 3.1(0.22) 0.473
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.05(0.01) $-$92.2(1.1) 20.5(2.6) 1.013
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.23$-$0.06$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.15(0.01) $-$93.4(0.15) 5.9(0.39) 0.962
0.16(0.01) $-$87.3(0.10) 3.1(0.24) 0.526
0.05(0.01) $-$70.5(0.31) 4.9(0.72) 0.281
0.05(0.01) $-$40.8(0.32) 5.0(0.76) 0.272
HC$_3$N 0.51(0.01) $-$87.7(0.03) 4.2(0.07) 2.247
HNC 0.10(0.01) $-$88.0(0.25) 11.6(0.59) 1.216
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.10(0.01) $-$81.7(0.15) 4.0(0.35) 0.412
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.17(0.01) $-$77.0(0.09) 3.8(0.28) 2.480
SiO (2-1) 0.25(0.01) $-$87.8(0.08) 7.2(0.19) 1.877
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.17(0.01) $-$87.9(0.12) 3.9(0.28) 0.701
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.32+0.11$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.11(0.01) $-$52.8(0.13) 3.0(0.32) 0.351
0.10(0.01) $-$47.2(0.18) 4.8(0.46) 0.532
HC$_3$N 0.39(0.01) $-$46.6(0.03) 3.7(0.08) 1.542
HNC 1.10(0.01) $-$46.3(0.02) 4.4(0.04) 5.160
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.07(0.01) $-$46.8(0.02) 4.6(0.05) 5.280
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.51(0.01) $-$45.3(0.02) 1.5(0.06) 9.088
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.01) $-$46.5(0.30) 10.5(0.70) 0.947
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.29(0.01) $-$46.5(0.05) 2.7(0.11) 0.816
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.47$-$0.16$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.15
HC$_3$N 0.31(0.01) $-$43.6(0.07) 3.6(0.17) 1.184
HNC 0.39(0.02) $-$44.4(0.07) 2.7(0.17) 1.153
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.16
HCO$^+$ t
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.16
HCN t
SiO (2-1) $<$0.16
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.29(0.02) $-$43.7(0.08) 3.0(0.18) 0.930
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.16
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.16
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.06(0.01) $-$36.7(0.74) 14.3(1.7) 0.837
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.56$-$0.02$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.20
HC$_3$N $<$0.20
HNC 0.23(0.01) $-$40.8(0.17) 5.7(0.41) 1.374
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.20
HCO$^+$ 0.21(0.010 $-$41.0(0.22) 7.0(0.52) 1.555
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.20
HCN t
SiO (2-1) $<$0.20
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.12(0.02) $-$39.5(0.22) 2.9(0.52) 0.386
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.20
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.20
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G333.59$-$0.21$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.23
HC$_3$N 0.65(0.02) $-$48.0(0.05) 3.4(0.12) 2.388
HNC 1.80(0.02) $-$47.7(0.02) 4.8(0.06) 9.160
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.24
HCO$^+$ 1.92(0.02) $-$48.5(0.02) 4.2(0.05) 8.676
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.23
HCN 0.77(0.06) $-$49.0(0.04) 1.5(0.13) 16.924
SiO (2-1) $<$0.23
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.50(0.02) $-$47.8(0.07) 3.5(0.17) 1.869
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.23
H55$\alpha$ 0.62(0.01) $-$45.3(0.12) 32.4(0.28) 21.180
H69$\beta$ 0.15(0.01) $-$46.4(0.48) 27.0(1.13) 4.346
H57$\alpha$ 1.18(0.01) $-$45.9(0.08) 33.7(0.18) 42.545
H72$\beta$ 0.23(0.01) $-$45.7(0.30) 28.5(0.71) 6.898
G335.06$-$0.43$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.18
HC$_3$N 0.34(0.02) $-$39.5(0.06) 2.4(0.15) 0.869
HNC 0.65(0.01) $-$39.4(0.04) 3.8(0.10) 2.587
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.18
HCO$^+$ $<$0.18
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.17
HCN 0.17(0.02) $-$39.5(0.16) 3.4(0.39) 2.311
SiO (2-1) 0.15(0.01) $-$39.2(0.25) 6.8(0.58) 1.068
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.43(0.02) $-$39.5(0.05) 2.3(0.12) 1.037
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.18
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.18
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G335.59$-$0.29$^1$ CH$_3$CN d
HC$_3$N 0.51(0.02) $-$46.3(0.06) 3.8(0.14) 2.047
HNC 1.23(0.02) $-$46.9(0.03) 4.8(0.07) 6.211
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.23
HCO$^+$ 1.60(0.02) $-$47.1(0.03) 5.2(0.06) 8.854
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.20
HCN 0.84(0.02) $-$48.2(0.06) 4.2(0.21) 8.841
SiO (2-1) 0.19(0.01) $-$45.4(0.23) 8.4(0.55) 1.740
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.45(0.02) $-$46.8(0.06) 3.3(0.15) 1.598
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.21
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.20
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G335.79+0.17$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.20
HC$_3$N 0.53(0.02) $-$49.7(0.05) 3.0(0.11) 1.676
HNC 1.02(0.01) $-$49.3(0.03) 5.0(0.08) 5.471
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.20
HCO$^+$ 1.13(0.01) $-$49.7(0.04) 6.2(0.09) 7.418
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.069
HCN 0.76(0.04) $-$49.3(0.07) 4.5(0.20) 9.605
SiO (2-1) $<$0.23
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.35(0.02) $-$49.2(0.09) 3.1(0.21) 1.186
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.22
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.25
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G336.41$-$0.26$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.44
HC$_3$N $<$0.38
HNC 0.52(0.03) $-$87.1(0.13) 5.3(0.31) 2.943
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.37
HCO$^+$ 0.51(0.03) $-$87.1(0.14) 5.7(0.34) 3.052
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.37
HCN 0.18(0.20) $-$88.3(0.45) 3.6(2.23) 6.263
SiO (2-1) $<$0.38
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ $<$0.52
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.41
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.04(0.01) $-$79.3(1.5) 37.2(3.5) 1.776
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G337.40$-$0.40$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.45
HC$_3$N 0.21(0.04) $-$41.0(0.25) 3.0(0.59) 0.671
HNC 0.60(0.03) $-$41.4(0.13) 5.1(0.30) 3.220
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.42
HCO$^+$ 0.47(0.03) $-$42.4(0.24) 8.8(0.57) 4.371
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.42
HCN 0.26(0.03) $-$47.9(0.35) 6.0(0.83) 1.673
SiO (2-1) $<$0.51
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ $<$0.50
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.58
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.44
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G337.92$-$0.46$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.23(0.01) $-$45.6(0.19) 5.0(0.35) 1.211
0.20(0.01) $-$39.5(0.025) 5.8(0.49) 1.207
0.11(0.01) $-$22.3(0.17) 5.9(0.41) 0.715
0.11(0.01) 6.6(0.19) 6.9(0.45) 0.822
HC$_3$N 0.72(0.01) $-$39.6(0.02) 4.8(0.05) 3.650
HNC 1.54(0.01) $-$40.3(0.01) 3.8(0.03) 6.202
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.12(0.01) $-$41.0(0.02) 3.9(0.04) 4.617
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 1.46(0.01) $-$40.1(0.01) 2.7(0.03) 11.483
SiO (2-1) 0.25(0.01) $-$39.6(0.09) 9.4(0.21) 2.463
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.44(0.01) $-$39.7(0.03) 3.5(0.07) 1.641
H41$\alpha$ 0.09(0.01) $-$34.7(0.50) 18.8(1.17) 1.787
H42$\alpha$ 0.11(0.01) $-$33.9(0.33) 20.7(0.79) 2.355
H55$\alpha$ 0.18(0.01) $-$38.9(0.32) 25.2(0.74) 4.809
H69$\beta$ 0.06(0.01) $-$39.1(0.90) 30.0(2.1) 2.069
H57$\alpha$ 0.29(0.01) $-$39.4(0.22) 29.8(0.51) 9.181
H72$\beta$ 0.06(0.01) $-$37.8(0.82) 18.3(1.9) 1.169
G338.92+0.55$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.11(0.02) $-$70.3(0.16) 4.1(0.61) 0.475
0.18(0.01) $-$64.8(0.43) 9.4(0.73) 1.762
0.08(0.01) $-$45.8(0.19) 5.3(0.44) 0.460
0.04(0.01) $-$16.5(0.41) 6.3(0.96) 0.276
HC$_3$N 0.54(0.01) $-$63.2(0.03) 6.7(0.08) 3.870
HNC 1.36(0.01) $-$64.8(0.03) 8.1(0.06) 11.644
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 2.95(0.01) $-$66.5(0.01) 4.5(0.02) 14.137
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.84(0.01) $-$66.54(0.03) 5.0(0.09) 19.909
SiO (2-1) 0.40(0.01) $-$63.3(0.06) 8.9(0.13) 3.763
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.51(0.01) $-$64.2(0.04) 6.1(0.08) 3.312
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.08
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H72$\beta$ $<$0.08
G339.88$-$1.26$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.08(0.01) $-$38.1(0.17) 4.2(0.43) 0.366
0.07(0.01) $-$31.9(0.18) 3.4(0.45) 0.244
0.04(0.01) $-$14.8(0.37) 5.6(0.88) 0.238
0.04(0.01) 13.2(0.38) 4.5(0.89) 0.171
HC$_3$N 0.43(0.01) $-$32.2(0.03) 3.3(0.07) 1.486
HNC 0.99(0.01) $-$32.4(0.01) 4.0(0.03) 4.166
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.19(0.01) $-$32.8(0.01) 4.3(0.03) 5.479
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 1.57(0.01) $-$32.8(0.01) 3.3(0.03) 11.569
SiO (2-1) $<$0.09
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.22(0.01) $-$32.1(0.07) 3.1(0.18) 0.715
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.08
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G341.19$-$0.23$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.09
HC$_3$N $<$0.09
HNC 0.21(0.01) $-$43.7(0.06) 3.6(0.14) 0.806
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.14(0.01) $-$45.4(0.13) 6.8(0.31) 0.995
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.08
HCN 0.13(0.01) $-$43.6(0.14) 4.9(0.35) 1.193
SiO (2-1) $<$0.09
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ $<$0.10
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.08
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H72$\beta$ $<$0.08
G341.22$-$0.21$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.14(0.01) $-$48.8(0.08) 3.1(0.21) 0.472
0.13(0.01) $-$43.3(0.10) 3.3(0.24) 0.449
0.05(0.01) $-$26.4(0.25) 3.2(0.60) 0.161
0.06(0.01) 2.8(0.17) 2.2(0.39) 0.136
HC$_3$N 0.48(0.01) $-$43.1(0.02) 3.2(0.06) 1.653
HNC 0.95(0.01) $-$43.8(0.01) 3.5(0.03) 3.516
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.62(0.01) $-$44.8(0.02) 2.7(0.05) 1.760
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.58(0.01) $-$44.4(0.03) 2.5(0.05) 4.361
SiO (2-1) 0.17(0.01) $-$42.9(0.11) 6.6(0.25) 1.212
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.35(0.01) $-$43.1(0.05) 3.4(0.12) 1.263
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G343.12$-$0.06$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.21(0.01) -35.4(0.35) 8.4(0.61) 1.875
0.14(0.02) $-$29.3(0.23) 4.8(0.46) 0.736
0.09(0.01) $-$13.7(0.22) 7.6(0.51) 0.716
0.08(0.01) 15.4(0.21) 6.4(0.50) 0.559
HC$_3$N 1.15(0.01) $-$30.5(0.01) 5.4(0.03) 6.613
HNC 1.61(0.01) $-$31.6(0.03) 6.5(0.06) 11.133
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.95(0.02) $-$32.3(0.04) 9.3(0.10) 19.314
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 2.36(0.02) $-$32.3(0.01) 3.3(0.03) 29.971
SiO (2-1) 0.29(0.01) $-$29.3(0.08) 10.2(0.19) 3.116
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.90(0.01) $-$30.6(0.03) 4.8(0.06) 4.579
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.08
G344.23$-$0.57$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.22(0.01) $-$23.9(0.19) 9.6(0.33) 2.287
0.14(0.01) $-$28.0(0.10) 2.2(0.29) 0.321
0.15(0.01) $-$4.2(0.12) 4.4(0.27) 0.709
0.12(0.01) 24.6(0.17) 6.3(0.41) 0.831
0.06(0.01) 65.7(0.33) 4.9(0.79) 0.290
HC$_3$N 0.83(0.01) $-$22.2(0.02) 3.9(0.05) 3.407
HNC 0.70(0.01) $-$20.9(0.04) 6.4(0.09) 4.761
CH$_3$OH E 0.04(0.01) $-$20.6(0.89) 24.1(2.1) 1.039
HCO$^+$ 0.43(0.01) $-$19.0(0.06) 6.7(0.14) 3.091
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.08(0.01) $-$21.3(0.22) 3.8(0.52) 0.308
HCN t 10.653
SiO (2-1) 0.34(0.01) $-$22.3(0.08) 7.5(0.18) 2.668
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.36(0.01) $-$22.1(0.05) 3.9(0.12) 1.465
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G345.00$-$0.22$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.41(0.01) $-$29.9(0.08) 11.6(0.19) 5.024
0.20(0.01) $-$9.5(0.12) 6.1(0.28) 1.301
0.16(0.01) 19.5(0.15) 6.8(0.39) 1.184
0.05(0.01) 58.8 4.9(0.41) 0.273
HC$_3$N 0.92(0.01) $-$27.4(0.03) 7.3(0.06) 7.167
HNC 0.52(0.01) $-$26.6(0.09) 14.1(0.20) 7.758
CH$_3$OH E 0.06(0.01) $-$27.4(0.32) 4.7(0.75) 0.294
HCO$^+$ 0.67(0.01) $-$32.8(0.04) 5.7(0.08) 4.061
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.06(0.01) $-$27.9(0.40) 6.6(0.94) 0.387
HCN 0.42(0.02) $-$31.1(0.05) 2.5(0.15) 12.742
SiO (2-1) 0.50(0.01) $-$25.7(0.08) 15.7(0.18) 8.408
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.31(0.01) $-$27.2(0.08) 6.9(0.18) 2.294
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G345.01+1.79$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.27(0.01) $-$19.9(0.08) 4.0(0.20) 1.140
0.23(0.01) $-$14.2(0.09) 3.8(0.22) 0.927
0.11(0.01) 2.9(0.16) 4.1(0.38) 0.485
0.06(0.01) 32.5(0.34) 5.1(0.80) 0.322
HC$_3$N 1.15(0.01) $-$14.3(0.01) 3.8(0.03) 4.717
HNC 2.91(0.01) $-$14.2(0.01) 5.1(0.02) 5.098
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 5.4(0.01) $-$14.1(0.01) 5.5(0.01) 31.958
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 2.83(0.04) $-$14.6(0.03) 5.2(0.08) 48.778
SiO (2-1) 0.48(0.01) $-$14.5(0.07) 9.6(0.17) 9.591
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.61(0.01) $-$14.3(0.03) 4.1(0.07) 4.117
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H69$\beta$ $<$0.20
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.11
G345.42$-$0.95$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.05(0.02) $-$27.5(0.37) 2.5(0.89) 0.141
0.06(0.01) $-$21.9(0.45) 4.2(1.12) 0.250
HC$_3$N 0.38(0.01) $-$22.1(0.04) 3.4(0.10) 1.403
HNC 1.44(0.01) $-$21.6(0.01) 4.5(0.03) 6.912
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 1.05(0.01) $-$21.6(0.03) 5.8(0.07) 6.542
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 2.44(0.01) $-$20.9(0.02) 5.0(0.05) 21.148
SiO (2-1) $<$0.12
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.28(0.01) $-$21.8(0.06) 3.1(0.14) 0.908
H41$\alpha$ 0.20(0.01) $-$23.2(0.23) 24.4(0.54) 5.156
H42$\alpha$ 0.21(0.01) $-$21.9(0.23) 24.0(0.54) 5.477
H55$\alpha$ 0.44(0.01) $-$23.5(0.13) 26.3(0.31) 12.207
H69$\beta$ 0.13(0.01) $-$22.7(0.42) 21.2(0.98) 2.845
H57$\alpha$ 0.72(0.01) $-$23.2(0.09) 27.2(0.21) 20.885
H72$\beta$ 0.16(0.01) $-$23.5(0.34) 22.0(0.80) 3.826
G345.50+0.35$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.10(0.01) $-$24.1(0.21) 4.9(0.54) 0.511
0.11(0.01) $-$18.2(0.17) 3.6(0.39) 0.417
0.04(0.01) $-$1.7(0.53) 7.9(1.25) 0.319
0.06(0.01) 28.2(0.24) 4.0(0.56) 0.264
HC$_3$N 0.51(0.01) $-$18.0(0.03) 3.3(0.07) 1.784
HNC 0.83(0.01) $-$17.0(0.028) 5.5(0.07) 4.914
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.91(0.01) $-$16.5(0.05) 9.5(0.11) 9.194
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 1.06(0.02) $-$16.6(0.01) 2.0(0.04) 14.685
SiO (2-1) 0.10(0.01) $-$18.3(0.30) 10.6(0.71) 1.124
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.20(0.01) $-$17.8(0.09) 4.1(0.22) 0.860
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.08
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G348.18+0.48$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.05(0.01) $-$8.7(0.49) 9.0(1.15) 0.510
HC$_3$N 0.48(0.01) $-$6.6(0.03) 2.3(0.07) 1.190
HNC 2.05(0.01) $-$6.3(0.01) 2.4(0.02) 5.354
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 1.84(0.02) $-$5.5(0.01) 2.5(0.03) 4.984
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 1.64(0.02) $-$5.7(0.01) 2.2(0.03) 12.197
SiO (2-1) 0.13(0.01) $-$5.8(0.19) 6.6(0.44) 0.901
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.44(0.01) $-$6.5(0.03) 1.9(0.07) 0.909
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G349.09+0.11$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.09(0.03) $-$84.0(0.28) 4.1(1.02) 0.387
0.09(0.01) $-$78.5(1.14) 9.3(1.92) 0.916
HC$_3$N 0.34(0.01) $-$78.1(0.06) 4.6(0.13) 1.695
HNC 1.27(0.01) $-$77.8(0.02) 6.3(0.04) 8.565
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 1.40(0.01) $-$77.3(0.02) 6.8(0.04) 10.080
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 0.47(0.08) $-$80.4(0.19) 7.1(0.69) 18.571
SiO (2-1) 0.11(0.01) $-$77.5(0.24) 8.0(0.57) 0.976
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.23(0.01) $-$77.6(0.10) 5.6(0.23) 1.400
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G351.16+0.70$^1$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.72
HC$_3$N 2.27(0.07) $-$6.7(0.08) 5.3(0.19) 12.907
HNC 3.73(0.06) $-$6.2(0.04) 5.9(0.10) 23.532
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.78
HCO$^+$ 5.65(0.39) $-$5.4(0.11) 3.3(0.27) 20.016
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.84
HCN 1.42(0.47) $-$4.8(0.35) 2.4(0.46) 69.734
SiO (2-1) 0.44(0.03) $-$7.6(0.29) 7.5(0.69) 3.468
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.99(0.49) $-$6.4(0.79) 3.3(1.87) 3.438
H41$\alpha$ $<$1.1
H42$\alpha$ $<$1.2
H55$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) $-$2.8(0.66) 22.7(1.5) 1.880
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.15(0.01) 0.34(0.35) 21.8(0.83) 3.484
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G351.24+0.67$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.18(0.02) $-$9.4(0.18) 3.2(0.41) 0.600
0.15(0.01) $-$3.9(0.25) 4.7(0.65) 0.733
0.08(0.02) 13.8(0.31) 3.0(0.73) 0.247
0.04(0.01) 42.8(0.86) 5.4(2.02) 0.212
HC$_3$N 0.99(0.01) $-$3.4(0.02) 3.5(0.04) 3.633
HNC 2.66(0.01) $-$3.4(0.01) 4.5(0.02) 12.859
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.13
HCO$^+$ 5.29(0.01) $-$3.3(0.01) 4.6(0.01) 26.157
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 5.33(0.01) $-$3.5(0.01) 5.1(0.04) 52.482
SiO (2-1) 0.22(0.01) $-$4.1(0.14) 8.6(0.33) 2.047
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.50(0.01) $-$3.4(0.04) 3.3(0.09) 1.743
H41$\alpha$ 0.23(0.01) 0.50(0.21) 20.0(0.50) 4.877
H42$\alpha$ 0.27(0.01) 0.66(0.20) 22.3(0.47) 6.466
H55$\alpha$ 0.42(0.01) 0.38(0.13) 25.5(0.32) 11.297
H69$\beta$ 0.10(0.01) 0.40(0.64) 28.8(1.5) 3.169
H57$\alpha$ 0.64(0.01) 0.85(0.10) 24.3(0.24) 16.625
H72$\beta$ 0.18(0.01) 1.1(0.43) 25.2(1.0) 4.783
G351.42+0.65$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.31(0.01) $-$14.0(0.12) 4.0(0.25) 1.312
0.31(0.01) $-$8.2(0.11) 6.0(0.37) 1.945
0.21(0.01) 10.2(0.11) 4.9(0.26) 1.110
0.17(0.01) 39.3(0.15) 5.9(0.35) 1.079
HC$_3$N 0.99(0.01) $-$7.6(0.03) 5.4(0.06) 5.710
HNC 2.66(0.01) $-$7.6(0.01) 5.7(0.03) 16.049
CH$_3$OH E 0.18(0.01) $-$7.4(0.13) 4.9(0.03) 4.862
HCO$^+$ 3.69(0.02) $-$7.9(0.01) 5.8(0.03) 22.717
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.13(0.01) $-$7.6(0.17) 4.8(0.41) 0.689
HCN 1.64(0.03) $-$8.6(0.02) 2.6(0.06) 49.433
SiO (2-1) 0.19(0.01) $-$6.9(0.19) 8.7(0.44) 1.779
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.50(0.01) $-$7.6(0.05) 4.8(0.11) 2.597
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.26
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H55$\alpha$ 0.12(0.02) $-$5.3(2.1) 27.9(5.0) 3.451
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ 0.21(0.01) $-$5.0(0.30) 27.8(0.70) 6.121
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G351.63$-$1.26$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.14(0.02) $-$20.2(0.15) 2.3(0.45) 0.350
0.12(0.01) $-$15.0(0.49) 7.5(1.18) 0.960
0.06(0.02) 3.0(0.34) 2.2(0.81) 0.132
0.04(0.02) 32.6(0.50) 2.0(1.17) 0.079
HC$_3$N 0.73(0.01) $-$13.0(0.04) 6.3(0.09) 4.895
HNC 1.97(0.01) $-$12.6(0.02) 7.4(0.04) 15.486
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.14
HCO$^+$ 2.76(0.01) $-$13.1(0.02) 7.3(0.04) 21.491
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.13
HCN 2.09(0.04) $-$14.6(0.04) 5.4(0.11) 33.028
