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Also killed were six other militia leaders, including Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, head of the pro-Iranian Iraqi militia Kataib Hezbollah, one of the largest component forces of Iraq's largely Iran-aligned Popular Mobilisation Units (PMUs).
The immediate US justification for the assassination was the recent attack on the US embassy by pro-Iran militia forces, which was widely seen as being devised by Soleimani. But, curiously, the Trump administration claimed the action was also about "deterring future Iranian attack plans" against the US.
Not only does the wording of the justification defy international law, but it makes no sense. The main victims of Soleimani, past, present and future, are people in the region, not Americans.
Soleimani garnered a brutally efficient reputation as the pioneer and de facto ruler of Iran's "sphere of influence" in Syria, Iraq and Lebanon. In Iran, he was considered to be perhaps the second most powerful figure in the country, behind the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei.
Among anti-Assad Syrians, Soleimani's role in the genocidal war to prop up Assad gained him the nickname 'the butcher of Syria', but in recent months his main role had been in brutally suppressing popular protests in Iraq.
No one who has observed Soleimani's criminal activities in Syria or Iraq could possibly mourn him
And this, it seems, became his ultimate undoing.
As popular protests gripped Iraq, with the protesters rounding on the Iraqi government and, in particular, growing Iranian influence over the country, Soleimani moved in to bolster the government and Iranian interests.
With protesters burning the Iranian consulate in Najaf, accompanied by chants of "Iran out, Iraq remains free", Soleimani's initial tactics ominously mirrored those his and Assad's forces used in the early stages of Syria's civil war.
Snipers deployed from any of Iran's multiple proxy militias shot innocents dead, while militiamen viciously targeted protesters in Baghdad's Tahrir Square. Hundreds of protesters were abducted, attacked and disappeared.
And this wasn't Syria. This wasn't a Sunni-majority country where the absurd lie could be sold that Iran was acting to stop the overthrow of an ostensibly Shia ally. In fact, the recent protests were remarkable precisely because of their cross-sectarian participation.
Instead, when Kataib Hezbollah killed an American civilian contractor on a US airbase in Iraq, the US responded with an airstrike that killed 25 members of the group. In retaliation, militia forces attacked the US embassy. The siege was supposed to be a rallying point to deflect anger from the Iraqi protesters away from Iran, and onto the US.
[Click to enlarge]
But it didn't take long for the true character of the attack to emerge.
In stark contrast to the common refrain of Iraqi protesters against the Iranian regime, the chants at the US embassy were hugely pro-Iranian, such as "US out, Iran remains free". Most ominously, the "protesters" were chanting "Qassem Soleimani is our leader."
It's not hard to figure out the motivations of the Iranian regime; to try and cast the protesters' battle as one between Iran and the US.
Despite his many crimes across the region, Soleimani was considered by some in Iran as a national hero. His "martyrdom" at the hands of the US will only bolster this image, and will serve to further whitewash his various criminal acts across the region.
And this is where one must appeal to nuance. No one who has observed Soleimani's criminal activities in Syria or Iraq could possibly mourn him. But no one could reasonably argue that the killing of Soleimani in these circumstances is somehow a good thing for Iraqis, Iranians or, indeed, anyone in the region.
In Iran, he was considered to be perhaps the second most powerful figure in the country
Iran has vowed "severe revenge" for the killing of Soleimani, while its allies and proxy forces have essentially been put on a war footing. There will be a retaliation for his killing, the only questions are where, and when?
It's ironic that it was the US that engendered Iranian influence over Iraq, both in terms of its general post-war policy of supporting sectarian pro-Iran governments, and the immediate policy of working with pro-Iran militias in the fight against IS.
Now though, Obama's appeasement of Iranian aggression in both Iraq and, especially, Syria has been replaced with Trump's unpredictable and hugely irresponsible belligerence.
Only the worst apologists would portray Soleimani in the 21st century as anything other than an agent of repression in the region. But his own actions are to some extent matched by a Trump regime that cares nothing about international law, potential war crimes or the constitutional processes of its own country - never mind Iraqis.
The main focus in the aftermath of the killing will be on the prospect of the renewed chances of war between Iran and the US, with officials being urged to leave its embassy in Iraq. But many Iraqis understand that it's them who stand to lose the most from their country being used as a potential battlefield for two foreign powers.
Speaking under the condition of anonymity right after the assassination, an Iraqi government official told me that the fear was now that the pro-Iran militias will hold elements of the Iraqi security services and government guilty of cooperation in the assassination. These are the potential fault lines of a civil war.
An Iraqi protester I spoke to added that there was a real fear that the assassination would lead to "Iran becoming even more embedded … and doubling down on its control of [Iraq]".
Of course, Trump doesn't care about any of this - the killing of Soleimani will surely shore up his evangelical, pro-Israel and Islamophobic base in an election year.
This is perhaps the most tragic aspect of Trump's assassination of Soleimaini: Despite the US justifying the killing by absurdly claiming it will "deter further Iranian attacks", it could instead reinvigorate Iran in Iraq, at a time when criticism of its grip was gaining momentum through the protests.
The Iraqi protest movement had overwhelmingly disavowed the attack on the US embassy, making clear that the same forces attacking the US embassy were the ones who had attacked them.
The main victims of Soleimani, past, present and future, are people in the region, not Americans
Now the line of polarisation risks moving away from the protesters' demands for social justice, to one determined by a renewed pro-Iran/pro-US dichotomy. This time, however, it could lead to outright war – or, at least, a situation where Iran strikes back not directly at the US, but at any force deemed to be supportive of their interests.
Though there's no doubt Tehran is rattled by the assassination of Qassem Soleimani, it seems that once again the demands for Iraqi self-determination are being buried under the interests of foreign powers.
Sam Hamad is an independent Scottish-Egyptian activist and writer.
Join the conversation @The_NewArab
Opinions expressed in this article remain those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of The New Arab, its editorial board or staff. |
Decreased cardiac mitochondrial tetrahydrobiopterin in a rat model of pressure overload.
Sustained cardiac pressure overload induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes leading to pathological cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) appears to cause uncoupling, which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) instead of nitric oxide (NO), by a decrease in the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). This study focused on examining the changes in mitochondrial BH4 levels during cardiac pressure overload. Chronic cardiac pressure overload was generated by abdominal aortic banding in rats. Levels of BH4 and its oxidized form were measured in the mitochondria isolated from the left ventricle (LV) and the post-mitochondrial supernatants. Chronic aortic banding increased blood pressure, and induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Notably, the BH4 levels were decreased while its oxidized forms were increased in LV mitochondria, but not in the post-mitochondrial supernatants containing the cytosol and microsome. Anti-neuronal NOS antibody-sensitive protein was detected in the cardiac mitochondria. Moreover, continuous administration of BH4 to rats with pressure overload increased mitochondrial BH4 levels and reduced cardiac fibrosis and matrix metallopeptidase activity, but not cardiac hypertrophy. These findings show the possibility that NOS uncoupling by decreased cardiac mitochondrial BH4 levels is implicated, at least in part, in the development of cardiac fibrosis, leading to cardiac dysfunction induced by pressure overload. |
The experimental vaccine targets a protein linked to more than half of all cases of non-small-cell lung cancer, the most common form of lung cancer.
The study is published in The Lancet Oncology.
The study was conducted in Europe and included 148 patients with advanced lung cancer. It was led by Elisabeth Quiox, MD, a professor of pneumonology at the Universite de Strasbourg, France.
The patients were divided into two groups. Both groups received standard chemotherapy while one group received the experimental vaccine known as TG4010. The vaccine stimulates the immune system to destroy cancer cells.
The researchers hoped to stop the progression of the disease in at least 40% of the patients enrolled in the six-month study. If they reached that goal, they would consider the trial a success. To determine that, each participant underwent a CT scan every six weeks to see if the disease had spread.
At the end of the study, 32 of the 74 patients (43.2%) who had received the vaccine showed no signs of disease progression. Meanwhile, 35% of the study participants who received standard chemotherapy showed similar results.
The researchers write that the trial was a success and that the results suggest that the combination of vaccine and chemotherapy "translates to a better long-term outcome compared with a response obtained with chemotherapy alone."
The vaccine appeared to have other benefits as well. More patients in the vaccine group responded to treatment than patients who received only chemotherapy -- 41.9% compared to 28.4%. Also, for those patients who did respond to treatment, those given injections of the TG4010 vaccine had an average overall survival of 23.3 months, nearly twice that of patients in the comparison group.
Determining Who Will Benefit the Most
The researchers also discovered a potential biomarker that may allow doctors to better determine which patients are most likely to benefit from the vaccine, if it reaches the market.
According to the study, patients with a normal number of a specific type of natural killer cells did much better with the vaccine than patients with an increased number of the cells. Natural killer cells are a form of white blood cell that helps the body fight off cancer cells and cells infected with viruses.
These observations "point to the importance of patients' biological status as a predictor for success of therapeutic vaccination, and suggest that analysis of biological parameters should be part of the clinical developments in cancer immunotherapy," the researchers write.
This is a very important point, says Harry Raftopoulos, MD, an oncologist at the Monter Cancer Center in Lake Success, N.Y., who reviewed the study for WebMD.
"The most promising part of the study is where they say that rather than treat everyone with this vaccine, can we find a way to select appropriate patients to receive it," Raftopoulos says. "Teasing that out moves the field forward."
Overall, though, Raftopoulos felt the study results are not yet conclusive, given the small number of patients involved and the small differences in treatment outcomes between the two groups.
"I've seen a lot of early-phase trials that look promising only to be followed by larger ones that show no differences," he says.
Alan Sandler, MD, a lung cancer specialist at Oregon Health and Science University, is intrigued by the possibility that the researchers may have identified a potential biomarker for treatment.
"They met their endpoint, but the outcome overall seems modest," says Sandler. "But it is exciting that they were able to define a subset of patients that did well, and it is appropriate that they are going on to phase 3 trials."
The study was funded by Transgene SA, a French company specializing in immunotherapies for cancer and other infectious diseases, which is developing the TG4010 vaccine in partnership with Swiss drug maker Novartis, and by ADNA/OSEO, a French government-funded program for personalized medicine.
The American Cancer society estimates that just over 220,000 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. this year. The disease is expected to kill nearly 160,000 people.
Lung cancer accounts for more than a quarter of all cancers. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths among men and women, more than colon, breast and prostate cancers combined. |
To Recover, The Left Should Use Arvind Kejriwal's Strategy
Published: May 24, 2016 11:53 IST
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The electoral verdict in the West Bengal state elections seems to be this: The Left is dead; long live the left. By big-L Left I refer to the official Left parties, while small-l left refers to pro-poor redistributive policies that are normally associated with left-wing ideology.
The triumphant reelection of the Mamata Banerjee-led Trinamool Congress (TMC) government represents the enduring appeal of pro-poor policies such as distributing subsidized rice to the poor, the kanyashree scheme for girls, bicycles for girl students and also improvements in rural infrastructure such as roads.
Most polls indicated the TMC was going to win, but with a reduced margin. The TMC's return with 27 more seats than it held surprised everybody. Whether one likes these results or not, full credit is due to the party and its leader for the electoral equivalent of a complete knockout of the opposition alliance (jot) between the Left and the Congress.
In the political history of Bengal, Mamata Banerjee is the only leader after Bidhan Chandra Ray, Jyoti Basu, and Buddhadev Bhattacharya who is poised to serve as the Chief Minister of Bengal for two full terms or more. Given that the party is really a one-woman show - after all, she herself said it was she who was up for election in all 294 seats - her achievement is even more noteworthy.
Meanwhile the Left parties not only lost ground to the TMC, but also lost their position at the top of the pack of Opposition parties. Barring the controversial elections of 1972, this is the first election in West Bengal since Independence in which a coalition of Left parties did not secure the first or the second place. The four main parties constituting the Left Front went down from 60 seats in 2011 to 32 seats this year. The dominant partner of the Left Front, the CPI (M), now has the third highest number of seats, thereby ceding the main opposition party status to the Congress. This is a far cry from the total tally of 227 of the major Left parties in 2006, of which the CPI (M) alone had 176. That was only two elections ago, although it feels like something that happened a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.
The triumph of the TMC was largely at the expense of the Left since all the major Left parties lost seats, whereas other opposition parties like the Congress and the BJP each gained a small number of seats. The Congress increased its tally of seats from 42 to 44, contesting in 93 seats, and raised its share of popular votes from 9% to 12%. Its alliance (jot) with the Left clearly did not cost it in terms seats or percentage of votes. The BJP opened its electoral account in the West Bengal state assembly for the first time, by winning three seats and a 10% share of the popular vote, a sharp increase from 4% in 2011. In contrast, the Left's vote share fell from 40% to 26%!
The main question is: what drove the margin of the TMC victory? Also, why did the Left do worse than even in 2011, when it was facing the massive anti-(34 year)-incumbency factor?
Mamata Banerjee once again proved a master strategist decimating the new Left-Congress combination and the BJP all of whom sought to checkmate her return to power
On the first question, clearly there were no strong anti-incumbency currents, let alone a wave. The conventional wisdom was that the TMC would do well in the rural areas because of the pro-poor redistributive policies of the government but not in the urban areas. However, the TMC won all the seats even in Kolkata despite the fact that many of the middle class urban voters who were pro-change in 2011 had turned against the government due to concerns about law and order, unchecked hooliganism, the syndicate-Raj, and the Saradha-Narada scandals. It is true that there were some undercurrents of anti-incumbency. Eight sitting ministers lost (including the Transport Minister Madan Mitra, who contested from jail having been arrested in connection with the Saradha case), and news reports suggest that the victory margins of most successful TMC candidates in Kolkata were significantly lower than in 2011, including that of the Chief Minister.
And then there is the curious case of the NOTA (None of the Above) voters - this constituted 1.5% of all popular votes this time, higher than the vote shares of some of the smaller political parties like the CPI. So there were trickles of anti-incumbency, some of which also showed up in increases in the vote shares and seats of the Congress and the BJP. It is just that these were not strong enough to dent the pro-incumbency wave that came from rural areas due to the pro-poor schemes mentioned earlier that have created a loyal vote bank among the rural poor.
Clearly, the jot worked out well for the Congress and not for the Left, and that partly explains the drastically lower vote share of the latter. They were after all traditional rivals until the emergence of the TMC. May be it was harder for Congress voters to forget the bitterness that accumulated from many decades of Left rule, than for Left voters, whose grievances against Congress rule is a much more distant memory.
After winning spectacularly in West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee was emphatic that it is not Destination Delhi next but hinted at a central role in bringing together regional forces.
But electoral arithmetic aside, the fundamental problem is that the Left did not have any concrete set of policies to counter the TMC, other than defining itself simply as anti-TMC. Mamata Banerjee had outflanked them from the left - as far as poorer voters were concerned - through her redistributive schemes. The only hope of the Left would then be the anti-incumbency voters. However, long term economic trends to which they themselves contributed while in power had stacked the decks against them. The long-term deindustrialisation in Bengal, and the consequent flight of skilled educated labour from the state mean that the educated middle-classes are no longer pivotal voters even in urban areas.
After all, the most rapidly growing sector in the economy is not agriculture or industry but the informal sector, of which syndicates are one example. For the beneficiaries of syndicates, auto-rickshaw and taxi unions, hawkers who need protection, and recipients of club doles, Didi's strong-arm style of governance and politics of patronage and populism are attractive, even as these alienate the educated middle-class voters who value the sanctity of institutions, individual freedoms, and a long-run growth strategy over the politics of doles. And, anyway, to these middle class voters, the 34-year record of the Left hardly inspires confidence on these issues in the first place.
The Left failed to adapt to the reality that its traditional land and trade-union centred policies for rural and urban areas respectively are largely irrelevant in present day Bengal. There is very little land left to redistribute or to mobilize the rural poor around, as they did in the 60s and the 70s. There is also not much organized industry left where trade-union mobilization will generate a huge vote bank. Yes, industrialization is needed for long-run sustainable growth and on this count, the TMC-government's record is hardly impressive as I have argued earlier. The Left belatedly learnt the virtues of growth and industrialization, but without some economic protection for the poor, industrialization cannot be thrust down their throats, as Nandigram and Singur showed.
To resurrect itself, the Left has to come up with a two-pronged strategy. It has to propose concrete welfare schemes for the rural poor that can compete with TMC's policies. Also, given that nearly one-third of the state's population lives in the urban areas and a large majority of them are employed in the informal sector, it should also learn from AAP's success in Delhi to target the concerns of this demographic, though not necessarily with the same set of policies. Otherwise, there will be nothing left of it.
(Maitreesh Ghatak is Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics, and his main area of research is development economics.)
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author. The facts and opinions appearing in the article do not reflect the views of NDTV and NDTV does not assume any responsibility or liability for the same. |
Snake Underworld With Henry Rollins
Revealing how millions of Americans have welcomed the creatures into their homes as pets, Rollins meets some obsessive serpent lovers who deliberately seek out the most dangerous breeds they can get their hands on.
From illegal snake smuggling, to underground breeders creating snakes not found in nature, to people who "self-envenomate" in the hopes of building up a tolerance to snake venom, Rollins uncovers those on the fringe of America's secret snake subculture. |
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author:
- |
\
Theoretische Natuurkunde, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & The International Solvay Institutes\
Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium,\
and,\
Department of Physics, Swansea University\
Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K.\
E-mail:
bibliography:
- '/Users/sibylledriezen/Dropbox/PhD:Bibfile/SibBib.bib'
title: 'Open strings in integrable deformations of $\sigma$-models'
---
Introduction \[Introduction\]
=============================
From the string worldsheet perspective, two-dimensional non-linear $\sigma$-models with boundaries provide a rich area to describe curved background geometries with D-brane configurations in string theory. These non-perturbative degrees of freedom are essential higher-dimensional objects on which open strings can end, and of which the geometry is completely determined by the allowed worldsheet boundary conditions. The answer of what boundary conditions are *allowed* is decided by symmetry. In the case of string theory, e.g., they should preserve worldsheet conformal invariance. For a $\sigma$-model describing strings in curved backgrounds, the answer is usually challenging and tractable only when the precise (boundary) CFT description is available.\
A simple but non-trivial example where one can make progress is provided by the Wess-Zumino-Witten model [@Witten:1983ar] describing strings in group manifolds supported by an NS-flux. The exact conformal invariance of this model is covered by the existence of two holomorphic currents underlying two copies of an affine Kac-Moody current algebra and two copies of a Virasoro algebra. The inclusion of boundaries in the WZW model has been studied in a number of works [@Kato:1996nu; @Alekseev:1998mc; @Felder:1999ka; @Stanciu:1999id] by identifying maximally symmetric gluing conditions on the holomorphic currents at the boundary preserving one copy of both the Kac-Moody and Virasoro algebra. Although the former is not necessary for conformal invariance it leads to an elegant geometrical picture of the allowed D-brane configurations: they should wrap *twisted conjugacy classes* of the group manifold. For example in the $SU(2)_k$ WZW model one finds two D0-branes and a further $k-1$ D2-branes that are blown up to wrap the conjugacy classes described by $S^2 \subset S^3$ [@Alekseev:1998mc].\
When the precise CFT formulation is not available, however, we will see in this note an elegant D-brane picture can arise also in the context of $\sigma$-models with worldsheet integrability. Integrable stringy $\sigma$-models attracted considerable attention since the observation of worldsheet integrability in the AdS$_5\times$S$^5$ superstring [@Bena:2003wd]. Classically, they are characterised by the existence of an infinite number of local or non-local conserved charges in involution leading, in principle, to a dramatic simplicity and exact solvability. Including boundaries in the theory typically destroys conserved charges such as, e.g., the loss of translational invariance through the boundary. In this note, we will focus on *allowed* boundary conditions that preserve the classical integrable structure by demanding the conservation of a tower of non-local charges generated by a monodromy matrix. This method has been introduced in [@Cherednik:1985vs; @Sklyanin:1988yz] and further developed from a classical string point of view in [@Dekel:2011ja].\
A suitable integrable $\sigma$-model that makes contact between the above methods is the integrable $\lambda$-deformed WZW model introduced by Sfetsos in [@Sfetsos:2013wia]. The deformation parameter $\lambda \in [0,1]$ interpolates between the WZW model at $\lambda = 0$ and the non-Abelian T-dual of the Principal Chiral Model (PCM) in a scaling limit $\lambda \rightarrow 1$. On ordinary Lie group manifolds, accommodating only bosonic field content, the deformation is marginally relevant [@Itsios:2014lca; @Appadu:2015nfa]. However, significant evidence from both a worldsheet [@Hollowood:2014qma; @Appadu:2015nfa] and target space [@Borsato:2016zcf; @Chervonyi:2016ajp; @Borsato:2016ose] perspective implies that, when applied to super-coset geometries, the $\lambda$-model is a truly marginal deformation introducing no Weyl anomaly. Hence, the deformation of the WZW group manifold can be thought of as a bosonic trunctation of a truly superstring theory. The question of establishing D-branes in this deformed geometry is therefore natural and has been pursued in the article [@Driezen:2018glg] on which this proceedings is based. We will see, by demanding integrability, that the geometrical picture of twisted conjugacy classes of the WZW point persists and naturally fits in the deformed geometry. The semi-classical flux quantisation will turn out to consistently be independent of the continuous $\lambda$-deformation parameter. Additionally the $\lambda$-deformation allows to track the behaviour of D-branes under generalised dualities [@Driezen:2018glg] –again a challenging question in general curved backgrounds– by the non-Abelian T-dual scaling limit and Poisson-Lie T-duality to the integrable $\eta$-deformation of the PCM [@Vicedo:2015pna; @Hoare:2015gda; @Klimcik:2015gba]. Illustrated for the $G=SU(2)$ manifold one will find under both dualities D2-branes transforming to space-filling D3-branes that can be shown to preserve the classical integrable structure of the dual theories.\
We lay out in section \[s:bmm\] the general procedure to construct *integrable* boundary conditions of two-dimensional $\sigma$-models. We apply this method in section \[s:lambda\] to the integrable $\lambda$-deformation where we first review the model’s construction, then interpret the allowed integrable boundary conditions as twisted conjugacy classes (illustrated in the $G=SU(2)$ manifold) and discuss their behaviour under generalised T-dualities. We end with some conclusions and outlook directions in section \[s:concl\].
The boundary monodromy method for integrable systems {#s:bmm}
====================================================
The boundary monodromy method, introduced by Cherednik and Sklyanin in [@Cherednik:1985vs; @Sklyanin:1988yz], is a powerful tool to derive boundary conditions preserving the integrability property of two-dimensional integrable field theories. The method consists of demanding that a monodromy matrix constructed from a Lax connection generates an infinite tower of conserved *non-local* charges when a boundary is present[^1]. We will briefly review it here, following [@Dekel:2011ja; @Driezen:2018glg], as well as the case without boundaries to introduce notations.
Let us first consider the no-boundary case in a general two-dimensional field theory on a periodic or infinite line. We denote the coordinates by $(\tau,\sigma)$ by analogy with the closed string worldsheet theory. It is known that an infinite tower of conserved charges can be generated when the equations of motion of the theory can be represented by a zero-curvature condition of a so-called $\mathfrak{g}^{\mathbb{C}}$-valued Lax connection ${\cal L}(z)$ that depends on a generic *spectral* parameter $z \in \mathbb{C}$ [@Zakharov:1973pp], $$\label{eq:zerocurvatureLax}
\begin{aligned}
d {\cal L}(z) + {\cal L}(z) \wedge {\cal L}(z) = 0 , \qquad \forall\, z \in \mathbb{C}.
\end{aligned}$$ In this case the transport matrix defined by, $$\label{eq:transport}
\begin{aligned}
T^\Omega(b,a ; z) = \overleftarrow{P \exp} \left( - \int^b_a d\sigma\, \Omega [{\cal L}_\sigma (\tau,\sigma ;z ) ] \right) \in G^{\mathbb{C}},
\end{aligned}$$ (with $\Omega : \mathfrak{g} \rightarrow \mathfrak{g}$ a constant Lie algebra automorphism included for generality) satisfies, $$\label{eq:TransportToTime}
\begin{aligned}
\partial_\tau T^\Omega (b,a ; z ) = T^\Omega (b,a ; z ) \Omega [{\cal L}_\tau (\tau , a ; z)] - \Omega [{\cal L}_\tau (\tau , b ; z)] T^\Omega (b,a ; z ).
\end{aligned}$$ Indeed, under periodic boundary conditions $\sigma \sim \sigma + 2\pi$ or asymptotic fall-off boundary conditions, one can then show that the monodromy matrix $T(2\pi,0 ; z)$ (for $\Omega = \mathbf{1}$) generates conserved charges by, $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_\tau {\mathrm{Tr}}T(2\pi, 0 ; z )^n , \qquad \forall\ n\in \mathbb{N} \;\; \mathrm{ and } \;\; \forall\ z\in \mathbb{C} .
\end{aligned}$$ Hence, every value of $n$ or every term in the expansion of ${\mathrm{Tr}}T(2\pi, 0 ; z )$ in $z$, corresponds to a conserved charge.
When the two-dimensional theory is defined on a finite line $\sigma \in [0,\pi]$, describing by analogy an open string worldsheet theory, one can determine *integrable* boundary conditions on the endpoints by demanding the production of conserved charges along similar lines as above. Reminiscent to the method of image charges, one can derive these by taking a copy of the finite-line theory and act on it with a reflection $R: \sigma \rightarrow 2\pi - \sigma$. The boundary monodromy matrix $T_b (z)$ is then constructed by gluing the usual transport matrix $T(\pi, 0 ;z )$ in the original region to the transport matrix $T_R^\Omega (2\pi, \pi ; z)$ in the reflected region, $$T_b (\lambda) = T_R^\Omega (2\pi, \pi ;z) T(\pi, 0 ;z).$$ Notice that in the reflected region we have included the possibility of a non-trivial automorphism $\Omega$ acting on the Lax connection in the path-ordered exponential as in . By demanding that the time derivative of the boundary monodromy matrix is given by a commutator, $$\label{eq:BoundMonToTime}
\partial_\tau T_b (z) = \left[ T_b (z) , N(z) \right] \, ,$$ for some matrix $N(z)$ one will indeed find that $\partial_\tau {\mathrm{Tr}}T_b(z)^{n} =0$ for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and $z\in\mathbb{C}$. Assuming[^2], $$\label{eq:ReflectedTransport}
T^\Omega_R (2\pi , \pi ;z) = T^\Omega(0,\pi ; z_R)\, ,$$ we find explicitly using that the time derivative of the boundary monodromy matrix satisfies, $$\begin{aligned}
\partial_\tau T_b (z) =\; & \left[ T^\Omega(0,\pi; z_R) \Omega[\mathcal{L}_\tau ( \tau, \pi; z_R)] - \Omega[\mathcal{L}_\tau ( \tau , 0 ;z_R)] T^\Omega(0,\pi ; z_R) \right] T(\pi , 0 ; z) \\
& + T^\Omega(0,\pi ; z_R) \left[ T(\pi ,0 ; z)\mathcal{L}_\tau ( \tau , 0 ;z) - \mathcal{L}_\tau ( \tau, \pi ; z) T(\pi,0;z) \right] \, .
\end{aligned}$$ The condition sufficiently holds when $N(z) =\mathcal{L}_\tau (\tau , 0;z)$ and when we require the following boundary conditions on both the endpoints[^3], $$\label{eq:BoundCondLax1}
\mathcal{L}_\tau (\tau, 0 ;z ) = \Omega[ \mathcal{L}_\tau (\tau ,0 ; z_R) ] \, ,$$ and similarly on $\sigma = \pi$. When studying a specific two-dimensional integrable model with a known Lax connection, and knowing its behaviour under the reflection $R$, one can now easily derive the *integrable* boundary conditions on the field variables by eq. . Typically this will involve additional conditions on the automorphism $\Omega$ as we will see in the coming section.
Applied to $\lambda$-deformations {#s:lambda}
=================================
We will now apply the boundary monodromy method to the (standard) $\lambda$-deformation introduced by Sfetsos in [@Sfetsos:2013wia]. The interest in this particular model is that it is a two-dimensional integrable field theory deforming the exactly conformal Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) model on group manifolds. We will therefore be able to relate the integrable boundary conditions of the $\lambda$-model to known results of stable D-brane configurations wrapping twisted conjugacy classes in the group manifold [@Alekseev:1998mc; @Felder:1999ka; @Stanciu:2000fz; @Figueroa-OFarrill:2000lcd; @Bachas:2000fr].