SiO (2-1) 0.20(0.01) $-$12.7(0.15) 7.0(0.35) 1.510
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.57(0.01) $-$12.5(0.05) 6.0(0.12) 3.603
H41$\alpha$ 0.17(0.01) $-$14.2(0.32) 23.9(0.76) 4.356
H42$\alpha$ 0.23(0.01) $-$14.1(0.27) 26.6(0.63) 6.596
H55$\alpha$ 0.45(0.01) $-$13.7(0.13) 28.6(0.32) 13.828
H69$\beta$ 0.12(0.01) $-$12.9(0.53) 28.6(1.3) 3.732
H57$\alpha$ 0.74(0.01) $-$13.6(0.09) 27.9(0.21) 21.931
H72$\beta$ 0.16(0.01) $-$11.4(0.42) 26.9(1.0) 4.546
G351.77$-$0.54$^1$ CH$_3$CN 0.96(0.01) $-$6.5(0.07) 12.8(0.16) 13.065
0.61(0.01) 13.9(0.08) 8.3(0.20) 5.367
0.57(0.01) 42.7(0.09) 8.9(0.21) 5.425
0.22(0.01) 83.1(0.22) 8.5(0.54) 2.011
0.11(0.02) 141.1(0.37) 5.1(0.88) 0.565
HC$_3$N 1.95(0.01) $-$3.39(0.02) 8.2(0.05) 16.943
HNC 1.98(0.01) $-$2.9(0.03) 10.2(0.08) 21.471
CH$_3$OH E 0.16(0.01) $-$5.1(0.26) 6.9(0.61) 1.187
HCO$^+$ 1.52(0.02) $-$2.0(0.07) 14.1(0.16) 22.740
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.09(0.01) $-$3.1(0.51) 9.5(1.20) 0.918
HCN 1.19(0.04) $-$6.0(0.06) 3.3(0.15) 57.551
SiO (2-1) 0.82(0.01) $-$3.2(0.08) 14.0(0.20) 12.253
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 1.01(0.01) $-$3.1(0.04) 5.8(0.09) 6.272
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.20
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.20
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G5.89$-$0.39$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.21(0.01) 3.3(0.14) 3.9(0.31) 0.883
0.21(0.01) 9.1(0.16) 5.2(0.39) 1.189
0.09(0.01) 26.7(0.23) 4.3(0.55) 0.414
0.08(0.01) 56.1(0.29) 4.9(0.68) 0.400
HC$_3$N 1.78(0.01) 9.3(0.01) 4.6(0.03) 8.806
HNC 2.60(0.01) 9.2(0.01) 4.6(0.02) 12.782
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 2.89(0.02) 8.4(0.01) 3.8(0.03) 11.555
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 2.95(0.01) 8.8(0.01) 3.2(0.02) 25.458
SiO (2-1) 0.22(0.01) 13.2(0.16) 16.0(0.39) 3.674
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.62(0.01) 9.6(0.03) 4.2(0.07) 2.816
H41$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) 7.7(0.79) 41.3(1.87) 3.534
H42$\alpha$ 0.12(0.01) 8.7(0.65) 55.4(1.56) 6.958
H55$\alpha$ 0.15(0.01) 6.7(0.52) 52.4(1.2) 8.637
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.22(0.01) 6.2(0.40) 51.6(0.95) 12.102
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G9.62+0.19$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.15(0.02) $-$2.6(0.37) 4.9(0.61) 0.758
0.16(0.01) 3.2(0.51) 6.9(0.90) 1.162
0.10(0.01) 21.4(0.26) 7.2(0.60) 0.723
0.09(0.01) 50.3(0.28) 7.1(0.65 0.655
HC$_3$N 0.67(0.01) 3.9(0.03) 5.0(0.07) 3.512
HNC 1.10(0.01) 5.0(0.03) 7.3(0.07) 8.590
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 1.01(0.01) 4.7(0.04) 9.0(0.09) 9.596
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 1.11(0.01) 4.8(0.02) 2.6(0.04) 16.313
SiO (2-1) 0.17(0.01) 5.2(0.23) 18.2(0.54) 3.321
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.43(0.02) 4.1(0.06) 3.8(0.15) 1.747
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.13
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G10.47+0.03$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.08(0.01) 59.5(0.18) 2.5(0.51) 0.203
0.10(0.01) 64.0(0.44) 11.8(0.77) 1.239
0.07(0.01) 84.3(0.28) 4.8(0.66) 0.337
0.05(0.01) 111.4(0.54) 8.5(1.3) 0.423
HC$_3$N 0.32(0.01) 65.8(0.07) 6.5(0.16) 2.208
HNC 0.97(0.01) 65.7(0.03) 8.2(0.07) 8.490
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.98(0.01) 64.0(0.06) 17.9(0.13) 18.727
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.66(0.04) 63.9(0.08) 4.9(0.23) 18.489
SiO (2-1) 0.14(0.01) 66.5(0.21) 9.3(0.49) 1.359
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.29(0.01) 66.1(0.08) 5.8(0.19) 1.820
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.12
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G10.6$-$0.4$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.17(0.01) $-$8.0(0.44) 7.7(0.86) 1.408
0.12(0.02) $-$2.2(0.29) 4.1(0.64) 0.524
0.06(0.01) 14.7(0.38) 6.2(0.90) 0.415
0.04(0.01) 42.1(0.73) 8.8(1.71) 0.368
HC$_3$N 0.75(0.01) $-$3.0(0.03) 6.6(0.07) 5.296
HNC 1.88(0.01) $-$3.2(0.01) 7.5(0.03) 15.081
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.12
HCO$^+$ 2.99(0.01) $-$3.3(0.01) 8.1(0.02) 25.866
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.12
HCN 2.42(0.03) $-$3.8(0.03) 5.5(0.09) 38.687
SiO (2-1) 0.27(0.01) $-$3.3(0.10) 7.9(0.24) 2.311
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.52(0.01) $-$2.8(0.05) 5.7(0.12) 3.155
H41$\alpha$ 0.07(0.01) 0.62(0.74) 24.2(1.74) 1.781
H42$\alpha$ 0.10(0.01) 2.5(0.54) 26.1(1.27) 26.1
H55$\alpha$ 0.18(0.01) $-$0.5(0.32) 28.1(0.76) 5.304
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ 0.27(0.01) $-$0.9(0.22) 27.1(0.5) 7.858
H72$\beta$ 0.08(0.01) 2.8(0.83) 30.9(2.0) 2.472
GGD27$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.09
HC$_3$N 0.45(0.01) 12.1(0.02) 1.6(0.04) 0.778
HNC 0.88(0.01) 12.4(0.02) 3.4(0.04) 3.179
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.76(0.01) 12.3(0.03) 5.4(0.06) 4.371
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.73(0.02) 11.1(0.01) 1.3(0.04) 9.154
SiO (2-1) 0.04(0.01) 15.3(0.47) 7.7(1.11) 0.355
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.37(0.01) 12.2(0.03) 1.8(0.07) 0.725
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.08
G11.94$-$0.62$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.08(0.01) 32.4(0.17) 4.5(0.41) 0.393
0.08(0.01) 38.2(0.10) 1.7(0.25) 0.152
0.08(0.01) 54.3(0.09) 1.1(0.21) 0.088
HC$_3$N 0.57(0.01) 37.9(0.02) 3.3(0.05) 2.003
HNC 0.43(0.01) 38.4(0.06) 7.1(0.13) 3.271
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.83(0.01) 40.4(0.02) 2.4(0.04) 2.128
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.70(0.01) 40.0(0.01) 1.5(0.03) 4.104
SiO (2-1) 0.05(0.01) 39.2(0.40) 9.1(0.93) 0.517
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.25(0.01) 37.8(0.09) 3.4(0.22) 0.919
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ 0.03(0.01) 38.0(1.1) 18.5(2.6) 0.581
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G12.21$-$0.10$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.07(0.08) 17.4(1.31) 6.1(2.30) 0.430
0.10(0.04) 22.5(3.06) 9.1(3.29) 0.920
0.06(0.01) 41.0(0.31) 7.6(0.73) 0.484
0.05(0.01) 70.2(0.38) 8.3(0.90) 0.438
HC$_3$N 0.34(0.01) 24.3(0.05) 7.7(0.13) 2.803
HNC 0.86(0.01) 23.5(0.02) 7.4(0.06) 6.769
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.12(0.01) 23.1(0.02) 5.1(0.05) 6.069
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.53(0.01) 22.5(0.04) 3.3(0.09) 5.249
SiO (2-1) 0.13(0.01) 24.4(0.16) 8.5(0.38) 1.139
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.18(0.01) 23.8(0.10) 6.5(0.24) 1.260
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G12.89+0.49$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.09(0.01) 27.8(0.21) 5.2(0.54) 0.525
0.08(0.01) 33.9(0.23) 3.8(0.53) 0.306
0.04(0.01) 50.3(0.32) 4.8(0.75) 0.226
0.04(0.01) 78.8(0.38) 5.4(0.91) 0.224
HC$_3$N 0.57(0.01) 33.1(0.02) 3.6(0.05) 2.170
HNC 0.51(0.01) 34.5(0.03) 4.7(0.07) 2.533
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.88(0.01) 35.4(0.01) 2.5(0.03) 2.313
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.41(0.01) 40.6(0.03) 2.0(0.07) 4.053
SiO (2-1) 0.06(0.01) 33.4(0.34) 7.3(0.80) 0.432
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.34(0.01) 33.5(0.05) 3.2(0.11) 1.170
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
Mol45$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.07(0.01) 41.1(0.32) 7.6(0.83) 0.597
0.07(0.01) 48.4(0.21) 3.5(0.39) 0.275
0.05(0.01) 63.5(0.30) 4.9(0.72) 0.251
HC$_3$N 0.31(0.01) 47.8(0.04) 3.2(0.09) 1.050
HNC 0.88(0.01) 48.3(0.02) 4.3(0.04) 4.077
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.05(0.01) 48.5(0.02) 4.1(0.04) 4.502
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.85(0.01) 49.1(0.03) 2.6(0.07) 6.807
SiO (2-1) 0.11(0.01) 45.6(0.25) 13.7(0.59) 1.534
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.19(0.02) 48.5(0.11) 2.2(0.26) 0.431
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.08
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H69$\beta$ $<$0.09
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
Mol50$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.11
HC$_3$N 0.21(0.01) 61.9(0.06) 2.5(0.13) 0.546
HNC 0.92(0.01) 61.8(0.01) 2.7(0.03) 2.607
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 1.40(0.01) 61.8(0.01) 2.86(0.02) 4.269
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCN 1.35(0.01) 61.9(0.01) 2.8(0.03) 7.013
SiO (2-1) $<$0.09
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.15(0.01) 61.7(0.08) 2.64(0.20) 0.421
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G19.62$-$0.23$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.11(0.01) 34.6(0.27) 4.3(0.56) 0.500
0.12(0.01) 40.7(0.44) 7.4(0.92) 0.940
0.08(0.01) 58.5(0.27) 7.2(0.63) 0.609
0.08(0.01) 87.4(0.25) 6.6(0.58) 0.577
0.04(0.01) 127.4(0.45) 5.1(1.06) 0.216
HC$_3$N 0.41(0.01) 41.7(0.04) 6.3(0.10) 2.802
HNC 0.57(0.01) 41.4(0.04) 6.8(0.08) 4.131
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 0.42(0.01) 39.8(0.07) 7.5(0.13) 3.370
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.04(0.01) 41.1(0.35) 4.6(0.83) 0.211
HCN 0.48(0.01) 33.3(0.33) 4.6(0.24) 5.338
SiO (2-1) 0.09(0.01) 40.7(0.36) 16.5(0.84) 1.513
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.21(0.01) 42.0(0.09) 6.4(0.21) 1.425
H41$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) 40.0(0.48) 24.3(1.12) 1.943
H42$\alpha$ 0.07(0.01) 40.7(0.53) 26.3(1.24) 2.074
H55$\alpha$ 0.08(0.01) 39.7(0.68) 18.0(1.6) 1.472
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ 0.18(0.01) 39.1(0.41) 35.2(0.96) 6.755
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
G29.96$-$0.02$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.11(0.01) 91.4(0.16) 3.8(0.39) 0.459
0.10(0.01) 97.2(0.19) 4.1(0.48) 0.416
HC$_3$N 0.44(0.01) 97.1(0.03) 2.9(0.07) 1.354
HNC 1.32(0.01) 96.8(0.01) 3.5(0.03) 4.909
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.33(0.01) 96.3(0.01) 3.7(0.03) 5.294
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 1.42(0.01) 96.5(0.01) 3.3(0.03) 11.097
SiO (2-1) 0.08(0.01) 97.6(0.23) 6.3(0.55) 0.545
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.32(0.02) 97.4(0.08) 2.6(0.19) 0.898
H$^{13}$CN 0.42(0.01) 97.8(0.11) 9.4(0.27) 2.409
H41$\alpha$ 0.03(0.01) 93.7(1.35) 25.1(3.18) 0.720
H42$\alpha$ 0.04(0.01) 95.1(1.11) 32.5(2.61) 1.388
H55$\alpha$ 0.14(0.01) 94.8(0.43) 29.1(1.0) 4.249
H69$\beta$ 0.04(0.01) 90.9(1.3) 27.9(3.1) 1.284
H57$\alpha$ 0.19(0.01) 96.1(0.30) 26.0(0.71) 5.399
H72$\beta$ 0.07(0.01) 97.6(0.86) 24.2(2.0) 1.691
G31.41+0.31$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.16(0.01) 91.7(0.76) 9.0(1.16) 1.515
0.11(0.03) 98.5(0.62) 6.3(0.92) 0.757
0.13(0.01) 114.4(0.17) 7.3(0.40) 1.012
0.11(0.01) 143.0(0.23) 9.4(0.53) 1.110
0.06(0.01) 184.7(0.43) 10.2(1.01) 0.658
HC$_3$N 0.42(0.01) 97.9(0.04) 5.9(0.10) 2.661
HNC 0.38(0.01) 97.4(0.07) 9.5(0.17) 3.839
CH$_3$OH E 0.08(0.01) 97.1(0.21) 5.0(0.50) 0.442
HCO$^+$ 0.36(0.01) 98.8(0.09) 9.8(0.22) 3.729
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.07(0.01) 97.1(0.29) 6.4(0.67) 0.461
HCN 0.32(0.01) 94.6(0.06) 4.5(0.16) 4.220
SiO (2-1) 0.10(0.01) 97.3(0.26) 9.6(0.61) 1.017
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.14(0.01) 97.5(0.14) 6.4(0.34) 0.984
H$^{13}$CN 0.15(0.01) 97.1(0.21) 12.6(0.49) 2.029
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.09
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.17
H69$\beta$ $<$0.15
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.15
H72$\beta$ $<$0.14
G34.26+0.15$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.46(0.02) 52.8(0.18) 5.2(0.31) 2.528
0.39(0.01) 58.7(0.23) 5.7(0.42) 2.347
0.24(0.01) 75.8(0.13) 5.4(0.30) 1.374
0.23(0.01) 104.9(0.14) 5.6(0.32) 1.378
0.06(0.01) 143.8(0.47) 4.7(1.10) 0.306
HC$_3$N 1.41(0.01) 58.6(0.01) 5.6(0.03) 8.438
HNC 3.02(0.01) 56.4(0.01) 3.5(0.02) 11.310
CH$_3$OH E 0.09(0.01) 58.7(0.23) 6.9(0.53) 0.677
HCO$^+$ 2.91(0.02) 56.3(0.01) 2.7(0.02) 8.490
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.11(0.01) 58.7(0.20) 7.0(0.46) 0.796
HCN 1.62(0.02) 56.4(0.02) 2.4(0.04) 12.511
SiO (2-1) 0.50(0.01) 59.0(0.05) 7.4(0.12) 3.905
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.82(0.01) 58.1(0.04) 5.5(0.10) 4.785
H41$\alpha$ 0.16(0.01) 47.8(0.35) 40.2(0.82) 6.882
H42$\alpha$ 0.17(0.01) 49.8(0.36) 40.8(0.85) 7.402
H55$\alpha$ 0.19(0.01) 54.1(0.46) 39.6(1.1) 8.173
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ 0.22(0.01) 52.3(0.35) 26.7(0.82) 6.221
H72$\beta$ $<$0.17
Mol75$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.11
HC$_3$N 0.43(0.01) 56.8(0.03) 2.3(0.07) 1.051
HNC 0.80(0.01) 57.0(0.02) 3.5(0.04) 3.012
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.11
HCO$^+$ 0.34(0.01) 59.4(0.07) 6.6(0.16) 2.419
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 0.22(0.06) 60.9(0.08) 2.9(0.47) 2.204
SiO (2-1) $<$0.11
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.37(0.01) 57.2(0.05) 3.1(0.11) 1.226
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
Mol77$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.11
HC$_3$N $<$0.11
HNC 0.20(0.01) 75.9(0.07) 3.0(0.16) 0.644
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.25(0.01) 75.4(0.06) 3.8(0.15) 0.996
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.21(0.01) 75.1(0.09) 3.4(0.23) 1.574
SiO (2-1) $<$0.11
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.15(0.01) 76.3(0.08) 1.8(0.20) 0.275
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.09
Mol82$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.09
HC$_3$N 0.19(0.01) 91.3(0.07) 2.8(0.16) 0.549
HNC 0.68(0.02) 90.8(0.03) 2.4(0.07) 1.770
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.09
HCO$^+$ 1.1(0.02) 90.5(0.01) 1.9(0.03) 2.254
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.09
HCN 0.72(0.01) 90.5(0.02) 1.9(0.04) 2.934
SiO (2-1) $<$0.10
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.23(0.01) 91.6(0.06) 2.5(0.13) 0.605
H$^{13}$CN 0.11(0.01) 90.8(0.12) 2.7(0.29) 0.321
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H69$\beta$ $<$0.10
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
Mol98$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.10
HC$_3$N 0.29(0.01) 57.7(0.05) 3.2(0.11) 1.000
HNC 0.52(0.01) 57.7(0.03) 5.0(0.08) 2.755
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.72(0.01) 57.2(0.03) 5.6(0.06) 4.282
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 0.58(0.01) 57.3(0.11) 5.7(0.26) 5.875
SiO (2-1) 0.10(0.01) 57.7(0.19) 5.5(0.45) 0.571
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.22(0.01) 57.7(0.08) 3.6(0.19) 0.835
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H69$\beta$ $<$0.11
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H72$\beta$ $<$0.10
G45.07+0.13$^2$ CH$_3$CN $<$0.11
HC$_3$N 0.19(0.01) 59.4(0.08) 4.1(0.18) 0.846
HNC 0.77(0.01) 59.2(0.02) 5.4(0.06) 4.432
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 1.37(0.01) 59.2(0.02) 5.8(0.05) 8.457
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 1.00(0.03) 60.6(0.02) 4.5(0.09) 4.762
SiO (2-1) 0.13(0.01) 56.1(0.31) 22.2(0.73) 2.976
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.11(0.01) 58.6(0.22) 5.4(0.51) 0.664
H41$\alpha$ 0.04(0.01) 49.9(0.93) 24.8(2.2) 1.089
H42$\alpha$ 0.05(0.01) 51.7(1.05) 31.3(2.5) 1.545
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.17
H69$\beta$ $<$0.14
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.19
H72$\beta$ $<$0.20
G45.47+0.07$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.07(0.01) 59.0(0.38) 9.3(0.89) 0.650
HC$_3$N 0.44(0.01) 62.4(0.04) 4.5(0.09) 2.096
HNC 0.94(0.01) 62.3(0.02) 6.0(0.05) 5.963
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 0.52(0.01) 61.7(0.07) 12.3(0.17) 6.853
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.11
HCN 0.49(0.02) 60.7(0.03) 1.8(0.07) 9.161
SiO (2-1) 0.14(0.01) 60.3(0.21) 13.0(0.50) 1.910
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.36(0.01) 62.4(0.06) 4.5(0.14) 1.701
H41$\alpha$ $<$0.10
H42$\alpha$ $<$0.11
H55$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H69$\beta$ $<$0.12
H57$\alpha$ $<$0.14
H72$\beta$ $<$0.12
W51E1$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.26(0.01) 49.0(0.21) 4.9(0.64) 1.376
0.54(0.02) 54.9(0.40) 9.7(0.64) 5.541
0.29(0.01) 73.5(0.14) 7.9(0.33) 2.420
0.28(0.01) 102.8(0.14) 8.4(0.34) 2.503
0.07(0.01) 142.5(0.45) 5.04(1.05) 0.374
HC$_3$N 1.04(0.01) 56.7(0.03) 8.8(0.06) 9.799
HNC 2.11(0.01) 56.6(0.01) 9.8(0.03) 22.015
CH$_3$OH E 0.18(0.01) 55.9(0.13) 8.2(0.30) 1.574
HCO$^+$ 3.62(0.01) 55.9(0.02) 9.5(0.04) 36.775
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ 0.17(0.01) 55.9(0.14) 8.2(0.32) 1.463
HCN 2.73(0.01) 52.7(0.04) 7.6(0.21) 39.585
SiO (2-1) 0.70(0.01) 56.8(0.05) 9.7(0.11) 7.175
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.60(0.01) 56.9(0.04) 8.4(0.10) 5.342
H41$\alpha$ 0.21(0.01) 57.7(0.20) 24.1(0.48) 5.458
H42$\alpha$ 0.27(0.01) 58.0(0.18) 25.1(0.42) 7.161
H55$\alpha$ 0.58(0.01) 56.9(0.16) 30.0(0.37) 18.497
H69$\beta$ 0.16(0.01) 58.6(0.48) 24.0(1.1) 4.135
H57$\alpha$ 0.94(0.01) 57.6(0.09) 29.1(0.21) 29.164
H72$\beta$ 0.24(0.01) 58.3(0.32) 24.6(0.75) 6.170
W51Nc$^2$ CH$_3$CN 0.13(0.01) 56.5(0.48) 9.7(0.88) 1.358
0.06(0.02) 60.6(0.33) 2.0(0.94) 0.126
0.08(0.01) 77.6(0.36) 4.7(0.85) 0.416
0.06(0.01) 106.1(0.53) 5.8(1.25) 0.387
HC$_3$N 0.66(0.01) 60.9(0.03) 4.8(0.06) 3.376
HNC 1.79(0.01) 60.8(0.02) 5.9(0.04) 11.246
CH$_3$OH E $<$0.10
HCO$^+$ 3.31(0.02) 59.9(0.02) 5.7(0.04) 20.216
CH$_3$OH A$^{-}$ $<$0.10
HCN 1.87(0.03) 61.3(0.02) 4.4(0.06) 31.128
SiO (2-1) 0.11(0.01) 61.4(0.27) 12.8(0.64) 1.485
H$^{13}$CO$^+$ 0.35(0.01) 61.3(0.06) 5.3(0.14) 1.984
H41$\alpha$ 0.22(0.01) 56.2(0.21) 27.6(0.50) 6.381
H42$\alpha$ 0.26(0.01) 56.7(0.19) 25.2(0.44) 6.946
H55$\alpha$ 0.53(0.01) 57.8(0.14) 28.7(0.34) 16.156
H69$\beta$ 0.14(0.01) 57.6(0.55) 31.3(1.3) 4.761
H57$\alpha$ 0.84(0.01) 57.0(0.10) 29.7(0.23) 26.667
H72$\beta$ 0.22(0.01) 59.1(0.34) 26.6(0.81) 6.147
-------------------- ------------------ --------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
: Molecular and recombination line Gaussian fit parameters. The first column gives the source name, column 2 gives the line, column 3 gives the fitted peak antenna temperature, column 4 gives the peak velocity, column 5 gives the line width and column 6 gives the integrated intensity. In the case of CH$_3$CN, fits of each of the detected hyperfine components are presented on separate lines (velocities are all with respect to the rest frequency listed in Table \[tab:lines\]). Where a line is not detected in our observations, a 3-$\sigma$ detection limit is given in the place of the Peak T$_A^*$. Sources with an ‘t’ in the place of a value of peak antenna temperature indicate that there is emission in the reference (as well as the source). In one case there is a ‘d’ in the place of peak antenna temperature indicating that there is weak emission present but it is unable to be fit by a Gaussian. []{data-label="tab:thermal"}
[^1]: Email: Shari.Breen@sydney.edu.au
|
Bob Paisley's name will forever be associated with the European Cup, as the first coach to win the trophy three times. Carlo Ancelotti matched the feat in 2014; however, while the Italian took Real Madrid to glory after triumphing with AC Milan in 2003 and 2007, Paisley's career was indelibly linked to one club.
Born in north-east England in 1919, Paisley signed for Liverpool as a player in 1939, leaving behind earlier careers as a miner and bricklayer; he would remain at Anfield for more than 40 years. Paisley had been a promising amateur player at Bishop Auckland, but the Second World War meant he did not make his official Liverpool debut until January 1946.
The following season ended with Liverpool's first league title in 24 years and Paisley was a fixture in the side, although he missed the club's first Wembley appearance in 1950. Omitted from the team that lost to Arsenal in the FA Cup final despite having scored in the semi-finals, he briefly considered leaving; instead, the next season he was made captain.
Bob Paisley celebrates Liverpool's 1981 victory ©Getty Images
Paisley retired in 1954 and joined Liverpool's coaching staff as a self-taught physiotherapist – it was said he could recognise potential injuries before they occurred – going on to become reserve coach before stepping up to the first team following Bill Shankly's arrival as manager in 1959. The approach was simple. "In my whole time at Liverpool, we never worked on anything in training," said former centre-back Alan Hansen. "We just played five-a-sides with rules for one or two touches."
"Those five-a-side games were key," said Paisley. "The strength for British football lay in our challenge for the ball, but the continentals took that away by learning how to intercept. The top European teams showed us how to break out of defence effectively. The pace of their movement was dictated by the first pass. We had to learn to be patient like that and think two or three moves ahead. It didn't happen overnight. When we first slowed it down we were a bit negative, just passing square balls across the field."
Liverpool's approach was devastating in its simplicity; under Shankly, the club rose to become one of the powerhouses of the English game, winning three league titles and two FA Cups. Despite their 1973 UEFA Cup victory, however, it was not until Paisley succeeded Shankly as manager the following year that their European golden age dawned.
While Liverpool tightened their stranglehold on the domestic front – landing six league titles during Paisley's nine-year reign – they began to build on that UEFA Cup win to become Europe's dominant club side. The Merseyside team had reached the European Champion Clubs' Cup semi-finals in 1965; having claimed a second UEFA Cup in 1976, defeating Club Brugge over two legs, Paisley's charges were now ready for a concerted challenge for Europe's top club prize the next term.
Crusaders, Trabzonspor, Saint-Étienne and Zürich were overcome to set up a final meeting with Borussia Mönchengladbach in Rome – the city Paisley had helped liberate in 1944, entering in a tank. Goals from Terry McDermott, Tommy Smith and a late Phil Neal penalty ensured it was a happy return, in what Paisley called "the best moment of my life".
More glory followed at Wembley 12 months later as Liverpool retained the trophy, Kenny Dalglish deftly chipping the only goal against Club Brugge from Graeme Souness's defence-splitting pass. Both had been recruited by Paisley, who excelled at team-building.
Bob Paisley with the European Cup ©Getty Images
"Bob's buying policy was to get the best two players available – two from the lower levels to try to bring on," said Roy Evans, a key member of the Liverpool boot room that was established by Shankly and continued by Paisley. "He tried to freshen it up every season, but success is about players. Bob always had great players and the ability to mould them."
Another Paisley skill was his ability to focus on the future rather than resting on his laurels. His son Graham remembered: "There are famous stories of him putting a box of championship medals in the Anfield dressing room after another title win and saying: 'Take one, but only if you deserve it.' That was his mentality. He was always looking forward and moving on."
For his part, Souness added: "Praise from Bob Paisley was like a snowstorm in the Sahara. He may have been regarded as a fatherly figure by the supporters but he ruled at Anfield with a rod of iron. He was a commanding man and there were few who dared mess with him. If we looked as though we were becoming a little complacent or we weren't performing up to the standard, Bob would say, 'If you've all had enough of winning, come and see me. I'll sell the lot of you and buy 11 new players.'"
Such a relentless approach brought more European success in 1981 when Ray Kennedy – converted from striker to midfielder by Paisley – laid on Alan Kennedy for the only goal against Real Madrid at the Parc des Princes. "It was a triumph for our character once again," said Paisley. "I was so proud to be the manager of the first British club to win the European Cup three times."
By the time Liverpool lifted the trophy for a fourth time, Paisley had been replaced by Joe Fagan – he returned for a two-year spell as consultant when Kenny Dalglish became player-manager in 1985 – yet the winning culture he had helped to establish would endure. "We've had the hard times too," he once said. "One year we finished second."
Bob Paisley with Liverpool's European Cup-winning side in 1978 ©Getty Images |
That Your Burdens May Be Light
Many years ago I walked at dawn through the narrow cobblestone streets of Cusco, Peru, high in the Andes Mountains. I saw a man from a local indigenous group walking down one of the streets. He was not a big man physically, but he carried an immense load of firewood in a huge burlap sack on his back. The sack seemed to be as big as he was. The load must have weighed as much as he did. He steadied it with a rope that looped under the bottom of the sack and circled up around his forehead. He gripped the rope tightly on both sides of his head. He kept a rag on his forehead underneath the rope to keep it from cutting into his skin. He leaned forward under his burden and walked with deliberate, difficult steps.
The man was carrying the firewood to the marketplace, where it would be sold. In an average day he might make just two or three round-trips across the town to deliver similarly awkward, heavy loads.
The memory of him bent forward, struggling down the street has become increasingly meaningful for me with the passage of years. How long could he continue to carry such burdens?
Life presses all kinds of burdens on each of us, some light but others relentless and heavy. People struggle every day under burdens that tax their souls. Many of us struggle under such burdens. They can be emotionally or physically ponderous. They can be worrisome, oppressive, and exhausting. And they can continue for years.
In a general sense, our burdens come from three sources. Some burdens are the natural product of the conditions of the world in which we live. Illness, physical disability, hurricanes, and earthquakes come from time to time through no fault of our own. We can prepare for these risks and sometimes we can predict them, but in the natural pattern of life we will all confront some of these challenges.
Other burdens are imposed on us by the misconduct of others. Abuse and addictions can make home anything but a heaven on earth for innocent family members. Sin, incorrect traditions, repression, and crime scatter burdened victims along the pathways of life. Even less-serious misdeeds such as gossip and unkindness can cause others genuine suffering.
Our own mistakes and shortcomings produce many of our problems and can place heavy burdens on our own shoulders. The most onerous burden we impose upon ourselves is the burden of sin. We have all known the remorse and pain which inevitably follow our failure to keep the commandments.
No matter the burdens we face in life as a consequence of natural conditions, the misconduct of others, or our own mistakes and shortcomings, we are all children of a loving Heavenly Father, who sent us to earth as part of His eternal plan for our growth and progress. Our unique individual experiences can help us prepare to return to Him. The adversity and afflictions that are ours, however difficult to bear, last, from heaven’s perspective, for “but a small moment; and then, if [we] endure it well, God shall exalt [us] on high.”1 We must do everything we can to bear our burdens “well” for however long our “small moment” carrying them lasts.
Burdens provide opportunities to practice virtues that contribute to eventual perfection. They invite us to yield “to the enticings of the Holy Spirit, and [put] off the natural man and [become] a saint through the atonement of Christ the Lord, and [become] as a child, submissive, meek, humble, patient, full of love, willing to submit to all things which the Lord seeth fit to inflict upon [us], even as a child doth submit to his father.”2 Thus burdens become blessings, though often such blessings are well disguised and may require time, effort, and faith to accept and understand. Four examples may help explain this:
•
First, Adam was told, “Cursed shall be the ground for thy sake,” which meant for his benefit, and “by the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.”3 Work is a continual burden, but it is also a continual blessing “for [our] sake,” for it teaches lessons we can learn only “by the sweat of [our] face.”
•
Second, Alma observed that the poverty and “afflictions [of the poor among the Zoramites] had truly humbled them, and that they were in a preparation to hear the word.”4 He added, “Because ye are compelled to be humble blessed are ye.”5 Our economic challenges may help prepare us to hear the word of the Lord.
•
Third, because of the “exceedingly great length of [their] war,” many Nephites and Lamanites “were softened because of their afflictions, insomuch that they did humble themselves before God, even in the depth of humility.”6 Political unrest, social disorder, and, in some areas of the world, modern Gadianton robbers may humble us and motivate us to seek heavenly shelter from societal storms.
•
Fourth, Joseph Smith was told that the terrible things he suffered for years at the hands of his enemies would “give [him] experience, and … be for [his] good.”7 The suffering we experience through the offenses of others is a valuable, though painful, school for improving our own behavior.
Further, bearing up under our own burdens can help us develop a reservoir of empathy for the problems others face. The Apostle Paul taught that we should “bear … one another’s burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ.”8 Accordingly, our baptismal covenants require that we should be “willing to bear one another’s burdens, that they may be light; yea, and [be] willing to mourn with those that mourn; yea, and comfort those that stand in need of comfort.”9
Keeping our baptismal covenants helps relieve our own burdens as well as those of burdened souls we serve.10 Those who offer such assistance to others stand on holy ground. In explaining this, the Savior taught:
“When saw we thee an hungred, and fed thee? or thirsty, and gave thee drink?
“When saw we thee a stranger, and took thee in? or naked, and clothed thee?
“Or when saw we thee sick, or in prison, and came unto thee?
“And the King shall answer and say unto them, Verily I say unto you, Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me.”11
Through it all, the Savior offers us sustaining strength and support, and in His own time and way, He offers deliverance. When Alma and his followers escaped from the armies of King Noah, they established a community named Helam. They began to till the ground, build buildings, and prosper.12 Without warning, an army of the Lamanites brought them into bondage, and “none could deliver them but the Lord their God.”13 That deliverance, however, did not come immediately.
Their enemies began to “put tasks upon them, and put taskmasters over them.”14 Although they were threatened with death for praying,15 Alma and his people “did pour out their hearts to [God]; and he did know the thoughts of their hearts.”16 Because of their goodness and their obedience to their baptismal covenants,17 they were delivered in stages. The Lord said to them:
“I will … ease the burdens which are put upon your shoulders, that … you cannot feel them upon your backs, even while you are in bondage; and this will I do that ye may stand as witnesses for me hereafter, and that ye may know of a surety that I, the Lord God, do visit my people in their afflictions.
“And now it came to pass that the burdens which were laid upon Alma and his brethren were made light; yea, the Lord did strengthen them that they could bear up their burdens with ease, and they did submit cheerfully and with patience to all the will of the Lord.
“And it came to pass that so great was their faith and their patience that the voice of the Lord came unto them again, saying: Be of good comfort, for on the morrow I will deliver you out of bondage.”18
Mercifully, the Son of God offers us deliverance from the bondage of our sins, which are among the heaviest of all the burdens we bear. During His Atonement He suffered “according to the flesh that he might take upon him the sins of his people, that he might blot out their transgressions according to the power of his deliverance.”19 Christ “suffered these things for all, that they might not suffer if they would repent.”20 When we repent and keep the commandments, forgiveness and relief from our burdened conscience come with the help that only the Savior offers, for “surely, whosoever repenteth shall find mercy.”21
I remember that man in Peru, hunched over and struggling to carry that enormous sack of firewood on his back. For me, he is an image of us all as we struggle with the burdens of life. I know that as we keep the commandments of God and our covenants, He helps us with our burdens. He strengthens us. When we repent, He forgives us and blesses us with peace of conscience and joy.22 May we then submit cheerfully and with patience to all the will of the Lord, I pray in the name of Jesus Christ, amen. |
The Black Sheep
Did You Even Pass?
The season of university schooling is coming to an end, and everyone is fed up with life. However, just because you’re done with a class doesn’t mean you could be done with experiencing the pain and trauma of possibly having to take that god-awful astronomy lecture again. That being said, we have a formula that calculates if you passed that particular class that you’re worried about. Don’t fret with calculating how many times you were in class, or your GPA (D2L can’t be trusted), or the grades you got. Just choose “yes” or “no” to the following questions, and discover your academic fate.
Do you have a balanced breakfast every morning?
Yes -- I’ll drink coffee and have some leftover kit kats from Halloweekend if that’s what you mean.
No -- only the weak need sustenance in the morning. Try me at noon in Alfred Packer for a super-lunch.
Correct!
Wrong!
-
Is your mom a hypocritical woman?
Yes -- she always tells me to watch my drinking but I find her on the couch with an empty wine bottle and VH1 playing in the background.
No, I respect her like I respect Ralphie- always.
Correct!
Wrong!
-
Has someone ever told you you’re “an idiot?”
Yes -- only after that one time I failed a test on adderall.
I have a 3.7, I’m part of the Evans Scholar Program, and my spirit animal is Albert Einstein so what do you think?
Correct!
Wrong!
-
Have you ever wanted to “Live like Larry?”
Yes -- Larry is the only positive influence in Spongebob, living like him is all I have ever wanted.
No -- Larry is great, but also a roid-raged Lobster that misses leg day so yeah, I’ll pass.
Correct!
Wrong!
-
Have you at any point biked around campus in the dark and stolen signs from Hale, Porter, or Duane, drunk as a skunk?
Yes -- What else am I supposed to do on a Saturday night?
No -- Im more into taking 13 shots back-to-back and passing out in a Cosmo's coma on my couch. |
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
)
ELECTRONIC FRONTIER )
FOUNDATION, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 14-760 (RMC)
)
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________ )
OPINION
Plaintiff Electronic Frontier Foundation seeks the production of an opinion of the
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court under the Freedom of Information Act. The document is
exempt from disclosure under Exemptions 1 and 3 because the opinion is properly classified and
because its disclosure is prohibited by statute. Summary judgment will be entered in favor of the
Department of Justice.
I. FACTS
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a non-profit corporation whose mission is
to inform policymakers and the public about civil liberty issues related to technology and to
defend such liberties. Compl. [Dkt. 1] ¶ 4. “In support of its mission, EFF uses the Freedom of
Information Act to obtain and disseminate information concerning the activities of federal
agencies.” Id. EFF submitted four requests under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5
U.S.C. § 552, to the National Security Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ):
(1) August 23, 2013 request seeking disclosure of two Foreign
Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) opinions;
1
(2) October 31, 2013 request seeking disclosure of two FISC
opinions and associated documents;
(3) February 24, 2014 request seeking disclosure of any still secret
Foreign Intelligence Court of Review (FISCR) decisions and any
opinion and orders of the U.S. Supreme Court in any matter
appealed from the FISCR; and
(4) March 14, 2014 request seeking disclosure of three separate
FISC opinions and related documents.
DOJ granted EFF’s request for expedited processing on April 10, 2014, 1 and EFF filed this suit
on May 1, 2014. DOJ produced various documents, and EFF withdrew most of its requests. At
this point, EFF challenges only the withholding of a single document––a specific FISC opinion. 2
The opinion in question, referred to here as the Section 1809 Opinion, held that 50
U.S.C. § 1809(a)(2) precluded the FISC from approving the Government’s proposed use of
certain data acquired by the National Security Agency (NSA) without statutory authority through
“Upstream” collection. 3 EFF is aware of the holding of the Section 1809 Opinion because it was
referenced in an October 3, 2011 FISC opinion 4 that was released to EFF in the course of a
1
FOIA requires agencies to provide expedited processing of requests for records (1) where the
requester has demonstrated a compelling need or (2) where the agency determines expedition is
appropriate. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(E). DOJ’s regulations provide for expedited processing
where, for example, there is an urgency to inform the public about alleged government activity,
there is loss of a substantial due process right, or there is widespread and exceptional media
interest regarding a question of government integrity. 28 C.F.R. § 16.5(e)(1).
2
Because EFF has conceded the withholding of all other documents, its cross motion for
summary judgment is a partial motion.
3
“Upstream” collection refers to the acquisition of Internet communications as they transit the
“internet backbone,” i.e., principal data routes via internet cables and switches of U.S. internet
service providers. See [Caption Redacted], 2012 WL 9189263, *1 (FISC Aug. 24, 2012); see
also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_collection (last visited Oct. 19, 2015);
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_backbone (last visited Oct. 19, 2015).
4
The October 3, 2011 FISC opinion, authored by Judge John Bates and released in August 2013,
stated:
2
different FOIA lawsuit–– Electronic Frontier Foundation v. DOJ, 57 F. Supp. 3d 54 (D.D.C.
2014). In that FOIA suit, Judge Amy Berman Jackson held that DOJ properly withheld the
citation to the Section 1809 Opinion because the information was classified and exempt from
disclosure under FOIA Exemption 1. Id. at 61.
DOJ seeks summary judgment on the ground that the Section 1809 Opinion is
subject to withholding under Exemptions 1 and 3. See Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. 15] (MSJ); DOJ
Reply [Dkt. 18]. EFF filed a cross motion for partial summary judgment. See Cross Mot. for
Summ. J. [Dkt. 17] (XMSJ); EFF Reply [Dkt. 20].
II. LEGAL STANDARD
FOIA cases are typically and appropriately decided on motions for summary
judgment. Miscavige v. IRS, 2 F.3d 366, 368 (11th Cir. 1993); Moore v. Bush, 601 F. Supp. 2d
6, 12 (D.D.C. 2009). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that summary judgment must
be granted when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty
Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment is properly granted
The government’s revelations regarding the scope of NSA’s
upstream collection implicate 50 U.S.C. § 1809(a), which makes it
a crime (1) to “engage[ ] in electronic surveillance under color of
law except as authorized” by statute or (2) to “disclose[ ] or use [ ]
information obtained under color of law by electronic surveillance,
knowing or having reason to know that the information was obtained
through electronic surveillance not authorized” by statute. See
[redacted] (concluding that Section 1809(a)(2) precluded the Court
from approving the government's proposed use of, among other
things, certain data acquired by NSA without statutory authority
through its “upstream collection”). The Court will address Section
1809(a) and related issues in a separate order.
[Caption Redacted], 2011 WL 10945618, at *6 n.15 (FISC Oct. 3, 2011) (emphasis added).
3
against a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
322 (1986). In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252.
In a FOIA case, the burden is on the agency to sustain its action and the district
court must decide de novo whether an agency properly withheld information under a claimed
exemption. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.
Cir. 1981); Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977).
“The underlying facts are viewed in the light most favorable to the [FOIA] requester,” Weisberg
v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 1983), and the exemptions are narrowly
construed, FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 630 (1982). An agency must demonstrate that “each
document that falls within the class requested either has been produced, is unidentifiable, or is
wholly [or partially] exempt” from FOIA’s requirements. Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 352
(D.C. Cir. 1978) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
A court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information
provided by the department or agency in affidavits describing “the documents and the
justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information
withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary
evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project, 656 F.2d at
738; see also Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 826–28 (D.C. Cir. 1973). Affidavits submitted by
4
the agency to demonstrate the adequacy of its response are presumed to be in good faith, Ground
Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981), “which cannot be rebutted by
purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents,” SafeCard
Servs. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991). “Ultimately, an agency’s justification for
invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Larson v. Dep’t of
State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Wolf v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir.
2007)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Collateral Estoppel
DOJ contends that EFF should be collaterally estopped from seeking the release
of the Section 1809 Opinion because EFF already litigated, and lost, prior FOIA requests for
(1) docket information regarding the Section 1809 Opinion, see Electronic Frontier Foundation
v. DOJ, 57 F. Supp. 3d at 61, and (2) the identity of telecommunications service providers who
participated in NSA’s call records collection program, see Electronic Frontier Foundation v.
DOJ, Case No. 4:11-cv-5221-YGR, 2014 WL 3945646, at *5-7 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 11, 2014).
Under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, also known as issue preclusion, an issue of fact or law
that was actually litigated and necessarily decided is conclusive in a subsequent action between
the same parties or their privies. Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94 (1980); Yamaha Corp. v.
United States, 961 F.2d 245, 254 (D.C. Cir. 1993); Johnson v. Duncan, 746 F. Supp. 2d 163, 168
(D.D.C. 2010). In this case, EFF seeks the release of the Section 1809 Opinion itself. Because
5
the issue of DOJ’s withholding the Section 1809 Opinion has not been actually litigated and
necessarily decided, collateral estoppel does not apply. 5
B. Exemption 1
Under Exemption 1, FOIA does not require the production of records that are:
“(A) specifically authorized under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in
the interest of national defense or foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant
to such Executive order.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(1). DOJ relies upon Executive Order 13526, 75
Fed. Reg. 707 (Dec. 29, 2009), which governs the classification and protection of national
security information, to withhold the Section 1809 Opinion. Information can be properly
classified under E.O. 13526 if four requirements are met: (1) an original classification authority
has classified the information; (2) the United States Government owns, produces, or controls the
information; (3) the information pertains to one or more of eight protected categories listed in
Section 1.4 of the Executive Order, which include intelligence methods; 6 and (4) the original
5
EFF has expressly agreed in this litigation not to seek docket information, the date of the
Section 1809 Opinion, or the names or descriptions of surveillance targets. See MSJ at 6; EFF
Reply at 2; Sherman Decl. [Dkt. 15-4] ¶ 9 n.1.
6
Section 1.4 of Executive Order 13526 describes the classification categories as follows:
Information shall not be considered for classification unless its
unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause
identifiable or describable damage to the national security in
accordance with section 1.2 of this order, and it pertains to one or
more of the following:
(a) military plans, weapons systems, or operations;
(b) foreign government information;
(c) intelligence activities (including covert action), intelligence
sources or methods, or cryptology;
6
classification authority determines that the unauthorized disclosure of the information reasonably
could be expected to result in a specified level of damage to the national security, and the
original classification authority is able to identify or describe the damage. E.O. 13526 § 1.1(a).
David Sherman, Associate Director for Policy and Records at the National Security Agency,
submitted declarations in support of DOJ’s withholding of the Section 1809 Opinion. See
Sherman Decl. [Dkt. 15-4]; Sherman Supp. Decl. [Dkt. 18-1]. Through these declarations, DOJ
made an affirmative showing that (1) the Section 1809 Opinion was classified by an original
classification authority, (2) the Opinion is owned, produced, or controlled by the U.S.
Government, (3) the information pertains to three of the protected categories listed in Executive
Order 13526––intelligence methods, foreign activities, and systems related to national security;
and (4) disclosure could reasonably be expected to result in damage to national security. See
Sherman Decl. ¶¶ 2, 15, 46-47, 52. Mr. Sherman explained that DOJ withheld the Section 1809
(d) foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States,
including confidential sources;
(e) scientific, technological, or economic matters relating to the
national security;
(f) United States Government programs for safeguarding nuclear
materials or facilities;
(g) vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems, installations,
infrastructures, projects, plans, or protection services relating to the
national security;
or (h) the development, production, or use of weapons of mass
destruction.
E.O. 13526 § 1.4.
7
Opinion in full under FOIA Exemption 1 “because the release of any portion of that document
would tend to reveal information that is currently and properly classified at the Top Secret level,
specifically, an intelligence method.” Sherman Supp. Decl. ¶ 8. With regard to the fact that
disclosure could be expected to result in damage to national security, Mr. Sherman indicated
that:
47. Specifically, the release of the redacted information would
disclose sensitive operational details associated with NSA’s
“Upstream” collection capability. While certain information
regarding NSA’s “Upstream” collection capability has been
declassified and publicly disclosed, certain other information
regarding the capability remains currently and properly classified.
The redacted information would reveal specific details regarding the
application and implementation of the “Upstream” collection
capability that have not been publicly disclosed. Revealing the
specific means and methodology by which certain types of SIGINT
collections are accomplished could allow adversaries to develop
countermeasures to frustrate NSA’s collection of information
crucial to national security. Disclosure of this information could
reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the
national security. I have reviewed this information and determined
that it is currently and properly classified as Top Secret and falls
within Sections 1.4(c), 1.4(d), and 1.4(g) of E.O. 13526.
...
52. With respect to the FISC opinion withheld in full, it is my
judgment that any information in the [Section 1809 Opinion] is
classified in the context of this case because it can reasonably be
expected to reveal classified national security information
concerning particular intelligence methods, given the nature of the
document and the information that has already been released. . . .
In these circumstances, the disclosure of even seemingly mundane
portions of this FISC opinion would reveal particular instances in
which the “Upstream” collection program was used and could
reasonably be expected to encourage sophisticated adversaries to
adopt countermeasures that may deprive the United States of critical
intelligence.
Sherman Decl. ¶¶ 47, 52.
8
Through the Sherman Declarations, 7 DOJ has sustained its burden of showing that
the Section 1809 Opinion is classified and that it properly withheld the document under FOIA
Exemption 1. 8 See Larson, 565 F.3d at 865 (“If an agency’s statements supporting exemption
contain reasonable specificity of detail as to demonstrate that the withheld information logically
falls within the claimed exemption and evidence in the record does not suggest otherwise, . . . the
court should not conduct a more detailed inquiry to test the agency’s judgment and expertise or
to evaluate whether the court agrees with the agency’s opinions.”).