Construction of the $\lambda$-action
------------------------------------
Let us first briefly introduce the construction of $\lambda$-deformations of [@Sfetsos:2013wia]. One starts by doubling the degrees of freedom on a Lie group manifold $G$, by combining the WZW model on $G$ at level $k$ with the Principal Chiral Model (PCM) on $G$ with a coupling constant $\kappa^2$, i.e., $$\label{eq:doubledaction}
\begin{aligned}
S_{k,\kappa^2}(g,\widetilde{g}) &= S_{\text{WZW},k}(g) + S_{\text{PCM},\kappa^2}(\widetilde{g}) ,\\
S_{\text{WZW,k}}(g) &= -\frac{k}{2\pi}\int_\Sigma d \sigma d\tau \langle g^{-1} \partial_+ g , g^{-1} \partial_- g \rangle - \frac{ k}{24\pi } \int_{M_3} \langle \bar g^{-1} d\bar g, [\bar g^{-1} d\bar g,\bar g^{-1} d\bar g] \rangle , \\
S_{\text{PCM},\kappa^2}(\widetilde{g}) &= - \frac{\kappa^2}{\pi} \int d\sigma d\tau \, \langle \widetilde{g}^{-1}\partial_+ \widetilde{g} , \widetilde{g}^{-1}\partial_- \widetilde{g} \rangle \, ,
\end{aligned}$$ which are both realised through distinct group elements $g\in G$ and $\widetilde{g}\in G$ respectively[^4]. The fields $\bar{g}$ are an extension of $g$ into $M_3 \subset G$ such that $\partial M_3 = g(\Sigma)$. Altogether the doubled model has a global $G_L \times G_R$ symmetry. Next, one reduces back to $\text{dim}(G)$ degrees of freedom by gauging a subgroup acting as, $$\begin{aligned}
G_L : \widetilde{g} \rightarrow h^{-1} \widetilde{g}, \qquad G_{\text{diag}}: g \rightarrow h^{-1} g h, \qquad \text{with} \; h \in G,
\end{aligned}$$ using a common gauge field $A \rightarrow h^{-1} A h - h^{-1} d h$. Doing a minimal substitution on the PCM, by replacing $\partial_\pm \widetilde{g} \rightarrow D_\pm \widetilde{g} = \partial_\pm \widetilde{g} - A_\pm \widetilde{g}$ and replacing the WZW model by the $G/G$ gauged WZW model, $$S_{\text{gWZW,k}}(g,A) = S_{\text{WZW},k}(g) + \frac{k}{\pi} \int d\sigma d\tau \, \langle A_- , \partial_+ g g^{-1} - A_+ , g^{-1}\partial_- g + A_+ , g^{-1} A_- g - A_+ , A_- \rangle \ .$$ one finds the $\lambda$-deformation after fixing the gauge by $\widetilde{g} = \mathbf{1}$, $$\begin{aligned}\label{eq:LambdaAction1}
S_{k,\lambda}(g, A) = S_{\text{WZW},k} (g)
- \frac{k}{ \pi} \int d\sigma d\tau \langle A_+ , (\lambda^{-1} - D_{g^{-1}}) A_- \rangle
- \langle A_- , \partial_+ g g^{-1} \rangle + \langle A_+ , g^{-1}\partial_- g \rangle \ .
\end{aligned}$$ Here we have introduced the adjoint operator $D_g : \mathfrak{g} \rightarrow \mathfrak{g}$, $D_g (T_A) = g T_A g^{-1} = T_B (D_g){}^B{}_A$ with $g\in G$ and the parameter $\lambda$, $$\lambda = \frac{k}{k+\kappa^2} .$$ The gauge fields are now auxiliary and can be integrated out. Varying the action $S_{k,\lambda}(g,A) $ with respect to $A_{\pm}$ we find the constraints, $$\label{eq:GaugeConstraints}
A_+ = \left( \lambda^{-1} - D_g \right)^{-1} \partial_+ g g^{-1}\, , \qquad
A_- = -\left( \lambda^{-1} - D_{g^{-1}} \right)^{-1} g^{-1} \partial_- g\, .$$ Substituting these into eq. gives the large $k$ effective action, $$\label{eq:LambdaAction2}
\begin{aligned}
S_{k,\lambda}(g) = S_{\text{WZW},k}(g) - \frac{k }{\pi}\int \mathrm{d}\sigma \mathrm{d}\tau \, \partial_+ g g^{-1} \left( \lambda^{-1} - D_{g^{-1}} \right)^{-1} g^{-1}\partial_- g \ ,
\end{aligned}$$ which is an all-loop in $\lambda$ deformation of the WZW theory with a global $g \rightarrow g_0 g g_0^{-1}$, $g_0\in G$ symmetry left. Effectively, the $\lambda$-theory thus deforms the target space metric and Kalb-Ramond field of the WZW $\sigma$-model. In addition, the Gaussian elimination of the gauge fields in the path integral results in a non-constant dilaton profile, $$\Phi = \Phi_0 - \frac{1}{2} \ln \det \left( \mathbf{1} - \lambda D_{g^{-1}} \right) ,$$ with $\Phi_0$ constant. While the integrability of the $\lambda$-model (with periodic boundary conditions) has been first shown in [@Sfetsos:2013wia] starting from the effective $\sigma$-model action , one can straightforwardly show it starting from as done in [@Hollowood:2014rla]. The Lax connection ${\cal L}(z)$ representing the equations of motion of the fields $g$ satisfying the zero-curvature condition $\forall\ z \in \mathbb{C}$ is, $$\label{eq:LambdaLax}
{\cal L}_\pm (z) = - \frac{2}{1 +\lambda} \frac{A_\pm}{1 \mp z} ,$$ upon the constraints .
Interpretation as (twisted) conjugacy classes
---------------------------------------------
To apply the boundary monodromy method to the $\lambda$-model we first need to consider the behaviour of the transport matrix $T_R^\Omega (2\pi, \pi ; z)$ under the reflection $R: \sigma \rightarrow 2\pi - \sigma$. For the $\lambda$-Lax one will find that eq. holds for $z_R = -z$. The resulting integrable boundary conditions of the $\lambda$-model are then, after expanding order by order in the spectral parameter $z$, $$\left. A_+ \right\vert_{\partial\Sigma} =\left. \Omega \left[ A_- \right] \right\vert_{\partial\Sigma},$$ together with the requirement that $\Omega$ is an *involutive* automorphism of the Lie algebra, $$\Omega^2 = 1 .$$ Moreover, to interpret the above boundary conditions as Dirichlet and (generalised) Neumann conditions, the automorphism $\Omega$ should be such that no energy-momentum is flowing through the boundary, i.e. the energy-momentum tensor must satisfy $T_{01}| = 0$, which turns out to require that it is metric-preserving in the sense of $\langle \Omega (T_A) , \Omega (T_B) \rangle = \langle T_A , T_B \rangle$.
Upon the constraint the integrable boundary conditions are now given by, $$\label{eq:intbc}
(\mathbf{1} - \lambda D_g)^{-1} \partial_+ g g^{-1} = - \Omega (\mathbf{1} - \lambda D_{g^{-1}})^{-1} g^{-1}\partial_- g .$$ At the WZW conformal point ($\lambda = 0$) one consistently finds the (twisted) gluing conditions of [@Alekseev:1998mc; @Felder:1999ka; @Stanciu:2000fz] of the holomorphic Kac-Moody currents $J_+ = -k\partial_+ g g^{-1},\, J_- = kg^{-1} \partial_- g$ on the boundary, $$\label{eq:wzwgluing}
\lambda \rightarrow 0: \qquad J_+ = \Omega (J_- ) ,$$ preserving precisely one copy of both the Kac-Moody current algebra (iff. $\Omega$ is a Lie algebra automorphism, which is the case here) and the Virasoro algebra. Because only the latter property is a necessity to preserve conformal invariance, the former property led to the description of the corresponding D-brane configurations as being ‘maximally symmetric’. In [@Alekseev:1998mc; @Felder:1999ka; @Stanciu:2000fz] (see also [@Figueroa-OFarrill:1999cmq]) it was shown, starting from the corresponding Dirichlet conditions of eq. , that the D-brane worldvolumes wrap (twisted) conjugacy classes of the group $G$, $$C_\omega (g) = \{ h g \omega (h^{-1} ) \, | \, \forall h\in G \} , \qquad \omega (e^{tX}) \equiv e^{t \Omega (X)} \in G , \;\; X\in \mathfrak{g},$$ classified by the quotient of metric-preserving outer automorphisms $\omega \in \text{Out}_0 (G) = \text{Aut}_0(G)/\text{Inn}_0(G)$ [@Figueroa-OFarrill:1999cmq]. When $\omega \in \text{Inn}_0(G)$ is inner, i.e. $\omega(h) = \text{ad}_w (h) = w h w^{-1}$ for some $w\in G$, the twisted conjugacy class $C_\omega (g)$ is related to the ordinary conjugacy class $C_{\text{Id}}(g)$ by a (right) group translation, $$C_{\text{ad}_w} (g) = C_{\text{Id}} (gw) w^{-1} ,$$ which is a symmetry of the WZW model. The automorphisms $\omega$ are in principle not constrained any further here.
For generic $\lambda$ it was shown in [@Driezen:2018glg] that the geometrical picture of the integrable boundary conditions as D-branes wrapping twisted conjugacy classes persists by pleasing cancellations of the $\lambda$-dependence. This is indeed expected, since the deformation affects only target space data as the metric, while the worldvolumes are defined through the orthogonal decomposition of the tangent space with respect to the Dirichlet conditions, independently of the target space metric. However, integrability picks out only the automorphisms $\omega (e^{tX}) = e^{t\Omega(X)}$ that satisfy $\Omega^2 = 1$. Generic inner automorphisms, or group translations of the conjugacy classes, are thus excluded. Indeed, independent right group translations are not a symmetry of the $\lambda$-model which remarkably follows from demanding integrability structures.
$G = SU(2)$ illustration
------------------------
To illustrate the above, we focus in this section on the case of the $G= SU(2)$ group manifold for which $\text{Out}_0(SU(2)) = \text{Id}$ is trivial and one will describe ordinary conjugacy classes[^5]. We parametrise the group element $g\in SU(2)$ in Cartesian coordinates, $$g = \begin{pmatrix}
X_0 + i X_3 & - X_1 + i X_2 \\ X_1 + i X_2 & X_0 - i X_3
\end{pmatrix} ,$$ constrained to $\det g = X_0^2 + X_1^2 + X_2^2 + X_3^2 = 1$, making the embedding of $SU(2)$ as an $S^3$ in $\mathbb{R}^4$ apparent. The set of group elements in an ordinary conjugacy class $C(g)$ clearly have a constant trace and here fix the $X_0$ parameter to some constant value. The conjugacy classes are thus $S^2$-spheres of varying radius inside the $S^3$ as illustrated in figure \[fig:su2illustration\]. When the $\lambda$-parameter is turned on, and the target space metric $G$ gets deformed, what is changed will be the size (or radius) of the $S^2$-spheres by the induced deformed metric $\left. G\right\vert_{S^2}$ on these branes. In figure \[fig:su2illustration\] it is moreover clear that the rotational symmetry of the WZW gets lost in the deformation, which is a reflection of the $\Omega^2 = 1$ constraint coming from integrability and preventing the existence of rotated branes. Indeed, in [@Driezen:2018glg] a semi-classical analysis of the quadratic scalar fluctuations of the branes moreover shows that at $\lambda=0$ a massless p-wave triplet exists which becomes massive for $\lambda \neq 0$.
![For illustrative purposes we portray here the $S^3 \simeq SU(2)$ group manifold in one dimension less. The green lines represent the $S^2$-branes or conjugacy classes in the $S^3$ that change size under the *squashing* of the $S^3$ when the $\lambda$-deformation is turned on.[]{data-label="fig:su2illustration"}](LambdaSquashin2.pdf)
In both cases, there is a total of 2 static D0-branes (corresponding to the north- and southpole) and $l$ static D2-branes (corresponding to the $S^2$’s). The number $l$ is integer quantised and equal to $l=k-1$, following from topological obstructions in formulating the WZ term in in the presence of a boundary. In the boundary case the WZ term should be altered as [@Klimcik:1996hp], $$\label{eq:wzbdy}
\int_{M_3} H \rightarrow \int_{M_3} H + \int_{D_2}
\omega ,$$ with $\partial M_3 = g(\Sigma) + D_2$, $D_2 \subset g(\partial\Sigma)$ and $\omega$ a two-form on $D_2$ such that $H |_{D_2} = \mathrm{d}\omega$. To cancel in the path integral ambiguities in the choice of $M_3$ recall that the closed string WZW theory on compact groups requires the level $k$ to be integer quantised. On the other hand, the open string WZW theory with will require the D-branes to be localised on a discrete number of positions. In the case of $G=SU(2)$ the number of branes are then indeed fixed as $l = k-1 \in \mathbb{Z}$, where we refer to [@Klimcik:1996hp; @Stanciu:2000fz; @Figueroa-OFarrill:2000lcd] for more details. Interestingly, this can be seen as a semi-classical stabilisation of the D2-branes, since their localised positions forbids them to shrink smoothly to zero size. When the deformation is turned on, [@Driezen:2018glg] shows the *continuous* $\lambda$-dependence precisely cancels in the topological conditions[^6] and so consistently also in the $U(1)$ flux quantisation. Again, indeed, a semi-classical analysis of the scalar fluctuations gives a massive s-wave with a mass independent of $\lambda$.
Interplay with generalised T-dualities
--------------------------------------
Another motivation to look at $\lambda$-deformations is the close connection to generalised T-dualities. The $\lambda \rightarrow 1$ scaling limit (obtained by taking $k \rightarrow \infty$) produces e.g. the non-Abelian T-dual of the Principal Chiral Model (PCM) [@Sfetsos:2013wia]. On the other hand, for generic values of $\lambda \in [0,1]$ the model is Poisson-Lie T-dual [@Klimcik:1995ux; @Klimcik:1995dy], up to an additional analytical continuation, to an integrable deformation of the PCM [@Vicedo:2015pna; @Hoare:2015gda; @Klimcik:2015gba] known as Yang-Baxter or $\eta$-deformations [@Klimcik:2008eq; @Delduc:2013fga] which have an action, $$S_{t, \eta} (\widehat{g}) = \frac{1}{t} \int_\Sigma d\sigma d\tau\; \partial_+ \widehat{g} \widehat{g}^{-1} \left( \mathbf{1} - \eta {\cal R} \right)^{-1} \partial_- \widehat{g} \widehat{g}^{-1} ,$$ where ${\cal R} : \mathfrak{g} \rightarrow \mathfrak{g}$ is an operator solving the modified classical Yang-Baxter equation.
Tracking the behaviour of D-brane configurations under these generalised T-dualities is, in general, a challenging procedure due to the lack of well-defined boundary conditions in the curved background geometry. In the $\lambda$-deformation, however, integrability dictates us precise boundary conditions (in eq. ) given in terms of worldsheet derivatives of the phase-space variables. Together with the known canonical transformations of non-Abelian T-duality [@Lozano:1995jx; @Sfetsos:1996pm] (NATD) and Poisson-Lie (PL) T-duality [@Sfetsos:1997pi] this allows us to find the dual D-branes in the e.g. $G= SU(2)$ case. Schematically we find [@Driezen:2018glg], $$\begin{aligned}
&\text{D2-brane in the NATD of the PCM } \quad &&\xrightarrow{\text{can.\ transf.\ }} \quad &&\text{D3-brane in the original PCM} \\
&\text{D2-brane in the $\lambda$-deformed WZW} \quad &&\xrightarrow{\text{can.\ transf.\ }} \quad &&\text{D3-brane in the $\eta$-deformed PCM}
\end{aligned}$$ so that in both cases the $S^2$-branes pop open to space-filling D3-branes. Remarkably, the boundary conditions obtained in this way in [@Driezen:2018glg] match precisely with the boundary conditions that follow from the boundary monodromy method in section \[s:bmm\] when plugging in the Lax pair of the Principal Chiral Model [@Zakharov:1973pp], $${\cal L }_\pm (z) = \frac{1}{1\mp z} g^{-1} \partial_\pm g,$$ or of the $\eta$-deformed PCM [@Klimcik:2008eq; @Delduc:2013fga], $${\cal L }_\pm (\eta ; z) = \frac{1+\eta^2}{1\pm z} D_g \cdot \frac{1}{1\pm \eta {\cal R}} \cdot \partial_\pm g g^{-1} ,$$ in respectively.
Conclusions and outlook {#s:concl}
=======================
In this overview note we have seen an efficient method to derive classical integrable boundary conditions in $\sigma$-models by demanding that the monodromy matrix of the Lax connection generates conserved charges even in the presence of boundaries. As emphasized in the introduction, this is generically challenging for stringy $\sigma$-models without precise CFT formulations. The boundary monodromy method, however, essentially only requires the knowledge of the $\sigma$-model Lax connection.\
In the context of $\lambda$-deformations the boundary monodromy method dictates us integrable boundary conditions that are described elegantly by twisted conjugacy classes in the deformed target space. This geometrical picture is independent of the deformation parameter and, indeed, corresponds smoothly to the D-brane configurations dictated by CFT methods of the undeformed WZW point. Illustrated in the $SU(2)$ manifold we have seen that the deformation changes the size of the D-branes and destroys their rotational symmetry in the deformed geometry. This latter (natural) observation ties nicely together with the constraining features of integrability. Additionally, we have seen that the flux quantisation consistently remains independent of the $\lambda$-parameter and enforces the branes to sit stabilised at localised positions. These conclusions are supported in [@Driezen:2018glg] by an analysis of scalar fluctuations of the D-branes. Finally, armed with precise integrable boundary conditions, one can track them under generalised dualities present in $\lambda$-deformations. For $G=SU(2)$ we have seen a Dirichlet condition to transform into a generalised Neumann which, to close the circle, turns out to follow from demanding integrability of the dual models as well.\
Let us stress the analysis so far has been purely classical. It remains an interesting question to understand the quantum description of the integrable boundary conditions in these $\lambda$-models. Here, the bulk $S$-matrix of [@Appadu:2017fff] should be supplemented by a boundary $K$-matrix describing particle reflections off the boundary and satisfying the boundary Yang-Baxter equation [@Cherednik:1985vs; @Sklyanin:1988yz]. Since the $S$-matrix of [@Appadu:2017fff] was derived by mapping the quantum $\lambda$-model to a spin $k$ XXX Heisenberg spin chain, it would be appealing to interpret the boundary $K$-matrix in the corresponding open spin chain as well.\
Another appealing line of study, returning to the string point of view, is to consider integrable D-branes of $\lambda$-models in supercoset geometries [@Hollowood:2014qma] as here the deformation is expected to be truly marginal to all loops.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
I would like to thank the organisers of the “Dualities and Generalised Geometries" session part of the Corfu Summer Institute 2018 schools and workshops for giving me the opportunity to speak and for a stimulating and interesting workshop. Additionally, I would like to thank my collaborators and advisers Daniel Thompson and Alexander Sevrin for the fruitful discussions we have had in the process of [@Driezen:2018glg] and Saskia Demulder for a careful read of the manuscript. Finally, I acknowledge also the support by the “FWO-Vlaanderen” through an aspirant fellowship and the project G006119N.
[^1]: To have a truly classically integrable (boundary) theory one should moreover show these charges to Poisson commute. We will not discuss this here, but see e.g. [@Mann:2006rh].
[^2]: In general this strongly depends on the specific form of the Lax connection $\mathcal{L}(z)$ but the procedure described here can be easily adapted to other cases.
[^3]: In principle the boundary conditions can be different on each endpoint (see e.g. [@Driezen:2018glg]) which in the string theory application allows the open string to connect distinct D-brane configurations.
[^4]: We have taken conventions on the worldsheet $\Sigma$ in which the two-dimensional metric is fixed as $\text{diag}(+1,-1)$, $\epsilon_{\tau\sigma} = 1$ and $\partial_\pm = \frac{1}{2}(\partial_\tau \pm \partial_\sigma)$. Moreover, we consider compact semi-simple Lie groups $G$ of which the generators $T_A$, $A \in \{1, \cdots, \text{dim}(G) \}$ of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ are Hermitean and normalised with respect to the Cartan-Killing billinear form $\langle \cdot , \cdot \rangle$ as $\langle T_A, T_B \rangle = \frac{1}{x_R} {\mathrm{Tr}}(T_A T_B) = \delta_{AB}$ (with $x_R$ the index of the representation $R$). It is known that for compact groups the level $k$ should be integer quantised while for non-compact groups it can be free [@Witten:1983ar].
[^5]: For an analysis and explicit example of *twisted* conjugacy classes, possible in $\lambda-SL(2,R)$, we refer to [@Driezen:2018glg]. Interestingly, in $G=SL(2,R)$ only the twisted conjugacy classes turn out to correspond to *stable* D-brane configurations [@Bachas:2000fr], telling us it is indeed worth including the possibility of twisted gluing conditions.
[^6]: Both the $H$-form and $\omega$-form receive a $\lambda$-contribution but these precisely cancel.
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This invention relates to a coolant expansion tank, particularly for motor vehicle internal-combustion engines, having at least one filling chamber for receiving the coolant and at least one expansion chamber that is separated from the filling chamber by means of a partition wall.
A coolant expansion tank of this type is known from DE-OS No. 2,852,725. There, the tank, by means of a vertically arranged partition, is divided into a filling chamber and an expansion chamber. The upper area of the filling chamber, via a connecting line, is connected with the lower area of the expansion chamber. Normally, the filling chamber is filled with the coolant up to a certain level. For example, because of a high operating temperature of the internal-combustion engine to be cooled, the coolant is heated and therefore expands. This has the result that the coolant from the filling chamber, via the connecting line, overflows into the expansion chamber. In the case of a subsequent cooling of the coolant, it is, by means of a vacuum, again drawn back from the expansion chamber into the filling chamber. For the operatability of a coolant expansion tank of this type, especially for the following-back of the coolant from the expansion tank into the filling chamber by means of a vacuum, it is not only important that the exterior walls of the coolant expansion tank are tight, but also that the partition separates the expansion chamber and the filling chamber tightly from one another.
It is the objective of the invention to provide a coolant expansion tank, particularly for motor vehicle internal-combustion engines, in which simultaneously with the checking of the exterior walls of the coolant expansion tank concerning their tightness, also the partition separating the filling chamber and the expansion chamber from one another can be examined with respect to its tightness.
These and other objectives are achieved by forming the position between the filing and expansion chambers as double wall having a monitorable checking space therebetween.
This development of the partition makes possible a checking of the tightness of said partition. For checking the tightness of the coolant expansion tank, a test agent, possibly under pressure, is filled into the coolant expansion tank. If the partition is not tight, the test agent comes out in the testing space formed by two walls of the double wall. This can be determined by monitoring the testing space so that in this manner, the checked coolant expansion tank can be recognized as being leaky. Leaky points of the exterior wall of the coolant expansion tank can be determined in the same working cycle by the emerging of the testing agent at the corresponding points of the exterior valve.
In an advantageous development of the invention, the two wall of the partition are made into a testing chamber by means of transverse walls. In this way, a closed testing chamber is formed. In the case of one embodiment, the exterior walls of this testing chamber are the same dimension as the exterior walls of the adjacent filling chamber and expansion chamber.
For the monitoring of the testing chamber, in the case of a further development of the invention, at least one transverse wall has at least one opening leading to the outside. If the partition between the filling chamber and the expansion chamber is leaky, testing agent, as described above, will enter the testing chamber and go to the outside through the opening. The leakiness of the partition can therefore be recognized by the fact that testing agent emerges from the opening. It is advantageous to provide openings of this type at all exterior walls of the testing chamber so that the orientation of the coolant expansion tank is not important during its leak test.
In a further development of the invention, it is provided that between the two walls of the partition, a connecting line is arranged that connects the filling chamber and the expansion chamber with one another. Thus, the connecting line is integrated into the coolant expansion tank, which is particularly advantageous for the manufacturing and the operability of the coolant expansion tank. Also by providing the connecting line between both walls of the testing space, the tightness of the connecting line is checked simultaneously with the leak test of the coolant expansion tank and particularly of the partition. The reason is that, if the connecting line is leaky, testing agent will emerge from the connecting line into the testing space which can be determined as described above.
For the manufacturing of the coolant expansion tank, it is advantageous for the coolant expansion tank to consist of at least two housing parts that are fitted together along a parting line forming a joining plane. If, in this case, the joining plane intersects with the partition, simultaneously with the leak test of the partition, the partying line of the joining plane intersecting with the partition is also checked with respected to its tightness. Therefore, during the construction of the coolant expansion tank, attention does not have to be paid as to how the joining plane extends, for even when a parting line intersects with the partition and thus the possibility of leakiness of the partition because of a leaky parting line is increased, this type of leakiness can be determined reliably.
Another advantage of the coolant expansion tank according to the invention is the fact that the design of the filling chamber and the expansion chamber, the arrangement and development of the wall forming the testing space, the design and course of the connecting line within the testing space as well as the position of the joining plane of the two halves of the housing of the coolant expansion tank can be selected completely arbitrarily. The same is true for the method of manufacturing of the coolant expansion tank. It is particularly advantageous to construct the coolant expansion tank as an injection-molded part made of plastic.
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description when taken with the accompanying drawings which show, for purposes of illustration only, an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. |
New Additions to "Lakota Siberian Kennels Ranch" yes I have chickens now! I am going to mix in fresheggs and home grown chicken in my Siberian Huskiesfood! Updated this page on 10-16-14!
Meet"Zalto"he a new male to our kennels and is a AKC Registered Woolly Siberian Husky! He is going to be one of my main breeder males! Updated this page on 3-13-17.
"Zalto"
What's new at Lakota Siberian Kennels!
We are now on Facebook. You can become a fan and a friend of Lakota Siberian Kennels on http://www.facebook.com/ You can look me up and (LIKE) my Business Page under "Lakota SiberianKennels" you can message me on my Facebook Business Page. You can also request me as a friend I have a personal page of Facebook under my name "Beverly McHargue" and I have a group page on Facebook that you can join it is "LakotaSiberian Kennels Ranch" My email address is lakotasiberiankennels@yahoo.com If you have bought a Siberian Husky or Wolf/Hybrid puppy from me, you can post updated pictures of your pet on my facebook wall when you (LIKE) my "Lakota Siberian Kennels" Business Page. If you are some one that just found my website and have a Husky as a pet, please feel free to send me your pictures of him or her. I will be looking to hear from you on facebook. Beverly Updated this on 3-13-17. |
On the day after Al Gore shared the Nobel Peace Prize, The Wall Street Journal’s editors couldn’t even bring themselves to mention Mr. Gore’s name. Instead, they devoted their editorial to a long list of people they thought deserved the prize more.
And at National Review Online, Iain Murray suggested that the prize should have been shared with “that well-known peace campaigner Osama bin Laden, who implicitly endorsed Gore’s stance.” You see, bin Laden once said something about climate change — therefore, anyone who talks about climate change is a friend of the terrorists.
What is it about Mr. Gore that drives right-wingers insane?
Partly it’s a reaction to what happened in 2000, when the American people chose Mr. Gore but his opponent somehow ended up in the White House. Both the personality cult the right tried to build around President Bush and the often hysterical denigration of Mr. Gore were, I believe, largely motivated by the desire to expunge the stain of illegitimacy from the Bush administration.
And now that Mr. Bush has proved himself utterly the wrong man for the job — to be, in fact, the best president Al Qaeda’s recruiters could have hoped for — the symptoms of Gore derangement syndrome have grown even more extreme. |
* hard nofile 50000
* soft nofile 50000
* hard nproc 50000
* soft nproc 50000
root hard nproc 50000
root soft nproc 50000
|
Nice review, and the FX700 is also my favorite universal out of all of the universals I have ever heard - despite not owning it anymore. With that said (I use to go round and round with average_joe and others regarding the SM3), I believe there is no king in universal IEMs. There is certainly, however, a high court of royalty when it comes to universal IEMs. The FX700 sits up there proudly with the SM3, SM2, SE535 and other top tier I have heard. So it really comes down to each individual's sound signature preference. Of course, this is just my opinion, and again, the FX700 is my favorite universal IEM ever (so far). Very nice review indeed.
Nice review, and the FX700 is also my favorite universal out of all of the universals I have ever heard - despite not owning it anymore. With that said (I use to go round and round with average_joe and others regarding the SM3), I believe there is no king in universal IEMs. There is certainly, however, a high court of royalty when it comes to universal IEMs. The FX700 sits up there proudly with the SM3, SM2, SE535 and other top tier I have heard. So it really comes down to each individual's sound signature preference. Of course, this is just my opinion, and again, the FX700 is my favorite universal IEM ever (so far). Very nice review indeed.
you got me interested :) my first foray into the world of really good dynamic IEMs was the Monster Miles Davis Tribute. If these are "better", then I already want an audition. I am a bit of a detail/timbre/realism freak too having owned a pair of customs, "anaemic-sounding" IEMs (tongue in cheek!) as well as a scattering of electrostats. Few IEMs can combine visceral, well controlled bass with a natural, detailed sound.
EDIT: how is the cable? it doesn't look like it'll last more than a few years of daily use :S
The MD Tributes are very nice as well but the sound is less defined. The FX700 is in another league for detail, separation and timbre and sound more neutral than the MDs, without sacrificing musicality.
The MD Tributes are very nice as well but the sound is less defined. The FX700 is in another league for detail, separation and timbre and sound more neutral than the MDs, without sacrificing musicality.
I don't know if it is true but I've heard the Monster Turbine line in general has slower bass, which leads to less instrument separation and a more blended sound. I have no idea if that is accurate but I've heard the complete opposite of the JVC's. I'm really looking forward to receiving mine; hopefully one day this coming week.
Edit: The MD's would interest me if someone can confirm what I've read/heard previously is incorrect.
I don't know if it is true but I've heard the Monster Turbine line in general has slower bass, which leads to less instrument separation and a more blended sound. I have no idea if that is accurate but I've heard the complete opposite of the JVC's. I'm really looking forward to receiving mine; hopefully one day this coming week.
Edit: The MD's would interest me if someone can confirm what I've read/heard previously is incorrect.
You are correct about the more blended sound, though I can't remember the speed of the bass. As mentioned earlier, the JVC's take sound staging and instrument separation and imaging to a different level.
I have a pair of FX700s on the way from Pricejapan right now. I'm really looking forward to comparing them to my MDTs. My only previous quality IEMs were the UM3X and RE0. The MDTs sound far more lively and musical than either of those IMO. If the FX700s sound better than the MDTs, which i'm led to believe they do, then that'll be just great. I'm looking for a Sony X1060 to partner them. I doubt my Rockbox'd Clip+ and iPhone 4 will really do them justice. |
multiple of 122?
False
Is 129148 a multiple of 2?
True
Is 425 a factor of 857225?
True
Is 329799 a multiple of 82?
False
Is 107 a factor of 27285?
True
Does 48 divide 23477471?
False
Is 1530522 a multiple of 27?
True
Is 29 a factor of 3890901?
True
Does 117 divide 5373358?
False
Is 2397 a factor of 4233977?
False
Does 6 divide 1224626?
False
Does 18 divide 5069340?
True
Is 64 a factor of 11010?
False
Does 14 divide 45419?
False
Is 673466 a multiple of 86?
True
Is 380302 a multiple of 20?
False
Does 40 divide 636600?
True
Is 402151 a multiple of 21?
False
Is 1043 a factor of 2065140?
True
Does 36 divide 49858?
False
Is 54288 a multiple of 72?
True
Is 9 a factor of 13718271?
False
Is 232 a factor of 1467607?
False
Is 53 a factor of 275139?
False
Is 3143777 a multiple of 68?
False
Is 82368 a multiple of 44?
True
Does 444 divide 1737163?
False
Does 10 divide 383500?
True
Does 47 divide 1726281?
False
Is 340463 a multiple of 49?
False
Is 1467810 a multiple of 24?
False
Does 17 divide 11644541?
True
Is 362 a factor of 237110?
True
Is 1282 a factor of 311058?
False
Does 2160 divide 8009280?
True
Is 593663 a multiple of 1850?
False
Is 74 a factor of 181363?
False
Does 28 divide 2338890?
False
Is 97022 a multiple of 13?
False
Is 326834 a multiple of 80?
False
Is 178 a factor of 1203102?
True
Does 379 divide 282734?
True
Is 24 a factor of 479691?
False
Is 234 a factor of 2863672?
False
Is 303351 a multiple of 16?
False
Is 3598224 a multiple of 42?
True
Does 55 divide 1034363?
False
Does 12 divide 3959773?
False
Is 10531774 a multiple of 388?
False
Is 22 a factor of 146820?
False
Is 1096823 a multiple of 13?
True
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True
Is 125 a factor of 27566?
False
Is 475 a factor of 424650?
True
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True
Is 245 a factor of 2989735?
True
Is 165 a factor of 149655?
True
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False
Is 18 a factor of 14988816?
True
Is 22 a factor of 342567?
False
Is 75 a factor of 397934?
False
Does 87 divide 32277?
True
Does 9 divide 33405512?
False
Is 853362 a multiple of 5?
False
Is 115 a factor of 25414624?
False
Is 404 a factor of 29486328?
False
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True
Does 353 divide 478315?
True
Is 13505026 a multiple of 31?
True
Is 46 a factor of 61824?
True
Is 36 a factor of 5040?
True
Is 5 a factor of 35830?
True
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True
Is 11 a factor of 1355179?
False
Is 9 a factor of 2663478?
True
Is 261 a factor of 534497?
False
Does 12 divide 163197?
False
Is 32 a factor of 243214?
False
Is 729298 a multiple of 58?
False
Is 1080700 a multiple of 107?
True
Is 28592 a multiple of 3?
False
Does 1505 divide 20942304?
False
Is 476910 a multiple of 105?
True
Is 46354 a multiple of 81?
False
Is 30 a factor of 270690?
True
Is 84176 a multiple of 40?
False
Does 1137 divide 3236018?
False
Does 49 divide 429591?
False
Is 164010 a multiple of 7?
True
Is 5 a factor of 3071848?
False
Is 1055824 a multiple of 61?
False
Is 138 a factor of 543501?
False
Is 28 a factor of 152031?
False
Is 137 a factor of 1530975?
True
Is 5712 a multiple of 84?
True
Does 54 divide 578448?
True
Is 427690 a multiple of 95?
True
Does 357 divide 2350488?
True
Does 67 divide 41741?
True
Is 3845468 a multiple of 25?
False
Is 153955 a multiple of 23?
False
Is 208080 a multiple of 36?
True
Is 892736 a multiple of 58?
True
Is 104 a factor of 3596361?
False
Does 21 divide 11298?
True
Is 137592 a multiple of 104?
True
Is 17944 a multiple of 150?
False
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False
Does 13 divide 3618816?
False
Is 446473 a multiple of 19?
False
Does 7 divide 247?
False
Is 193 a factor of 3790332?
False
Does 47 divide 17860?
True
Is 1800837 a multiple of 12?
False
Does 2 divide 143153?
False
Does 48 divide 2853360?
True
Does 63 divide 780759?
True
Is 5 a factor of 325988?
False
Does 11 divide 258863?
True
Is 11519147 a multiple of 43?
False
Is 160080 a multiple of 184?
True
Does 645 divide 240585?
True
Is 22 a factor of 1843006?
True
Does 126 divide 276696?
True
Does 19 divide 5110116?
False
Does 24 divide 3255168?
True
Is 81108 a multiple of 155?
False
Is 40 a factor of 36176320?
True
Does 368 divide 11134944?
True
Does 299 divide 1571147?
False
Does 1080 divide 516908?
False
Does 52 divide 124326?
False
Does 548 divide 6911359?
False
Is 12 a factor of 111429?
False
Is 2986416 a multiple of 432?
True
Does 3 divide 47803?
False
Is 673 a factor of 560616?
False
Is 144 a factor of 693360?
True
Does 266 divide 406388?
False
Is 11 a factor of 22051?
False
Is 112475 a multiple of 25?
True
Does 24 divide 4312271?
False
Does 33 divide 41778?
True
Does 15 divide 304980?
True
Does 27 divide 299816?
False
Is 346 a factor of 56614?
False
Is 85237 a multiple of 4?
False
Does 6 divide 10626?
True
Is 679260 a multiple of 15?
True
Does 7 divide 2484523?
False
Does 37 divide 693047?
True
Is 467302 a multiple of 24?
False
Is 3948539 a multiple of 296?
False
Is 71 a factor of 77177?
True
Is 6789 a multiple of 306?
False
Is 8 a factor of 13334232?
True
Is 67472 a multiple of 8?
True
Is 965859 a multiple of 93?
False
Does 4 divide 609233?
False
Is 979 a factor of 1016202?
True
Does 308 divide 117812?
False
Is 180 a factor of 3564243?
False
Is 70875 a multiple of 175?
True
Does 265 divide 4184085?
True
Does 33 divide 1760517?
True
Does 20 divide 362814?
False
Does 1585 divide 5539575?
True
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True
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False
Is 71750 a multiple of 7?
True
Does 10 divide 3846282?
False
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False
Is 78 a factor of 485316?
True
Does 413 divide 193697?
True
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True
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True
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False
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True
Does 204 divide 1991040?
True
Does 7 divide 1180910?
False
Is 214 a factor of 10689942?
True
Does 7 divide 244836?
False
Is 2110932 a multiple of 614?
True
Does 416 divide 2034174?
False
Is 296711 a multiple of 221?
False
Is 9310 a multiple of 11?
False
Does 249 divide 213393?
True
Is 59 a factor of 92645?
False
Does 4 divide 132381?
False
Is 13 a factor of 308176?
False
Is 27 a factor of 27065485?
False
Does 1726 divide 11404147?
False
Is 634 a factor of 12577926?
True
Does 123 divide 105202?
False
Is 244455 a multiple of 379?
True
Is 35730 a multiple of 14?
False
Is 1009038 a multiple of 31?
False
Is 6 a factor of 4442142?
True
Does 428 divide 11105046?
False
Is 3 a factor of 25438?
False
Is 16 a factor of 505749?
False
Is 353400 a multiple of 20?
True
Does 401 divide 8020000?
True
Is 53 a factor of 5221961?
False
Is 65 a factor of 322400?
True
Does 12 divide 770088?
True
Is 168232 a multiple of 420?
False
Is 1364 a factor of 3711444?
True
Does 4 divide 372430?
False
Is 3992464 a multiple of 146?
False
Is 1140600 a multiple of 75?
True
Is 5172675 a multiple of 425?
True
Does 134 divide 1954208?
False
Does 14 divide 50834?
True
Is 254 a factor of 40763?
False
Is 13573107 a multiple of 21?
False
Is 210310 a multiple of 15?
False
Is 3943792 a multiple of 38?
True
Does 127 divide 1087501?
True
Is 258129 a multiple of 67?
False
Is 603536 a multiple of 563?
True
Is 141408 a multiple of 8?
True
Is 45 a factor of 163980?
True
Is 5489 a multiple of 10?
False
Does 35 divide 433580?
True
Does 27 divide 2246985?
False
Is 70998 a multiple of 10?
False
Is 122694 a multiple of 121?
True
Is 781814 a multiple of 590?
False
Is 236 a factor of 15147901?
False
Is 9 a factor of 178038?
True
Is 2280177 a multiple of 237?
True
Is 42168 a multiple of 56?
True
Is 134570 a multiple of 9?
False
Does 521 divide 11720416?
True
Does 12 divide 423324?
True
Is 10 a factor of 625429?
False
Does 101 divide 147509?
False
Is 992466 a multiple of 426?
False
Does 3 divide 17376?
True
Is 52 a factor of 1638468?
True
Is 127 a factor of 6140496?
False
Does 24 divide 2254668?
False
Does 22 divide 1366415?
False
Is 108444 a multiple of 28?
True
Is 69 a factor of 857118?
True
Is 98 a factor of 359723?
False
Is 802 a factor of 20582900?
False
Is 6753871 a multiple of 139?
True
Is 390 a factor of 565727?
False
Is 691 a factor of 2415045?
True
Is 96432 a multiple of 14?
True
Is 35 a factor of 507069?
False
Does 13 divide 6354275?
False
Is 156778 a multiple of 660?
False
Is 76461 a multiple of 231?
True
Does 1095 divide 1326193?
False
Is 22 a factor of 252252?
True
Does 60 di |
I'll be going on with Alex Jones very soon, presumably to discuss Iran. But we'll see... we always seem to end up off on a tangent that I didn't see coming.Yeah, we really didn't discuss Iran. And I did NOT see those particular tangents coming.
Labels: media |
Anti-selective vicinal silaboration and diboration of alkynoates through phosphine organocatalysis.
Trialkylphosphine organocatalysts have enabled anti-selective vicinal silaboration and diboration of the C-C triple bond in alkynoates to produce β-boryl-α-silyl acrylates and α,β-diboryl acrylates, respectively. The anti stereoselectivity was complete and robust. A variety of functional groups were tolerated in the alkynoates. The two vicinally installed heteroatom substituents of the β-boryl-α-silyl acrylates and α,β-diboryl acrylates could be differentiated and transformed in a stepwise manner, allowing the synthesis of a diverse array of unsymmetrical tetrasubstituted alkenes. |
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More Houses for Consumers Meant More White House for Obama
Written by: Brian O'Connell11/09/12 - 1:50 PM EST
NEW YORK ( TheStreet) -- While Democrats celebrate President Obama's re-election victory and Republicans are left to pick up the pieces, pundits are busy tweeting and texting the reasons why the president won so handily.
But few are talking about the U.S. housing market and its re-emergence as a huge factor in the U.S. economy, and, as it turns out, in the re-election of the president.
Check that -- at least one outfit is crediting the recent housing boomlet as a major reason the white House remained in Democratic hands.
A new report out by Clear Capital , a Truckee, Calif., real estate financial services firm says that the president was "assisted" by the housing market's "sprint" over the past few months. But the firm says that the housing market is a fickle beast, and that a full-blown housing recovery may not be in the cards over the next four years.
The firm's HDI Market Report , which tracks the housing market through the end of October, shows positive housing trends "were a tailwind" for President Obama's election.
But while that tailwind was enough to help propel the president to victory on Tuesday, the longer-term view is less bullish. Clear Capital says that "phase two" of the housing market recovery largely relies on the White House and Congress working with the housing industry to "reduce regulatory uncertainty."
"Now that the election is finally behind us, there should be no more political risk in addressing the housing problem head-on," offers Alex Villacorta, director of research and analytics at Clear Capital. "President Obama's housing policies must evolve to turn the recovery's sprint into a marathon."
Villacorta points to an average U.S. home price appreciation figure of 4.6% this year, which "caught the attention of voters." Now that voters are tuned into the housing market, it would be a great time for the president to develop a "bold" housing market policy that boosted lending from banks and mortgage companies.
"Even with the higher-than-historical annual average returns, lenders are still understandably cautious in the current environment of regulatory uncertainty," Villacorta adds. "And that's left the middle class out in the cold, enticed by record affordability levels but unable to qualify for a loan. President Obama's opportunity is now to press policy-makers to clear up regulations. Only then will lenders have confidence to fully re-engage in the housing market."
Even if housing did enough to push the president across the finish line, the market has a long way to go before fully recovering. Clear Capital says that while home prices are up by 4.6% in 2012 overall, prices are still off an average of 37.6% from the market peak in 2006.
"Whether directly or indirectly, it would be hard to find a voter who hadn't been adversely affected by the housing collapse, and many are still at risk," says the Clear Capital report. "Given these losses, a home purchased for $200,000 in 2006 would likely be worth just $124,800 today. Obviously housing is a central issue for many voters, and we still have a long road ahead of us." |
Gwendoline Christie feels special to be in new 'Star Wars' film
Los Angeles, July 9 (IANS) “Game of Thrones” star Gwendoline Christie says it is “special” to be a part of the new “Star Wars” movie, and every day on set is exciting.
The 38-year-old actress is still amazed she was cast as Captain Phasma in “Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens” – a role she will reprise in the next instalment “The Last Jedi” – and admits every day on set is still very “exciting”, reports femalefirst.co.uk.
“It’s so special. Everyone there… I can’t express to you… Everyone there is so enthusiastic and delighted,” she said.
“I loved ‘Star Wars’ from when I was really little. I didn’t think I’d be in a ‘Star Wars’ film.
“Whoever things they’re going to be in a ‘Star Wars’ film? Every day is really exciting,” she added.
Christie says her enthusiasm is shared by all of the cast and crew.
She added to Total Film magazine: “There’s a childlike enthusiasm as well, everyone from the director down says, ‘Woah, we’re doing ‘Star Wars’.’ “ |
Raw Water Treatment Chemicals
The Raw Water Treatment Chemicals, which is idyllically utilized in the treatment of water and industrial effluents. We compose these chemicals by using scale inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors and various other constituents to make sure finest quality in our water treatment chemicals. The products which we cater under Raw Water Treatment Chemicals are Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon granular, Activated Carbon Powder, Anthracite, Birm Media, Bleaching Powder etc.
The chemicals are known for non-toxicity, precise pH value, eco friendly, complete elimination of scale and fouling from the system. Our chemicals are comprised of Flocculants / Settling Aids, Filtration Aids, De-oiling Polyelectrolyte and dewatering aids.
Entire range of our water treatment chemicals is superiorly utilized as scale & corrosion inhibitor, silica dispersant, sludge conditioners in all types of water treatment plants and boilers.
Activated carbon
CHEMTEX'S Activated CarbonGranular are used for water purificationin ACF (Activated Carbon Filter). There are various grades of activated carbon available depending upon mesh size, iodine content, acid volume etc.CHEMTEX'S Activated Carbonare available in grades such as powder, granular, pellets etc.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life.
Activated carbon granular
CHEMTEX'S Activated Carbon Granular are used for water purificationin ACF (Activated Carbon Filter). There are various grades of activated carbon available depending upon mesh size, iodine content, acid volume etc.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life.
Activated carbon powder
CHEMTEX'S Activated Carbon Powder is a superior quality Activated Carbon Powder that is being manufactured from PINE WOOD only by 'acid wash' process through steam activation. PINE WOOD based charcoal is soft, has a high degree of porosity, high purity and therefore gives better results as compared to other forms of carbons.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life.
Birm Media
Chemtex offers BIRM MEDIA which is an efficient cum economical media for the reduction of dissolved iron and manganese compounds from raw water. It is used in either gravity fed or pressurized water treatment systems. Birm Media acts as an insoluble catalyst to enhance the reaction between dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and the iron compounds.
Birm Media acts as a catalyst between the oxygen and the soluble iron compounds, enhances the oxidation reaction of Fe++ to Fe+++ and produces ferric hydroxide which precipitates and may be easily filtered.
Key Features and Benefits
Reduces maintenance cost
Regeneration of media is not required
Longer material life with relatively low attrition loss
Iron removal efficiency is superior
Reduced labor: only periodic back washing is required.
Durable material with a long life and wide temperature range.
Economic advantage
Excellent filter media which is easily cleaned by backwashing.
Application and Dosage
For using birm media It is necessary that the water does not contain oil or hydrogen sulfide, the organic matter should not exceed 4-5 ppm, the Dissolved Oxygen content equal at least 15% of the iron content with a pH = 6.8 or more. If the influent water has a pH that is less than 6.8 then neutralizing additives such as potassium carbonate may be used prior to Birm filter to raise the pH. Water having a low D.O. level may be pretreated by aeration. Chlorination greatly reduces Birm media\92s activity. High concentrations of chlorine compounds may deplete the catalytic coating of the media.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life.
Bleaching Powder
CHEMTEX'S Bleaching powder also known as chlorinated lime is a yellowish-white powder easily soluble in water. The chlorine content of bleaching powder varies from 35 - 40%. If temperature of lime kept between 30°C \96 40°C bleaching powder with available chlorine up to 40% is obtained. It is not hygroscopic, if kept under 40°C. It is mainly used as a bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. The major use of bleaching powder is in paper industry, textile industry and oil industry. It is also used in all chemical industry where bleaching is required.
Application and Dosage
You are requested to refer your Chemtex representative for advising you the best dosage or application method.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life.
Sodium Hypochlorite
CHEMTEX'S Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl. It is composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a hypochlorite anion (ClO-); it may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. It is commonly known as bleach or liquid bleach or liquid chlorine, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent.
Sodium Hypochlorite is available in variants such as 5% chlorine content, 10% chlorine content and 12% chlorine content. For higher chlorine content \96 Chlorine Granules are also available.
Application and Dosage
You are requested to refer your Chemtex representative for advising you the best dosage or application method.
Handling measures and precautions
Proper human safety products such as Splash goggles, lab coat, vapor respirator, gloves and boots should be worn while handling and applying chemicals. Splashes on skin should be washed off with water immediately. In case of splashing into the eyes, flush it with fresh water and obtain medical attention. Should not be injected. Please refer MSDS for more details.
Storage
This product should be stored in original containers in cool and dry place, away from sources of heat, flame and direct sunlight. Please refer Technical Data Sheet, Label and MSDS for more details and shelf life. |
package nest.sparkle.tools
import scala.concurrent.{ExecutionContext, Future}
import scala.language.existentials
import scala.reflect.runtime.universe._
import nest.sparkle.store.Column
import nest.sparkle.store.EventGroup.transposeSlices
import nest.sparkle.store.Store
import nest.sparkle.util.Log
import nest.sparkle.util.ObservableFuture.WrappedObservable
import nest.sparkle.util.StringUtil.lastPart
/** Base trait for exporting data from the column Store in tabular form.
* Subclasses should call leafDatSet() to retrieve a table of data from all
* the columns in a leaf DataSet, or column() to retrieve a table of data
* from a particular column.
*/
trait Exporter extends Log {
implicit def execution: ExecutionContext
def store: Store
/** a table of data along with the name and type of its columns. */
case class Tabular(rows: Future[Seq[Row]], columns: Seq[NameAndType])
case class Row(values: Seq[Option[Any]])
case class NameAndType(name: String, typed: TypeTag[_])
/** return a table of data from all the columns in a leaf dataSet, where
* a leaf dataSet is a dataSet with only columns (not other dataSets) as
* children */
protected def leafDatSet(dataSet: String): Future[Tabular] = {
store.leafDataSetColumnPaths(dataSet).flatMap { columnPaths =>
exportRows(columnPaths)
}
}
/** return a table of data from a particular column */
protected def column(columnPath: String): Future[Tabular] = {
exportRows(Seq(columnPath))
}
/** return a table of data from the specified columns */
private def exportRows(columnPaths: Seq[String]): Future[Tabular] = {
val futureNameColumns = fetchColumns(columnPaths)
futureNameColumns.map { nameColumns =>
val (names, columns) = nameColumns.unzip
val columnTypes = {
val keyTypes = columns.map(_.keyType)
require(keyTypes.forall { _ == keyTypes(0) })
val valueTypes = columns.map(_.valueType)
keyTypes.head +: valueTypes
}
val columnNames = {
val columnValueNames = names.map { lastPart(_) }
"key" +: columnValueNames
}
val namesAndTypes = columnNames zip columnTypes map { case (name, typed) => NameAndType(name, typed) }
val rows = fetchAndCompositeRows(columns)
Tabular(rows, namesAndTypes)
}
}
/** return a future containing Column from the store along with their columnPath */
private def fetchColumns(names: Seq[String]): Future[Seq[(String, Column[_, _])]] = {
val futureColumns =
names.map { name =>
store.column[Any, Any](name).map { column => name -> column }
}
Future.sequence(futureColumns)
}
/** fetch all the events from a set of columns and composite the column data into
* into tabular rows
*/
private def fetchAndCompositeRows(columns: Seq[Column[_, _]]): Future[Seq[Row]] = {
val events = columns.map { column =>
val castColumn = column.asInstanceOf[Column[Any, Any]]
castColumn.readRangeOld().initial.toFutureSeq
}
Future.sequence(events).map { allEvents =>
// convert from columnar form to tabular form.
transposeSlices(allEvents).map { values => Row(values) }
}
}
}
|
Sunday, January 8, 2012
Libya, the ICC and Credible Commitments
The Libyan National Transitional Council's reception of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir has sparked some consternation regarding the NTC's commitment to the rule-of-law given outstanding International Criminal Court warrant for Bashir's arrest. Fellow Georgetowner Daniel Solomon posted a very good response yesterday, arguing that the NTC's decision to welcome Bashir and spurn the ICC warrant is largely reflective of its overriding interest in maintaining good relations with its neighbor (which actively supported the anti-Gaddafi forces) rather than a massive rule-of-law failure. Certainly short-term political gains would overwhelm any ancillary benefit to the NTC for enforcing the ICC warrant, particularly seeing as Libya remains a non-signatory to the Rome Statute.
Yet as Daniel points out, the NTC has also been wary about ICC prosecution of Gaddafi-era crimes, preferring instead to prosecute through domestic courts. Does the NTC's avoidance of the ICC therefore say anything about its domestic rule-of-law commitment?
I argue that it might, though not in the way that one might expect. Paradoxically, political science theory suggests that a state with a recent history of civil war that has a strong commitment to rule-of-law will be less likely to bind itself to the ICC. The explanation lies in the intersection between the role of IOs and Libyan domestic political imperatives. Leaders are very careful about surrendering state sovereignty to international organizations and only do so when there is a clear political benefit. Credible commitment or "hand-tying" theories of international institutions emphasize the advantages of being restrained by an external actor. Governments may want to convince domestic audiences that they will refrain from a particular behavior but lack the ability to make that commitment believable. International agreements provide a means of signalling credibility since enforcement is no longer in the hands of the (untrustworthy) government.
Simmons and Danner (2010) (gated)(ungated but older) argue that the ICC is an example of such a "hand-tying" institution. Paradoxically, they find that nondemocracies and weak rule-of-law countries with a recent history of civil war are actually highly likely to sign on to the ICC but that democracies and states with strong rule-of-law that also have a recent history of civil war are some of the least likely to sign. Credible commitment theory provides an explanation for this pattern. Governments would like to signal to the various post-civil war factions (in particular their opponents) that they will refrain from committing atrocities (in order to prevent a return to civil war). However, without democratic accountability or strong rule of law, such signals tend to lack substance. The ICC therefore provides a means for constraining leaders that simply does not exist at the domestic level. When states do have these sorts of local commitment mechanisms, the incentives for joining the ICC decrease.
If the commitment explanation for state behavior is accurate, then the NTC's tenuous relationship with the International Criminal Court may suggest a belief by Libyan transitional leaders that their domestic reforms are a sufficient signal that they will not return to Gaddafi-style repression. Given the NTC's professed goal of establishing democratic and accountable institutions, one would expect Libya to be less likely to turn to the ICC as a post-civil war commitment mechanism, given that the sovereignty costs are still high, but the signalling benefits are not uniquely advantageous. However, the task of disarming militias and integrating fighters remains daunting and if not done properly, could increase the risk of renewed violence. Indeed, if the NTC begins to lack credibility in the eyes of some factions, then it may start looking outward to international organizations as a means of reassurance.
Certainly it is too early to predict the attitude of the new Libyan state toward the International Criminal Court. However, past research suggests that a state's level of commitment to the rule-of-law does not necessarily correspond to its level of commitment to international legal institutions. One should be wary about making direct inferences between the two as international organizations and domestic legal systems have very distinct purposes. |
---
address: 'Institut f. Theoret. Physik, Univ. Würzburg D–97074 Würzburg, [*Federal Republic of Germany*]{}'
author:
- 'H. Feldmann and R. Oppermann'
bibliography:
- 'oppgroup.bib'
title: 'Random Magnetic Interactions and Spin Glass Order Competing with Superconductivity: Interference of the Quantum Parisi Phase'
---
|
Q:
Date/time field cant be selected in scheduled action in Process Builder
I have a custom object with a custom date/time formula field. When I try to select this field in the processbuilder the field does not show up. Am I missing something?
See image
A:
The Process Builder can't see fields that you can't see. You will need to go to the formula field, click on Set Field Level Security, and check the field as Visible. Note that having the field hidden won't hinder the ability for the Process to execute (it runs in System mode), but the Process Builder itself runs in User mode.
|
Q:
Fetch nested data from Internet
How to fetch nested json response ? I can fetch direct value but cant fetch nested values
{
"username":"aa",
"data":{
"key":"value",
"anotherKey":"anotherValue"
}
}
A:
You have to first decode your json like this-
var respBody = jsonDecode(response.body);
Then you can use respBody["data"]["key"]
|
259 F.2d 766
BUILDERS CORPORATION OF AMERICA, a Corporation, and HerlongSierra Homes, Inc., a Corporation, Appellants,v.UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
No. 15533.
United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.
May 6, 1958.
Landis, Brody & Martin, Alvin Landis, Sacramento, Cal., for appellants.
George Cochran Doub, Asst. Atty. Gen., Morton Hollander, Paul A. Sweeney, William W. Ross, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., Lloyd H. Burke, U.S. Atty., San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.
Before DENMAN, POPE and FEE, Circuit Judges.
JAMES ALGER FEE, Circuit Judge.