EFF argues that while the Section 1809 Opinion was classified, it has been
officially disclosed and thus it should be released. See Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F.2d 755, 765
(D.C. Cir. 1990) (official disclosure of classified information overcomes an otherwise valid
exemption claim). EFF insists that DOJ cannot continue to withhold the Section 1809 Opinion
in full because “it has already officially acknowledged and described the content of the
Opinion.” See Opp’n [Dkt. 16] at 8. The alleged official acknowledgement is the 2011 FISC
opinion’s statement of the Section 1809 Opinion’s holding, i.e., that “Section 1809(a)(2)
precluded the Court from approving the government's proposed use of, among other things,
7
The Court also reviewed the Classified Sherman Declaration and Classified Supplemental
Sherman Declaration. See Notice [Dkt. 15-6] (DOJ lodged ex parte submission of Classified
Sherman Declaration with Classified Information Security Officer); Notice [Dkt. 18-1] (DOJ
lodged ex parte submission of Classified Supplemental Sherman Declaration with Classified
Information Security Officer).
8
FOIA Exemption 3, 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3) protects from disclosure information that is exempted
by another statute. Exemption 3 applies here as well. See Sherman Decl. ¶ 48 (the Section 1809
Opinion includes technical information about how NSA accomplishes its SIGINT mission, and
thus it is protected from disclosure under Exemption 3 and under the National Security Act, 50
U.S.C. §§ 3605, 3024(i)(1), exempting from disclosure NSA functions, activities, intelligence
sources, and methods); Sherman Supp. Decl. ¶ 13 (the Section 1809 Opinion is also protected
from release under 18 U.S.C. § 798, which exempts communications intelligence activities and
information obtained through communications intelligence).
9
certain data acquired by NSA without statutory authority through its ‘Upstream collection.’”
[Caption Redacted], 2011 WL 10945618, at *6 n.15 (FISC Oct. 3, 2011).
Classified information may be disclosed over Government objection if the
information has been “officially acknowledged,” that is, if (1) the same (2) specific information
(3) already has been “made public through an official and documented disclosure.” Fitzgibbon,
911 F.2d at 765 (citing Afshar v. Dep’t of State, 702 F.2d 1125, 1133 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). “These
criteria are important because they acknowledge the fact that in the arena of intelligence and
foreign relations there can be a critical difference between official and unofficial disclosures.”
Id. The D.C. Circuit has emphasized that “‘[p]rior disclosure of similar information does not
suffice; instead, the specific information sought by the plaintiff must already be in the public
domain by official disclosure. This insistence on exactitude recognizes the Government’s vital
interest in information relating to national security and foreign affairs.’” Am. Civil Liberties
Union v. DoD, 628 F.3d 612, 621 (2011) (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378). Because the specific
content of the Section 1809 Opinion has not been officially and publicly disclosed, the Opinion
may be properly withheld under Exemption 1.
C. Segregability
Even if an agency properly withholds responsive records under a FOIA
exemption, it nevertheless must disclose any non-exempt information that is “reasonably
segregable.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). “It has long been a rule in this Circuit that non-exempt portions
of a document must be disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions.”
Mead, 566 F.2d at 260; see also Trans-Pacific Policing Agreement v. United States Customs
Serv., 177 F.3d 1022 (D.C. Cir. 1999). A district court need not “order an agency to commit
significant time and resources to the separation of disjointed words, phrases, or even sentences
which taken separately or together have minimal or no information content.” Mead, 566 F.2d at
10
261 n. 55. An agency cannot rely on mere conclusory statements that non-exempt material in a
document is not reasonably segregable, but instead it must provide a reasonably detailed
justification, except where “such a detailed justification . . . would itself compromise the secret
nature of potentially exempt information.” Id. at 261. Nonetheless, “[a]gencies are entitled to a
presumption that they complied with the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material.”
Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007). A district court has “an
affirmative obligation to consider segregability sua sponte.” Trans-Pacific Policing Agreement,
177 F.3d at 193.
EFF asserts that the legal analysis in the Section 1809 Opinion should be released
because doing so would not implicate any legitimately withheld information. EFF surmises that
the Section 1809 Opinion contains the following information that is not classified: FISC’s legal
analysis of Section 1809(a)(2)’s preclusive effect, the statutory authority governing NSA
surveillance, and NSA’s violation of that authority. See Opp’n at 9; see also id. at 10 (assuming
that the Opinion contains “an analysis of the NSA’s statutory authority and that authority’s
interaction with 50 U.S.C. § 1809”). EFF further hypothesizes that the Section 1809 Opinion
contains information that was not properly classified.
EFF has not offered any support for these claims. The Court presumes that the
Sherman affidavits were filed in good faith, see Ground Saucer Watch, 692 F.2d at 771, and this
presumption is not rebutted by purely speculative claims, see SafeCard, 926 F.2d at 1200.
Further, EFF’s argument is substantially undermined by the reality that legal
analysis is meaningless without facts. Legal analysis necessarily includes facts, and in this case
those facts are classified. As Mr. Sherman indicated, the withheld information would reveal
specific details regarding the application and implementation of the “Upstream” collection
11
capability and would reveal the specific means and methodology by which certain types of
SIGINT collections are accomplished. Sherman Decl. ¶¶ 47, 52. Mr. Sherman stressed that
“[i]n these circumstances, the disclosure of even seemingly mundane portions of this FISC
opinion would reveal particular instances in which the ‘Upstream’ collection program was used
and could reasonably be expected to encourage sophisticated adversaries to adopt
countermeasures that may deprive the United States of critical intelligence.” Id. ¶ 52. See
Larson, 565 F.3d at 864 (“Minor details of intelligence information may reveal more information
than their apparent insignificance suggests because much like a piece of jigsaw puzzle, each
detail may aid in piecing together other bits of information even when the individual piece is not
of obvious importance itself.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Relying on the Sherman Declarations, the Court finds that disclosure of any part
of the Section 1809 Opinion could reasonably be expected to cause grave damage to national
security. The document has been properly withheld in its entirety under Exemption 1.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the motion for summary judgment filed by the
Department of Justice [Dkt. 15] will be granted, and the cross motion for partial summary
judgment filed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation [Dkt. 17] will be denied. Judgment will be
entered in favor of the Department of Justice. A memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.
Date: October 30, 2015 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
12
|
INTRODUCTION
============
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common health problem and is the main cause of morbidity in developing and developed countries. The number of people with diabetes is gradually increasing, and its prevalence was reported to be 171 million people in 2000. It is estimated that at least 366 million people will suffer from DM by the year 2030 \[[@B1]\]. In 2010, the prevalence of DM was 8% and its health expenditure was equal to 600 million U.S. dollars in the country of Iran \[[@B2]\]. DM is a metabolic disease that is characterized by the existence of hyperglycemia along with having biochemical alterations of glucose, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction \[[@B3]\]. Prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress and an imbalance of the oxidant/antioxidant status. Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a key role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its complications \[[@B4]\].
Nowadays, functional foods are of interest due to their potential health benefits \[[@B5]\]. The potential consequence of oxidative stress could be attenuated by the dietary consumption of functional foods. Inulin-type fructans, a well-defined type of functional foods, are naturally found in vegetables and fruits such as: onions, garlic, chicory root, banana, and wheat, and are used as prebiotic and dietary fiber in various food items. Inulin-type fructans are indigestible carbohydrates, contain fructose monomers that are linked by β (1→2) bounds, and are arranged as nonviscous, soluble, and fermentable fibers. High performance (HP) inulin is a prebiotic that has a long-chain, high-molecular weight mixes of inulin-type fructans, without any fructans that have a degree of polymerization \<10 \[[@B5]\]. This type of inulin is incorporated into baked goods, milk products, drinks, and desserts as a substitute for sugar and/or fat \[[@B6]\]. HP Inulin has a specific colonic fermentation property that is able to change the composition of the gut microflora toward bifidobacteria. Ingestion of 5 to 8 g/day of inulin should be sufficient to exhibit a positive effect on the gut microflora. Possible side effects of inulin-type fructans can be seen at doses that are higher than 20 g/day \[[@B5]\].
The effects that inulin-type fructans have on reducing blood glucose and oxidative stress has been shown in previous animal based studies \[[@B7],[@B8]\]. To our knowledge, all of the human studies to date have only assessed the effects of fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which have a lower molecular weight than HP inulin, on diabetic patients and that there has been no study that has yet assessed the effects of HP inulin on diabetic patients \[[@B9]-[@B11]\]. The results of the FOS studies on diabetic patients have been inconsistent. Yamashita et al. \[[@B9]\] has shown that beneficial effects of oligofructose exist in regards to the blood glucose and lipid profile of diabetic patients. In contrast, a couple of other studies have failed to show any beneficial effects of inulin-type fructans in diabetic patients \[[@B10],[@B11]\]. Due to the probably beneficial effects of inulin-type fructans, especially on the carbohydrate metabolism \[[@B9], [@B12]\] and the antioxidant status \[[@B7],[@B8]\], and the scarcity of data that exist on the HP inulin effect on glycemic and antioxidant status, the present study was designed to assess the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of HP inulin in women with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
=======
Subjects
--------
Sixty-five females with DM that were between the ages of 20 and 65 years of age had participated in the study. Participants were recruited from the Iranian Diabetic Society and from endocrinology and metabolism clinics that were associated with the Tabriz University of Medical Science. Inclusion criteria was defined as: having DM for more than 6 months, currently having anti-diabetic treatment, having a stable diet and a body mass index (BMI) \>25 kg/m^2^ for the past 3 months. DM was defined as having a fasting glucose level that is ≥126 mg/dL \[[@B13]\]. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of gastrointestinal, pancreatic, or cardiovascular disease, renal, thyroid or liver disturbance, being pregnant or lactating, consuming prebiotics, or probiotics, antibiotics, antacids, alcohol, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory or laxatives drugs, or lipid-lowering medications 2 months prior to the intervention or during the intervention, or if the individual had a typical fiber intake \>30 g. Prior to the intervention, an appointment time was set for each subjects to provide study information and to complete their individual questionnaire and to provide their written informed consent. Demographic data including age, medication, and diabetes duration (in years) was obtained by using the questionnaire. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and it was registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (<http://www.irct.ir/>, IRCT201110293253N4).
Experimental design
-------------------
The randomized control trial design was used to perform our study in parallel and as a triple-blinded study. Both the participants and the researcher were blinded to the intervention. Participants were randomly assigned in to one of two groups by using a block randomization procedure, which matched subjects to each block based on BMI and age. The experimental group received a daily supplement of 10 g of HP inulin (Sensus, Roosendaal, The Netherlands) and the control group received a similar amount of maltodextrin (Jiujiang Hurirong Trade Co., Ltd, Jiujiang, China), which served as the placebo, for 2 months. Daily supplements were divided in to two packages of 5 g each, which were instructed to be consumed with breakfast and dinner along with a cup of water. The taste and appearance of maltodextrin and inulin were similar to one another and the substrates were provided to the volunteers in similar opaque packages. Subjects received half of their packages at the beginning of the study and received the remaining packages in the middle of the study. In order to minimize the dropout rate and to ensure the consumption of the supplements, the participants received a phone call once per week. The phone number of the researcher was provided to all of the participants to help answer any question or concerns that may arise throughout the intervention. Subjects were recommended to return all of their packets regardless of whether they were (full or empty) in order to assess the consumption status of each participant. The volunteers were recommended to have stable physical activity throughout the duration of the study. A diagram of the study design is shown in [Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}.
Body weight and food intake assessment
--------------------------------------
A research assistant measured the anthropometric indices, including body weight and height, at the beginning and at the end of the trial. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg, and the height was measured, to the nearest 0.1 cm. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Nutrient intake data was also collected at the beginning and at the end of the trial period. Diet evaluations were performed with the use of 3-day diet record at the baseline and at the end of the study. All of the subjects attended a training meeting prior to the start of the intervention where they were instructed on how to properly use the food scale and record their food intake. Subjects were instructed to report all of the food they had consumed for 2-week days and 1-weekend day at the beginning and at the end of the study. Dietary data were analyzed using the Nutritionist 4 software (First Databank Inc., Hearst Corp., San Bruno, CA, USA).
Blood sampling and biochemical assays
-------------------------------------
At the beginning and at the end of the trial period, 10 mL of venous blood were collected between 7:00 to 9:00 AM after an overnight fast, into two vacutainer tubes, in which one tube contained ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid in order to measure the blood levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and the other tube contained sodium fluoride in order to determine glucose, insulin and antioxidant indices including the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase, and malondialdehyde (MDA). The serum and plasma samples were separated from whole blood by centrifugation at 2,500 rpm for 10 minutes (Beckman Avanti J-25; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) at room temperature. The serum samples were stored at -20℃ immediately after centrifugation until they were used for their respective assays. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, and insulin were analyzed on the day of sampling. FPG was measured by using the enzymatic method using an Abbot Model Aclyon 300, USA autoanalyzer with kits from Pars-Azmone (Tehran, Iran). HbA1c was determined using the sample of whole blood by using an automated HP liquid chromatography analyzer with commercially available kits from Bio-Rad D-10 Laboratories, Schiltigheim, France. Serum insulin was measured using the chemiluminescent immunoassay method (LIAISON analyzer 310360; Diasorin S.P.A, Verecelli, Italy).
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated according to the following formula: \[fasting insulin (µU/mL)×FPG (mg/dL)\]/405 \[[@B14]\]. Measurement of TAC in serum and SOD and GSH-Px in whole blood was performed by using the colorimetric method with commercial kits (TAS, RANDOX kits; SOD, RANSOD kits; and GSH-Px, RANSEL kits; RANDOX Laboratory, Crumlin, UK), on an automatic analyzer (Abbott model Alcyon 300; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA). The serum MDA level, which is used as a marker for lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, was measured by using a reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as a TBA reactive substance (TBARS) in order to produce a pink colored complex. This fluorescence intensity was measured at 547 nm with an excitation at 525 nm with a spectrofluorimeter (model SFM 25A; Kontron, Milan, Italy) \[[@B15]\]. Catalase activity was estimated using the method described by Aebi \[[@B16]\]. Catalase can degrade H202 and this can be measured directly by the reduction in the absorbance at 240 nm. The H202 was diluted with phosphate buffer that was at a pH 7.0 and its initial absorbance was adjusted between 0.5 to 0.6 absorbance units at 240 nm. The reduction in the absorbance was measured. One unit of catalase activity was defined as the amount of catalase that is fully absorbed in 30 seconds at 25℃. The catalase activity was then calculated from the change in absorbance and was finally expressed as units per milliliter \[[@B16]\].
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results were expressed as mean±standard deviation. The normality of the distribution of data was evaluated by the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. For quantitative variables, paired and unpaired sample *t*-tests were used for means comparisons. The medications used in the two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to identify any differences between the two groups after intervention, and was adjusted for the baseline measurements and covariates. Differences with a *P*\<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
=======
Of the 65 participants that were assessed for study eligibility, 49 of the participants completed the study (inulin group, 24; placebo group, 25) ([Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Participants did not report any adverse effects or symptoms with the inulin supplementation. [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"} shows the baseline characteristics of the participants in the two groups. The two groups were similar in their initial characteristics.
Effect of inulin supplementation on body weight and dietary intakes
-------------------------------------------------------------------
The comparisons between the two groups showed that there were no significant differences in regards to the baseline body weight and the BMI ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The dietary intake of the macronutrients is shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}. The comparison between the baseline dietary intakes of the two groups showed that there was no significant differences in the energy or the macronutrients intake, with the exception of dietary fiber which was significantly higher in the maltodextrin group.
After 2 months of supplementation, the body weight and BMI remained unchanged in the maltodextrin group, while both the body weight and BMI significantly decreased in the inulin group (75.40±11.31 to 72.85±11.16, 31.60±4.09 to 30.50±4.02, respectively; *P*\<0.05). These changes were significant in the inulin group when compared to the baseline values (*P*\<0.05). Intakes of energy, carbohydrate and total fat were significantly different between the two groups at the end of the study. In the inulin group the intake of energy and the total fat decreased significantly, while in the maltodextrin group they remained unchanged.
Effects of inulin supplementation on glycemic indices and oxidative stress parameters
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
At the beginning of the study, there were no significant differences between the inulin group and the maltodextrin group in regards to the glycemic indices and the oxidative stress parameters ([Tables 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} and [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). At the end of the study, there was a significant decrease in the FPG (8.47%), HbA1c (10.43%), and MDA (37.21%) in the inulin group when compared to that of the maltodextrin group (*P*\<0.05, ANCOVA when adjusted for dietary fiber, energy changes, weight changes, and baselines values). We observed no significant reduction in the fasting insulin (34.32%) or the HOMA-IR (39.48%) in the inulin group when compared to the maltodextrin group (*P*\>0.05, analysis of the covariance when adjusted for dietary fiber, energy changes, weight changes, and baselines values).
Inulin supplementation caused a 18.82% increase in the TAC and a 4.36% increase in the SOD when compared with the maltodextrin group after adjusting for dietary fiber, energy changes, weight changes and baselines values (*P*\<0.05). The TAC levels increased (0.85±0.15 to 1.01±0.17 mmol/L) and the MDA levels decreased (3.75±1.81 to 2.70±1.50 nmol/mL) in the inulin group (*P*\<0.05). Levels of catalase increased in the inulin group (*P*\<0.05, paired *t*-test), but this change was not significant when compared to that of the maltodextrin group (*P*\>0.05, ANCOVA adjusted for dietary fiber, energy changes, weight changes, and baseline values). GSH-Px activity remained unchanged in both groups. In the maltodextrin group the TAC, MDA, SOD, and catalase changes that were observed were not significant.
DISCUSSION
==========
High fiber diets can be beneficial in the prevention and management of diabetes. Some studies have reported that prebiotic fibers may have a dominant effect on the control of diabetes \[[@B17]\]. Therefore, in this clinical trial, we investigated the effect that HP inulin supplementation has on glycemic indices and on antioxidant markers of type 2 diabetic patients. Our results showed that two months of HP inulin supplementation significantly decreased body weight and BMI when compared to the group that received maltodextrin supplementation. Similar results have been shown with oligofructose supplementation in animal studies and in studies with diabetic patients \[[@B11],[@B18],[@B19]\]. Parnell and Reimer \[[@B20]\] have reported that the supplementation of healthy adults with oligofructose at a dose of 21 g/day for 12 weeks decreased body weight. In our study, the energy intake of the inulin group significantly decreased (1,693.60±250.57 to 1,417.86±236.70, *P*\<0.05). The exact mechanism(s) of weight reduction by inulin remains unclear. Some gut satiety hormones, especially those that are responsive to diet composition, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), PYY, and ghrelin, are proposed to influence weight reduction \[[@B21]\].
In order to consider weight reduction as a main interventional cause of observed changes in studied biochemical parameters, we included it in the ANCOVA model as a confounding factor. After the adjustment for weight reduction, and energy intake, we showed that 2 months of inulin supplementation reduced the FPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR when compared to that of the maltodextrin group. There were no statistically significant differences in the fasting insulin and HOMA-IR between the two groups.
To the best of our knowledge there have not been any studies to date on the HP inulin effects in diabetic patients and there have only been three studies that have investigated the effects of fructans other than HP inulin on glucose and insulin in type 2 DM patients \[[@B9]-[@B11]\]. Yamashita et al. \[[@B9]\] have shown that oligofructose supplementation at a dose of 8 g/day for 2 weeks decreased the FPG levels in type 2 DM patients. Luo et al. \[[@B10]\] and Alles et al. \[[@B11]\] have reported that there were no significant changes that were observed with oligofructose supplementation, on FPG fasting insulin in patients with type 2 DM.
Jackson et al. \[[@B22]\] and Giacco et al. \[[@B23]\] have shown that prebiotic supplementation (10 g/day inulin for 8 weeks in healthy subjects and 10 g/day of short-chain-fructo-oligosaccharides for 2 months in individuals with mild hypercholesterolaemia, respectively) decreased fasting insulin. Russo et al. \[[@B24]\] have reported that a significant decrease in HbA1c and HOMA-IR in healthy young volunteers can be achieved by introducing inulin-enriched pasta. The different results obtained in these studies may be explained by the dose and the kind of supplementation, pathologic state and basal levels of the glycemic indices of the type 2 DM patients being studied.
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hypoglycemic effect of fibers. Soluble fibers, such as inulin, can control or lower serum glucose by delaying gastric emptying, retarding entry of glucose into the blood stream, and reducing the post-meal rise of serum glucose \[[@B25]\]. Also, the modification of the secretion of the gut hormones such as GLP-1 \[[@B26]\] and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are produced from colonic fermentation of prebiotics \[[@B27]\], can affect serum glucose and insulin levels. SCFA may play a role in the so-called ileocolonic brake, which explains the inhibition of gastric emptying when nutrients reach the ileocolonic junction \[[@B27]\]. Oligofructose also increases glucose tolerance with increasing levels of GLP-1, plasma insulin, pancreatic insulin, and β-cell mass \[[@B19]\], as well as an increase of GLP-2 \[[@B18]\].
Lipid peroxidation is higher in type 2 DM patients. Reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant status might be one of the mechanisms that may prevent and treat diabetic complications \[[@B28]\]. MDA is the main product of polyunsaturated fatty acids peroxidation in cells. MDA is a good marker of oxidative stress \[[@B29]\]. There are antioxidant systems that fight free-mediated damage. Antioxidant systems involve enzymes such as SOD, catalase, and GSH-Px as well as nonenzymatic substances such as vitamins and GSH \[[@B30]\].
There is consistent evidence that the total antioxidant status in type 1 or 2 DM is lower than that of age-matched controls \[[@B28]\]. We found significantly decreased levels of serum MDA in the inulin group when compared to that of the maltodextrin group. Also, our study showed that inulin supplementation significantly increased the TAC levels and SOD activity. Catalase levels increased in the inulin group (*P*\<0.05, paired *t*-test), but it was not different when compared to the maltodextrin group (*P*\>0.05, unpaired *t*-test). The activity of GSH-Px did not significantly change in either group.
According to the review of the existing literature, there have been no studies on the effect that inulin may have on the antioxidant status of type 2 DM patients, and so we have reported the results of some similar studies. Wang et al. \[[@B31]\] have shown that 5% of xylooligosaccharides increase the activity of catalase, SOD, and GSH-Px and decreased MDA in rats. Rishi et al. \[[@B30]\] have shown that the activity of SOD and glutathione increased in mice treated with probiotics in conjunction with a prebiotic and observed a decrease in the activity of MDA. Baynes \[[@B32]\] has suggested that the supplementation of xylo-oligosaccharides reduces the activity of catalase and that it did not change the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in type 2 DM patients. Gourineni et al. \[[@B33]\] have reported that dietary bioactive compounds such as prebiotics, their byproducts, and metabolites may increase the activity of glutathion-S-transferase, catalase, and SOD in prebiotic (synergy1)-fed mice. These results are in agreement with the results of our study.
Conversely, Seidel et al. \[[@B34]\] have reported that the consumption of bread that is supplemented with inulin did not significantly change the ferric reducing ability of plasma in male smokers and nonsmokers. Another study on the supplementation with inulin and FOS shows that there is no affect on serum TAC, GSH-Px, and SOD activities, while it decreases TBARS in rats \[[@B7]\]. Kozmus et al. \[[@B8]\] have reported that dietary supplementation with dextrin or oligofructose leads to a 20% decrease in total glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSH). The activities of glutathione dependent antioxidant enzymes, SOD, catalase, and MDA remain unchanged in the dextrin or oligofructose groups \[[@B8]\]. These different results may be related to dose and type of prebiotic, species, genotype of subject, basal antioxidant, and glycemic status, and pathologic state of the subjects.
The exact mechanisms of the fructans antioxidant properties remain unclear. Further research studies should be designed in order to obtain a precise perception of the mechanism(s) that are responsible for these potential beneficial effects of fructans against the complications of diabetes. Inulin-type fructans may act as antioxidant themselves and, they could act directly as reactive oxygen species (ROS) that indirectly scavenge through SCFAs and antioxidant enzymes \[[@B35]\]. One of the possible mechanisms is the prebiotics ability to modify microflora in the gastrointestinal tract. Gobinath et al. \[[@B36]\] have shown that the consumption of prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides, stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacicilli. Lactic acid bacteria have SOD and *in vitro* studies have shown that lactic acid per se and the fermentations of FOS by deferent strains of bifidobacteria lead to the elimination of free radicals \[[@B37]\]. Also, it may be that lactobacilli resident in gut lyses and release their intracellular antioxidative constituents that in turn help to decrease the MDA \[[@B31]\]. Another possible mechanism may be due to the ability of prebiotics to modify gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. It is reported that the consumption of chicory reduces oxidative stress, restores GSH levels and induces gene expression, which results in the overexpression of the activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase and in turn, up-regulating the endogenous antioxidant defense system \[[@B38]\]. It has been suggested that the consumption of inulin supplementation exerts these same systemic antioxidative effects in the colon. It is known that enhanced concentrations of butyrate in colonic cells results in reduced colonic myeloperoxidase activity and restored GSH concentration. Also, butyrate has been effective in controlling the enhancement of ROS levels and in decreasing ROS-mediated p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation \[[@B39]\]. Another mechanism that may have contributed to the antioxidant indices is the lowering of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Increased blood glucose levels could be due to oxidative stress and this would results in the formation of AGE products. It is suggested that the dietary oligosaccharides may reduce the oxidative stress by reducing the formation of these AGE products \[[@B38]\].
Our study did have some limitations, including a small sample size and a short intervention time. We did not measure serum fatty acids or take into consideration the glucose clamp. We also did not define gut microflora changes with inulin supplementation. Measuring of other oxidative stress indices, such as F~2~-isoprostanes, could strengthen the results of our study.
In conclusion, the results of this study showed that inulin supplementation reduces body weight and improves glycemic indices, antioxidant indices, and the MDA levels in type 2 DM patients. These findings suggest a safe and inexpensive intervention for the management of type 2 DM. Further investigations are needed in order to confirm the positive effect that inulin had on the glycemic and antioxidant indices and the MDA in type 2 DM patients.
The authors would like to thank all of the patients for their participation in this study. They would also like to thank Mr. Firuz Purrahim for his help in recruiting these participants and also to Mr. Amir M. Vatankhah for his technical assistance throughout this project. This research project was also financially supported by the Health and Nutrition Faculty of the Nutrition Research Center and the Vice Chancellor of Research of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Iran. This article was written based on the data from a PhD thesis on nutrition, which was registered in the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
{#F1}
######
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. For all characteristics, there were no significant differences between the maltodextrin and inulin groups (all *P*\>0.05, based on independent samples *t*-tests). BMI, body mass index.
######
Daily dietary intake of participants at baseline and the end of the study
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
^a^*P*\<0.05, paired *t*-test, ^b^*P*\<0.05 analysis of covariance adjusted for dietary fiber and baseline values, ^c^*P*\<0.05, unpaired *t*-test.
######
Effects of 2 months of inulin or maltodextrin supplementation on glycemic indices in studied subjects
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
^a^*P*\<0.05, paired *t*-test, ^b^*P*\<0.05 analysis of covariance adjusted for dietary fiber, energy changes, weight changes, and baseline value.
######
Effects of 2 months of inulin or maltodextrin supplementation on the antioxidative indices and MDA in studied subjects
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
MDA, malondialdehyde; TAC, total antioxidant status; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase.
^a^*P*\<0.05, paired *t*-test, ^b^*P*\<0.05 analysis of covariance adjusted for dietary fiber, energy changes, weight changes, and baseline values.
|
VG: Victoria Glasson (Managing Editor of*Diabetes Therapy*).
UA: Uazman Alam (Editorial Board Member of*Diabetes Therapy*).
This podcast is intended for medical professionals only.
VG: Hello and welcome to the Diabetes Therapy podcast. You are listening to the first podcast in our Diabetic Neuropathy collection. My name is Victoria Glasson and I am the Editor for the journal and today we will be speaking to Dr Uazman Alam, Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant at Liverpool University Hospital and esteemed member of the*Diabetes Therapy* Editorial Board.
UA: Thank you Victoria, I'm as you stated, a Senior Clinical Lecturer and Honorary Consultant at Liverpool University Hospital. My background is very much in diabetic neuropathy and lower limb disease in diabetes and I'm really eager to speak about diabetic neuropathy today.
VG: Fantastic, Uazman. Thank you. So to start off, could you please tell us what is diabetic neuropathy?
UA: Sure, so diabetes affects the peripheral nervous system and essentially diabetic neuropathy is a disorder of the peripheral nervous system which occurs due to the underlying diabetes and leads to peripheral nerve dysfunction and it's actually the commonest complication of diabetes. It affects anywhere up to 50% of people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\]. In fact, looking at the prevalence studies out there, there is even a suggestion that it may affect a lot more \[depending on patient population\] \[[@CR3]\].
VG: What are the signs and symptoms that people should look out for?
UA: So the commonest symptoms tend to be those that are sensory in nature so patients can often complain of pain and can also complain of other kinds of what we call positive symptoms. Those are symptoms of pain and for instance burning; they can complain of shooting pain. These are typical positive symptoms. Then we have the negative symptoms which actually tend to be again distributed in the same area which can occur in the glove and stocking distribution in the distal areas in the feet and the hands. The negative symptoms often can be comprised of numbness kind of feelings or sensations \[[@CR2]\].
So those are the initial symptoms that people can complain of, but as the disease progresses then you can get what we call motor \[system\] involvement and that is actually weakness and you can get weakness that occurs in more distal areas \[weakness is closely related to signs and severity of diabetic neuropathy\]. It occurs more proximally with the progress of time and as symptoms progress \[increasing severity\]. And on the flip side of this, there is also autonomic symptoms as well and these tend to only present quite late on the disease course. When I mean autonomic symptoms, I mean those that may involve the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems and include sweat glands. \[Cardiac\] Autonomic symptoms tend not to occur in the early stages of autonomic neuropathy \[which can be detected by cardiac autonomic testing\].
VG: What is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy?
UA: So this would be diabetic peripheral neuropathy, also known as distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. So this is what I mentioned before, the glove and stocking distribution of neuropathy of nerve damage, and this tends to be the commonest form, although autonomic neuropathy is extremely common as well.
VG: How is diabetic neuropathy prevented?
UA: I'm going to have to split this into thinking about diabetic neuropathy in terms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. So in type 1 diabetes we have shown that actually having really good glycaemic control can prevent or actually halt the progression of diabetic neuropathy \[[@CR4]\], but the jury is somewhat out with type 2 diabetes and a number of studies have actually shown that glucose control by itself may not affect the prevention or the progression of diabetic neuropathy \[[@CR5]\]. So in type 2 diabetes we really think of this as a more multifactorial kind of treatment. In general, we should be telling our patients to control the diabetes and try to improve the cardiovascular risk co-factors including the lipids, triglycerides, hypertension \[and weight\] \[[@CR6]\]. There is some data that suggests that if you are heavier you might have more painful symptoms \[and is also a risk factor for diabetic neuropathy\] \[[@CR7], [@CR8]\], so again those individuals with type 2 diabetes is really an improvement in the weight. Again, diet and exercise, avoid excess alcohol, and of course it's really one of the most paramount things we can ask them to do is to stop smoking as well.
VG: Can you take us through the reasons why some people have pain despite a normal examination or no signs of neuropathy?
UA: We need to think about the actual nervous system itself when we think about people who have a normal examination and have no signs of neuropathy but they are still complaining of symptoms and pain, so for instance either burning pain or even numbness. So the peripheral nervous system \[grossly\] comprises of A-alpha, A-beta and A-delta fibres and also C fibres. And it's the C fibres or what's also known as the smaller \[nerve\] fibres that are affected first. And these are the ones that are involved in the generation of pain and are related to symptoms including that of burning. So when we think about people who have diabetic neuropathy, it's not just those individuals that have quite severe disease with large \[nerve\] fibre involvement \[and subsequent signs of diabetic neuropathy\], but it's those that actually have small fibre deficits so this can actually cause some quite considerable amounts of symptoms and pain despite having a \[potentially\] normal examination.
VG: So why can diabetic neuropathic pain be worse at night?
UA: Diabetic neuropathy pain is worse at night and this is quite typical of neuropathic pain itself, \[including neuropathic pain that can involve (results from) other areas of the somatosensory system\]. Why the pain is worse at night still remains relatively unknown although it was first described by Frederick William Pavy in the nineteenth century \[[@CR9]\]. There has been some suggestion that there may be involvement in the locus coeruleus which is thought to play a part in pain and also sleep, but it remains unknown \[in terms of its exact contribution\] \[[@CR10], [@CR11]\]. What we do know \[about the chronobiology of diabetic neuropathy\] is that there is increasing pain sensitivity later on in the evening and at night and previous studies have shown this \[[@CR12], [@CR13]\].
VG: So does this impact on sleep?
UA: It does have an impact on sleep and people can often complain about waking up in the night with painful symptoms and I see this quite often in my clinic. So imagine you're in pain and the pain is worse at the time when you are trying to go to sleep and not only that but it wakes you up at night; this can often be quite debilitating and have a major impact on the quality of life of our patients \[[@CR14]\].
VG: Is there a relationship between mood or depression and painful diabetic neuropathy?
UA: Well we just need to think about sleep itself. I've mentioned that sleep can be impaired; if you aren't sleeping very well and you are in chronic pain then you tend to have a worse mood and you are more likely to be depressed. Now unfortunately if you are depressed or have a low mood then you are more likely have painful symptoms. So this can be somewhat of a vicious cycle which, if you can break the cycle then you can get improvements in both the mood and the pain.
There was a study which was published in 2005 by Gore et al. \[[@CR14]\] which quite clearly showed that the increasing levels of pain, then the more likely to have anxiety and also depression and the higher levels of these, so really the more pain you are in the more likely people are to have anxiety and depression.
VG: Which autonomic dysfunctions must be managed in patients?
UA: So it's really important for us to understand that autonomic dysfunction can occur relatively early on in the disease course and \[in the later stages of the disease\] it can have a major impact on the quality of life. So the one major autonomic dysfunction that can occur is erectile dysfunction and it's really important that we ask male patients about erectile dysfunction and this can have a major effect on the quality of life. Also, there's gustatory sweating and there are treatments which are available which are off-label for gustatory sweating. I have used glycopyrrolate paste \[[@CR15]\] or solifenacin or even oxybutynin \[NICE Evidence Summary---ES10\] \[[@CR16]\] \[all three treatments are off-label for hyperhidrosis\] to try and get some improvement in gustatory sweating and it can have a major impact on the quality of life. Imagine if you are going out for a family meal or a meal with friends and as you eat you are profusely sweating. It can have major implications in social exclusion.
VG: Is there a way that we can reverse autonomic neuropathy?
UA: There are some data that suggest that autonomic neuropathy can be reversed in the early stages \[[@CR17]\]. Once you have got to orthostatic hypotension or where people are having postural hypertension then it's quite late on in the disease, so then it's not really reversible \[[@CR18]\]. But there is some data to suggest that there can be some reversibility particularly with diet and exercise \[[@CR19]\]. Unfortunately, we don't have any treatments that affect the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy or even autonomic neuropathy.
VG: What happens to the quality of life of the patients \[with diabetic neuropathy\]?
UA: Well we just need to imagine the various aspects of diabetic neuropathy. So one I've mentioned, pain; the co-morbidities that include anxiety, depression and also lack of sleep or sleep interference. And this would all affect people's quality of life; it can be really quite detrimental.
VG: What kind of information should people suffering with diabetic neuropathy be given?
UA: We should really be educating patients on all aspects of diabetic neuropathy, so this includes the importance of glycaemic control in addition to improving the cardiovascular risk co-factors. In the early stages of diabetes it is really important to try to achieve good control of glycaemia and also to modify any risk factors. Importantly we should be telling people to stop smoking \[if they smoke\], and if people do have diabetic neuropathy and subsequently have symptoms of pain then they do need to be informed that we are unlikely to achieve 100% pain relief with any treatment; at best what we are aiming for is 50% pain relief \[[@CR20]\]. But as a part of our consultation we should be counselling patients in regards to all of these varying factors.
VG: Is there anything that we can do to prevent neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers?
UA: That's an excellent question. So diabetic neuropathy is the strongest risk factor for foot ulceration and amputation in people with diabetes. As a rule of thumb, those individuals that do have diabetic neuropathy, more so particularly those that have severe neuropathy, need to undergo daily foot examinations. Those that have insensate feet and a lack of sensation really need to emphasize the importance of foot care and protection, i.e. not to walk barefoot. They need to consider how they trim their toenails and to do this with great care and actually have podiatry input for this, and of course think about foot hygiene and look out for any kind of infection in the feet. And again, another really important aspect is the need for wearing well-fitted shoes and not to wear sort of hard-soled shoes where they are walking long distances in this, and of course there is trying to gain advice on footwear early on \[[@CR21]\].
VG: What are the main risk factors for developing diabetic neuropathy? Is age a big factor?
UA: So age is a risk factor but that is somewhat in relation to the duration of the diabetes. So the longer the duration of diabetes then the more likely you are to have diabetic complications or diabetic neuropathy. So you can say as a rule of thumb by about 25 years' duration of diabetes, about half of the population will have diabetic neuropathy. There have been other associated factors such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, weight which have all also been linked to diabetic neuropathy.
VG: We are going to be discussing diabetic neuropathy treatments in depth in another podcast but can you quickly talk us through the treatments for different types of neuropathy?
UA: So the mainstay of treatment for all the diabetic neuropathies, whether this is autonomic, distal symmetrical or even if it's another form of diabetic neuropathy, is really try to improve glycaemic control along with the cardiovascular risk factors. Of course, stopping smoking which I have said a number of occasions but that remains really the mainstay of therapy in trying to prevent or trying to halt the progression. Now each individual type of neuropathy will have its own treatment. So for instance diabetic peripheral neuropathy \[has specific treatments\]. We have talked about pain and we will be talking about pain relief in terms of neuropathic agents, but for instance with autonomic neuropathy we need to consider the various aspects of autonomic neuropathy whether this is cardiac autonomic, whether it's erectile dysfunction or say for instance gastroparesis and we'd treat each of those for symptoms. So erectile dysfunction you can consider phosphodiesterase inhibitors or other kinds of erectile dysfunction measures. Again, testosterone can be low in people with erectile dysfunction, so this may be something that we need to look at on an individual basis particularly people with type 2 diabetes.
Gastroparesis can be quite difficult to treat and there is a number of different therapies that can be used, but these are mainly off-label \[domperidone, azithromycin, erythropmycin\]. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy again is generally quite asymptomatic in the early stages and only becomes symptomatic later on, but if we are thinking about orthostatic hypotension then there is all the various therapies that are available for the treatment which include fludrocortisone, midodrine and again other off-label therapies such as pyridostigmine and ephedrine as well as abdominal binders \[similar to compression stockings\].
VG: Finally, you've mentioned counselling for patients; is this something patients do have access to and that they can utilise?
UA: Sure. So when I say counselling of patient, I mean this is counselling within our own clinics; so this is something that each clinician should be doing. So what are the expectations that each patient has and what are we able to do for the patient in terms of these expectations? We should be counselling patients every time we meet them in clinic, but in terms of formal psychology counselling the access to this can be quite variable actually; so it depends on where you work, particularly in the UK. So I'm quite lucky that we have access to specific pain counsellors and psychologists and also diabetes psychologists, and they are really a very helpful resource and should be utilised \[when needed\]. So I tend to refer people who are having management problems with their diabetes \[i.e. significant diabetes distress\] and in particular those that are in quite severe pain as well I would refer to the pain psychologist and patients have received quite significant benefits from seeing these individuals \[health professionals\].
VG: Uazman thank you so much for taking the time to speak to us today. As I mentioned at the start of the podcast we will be releasing another two podcasts in our Diabetic Neuropathy collection focusing on diagnosis, and then another focusing on treatment. Again Uazman, thank you so much.
UA: Thank you, Victoria.
You can listen to more podcasts by subscribing to Adis Rapid+ podcasts with your preferred podcast provider, or by visiting the website. Please note, (parentheses) represent additional information not mentioned in the podcast that has been added into the transcript by the authors for transparency.
Electronic Supplementary Material
=================================
{#Sec1}
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Supplementary material 1 (MP3 12814 kb)
**Enhanced Digital Features**
To view enhanced digital features for this article go to 10.6084/m9.figshare.11672313.
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
No funding or sponsorship was received for this study or publication of this article.
Authorship {#FPar2}
==========
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.
Disclosures {#FPar3}
===========
Uazman Alam has received honoraria for educational meetings from Pfizer and Eli Lilly, is currently a local investigator for BIIB074 (Biogen: NCT03339336) and is a member of the journal's Editorial Board.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines {#FPar4}
=================================
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Peer Review {#FPar200}
===========
Please note, contrary to the journal's standard single-blind peer review process, as an editorial this article underwent review by the journal's Editor-in-Chief.
Open Access {#d29e429}
===========
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/>), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
|
Canadian View
The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies 2012 Cats in Canada Report compiled the latest and most accurate information that indicates that the Community Cat population in Canada has reached near crisis levels in communities throughout the country. Guelph is no exception. According to the report only about 44% of the cats presenting to a shelter are adopted into a new home, leaving 56% of the cats facing some other alternative. Shelters in Canada are overburdened with cats and many are faced with euthanizing the excess population in order to prevent devastating disease outbreaks in shelters that are caused by overcrowding. On average, approximately 40% of cats entering shelters in Canada will be euthanized (even healthy cats that could be adopted) because they cannot be adopted. The problem has to be embraced and understood by the community and the community has to be willing to take action for the issue to improve over time. |
Home
Analyzing the Present to Protect the Future
Conservation in a Changing World
Hi, my name's Jeff Brown and welcome to my homepage. I am a 4th year PhD candidate at Rutgers University in the Lockwood Lab. My main interests are teaching and conservation. I primarily focus on conservation in urban settings and the challenges posed by human influence. Feel free to reach out to me if you have any questions or would like to know more.
My research and interest using only the 1000 most common English words:
I study groups of trees where there are lots of people. My focus is flying animals and little little animals. I study to keep green places safe. Humans often make green places bad and I study why.
Getting students to learn is also important to me. I talk about flying animals, animals with backs, animal acting, and keeping trees safe. Getting young students into learning / studying is important to me. |
Plans to build Germany’s 387- mile long cable worth as much as 2 billion euros ($2.8 billion) are at risk because Norway’s state-owned Statnett SF is worried that the project will not be profitable. Norway seeks assurances from the German government that the works dubbed Nordlink will be part of a future capacity market that pays for backup power. The proposed cable will have the capacity to transmit 1.4 GW of power and would be the first direct power link between the two nations, running from Tonstad in southern Norway to Wilster in northern Germany.
Japan to Guarantee Debt for Two Geothermal Ventures
The Japanese government will guarantee debt to build geothermal power stations to attract investments, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry said. State-run Japan Oil, Gas & Metls National Corp. will offer the guarantee for a 5 MW project in the southwestern prefecture of Oita. JOGMEC will also guarantee debt for a 400 kilowatt station in Fukushima, adds the ministry. The move is to encourage financing from private institutions that are unfamiliar with geothermal ventures, says JOGMEC official Hidefumi Nakashima.
NRG Acquires Installer Roof Diagnostics
NRG Energy Inc., the largest independent U.S. electricity producer, bought rooftop solar installer Roof Diagnostics Solar Inc. as it looks to capitalize on the growing decentralized power market. Roof Diagnostic’s 475- employee firm headquartered in Wall Township, New Jersey will be rolled into NRG’s existing rooftop unit NRG Residential Solar Solutions. NRG predicts a prolonged period through which the traditional neutralized grid-based power system co-exist with the fast-rising distributed generation sector, says NRG CEO David Crane.
New Nanoparticle Coating to Make Aircraft Engines More Robust and Use Less Fuel
According to new research from University West in Sweden, th eservice life of aircraft engines can be increased by up to 300% by using a new nanoparticle coating. The coating will also allow the temperature within the engine to be raised, which would increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Researcher Nicholas Curry says that the coating will use a ceramic base. There are still a lot of questions that need to be answered but the aircraft industry is already pushing to get the technology into production stage within two years. |
The day will kick off with a continental breakfast and introductions from Majority Leader Crisanta Duran. She will talk about her focus on personal connections to the arts and why it is important for arts advocates to build relationships with their elected officials.
Advocacy Training
Jennifer Mello, Brandeberry-McKenna Public Affairs
8:15 a.m. – 8:30 a.m.
The session will be conducted by AFC lobbyist Jennifer Mello of Brandeberry-McKenna Public Affairs. Mello has played a leading role in securing public funding for the arts in Colorado. She has also worked on numerous bills designed to create a more advantageous environment for the development of the arts in Colorado.
Advocacy Exercise
8:30 a.m. – 8:45 a.m.
During this session, Jay Seller will work with students to illustrate ways arts advocates attending this meeting can advocate effectively with state legislators.
Break before heading to the Capitol
8:45 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.
Legislative Meetings
9:00 a.m. to 9:45 a.m.
Arts for Colorado will work to schedule meetings with you and your legislators. Prior sessions in the day will provide you with talking points to discuss with your legislators.
Colorado Creative Industries Update
Margaret Hunt, Director, Colorado Creative Industries
10:00 a.m. to 10:15 a.m.
Margaret Hunt will update participants on the many initiatives of the agency. Colorado is unique among arts agencies with its focus on creative industries and the focus has yielded many exciting opportunities for people working in Colorado’s creative sector.
The Importance of Art as Currency – Human Currency
Jeremy Goldson, Theatre Director, Stage Flight Theatre
10:15 am to 10:30 am
This presentation will look at how Arts Education fits into current educational paradigms and explore the idea that an investment in Art is truly an investment that pays back through the millennia.
Arts Education from a Student’s Perspective
Scotty Romano, Student, Chatfield Senior High School
10:30 a.m. to 10:40 a.m.
Arts education has been an invaluable part of Scotty Romano’s High School education. Speaking first-hand, he will share with attendees how beneficial and meaningful the arts have been throughout his education, and how it can serve the same purpose for others.
Performance by Hamilton Middle School Choir
10:40 a.m. – 10:50 a.m.
Arts for Colorado board member John Epp’s is the choir director at Hamilton Middle School. He and his students will give Arts Advocacy Day attendees a short performance.
Short Break
10:50 a.m. – 11:00 a.m.
Economic Impact, Entrepreneurship, and the Arts
Jeffrey Nytch, DMA
Director, Entrepreneurship Center for Music, University of Colorado-Boulder
11:00 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
In advocating for the importance of the arts in our communities, the broader economic contribution of artists and the arts is often overlooked. While the immediate “multiplier effect” of arts venues is now widely accepted, broader impacts such as how the arts stimulate entrepreneurial activity and attract certain types of industries may, in the long run, be much more significant. In this talk, Dr. Nytch will examine these issues and how they can inform our advocacy for the arts and arts funding. This presentation will also include a Q&A.
Best of the Web: Show & Tell
Rachel Cain, Public Art Archive™ Program Manager
11:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.
Rachel Cain will take attendees through an interactive presentation of a few online projects that leaders in the arts should know about. Attendees will also have the opportunity to quickly share their own favorite online project or website with the group and tell us why it’s worth knowing about in 3 sentences.
Break, Pick Up Lunch, and Find a Table
12:00 Noon to 12:45
How to Think like an Artist
Jay Seller, PhD, Executive Director, Think 360 Arts for Learning
12:45 p.m. – 1:00 p.m.