1
This is an action whereby Builders Corporation of America1 and Herlong Sierra Homes, Inc.,2 which built a series of dwelling houses adjacent to Sierra-Ordnance Depot,3 a military installation, in an isolated location far from points of urban development, for the military and civilian personnel of the Depot, claimed to have been damaged by the acts and negligence of certain agents of the United States, who, contrary to orders, prevented the personnel from occupying these dwellings.4 Judgment against Builders and Homes was entered by the trial court after a motion to dismiss had been sustained.5 This appeal followed.
2
The sole question is whether the motion to dismiss should have been sustained or the facts should have been further developed before judgment entered.
3
The complaint sets out allegations which are here summarized.
4
The government, through the Department of Defense, operates the Sierra-Ordnance Depot in a desolate and isolated region of California. The officers in charge thereof are agents of the United States. The Federal Housing Administration is authorized under federal law to insure mortgages on housing built for rent for residential use for civilian and military personnel. The Federal Housing Administration is a constituent agency of the Housing and Home Finance Agency of the federal government. It encourages improvements in housing conditions and provides a system of mutual mortgage insurance. Where rental housing is built by private enterprise on or near military reservations, the mortgage may be insured by the Federal Housing Administration only when the Secretary of Defense or his designee shall have certified that it is necessary to provide adequate housing for the personnel, that the installation is a permanent part of the Military Establishment, and that there is no present intention to curtail activities at that installation. The Federal National Mortgage Association is a federal agency which aids in effecting these purposes by providing a secondary market for mortgages insured or approved by the Federal Housing Administration.
5
Because of the isolated location of the Sierra-Ordnance Depot, the Department of Defense had constructed temporary housing for civilian and military personnel there, which had become inadequate. The department of Defense entered into negotiations with the Federal Housing Administration and other federal agencies to obtain and finance, by insuring mortgages thereon, the construction of dwelling houses to adequately house the personnel above mentioned. The Secretary of the Army certified the requirements above mentioned and also certified that the personnel who were expected to occupy these dwelling units would be capable of paying the rentals proposed. The Federal Housing Administration, upon this certification, agreed to insure the mortgages on these dwelling units.
6
Plaintiffs, thereupon, relying upon the administrative rulings of the Department of Defense and the commitment of the Federal Housing Administration to insure the mortgages, undertook to construct these dwelling house. The dwelling houses were constructed and were all ready for occupancy by August, 1954. The mortgages were privately negotiated and were to be insured or purchased by Federal Housing Administration or Federal National Mortgage Association. The Commanding General of the Sixth Army, by three different positive orders to the Commanding Officer of the Sierra-Ordnance Depot, directed that a coordinated and aggressive program (the details of which are alleged) be developed to attain full occupation of the dwelling houses so constructed. Notwithstanding the fact that the Commanding Officer of the Depot and other government agents knew there were no other available tenants in virtue of the isolated situation of the base and that plaintiffs would be required to spend money in the payments on mortgages, taxes and operation and maintenance of the property, they did not follow these directions. It is directly alleged that these government agents, 'with intention of damaging plaintiffs, deliberately, intentionally, and wilfully failed and refused to carry out the orders issued as aforesaid and failed and refused to initiate or implement any program to assure maximum occupancy of the dwelling units constructed by plaintiffs; failed and refused to establish income limitations for those who were to occupy the houses owned and operated by the defendant, United States of America, as part of the Sierra-Ordnance Depot; failed and refused to take any action to demolish any of the temporary and substandard housing; and failed and refused to issue notices to those specified in said orders to vacate government housing not later than the 1st day of September, 1954.'
7
It is further set up that these agents of the government, for the purpose of delaying and preventing civilian and military personnel from occupying these dwelling houses and to circumvent the orders and directives above recited, made false statements to the Commanding General of the Sixth Army, Federal Housing Administration and Housing and Home Finance Company, concerning structural defects in these houses, and charged that plaintiffs had improperly constructed the same. It is further alleged that these agents of the government, 'acting within the scope of their authority and employment, by threats and intimidation and abuse of the authority vested in them by virtue of their respective positions, sought to and did preclude and prevent said military and civilian personnel from moving into said dwelling units constructed by plaintiffs.' Plaintiffs set up that they lost rental income and were otherwise damaged in a sum over three million dollars.
8
There is a second cause of action where a similar state of facts is alleged, but the government agents are said to have acted carelessly and negligently in failing to carry out the orders and directives and in making false statements as to the construction of the dwelling houses.
9
A motion to dismiss was interposed on two grounds: (1) that the complaint failed to state a cause of action, and (2) that the court lacked jurisdiction over the subject matter of the action under the Tort Claims Act.
10
The opinion as to the first count of the complaint goes on the ground that Congress, by the Tort Claims Act, did not surrender the traditional immunity of the United States from suit in certain specific areas there outlined. In one of these, no recovery can be had for the tort of interference with contract rights.6 The trial court held that the law of California applied. With this position we agree.7 The analysis of the law of that state indicates clearly that both interference of contract rights and interference with prospective advantage depend upon the same principles. There is no doubt that the analysis of the trial court is thorough and correct. If the claim of plaintiffs is based upon the alleged willful interference of the government agents with the actual rental contracts with civilian and military personnel, it must fail. There may be doubt that interference with a prospective advantage falls within the statutory exception. The trial court held, however, that the exception applied as to count one.
11
There is another ground which was argued before this Court but which was not presented in the opinion of the District Court. The Act expressly excludes from coverage torts of deceit and misrepresentation.8 It is claimed that both counts are based upon willful or negligent misrepresentation of the condition of these dwelling units to the personnel, thus preventing them from occupying these units. This Court is of opinion that the gist of the complaint as to this phase is different. In any event, the holding of the trial court is more nearly accurate in analysis.
12
As to count two, the trial court held that no claim was stated upon which relief could be granted. The basis of this ruling was that negligence was charged, but that no duty upon the part of the United States could be predicated upon the facts alleged.
13
The trial court did not consider the question of whether the facts recited in the complaint showed that the action was barred by the discretionary function exception, since the matter had been disposed of upon the grounds above recited.
14
The validity of the position of the trial court as to count one cannot be questioned, once it be admitted that there is an attempt by the pleader to state a cause of action in tort based upon interference with actual contract rights with members of the personnel of the Depot.
15
The ground chosen by the trial court was that there was no jurisdiction of count one because the allegations stated a claim for the tort of interference with contract rights. An exception in the Act exempts the government from liability for such interference, as we have seen. But the gist of the complaint is rather that the agents failed and refused to perform obligations which the government had assumed in virtue of contracts and commitments of other agencies.
16
The complaint alleges misrepresentations were made to the personnel as to the condition of the dwelling houses. There is no adequate explanation of these allegations. The purpose seems to have been to negative a defense. The representations as to the condition of the dwelling houses are alleged to have been false. It is alleged these were made by the agents, with knowledge of falsity, 'for the sole purpose of * * * justifying their disobedience of * * * orders.' However, it is plain that the misrepresentations do not constitute the gravamen of either of the claims, but rather the alleged arbitrary action and unjustified disobedience by a military commander of orders for the purpose of injuring plaintiffs in disregard of commitments of the government.
17
The loss resulting from the failure of the personnel to move into and pay rental for the dwellings is only a minor part of the bases alleged for the damages claimed. The allegations make clear that the failure of these defendants properly to carry out the commitments made and obligations assumed by the government through other of its agents or agencies resulted in a loss in the value of the property.
18
If these allegations be taken with the knowledge that the Commanding Officer of such a post has almost absolute control over the personnel living on the field, it is plain that misrepresentation may afford him self justification, but the power is the damaging factor to plaintiff.
19
In any event, the cause of action which plaintiffs attempt to state does not fall within either of the statutory exceptions.
20
As to count two, which is based upon a charge of negligence against the same agents, the trial court found no duty owing to plaintiffs was infringed upon by the acts or omissions of the agents of the government.
21
Whether a duty to plaintiffs may not be found on the part of the military officers to carry out orders received from the Department of Defense, issued to carry out commitments of other agencies, raises a question never before presented. The attorneys for the government contend that, if such a duty existed, it was owed to the United States and not to plaintiffs.
22
The removal of the bar of immunity from the sovereign has given tremendous scope to suits of this character under the Act. Even where the duty is primarily owed to the sovereign, a duty to the individual injured is at times established by the courts. If the state recognized a general doctrine requiring due care in dealings between individuals, the United States has been held liable, even though the particular occurrence had no parallel in dealings between private parties.9 Likewise, where a government officer has commenced to perform a statutory duty to the United States, he has been held to have the same duty toward a third person as if he had been a volunteer.10
23
In the area of governmental responsibility for the acts of its agents, the law is in a state of flux. This legislation was heralded as abolishing the medieval maxim,11 'The King can do no wrong,' with respect to a modern government. Recently, interpretation has vastly enlarged the sphere of responsibility of government. In this field, where the substantive law is unsettled, it is advisable to hold that a complaint should not be held without merit unless it is absolutely clear that no cause of action could be stated given the actual facts,12 especially where a statutory exception is relied upon.
24
The danger of sustaining a motion to dismiss to a complaint under the Tort Claims Act is beautifully illustrated by the Indian Towing Company case. There the claim was that the failure of a light maintained as an aid to navigation was due to the negligence of members of the Coast Guard in maintaining and servicing the light whereby a tug grounded and the cargo on her tow was wetted. The District Court sustained a motion to dismiss.13 The Court of Appeals of the Fifth Circuit affirmed. Indian Towing Co. v. United States, 5 Cir., 211 F.2d 886. The Supreme Court of the United States first affirmed by an equally divided court, 349 U.S. 902, 75 S.Ct. 575, 99 L.Ed. 1239, then restored the case for reargument, 349 U.S. 926, 75 S.Ct. 769, 99 L.Ed. 1257. Finally, by a five to four decision, the judgment of the Court of Appeals was there reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court for further proceedings, 350 U.S. 61, 76 S.Ct. 122, 100 L.Ed. 48.
25
Great emphasis has been laid upon the rule that the clauses of this statute circumscribe a field of jurisdiction. The basis of the doctrine is that the enactment is in derogation of the common law. The United States cannot be the subject of suit unless the cause falls within the boundaries laid down. No doubt this principle applies to a pleading and in certain clearcut cases can be applied. But it seems that the courts are bound to find whether the actual facts, not the pleaded 'facts,' bring the cause within the statute or no.
26
It is the announced position of the Office of the Attorney General that cases against the government will be disposed of on the merits rather than on technical interpretations of the pleadings. Here, however, a motion to dismiss was relied upon as if the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A. had never been adopted.
27
The spirit of the Rules is that technical requirements are abolished and that judgments be founded on facts and not on formalistic defects. Pretrial conferences have been authorized to carry out these objectives. Controlled discovery and proper admissions can expand the field of established fact.
28
Complete acceptance of this doctrine need not eliminate and, in truth, does not eliminate the formulation of issue by accurate pleading. But, under the present Rules, the pleadings must present at least a semblance of the truth. The doctrine that a complaint should state a cause of action has not been discarded. But the disposition to rule in such manner that no complaint can state a claim, whatever the facts, has vanished. In this case great emphasis must be laid upon the obvious fact that, if we view this complaint as filed by an individual against another individual as defendant, a cause of action under the law of California, impregnable against motion to dismiss, is stated. The statutory exceptions should be therefore treated as affirmative defenses to be determined upon the facts.
29
It is true a motion to dismiss can still be sustained where the pleader is compelled by the facts to base the complaint upon an unmistakable theory of action. A motion to dismiss is at times properly sustained to claims under the Tort Claims Act if the basis thereof is unmistakable and unsustainable. An illustrative example is Mid Central Fish Co. v. United States, D.C., 112 F.Supp. 792, affirmed sub nom., National Manufacturing Co. v. United States, 8 Cir., 210 F.2d 263, certiorari denied347 U.S. 967, 74 S.Ct. 778, 98 L.Ed. 1108. However, the entire area had theretofore been defined and delimited by pretrial conferences and orders14 in other cases, where the judgments had followed after trial.15
30
When the court inquired of the representatives of the government why no pretrial conference was held, the answer was that such procedure was unnecessary.
31
The arguments for the government were that the court had no jurisdiction to entertain the action because (1) count one constituted a claim of interference with contract rights and (2) that the gist of both counts is misrepresentation.
32
The complete answer to both propositions is that it is impossible to say from the face of the complaint that the assumptions are true. Much less is one able to say that, if one knew the facts, no judgment could be granted thereon. It is to be noted that in an ordinary action such defenses by a private party would necessarily be in the answer. It is mere accident that plaintiff must negative these grounds in the complaint.
33
But the problem remains whether the complaint stated a cause of action under California law sufficient so that the United States Supreme Court would recognize it against the government.16 In this the sphere of action is universal. The obstacles for the attorneys of the government can fly in from all directions to abolish the theory. These circumstances motivated the question of the court as to whether a pretrial conference might not have been held.
34
We have no means of knowing what the California courts would say if confronted with a situation which we are about to outline. A private person owned a great manufacturing plant on a desert isle, isolated from communication, where hundreds of men were employed. He arranged with another to invest millions in housing there, upon the affirmations that all these employees would be driven out of existing housing and thus would obtain dwellings in the new units. The other built the housing and was prepared to receive tenants. A group of supervisory employees of the factory owner, acting within the scope of their authority, without cause and contrary to the orders of the owner, told the other employees they would be fired if they went into the new housing. As a result the investment in the housing was a total loss.
35
As to whether the facts here alleged could found an action in tort or in contract or in tort with a subsidiary basis in contract, no opinion is expressed. If a cause of action in contract is pleaded, it might well not be within the jurisdiction of the District Court. Therefore, in any event, the judgment of dismissal should have been without prejudice.
36
Under such circumstances, it cannot be said that the complaint does not state a claim or a cause of suit. If the court were dealing with facts and not allegations, the matter would be clarified.
37
Pretrial conferences with frank disclosures by the government agents as well as plaintiffs would probably give a firmer basis for trial and for judgment.
38
Reversed.
39
POPE, Circuit Judge (concurring).
40
While I have some reservations about the suggestion in the court's opinion that statutory exceptions should be 'treated as affirmative defenses', yet I am heartily in accord with Judge FEE'S statement: 'The spirit of the Rules is that technical requirements are abolished and that judgments be founded on facts and not on formalistic defects.' I think a case of this importance, in a field where the law remains unsettled, ought not to be disposed of upon a mere motion to dismiss without opportunity to develop what the precise facts are.
41
That is the point of Kennedy v. Silas Mason Co., 334 U.S. 249, 68 S.Ct. 1031, 92 L.Ed. 1347. This court followed that case in Pacific American Fisheries v. Mullaney, 9 Cir., 191 F.2d 137, 141. In the Silas Mason case, noting it was an important one, the Supreme Court refused to dispose of it upon a motion for summary judgment notwithstanding the motion may have been technically correct. Said the Court: (334 U.S. at page 256, 68 S.Ct. at page 1034) 'No conclusion in such a case should prudently be rested on an indefinite factual foundation.' Also, (334 U.S. at page 257, 68 S.Ct. at page 1034): 'We consider it the part of good judicial administration to withhold decision of the ultimate questions involved in this case until this or another record shall present a more solid basis of findings based on litigation or on a comprehensive statement of agreed facts.'
42
The attitude of the Silas Mason case toward rulings based on the sufficiency of a complaint alone was again expressed in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45, 78 S.Ct. 99, 102, 2 L.Ed.2d 80: 'In apprasing the sufficiency of the complaint we follow, of course, the accepted rule that a complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.'1
43
In this constantly expanding area of the Tort Claims Act it would appear that the Supreme Court is trying to follow the spirit of the Act in giving it a liberal interpretation. In this case, if the facts are fully developed we may find a cause of action which the Supreme Court will hold not within any exception to the Act. Let me illustrate. One exception asserted here is that under subdivision 'h' of 2680 of Title 28 relating to 'any claim arising out of * * * interference with contract rights.' If the Supreme Court follows the tendency indicated in the court's opinion it may well give that exception a strict construction. The plaintiff, as I understand the case, had no contracts with government employees on the base, but he did have certain legally recognizable rights which in ordinary cases are subject to enforcement or protection. What the plaintiff had here was a right to negotiate for leases; a right to seek customers; a right of expectation of business dealings with those people. This was not strictly speaking a contract right because no such contracts had been made. See our opinion in Beacon Theatres v. Westover, 252 F.2d 864, 866, discussing the 'right so (to) negotiate'. Tortious conduct destructive of appellant's 'right to negotiate' for tenants may well be something not within the stated exception relating to 'contract rights'.
1
Hereinafter called 'Builders.'
2
Hereinafter referred to as 'Herlong.'
3
Designated herein as 'Depot.'
4
This action was brought under the provisions of the Federal Tort Claims Act. 28 U.S.C.A. 1346(b), 2671 et seq
5
Builders Corporation of America v. United States, D.C., 148 F.Supp. 482
6
'The provisions of this chapter and section 1346(b) of this title shall not apply to-- * * * (h) Any claim arising out of * * * interference with contract rights.' 28 U.S.C.A. 2680
7
United States v. Sutro, 9 Cir., 235 F.2d 499, 500. Cf. Massachussetts Bonding & Insurance Co. v. United States, 352 U.S. 128, 77 S.Ct. 186, 1 L.Ed.2d 189
8
'The provisions of this chapter and section 1346(b) of this title shall not apply to-- * * * (h) Any claim arising out of * * * misrepresentation (and) deceit * * *.' 28 U.S.C.A. 2680
9
See Rayonier, Incorporated, v. United States, 352 U.S. 315, 77 S.Ct. 374, 1 L.Ed.2d 354; Eastern Air Lines, Inc., v. Union Trust Company, 95 U.S.App.D.C. 189, 221 F.2d 62, 75, affirmed per curiam sub nom., United States v. Union Trust Co., 350 U.S. 907, 76 S.Ct. 192, 100 L.Ed. 796
10
Indian Towing Co. v. United States, 350 U.S. 61, 69, 76 S.Ct. 122, 100 L.Ed. 48; Somerset Seafood Co. v. United States, 4 Cir., 193 F.2d 631
11
The King 'non potest peccare.' Le Grand Case in le Court Gards, 2 Rolle 294, 304, 81 Eng.Rep. 809, 815. Case LXXXIV, 2 Jac. 7 Co. 32, the case of The King, Tenant in Tail. Perogative, Tail, Judges, Pardon, 145 Eng.Rep. 224, 225
12
Other courts have dealt with motions to dismiss in unsettled areas of law under the Tort Claims Act. 'In the present fluid and relatively uncertain state of the law, this is certainly not a case to dispose of on a motion to dismiss the complaint.' Fair v. United States, 5 Cir., 234 F.2d 288, 296. 'A reading of the (act) * * * indicates the necessity of having the facts before the court for a proper ruling on the application of the Act.' Spohn v. United States, D.C., 16 F.R.D. 240, 241
13
Opinion apparently unreported
14
Clark v. United States, D.C., 13 F.R.D. 342
15
Clark v. United States, D.C., 109 F.Supp. 213
The holdings in the Clark case were subsequently affirmed in Clark v. United States, 9 Cir., 218 F.2d 446, and Tillman v. United States, 9 Cir., 232 F.2d 511.
For other cases indicating the value of pretrial procedure, see Fidelity-Phenix Fire Insurance Co. of New York v. United States, D.C., 111 F.Supp. 899, affirmed sub nom., Preferred Insurance Co. v. United States, 9 Cir., 222 F.2d 942. Cf. Archer v. United States, 9 Cir., 217 F.2d 548, 551.
16
The provisions of the Tort Claims Act 'make the United States liable * * * if (state) * * * law would impose liability on private persons or corporations under similar circumstances.' Rayonier, Incorporated, v. United States, 352 U.S. 315, 318, 77 S.Ct. 374, 376, 1 L.Ed.2d 354
1
The court cited Dioguardi v. Durning, 2 Cir., 139 F.2d 774, 775: 'It would seem, however, that he has stated enough to withstand a mere formal motion, directed only to the face of the complaint, and that here is another instance of judicial haste which in the long run makes waste.'
|
Jeoffrey Pagan
Jeoffrey Pagan (born June 10, 1993) is a former American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He played college football at Alabama, where he was a member of Alabama's 2011 and 2012 national championship teams.
College career
College statistics
In January 2014, Pagan announced his intention to forgo his senior year and enter the 2014 NFL Draft. He was ranked as one of the top defensive end prospects of his draft class.
Professional career
Pagan was selected by the Texans in the sixth round, 177th overall, in the 2014 NFL Draft.
On August 30, 2016, Pagan was waived by the Texans.
References
External links
Alabama Crimson Tide bio
Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football defensive ends
Category:Alabama Crimson Tide football players
Category:Players of American football from North Carolina
Category:Sportspeople from Asheville, North Carolina
Category:Houston Texans players |
The Patriots have already played in more Super Bowls (nine) than any other team and will tie the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most victories (six) if they win this year’s championship on Feb. 4. They’re heavy favorites over the Philadelphia Eagles, who graduated to the big game by trouncing the Minnesota Vikings on Sunday.
Please forgive the mixed bestial metaphor, but these Eagles aren’t cuddly underdogs. They have fans so famously obnoxious that after Sunday’s rout, some of them threw beer cans at a Vikings team bus as it pulled away from the stadium. Sore winning: I wonder which of our amazing leaders taught them that.
Football, like Trumpism, likes to believe that it’s about working-class folks in the heartland. But this year’s Super Bowl, like the Trump administration, bows to the Acela corridor. It nearly brought together two teams from underexposed cities, Jacksonville and Minneapolis. Instead it brings together two teams from celebrated theaters of history in the Northeast. So much for the little guy.
It’s a downer most of all because the N.F.L. itself is in such a funk. I say that reluctantly. For my money, pro football remains the most exciting of the four major American sports. It showcases the most extraordinary athleticism.
That is, when the athletes aren’t sidelined. Injuries are so pervasive that dozens of stars don’t participate for long stretches of the season — or for any of it. The Patriots’ wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in August and never came back. The Eagles’ starting quarterback, Carson Wentz, went down in early December and won’t appear in the Super Bowl.
It’s weirdly fitting that some of the loudest football buzz this season focused on an oft-injured former player, the quarterback Tony Romo, and his accomplishments off the field. Romo retired from the Dallas Cowboys, went to work as a football announcer and developed a rapt following for his oracular deconstruction of games. By quitting football, he didn’t just spare his endoskeleton. He found his destiny.
But even his gifted gab couldn’t prevent the sport from continuing to lose television viewers. The sizes of audiences for Thursday night, Sunday night and Monday night games shrank again this season.
The Super Bowl will still be a ratings bonanza. It always is. But beneath all the braggadocio and hoopla, there will be little real uplift and nothing new. It’s a tic of my trade to say so, but I spy a metaphor there. |
Structural and functional characterization of type three secretion system ATPase PscN and its regulator PscL from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Type Three Secretion Systems (T3SS) from many gram-negative bacteria utilize ATPases for the translocation of effector proteins into the eukaryotic host cells through injectisome. Cytosolic regulators effectively control the action of these ATPases. PscN from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was an ATPase which was regulated by an uncharacterized PscL. Here we have bioinformatically, biochemically, and biophysically characterized PscN as a T3SS ATPase and PscL as its regulator. In solution, PscN exists predominantly as oligomer and hydrolyzes ATP with Vmax of 3.9 ± 0.2 μmol/min/mg and K m 0.93 ± 0.06 mM. Hexameric structure of PscN was observed under AFM and TEM in the presence of ATP. PscL was dimeric in solution and interacted with PscN strongly in Ni-NTA pull-down assay and SPR analysis. PscL was shown to downregulate PscN ATPase activity up to 80% when mixed with PscN in 1:2 ratio (PscN:PscL). SEC data reconfirm the PscN-PscL interaction stoichiometry (ie, 1:2 ratio) which can also be visualized under AFM. In the present study, we have also found out the existence of an oligomeric form of the PscN-PscL heterotrimeric complex. PscL being the regulator of PscN and interacts to form this conformation, which may play an important role too in the regulation of T3SS utilized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For structural aspect, three dimensional in silico models of PscN, PscL, and PscN-PscL were generated. So, in short, present study tried to enlighten both the structural, functional and mechanistic insights into the action of PscN-PscL complex in T3SS mediated pathogenic pathway. |
Changling (Qing dynasty)
Changling, 1st Duke of Weiyong (; Manchu: cangling; December 18, 1758 – January 26, 1838) born in Sartuk clan (薩爾圖克氏), was a Qing dynasty official of Mongol descent. He began life in 1775 as a secretary of the Grand Council, after taking the Xiu cai degree at the Manchu examination. In 1787 he fought in Taiwan, and in 1792—95 against Nepaul. In 1800 he was in command of the expeditionary force sent against insurgent bands in Hubei, and subsequently in various operations undertaken from time to time against disturbances caused by the evil influence of secret societies. He became successively Governor of Anhui and Shandong, and in 1807 Viceroy of Shaan-Gan. In 1808 he was impeached on several charges and stripped of his rank, and then banished to Ili. A few months later he was once more employed, and gradually rose again to the highest posts. In 1825 he was General of Ili. In 1826, when the rebel Jahangir Khoja crossed the frontier and began his depredations, capturing Kashgar, Yangihissar, Yarkand and Khoten, he was appointed Generalissimo; and by the end of 1827 had captured Jehangir and put an end to the rebellion. The prisoner was sent to Beijing in a cage, and brained in the presence of the Daoguang Emperor, who conferred on Changling a triple-eyed peacock's feather. He was canonised as Wenxiang, and admitted into the Temple of Worthies.
References
Category:Chinese people of Mongolian descent
Category:Qing dynasty politicians
Category:Manchu politicians
Category:Qing dynasty tidus
Category:Political office-holders in Hubei
Category:Political office-holders in Hebei
Category:Governors of Anhui
Category:Political office-holders in Shandong
Category:Political office-holders in Shaanxi
Category:Governors of Henan
Category:Political office-holders in Yunnan
Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang
Category:Viceroys of Shaan-Gan
Category:Viceroys of Yun-Gui |
/*
* iLBC - a library for the iLBC codec
*
* StateSearchW.c - The iLBC low bit rate speech codec.
*
* Adapted by Steve Underwood <steveu@coppice.org> from the reference
* iLBC code supplied in RFC3951.
*
* Original code Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).