Art education today has been impacted by the standards of testing culture, like so many other disciplines. In a lot of ways, we have been focusing on things that are concrete. Things like “Elements of Art,” “Art History,” “Introduction to Theatre,” and foundational skills. In essence we are teaching things that we can test and assess. Seller believes art education has to focus on things that develop learners that think like artists. Creativity itself does not have to be taught, but learning how to work like an artist can open up pathways of opportunities for everyone to create.
The Magic of Trinidad, Part II
Marilyn Leuszler, Chair, Corazon de Trinidad Creative District
1:00 – 1:15
A presentation on how Trinidad has accomplished great things through the strength of its unique blend of history, arts and culture. From certification as a Colorado Creative District and as a Main Street candidate, to selection as the demonstration project for the state’s new Space to Create Colorado initiative, Trinidad has seen much to celebrate within the past five years. The power and impact of local leadership through the arts can bring about dramatic change, drawing business owners, local government, non-profits, educators, and individuals together, with the common goal of increased economic development, tourism, and a strong sense of place.
The Importance of Engaging Young People and Approaching them as Participants in the Community as the Arts become Focused on Building Communities
Amir Jackson, Found/Director, Nurture the Creative Mind
1:15 p.m. – 2:00 p.m.
Amir Jackson is a leader, engaged community member, and Founder of the Nurture the Creative Mind Foundation where he empowers local youth with the tools of creativity, education & character development. In this session, Amir will discuss how engaging youth and building communities are symbiotic in mission and objective. As an attendee you will leave with a fresh perspective, examples and tools to implement in your own artistic practices.
Roundtables
2:00 p.m. – 2:45 p.m.
Attendees are invited to sit with speakers and experts who made presentations in the morning and use them as resources for the issues they are dealing with.
Concluding Comments
2:45 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.
The leaders of Arts for Colorado thank those who participated in the program and talk to the group about how they can be involved in the organization on a year-round basis.
Register Today:
Space for this event is limited. Register online here by February 28th, 2016. The participation fee is $30 for general admission, $15 for students, and free for legislators.* The participation fee includes a continental breakfast, lunch, study materials, and all activities. Vegetarian and gluten-free meal options will be available.
*If you are a legislator and would like to attend, please RSVP to Janae De La Virgen at janae.delavirgen@westaf.org by February 28th, 2016. The value of the event is $30 and receipts will be provided for Amendment 41 purposes.
Additional Information:
Please contact Janae De La Virgen at info@artsforcolorado.org if you have questions or would like additional information about this event.
Arts for Colorado (AFC) is a nonpartisan, statewide nonprofit 501(c) 4 organization dedicated to improving the climate for creative industries throughout the state, facilitating advocacy for Colorado’s arts and culture, and preserving and expanding state-level public-and private-sector support for the arts.
Join Our Mailing List
Email Address *
First Name *
Last Name *
Yes, I would like to receive emails from Arts for Colorado. (You can unsubscribe anytime)
Constant Contact Use.
By submitting this form, you are consenting to receive marketing emails from: Arts for Colorado, 2001 Lincoln Street, Denver, CO, 80202, https://www.artsforcolorado.org/. You can revoke your consent to receive emails at any time by using the SafeUnsubscribe® link, found at the bottom of every email. Emails are serviced by Constant Contact |
INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
Habitual 'psychoactive substance (PS) use' is defined as the repeated use of a PS despite the knowledge of its negative health consequences while 'PS abuse' is referred to a pattern of PS use that causes damage to physical or mental health. The common PS use that is of interest to a dentist in India includes alcohol, tobacco and areca nut.\[[@CIT1]\] It has been reported that the prevalence of dental caries in South India varies with the type of PS use.\[[@CIT1]\] Dental caries (DC) is a common oral disease that affects any age group and is dependent on a number of factors.
Oral health neglect is a common feature of PS abuse.\[[@CIT2][@CIT3]\] Alcohol has been thought to influence DC via the microbial oxidation of ethanol in saliva in alcohol abusers resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde that inhibits the cariogenic oral flora. Alcohol enhances fluoride release from certain restorative materials.\[[@CIT4]\] Nicotine, a major constituent of tobacco, is known to limit the proliferation of *Streptococcus viridians*.\[[@CIT5]\] On the contrary, sugar-laced chewing tobacco extracts have been shown by *in vitro* evidence for stimulated growth of *S. mutans* and *S. sanguis*.\[[@CIT6]\]
It is considered that frequent chewing of areca nut confers a protection against DC. Areca nut by itself lacks ingredients that have cariostatic properties. The extrinsic stain formed by the chronic habit acts as a laminate preventing adherence and colonization of the cariogenic microbes. The gritty consistency of the areca nut mediates a mechanical cleansing activity eliminating the food debris.\[[@CIT7]\] Repeated chewing stimulus results in an increased salivary flow rate that also aids in the removal of organisms and food debris. The tannins in this bolus have antimicrobial properties. Attrition in chewers makes the teeth surface smooth and reduces the risk of pit and fissure caries. The sclerosis of dentin by repeated masticatory trauma renders the dentin resistant to the microbial invasion.\[[@CIT7]\] The addition of lime alters the pH of the oral cavity making it unsuitable for the cariogenic organisms to survive.\[[@CIT8]\] Moreover, the salivary flow rate and pH have been shown to vary with the type of areca nut and tobacco chewed.\[[@CIT9]\]
The understanding of the influence of PS on DC will help to limit the overall oral disease burden as well have a huge impact on the socioeconomic component of the dental disease burden in this vulnerable population. In India, the most common PSs abused are alcohol and tobacco.\[[@CIT1]--[@CIT3]\] Given the large percentage of Indian population abusing PSs, It is still unclear how different PS use influences the overall DC experience in the Indian population. Hence this study was undertaken with the objective to evaluate the effect of different PS use in different combination, for understanding the association between PS uses and different components of the dental caries experience. We hypothesize that DC is influenced by the type of PS use.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2}
=====================
A retrospective study of consecutive first-visit persons who attended the dental clinical care facilities over a period of seven years (June 2002 to May 2009) at TTK Hospital, Chennai, India formed the study group. It serves the local district population and also people from the adjoining districts and states including Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, and its valuable services are recognized by several forums including the United Nations Office of Drug and Crime, Regional Office of South Asia by deeming it as a training institute for Non-Governmental Oragnaizationin the prevention and treatment of PS use. Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai caters to the oral hygiene and dental treatment needs of the patients enrolled at TTK Hospital.
Trained physicians and dental surgeons calibrated and examined the patients. Their clinical findings were recorded in a predetermined format, which included detailed recording of the patients' habits (alcohol and tobacco (with/without areca nut)) as per earlier published protocols and clinical observations including Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) and Dental Caries, Missing, Filled Tooth (DMFT) index.\[[@CIT1]\] Tobacco use was measured as pack (ten's) years. Smoking tobacco pack years were calculated as published in the literature and smokeless tobacco (2 gm per pack) used per year as pack years.
Only dentate subjects were enrolled for the study. Based on their PS habits, the study group was broadly divided into four groups without any overlap. They were alcohol-only abusers (A), alcohol and smoking tobacco abusers (AS), alcohol and chewing tobacco abusers (AC) and smoking, chewing tobacco with alcohol abusers (ASC). Presence of attrition and extrinsic stain (\< two-thirds of any surface in any teeth) were noted. Occasional tobacco users were excluded. For the present study, tobacco use was considered as abuse when the subject used any form and quantity of tobacco continuously for three months. Alcohol abuse was considered as per standard definitions.\[[@CIT1]\]
Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Services, Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were presented for all variables. Pearson's Chisquare test was performed to determine the significance of associations between demographic characters and habits. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to find the association between various habits with DMFT and DC. One-way ANOVA was employed to find the difference in the mean of DC experience among the groups. *P* value \< 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS {#sec1-3}
=======
There were 2694 patients considered for the study. The demographic details of the study groups are detailed in [Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}. There were 2689 males (99.81%) with a mean age of 38.49±8.27 years (18 to 70 years) with the majority of them belonging to the 36 to 40 years age group (24.1%). The mean age and age group across study groups were statistically significant. The majority of the study population were married and education differed significantly across study groups (*P* =0.018). The duration of tobacco habit was as follows: smoking tobacco use ranged from three months to 41 years with a mean of 13.5±8.12 years, chewing tobacco (in processed forms), six months to 40 years with a mean of 7.48±5.6 years while raw tobacco use was for a period of 13.3±8.95 years. The mean pack years for alcohol abusers chewing tobacco was 265.54, for smoking alcohol abusers was 588.81 and for those alcohol abusers who smoked and chewed tobacco was 575.08.
######
Demographic characteristics of the study population (*n* = 2694)
Alcohol (*n =*268) (%) Alcohol + Chewing (*n*=691)*n*(%) Alcohol + Smoking (*n* = 1056)*n*(%) Alcohol + Chewing + Smoking (*n* = 679)*n*(%) *P*value
-------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
Gender 0.613
Males 268 (100) 689 (99.7) 1055 (99.9) 677 (99.7)
Females 2 (0.3) 1 (0.1) 2 (0.3)
Mean age (in years) 42.8±8.74 37.28±7.16 40.51±8.3 34.88±7.33 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Age group 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Below 20 0 2 (0.29) 1 (.09) 3 (.44)
21-25 4 (1.49) 18 (2.6) 21 (1.99) 48 (7.07)
26-30 20 (7.46) 103 (14.91) 98 (9.28) 154 (22.68)
31-35 32 (11.94) 172 (24.89) 196 (18.56) 179 (26.36)
36-40 57 (21.27) 194 (28.08) 239 (22.63) 160 (23.56)
41-45 58 (21.64) 107 (15.48) 211 (19.98) 77 (11.34)
46-50 42 (15.67) 66 (9.55) 151 (14.3) 38 (5.6)
51-55 32 (11.94) 22 (3.18) 93 (8.81) 11 (1.62)
55-60 18 (6.72) 5 (.72) 41 (3.88) 9 (1.33)
above 61 5 (1.87) 2 (0.29) 5 (0.47) 0
Marital status 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married 252 (94.4) 605 (87.6) 952 (90.2) 530 (78.3)
Unmarried 15 (5.6) 82 (11.9) 98 (9.3) 145 (21.4)
Separated 0 4 ((0.6) 5 (0.5) 2 (0.3)
Religion 0.067
Hindu 248 (92.5) 646 (93.5) 940 (89.2) 607 (89.4)
Christian 13 (4.9) 24 (3.5) 79 (7.5) 47 (6.9)
Muslim 7 (2.6) 20 (2.9) 34 (3.2) 25 (3.7)
Sikh 0 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 0
Education 0.018[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"}
No education 8 (3) 33 (4.8) 42 (4) 28 (4.1)
Primary school 47 (17.5) 105 (15.2) 127 (12) 109 (16.1)
Secondary school 99 (36.9) 307 (44.4) 431 (40.8) 259 (38.1)
College 114 (42.5) 246 (35.6) 456 (43.2) 283 (41.7)
Alcohol units 100.41±53.54 103.73±57.31 108.31±62.83 115.41±69.19 0.001[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Duration of alcohol use 11.79±8.46 10.01±6.62 12.20±8.1 9.93±6.34 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
At least 1 caries 152 (56.7) 428 (61.9) 620 (58.7) 378 (55.7) 0.113
At least 1 missing 106 (39.6) 236 (34.2) 511 (48.4) 222 (32.7) 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
At least 1 filling 20 (7.5) 46 (6.7) 88 (8.3) 44 (6.5) 0.432
Mean remaining teeth 26.56±3.08 27.06±1.99 26.2±3.24 27.16±1.65 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mean dental caries 1.72±2.22 2.18±2.56 2.06±2.62 1.91±2.65 0.049[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mean missing 1.44±3.08 0.94±1.99 1.8±3.24 0.84±1.66 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mean filling 0.15±0.63 0.13±0.57 0.24±1.16 0.14±0.67 0.03[\*](#T000F1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mean DMFT 3.31±3.79 3.24±3.44 4.09±4.45 2.89±3.42 0.000[\*\*](#T000F2){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mean OHI 1.77±0.99 1.87±0.97 1.84±0.96 1.93±0.95 0.075
*P*\<0.05 - Statistically significant
*P*≤.0.001 - High statistical significance
Across study groups, prevalence of at least one DC was not statistically significant (*P*=0.113), while at least one missing tooth (*P*=0.000) was significant. The mean difference in DMFT, OHI-S, DC, missing and filled teeth across study groups was significant. Mean years of alcohol abuse and units of alcohol consumed per week were significantly different across the study groups (*P* =0.001 and 0.000 respectively).
[Figure 1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"} depicts the type of alcohol used by the study group. [Table 2](#T0002){ref-type="table"} depicts the oral hygiene measures adopted by the study population and was not significantly different across groups. Outcome of oral hygiene measures was measured as caries experience. Material and methods used for oral hygiene were significantly associated with OHI-S and DMFT as well as missing teeth \[[Table 3](#T0003){ref-type="table"}\].
{#F0001}
######
Oral hygiene measures in the study population (*n* = 2694)
Alcohol (*n* = 268)*n*(%) Alcohol + Chewing (*n* =691)*n*(%) Alcohol + Smoking (*n* = 1056)*n*(%) Alcohol + Chewing + Smoking (*n* = 679)*n*(%) *P* value
------------------- --------------------------- ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- -----------
Cleaning material 0.329
Toothpaste 254 (94.78) 666 (96.38) 1023 (96.88) 660 (97.2)
Toothpowder 10 (3.73) 20 (2.89) 21 (1.99) 16 (2.36)
Others 4 (1.49) 5 (0.72) 12 (1.14) 3 (0.44)
Frequency 0.094
Once 226 (84.3) 600 (86.8) 887 (84) 597 (87.9)
More than once 42 (15.7) 91 913.2) 169 (16) 82 (12.1)
Cleaning method 0.149
Toothbrush 259 (97) 682 (98.8) 1024 (97.7) 665 (98.1)
Fingers 7 (2.6) 7 (1) 24 (2.3) 13 (1.9)
Others 1 (0.4) 1 (.1) 0 0
######
Oral hygiene measures compared with outcome variables for ever dental caries experience
DMFT OHI-S Dental caries Missing teeth Filled teeth
----------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------------- --------------------------------------------- --------------
Material used for oral hygiene measures
A Toothpaste 3.30±3.78 1.76±0.98 1.72±2.17 1.43±3.12 0.16±0.65
Toothpowder 2.60±3.57 2.19±1.27 1.10±1.91 1.40±2.50 0.10±0.32
Others 5.25±4.99 1.50±0.58 3.25±5.25 2.00±1.83 0
AC Toothpaste 3.24±3.45 1.84±0.95 2.19±2.56 0.93±1.99 0.12±0.58
Toothpowder 2.90±3.11 2.46±1.31 1.70±2.52 1.00±1.56 0.20±0.52
Others 5.20±3.56 2.56±1.18 3.20±3.11 2.00±3.94 0
AS Toothpaste 4.00±4.36 1.83±0.96 2.02±2.58 1.74±3.16 0.24±1.18
Toothpowder 7.86±6.65 2.14±1.16 3.52±3.97 4.33±4.86 0
Others 5.33±5.19 1.88±0.83 2.58±2.57 2.75±4.67 0
ACS Toothpaste 2.89±3.43 1.91±0.94 1.90±2.65 0.85±1.67 0.14±0.68
Toothpowder 2.50±3.16 2.74±1.22 1.88±2.28 0.63±1.36 0
Others 4.67±3.06 2.87±1.37 4.33±3.51 0.33±0.58 0
*p*value 0.021[\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.000[\*\*](#T000F4){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.117 0.02[\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.388
Frequency of oral hygiene measures
A Once 3.38±3.84 1.72±0.93 1.8±2.23 1.45±3.17 0.14±0.6
more than once 2.91±3.48 2.06±1.24 1.29±2.16 1.38±2.58 0.24±0.79
AC Once 3.39±3.45 1.86±0.97 2.29±2.58 0.98±2.06 0.12±0.51
more than once 2.26±3.2 1.89±0.98 1.44±2.32 0.67±1.45 0.15±0.89
AS Once 3.96±4.22 1.86±0.96 2.00±2.54 1.74±3.07 0.22±1.09
more than once 4.81±5.45 1.70±0.97 2.35±3.02 2.11±4 0.35±1.46
ACS Once 2.88±3.41 1.93±0.92 1.90±2.63 0.83±1.66 0.15±0.71
more than once 2.92±3.53 2.00±1.21 1.98±2.75 0.89±1.62 0.05±0.22
*p* value 0.597 0.716 0.508 0.309 0.211
Method of oral hygiene measures
A Brush 3.22±3.72 1.76±0.98 1.70±2.17 1.37±3.05 0.15±0.64
Finger 6.71±5.09 2.17±1.37 2.71±3.82 3.71±3.59 0.29±0.49
Neem stick 4 2 0 4 0
AC Brush 3.23±3.44 1.86±0.96 2.18±2.56 0.93±1.98 0.13±0.58
Finger 3.14±2.73 2.00±1.24 2.43±2.64 0.71±1.11 0
Neem stick 5 3.10 5 0 0
AS Brush 4.04±4.41 1.83±0.95 2.04±2.61 1.75±3.18 0.24±1.18
Finger 6.83±5.4 2.27±1.13 2.79±2.86 4.00±4.95 0.04±0.2
ACS Brush 2.88±3.43 1.92±0.95 1.90±2.65 0.84±1.66 0.14±0.68
Finger 3.31±3.35 2.35±1.01 2.31±2.84 1.00±1.47 0
*P* value 0.002[\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.011[\*](#T000F3){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.251 0.000^[\*\*](#T000F4){ref-type="table-fn"}^ 0.606
A - alcohol, C - chewing, S - smoking
\**P*\<05, significant
*P* = 0.000 -- high significance
Bivariate logistic regression between DMFT greater than or equal to 1 and 0, revealed that marital status (OR 1.217, 95%CI- 0.95 -- 1.560, *P* = 0.122), religion (OR 1.03; 95%CI 0.84 -- 1.25, *P* = 0.797), education (OR 1.03; 95%CI -- 0.93 -- 1.15; *P* = 0.54) were not significant while age group (OR 1.07; 95%CI -- 1.01 -- 1.13; *P* = 0.02) and occupation (OR 1.04; 95%CI 1.008 -- 1.066; *P* = 0.011) were significant. On further analysis of age group and occupation, none of the individual subgroups had ORs that were statistically significant.
Similarly, for DC greater than or equal to 1 and 0, bivariate logistic regression revealed that marital status (OR 1.032, 95%CI- 0.827 -- 1.289, *P* = 0.778), occupation groups (OR 1.023; 95%CI 0.998 -- 1.049; *P* = 0.075), religion (OR 1.039; 95%CI 0.865 -- 1.247, *P* = 0.686), education (OR 1.012; 95%CI -- 0.919 -- 1.114; *P* = 0.81) were insignificant while age group (OR 0.924; 95%CI -- 0.879 -- 0.971; *P* = 0.002) was significant. On further analysis of age group, none of the individual subgroups had statistically significant OR.
There was a statistical significance between the prevalence of DMFT, missing teeth and filled teeth between chewers and non-chewers while filled teeth was only significant between those with and without pouching habit \[[Figure 2](#F0002){ref-type="fig"}\]. There was a statistically significant difference in the caries experience between those with and without attrition with a *P* value of 0.021 \[[Table 4](#T0004){ref-type="table"}\]. The mean DC in patients having attrition was 1.56 while for patients with no attrition it was 2.05.
{#F0002}
######
Chewing and pouching and the study population
DMFT Dental Caries Missing Filled
----------------- ----------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
Chewing
Yes AC 3.28±3.61 2.19±2.64 0.95±2.15 0.14±0.63
ACS 2.81±3.43 1.87±2.66 0.83±1.67 0.11±0.52
No A 3.32±3.79 1.72±2.22 1.44±3.08 0.15±0.63
AC 3.15±2.99 2.15±2.37 0.9±1.56 0.1±0.41
AS 4.09±4.45 2.06±2.62 1.80±3.24 0.24±1.16
ACS 3.29±3.37 2.10±2.57 0.89±1.57 0.3±1.17
*P* value 0.000[\*\*](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.98 0.000[\*\*](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.01[\*](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"}
Pouching
Yes AC 3.14±2.97 2.16±2.37 0.87±1.54 0.10±0.42
ACS 3.22±3.29 2.12±2.54 0.83±1.51 0.27±1.11
No A 3.31±3.78 1.72±2.22 1.44±3.08 0.15±0.63
AC 3.29±3.62 2.19±2.64 0.96±2.16 0.13±0.63
AS 4.09±4.45 2.06±2.62 1.80±3.24 0.24±1.16
ACS 2.82±3.45 1.87±2.67 0.84±1.68 0.11±0.53
*P* value 0.107 0.348 0.001[\*\*](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.779
Attrition
Yes A 3.08±3.06 1.46±1.91 1.42±1.77 0.21±0.72
AC 2.8±3.18 1.55±2.17 1.05±1.6 0.20±0.56
AS 3.78±4.5 1.52±2.37 2.22±3.25 0.05±0.28
ACS 3.04±2.85 1.73±2.66 1.23±1.99 0.08±0.39
No A 3.33±3.85 1.74±2.25 1.44±3.18 0.15±0.62
AC 3.27±3.45 2.22±2.58 0.93±2.01 0.12±0.57
AS 4.11±4.45 2.09±2.64 1.77±3.24 0.25±1.19
ACS 2.88±3.44 1.92±2.65 0.82±1.64 0.14±0.68
*P* value 0.522 0.021[\*\*](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.113 0.39
Extrinsic stain
Yes A 3.27±3.15 2±2.43 1.12±2.04 0.15±0.64
AC 3.07±2.98 2.12±2.34 0.83±1.64 0.13±0.52
AS 3.76±3.7 1.92±2.37 1.64±2.59 0.2±0.76
ACS 3.02±3.12 1.89±2.34 0.97±1.85 0.16±0.73
No A 3.36±4.55 1.32±1.82 1.88±4.1 0.16±0.63
AC 3.5±4.03 2.27±2.87 1.11±2.43 0.12±0.65
AS 4.46±5.12 2.21±2.87 1.97±3.82 0.28±1.48
ACS 2.74±3.74 1.93±2.97 0.69±1.39 0.12±0.59
*P* value 0.019[\*\*](#T000F5){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.359 0.021[\*\*](#T000F6){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.393
A - alcohol, C - chewing, S - smoking
statistically significant
highly significant
[Table 5](#T0005){ref-type="table"} depicts the results of one-way ANOVA for DMFT, DC, missing and filled teeth. The means of filled and dental caries-affected teeth were significantly different across the group. Pack years did not influence the DMFT scores.