* All changes to produce this version Copyright (C) 2008 by Steve Underwood
* All Rights Reserved.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
*
* $Id: StateSearchW.c,v 1.2 2008/03/06 12:27:37 steveu Exp $
*/
/*! \file */
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "ilbc.h"
#include "constants.h"
#include "filter.h"
#include "helpfun.h"
#include "StateSearchW.h"
/*----------------------------------------------------------------*
* predictive noise shaping encoding of scaled start state
* (subrutine for StateSearchW)
*---------------------------------------------------------------*/
void AbsQuantW(ilbc_encode_state_t *iLBCenc_inst, /* (i) Encoder instance */
float *in, /* (i) vector to encode */
float *syntDenum, /* (i) denominator of synthesis filter */
float *weightDenum, /* (i) denominator of weighting filter */
int *out, /* (o) vector of quantizer indexes */
int len, /* (i) length of vector to encode and
vector of quantizer indexes */
int state_first) /* (i) position of start state in the 80 vec */
{
float *syntOut;
float syntOutBuf[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + STATE_SHORT_LEN_30MS];
float toQ;
float xq;
int n;
int index;
/* initialization of buffer for filtering */
memset(syntOutBuf, 0, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER*sizeof(float));
/* initialization of pointer for filtering */
syntOut = &syntOutBuf[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER];
/* synthesis and weighting filters on input */
if (state_first)
{
AllPoleFilter(in, weightDenum, SUBL, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER);
}
else
{
AllPoleFilter(in, weightDenum,
iLBCenc_inst->state_short_len - SUBL,
ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER);
}
/* encoding loop */
for (n = 0; n < len; n++)
{
/* time update of filter coefficients */
if ((state_first) && (n == SUBL))
{
syntDenum += (ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 1);
weightDenum += (ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 1);
/* synthesis and weighting filters on input */
AllPoleFilter(&in[n], weightDenum, len - n, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER);
}
else if ((state_first == 0)
&&
(n == (iLBCenc_inst->state_short_len - SUBL)))
{
syntDenum += (ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 1);
weightDenum += (ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 1);
/* synthesis and weighting filters on input */
AllPoleFilter(&in[n], weightDenum, len - n, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER);
}
/* prediction of synthesized and weighted input */
syntOut[n] = 0.0f;
AllPoleFilter(&syntOut[n], weightDenum, 1, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER);
/* quantization */
toQ = in[n] - syntOut[n];
sort_sq(&xq, &index, toQ, state_sq3Tbl, 8);
out[n] = index;
syntOut[n] = state_sq3Tbl[out[n]];
/* update of the prediction filter */
AllPoleFilter(&syntOut[n], weightDenum, 1, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER);
}
}
/*----------------------------------------------------------------*
* encoding of start state
*---------------------------------------------------------------*/
void StateSearchW(ilbc_encode_state_t *iLBCenc_inst, /* (i) Encoder instance */
float *residual, /* (i) target residual vector */
float *syntDenum, /* (i) lpc synthesis filter */
float *weightDenum, /* (i) weighting filter denuminator */
int *idxForMax, /* (o) quantizer index for maximum
amplitude */
int *idxVec, /* (o) vector of quantization indexes */
int len, /* (i) length of all vectors */
int state_first) /* (i) position of start state in the 80 vec */
{
float dtmp;
float maxVal;
float tmpbuf[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 2*STATE_SHORT_LEN_30MS];
float *tmp;
float numerator[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 1];
float foutbuf[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER + 2*STATE_SHORT_LEN_30MS];
float *fout;
int k;
float qmax;
float scal;
/* initialization of buffers and filter coefficients */
memset(tmpbuf, 0, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER*sizeof(float));
memset(foutbuf, 0, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER*sizeof(float));
for (k = 0; k < ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER; k++)
numerator[k] = syntDenum[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER - k];
numerator[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER] = syntDenum[0];
tmp = &tmpbuf[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER];
fout = &foutbuf[ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER];
/* circular convolution with the all-pass filter */
memcpy(tmp, residual, len*sizeof(float));
memset(tmp + len, 0, len*sizeof(float));
ZeroPoleFilter(tmp, numerator, syntDenum, 2*len, ILBC_LPC_FILTERORDER, fout);
for (k = 0; k < len; k++)
fout[k] += fout[k+len];
/* identification of the maximum amplitude value */
maxVal = fout[0];
for (k = 1; k < len; k++)
{
if (fout[k]*fout[k] > maxVal*maxVal)
maxVal = fout[k];
}
maxVal = fabsf(maxVal);
/* encoding of the maximum amplitude value */
if (maxVal < 10.0f)
maxVal = 10.0f;
maxVal = log10f(maxVal);
sort_sq(&dtmp, idxForMax, maxVal, state_frgqTbl, 64);
/* decoding of the maximum amplitude representation value,
and corresponding scaling of start state */
maxVal = state_frgqTbl[*idxForMax];
qmax = powf(10.0f, maxVal);
scal = 4.5f/qmax;
for (k = 0; k < len; k++)
fout[k] *= scal;
/* predictive noise shaping encoding of scaled start state */
AbsQuantW(iLBCenc_inst, fout,syntDenum, weightDenum,idxVec, len, state_first);
}
|
Product Reviews
Pros
Product Specifications
Camera Type
Camera type
The classification of the camera. Digital SLR is the most advanced camera type.
Mirrorless
Features
Resolution
The amount of detail that the camera can capture is called the resolution, and is measured in mega pixels (MP). The more mega pixels a camera has, the more details it can capture and the larger pictures can be without becoming blurry. |
Smoking cessation for substance misusers: A systematic review of qualitative studies on participant and provider beliefs and perceptions.
Smoking prevalence among those in substance misuse treatment remains much higher than the general population, despite evidence for effective cessation interventions that do not negatively impact substance misuse outcomes. This systematic review summarises qualitative data on barriers and facilitators to smoking cessation for people in substance misuse treatment, participants' and providers' perceptions about effects of smoking cessation on substance misuse treatment, timing of intervention delivery and aspects of interventions perceived to be effective. Systematic review of qualitative studies and thematic synthesis of published qualitative data. 10939 records and 132 full texts were screened. 22 papers reporting on 21 studies were included. Key themes identified were: strong relationships between smoking and other substance misuse; environmental influences; motivation; mental health; aspects of interventions perceived to be effective/ineffective; barriers and facilitators to intervention implementation; smoking bans/restrictions; and relationships with professionals. Many service users were motivated toward smoking cessation but were not offered support. Some felt interventions should be delivered after substance misuse treatment, whilst others felt concurrent/dual interventions would be beneficial, due to strong associations between smoking and other substances. Treatment providers felt they lacked training and resources for supporting smoking cessation, and were concerned about impact on substance misuse outcomes. Many substance misusers who also smoke are motivated to quit but perceive a lack of support from professionals. Additional training and resources are required to enable professionals to provide the support needed. More research is required to develop enhanced packages of care for this deprived group of smokers. |
Even before Donald Trump was facing impeachment over his dealings with Ukraine, his indifference toward that country’s fate was a punch line in neighboring Russia.
Vladimir Putin is calling the White House, begins one joke that’s been making the rounds. “Hello, Donald? I would like to discuss Ukraine with you.”
Trump: “What’s Ukraine?”
Putin: “Thanks, Donald!”
This genre of dark political joke—the anekdot—has been a staple of Russian humor at least since Soviet times, and anyone associated with the Kremlin is fair game. Though he’s lampooned far less often than Putin is, Trump has become a subject of numerous anekdoty because of his odd fascination with, and deference to, his counterpart in Moscow. Trump has asked Putin to prove that he never helps Trump, declares one current anekdot. Another asserts, Trump has fired all his intelligence chiefs. He will be getting all information from its source: Putin.
When I was a college student in the U.S.S.R., anekdoty circulated mainly by word of mouth. Today they abound on the internet. (Many of the anekdoty in this article are drawn from online forums; the rest I’m recounting from memory.) They still offer a glimpse into how everyday Russians see their leaders and their country’s relationship with the world. Every society has jokes, of course, but cynical humor serves an additional purpose in societies where the media are under state control and intentional disinformation abounds.
In an environment as repressive as the Soviet Union or, to a considerably lesser degree, Putin’s Russia, anekdoty are a medium by which regular people can comment on the world they observe with their own eyes. During the Cold War, U.S. intelligence agents collected anekdoty—partly because the jokes were funny, and partly because they were, as a former CIA official once told Quartz, “reflective of the public mood.” In the years since, doctoral dissertations and journal papers have mined them as a source of intellectual folklore.
Anekdoty are the only thing I miss about Soviet totalitarian socialism. They spat on the boot on our faces. They asserted dignity among the daily insults of lawlessness; they salvaged truth and sanity in the dizzying spin of propaganda absurdities. The anekdoty I remember best deployed sarcasm and humor against brutality, hypocrisy, and poverty. For example:
How do we know that Adam and Eve were Soviet citizens? They had one apple between the two of them, they had no clothes, and they believed they were living in paradise.
Why do the KGB thugs always walk around in threes? One can read, one can write, and the third keeps an eye on the two intellectuals.
Beyond offering powerless citizens a measure of catharsis and the ability to exact a certain kind of revenge, Soviet-era anekdoty bared the entrails of the regime, chronicled its evolution, and offered portents of its future. In the late 1970s, the perspicacity and the nastiness of jokes about semi-comatose leaders such as Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev presaged the radical change that later arrived with Mikhail Gorbachev.
On a sunny morning, begins one late-Soviet-era joke now memorialized online, Brezhnev goes out on the balcony of his apartment, looks to the east, and says, “Hello, sun!” The sun replies, “Good morning, dear Leonid Ilyich, the beloved leader of our glorious socialist motherland, the hope of all progressive humanity, and the guardian of peace on Earth!” In the evening, Brezhnev admires the beautiful sunset and fishes for a compliment: “Hello again, sun!” The sun answers, “Poshyol na khuy—go fuck yourself—I am in the West now.”
Jokes like these spread most widely when the level of oppression is significant but not overwhelming. Under Joseph Stalin, state terror was ubiquitous and savage. Anekdoty about him did not circulate widely while he was alive, just as there are almost certainly no equivalent jokes about the Kims in North Korea today. In a liberal democracy, meanwhile, political jokes are rendered superfluous by the castigation of top leaders in parliaments and the media, and by citizens’ power to change what the government does.
When Putin became acting president on New Year’s Eve in 1999 and was elected president of a fearless and hopeful Russia three months later, anekdoty about him were in short supply. But soon enough, the new leader was an object of fear. Putin opens the refrigerator and sees a plate of quivering gelatin, one joke went. “Stop shaking!” Putin says. “I am only getting the milk.”
Rampant corruption has now become the target of a new generation of anekdoty: “Vladimir Vladimirovich, how much is two divided by two?” In this widely circulated joke, Putin responds: “As always: one for you and three for me.”
How do the Putins divide their property? another anekdot asked, after Putin divorced his wife, Ludmila, in 2014. The answer: Along the Ural Mountains.
In recent years, Putin has reinvented himself as a wartime president. Yet even before the wars in Ukraine and Syria, and before his incessant touting of Russia’s nuclear arsenal, the government-controlled TV, from which three in four Russians get their news, had been portraying him as the great defender of a fortress Russia that is perennially besieged yet somehow always victorious. The public warmongering grew deafening after the annexation of Crimea.
Over the past two years, the proportion of Russians who tell pollsters they fear war has risen from one-third to one-half. In some anekdoty, there are additional signs of unease. The Russian words krem (cream) and Krym (Crimea) are not perfect homophones but are close enough, as are kolyaska (a baby carriage) and Alyaska (Alaska). Hence the joke in which the former Olympic-champion gymnast Alina Kabaeva, widely rumored to be Putin’s girlfriend and the mother of his child, calls her mother in a panic. I swear I asked him for krem, not Krym, she says. And now I am afraid to even mention a kolyaska!
Russia’s joke-writers also imply that future conquests are only a matter of time. On the Estonian border, another anekdot goes, a border guard is filling out Putin’s entry form. “Occupation?” the officer asks. “Not today,” Putin replies. “Just tourism.”
The official veneration of Putin is all the more jarring today, as the Russian economy is slowing to a crawl. Annual growth has averaged 1 percent over the past decade, and half of a percent since 2013. According to the official state statistical agency, the Roskomstat, 49 percent of Russian families have money only for food and clothes. Not even the ascent of a Moscow-friendly American president provides consolation. As one anekdot online declares: Trump has won! Great! But who are we now going to blame for all our problems?
Whatever Trump’s faults, real or imagined, the anonymous Russian wags who dream up anekdoty do not presume that he will govern indefinitely. Putin is another matter. Although he is ineligible to run again after his current term runs out in 2024, many anekdoty suggest that he will not leave. Here’s one:
“Do you think Putin will ever relinquish the presidency?”
“Of course!”
“When?”
“Immediately after the coronation!” |
Inverted meso-aryl porphyrins with heteroatoms; characterization of thia, selena, and oxa N-confused porphyrins.
Synthesis and characterization of inverted porphyrins containing S, Se, and O are reported. A simple 3 + 1 MacDonald-type condensation using modified tripyrrane containing the N-confused ring and diols afforded various N-confused porphyrins 6a-f in 19-30% yield. The single-crystal X-ray structure of 6b shows a ruffled conformation with tilt angles of 21.11 degrees and 31.23 degrees for the N-confused ring and the adjacent pyrrole ring III, respectively, revealing its severe nonplanarity. Significant changes in C alpha-C beta, C beta-C beta, and C alpha-X bond lengths are observed in 6b relative to free thiophene and pyrrole, suggesting the altered delocalization pathway in the modified N-confused porphyrins. The two molecules in the unit cell show a cyclophane-type noncovalent dimer with a face to face orientation of two N-confused pyrrole rings as a result of the presence of weak N-H...N and C-H...N intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving pyrrole-NH, the N atom of the N-confused ring, and the C atom of the pyrrole ring. A detailed 1H and 13C NMR study by 1D and 2D methods allowed assignments of all the peaks in the free base and protonated forms. NMR studies reveal the presence of three different tautomeric forms in solution for 6c in CDCl3 at low temperature. UV-visible studies reveal absorption band shifts upon heteroatom substitution, and the magnitudes of these shifts are dependent on the nature of the heteroatom. In all cases both monoprotonated and diprotonated species have been identified, and on addition of acid, the first proton goes to the outer N2 atom of the N-confused ring. |
Monday, October 7, 2013
RESPONSIBLE GUN LAW REFORM
On one of our recent talk radio shows, broadcasting live on CURRENT (Rapid Radio Network) the discussion centered around gun law reform, primarily because of the terrible events that unfolded at the Navy Yard in Washington, DC the previous Monday morning. Co-host and DC are public affairs correspondent BB Lawson, guest John F. McMullen and I talked about the rights and wrongs of gun law reform. Gun control, responsible gun control, doesn’t have to curb anyone’s constitutional rights. Gun rights activists toss the Second Amendment around with impunity, choosing to read into the simple sentence that they have an almost God-given RIGHT to bear arms. Here it is, unedited, direct from the Library of Congress:
THE SECOND AMENDMENT
The Second Amendment, one of the ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States comprising the Bill of Rights, states: “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” The meaning of this sentence is not self-evident, and has given rise to much commentary but relatively few Supreme Court decisions.
SUPREME COURT
Indeed, interpreting this one sentence seems beyond the capabilities of a majority of Supreme Court justices, which baffles me. That amendment was written in 1791. I take no issue with my fellow citizens being allowed to bear the arms of 1791, given that they would have been individually crafted by a gunsmith, and equipped with rudimentary rifling. Loaded through the muzzle, a single shot would have been fired with a flintlock. I do have issue, however, with my fellow citizens being allowed to bear the military-level arms of 2013 – automatic weapons that can kill and maim multiples of people in minutes. The question arises as to whether a document written in 1791 can be interpreted to mean that ordinary individuals who are not part of a “militia” are granted the right to “bear” high-capacity semi-automatic military weaponry.
THE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD DEAD
Police have now identified all the fatalities resulting from the shooting at the Navy Yard in Washington. The shooter, a 34-year old from Fort Worth, Texas, called Aaron Alexis, managed to fatally shoot twelve people and seriously injure another eight before he also was killed that morning. The shooting is one of the worst massacres in living memory at a U.S. military facility, and one of the deadliest single events ever in the nation’s capital. The dead have been identified by police as:
Arthur Daniels, 51
Mary Frances Knight, 51
Gerald L. Read, 58
Martin Bodrog, 54
Richard Michael Ridgell, 52
Michael Arnold, 59
Sylvia Frasier, 53
Kathy Gaarde, 62
John Roger Johnson, 73
Frank Kohler, 50
Kenneth Bernard Proctor, 46
Vishnu Pandit, 61
As we go to press, we are still waiting on a list of the injured, estimated by D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray as being an additional eight people. Gray reported that the injured include a D.C. police officer, Scott Williams, shot in the leg while responding to the tragedy. While there are no guarantees, his doctors say they hope Williams will be able to walk again. I wish him well, and hope his recovery period is not too long.
AMERICANS FOR RESPONSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Captain Mark Kelly, the husband of former Rep. Gabby Giffords, expressed his and Gabby’s condolences on Monday for the Navy Yard victims saying “Gabby and I have been there.” Kelly is a retired Navy pilot and NASA space shuttle commander, who has, along with his wife, co-founded the PAC “Americans for Responsible Solutions.” Giffords was shot in the head by a gunman in 2011 while meeting with constituents in Tucson, Arizona. Since Giffords stepped down from Congress last year, she and Kelly have become ever more vocal and involved gun control advocates. Today, Giffords and Kelly said that “Responsible gun owners should feel outraged when criminals and the dangerously mentally ill can get their hands on guns and use them to harm children and families. While Congress may be divided on how to stop this problem, Americans simply are not.”
SANDY HOOK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
It seems like yesterday that the name Adam Lanza was foresront in everyone’s minds – on December 14, 2012, he armed himself with ten 30-round magazines for his Mother’s semiautomatic Bushmaster .223 caliber model XM15 rifle and bullets for two handguns and a shotgun, all purchased by his Mother. Lanza didn’t make it home alive that day. Nor did the 26 people he murdered, 20 of them school children ages six and seven. He shot them dead in less than five minutes, every two seconds firing a bullet. That was the Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre in Newtown, CT.
MENTAL INSTABILITY AND PARANOIA
Aaron Alexis was reportedly suffering from paranoia and armed with several weapons, at least one a concealed-carry handgun. My co-host BB Lawson read that Alexis legally purchased a shotgun; was not allowed to purchase a handgun in the state of Virginia; and that the handgun he used in the Navy Yard was one he found there. Even so, the Navy Yard is a secure military facility with armed guards posted throughout. Police regularly patrol the perimeter, yet Alexis was able to take twelve lives and destroy countless others indirectly. With a history of emotional and mental instability compounded by violence and several arrests, it is puzzling indeed as to how he qualified for a concealed-carry permit in Texas, and more so, that he was able to purchase weapons and ammunition.
THE DO-NOTHING CONGRESS
Monday’s tragedy raises the question again of why Congress is not taking appropriate action to tighten the loopholes in our country’s existing gun laws. Mass shootings are taking place all over America and we are doing nothing about it. A brave few are standing up to the gun lobby, receiving very little support in political circles. Our lax gun laws were created with the assistance of the gun lobby, and unless real change occurs, we are all at risk. Our children and our grandchildren are at risk.
NO MORE NAMES
Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City, is now the nationally-recognized face of gun control and gun law reform, whether that was his intention or not. He pulled together a group of like-minded mayors to found Mayors Against Illegal Guns, who work to reduce gun violence. As an organization of more than 1,000 mayors, the group actively campaigns for new gun control measures. The Mayors have specifically targeted senators who voted against a bipartisan measure to expand background checks on gun sales. They have taken to the campaign trail this year, with the No More Names rally traveling across the country. They claim to have visited twenty five towns in each state, reading the names of the more than 9,000 Americans who have been killed by guns since the Newtown shooting last year. At each stage they have been joined by local officials wanting to highlight the need to reduce gun violence in America. Today’s rally in D.C. was the culmination of the No More Names tour, where the members got to meet their members of Congress and Senate.
GUN LAW REFORM - ACT NOW
When it comes to talking about gun reform, now is the time to act. The painful prospect of yet another mass shooting is just too awful to contemplate, and we must not stand by doing nothing.
For all the lives we can save going forward, for all the pain and suffering that can be avoided, stand up for gun law reform now – DO SOMETHING! |
By RaeChelle Davis
Kenneth CIty, FL (BN9) — Alligators usually don’t make the guest list, but they’re VIPs at these parties.
“You’ve had the Chuck E Cheese party, the clown party, the jump-a-roo bounce house,” said Bob Barrett, owner of Alligator Attractions in Johns Pass Village.
“You say, ‘Well, we’re gonna have a party. They go, ‘That’s nice.’ But you say, ‘We’re going to have a pool party with a gator.’ They go, ‘What?’ ” Everybody comes.”
Customer Debbie Rubenstein said she has used the service multiple times.
“Nobody believed that we’d have actual gators in the pool,” she said.
The gator, it turns out, fits right in. He plays Marco Polo with the kids in Rubenstein’s pool. His name is Burger, and he does not mind that his mouth is taped shut. Barrett starts out every party with a course in gator safety, which allows the kids a chance to warm up to the reptile.
“At first, my friend and I were really scared of gators, but I’m not going to be scared anymore because it’s cool,” said Fiona Sierra, a guest at the party. “All the stuff I never knew, I’m starting to learn about.”
Barrett said the chlorine does not bother the gators. He came up with the idea while brainstorming on how to keep busy during months when tourism is slow at his attraction.
“We had the idea of, well, if we do a home, and they have a pool, let’s put the gator in the pool,” he said. “People were very leery at the beginning, but it has taken off and people just enjoy it.”
He said he checked to make sure bringing gators to homes was legal and could not find any indication that it was not.
So, if a gator shows up in a pool near you, give him a second glance. He may have been invited
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission investigating
The FWC has taken in interest in Barrett’s business and is “looking into” alligators being put into swimming pools with people during parties.
Gary Morse with FWC said his organization has received multiple calls about this case. |
Q:
Repeater and Html table
Browser returns me this problem:
CS1502: The best overloaded method match for 'System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRowCollection.Add(System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlTableRow)' has some invalid arguments
I have no idea about the problem. I use this repeater object and table like this all the time. and it works fine with this way. But now it gives an error. Where is the problem?
thanks!!
design side
<table id="myTable" runat="server" class="table table-striped table-hover">
<asp:Repeater ID="lstBanks" runat="server" OnItemDataBound="lstBanks_ItemDataBound"
OnItemCommand="lstBanks_ItemCommand">
<ItemTemplate>
<tr>
<td>
SSSs
<asp:HiddenField ID="hfID" Value='<%#Eval("ID") %>' runat="server" />
</td>
<td>
SSS
</td>
<td>
SSS
</td>
<td>
SSS
</td>
</tr>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:Repeater>
</table>
A:
You shouldn't have the runat="server" attribute on your <table>, element, since you're building raw HTML for it. It's parsing that into memory as a strongly-typed table, then getting confused when you try and add a Repeater instead of a tr. Just remove that attribute and I believe it should work.
Although that all said, you might want to switch over to GridView. Each has advantages, and admittedly I prefer MVC because I can write HTML similar to what you're doing. But in WebForms, a GridView is likely preferable.
|
Q:
PHP MySQL - Error: No Database selected
I am trying to read and write to a database. Here is the code I have so far:
$mysql = mysqli_connect("example.com", "johndoe", "abc123"); // replace with actual credidentials
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS dbname";
if (!mysqli_query($mysql, $sql)) {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error($mysql);
}
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
}
mysqli_close($mysql);
$mysql = mysqli_connect("example.com", "johndoe", "abc123", "dbname"); // replace with actual credidentials
$sql = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Users(ID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY(ID), username CHAR(15), password CHAR(15), email CHAR(50))";
if (!mysqli_query($mysql, $sql)) {
echo "Error creating table: " . mysqli_error($mysql);
}
$sql = "INSERT INTO Customers(username, password, email) VALUES(" . $username . ", " . $password . ", " . $email . ")";
if (!mysqli_query($mysql, $sql)) {
echo "Error: " . mysqli_error($mysql);
}
mysqli_close($mysql);
However, when I try to run it, it has an error:
Error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ' , )' at line 1
Could anybody tell me how to fix this?
A:
First check mysqli_select_db if it returns false then create database.
try like this:
$mysql = mysqli_connect("example.com", "johndoe", "abc123") or die(mysqli_connect_error()); // replace with actual credidentials
if (!mysqli_select_db($mysql,'hardestgame_accounts')) {
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS hardestgame_accounts";
if (!mysqli_query($mysql, $sql)) {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error($mysql);
}
}
if (mysqli_connect_errno()) {
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
}
$sql = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS Users(ID INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY(ID), username CHAR(15), password CHAR(15), email CHAR(50))";
if (!mysqli_query($mysql, $sql)) {
echo "Error creating table: " . mysqli_error($mysql);
}
mysqli_close($mysql);
here is a good answer: Php mysql create database if not exists
|
US to Intensify Refugee Screening, as Partial Ban Expires
A four-month review of the U.S. refugee program mandated by President Donald Trump ends Tuesday, but with new vetting measures on the horizon.
The State Department and Department of Homeland Security have yet to announce the details of the new screening measures.
However, the Wall Street Journal reported Tuesday that the government will require additional biographical data and a more extensive review of refugees' social media accounts prior to their acceptance. |
/* Copyright JS Foundation and other contributors, http://js.foundation
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
var float_array = new Float32Array([1.125, 5.5, -1.25, -0.0]);
var int_array = new Int8Array([3, 2, 1, 100, -30])
var uint_array = new Uint8Array([3, 2, 1, 100, -30])
var empty_array = new Uint32Array();
assert(float_array.toString() === "1.125,5.5,-1.25,0");
assert(int_array.toString() === "3,2,1,100,-30");
assert(uint_array.toString() === "3,2,1,100,226");
assert(empty_array.toString() === "");
|
176 Cal.App.4th 985 (2009)
TIMOTHY J. OWEN, Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
STEPHEN P. SANDS, as Registrar of Contractors, etc., Defendant and Respondent.
No. A121809.
Court of Appeals of California, First District, Division Five.
July 28, 2009.
*987 Timothy J. Owen, in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Attorney General, and Diann Sokoloff, Deputy Attorney General, for Defendant and Respondent.
*988 OPINION
BRUINIERS, J.[*]
A licensed contractor was cited for six violations of state contractor law and ordered to pay civil penalties and compensation to the injured homeowner. He challenged the citation, which was upheld by the Registrar of Contractors after an administrative hearing at which the violations were found true by a preponderance of the evidence. The contractor argues the standard of proof should have been clear and convincing evidence. We conclude the agency applied the correct standard of proof. We also reject the contractor's contention that he was improperly convicted of criminal misdemeanors through an administrative proceeding, and his argument that the administrative hearing was procedurally flawed because no accusatory pleading was filed.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the administrative law judge's findings, which are not disputed for purposes of this appeal. On June 28, 2005, Timothy J. Owen verbally agreed to replace 18 windows, install a sliding glass door, and replace the front door in a Kensington home for $19,000. He performed the work in July and August 2005, even though his contractor's license was not issued until September 2005. The homeowner asked other contractors to review the quality of Owen's work, and it was found deficient. When the homeowner confronted Owen on the matter, he became angry, demanded more money, and ultimately abandoned the project. The homeowner hired another contractor to correct and complete the work at a cost of $13,265.
The Registrar of Contractors (Registrar) issued a citation to Owen alleging six violations of the Business and Professions Code:[1] (1) engaging in the business of contractor without a license (§ 7028); (2) willfully and materially departing from trade standards of good workmanship (§ 7109); (3) failing to correct or complete a project for the stated contract price, causing the owner to secure the services of another contractor (§ 7113); (4) failing to include required provisions in the contract (§ 7159); (5) willfully or fraudulently acting in a manner that substantially injured another (§ 7116); and (6) falsely claiming a workers' compensation insurance exemption (§ 7125, subd. (b)). *989 The citation imposed civil penalties totaling $1,600 and an order of correction requiring Owen to pay the homeowner $7,880.79.
Owen contested the citation and a hearing was held before an administrative law judge (ALJ) of the Contractors' State License Board. Before the hearing commenced, Owen argued that the standard of proof at the hearing should be clear and convincing evidence, but the ALJ ruled the applicable standard of proof was preponderance of the evidence. Following four days of testimony, the ALJ found each of the alleged violations to be true, and increased the civil penalties to $2,000 after finding Owen's conduct was deceitful, grave and egregious. The Registrar adopted the ALJ's proposed decision in September 2007 and his decision became final in October.
In November 2007, Owen filed a petition for administrative mandamus asking the court to set aside the decision on the ground that the ALJ applied the wrong standard of proof. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5.) After briefing, the trial court ruled that the preponderance of the evidence was the correct standard of proof and denied the petition.
DISCUSSION
Owen argues the ALJ applied the wrong standard of proof, that the ALJ improperly convicted him of misdemeanors without criminal jurisdiction, and that the hearing was procedurally flawed because it was not initiated with a formal accusatory pleading. Because only legal issues are raised on appeal, our standard of review is de novo. (Steinsmith v. Medical Board (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 458, 465 [102 Cal.Rptr.2d 115] (Steinsmith).)
I. Standard of Proof at the ALJ Hearing
Owen argues the standard of proof required in all professional or vocational license disciplinary proceedings is clear and convincing proof to a reasonable certainty. We conclude the preponderance standard was appropriate in the citation proceeding because the only potential sanctions were orders of correction and civil penalties.
(1) Owen relies on a line of cases holding that the clear and convincing evidence standard of proof applies in proceedings to restrict, suspend or revoke professional or vocational licenses. In the lead case of Ettinger v. Board of Medical Quality Assurance, the court held that "the proper standard of proof in an administrative hearing to revoke or suspend a doctor's license should be clear and convincing proof to a reasonable certainty and not a *990 mere preponderance of the evidence." (Ettinger v. Board of Medical Quality Assurance (1982) 135 Cal.App.3d 853, 856 [185 Cal.Rptr. 601] (Ettinger).) Ettinger in turn relied on cases holding that this heightened standard of proof applies in proceedings to disbar an attorney or to suspend or revoke a real estate license. (Id. at p. 855, citing Furman v. State Bar (1938) 12 Cal.2d 212, 229 [83 P.2d 12] (Furman); Small v. Smith (1971) 16 Cal.App.3d 450, 457 [94 Cal.Rptr. 136] (Small); Realty Projects, Inc. v. Smith (1973) 32 Cal.App.3d 204, 212 [108 Cal.Rptr. 71] (Realty Projects); see also Kapelus v. State Bar (1987) 44 Cal.3d 179, 184, fn. 1 [242 Cal.Rptr. 196, 745 P.2d 917] (Kapelus); cf. San Benito Foods v. Veneman (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1889, 1892-1895 [58 Cal.Rptr.2d 571] [heightened standard of proof not required in proceeding to revoke nonprofessional food processing license]; Mann v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 312, 318-320 [90 Cal.Rptr.2d 277] [same with respect to vehicle salesperson's license].) Although Owen does not cite any case that holds the clear and convincing evidence standard of proof applies in a licensed contractor disciplinary proceeding, the Registrar does not dispute that the higher standard would apply in a proceeding seeking suspension, or revocation of a contractor's license. (See Viking Pools, Inc. v. Maloney (1989) 48 Cal.3d 602, 605 [257 Cal.Rptr. 320, 770 P.2d 732] [noting that ALJ applied clear and convincing evidence standard in licensed contractor disciplinary hearing without addressing whether the higher standard was required].)