######
One-way ANOVA of mean dental caries experience in study group with confidence interval and significance
N Mean Std. Deviation 95% Confidence interval for mean *P* value
--------------- ----- ------ -------- ---------------- ---------------------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------
DMFT A 268 3.306 3.78491 2.8508 3.7612 0.000[\*\*](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
AC 691 3.2417 3.43693 2.985 3.4984
AS 1056 4.0938 4.45043 3.825 4.3625
ACS 679 2.8881 3.42072 2.6303 3.1458
Dental caries A 268 1.7164 2.22216 1.4492 1.9837 0.049[\*](#T000F7){ref-type="table-fn"}
AC 691 2.1809 2.56238 1.9895 2.3723
AS 1056 2.0578 2.62425 1.8993 2.2162
ACS 679 1.9102 2.64729 1.7107 2.1096
Missing teeth A 268 1.4366 3.07821 1.0664 1.8068 0.000[\*\*](#T000F8){ref-type="table-fn"}
AC 691 0.9363 1.99172 0.7876 1.0851
AS 1056 1.8002 3.24027 1.6045 1.9958
ACS 679 0.8395 1.6552 0.7147 0.9642
Filled teeth A 268 0.153 0.63224 0.0769 0.229 0.030[\*](#T000F7){ref-type="table-fn"}
AC 691 0.1245 0.57395 0.0816 0.1673
AS 1056 0.2367 1.15968 0.1667 0.3068
ACS 679 0.1384 0.6707 0.0879 0.189
A - alcohol, C - chewing, S - smoking
statistically significant
highly significant
DISCUSSION {#sec1-4}
==========
Dental caries is a multi-factorial, microbial, universal disease affecting all geographic regions, races, both the sexes and all age groups. The prevalence of DC is generally estimated at the ages of 5, 12, 15, 35--44 and 65--74 years for global monitoring of trends and international comparisons. Prevalence of DC in India in these age groups is 56.72, 47.39, 49.59, 42.24 and 70.65 respectively. DMFT in the same ages are 2.1, 1.6, 1.37, 1.39 and not recorded for the 65-74 years.\[[@CIT10]\]
Reports of DC among PS users from various parts of the globe have been documented. In a survey of hospitalized alcoholic patients in Wyoming, USA, alcohol abusers had a three times higher permanent tooth loss than the USA's national average for corresponding ages.\[[@CIT11]\] A smaller group of alcoholics in Maryland, USA also had a higher number of missing teeth.\[[@CIT12]\] In a case-control study of 85 volunteer Finnish alcoholics, there were significantly fewer teeth and more remaining teeth with DC.\[[@CIT13]\] Use of tobacco and or areca nut\[[@CIT7][@CIT8]\] in various forms and its interaction is known to cause abnormality in salivary pH, flow rate\[[@CIT8]\] as well as the oral micro-flora\[[@CIT5][@CIT6]\] thereby influencing the initiation and progression of DC. Mean age, DC, DC point prevalence and DMFT in the entire study population was 38.49 years, 2.02±2.6, 58.6% and 3.49±3.93 respectively. These values are comparatively higher than the Indian national average of DC - 42.24% and DMFT of 1.39. This indicates that PS use has a larger role to play in poor oral health. This has been in accordance with previous reports such as those of Dasanayake *et al*., from London.\[[@CIT4]\] In our earlier reports from this part of India, PS use has been documented to have DC experience varying with various type of PS. However, the DC experience has not been studied in detail in those reports.\[[@CIT1]--[@CIT3]\]
In the present study, there was a significant statistical difference when the mean remaining teeth, DC, filled teeth and DMFT were compared across the various types of PS abuse \[[Table 1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}\]. This indicates that the type of PS abused would probably influence the DC experience and oral hygiene status. About 95% of all subjects in each study group used toothpaste, more than 80% of them brushed once a day and more than 97% used a toothbrush to maintain oral hygiene. The oral hygiene measures were not significantly different between the study groups. On the contrary, the type of PS abuse differed with respect to current DMFT status. The brushing material (toothpaste/toothpowder/others) used and mode of oral hygiene care (toothbrush/fingers/others) had a significant difference in terms of current DMFT and OHI-S scores. This finding also explains that the type of PS would probably be a major factor in determining the DC, DMFT as well as OHI-S. As [Table 2](#T0002){ref-type="table"} indicates, the method of oral hygiene care used by the subjects in the present study, did not significantly differ among study groups indicating that the PS abused is an important factor that differed in the study population. Though tobacco abuse was prevalent for longer periods among the study groups, as indicated by the higher mean duration, it was not contributory.
Tobacco usage in any form immediately increases salivary flow, but the effect of long-term use is poorly understood. The pH of saliva tends to rise during smoking tobacco, which in the long term reduces marginally. There are reports of increasing concentration of thiocynate in saliva, probably from the smoked form of tobacco.\[[@CIT14]\] Lower cystatin activities have been reported in tobacco smokers. Cystatins are believed to contribute to balanced oral health by inhibiting certain proteolytic enzymes.\[[@CIT15]\] There have been contradictory reports of DC in tobacco smokers. A few studies show a higher incidence of DC in smokers\[[@CIT16]\] while some show decreased activity of *Streptococci* and other oral commensals\[[@CIT5]\] and other studies failed to show any differences.\[[@CIT15]\] Our study is in concurrence with previous findings of increased incidence of DC among smokers.\[[@CIT4][@CIT17]\]
Offenbacher and Weathers\[[@CIT18]\] reported on the dental effects of smokeless tobacco use among school-aged males from Georgia. In their study, DMFT scores for smokeless tobacco users with gingivitis were higher than for those who did not use smokeless tobacco and did not have gingivitis. From their findings they concluded that the presence of gingivitis was an indicator of oral hygiene and that poor oral hygiene was a cofactor with smokeless tobacco use in the development of dental caries.\[[@CIT18]\] However, the smokeless tobacco in Western countries\[[@CIT19]\] and several areca nut preparations in India\[[@CIT17]\] contained varying amount of sugars which could be responsible for root caries rather than coronal caries as well as an increased amount of gingival recession in smokeless tobacco users.\[[@CIT19]\] In the present study, the increased incidence of DC in the groups that used tobacco, chewing (2.18), smoking (2.06) or both (1.91) in addition to alcohol as compared to the alcohol-only usage group (1.72), experienced higher DC. This finding supports the fact that tobacco in any form increases the risk of DC.
As indicated in Tables [1](#T0001){ref-type="table"}, [5](#T0005){ref-type="table"}, the higher incidence of missing teeth due to DC, particularly in alcoholic smokers is another indicator of the synergistic effect of tobacco use and poor oral hygiene that has been reported earlier.\[[@CIT17]\] Analysis of chewing and pouching habits \[[Table 4](#T0004){ref-type="table"}\] confirm the fact that smokeless tobacco with/without areca nut when chewed causes less DC than when pouched. These findings were in agreement with the reports of Moller *et al*.\[[@CIT7]\] Similarly, in those cases who had attrition, prevalence of DC was lower. This could be due to the fact that attrition could lower the grooves and pits, which probably play a major role in the initiation of DC.\[[@CIT7]\]
As observed in [Table 4](#T0004){ref-type="table"}, DMFT between those with significant extrinsic stain and without it were not significantly different while the incidence of DC classified on the presence and absence of attrition had a statistically significant difference. These findings reiterate the fact that chewing forms could cause attrition, and DC in such situations are less. Moreover, extrinsic stains could act as a protective laminated covering and aid in prevention of DC.\[[@CIT7][@CIT8]\] In the present study, the difference between the incidence of DMFT score and missing teeth was significantly higher in subjects with \> two-thirds of surface with extrinsic stains than with others \[[Table 4](#T0004){ref-type="table"}\].
The interaction of oral flora with PS abuse has not been reported in the literature to the best of our knowledge. However, a smaller sample size has been used to report the changes in oral microflora with PS use, especially use of chewing tobacco.\[[@CIT20]\] It has been showed that use of chewing tobacco decreased the colony-forming units' count of *Lactobacillus, Prevotella* and *Porphyromonas* species and increased *Fusobacterium* species.\[[@CIT20]\] In our study, the mean dental caries experience among the types of PS abuse, significantly different, in terms of caries experience, could have probably been due to the postulated decrease in the normal oral microbial flora as a result of PS use.
Several limitations of the study design have to be considered when interpreting the findings from this present study. Data on tobacco use are based on the survey participants' self-reported information. This carries an inherent potential for bias. However, several such cross-sectional surveys of tobacco use by adults, have shown that such studies have relatively low rates of misreporting.\[[@CIT21]\] The data used in this study were cross-sectional in nature. Therefore, establishing the temporal sequence of exposure and DC--- that is, use of chewing tobacco preceded DC development is practically impossible. Non-use of radiographic diagnostic aids would have understated the actual incidence of DC.
CONCLUSION {#sec1-5}
==========
The present study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first study to document and compare the till date experience of dental caries and compare it across various commonly abused PSs, viz., alcohol, chewing tobacco and smoking tobacco forms. Poorer OHI observed among PS users indicates the physical neglect of oral hygiene measures and warrants a detailed exploration of the phenomenon. The higher prevalence of dental caries indicates the fact that dentists should be a part of the team that treats the PS abuse and this would help the patients to greatly improve their quality of life after successful cessation of PS abuse.
The authors would like to thank all the Staff at the TTK Ranganathan Hospital & Research Center, Dr. S. Ramachandran, Principal, Ragas Dental College & Hospital, Chennai and Prof. Dr. A. Kanagaraj, Chairman of Jaya Group of Institutions, Chennai for their constant support and encouragement.
**Source of Support:** Nil
**Conflict of Interest:** None declared.
|
Sandstorm Gold
Sandstorm Gold Ltd. (formerly Sandstorm Resources) provides financing for precious metal mining companies in the form of a 'gold streaming' transaction whereby an upfront cash payment is exchanged for a percentage of gold production from the mine. The finance model has also been called a volumetric production payment transaction and originated in the oil and gas sector.
In April 2017 Sandstorm announced it had reached an agreement to acquire Mariana Resources in a share and cash acquisition valuing Mariana at US$4.04 per share. The business combination would create a mid-tier streaming company with 155 streams and royalties.
In Q1 2017 Sandstorm reported record gold equivalent sales of 15,558 ounces, generating revenue of $18.8 million and a net income of $7.0 million.
History
Sandstorm Resources (now Sandstorm Gold) was founded in 2008, when Nolan Watson and David Awram decided to create a metal streaming company that would be focused on gold acquisitions. Both Watson and Awram were former employees of Silver Wheaton, the first organization to apply this financial model to the mining industry. Sandstorm Gold is a publicly traded company, listed on the Toronto Venture Exchange under the symbol, SSL.
Sandstorm plans to grow and diversify through the acquisition of additional gold streams.
Royalties & Streams
In Q1 2017 Sandstorm acquired 22 new net smelter return royalties for US$1.9 million. The Company completed transactions with multiple junior mining companies including Kivalliq Energy, Evrim Resources, Tower Resources, Copper Fox Metals, Millrock Resources and Condor Resources.
Management and directors
Nolan Watson, Chairman, President & Chief Executive Officer
David Awram, Senior Executive Vice President and Director
Erfan Kazemi, Chief Financial Officer
Ron Ho, Vice President of Finance
Andrew T. Swarthout, Director; President and Director of Bear Creek Mining
John P. A. Budreski, Director; President, Chief Executive Officer and Director of Morien Resources Corp.
David E. DeWitt, Director; Chairman of Pathway Capital Ltd.
References
Articles
External links
Category:Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Category:Companies based in Vancouver
Category:Financial services companies of Canada |
The Sazerac is a traditional New Orleans cocktail, said to be America's first. My technique, which is somewhat simplified from the original way to prepare it:
Put about two ounces of rye whiskey (I usually use WT, Rittenhouse, or Sazerac 6yo) into a shaker with some ice. Put a couple dashes of Peychaud's Bitters (mandatory) and a couple of dashes of orange bitters or Angostura (optional, I usually use orange) into the shaker, along with a teaspoon of sugar syrup. Stir gently, and let chill. Take an 3-1/2 oz. Old Fashioned glass or similar small glass, and coat the interior with 1/4 teaspoon of Herbsaint or other pastis (e.g. Pernod or Pontarlier-Anis, or, if you can get it, a proper absinthe, not Hill's). Optionally, shake out the excess pastis (I don't do so). Strain the whiskey/sugar/bitters mix into the glass. Take a section of lemon peel, and twist it over the glass so the droplets of oil fall into the mix, and rub the peel against the rim of the glass. Drink and enjoy!
Other variations: use cognac instead of whiskey, as was done before the Civil War, or a cognac/bourbon mix. If you can't find pastis or absinthe, another anise-based liquor, such as sambuca or ouzo, could be substituted.
There is a premade bottled Sazerac, prepared by the Sazerac Co. (which also owns Buffalo Trace and Peychaud's, not coincidentally), which states on the bottle that it uses a brandy/bourbon mix. It's good, but I usually add one more dash of Peychaud's if I drink it.
Thanks for the info. That doesn't sound to bad, although not up my alley so to speak, but my wife would enjoy that as she loves that type of drink. Gives me an excuse to return to the package store to pick up some more ingredients....
It has a very round, old-fashioned taste, as if I had this in 1958 (I envision) on the Upper East Side of New York City, chatting with publishers or diplomats or something. "Breakfast at Tiffany's is a lovely, revelatory novel, Truman Capote can write like an angel, but somehow I think that guy Jack Kerouac is the future...".
Re: Manhattan's (pt. 1)
Gary Regan, the author who introduced me to the Manhattan via his Book of Bourbonsome ten years ago, has written a nice article in the San Francisco Chronicle on this king of cocktails.
Since these online articles often disappear, I will append it here (in two parts, due to its length), but the formatting is better online, and it's easier to read.
Jeff
=========
The Manhattan project: A bartender spills his secrets on the king of cocktails
Gary Regan, Special to The Chronicle
Friday, September 21, 2007
The dry gin martini is often heralded as the king of cocktails, but it's the Manhattan that's the true sovereign of the V-shaped glass. The martini, a mere pretender to the throne, was far more interesting prior to Prohibition - when vermouth made up a full third of the drink and it just wasn't a martini without orange bitters. The Manhattan, on the other hand, is a drink to be reckoned with.
At first glance the Manhattan looks like such a simple affair - whiskey, sweet vermouth and a few dashes of bitters. I'm the first to admit that it's not too hard to make a halfway decent version of this cocktail, but a truly great Manhattan can be made only by someone who truly understands the magnitude of what's at hand. Indeed, the mark of a bartender who is truly worth his or her salt lies solidly in his or her interpretation of the Manhattan.
Over the past century or so, while the martini has morphed into an excuse to drink straight gin or vodka, the Manhattan has stood its ground. There have been a few tweaks in the formula over the years - you might have gotten a couple of dashes of curacao and/or maraschino liqueur in the Manhattan had you ordered it in, say, 1880, and around a century later some folk started to omit the bitters, a sin for which they will no doubt pay come Judgment Day - but the vermouth in the Manhattan has remained an integral part of the drink all along.
With the notable exception of a 22-year-old newcomer to the bar in O'Hare Airport last year, to my knowledge there isn't a bartender on the face of the earth who would make a Manhattan with less than, say, 25 percent vermouth. The lad in Chicago, by the by, now understands the drink fully and is unlikely to risk boring lectures from patrons who order the drink in the future.
It is virtually a San Francisco tradition to knock back a Manhattan at the well-worn bar of the Tadich Grill, a restaurant with roots that stretch back to the Gold Rush. Mike Buich, Tadich's owner, allows his bartenders to personalize their Manhattans to a certain extent, but they must be made with three parts bourbon, one part vermouth and just one dash of Angostura bitters. (Although I'm more likely to make my Manhattan with two parts whiskey to one part vermouth, and I'm known to be a hog on the bitters front, the ratios used at Tadich can work, providing the right whiskey is used, and providing it's married to the correct vermouth.) Buich also mandates that his bartenders stir their Manhattans over ice long enough for them to be very cold when they reach a customer's lips.
That's another piece of the equation - stirring the drink for a minimum of 20 seconds is mandatory if it's perfection you seek.
The history
There are a few theories surrounding the birth of the Manhattan, including an oft-told tale about the drink being created in 1874 at New York's Manhattan Club, but the one that has a ring of truth to it, to my ears at least, can be found in "Valentine's Manual of New York." The 1923 book contains a story written by a certain William F. Mulhall, a bartender who plied his trade at New York's Hoffman House in the 1880s. "The Manhattan cocktail was invented by a man named Black who kept a place 10 doors below Houston Street on Broadway in the (eighteen) sixties - probably the most famous drink in the world in its time," wrote Mulhall. I know of no other citation that carries as much weight, and it was written by a bartender, so . . .
Who was Black? Darned if I know. How, though, you might reasonably be expected to ask, could a simple affair such as the Manhattan possibly be the benchmark of a great bartender? The answer lies in the subtleties of the drink. Let's explore its structure.
The whiskey
The base of the Manhattan is whiskey, but which whiskey will you use? Rye? Bourbon? Canadian blended? And after making that decision, which bottling will you call for? Some brands of whiskey are far bolder than others, and some pour from the bottle with hints of this herb or that spice that can't be found in any other brand. One is full of fruit and cinnamon, the next reminiscent of oak and old leather. Which one suits your palate when it comes to Manhattans? It's a personal thing.
Straight rye whiskey was the liquor of choice when the Manhattan was created and it's still the way to go if you want to experience the drink as it was meant to be sipped. Rye whiskey will bring some perfume notes into play, and it usually sports a lean backbone. Sturdy, but lean all the same. Rye stands up to vermouth very well indeed, but within the category, ryes differ one from the next. Make sure you know your chosen bottling well before you add the vermouth.
Bourbon is another ideal choice for a Manhattan, and until more ryes became available to us in recent years, bourbon was very often the whiskey of choice in a Manhattan. It's made predominantly with corn so of course it's sweeter than rye - think cornbread versus rye bread - but most bourbons have enough character to stand tall in a Manhattan. Either of these American whiskeys will serve you well in the drink, then, providing you choose the right brand for your taste and marry your whiskey to the correct vermouth. More on that shortly.
The vermouth
It's the job of the vermouth to soothe the savage soul of the whiskey in a Manhattan cocktail, but it must allow the spirit to be heard, too. And here's where the balancing act begins, where a little magic comes into play. Vermouth is an aromatized wine - wine flavored by various botanicals. Ingredients such as hyssop, coriander, juniper, cloves, chamomile, orange peel, rose petals, calamus root, elderflowers, gentian, ginger, allspice and horehound are not uncommon on the vermouth maker's shopping list. The spiced wine is then fortified with a little brandy to bring it up to about 18 percent alcohol by volume, thus adding just a little gusto to the bottle.
Recipes for vermouths, though, differ drastically from one brand to the next. Martini & Rossi offers a fine sweet vermouth. It's light, herbaceous, fairly delicate in structure, and it can be used in reasonably large quantities in the Manhattan, depending on the whiskey being used. The sweet version of Noilly Prat's brand of vermouth, on the other hand, is fairly big, round, fruity and bold, so it's important to be judicious with this brand. And Vya sweet vermouth, a California creation, is a veritable giant. Something to be used very sparingly indeed if you don't want the whiskey to drown in the glass. There are many other vermouths out there, too, each with merits all its own. Discover which one works best for you. (For mine, see "I'll make Mahattans - my way.")
Making Manhattans, then, is a mix-and-match affair. Choose this whiskey for that vermouth and change brands when necessary. Are you beginning to get the picture? Two parts whiskey to one part vermouth is nothing more than a guideline. And this is why only those with an intimate knowledge of their ingredients can hope to construct a masterful Manhattan.
The bitters
Bitters, too, are part of the equation when making Manhattans. Which style suits you best? Angostura? Orange? Peychaud's? This, I believe, is a very personal thing, and for me it's a question that's quite easily answered. Let's say 99 percent of the time, I go for Angostura. The cinnamon notes in this elixir work well with almost any whiskey you can name, and they add such complexity to the drink that it's seldom I use any other brand when I make the king of cocktails.
Orange bitters can work well in Manhattans, too, and if this is the path you prefer to tread I suggest you be liberal when shaking. I tend to double up if I use orange bitters. Peychaud's bitters are a different kettle of fish entirely. This spicy bottling from New Orleans brings anise into play, and thus drastically alters the character of a Manhattan. Peychaud's yields a cocktail that's very pleasant, but it leaves you wondering if perhaps it might be better to give this drink another name.
The garnish
As for garnishing the Manhattan, I must confess that I'm not really the garnishing type. A lemon twist doesn't work for me at all in this cocktail since the scent of citrus is the last thing I want to come between me and my beloved cocktail come five in the afternoon.
And when it comes to maraschino cherries or homemade brandied cherries for that matter, I side with Patrick Dennis' Auntie Mame, even though she was a martini drinker and was referring to olives when she said that they simply take up too much room in the glass. I'm liberal, though, when it comes to the preferences of others, and I'll happily add whatever fruit or vegetable any friend of mine desires when I whip up Manhattans at my place. From my point of view their desire for food in a drink leaves more whiskey in the bottle for yours truly.
Re: Manhattan's (pt. 2)
Part 2:
The variations
In 2007, you can visit almost any decent cocktail bar in the country and you'll likely find new drinks that call for rye or bourbon, sweet vermouth in one form or another, and a dash of this or a tot of that, which has been added by the bartender to make his or her own variation on the Manhattan. The Manhattan is the perfect cocktail to spur ingenuity in creative souls. San Francisco boasts many such drinks, and variations on the Manhattan theme are currently crossing the mahogany in a lot of the city's top cocktail joints.
The vermouth is the variable in the Barrel No. 40 Manhattan being served at Nopa. The whiskey in this one is Nopa's very own barrel of Hancock's Reserve, a grand old bourbon. Neyah White, Nopa's head bartender, chose Carpano Antica Formula vermouth, a distinctive bottling that boasts hints of vanilla, "because the whiskey was fairly sweet by itself and didn't need all the sugar of Martini & Rossi or Vya," he says.
Perbacco, on California Street, offers Manhattans made with Carpano Antica Formula, too, but they add a splash of Cynar, an artichoke-based Italian bitter aperitif, to the glass instead of any of the more traditional bitters. It's an interesting twist on the classic.
Josey Packard, a bartender at Alembic, mixes straight rye whiskey with Angostura bitters and Punt e Mes vermouth to make the bar's signature Manhattan. Despite its spicy profile, Punt e Mes "represents one of the best expressions of the Italian style of vermouth available," she says. In barspeak, by the by, "Italian" is used when referring to sweet vermouth whereas all dry vermouth is "French," no matter where either was made. It harks back to each version being originally created in those two countries respectively.
Some bartenders have gone the other way, ditching the vermouth entirely. Duggan McDonnell at Cantina Bebidas on Sutter Street, uses Cynar instead of vermouth, and the drink is finished with two house-made products, a pomegranate molasses syrup, and McDonnell's Casablanca bitters, which include cinnamon, saffron and other North African flavors.
At Bourbon & Branch you can try a Black Manhattan made with Eagle Rare 10-year-old bourbon, Averna, another bitter Italian aperitif, and a couple of dashes of bartender Todd Smith's homemade cherry-coffee bitters. And H. Joseph Ehrmann, owner of Elixir, created the Naphattan Cocktail. Instead of vermouth, he dissolved some light brown sugar into a Shiraz, then added it to 100-proof Rittenhouse rye whiskey. A pretty novel approach, huh?
The reward
The best Manhattans slide easily down the throat. They linger on the palate, dance on the tongue and tickle the tonsils for a good long while. Manhattans, when made by a master of the craft, can produce euphoria in discriminating souls, and they've been known to tempt angels to return to physical manifestation, just for one more sip.
Martinis, on the other hand, get you drunk quickly.
Classic riffs on the Manhattan
The dry gin martini has spawned few variations over the years, but few of them are notable. Cite the dry vodka martini and you'll get no more than a smirk from me, and although the dirty martini, made with the simple addition of a little olive brine, can be a handsome affair, use two drops too little brine and there's no point to the drink, and one drop too much can kill the cocktail entirely. The Third Degree, a martini with a spot of absinthe substitute such as Pernod or Ricard, can be quite magnificent, though, so the drink can be used as a jumping-off point for decent variations. But the martini is not nearly as versatile as the Manhattan.
Consider the Rob Roy, for instance. It's just a Manhattan made with Scotch as opposed to American whiskey, but with the right Scotch this can be a glorious quaff. Peychaud's bitters, by the way, work very well indeed with Scotch, and I often add just one dash of these to the mix when I make a Rob Roy.
The Paddy cocktail is a Manhattan made with Irish whiskey; with the right bottling and with liberal dashes of Angostura, this, too, is a desirable dram. Add Benedictine to the Rob Roy and you have yourself a Bobby Burns, a drink created at the Waldorf Astoria in the days prior to Prohibition. With a small tot of Grand Marnier you can transform a Paddy cocktail into a Dubliner, a drink for which I claim responsibility.