(2) The question before us is whether the clear and convincing evidence standard also applies in a citation proceeding where the only proposed sanctions are a civil penalty or an order of correction, and which does not involve restriction, suspension, or revocation of a contractor's license. In the licensed contractor context, the Registrar generally has the power to "cite, temporarily suspend, or permanently revoke any license or registration if the . . . licensee . . . is guilty of or commits any one or more of the acts or omissions constituting causes for disciplinary action." (§ 7090; see also § 7095.) A subset of statutes, however, provides for citation proceedings with more limited remedies. (§§ 7099-7099.11.) "If, upon investigation, the registrar has probable cause to believe that a licensee . . . has committed any acts or omissions which are grounds for denial, revocation, or suspension of license, he or she may, in lieu of proceeding pursuant to this article, issue a citation to the licensee . . . . Each citation . . . may contain an order of correction fixing a reasonable time for correction of the violation or an order . . . for payment of a specified sum to an injured party in lieu of correction, and may contain an assessment of a civil penalty." (§ 7099, italics added.) If the licensee appeals a citation, the Registrar must afford an opportunity for a hearing and "thereafter issue a decision, based on findings *991 of fact, affirming, modifying, or vacating the citation or penalty, or directing other appropriate relief." (§ 7099.5; see § 7099.3.) Suspension or revocation of a license cannot be ordered unless certain procedural prerequisites, such as the filing of an accusation, are satisfied. (See, e.g., Gov. Code, § 11503.)[2] Those procedures were not invoked here.
Neither party has cited, and we have not found, any case law that directly addresses the appropriate standard of proof in a citation proceeding such as that described in section 7099 et seq. Therefore, we look to the principles underlying the Ettinger line of cases for guidance on the issue.
(3) In Hughes v. Board of Architectural Examiners, the Supreme Court linked the Ettinger cases to procedural due process principles.[3] (Hughes v. Board of Architectural Examiners (1998) 17 Cal.4th 763, 788-789 [72 Cal.Rptr.2d 624, 952 P.2d 641].) "[W]e often have recognized that an individual, having obtained the license required to engage in a particular profession or vocation, has a `fundamental vested right' to continue in that activity. [Citations.] [¶] A licensee, having obtained such a fundamental vested right, is entitled to certain procedural protections greater than those accorded an applicant. For example, this court repeatedly has held, with exceptions not pertinent here, that the `independent judgment' standard of review must be applied [in the trial court] to an administrative decision that substantially affects such a fundamental vested right. [Citations.]" (Id. at pp. 788-789.) "Similarly, it has been held that procedural due process of law requires a regulatory board or agency to prove the allegations of an accusation *992 filed against a licensee by clear and convincing evidence rather than merely by a preponderance of the evidence. (See, e.g., Kapelus[,supra, 44 Cal.3d at p.] 184, fn. 1 . . .; Ettinger[,supra, 135 Cal.App.3d at p.] 856 . . .; see also [citation].)" (Id. at p. 789, fn. 9.)
Although courts have not considered the appropriate standard of proof in administrative citation proceedings, courts have addressed the appropriate trial court standard of review (independent judgment or substantial evidence) with respect to citation proceedings. Because both procedural requirements derive from similar due process considerations, we take guidance from those cases, which have held that the heightened standard of review (independent judgment) does not apply. In Handyman Connection of Sacramento, Inc. v. Sands, the Third District held that the independent judgment standard of review did not apply on review of a citation proceeding where a licensed contractor was fined for four violations of the Contractors' State License Law (§ 7000 et seq.). (Handyman Connection of Sacramento, Inc. v. Sands (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 867, 871, 880 [20 Cal.Rptr.3d 727] (Handyman).) The court explained, "In a case such as this one, where the only sanction imposed is a finenot revocation, suspension, or restriction of the petitioner's licenseno fundamental vested right is implicated and the trial court is not authorized to exercise independent judgment on the evidence." (Id. at p. 880.) Handyman followed Steinsmith, which similarly held that the independent judgment standard of review did not apply in a case where a physician was cited for aiding the unlicensed practice of medicine by others and merely fined $500. (Steinsmith, supra, 85 Cal.App.4th at pp. 460, 464-465.) Steinsmith in turn followed Steve P. Rados, Inc. v. California Occupational Safety & Health Appeals Board, which so held in a case where a licensed contractor was cited for violating a construction safety order and assessed a civil penalty. (Steve P. Rados, Inc. v. California Occupational Saf. & Health Appeals Bd. (1979) 89 Cal.App.3d 590, 593-594 [152 Cal.Rptr. 510] (Rados).)
(4) Because Hughes indicates that application of the "independent judgment" standard of review and the "clear and convincing evidence" standard of proof both depend on the nature of the fundamental vested property right at issue in a licensee disciplinary case, we find the Handyman, Steinsmith, and Rados rationales persuasive as to the standard of proof applicable in citation proceedings. We conclude that, because the citation hearing on review could only result in civil penalties or correction orders, and could not have resulted in orders suspending, limiting, or revoking Owen's license, the preponderance of the evidence rather than the clear and convincing evidence standard of proof applied.
*993 (5) Owen, however, argues that the citation hearing is nonetheless a "disciplinary" hearing within the meaning of the statutory scheme and thus necessarily falls under the Ettinger rule. He correctly observes that the statutes governing citation proceedings are codified in an article of the Business and Professions Code entitled "Disciplinary Proceedings" (div. 3, ch. 9, art. 7; Stats. 1939, ch. 37, § 1, pp. 381, 389 [article heading enacted by Legislature]), that statutes in the article seem to use the term "disciplinary action" to include both citations and suspension, or revocation of a license (§ 7090), and that the ALJ at one point in his decision suggested he was imposing "discipline." (§§ 7090, 7099-7099.11.) However, Owen is incorrect that the procedural safeguards the due process clause requires in an administrative proceeding are determined solely based on whether the proceeding is "disciplinary." Instead, the necessary procedural safeguards are determined through a balancing test, which includes assessing the weight of "`the private interest that will be affected by the official action . . . .'" (Saleeby v. State Bar (1985) 39 Cal.3d 547, 565 [216 Cal.Rptr. 367, 702 P.2d 525].) In the public employment context, the court has held that "civil service employees upon whom short suspensions had been imposed for disciplinary reasons were not entitled to full procedural presuspension protection of the kind provided before termination of employment. (See Skelly v. State Personnel Bd. (1975) 15 Cal.3d 194 [124 Cal.Rptr. 14, 539 P.2d 774].)" (Id. at p. 564.) (6) Similarly, we join the Handyman, Steinsmith, and Rados courts in concluding that licensed contractors cited for violations and subject only to sanctions such as correction orders or monetary penalties are not entitled to the same procedural safeguards afforded to contractors who face restriction, suspension, or revocation of their licenses.
Owen argues that his citation proceeding was equivalent to a disciplinary proceeding that could result in suspension or revocation of his license because if he fails to pay the fines and penalties assessed by the Registrar his license will be suspended or revoked by operation of law.[4] (See § 7090.1.) We disagree. That the Registrar can enforce the correction orders and *994 penalties in this manner[5] does not change the fact that the greatest sanction that could be imposed in the citation proceeding itself was a fine or penalty, not suspension or revocation of his license. Critically, Owen does not argue that the fines and penalties imposed were so burdensome as to be tantamount to a suspension or revocation of his license.[6]
We conclude the ALJ properly applied the preponderance of the evidence standard of proof at Owen's citation hearing.
II. Criminal Jurisdiction
Owen argues the ALJ effectively convicted him of two misdemeanors when it found he violated sections 7028 and 7125, and that it acted unlawfully in doing so because it had no jurisdiction over criminal prosecutions. This argument lacks merit.
(7) Owen correctly observes that sections 7028 and 7126 (which refers back to §§ 7125-7125.4) define misdemeanor crimes, which may only be prosecuted in a criminal court. However, the code also expressly authorizes the Registrar to cite individuals for violating the statutory prohibitions. Section 7028, subdivision (a), provides, "It is a misdemeanor for any person to engage in the business or act in the capacity of a contractor within this state without having a license therefor, unless the person is particularly exempted from the provisions of this chapter." (8) Section 7028.2 authorizes a criminal complaint to be filed only by the Attorney General, a district attorney or a prosecuting attorney for a city. However, section 7028.6 authorizes and section 7028.7 requires the Registrar to cite an individual if the Registrar has probable cause to believe the individual is acting as a contractor without a license and expressly provides, "The sanctions authorized *995 under this section shall be separate from, and in addition to, all other remedies either civil or criminal." (Ibid.)
Similarly, section 7125 requires the Contractors' State License Board to require contractors to file certificates of workers' compensation insurance unless specifically exempted by statute, and section 7126 provides that a licensee who fails to comply with such a requirement is guilty of a misdemeanor. However, section 7125.2, subdivision (d), provides that "with respect to an unlicensed individual acting in the capacity of a contractor who is not otherwise exempted from the provisions of this chapter, a citation may be issued by the registrar under Section 7028.7 for failure to comply with this article and to maintain workers' compensation insurance."
Owen argues that if the Registrar intended to proceed under sections 7028.7 and 7125.2, he should have cited Owen under those statutes rather than for violating sections 7028 and 7125. However, the statutes cited by the Registrar describe the statutory requirements Owen allegedly violated. Sections 7028.7 and 7125.2 merely authorize the Registrar to sanction the violations by way of a citation. The citations appropriately put Owen on notice of the violations he allegedly committed.
III. Failure to File an Accusation
Owen argues the Registrar's decision must be set aside because he failed to file an accusation to initiate the hearing before the ALJ. This argument is forfeited because Owen did not raise the argument in the administrative proceeding or in the trial court.[7] (Ward v. Taggart (1959) 51 Cal.2d 736, 742 [336 P.2d 534].) In any event, the argument lacks merit. Owen correctly notes that hearings on contested citations must be conducted in accordance with the Administrative Procedure Act's procedures for administrative adjudications. (§ 7099.5; Gov. Code, § 11500 et seq.) He argues that Government Code section 11503 requires the filing of an accusation to initiate the hearing. However, that statute only requires the filing of an accusation to initiate a "hearing to determine whether a right, authority, license or privilege should be revoked, suspended, limited or conditioned." (Ibid.) As already explained, the citation proceeding did not seek restriction, suspension, or revocation of Owen's license.
*996 DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Owen shall pay the Registrar's costs on appeal.
Simons, Acting P. J., and Needham, J., concurred.
NOTES
[*] Judge of the Contra Costa Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
[1] All statutory references are to the Business and Professions Code unless otherwise indicated.
[2] "A hearing to determine whether a right, authority, license or privilege should be revoked, suspended, limited or conditioned shall be initiated by filing an accusation. The accusation shall be a written statement of charges which shall set forth in ordinary and concise language the acts or omissions with which the respondent is charged, to the end that the respondent will be able to prepare his defense. It shall specify the statutes and rules which the respondent is alleged to have violated, but shall not consist merely of charges phrased in the language of such statutes and rules. The accusation shall be verified unless made by a public officer acting in his official capacity or by an employee of the agency before which the proceeding is to be held. The verification may be on information and belief." (Gov. Code, § 11503.)
[3] The rationale of the Ettinger cases themselves is not entirely clear. Furman relies on a disbarment case in which the Supreme Court held clear and convincing evidence was required because of the quasi-criminal nature of the proceeding and because removing or suspending a person from the practice of his or her profession deprived the person of "`personal and property rights.'" (Bar Asso. of San Francisco v. Sullivan (1921) 185 Cal. 621, 623-624 [198 P. 7], cited in Furman, supra, 12 Cal.2d at p. 229.) Ettinger, Realty Projects, and Small followed Furman based on the similarities between disbarment proceedings and the professional disciplinary proceedings at issue in those cases. (Ettinger, supra, 135 Cal.App.3d at pp. 855-856; Realty Projects, supra, 32 Cal.App.3d at p. 212; Small, supra, 16 Cal.App.3d at pp. 457-458.)
[4] Alternatively, Owen argues the preponderance of the evidence standard is acceptable at the citation hearing if the issue to be decided at the hearing is limited to whether there was probable cause to believe the alleged violations occurred, and that a hearing on whether the violations actually occurred would take place later and would be subject to a clear and convincing evidence standard of proof. We disagree with this creative interpretation of the statutory scheme. Section 7099 authorizes the Registrar to issue a citation upon probable cause to believe a violation has occurred. (§ 7099.) The citation alleges an actual violation: "Each citation shall be in writing and shall describe with particularity the nature of the violation, including a reference to the provisions alleged to have been violated." (Ibid.) After the hearing, the Registrar decides based on findings of fact whether to affirm, modify or vacate the citation. (§ 7099.5.) Because the citation itself alleged that certain violations occurred, an affirmance of the citation finds that the violations in fact occurred, not that there is probable cause to believe they occurred.
[5] In December 2008, Owen asked us to take additional evidence pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 909 of the Registrar's suspension of his license for failure to comply with the citation order he is challenging in this appeal. He also asked us to take judicial notice of an official record of the revocation of his license on August 25, 2008, for failure to comply with the same order. In January 2009, we denied the motion to take additional evidence and deferred a ruling on the request for judicial notice. We now deny the request for judicial notice because events that take place after entry of the final administrative order under review are outside the proper scope of our review. (See Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc. (1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 444, fn. 3 [58 Cal.Rptr.2d 899, 926 P.2d 1085].)
[6] Owen suggests that he would have had to forfeit his right to appeal the trial court's decision (by satisfying the correction order and penalty assessment) in order to avoid suspension or revocation of his license, but the case he cites refutes his contention. (See Ryan v. California Interscholastic Federation (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 1033, 1040 [114 Cal.Rptr.2d 787] ["compliance or satisfaction [of a judgment] that is compelled does not constitute a waiver of the right to appeal. Such a waiver is implied only where the satisfaction or compliance is the product of compromise or is coupled with an agreement not to appeal."].)
[7] Owen represents that he raised the issue in a reply brief he filed in the trial court, but that brief is not included in the appellate record.
|
Q:
Lower Bound for Sum.
I want to find a lower bound for the sum
\begin{equation}
(1/2)^{2n} \sum_{k=0}^{2n} \binom{2n}{k} \left|1- (1+\delta)^k (1-\delta)^{2n-k} \right|
\end{equation}
where $n>1$, $0<\delta<1/4$.
If I drop the absolute value and let $k$ go from $0$ to $n$ Mathematica is
able to deduce a closed form expression
\begin{equation}
\frac{4^{-n} \binom{2 n}{n+1} \left((\delta +1) \left(1-\delta ^2\right)^n \, _2F_1\left(1,1-n;n+2;\frac{\delta +1}{\delta -1}\right)+(\delta -1) \, _2F_1(1,1-n;n+2;-1)\right)}{1-\delta}
\end{equation}
where $F_1$ is the Hypergeometric function.
Question:
Is there any way to deduce a simpler lower bound of the above expression ?
The hard part for me is to prove that
\begin{equation}
\frac{(\delta +1) \left(1-\delta ^2\right)^n}{1-\delta} \,
_2F_1\left(1,1-n;n+2;\frac{\delta +1}{\delta -1}\right)- \, _2F_1(1,1-n;n+2;-1) \geq n\delta/ C
\end{equation}
where $C>0$ is a constant.
My attempt
The first order Taylor Approximation for $\delta$ around $0$ for the expression $1- (1+\delta)^k (1-\delta)^{2n-k}$ is $2(n-k) \delta$.
Then the sum
\begin{equation}
(1/2)^{2 n} \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{2n}{k} 2 (n-k) \delta = \delta\ 2^{-2 n-1} (n+1) \binom{2 n}{n+1} \asymp \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi }} \sqrt{n} \delta.
\end{equation}
This is exactly the lower bound I want to get, namely $\Omega(\sqrt{n} \delta)$, but I cannot find a formal argument at moment.
My problem is that $2(n-k) \delta$ is not a lower bound for the expression $1- (1+\delta)^k (1-\delta)^{n-k}$.
A:
If you drop the absolute value, the sum equals $0,$ no matter what mathematica says, so this gives you absolutely nothing useful. Otherwise, the term inside absolute value (for very small $\delta$) is positive for $k> n,$ and negative otherwise. If you break up the sum in this way, you get a hypergeometric expression which mathematica can compute the serie of at zero.
ADDENDUM
Defining
dog[n_, x_] := (1/2)^(2 n) Sum[(1 - (1 + x)^k (1 - x)^(2 n - k)), {k,
0, n - 1}]
And then evaluating dog[n, x] has no hypergeometrics.
Also:
dog[n_, x_] := (1/2)^(2 n) Sum[Binomial[2 n, k] (1 - (1 + x)^k (1 - x)^(2 n - k)), {k, 0, n - 1}]
Series[dog[n, x], {x, 0, 1}]
gives
$$2^{-2 n} n x \binom{2 n}{n}+O\left(x^2\right).$$
WHich is about $O(\sqrt{n})$ in $n.$
|
closest to v? (a) 5 (b) -5 (c) 0.2
c
Let w = 0.038 - 0.133. Let m = -0.135 - w. What is the closest to 0 in m, -1, -0.5?
m
Let i = -18.3 - -18.4. What is the closest to 2 in -0.3, -1/9, i?
i
Suppose 0 = 2*k + 4, 2 - 62 = -5*o - 5*k. Which is the nearest to 0.1? (a) -5 (b) o (c) -9/2
c
Let g be -8*(-5)/((-45)/18). What is the nearest to -0.1 in g, 5, -3, 2/7?
2/7
Let j = -0.57114 + 0.17114. Suppose 3*c - 15 = -2*c. What is the nearest to 1 in c, j, 2?
2
Let u = 2135/4278 - -2/2139. Which is the closest to 2/3? (a) 6 (b) 0.1 (c) u (d) 2/13
c
Suppose 10 = -4*h - 6. Which is the closest to 0.3? (a) -2/5 (b) -4/13 (c) h
b
Let g = 4.26 - 0.26. Let u = 0.2 + -0.1. Let f = -0.3 + u. Which is the closest to 0.1? (a) f (b) g (c) 5
a
Let g = 10 - 10.5. Suppose -3*s + 6 = -w, -4*s - 5 = 4*w - w. Which is the closest to s? (a) 0.3 (b) -1.2 (c) g
a
Let g = 1/21 + -26/105. Let d = -1.92 + 2.02. Which is the closest to 1/4? (a) 2 (b) g (c) d
c
Let y = 2.01 + -0.01. Suppose 3*d - 1 = -3*m - 4, 0 = -2*d - 5*m + 7. Which is the nearest to y? (a) d (b) 2 (c) -1
b
Let r = 0.2 + -0.3. Suppose 68*b = 23*b - 45. What is the closest to r in 2/7, 0.3, b?
2/7
Let n = 8333/45771 - 1/4161. Suppose 7*b - 2*b = 45. Let v = 4 - b. What is the nearest to v in -1, 1, n?
-1
Let n = 20378 - 20373. Let g = -0.1 - -0.1. What is the closest to g in -1, n, -2?
-1
Let r(v) = 7*v + 3. Suppose -3*f - 24 = -3*c, 5*f - 2*c + 24 = -7. Let a be r(f). Let w be ((-18)/a)/((-3)/(-4)). What is the nearest to -1/4 in 1, -2, w?
w
Let u = 17418 + -86743/5. Let o = u - 69. Let r = 0.99 - 1.39. What is the closest to -2/3 in r, o, -1?
r
Suppose -2*t + 13 = 21. Let r = -6 - -3. Which is the nearest to -1? (a) 5 (b) r (c) t
b
Let q = 115 - 119. Which is the nearest to -2/7? (a) 3 (b) q (c) 0
c
Let m = -1436.9 - -1364. Let z = m - -73. Let d = 294 - 4412/15. Which is the nearest to 2? (a) -1/4 (b) z (c) d
b
Let g = -0.043 + 21.043. Let t = g + -20.6. Let i = 13 - 7. Which is the closest to -1? (a) i (b) t (c) 1
b
Let k = 41 - 23. Let f = k + -7. Let q = f - 11.2. What is the closest to 0.1 in q, -2, -0.1?
-0.1
Let a = -51/55 - -8/11. Let m = -0.581 - -1.581. What is the nearest to m in 2/7, -3, a?
2/7
Let l = -0.1 + 0.1. Let v = -0.613 + -2.387. Which is the closest to l? (a) 0 (b) v (c) 1/3
a
Let z be ((-89 + 5)/(-6))/(-3 - -2). What is the nearest to 1 in z, 2/15, -0.2?
2/15
Suppose -73 = -5*f + 2. Let w = 15 - f. Which is the closest to w? (a) -3 (b) 5 (c) 1/8
c
Let y = -2123.2 + 2329. Let d = 232 - y. Let z = d + -26. Which is the closest to 2? (a) z (b) 1/4 (c) 2
c
Let l = 2 + -1.8. Let x = -1/53 - -55/106. What is the nearest to l in 2/3, -4, x?
x
Let l = 10 - 31. Let m = -21 - l. What is the nearest to 0 in 4, m, 2/5?
m
Let n = 92/11 - 287/33. Which is the closest to 3/4? (a) 1/5 (b) n (c) -3 (d) -2
a
Let l = -0.08 - 0.17. Let t = -9.75 + l. Let p = t + 10.1. What is the closest to p in -4, 0, 0.4?
0
Let t be (-136)/(-112)*7 + -4. Which is the nearest to 2/5? (a) t (b) 0.5 (c) 8
b
Let x = 2 + 0. Let v be -7 + ((-910)/(-50) - 10). Which is the closest to 0? (a) x (b) 2/7 (c) v
b
Let m = 0.07 - -0.23. Let w = 109 - 106. What is the closest to w in -2, m, 3?
3
Let u = 0.2 - 0.3. Let p = 5/39 + 77/312. Suppose 0 = -2*y + 4*y - 2. Which is the nearest to y? (a) p (b) u (c) 3/4
c
Let v = -2.9 + 3. Let m be 535/6*7/5075. Let z = m + -2/87. Which is the nearest to v? (a) 1 (b) z (c) 2
b
Let y be ((-4)/(-10))/(22/10). Let p = -285 - -285.4. What is the nearest to 1 in y, 1/7, p?
p
Let l = -1.8 + 35.8. Let k = -36 + l. What is the nearest to k in -2/11, -5, -2/3?
-2/3
Let t = 18 + -39. Let n = t + 36. Suppose 2*s + 3*s = -n. Which is the nearest to 0? (a) -2/5 (b) 3/4 (c) s
a
Let d = 16/45 - 313/1260. Let h = d - 23/84. Which is the closest to 5? (a) 0.1 (b) h (c) -2/5
a
Let r = -35 + 313/9. Let u = -28 - -36. Let z = 7.8 - u. What is the nearest to 2/9 in z, 2/5, r?
2/5
Let n(o) = -12*o - 51. Let v be n(-4). Which is the nearest to 1/2? (a) v (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2/11
d
Let h = 1.85 + -1.87. Let n = -0.4 - -0.3. Which is the nearest to n? (a) 2 (b) h (c) -2
b
Let u be (4/22)/(-99 + 98). Which is the closest to -6? (a) u (b) 2 (c) 5
a
Let x = -1.1 - 12.9. Let k = -16 - x. Let o = 3 - 3. What is the nearest to k in -0.5, o, 1/2?
-0.5
Let w(v) = 2*v**3 - 4*v**2 - 18*v + 6. Let r be w(4). Which is the nearest to -1/2? (a) 2/7 (b) -22 (c) 11 (d) r
a
Let f = 1.5 + -1.3. Let s = -1.1 - -0.1. Let d be (-8 + 105/14)/((-1)/2). Which is the nearest to -1? (a) d (b) s (c) f
b
Let u = 10 + -10.4. Let r = -207 + 1659/8. Which is the closest to 1? (a) 5 (b) r (c) u
b
Let h = 10 + 1. Suppose 26 = 2*i - 2*p + 3*p, 0 = -3*i - p + 40. Let c = i - h. What is the nearest to c in 0.1, 0.5, 3/7?
0.5
Let g = -4.25 - -3.95. Which is the nearest to g? (a) 5/4 (b) -4 (c) 1/3
c
Let s = 1.95 - -0.05. Let m = s + -1.9. Let f(z) = -2*z**2 + 17*z - 2. Let i be f(8). What is the closest to m in i, -0.3, 3?
-0.3
Let z = 2.1 + -2. Let m = -170 + 269. Let p = m + -103. Which is the nearest to -0.2? (a) 5 (b) p (c) z
c
Let n be (5/2)/(1/(-2)). Suppose 6*w + 0*w = -30. Let f be (-4)/18*(1 - w). Which is the closest to -0.6? (a) f (b) n (c) -0.1
c
Let x be 1 + -1 + -4 + 2. Let f = 7015 + -7013.6. What is the nearest to 0.1 in f, x, 0.2?
0.2
Let x = 25 + -36. Let m be 180/(-27) - 210/(-45). What is the closest to x in 0.5, m, 3?
m
Let t = -87.6 - -81.6. Which is the nearest to -7? (a) t (b) 0.4 (c) -2/9 (d) 0.5
a
Let t = 0.237 + -5.237. Which is the closest to -0.21? (a) -0.1 (b) t (c) -4
a
Let n = -23 + 22. Suppose -5*b - f - 45 = -0*f, -b = 3*f + 23. Let q be b/(-44) + (-21)/55. What is the closest to 0.1 in n, q, 4/11?
4/11
Let r = -1 - -6. Let q = -39.49 + 39.99. Which is the nearest to 1/4? (a) r (b) q (c) -5
b
Let d = 960 - 871.2. Let o = d + -89. Which is the closest to o? (a) 0 (b) -2/7 (c) 2
b
Let r = -0.03 - -0.43. Let h be (-2)/8 - (-9)/(-84). Let q = h + 53/70. Which is the closest to q? (a) -5 (b) r (c) 2
b
Suppose 11*k + 10 = -1. What is the nearest to k in 5, -0.4, 8?
-0.4
Let r = -684 - -683.8. Let u = -113/28 + 15/4. What is the closest to 0 in -0.3, u, r?
r
Let i = -0.32 + 0.32. What is the nearest to -0.1 in -2/3, -0.6, 0.6, i?
i
Let q = -1212.9 + 1213. Which is the nearest to 1? (a) 1/3 (b) 2 (c) q
a
Let y = -57/8 - -7. Suppose 8*w - 8 = 7*w. Let v be 16/(-15) + 3/(60/w). Which is the closest to v? (a) y (b) -4 (c) 3
a
Let j = -6.4 - -6. Let b = -668 + 670.87. Let u = -0.13 - b. What is the closest to 2/3 in 3, u, j?
j
Let r be 4 - 2/((-16)/(-434)). Let t = 49 + r. What is the nearest to 0 in 1, 1/6, t?
1/6
Let w = 19 + -19. Let n = -12 + 13. What is the nearest to 3 in w, n, 0.3?
n
Let f = 2730 + -2729.9. Let n = -4 + 3.97. Which is the closest to -1? (a) 5 (b) f (c) n
c
Let w = -18692 + 18697. Let q(y) = y**3 + 6*y**2 + 4*y - 4. Let n be q(-5). What is the closest to -2 in 3/4, n, w?
3/4
Let h be (-205)/(-164) - 11/12. Which is the closest to -1/4? (a) h (b) -2/13 (c) -4
b
Let z = -0.78 + 108.78. Let s = 108.4 - z. Which is the closest to 1? (a) -3 (b) 2/7 (c) s
c
Let j be ((-8)/(-50))/((-2)/(-5)). Let y = -1.2 - -1.3. Let h = -91 + 90. Which is the nearest to y? (a) 3 (b) h (c) j
c
Let d = 0.0579 - 0.5579. Let z = 178 - 446. Let p = -3486/13 - z. What is the closest to -1/2 in d, p, 4?
d
Let f = -15 - -17. Let s = 22 - 22.7. Which is the closest to 1? (a) 3/4 (b) s (c) f
a
Let h = -1 + 4. Suppose 2*d + d + 4 = 4*x, -x - 14 = 3*d. Which is the closest to -1/4? (a) d (b) h (c) 0
c
Let u be ((-77)/(-35) + -1)*(-10)/(-4). Let i = -0.1 + 0.1. What is the closest to u in -0.1, 0.5, i?