A Manhattan made with dry vermouth is known, not surprisingly, as a dry Manhattan, but add both styles of aromatized wine and the drink becomes a perfect Manhattan, "perfect," in cocktailian terms, being the descriptor always added to cocktail names when equal amounts of sweet and dry vermouth are called for. Neither perfect martinis nor martinis made with sweet vermouth are called for at any bar I know of, but the one martini variation that's made a comeback of late, and is a very desirable drink indeed, is the Martinez, made with gin, sweet vermouth, maraschino liqueur, and a dash or two of Angostura. It's a sad day when a drink's mother outshines her at the ball.
- Gary Regan
I'll make Manhattans - my way
I typically make my Manhattans with two parts spicy bourbon - think Wild Turkey, Buffalo Trace, Evan Williams Black Label and Bulleit - one part Noilly Prat sweet vermouth, and too much Angostura bitters for most people's palates. About six dashes, if you please.
Truth be told, when it comes to Manhattans I never actually measure my ingredients. The same is not true if I'm mixing margaritas or presenting pisco sours - I'm pretty precise when making those cocktails and more. But Kevin Noone, the Irish bartender who showed me the ropes behind the bar in New York more than 30 years ago, taught me to feel my way through the Manhattan, so I throw caution to the wind and trust the universe to guide my hand when I make my daily reward. The universe has been good to me thus far.
- Gary Regan
Gary Regan is the author of "The Joy of Mixology: The Consummate Guide to the Bartender's Craft." E-mail him at wine@sfchronicle.com.
Re: Manhattan's
I always enjoy Gary's articles. Since Fall is now officially here, Manhattan season has now begun for me. 4:1 Old Grand Dad BIB to Noilly Pratt and a dash of Fee's orange bitters make a really good drink, I think -- especially if it's stirred so that it's extremely cold. I just use a lot of ice and swirl it around my shaker for a long, long time. I have to hold the shaker in a dish-towel otherwise my fingers freeze.
Re: Manhattan's (pt. 2)
but they add a splash of Cynar, an artichoke-based Italian bitter aperitif, to the glass instead of any of the more traditional bitters. It's an interesting twist on the classic
Slighty off topic but maybe amusing to some...I bartended for a brief time after college. The bar I worked at (Jungle Jims) had a big liquor wall with 3 sections of maybe 10 shelves, with a rolling ladder to reach the top. On weekends it always seemed groups of girls would come in and order one shot of "whatever is in the middle section, 7th row up, 8th bottle from the right", they would then pass the shot around and taste it and giggle. Fun is fun, but when we were getting busy it got to be hastle. We had a bottle of Cynar, no matter what bottle they were supposed to get, thats the drink they got. It looked nasty and smelled worse...game over...gin and tonic please!
This guys use was much more creative than mine...to think you can actually use it to improve a drink..huh. |
Sunday, May 29, 2016
Russian Defense Ministry Creating New Militarized Youth Movement
Paul
Goble
Staunton, May 29 – As part of its
program to restore Soviet-era practices of pre-induction military training,
something the LDPR has been pressing for since last year, the Russian defense
ministry has announced plans to create a new militarized youth movement that
will provide military training to young people before they reach draft age.
On the one hand, such a program will
help the Russian armed services by ensuring that draftees will know something
about military standards before they report for duty. And on the other, it will
give the regime yet another force it can use either to drain off energy from
other paramilitary groups in Russia or alternatively to fight them or others in
the streets.
Yesterday, Defense Minister Sergey
Shoygu told a meeting of 500 delegates from 85 regions at Moscow’s Patriot Park
that he and his ministry are committed to establishing “hundreds of centers of
patriotic training and hundreds of centers of Young Army Men throughout the
country” (function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12086091@egNews).
“We will do everything in order that
you will be the strongest, the most intelligent, the most handsome and what is
the chief thing the most worthy citizens of our country,” Shoygu said, via a
system of military-sports competitions, clubs and spartakiads of various kinds
of military-related skills (graniru.org/War/Draft/m.251748.html).
A week ago, the defense ministry
said that the Young Army movement would be organized over the course of the
summer and that it would be fully operational by September 1. It added that its
members would study “the foundations of tactical operations and the military
history of Russia” (graniru.org/War/Draft/m.251532.html).
A defense ministry source told the
Grani.ru portal that “’the Young Army’ will have a full-scale
military-patriotic and military-sports program” and that its members would
practice shooting skills with pneumatic weapons.” |
What sets it apart from military ammo is that the military is required to use ball ammo. Believe it or not, police forces do not use anything like what the military does when it comes to outfitting officers with ammunition.
Ball ammo is most definitely not preferred defensive ammo because it tends to pass through your target rather than expend the majority of its energy inside of the threat.
The TAP ammo is designed to limit over penetration so that a round will not go through an assailant or if a round misses its target it will not continue on through multiple walls. The VMax round loaded in that hornady ammo will create a devastating wound and will end a threat rather quickly if you ever have to use it. |
I'm the same as Anna actually. I've been vegetarain for a couple of years now, but want to go vegan soon (in the next month or so). I take a multivitamin to make up for what I don't get through meat. I know if you eat right and all that you don't need a MV, but I work weird hours and have a two hour round trip commute to work as well. Always making super healthy meals isn't doable. Does anyone else take a MV? Or not?
0 likes
Posted by Nephtys80 on Oct 24, 2013 · Member since May 2010 · 75 posts
Hiya Kyle, I take a vegan multivitamin (VEG1 from the Vegan Society). I try to eat healthily a lot of the time, but you can't get everything through food: B12 isn't reliably present in any plant food (excluding fortified plant milks, which I would also classify as supplementing), and a lot of people - not just vegans - are vitamin D deficient: vitamin D is also not available from non-fortified plant foods.
In addition to that, I take a vegan Omega 3 DHA/EPA supplement to be on the safe side, because while you can get plenty of omega 3 ALA from plant sources, the medical jury is out on whether your body adequately converts it it.
As a woman, I'm also careful to get enough calcium, through fortified plant milks mostly, as you have to eat pretty huge servings of all the plant foods that are calcium sources.
Good luck on your journey!!! My whole post sounds a bit technical now, so let me add this: A vegan diet, done well, is fantastic for your body, living in a way that is commensurate with your values is fantastic for the soul, and vegan food is delicious :) |
Sidney Crosby joins Penguins training camp
CRANBERRY, Pa. -- Pittsburgh Penguins forward Sidney Crosby walked to his stall in the back of the locker room at UPMC Lemieux Sports Complex after his first training-camp practice Tuesday.
He walked through a horde of reporters who turned to follow and worked their way around a few bags to crowd the Penguins captain. Crosby took off his helmet, placed it atop the locker, sat and put on a hat before lifting his head, signaling he was ready.
First question: "What have you been up to?"
Crosby's response: "Not much."
Since defeating the San Jose Sharks in Game 6 of the Stanley Cup Final on June 12, Crosby headlined a championship parade through downtown Pittsburgh. He took the Stanley Cup to his hometown of Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia. He captained Team Canada during its run to the World Cup of Hockey 2016 championship and was named MVP after he had three goals and a tournament-high 10 points in six games.
Crosby returned to Pittsburgh shortly after Team Canada's 2-1 win against Team Europe in Game 2 of the best-of-3 championship series Sept. 29. He could have taken more time away if he wanted but decided to return Tuesday and begin working toward his goal of winning the Stanley Cup for a third time.
"[The World Cup players] don't want to be away too long because they don't want to lose what they gained to this point," Penguins coach Mike Sullivan said. "Sid felt as though he wanted to join the group today and we're certainly glad to have him out there."
The last time Crosby and the Penguins attempted to repeat as Stanley Cup champion, in 2009-10, they finished second in the Atlantic Division with 101 points but lost to the Montreal Canadiens in seven games in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.
That experience has shaped Crosby's expectations entering this season.
"It's difficult," Crosby said of trying to repeat as champion. "There's a reason why it hasn't been done for a long time (not since the 1997-98 Detroit Red Wings). Everybody wants to beat you. Everyone is measuring themselves against you. You have to be ready every night and expect everyone's best.
"To win you have to be lucky too. You do a lot of things right, but you have to be lucky. So you need to play as well as you did in the year previous, and when you get some bounces you have to put yourself in the position to kind of create your own luck."
The Penguins will return their championship lineup almost nearly intact, which allowed Crosby to join practice with a sense of familiarity. He centered the first line between left wing Chris Kunitz and right wing Conor Sheary.
"It's nice having that luxury of having played together," Crosby said. "For the most part, I think that's the case. So it shouldn't take long to kind of adapt. Playing kind of long into last year, I think that intensity, that desperation that you kind of finish off the season with, hopefully we can kind of carry that on to start the season."
Forward Carl Hagelin, who played for Team Sweden during the World Cup, also returned Tuesday and reunited the "HBK Line" with left wing Phil Kessel and center Nick Bonino.
"A lot of familiar faces," Hagelin said. "It's the same focus as last year, so it's an easy transition. … I'm just excited to be here, be back and to play some games here."
Hagelin and Crosby each said the World Cup afforded them the opportunity to get into game shape earlier than they normally would. However, Crosby said he's looking to manage his condition after playing through the tournament.
"When you're playing a lot of hockey it's more comfortable," Crosby said. "I just have to balance rest and recovery and make sure you're ready to play. From everything I've heard it's been a great [training] camp. Guys look really good. … I think just like everyone else, you want to make sure you're ready."
Before turning their attention to the season, the Penguins will take one last look back at their championship Thursday when they visit President Barack Obama at the White House. Crosby visited the White House after winning the Stanley Cup in 2009 and is looking forward to returning.
"I'm excited," Crosby said. "Having gone there before, just to kind of get some good photographs and get to see all the different rooms and see the Oval Office. So it's fun too, just for the new guys, to see their reaction. I think that will be fun too. So I'm excited to go there." |
It takes a lot of beer to keep the wine business running smoothly. Here in Redwood City, we are very fortunate to have a great English style ale producer right in our backyard: Freewheel Brewing Company. The staff of K&L are fictures at our local pub, and it is a rare moment when one of us isn't there having a pint and a bite of their excellent food. We are also lucky enough to be the first place to offer their bottled beer for sale. If you have never had it, the Freewheel Brewing "FSB" Freewheel Special Bitter, California (500ml) is the benchmark in fresh, balanced, smashable ale. We will do our best to keep some in stock for you, the customer too!
Recent Videos
Tasting with Oliver Krug
Upcoming Events
We host regular weekly and Saturday wine tastings in each K&L location.
For the complete calendar, including lineups and additional details related to our events, visit our K&L Local Events on KLWines.com or follow us on Facebook.
Entries in Kunin
(1)
I'm always looking for an excuse to invite friends over for a cookout, and there's no better one than living a bike-ride's distance from the beach on the Fourth of July. I'm also fortunate to know there are a wealth of wines, at every price point, to go with anything you can throw at the 'cue--from Santa Maria Style Tri-Tip to American Bison sliders (try them with carmelized onions and smoked tomato compote), or, if you live around the Chesapeake, steamed Maryland Blue Crabs doused with Old Bay. Here are some of our favorite domestic wines--we are celebrating American Independence after all--to make any Fourth crackle like a Roman candle.
If you're leaning toward the crab and Old Bay scenario, you need a sparkler of a wine, not necessarily something bubbly, and definitely or weighed down by butter notes or oak. The 2008 Dry Creek Vineyard Clarksburg Chenin Blanc ($9.99) blends lemon, apricot and nectarine notes with acidity that sings like the high notes in the National Anthem. Now, if you've steered clear of Chenin Blanc because you think it's sweet, hear me out: THIS IS DRY. There is nothing sweet about this wine, unless you're using the word as a slangy compliment.
Whole Rainbow Trout stuffed with lemon and rosemary come out fantastic on the grill, and the 2008 Chehalem "Inox" Willamette Valley Chardonnay ($15.99), with its Adriatic fig, lime and saturn peach-like fruit, and completely crisp palate feel, your fish will sing like that silly wall-mounted fish that appears in too many summer cabins. This would also go quite well with grilled veggies!
2007 Kunin "Westside" Paso Robles Zinfandel ($21.99) Paso Robles may not exactly be the "heart" of Santa Maria-style barbecue country, but it's definitely a ventricular valve. So it comes as no surprise that Seth Kunin's "Westside" Zin (actually, all of Kunin's reds) pairs perfectly with the garlicky, smoky meat, the fresh salsa and the pinquito beans. The Westside comes from the Cushman and Rancho Santa Margarita vieyards and is aged for 10 months in a combination of French and American oak, and it is spicy and rich, with plenty of bright red fruit and actual acidity (believe it) that will stand up to those thick slabs of tri-tip.
If you've never had a bottle of Ridge's classic "Geyserville," then you've been missing out on a quintessential California wine, as American as football or apple pie, but possibly better than both. The 2008 "Geyserville" ($29.99) is comprised of Zinfandel, Carignane, Petite Sirah and Mataro. It has a complexity that few varietal wines can offer, with briar fruits, tangy cranberry, spicy white pepper and an undercurrent of black olives on the nose that evolve into mocha, licorice and black raspberry in the mouth. Try will pair with the aforementioned Bison sliders, ribs, ribeyes, pork tenderloin or any number of other savory treats you lay in its path. If you're having a big party, try a BIG bottle, like the 2004 vintage in magnum ($74.99) or three-liter ($189.00).
The 2008 Charles Smith "The Velvet Devil" Washington Merlot ($11.99), from Food & Wine Magazine's 2009 Winemaker of the year, could, single-handedly, change the way you've come to think about Merlot because it's anything but over-priced or over-produced. Juicy, plummy, from a state named for our inimitable first president and a good match for burgers and sausages. |
Q:
How to change \parskip in bibliography section?
I want to change a vertical interval between \bibitem-s in my bibliography section. Now it is the same as in the document:
\documentclass{article}
[...]
\begin{document}
\setlength{\parskip}{0.3cm}
[...]
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\bibliography{my-bib-file}
\end{document}
I would like to set it to 0.1cm. Is it possible?
A:
Preliminary remark: If you want to change the spacing between paragraphs, use the parskip package or a KOMA-Script-classs - simply changing the \parskip length may have adverse affects.
As the bibliography is a (special) list environment, it shouldn't be affected by \parskip - maybe its vertical spacing is accidentally about 0.3cm.
Having said all that, the following works for me:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{natbib}
\usepackage{filecontents}
\begin{filecontents}{\jobname.bib}
@misc{a01,
author = {Author, A.},
year = {2001},
title = {Alpha},
}
@misc{b02,
author = {Buthor, B.},
year = {2002},
title = {Bravo},
}
\end{filecontents}
% Changing vertical spacing in the bibliography
% Alternative A
% \usepackage{etoolbox}
% \patchcmd{\thebibliography}{\sloppy}{\itemsep 0.1cm \parsep 0pt \sloppy}{}{}
% Alternative B
\setlength{\bibsep}{0.1cm}
\begin{document}
\nocite{*}
\bibliographystyle{apalike}
\bibliography{\jobname}
\end{document}
If it doesn't work for you, also provide a minimal example.
EDIT: Code example changed in order to work for natbib.
EDIT2: Why not simply change the \bibsep length?
|
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus and method for forming an image on a predetermined printing medium and, more particularly, to an image forming apparatus and method suitable for printing a barcode on a printing medium.
In general, various printing apparatuses for printing on printing media (to be referred to as a printing sheet hereinafter) such as a paper sheet, cloth, plastic sheet, OHP sheet, and the like have been proposed, and they can include print heads based on various printing schemes, e.g., a wire-dot scheme, thermal scheme, thermal transfer scheme, and ink-jet scheme.
Of these schemes, an ink-jet scheme which is one of a class of low-noise, non-impact schemes that eject ink continous schemes (including a charge particle control scheme and spray scheme) and on-demand schemes (including a piezoelectric scheme, spark scheme, bubble-jet scheme) depending on their ink droplet forming methods and generation methods of ejection energy.
In the continous scheme, ink is continously ejected, and charges are given to only a required number of ink droplets. The charged ink droplets become attached to a printing sheet, but other ink droplets are wasted. In contrast to this, in the on-demand scheme, since ink is ejected only as required for printing, ink is not wasted, and the interior of the apparatus is not contaminated with ink.
In the on-demand shcme, since ink ejection is repetitively started and stopped, the response frequency is lower than that in the continous scheme. For this reason, the on-demand scheme realizes high-speed printing by increasing the number of nozzles that ejext ink droplets. Hence, most of currently commercially available printing apparatuses adopt the on-demand scheme, and printing apparatus with such ink-jet print head is commercially available in the form of output means of an information processing system, e.g., a copying machine, facsimile apparatus, wordprocessor, a printer as an output terminal of a personal computer or the like, and the like, since it can attain high-density, high-speed printing.
An ink-jet printing apparatus commonly comprises a print head, an ink tank that supplies ink to the print head, a conveyance means for conveying a printing sheet, and a control means for controlling these components. A carriage that mounts the print head for ejecting ink droplets from a plurality of orifices is serially scanned in a direction perpendicular to the conveyance direction of a printing sheet, and the printing sheet is intermittently conveyed by an amount equal to a printing width in a non-printing state. By repeating such operations, a significant, two-dimensional image is printed. This printing method prints by ejecting ink onto a printing sheet in correspondence with a print signal, and is widely used as a silent printing method with low running cost.
When a full-line print head on which nozzles for ejecting ink are arranged on a line in correspondence with the paper width of a printing sheet is used, printing for the paper width is attained by continuously conveying the printing sheet in a direction perpendicular to the nozzle array of the print head. With this print head, higher-speed printing can be accomplished.
Furthermore, a color ink-jet printing apparatus forms a color image by overstriking ink droplets ejected by a plurality of color print heads. In general, in order to perform color printing, three print heads corresponding to three primary colors, i.e., yellow (Y), magenta (M), and cyan (C), or four print heads corresponding to black (Bk) in addition to the above three primary colors, and ink tanks corresponding to the individual heads are required. Recently, an apparatus which mounts such three or four color print heads and can form a full-color image has been put into practical use.
Moreover, in the FA (factory automation) and SA (store automation) fields as well, demand has arisen for dedicated printing apparatuses since they can timely output commodity management labels/tags printed with color commodity pictures, distribution labels that classify destinations by colors, and POP and shelf display labels/tags in retail stores, convenience stores, and the like. Such printing apparatus comprises a barcode generator since it must print barcodes for management in the individual fields.
The demand for the ink-jet printing apparatuses as excellent printing means is increasing in various industrial fields (e.g., apparel industry), and also, further improvement of image quality is being sought.
As energy generation means for generating energy for ejecting ink in an ink-jet print head, an electromechanical energy conversion element such as a piezoelectric element or the like is used, as described above, or an electro-thermal conversion element having a heating resistor is used to heat ink.
Of such means, a print head (so-called bubble-jet head) that ejects ink using heat energy (using a film boiling phenomenon) can attain high-resolution printing since the ink orifices can be arranged at high density.
In order to achieve stably readable barcode printing by the ink-jet print head arranged in the ink-jet printing apparatus with the above arrangement, stable ejection and a constant line thickness ratio of barcodes must be maintained to print barcodes that comply with barcode standards.
Such requirements can be met by, e.g., temperature control of the heads to stabilize the ejection amount.
However, in the distribution and FA fields, and the like, a large quantity of printing is often done per job, and it is hard to stabilize the ejection amount by the conventional temperature control alone. As the number of prints per job becomes larger, the ejection amount increases, and the black bars of barcodes become thicker. As a result, stable reading precision cannot be assured.
In general, in a dedicated barcode printing apparatus that exclusively prints barcodes, a single print head is arranged, and prints barcodes by a monochrome thermal transfer or ink-jet method. Even when a versatile printing apparatus is used, barcodes are normally printed using a single color. Hence, in a color printing apparatus having a plurality of heads as well, barcodes are normally printed using a single color (in general, black).
In barcode printing by a print head for printing a barcode, troubles inherent to the printing schemes (e.g., disconnection of a head, skewing of a ribbon, or the like in the thermal transfer scheme; ejection errors of a head, mislanding of ink, or the like in the ink-jet scheme) are fatal. That is, when a barcode printed using the printing apparatus that has suffered such troubles is read using a barcode reader, reading errors occur or such barcode cannot be read. For this reason, in the above-mentioned conventional barcode printing method, barcode printing is disabled when such troubles have occurred. |
/**
* Copyright © 2002 Instituto Superior Técnico
*
* This file is part of FenixEdu Academic.
*
* FenixEdu Academic is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* FenixEdu Academic is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with FenixEdu Academic. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
package org.fenixedu.academic.domain.accounting.paymentPlanRules;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class PaymentPlanRuleManager {
static final private Map<Class<? extends PaymentPlanRule>, PaymentPlanRule> rules =
new HashMap<Class<? extends PaymentPlanRule>, PaymentPlanRule>();
static {
rules.put(HasEnrolmentsForExecutionSemesterPaymentPlanRule.class, new HasEnrolmentsForExecutionSemesterPaymentPlanRule());
rules.put(HasEnrolmentsOnlyInSecondSemesterPaymentPlanRule.class, new HasEnrolmentsOnlyInSecondSemesterPaymentPlanRule());
rules.put(IsPartialRegimePaymentPlanRule.class, new IsPartialRegimePaymentPlanRule());
rules.put(FirstTimeInstitutionStudentsPaymentPlanRule.class, new FirstTimeInstitutionStudentsPaymentPlanRule());
rules.put(IsAlienRule.class, new IsAlienRule());
}
static public void register(final Class<? extends PaymentPlanRule> clazz) {
if (!containsRuleFor(clazz)) {
register(PaymentPlanRuleFactory.create(clazz));
}
}
static public void register(final PaymentPlanRule paymentPlanRule) {
if (!containsRuleFor(paymentPlanRule)) {
putRule(paymentPlanRule);
}
}
static boolean containsRuleFor(final PaymentPlanRule paymentPlanRule) {
return containsRuleFor(paymentPlanRule.getClass());
}
static public boolean containsRuleFor(Class<? extends PaymentPlanRule> clazz) {
return rules.containsKey(clazz);
}
static public PaymentPlanRule getRule(Class<? extends PaymentPlanRule> clazz) {
return rules.get(clazz);
}
static private void putRule(final PaymentPlanRule paymentPlanRule) {
rules.put(paymentPlanRule.getClass(), paymentPlanRule);
}
static public Collection<PaymentPlanRule> getAllPaymentPlanRules() {
return rules.values();
}
}
|
Effect of long-term selenium supplementation on mortality: Results from a multiple-dose, randomised controlled trial.
Selenium, an essential trace element, is incorporated into selenoproteins with a wide range of health effects. Selenoproteins may reach repletion at a plasma selenium concentration of ~ 125 µg/L, at which point the concentration of selenoprotein P reaches a plateau; whether sustained concentrations higher than this are beneficial, or indeed detrimental, is unknown. In a population of relatively low selenium status, we aimed to determine the effect on mortality of long-term selenium supplementation at different dose levels. The Denmark PRECISE study was a single-centre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multi-arm, parallel clinical trial with four groups. Participants were 491 male and female volunteers aged 60-74 years, recruited at Odense University Hospital, Denmark. The trial was initially designed as a 6-month pilot study, but supplemental funding allowed for extension of the study and mortality assessment. Participants were randomly assigned to treatment with 100, 200, or 300 µg selenium/d as selenium-enriched-yeast or placebo-yeast for 5 years from randomization in 1998-1999 and were followed up for mortality for a further 10 years (through March 31, 2015). During 6871 person-years of follow-up, 158 deaths occurred. In an intention-to-treat analysis, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality comparing 300 µg selenium/d to placebo was 1.62 (0.66, 3.96) after 5 years of treatment and 1.59 (1.02, 2.46) over the entire follow-up period. The 100 and 200 µg/d doses showed non-significant decreases in mortality during the intervention period that disappeared after treatment cessation. Although we lacked power for endpoints other than all-cause mortality, the effects on cancer and cardiovascular mortality appeared similar. A 300 µg/d dose of selenium taken for 5 years in a country with moderately-low selenium status increased all-cause mortality 10 years later. While our study was not initially designed to evaluate mortality and the sample size was limited, our findings indicate that total selenium intake over 300 µg/d and high-dose selenium supplements should be avoided. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.