0.5
Let n(w) = -w**3 + 6*w + 18. Let i be n(-6). Let l = i - 2176/11. Let x be (5/3 + -2)/(-1). What is the closest to 1 in l, 3, x?
x
Let b = 86 - 91. What is the closest to 0.1 in -4, b, 6?
-4
Let q = 6 + -5.9. Let j = -355 - -360. Which is the nearest to q? (a) 2/13 (b) 3/5 (c) j
a
Let k be 3/2*48/9. Suppose -k + 0 = z. Let u = -7 - z. Which is the nearest to 0? (a) 1/5 (b) -3 (c) u
a
Let h be (-8)/(-36) + ((-2668)/18)/1. Let z be h/(-28) + -3 + 38/14. What is the nearest to -0.1 in z, -5, -3?
-3
Let i |
My question is concerning the ghunnah:
Is it a must to keep the sound of the ghunnah steady , not going down or up?
May Allah reward you for your efforts and make us all among his thankful slaves.
My question is concerning the ghunnah:
Is it a must to keep the sound of the ghunnah steady , not going down or up? Or is it only not allowed to raise or lower the sound like a ladder (like during the mudood).
I am confused about this because I heard it in the lesson (on Iqra) of Shaikh Ayman Suwayd ,but I don't really see anyone practicing this.
Thank you very much. May Allah help us to give His book it's rights. And may you be helped by Asshakuur as you helped others.
Answer
Wa alaikum assalaam wa rahmatullahi wa barakaatuh.
Subhan Allah, the wording in your question is indeed beautiful, may Allah be pleased with you and reward you greatly for you good adab and grant you all which is khair for you in this world and the Hereafter.
We should not oscillate our voice or tone during the prolonged ghunnah, such as when the noon or meem have a shaddah on them. This is not the way the early Muslims pronounced the ghunnah and is a modern way some use to try and beautify their recitation.
We should beautify our recitation with a pleasant voice, apply the proper tajweed rules, and concentrate on the meaning of the aayaat and try and convey the meaning in our recitation without exceeding the proper rules. This is the best way of recitation.
May Allah grant us that we recite His words as they were revealed to our Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah upon him and that we do not surpass the bounds of what is proper recitation in our efforts to make it beautiful. Ameen.
You are most welcome and may Allah reward you for your kind dua'. |
Here is the new poster artwork for Gary Ugarek’s Independent feature length Crime Thriller [All In The Game] starring Nelson Irizarry, Chris Clanton, Micaiah Jones, and Kelvin “Drama” Page. Along with Mike McMullin, Daniel Ross, Joseph Durbin, myself, Vonn Harris and many more! So far the film has been selected into 3 Film festivals and the film is still making its rounds within the circuit! As you already know, any progress on the film will be noted and Ill be sure to tell you! As always, #StayTuned and #Enjoy |
Role of Diabetes Management in Occupational Health: Perceptions and Practices of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Providers.
Diabetes mellitus is a common and costly disease, affecting millions of working age adults in the United States. Although many risk factors for diabetes are well described and manageable, the management of diabetes in the occupational setting is not well defined. This study used a 17-item survey to explore the practices and perceptions of occupational medicine providers in Michigan on the management and prevention of diabetes in the workplace. Most providers utilize many strategies to manage diabetes. Nonetheless, results from the survey demonstrate variability in practices. Most providers indicate that specific guidelines for caring for workers with diabetes would be useful. A specific guideline would help delineate the role of an occupational health provider in managing diabetes and support better outcomes for the many patients with diabetes who work. |
module.exports = require('./PannerNode')
|
MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA
MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA, also known as mascRNA, is a non-coding RNA found in the cytosol. This is a small RNA, roughly 53–61 nucleotides in length, that is processed from a much longer ncRNA called MALAT1 by an enzyme called RNase P. This RNA is expressed in many different human tissues, is highly conserved by evolution and shares a remarkable similarity to tRNA which is also produced by RNase P, yet this RNA is not aminoacylated in HeLa cells. The primary transcript, MALAT1 (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), appears to be upregulated in several malignant cancers.
Another small RNA that is homologous to mascRNA, called menRNA, is processed from another long ncRNA called MEN beta.
MALAT1 appears to be involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. MALAT1 interacts with SR proteins, influencing the distribution of these in nuclear speckle domains.
See also
Long noncoding RNA
MALAT1
NEAT1
References
Further reading
External links
OMIM page for MALAT1
HGNC page for MALAT1
Entrez Gene: MALAT1-associated small cytoplasmic RNA
Category:Non-coding RNA |
Q:
Has anyone patched the code to experiment with the currency supply model?
Since the supply model of a currency is a key factor in it's economic properties, I think it would be interesting to experiment with supply models that could be changed easily.
It could perhaps then be linked to some other external factor which could be objectively ascertained with the resilience of the p2p structure like for example, available fresh water, carbon or population.
Have there been any efforts in this direction?
A:
There have been various experiments in this regard. The Alternate Cryptocurrnecies sub-forum is full of them. If I recall, Tenebrix and/or GeistGeld removed the halving block sizes, resulting in a coin without a cap on the number of coins.
Also, there is EnCoin, and alt whose price is supposed to be based on the cost of electricity.
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Shop Around the Web
What’s Next for Starbucks?
April 25, 2008
by
findingDulcinea Staff
Starbucks remains one of the most successful modern retail ventures this country has seen, but it’s also the target of many a coffee lover’s ire. With continual competition from the artisans of coffee and cheaper retailers, what lies down the road for Starbucks?
As the CEO of Starbucks in the 1990s, Howard Schultz helped turn the company into the largest coffee shop chain in the world. But he left his post in 2000, and during that hiatus his successor, Jim Donald, grew the number of Starbucks stores from 3,500 to 15,000. Many believe it happened too fast. In 2007, Schultz wrote an emotional Valentine’s Day memo to the company’s executives about Starbucks’ “loss of passion and romance for selling coffee.” Eleven months later, Schultz resumed his position as CEO, following in the footsteps of Steve Jobs, a former CEO of Apple, Inc. who also returned during a period of financial trouble.
Starbucks has extended its empire to 44 countries and to nearly every block of Manhattan, plus malls and small towns across America. Meanwhile, the company replaced manual with automatic espresso machines to save time, the more experienced managers and barista were too thinly spread out amongst the many stores, and, says the New York Times, “coffee can sit in Starbucks’s urns for as long as two hours.” Schultz plans to revitalize Starbucks with a return to better coffee, introducing new blends and higher quality espresso and coffee machines.
Why did Starbucks start a record label, sell food that few people buy and abandon the art of coffee-making? No one is entirely sure, but it was a pleasant surprise—to past and present employees, Starbucks drinkers and undoubtedly, the company executives—to see the “passion” of the company returning in the form of Schultz. Even self-proclaimed “coffee geeks” are watching the changes with interest. In a recent New York magazine article, three of them sounded off on what makes Starbucks weak and what can make it better. Among their often obvious suggestions: train the baristas better and don’t overroast the beans, a pervasive problem which has led many people to dub the coffee chain “Charbucks.”
The high-priced coffee at Starbucks may not currently be of the best quality, but many of those who require java don’t seem to care; after all, Starbucks is so conveniently located—or so you’d think. McDonald’s is poised to grab a piece of Starbucks’ coffee consumer base, and there are considerably more outposts of the burger chain than there are of Starbucks. Click over to Foodio54 to compare Starbucks with McDonald’s saturation in your area.
On the other side of the counter, many baristas are seeking changes that go beyond more training and better coffee machines: they want to make sure that they get what they’re owed. In March, a California court ruled that Starbucks must reimburse baristas the tips that they were previously required to share with shift supervisors. Similar cases are pending in Massachusetts and New York.
But not all baristas are unhappy; there’s the case of Michael Gates Gill, a downsized ad exec with a recently diagnosed brain tumor, who not only gained a paycheck but also became a better man when he took a job at Starbucks. His book “How Starbucks Saved My Life” chronicles his transformation.
John Moore, a former Starbucks employee and author of the blog “Brand Autopsy” wonders why Starbucks doesn’t make more of Michael Gill’s success story. Starbucks promotes random musicians and movies; why not promote the pleasures of working for the company?
In fact, Moore has given quite a bit of thought to “Solving Starbucks Problems.” Among the problems discussed: “Loss of Coffee Theatre” (the espresso machine dilemma), “Loss of Coffee Aroma,” (most stores now smell of a combination of melting plastic and toasted sandwiches) and “Loss of Store Soul” (ouch). Moore also wrote a detailed manifesto, “What Must Starbucks Do?” in response to Howard Schultz’s rather touching Valentine memo.
The return of Schultz is promising, but obviously Starbucks must overcome various challenges on the way to retaking its coffee crown. More coverage on Starbucks’ new leaf can be found in the Beyond the Headlines story “Starbucks: Out with the New, in with the Old.” |
package com.example.unifiedreturn.config;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import com.example.unifiedreturn.converter.LoginUserArgumentResolver;
import com.example.unifiedreturn.converter.StringToLocalDateTimeConverter;
import com.example.unifiedreturn.exception.BusinessException;
import com.example.unifiedreturn.exception.TestBean;
import com.example.unifiedreturn.vo.CommonResult;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.core.MethodParameter;
import org.springframework.format.FormatterRegistry;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.http.converter.HttpMessageConverter;
import org.springframework.http.server.ServerHttpRequest;
import org.springframework.http.server.ServerHttpResponse;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestControllerAdvice;
import org.springframework.web.method.support.HandlerMethodArgumentResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ResponseBodyAdvice;
import java.util.List;
/**
* 统一返回配置
*
* @author fraser
* @date 2019-08-08 17:07
*/
@EnableWebMvc
@Configuration
public class UnifiedReturnConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
/**
* 配置 RESTful API 统一参数返回
*/
@RestControllerAdvice("com.example.unifiedreturn.api")
static class CommonResultResponseAdvice implements ResponseBodyAdvice<Object> {
@Override
public boolean supports(MethodParameter methodParameter, Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> aClass) {
return true;
}
@Override
public Object beforeBodyWrite(Object body, MethodParameter methodParameter,
MediaType mediaType,
Class<? extends HttpMessageConverter<?>> aClass,
ServerHttpRequest serverHttpRequest,
ServerHttpResponse serverHttpResponse) {
//应对特殊case，返回类型是String不做处理会导致StringMessageConverter转换异常，将其封装并转换为json对象
if (body instanceof String) {
String stringBody = (String) body;
CommonResult<Object> objectCommonResult = new CommonResult<>(1, stringBody);
return JSON.toJSONString(objectCommonResult);
}
if (body instanceof CommonResult) {
return body;
}
return new CommonResult<Object>(body);
}
}
@RestControllerAdvice("com.example.unifiedreturn.api")
static class UnifiedExceptionHandler {
@ExceptionHandler(BusinessException.class)
public CommonResult<Void> handleBusinessException(BusinessException be) {
return CommonResult.errorResult(be.getErrorCode(), be.getErrorMsg());
}
}
// @Bean
public TestBean testBean() {
return new TestBean();
}
@Override
public void addFormatters(FormatterRegistry registry) {
registry.addConverter(new StringToLocalDateTimeConverter());
}
@Override
public void addArgumentResolvers(List<HandlerMethodArgumentResolver> resolvers) {
resolvers.add(new LoginUserArgumentResolver());
}
}
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Redken User Posting Guidelines
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Q:
What would cause E. coli to change from filamentous growth to normal growth?
In my lab we've observed a phenomenon in which a culture of E. coli is found to shift from normal rod growth to filamentous growth and then back to normal rod growth again several times over the course of 400 hours. This was shown by an OD600 graph which oscillates from high values (~5) to low (~0.5) (the culture was also viewed directly).
The shift to filamentous growth is usually associated with an SOS response in E. coli and this makes sense (the media is M9 supplemented with 0.2% casamino acid and 0.1mM thiamine hydrochloride), however we don't know why it switches back from filamentous to normal growth.
Has anyone observed a similar phenomenon? Does anyone have any suggestions why this might be happening?
A:
Expression of sfiA (sulA) causes filamentation during the SOS response, so presumably sfiA is induced, as part of SOS, in response to some sort of DNA damage. Once the DNA damage is repaired the SOS genes, including sfiA, will be repressed again and normal growth will resume.
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Q:
Get frame from video bytes
I'm extracting a frame from a video using ffmpeg and golang. If I have a video in bytes instead of saved on disk as an .mp4, how do I tell ffmpeg to read from those bytes without having to write the file to disk, as that is much slower?
I have this working reading from a file, but I'm not sure how to read from bytes.
I've looked at the ffmpeg documentation here but only see output examples instead of input examples.
func ExtractImage(fileBytes []byte){
// command line args, path, and command
command = "ffmpeg"
frameExtractionTime := "0:00:05.000"
vframes := "1"
qv := "2"
output := "/home/ubuntu/media/video-to-image/output-" + time.Now().Format(time.Kitchen) + ".jpg"
// TODO: use fileBytes instead of videoPath
// create the command
cmd := exec.Command(command,
"-ss", frameExtractionTime,
"-i", videoPath,
"-vframes", vframes,
"-q:v", qv,
output)
// run the command and don't wait for it to finish. waiting exec is run
// ignore errors for examples-sake
_ = cmd.Start()
_ = cmd.Wait()
}
A:
You can make ffmpeg to read data from stdin rather than reading file from disk, by specifying - as the value of the option -i. Then just pass your video bytes as stdin to the command.
func ExtractImage(fileBytes []byte){
// command line args, path, and command
command := "ffmpeg"
frameExtractionTime := "0:00:05.000"
vframes := "1"
qv := "2"
output := "/home/ubuntu/media/video-to-image/output-" + time.Now().Format(time.Kitchen) + ".jpg"
cmd := exec.Command(command,
"-ss", frameExtractionTime,
"-i", "-", // to read from stdin
"-vframes", vframes,
"-q:v", qv,
output)
cmd.Stdin = bytes.NewBuffer(fileBytes)
// run the command and don't wait for it to finish. waiting exec is run
// ignore errors for examples-sake
_ = cmd.Start()
_ = cmd.Wait()
}
You may need to run ffmpeg -protocols to determine if the pipe protocol (to read from stdin) is supported in your build of ffmpeg.
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Q:
How to prove that the number $1!+2!+3!+...+n!$ is never square?
How to prove that the number $1!+2!+3!+...+n! \ \forall n \geq 4$ is never square?
I was told to count permutations but I cannot figure out what we are permuting.... Thanks!
A:
The first few cases are easily dealt with: $1!=1$ and $1!+2!+3!=9$ are squares, while $1!+2!=3$ is not.
For $n \ge 4$, $1!+2!+3!+ \ldots + n!$ is congruent to 3 mod 5. But all squares are congruent to 0, 1, or 4 mod 5.
A:
Firstly, it's only true for n > 3. Secondly, I don't see how to do it with permutations.
But the key is to consider residue classes mod 10. $ 1! + 2! + ... + n! $ is congruent to either 3 or 8 mod 10, but no square ends in either 3 or 8.
A:
You can also use mod $7$ to solve this.
Firstly, manually checking $n=1,2,3,4,5$ gives only the solutions $n=1$, $n=3$.
If $n\ge 6$, then $$1!+2!+\cdots+n!$$
$$\equiv 1!+2!+3!+4!+5!+6!\pmod{7}$$
$$\equiv 5\equiv m^2\pmod{7},$$
contradiction, because $5$ is not a quadratic residue mod $7$ (notice $(7k\pm 1)^2\equiv 1\pmod{7}$, $(7k\pm 2)^2\equiv 4\pmod{7}$, $(7k\pm 3)^2\equiv 2\pmod{7}$).
mod $13$ would also work analogously. If $n\ge 12$, then $$1!+2!+\cdots+n!$$
$$\equiv 1!+2!+\cdots+12!\equiv 11\pmod{13}$$
and $11$ is not a quadratic residue mod $13$.
Using this method mod $9$ or mod $11$ wouldn't work (the residues would be $0$, which is a square mod every integer).
mod $17$ would also work -- the residue would be $12$, which is not quadratic mod $17$.
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Q:
How to handle swipe in android?
I am creating swipe in my app. When I am on last image and I swipe from right to left. Its still on same image thats fine. Then I swipe again from right to left. And then from left to right my app it crash. Similar case on first image. I know this is because of the increment in variable. I want if user on last image and he swipe from right to left even many times. And then if he swipe from left to right previous image come. Please help me to solve this.
position lies b/w 0 to 8.
Code-
position = i.getExtras().getInt("id");
public void onRightToLeftSwipe(){
Log.i(logTag, "RightToLeftSwipe!");
if(position<mThumbId.length){
position++;
changeBackground();
}
}
public void onLeftToRightSwipe(){
Log.i(logTag, "LeftToRightSwipe!");
if(position>=0){
position--;
changeBackground();
}
}
private void changeBackground(){
full.setBackgroundResource(mThumbId[position]);
}
I am getting array index out of bound error length=9 index=9 when I am on last image and swipe from right to left then swipe from left to right.
And I am getting array index out of bound error. length=9 index=-1. When I am on first image and swipe from left to right then swipe right to left.
Edit-
I want if user is on first image and he swipe from left to right image fixed. And when he swipe from right to left next image come.
A:
This should do the trick :) I did not test it but it should work.
public void onRightToLeftSwipe(){
Log.i(logTag, "RightToLeftSwipe!");
if(position < mThumbId.length - 1){
position++;
changeBackground();
}
}
public void onLeftToRightSwipe(){
Log.i(logTag, "LeftToRightSwipe!");
if(position > 0){
position--;
changeBackground();
}
}
private void changeBackground(){
full.setBackgroundResource(mThumbId[position]);
}
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Paquito Cordero
Paquito Cordero (October 16, 1932 – June 30, 2009), was a pioneer of Puerto Rican television. He was also a comedian and television producer.
Early years
Cordero (birth name: Francisco Cordero Baez) was born to Francisco Cordero Paco and Berta Baez de Cordero in Santurce, Puerto Rico. Cordero attended Santurce Central High School upon finishing his primary and secondary education. He was a member of his high school's drama club and participated in its plays, where he discovered the art of comedy. Cordero was geatly influenced by his aunt on his father's side, Mapy Cortés. Mapy Cortés had moved to Mexico from Puerto Rico, where she became an actress. There she met and married Puerto Rican actor, "Fernando Cortés". After Cordero graduated from high school, he enrolled and attended the University of Puerto Rico and married his childhood sweetheart, a hairdresser whom everyone knew as "Cuqui". With Cuqui he had three children, two girls and one boy.
Artistic career
Cordero auditioned for a role in a comedy skit which was transmitted through Radio El Mundo and was subsequently hired. He did this in his spare time. His aunt Mapy and her husband Fernando returned to the island and presented an idea for a comedy show to Ángel Ramos, owner of El Mundo Enterprises. On March 28, 1954, Puerto Rico received its first television transmission from Angel Ramos' WKAQ-TV Telemundo Channel 2. Among the first comedy shows to go on the air was "Mapy Y Papi" with Mapy and Fernando Cortés, María Judith Franco and Paquito Cordero.
During this period in his life, he fell in love with one of the show's dancers, a young girl by the name of Nora. He soon divorced his first wife and asked Nora to marry him. She accepted and together they had a son, Santiago.
Paquito Cordero Productions
In the 1960s, Cordero formed his own production company which he named Paquito Cordero Productions, Inc. His younger sister, Bertita, became his assistant and eventually his younger brother, Jorge, would also join the company as a future co-producer. On January 11, 1965, Telemundo transmitted the first program produced by Paquito called "El Show de las 12" (The 12 O'Clock Show). The first show included appearances by El Gran Combo, Tito Lara, Los Hispanos, and Olga y Tony. It also included a section within the show, dedicated to the teenage crowd, called "Canta la Juventud" (Youth Sings). Among those taking part in this section were Alfred D. Herger and Puerto Rican teen idols Lucecita Benítez and Chucho Avellanet. "El Show de Las 12" was presented by Miguel Ángel Álvarez and Eddie Miró was the scriptwriter. The show was a success and was watched by over 80 percent of the population, becoming one of Puerto Rico's most beloved programs for over 40 years.
Television programs produced by Cordero
Cordero also produced the following shows which were popular in Puerto Rico:
"El Show de las 12" with "Los Alegres Tres", Silvia, Chapuseaux y Damiron with Clarissa, Militza (La India) and Mary Stull.
"El Show Sultana", with "Los Hispanos", and Tito Lara
"2 a Go Go", with "Julio Angel" & "Tammy"
"Walter, las Estrellas Y Usted" (Walter, the Stars and You), with Walter Mercado
"Mi Hippie Me Encanta" (I love my hippie) with Luis Antonio Rivera: Yoyo Boing, Rosita Velazquez, Johanna Ferrán and Myrna de Casenave
"En Broma y en Serio" (Joking and Seriously), with Lou Briel, and Dagmar
"Su Estrella Favorita" (Your Favorite Star)
"El Show de Chucho", (Chucho's Show), with Chucho Avellanet"
"En Casa de Juanma y Wiwi", (In Juanma & Wiwis' Home), with Awilda Carbia, and Juan Manuel Lebrón
"Estudio Alegre & Musicomedia", (Cheerful Studio & Musicomedy), with Otilio Warrington, Awilda Carbia, and Juan Manuel Lebrón
"La Gente Joven de Menudo/Menudomania", with Puerto Rican music group Menudo.
"Los Kakucómicos", with Adalberto Rodriguez, Machuchal, and Shorty Castro, among many others
"La Pensión de Doña Tere", (Lady Tere's Guesthouse), with Norma Candal, and
"Noche de Gala", (Gala Night Ball), with Eddie Miró, and in different periods of time co-hosted by, Marisol Malaret, Deborah Carthy Deu, Marilyn Pupo and Gilda Haddock.
On April 14, 1983, Telemundo was sold to John Blair and Co. and finally, in 2004 became part of the NBC Universal network. This led to many changes and one of the changes was the substitution of locally produced programs with programs produced in other countries such as Mexico. Cordero, however, remained at Telemundo as its main local producer from 1983 to 2004.
On May 6, 2004, television producers Paquito Cordero and Tommy Muñiz received a special recognition on behalf of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico as part of the celebration of the 50 years of uninterrupted transmission on the Telemundo and Televicentro channels.
Telemundo stops transmitting local programs
On February 25, 2005, Telemundo canceled Paquito Cordero's "El Show de las 12", the longest-running television show in Puerto Rico. Telemundo no longer transmits locally produced television programs and thus, is no longer a source of income to the local artistic class.
On the last airing of the show, Eddie Miró took the microphone and said these words:
Later years
In 2007, Cordero, produced a remake of "Noche de Gala", (Gala Night Ball), broadcast by WIPR-TV, Tu Universo Television, channel 6, with Deborah Carthy Deu, as the host. Cordero died of respiratory problems in the morning hours of June 30, 2009. He is survived by his wife, Nora, and four children, Paquitin, Chiqui, Muñeca and Santiago. The governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Fortuño, declared three days of national mourning. On July 2, a wake was held in the "Salon de Actos" of El Convento Dominicos in Old San Juan which was assisted by the governor and his wife, local celebrities, and Cordero's family and close friends. Cordero remains were later transferred to the Santa Maria Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery also in Old San Juan where he was buried.
Notes
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
References
External links
Popular Culture
Category:1932 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Burials at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
Category:Puerto Rican comedians
Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Category:Puerto Rican television personalities
Category:Television pioneers
Category:Deaths from respiratory failure
Category:20th-century American comedians |
The measurement of degradation and wear of three glass ionomers following peroxide bleaching.
To investigate, for three glass ionomer dental materials, the effects of a hydrogen peroxide solution on the elution of key elements, and the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on subsequent wear rates with a toothpaste slurry. Discs specimens of three glass ionomers (ChemFlex, Fuji II and Ketac-Fil) were prepared. One set of discs was exposed to either 6% hydrogen peroxide in phosphate buffer, phosphate buffer, water, a carbonated beverage or 38% orthophosphoric acid for 60 min. The ions eluted from the discs were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emmision spectroscopy. A second set of discs were conditioned with either a 6% hydrogen peroxide gel (30 min), water (30 min), a carbonated beverage (2 min) or 38% orthophosphoric acid gel (2 min) followed by a three-body abrasive wear treatment (2 min) with a toothpaste slurry. Changes in height of the samples were measured with a digital comparitor. The conditioning and abrasive cycles were repeated thirteen times. For the elution study, the solutions gave only minor release of sodium except orthophosphoric acid which showed increased elution levels of aluminium, silicon and sodium ions. For the wear study, the orthophosphoric acid gave the highest level of wear whilst for the other treatments there were no statistical significant differences in the level of wear (one-way ANOVA). A 6% hydrogen peroxide solution did not cause significant dissolution, and a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel did not significantly increase the three-body wear rate of any of the materials tested. |
Entire Text search
By default, multi-word search terms are split and Searchable searches for each word individually. Relevance plays a role in prioritizing matches that matched on multiple words. If you want to prioritize matches that include the multi-word search (thus, without splitting into words) you can enable full text search by setting the third value to true. Example: |
Fenway Park is a baseball park located in Boston, Massachusetts near Kenmore Square….where since 1912, it has been the home for the Boston Red Sox….which is the city’s American League baseball team….and since 1953, its only Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise. It is the oldest ballpark in Major League Baseball….and because of its age and constrained location in Boston’s dense Fenway–Kenmore neighborhood…..the park has been renovated or expanded many times…..thus,…
The New York Mets’ 1987 season was the 26th regular season for the Mets. They went 92-70 and finished 2nd in the NL East. They were managed by Davey Johnson. The team played home games at Shea Stadium. The Mets were coming off a World Series Championship over the Boston Red Sox…..and were a team that virtually every MLB…
There is probably not another head coach and individual player that have had more video and film produced about them…..or articles and books that have been written more about them…than The Bear (Coach Paul Bear Bryant) and Joe Willie (QB Joe Namath). The Bear is a 1984 movie starring Gary Busey and Jon-Erik Hexum….in a film was written by Michael Kane, directed by…
Game 2 saw the Mets knot the series at one game apiece as New York scored two runs in the fourth inning….and then got three more in the fifth against Astros’ starter Nolan Ryan en route to a 5 – 1 victory. Lefty Bob Ojeda went the distance on a ten-hitter for the Mets….who were aided by an RBI double…
The 1986 American League Championship Series was a back-and-forth battle between the Boston Red Sox and the California Angels for the right to advance to the 1986 World Series to face the winner of the 1986 National League Championship Series. The Red Sox came in with a 95–66 record and the AL East division title….while the Angels went 92–70 during the regular season to win…
The 1988 Orange Bowl was an American college football bowl game between the Miami Hurricanes and the Oklahoma Sooners. It was the 54th edition of the Orange Bowl and took place at the Orange Bowl stadium in Miami, Florida on January 1, 1988. Miami was coached by Jimmy Johnson and Oklahoma was coached by Barry Switzer….as Miami would go on to win the game by a score of 20 – 14. To date,…
In this 1986 episode of ESPN Baseball’s Greatest Hits with host George Grande is titled “World Series Unsung Heroes….features Oakland A’s catcher Gene Tenace….plus St Louis Cardinals’ OF Harry The Hat Walker….along with Pittsburgh Pirates 2B Bill Mazeroski, with the shot heard round the world…..and last but not least, Red Sox OF Bernie Carbo….as the four featured “Unsung Heroes” of World…
The 1986 Chevrolet Coach of the Year was awarded to Air Force Academy’ Fisher DeBerry after leading his Falcons to the WAC Championship and a 12 – 1 record…..while ending the season ranked # 5 in the country…..and beating the Texas Longhorns in the Bluebonnet Bowl by a score of 24 – 16. The 1986…
The 1986 Orange Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Oklahoma Sooners and the Penn State Nittany Lions. This was Oklahoma’s second straight Orange Bowl appearance and their second straight Big Eight Conference title. This was Penn State’s first Orange Bowl appearance since 1974. Penn State’Tim Manoa gave Penn State an early lead on a short touchdown run….as they led 7-0 after one quarter…
I can tell you 2 things about Dick that most people don’t know !Number 1, He played his HS ball at Crane Tech. in Chicago, His collage ball at Ill. and his Pro Ball with the Bears. He never left the state ! Number 2, He was as famous in the city of Chicago in HS as he is now with all NFL fans !!O’yea, he has been married to his HS girl friend now for over 50 years. That’s a real tough guy fellas !!
Jim HARDY NFL – Monster of the Midway – Dick Butkus
Thank you i will check it out, I LOVE THE CLASSIC MLB GAMES, the 70's and 80's in my personal opinion were the golden days of Professional Baseball! i MISS THOSE DAYS!!
Kelle Johnson – Astros Vs Mets 1996
The Murmanschanns, what a duo, I remember them from this show, the Muppets, Sesame Street and other shows. They are the most unique mime artists to grace this Earth. I thought they were amazing and these two routines prove it.
Linda Key – Red Skelton Murmanchanns
+Imasportsphile III I only figured out he died from youtube and thanks to my grandfather I know who |
Craig Wighton can't believe it after Allan McGregor saves his goalbound header
John Martin wrote: "Shocking display. Need change pretty quickly. This is not Hearts?!"
David Reid suggested: "Should have given Rangers 12 points at the start of the season and saved a lot of fans the time and effort."
Brian Douglas pulled no punches: "Wage thieves... never turned up... another embarrassing (televised) performance. Mistake after mistake."
Sign up to our Hearts newsletter The i newsletter cut through the noise Sign up Thanks for signing up! Sorry, there seem to be some issues. Please try again later. Submitting...
Another supporter wrote: "Hearts look lethargic and slow in mind and body, Rangers look stronger and fitter which is something that should never happen. If these players don’t want to be up for games every week they should go elsewhere and if the manager can’t get them up for it then he should go also."
One fan wanted to know: "Midfielders out of their depth, why was Mulraney playing so deep?"
Keir said: "Pathetic first half. We constantly do this against Rangers."
Ben Steel didn't mince his words: "Laughable performance."
Another fan added: "That was the most shocking game of football I have ever watched at Tynecastle! The boys at half-time had more passion than our first 11. Thump thump thump that’s all they did. Pathetic tactics."
Michael Anderson wrote: "I can accept losing if we have a go but bar the first month of the season we have been stumbling from game to game. It really is not good enough with what we have at the club."
Rob Green added: "With five games left to play in the league you’d think a bit of effort wouldn’t go amiss... especially with a cup final coming up."
Gillian Hunter said: "Surely players should use it as motivation that they want their cup final place so have to up their performance over the last few games of the season. Going out with a whimper is not ideal build up to a cup final." |
Kevin Wimmer’s dream is becoming a reality.
The central defender snapped up from FC Cologne in the Bundesliga arrived at Hotspur Way for his first day as a Spurs player this morning (Monday, July 6).
Kevin, 22, was then straight into medical testing, the first step of pre-season training for all our players.
Below: Kevin, far right, runs with Nabil Bentaleb, Andros Townsend and Cameron Carter-Vickers on Monday
The Austrian international told us it was a ‘big honour’ to join the club and he’s relishing his first day.
“It was always a dream for me to play for a club like this and to play in the Premier League,” he told us.
“Now I’m here, to start training at such an amazing training centre, it’s a very good feeling. For a footballer, it can’t be better.
“It was such a good feeling to wear my new kit, with the Tottenham Hotspur logo, it makes me very proud.
“My first training session was very tough but this is what pre-season is about!
Below: Kevin talks to us after completing his move to the club
[ektdesignns_placeholder_ID0EZ]
“I’m really looking forward to the season because I’m enjoying it already on my first day. My team-mates have all welcomed me, they are all very nice and this is going to be a very good time for me.”
COMING SOON - look out for an exclusive interview with Kevin on Spurs TV… |
Nostalgia ain't what it used to be
A Real National Tragedy
Date: 10 November, 2003
By: Chief
ost of the people I have talked with, friends, neighbors and strangers alike agree that (a) the current war in Iraq, which is officially over — kind of, is wrong and (b) they have the utmost respect for our troops.
That, believe you me, is nice to hear. It is almost music to my ears. I just wish that three groups, all of which are headquartered in Washington, D.C., who continue to heap praises upon troops would put our money where their mouths are. I am talking about the Congress, the President and the Department of Veterans Affairs, the DVA. Also known as the "VA."
Some of our VA benefit programs work real well. Such as the VA home loan. That particular program allowed me to buy my very first and only house, truth be told. The GI bill used to work superbly until Congress started tinkering with it to 'make it better'. Now it only works so-so. Typical.
The benefit which is most important to veterans is, naturally, the one which to call it an abomination would be a prize understatement. That benefit is VA medical care and associated hospitals.
Our Congress and President send our young troops off to fight a war — which is fully funded at all times, by the way. A great many of our troops come back from said war chewed up and spit out. Some for life. And our much touted VA medical care benefit cannot, or should I say will not, deal with most of them. That blows.
The age range of veterans that I am talking about is the Vietnam veteran and forward to today's veteran. Veterans of Korea, World War II and World War I can receive health care from, and here is another insult, Medicare. Medicare sucks.
The VA medical system and hospitals were initially set up and funded by Congress for veterans and veterans only. No one else need apply. That was our guarantee of 'free' medical coverage for life when we got out or retired. Well, and I do hate to say this, that was then and this is now and Congress as usual, or should I say once again, reneged on their commitment to us — the veterans.
The VA medical system sucks
VA hospitals are old, poorly maintained, under staffed, under funded and quite literally stink. The waiting times to be seen by a doctor are from 60 days to 18 months on average. I'm not kidding when I write that. Just ask the Disabled American Veterans organization. They can tell you an ear full and it will be all fully documented as well. The DAV is one hell of a good organization and if you are a disabled veteran reading this, be sure to check out the DAV website. Just maybe they can be of help. What have you got to lose?
On top of that is the rather sordid fact that VA hospitals are located in major cities. Here in New Mexico there is exactly one VA hospital, in Albuquerque. I live oh, just about 260 miles, one way from Albuquerque. That makes it a 520 mile round tripper. Sure, you bet, I'll just head on up there tomorrow to get some Tylenol. Blithering federale idiots.
There is some kind of VA clinic located about 38 miles south of where I live. But the clinic cannot even write prescriptions, let alone dispense them. Additionally, they can't do such rudimentary things such vision tests and issue corrective glasses. So what is the point of having a medical 'clinic' that cannot do a damn thing? Answer — nothing.
That is the problem. The VA is a political creature. All politicians want to be shown as supporting the VA. And the VA says look at what we have done. We have opened all these clinics in rural areas to better assist our veterans. Bullshit. I know better than that.
The best thing that can happen to the current fiasco known as the VA medical care and hospital benefit is to shut them down. Just close the doors. Then contract out to local hospitals and doctor's offices. That way more veterans can actually make use of a benefit for which we are all paying now and for the foreseeable future. The VA owned facilities could be either be leased or sold outright. Either method could be used for partial funding of the new VA medical care system. It isn't perfect but the idea is far better than what we currently are stuck with.
The state of affairs of the VA medical care and hospitals are, indeed, a national tragedy. We should be ashamed, each and every one of us, for this abomination. We should in turn contact our federal representatives and not ask but demand that this sorry state of affairs be fixed. Fixed posthaste and permanently.
No veteran who has been honorably discharged or retired should be without good medical care. The federales made that commitment to us and they made it for life. Not until we turn 65 or some other rot. As such, we need to hold their feet to the fire until the goober-ment makes good on their commitment — to our satisfaction. Hell, there illegal immigrants who have better health coverage than veterans. A travesty of no small proportion let me tell you. Additionally, most states have some sort of indigent health coverage for those people who either cannot work or do not make enough money to pay the exorbitant cost of medical insurance. And they have better health care coverage than most veterans do.
We have kids, 18 years old, some of them, coming home from Iraq or Afghanistan with wounds, missing arms, legs, eyes, scarred bodies in short, who will never be able to do the things they used to be able to do. Never be able to live the dreams they dreamed. Yet our federal government does not view them as a priority. They were, of course, when the fighting was going on. But now that they are wounded or disabled and out of the military they are no longer important. To be sure, most of the time our government views our disabled veterans as a drain on scarce resources — tax money. That sucks donkey dicks a nickel a herd.
Remember, We the People paid them, our elected idiots sent them overseas to fight a war. Our veterans must not be relegated to the back of the bus, as they currently are. |
Q:
How do I pass an instantiation of QCommandLineParser to a function in Qt?
Currently I have a working Qt command line application. However, I need to refactor this working program such that my QCommandLineParser object gets configured in a class method rather than in main() itself. I have tried the obvious:
In ExecuteTask.h:
void setUp(QCommandLineParser parser);
In ExecuteTask.cpp:
void ExecuteTask::setUp(QCommandLineParser parser){
parser.setApplicationDescription("Learning console app in Qt");
parser.addHelpOption();
}
In main.cpp:
...
QCoreApplication app(argc, argv);
ExecuteTask cmnd_line_func;
QCommandLineParser parser;
cmnd_line_func.setUp(parser);
...
However, I get this error (attached in link):
Compilation error
I have also tried declaring QCommandLineParser parser as a pointer in ExecuteTask.h but obviously this leads to problems when you have to run:
parser.process(app)
in main. I have tried actually also passing QCoreApplication app to my setUp function to run parser.process(app) in my setUp() method but that brought up similar "...is private within this context".
Also tried another solution where declaring QCommandLineParser parser as a pointer and using a getParser() method to return the parser in main but this lead to similar "private" problems.
-- no idea where to go from here as I'm used to C++ and just passing argc and argv to methods but this with Qt is different.
So is there a way that QCommandLineParser can be passed to a method outside of main()? The docs didn't much help me and just about every tutorial I've come across has all configuration done in main() and this is not what I want to do at all.
A:
Okay, after mucking around, I found the solution.
in ExecuteTask.h:
void setUp(QCommandLineParser *parser);
in ExecuteTask.cpp:
void ExecuteTask::setUp(QCommandLineParser *parser){
parser->setApplicationDescription("Learning console app in Qt");
parser->addHelpOption();
}
in main.cpp:
ExecuteTask cmnd_line_func;
QCommandLineParser parser;
cmnd_line_func.setUp(&parser);
parser.process(app);
|
<div id="wpbody">
<div id="wpbody-content">
<div class="about-wrap">
<h1>
<?php echo __( 'Welcome to Runway', 'runway' ); ?>
<span class="version">
<?php
$framework = wp_get_theme( 'runway-framework' );
if ( $framework->exists() ) {
echo 'Version ' . $framework->Version;
}
?>
</span>
</h1>
<div class="about-text">
<?php echo __( 'A better way to create WordPress themes. Runway is a powerful development environment for making awesome themes', 'runway' ); ?>.
</div>
<div class="runway-badge"><br></div>
<div class="clear"></div>
<?php global $Dashboard_Admin; ?>
<h2 class="nav-tab-wrapper tab-controlls">
<a data-tabrel="#getting-started" href="#getting-started" class="nav-tab nav-tab-active">
<?php echo __( 'Getting Started', 'runway' ); ?>
</a>
<a data-tabrel="#support" href="#support" class="nav-tab">
<?php echo __( 'Help', 'runway' ); ?>
& <?php echo __( 'Support', 'runway' ); ?>
</a>
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<?php echo __( 'Release Notes', 'runway' ); ?></a>
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<?php echo __( 'Credits', 'runway' ); ?>
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Late-onset laser in situ keratomileusis-related corneal ulcer--a case series.
To report 4 cases of flap margin-related corneal ulcer that developed 5 years after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) procedures. We retrospectively documented the clinical and laboratory characteristics of all patients between 2004 and 2008 who presented with LASIK-related corneal ulcer that appeared >5 years postoperatively. The 4 patients who had this condition were 25-, 33-, 61-, and 62-year-old males. Two patients had cultures positive to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis. Two ulcers healed after standard fortified topical antibiotic regimen, 1 ulcer healed after treatment with moxifloxacin, and the fourth healed after treatment with lomefloxacin. All cases presented 5 years after the LASIK procedure. LASIK procedures can be associated with the risk of corneal infection even years later. The mechanism may be flap margin instability causing epithelial defense barrier disturbance. |
[Dynamics of respiration pathway in transgenic salt-tolerant wheat and its receptor under salt stress].
Using transgenic salt-tolerant wheat 89122 and its receptor Longchun 13 as test material, the dynamic changes of respiration pathway of wheat seedlings at different salt concentration were studied. The appearance of salt respiration was later in 89122 than in Longchun 13. The changes of Valt and rho Valt of both varieties had different patterns during salt stress process. Valt was suppressed by high salt levels, but could be induced by low salt levels in Longchun 13. The rho Valt and rho' Vcyt of two varieties were cooperatively regulated with each other to adapt to salt stress, and rho' Vcyt was the main electron transport pathway. The possible physiological roles of cyanide-resistant respiration were also discussed. It was suggested that the operation intensity of cyanide-resistant respiration could serve as a physiological index of plant salt-tolerance. |
Clonal heterogeneity, experimental metastatic ability, and p21 expression in H-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells.
We examined individual clones of murine NIH 3T3 cells, transformed with the human bladder cancer (T24) H-ras oncogene, for p21 expression and for experimental metastatic ability in the immunodeficient chick embryo. We found that the clones were heterogeneous for both of these properties. In general, p21 expression was a good predictor of metastatic ability of the clones. Cells from poorly metastatic clones were passaged in the chick embryo metastasis assay to determine whether cells with increased metastatic ability could be selected. We found that the selected cells were more metastatic and that substantial increases in expression of p21 also accompanied this increase in metastatic ability. The relationship between p21 expression and metastatic ability appeared linear, with a high correlation coefficient (r = .85), suggesting that in this model system quantitative increases in metastatic properties can result from increased expression of the ras oncogene protein product p21. |
199 F.Supp. 86 (1961)
Ex parte Ben A. JOHNSON, Mover,
v.
Mr. Victor G. WALKER, Warden, Louisiana State Penitentiary, Angola, Louisiana, and the State of Louisiana, Respondents.
Misc. No. 583.
United States District Court E. D. Louisiana, Baton Rouge Division.
November 17, 1961.
*87 *88 J. Minos Simon, Simon & Trice, Lafayette, La., for applicant.
Jack P. F. Gremillion, Atty. Gen. of Louisiana, Teddy W. Airhart, Jr., Thomas W. McFerrin, Scallan E. Walsh, Asst. Attys. Gen., for respondents.
WEST, District Judge.
This is an application for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The petitioner is presently incarcerated in the Louisana State Penitentiary at Angola, Louisiana.
On November 19, 1954, petitioner was sentenced to ten years at hard labor in the Louisiana State Penitentiary pursuant to a jury verdict of guilty entered on October 23, 1954, on the charge of violating Title 40, Sec. 962 et seq. of the LSA-Revised Statutes of Louisiana, in that "he had in his possession certain quantities of narcotic drugs".
A full and complete hearing was held before this Court on this application, both on the pending motions filed by respondents and on the merits on November 2, 1961. In order to have a complete understanding of the issues involved, it is felt that a recounting of the history of prior proceedings in this matter, as reflected by a review of the record of the Trial *89 Court and the Appellate Court proceedings, is necessary.
The original trial of the petitioner on the charge of having possession of narcotic drugs began in the Nineteenth Judicial District Court for the Parish (County) of East Baton Rouge, State of Louisiana, on October 25, 1954. After presenting its evidence, the State rested its case at about 2:00 o'clock p. m. on October 27, 1954. During the entire presentation of the State's case, one Ford K. (Bobby) Dees, a witness under subpoena by the State was apparently present in the courtroom, and while he was so present in the courtroom, the defense attorney had him served with a subpoena on behalf of petitioner. The State had elected not to call Dees as a witness.
After the State rested its case, the first witness called by the petitioner was the said Ford K. (Bobby) Dees, but at that time, Dees was found to be not present. This was at about 2:00 o'clock p. m. on October 27, 1954. The Judge then recessed the Court until 4:00 o'clock p. m. and issued an order to have Dees picked up and brought into the Court pursuant to his subpoena. When the Court reconvened at 4:00 o'clock p. m., Dees was still missing, and thereupon the Court again recessed until 10:00 o'clock a. m. the following day, and a statewide pickup order was put out for Dees.
At 10:00 o'clock a. m. the following day, October 28, 1954, when the Court reconvened, Dees was still missing. At this time the petitioner filed a motion for a continuance, alleging that Dees was a witness necessary to his defense, and at the same time presented to the Court an eight page affidavit, previously executed before a Notary Public by Dees, the contents of which petitioner stated to the Court would be proved by him if Dees were present to testify, and that he would prove by Dees that he "framed" petitioner to the knowledge of and with the consent of the District Attorney and the officials of the State of Louisiana. Whereupon the attorneys for the State agreed to admit that if Dees were present, he would testify in accordance with the affidavit presented by the petitioner. The Trial Court ruled that inasmuch as the State agreed to admit the affidavit into evidence, and inasmuch as the State admitted that the witness, if present, would testify in accordance with said affidavit, that the motion for a continuance must be denied under the well settled law of the State of Louisiana. Thereafter, the affidavit of Dees was filed in evidence and presented to the jury. No other witnesses were called by the petitioner, and after certain rebuttal evidence was produced by the State for the purpose of showing that Dees did not "frame" petitioner, and that the State did not knowingly use any perjured testimony, the State rested and the evidence was closed.
Thereafter, on October 28, 1954, the jury found petitioner "guilty as charged" and he was, on November 19, 1954, sentenced to serve ten years at hard labor in the State Penitentiary at Angola, Louisiana.
A motion for a new trial was then filed on November 18, 1954, and another supplemental motion for new trial was filed by the petitioner on the same day. Both motions were denied by the Trial Court.
An appeal was taken by petitioner to the Supreme Court of the State of Louisiana, and on March 21, 1955, the Louisiana State Supreme Court set aside the conviction and sentence and remanded the case for new trial. State v. Johnson, 228 La. 317, 82 So.2d 24.
In this decision the Court gave its reasons in detail for a reversal of the Trial Court. The Supreme Court of Louisiana pointed out that two bills of exception had been reserved by the petitioner on the trial of the case, and that the petitioner had also urged before the State Supreme Court that there is "error patent on the face of the record". Bill of exception No. 1, the Court stated, was leveled at the fact that the District Court, or Trial Court, allowed the District Attorney to change the date of the alleged offense at the commencement of the trial. Petitioner alleged that this was error. The Court held that under the settled law of Louisiana, the Court may allow an amendment *90 to the bill of information so long as the defendant can show no prejudice thereby. They held that since the Trial Judge had specifically given the petitioner an opportunity to show prejudice, and since the petitioner had failed to show any prejudice, the Trial Court properly refused a continuance and allowed the amendment made by the State to the bill of information. On this initial hearing on appeal before the Louisiana State Supreme Court, however, the Court held that bill of exception No. 2 was good and they set aside the conviction and sentence and remanded the case for a new trial. Bill of exception No. 2 had been leveled at the fact that the Court had allowed the State to introduce evidence of a violation of the Narcotic Statute on a date other than the date of the offense charged in the bill of information on the theory that the State was attempting to show intent, system and knowledge. The reason given by the Louisiana State Supreme Court for finding merit in this exception was that intent or motive were not necessary elements of the crime charged, and that consequently, it was error to allow the State to present evidence of violations other than the one charged in the bill of information.
However, a rehearing at the request of the State was then granted, and on June 30, 1955, the Supreme Court for the State of Louisiana reversed its prior position and held that intent, motive, or knowledge was an essential ingredient of the crime charged, and decreed that the conviction and sentence be affirmed. State v. Johnson, supra.
Since the Louisiana State Supreme Court specifically made mention in its opinion of the fact that the petitioner urged "defects" allegedly "patent on the face of the record", it is to be assumed that these contentions of the petitioner were considered by the Supreme Court of Louisiana. The mere fact that a specific and detailed disposition is not made by the Court in its written reasons of every contention urged by a petitioner before the Court cannot be construed to mean that such contentions were not considered by that Court. Indeed, on the contrary, it should be assumed that the Court did consider all arguments and issues presented, absent specific showing to the contrary. Furthermore, a careful review of the record in this case does not reflect any "defects patent upon its face" insofar as this Court can determine.
On April 8, 1958, petitioner filed an application for a writ of habeas corpus in this Court, which was denied on the grounds that he had not exhausted his State Court remedies, citing authorities therefor. On April 25, 1958, the petitioner filed an application for a writ of habeas corpus with the United States Supreme Court, which was also denied. On May 22, 1958, petitioner filed application for a writ of habeas corpus with the original Trial Court, the Nineteenth Judicial District Court for the Parish of East Baton Rouge, State of Louisiana. Exceptions to the jurisdiction of that Court were then filed by the State, and in November of 1958, the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled that the original Trial Court no longer had jurisdiction over this matter, but that the District Court in the Parish where the petitioner was incarcerated had jurisdiction over such habeas corpus proceedings. Petitioner then applied to the Twentieth Judicial District Court, Parish of West Feliciana, State of Louisiana, the parish where the State Penitentiary is located, for writs of habeas corpus, which were denied by that Court on June 13, 1958. He then applied again to this Court, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana, for a writ of habeas corpus and on March 16, 1959, this application was denied with a per curiam stating that the application was denied for failure of the petitioner to exhaust his State Court remedies.
Petitioner again applied to the Twentieth Judicial District Court for the Parish of West Feliciana, State of Louisiana, and after hearing, on March 28, 1959, this application was also denied. He then applied to the Louisiana State Supreme Court from this denial, and also filed an original application for a writ of habeas corpus with that Court. On April 27, *91 1959, his appeal and application were denied. A motion for a rehearing was filed and was denied by the Louisiana State Supreme Court. No writs of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court were applied for in connection with this ruling of the Twentieth Judicial District Court for the Parish of West Feliciana, State of Louisiana, and the subsequent ruling of the Louisiana State Supreme Court. Thereafter, this present application for a writ of habeas corpus was again filed in this Court.
In connection with this present application, petitioner sought to produce some nine witnesses and numerous records and documents which, after careful deliberation and after diligent examination of the complete record of the proceedings in the original trial court and in the Louisiana State Supreme Court, this Court found to be unnecessary for a determination of the issues presented.
The application for writ of habeas corpus filed by petitioner in this case alleges very generally that his constitutional rights have been violated, and only a vague reference to his having been "framed" is contained in this application. However, to this application petitioner has attached many exhibits, copies of other pleadings, briefs, etc., which tend to give his version of how he alleges he was "framed". This application was apparently prepared originally by the petitioner himself without the aid of counsel. (However, it might be noted at this point that this petitioner for the past seven years, and during his various attempts to secure his release from the penitentiary, has been represented by at least six very able attorneys at different times during these proceedings.)
An amending and supplemental application was later prepared by able counsel presently representing the petitioner, and filed in this record, in which, as an additional grounds for issuance of the writ of habeas corpus, it is alleged that certain evidence used against petitioner at his trial was obtained "by illegal search and seizure", and hence was used in violation of his constitutional rights. Also, in the supplemental application, petitioner urges violation of the Civil Rights Statutes of the United States as set forth in 42 U.S.C.A. §§ 1981-1983, as grounds for warranting issuance of a writ of habeas corpus. On the oral argument heard before this Court in connection with this application, counsel for petitioner stated that violation of the Civil Rights Statutes had been urged only in the event that this Court were to deny a hearing on the writ for habeas corpus because of failure of the petitioner to exhaust his State Court remedies. Since a full hearing was granted on the merits of this matter, this issue of violation of the Civil Rights Statutes has no further application to this matter. In any event, this matter would not be proper subject for inquiry in a habeas corpus proceeding.
To the initial application, the State filed motions (1) to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; and (2) to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction for failure of petitioner to exhaust his State Court remedies, including application for writs of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court.
To the supplemental and amending applications for a writ of habeas corpus, the State filed a motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that the State Court remedies have not been exhausted, this being the first time, aside from the original trial, that the question of illegal search and seizure has been raised by petitioner.
Hearing on these various motions, and on the merits, was held before this Court on October 13, 1961, with both the State and the petitioner being ably represented by counsel. After extended arguments heard by this Court, the motion of the State to dismiss the amending and supplemental application of petitioner for a writ of habeas corpus was granted. It is well settled that absent special circumstances, before this Court must hear an application for a writ of habeas corpus, the applicant must exhaust his *92 remedies in the State Courts. Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 73 S.Ct. 397, 97 L.Ed. 469; Darr v. Burford, 339 U.S. 200, 70 S. Ct. 587, 94 L.Ed. 761; Ex parte Hawk, 321 U.S. 114, 64 S.Ct. 448, 88 L.Ed. 572. While it is also settled that the District Judge has certain discretion insofar as exceptions to this rule is concerned, where special circumstances warrant; Frisbie v. Collins, 342 U.S. 519, 72 S.Ct. 509, 96 L.Ed. 541, nevertheless the Court in this instance does not feel that special circumstances exist here such as to justify a deviation from the general rule insofar as this phase of the application is concerned. As is noted from the preceding history of these proceedings, ample opportunity has been available to the petitioner to raise this question of illegal search and seizure in the Appellate Courts of the State of Louisiana, and even though he now relies on the recent case of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 556, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081, to support his position, under the settled jurisprudence, he must first present this matter to the proper State Courts for adjudication before he can be heard in this Court on a habeas corpus proceeding.
As to the motion of the State to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, this Court felt that while the State might be technically correct, nevertheless, in the interest of justice, this motion should be and was denied. While the original application, or petition, did not on its face set forth with any degree of particularity the constitutional rights of petitioner allegedly violated as is ordinarily required, nevertheless, the Court felt the record, including exhibits, taken as a whole, did set forth the required facts. Attached to the original application (which as previously stated was apparently prepared by Johnson personally) were various copies of pleadings in other suits, "briefs", and other statements of petitioner in support of his application. These exhibits and "briefs" did state details of how petitioner claims his constitutional rights have been violated. In view of this, and taking cognizance of the fact that petitioner, as a layman, is in all probability not familiar with the niceties of artistic pleading, it is the opinion of this Court that the original application filed by petitioner, together with the exhibits attached thereto, did, if proved, state a cause of action upon which relief could be granted.
The third and last motion filed by the State was directed at the original application, and moved for dismissal for lack of jurisdiction. This motion was based upon the fact that the petitioner had never applied to the United States Supreme Court for writs of certiorari from the ruling of the Louisiana State Supreme Court in connection with the habeas corpus proceedings originally commenced in the Twentieth Judicial District Court for the Parish of West Feliciana, State of Louisiana. Hence, it is contended by the State that under the settled jurisprudence, an application for a writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court is a necessary part of State Court proceedings, and is a prerequisite to the right to file habeas corpus proceedings in this Court. There can, of course, be no quarrel with this position as a general rule and, as heretofore pointed out, this Court recognized that principle in connection with the amending and supplemental application filed herein. But this Court further feels that a different situation is presented here insofar as the original application is concerned. The issues presented therein have certainly been presented to the State Courts not once, but several times. Following the application for the writ of habeas corpus to the Nineteenth Judicial District Court for the Parish of East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, petitioner applied for writs directly to the United States Supreme Court. Later, it was determined that the Nineteenth Judicial District Court had no jurisdiction, and new proceedings were immediately initiated by petitioner in the Twentieth Judicial District Court in the State of Louisiana. These were appealed to the Louisiana *93 Supreme Court, and a direct application for a writ of habeas corpus was also filed in that Court. While this Court feels that it has the discretion to grant the motion of the State to dismiss because of the failure of the petitioner to exhaust his State Court remedies, including application to the United States Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, nevertheless, under the circumstances of this case, and in order to feel satisfied that petitioner has been given the full benefit of a complete review of his case by this Court, this motion to dismiss was denied in order that full consideration may be given by this Court to all of the contentions of the petitioner.
On the Merits.
On the hearing of this matter before this Court, petitioner, through his very able counsel, presented five grounds upon which he based his contention that his constitutional rights had been violated, namely: (1) that he was convicted upon the basis of evidence that had been "planted" by one Ford K. (Bobby) Dees and was thus "framed" and that the attorneys for the State knowingly used this "fraudulently obtained" evidence; (2) that he was never properly advised of the charge against him due to a defect in the bill of information upon which he was tried; (3) that the appellate procedures of the Louisiana State Courts did not afford him a full consideration of his contentions, and thus, did not afford him due process or equal protection of the laws as required by the United States Constitution, Amend. 14; (4) that the record shows that the quantity of marijuana found in his possession was so small that it could only be seen microscopically, and that thus, as a matter of law, there was no evidence whatsoever upon which to base a conviction; and (5) that the evidence obtained and used against him was obtained by illegal search and seizure, and thus violated his constitutional rights.
After a most thorough and exhaustive review of the entire record of the State Court proceedings in this matter, and after having heard full and complete arguments of counsel for both petitioner and the State, and as a result of its own independent determination of the issues involved, this Court finds no merit to any of the various contentions of the petitioner for the reasons hereinafter set forth.
It is, of course, settled beyond argument that on habeas corpus hearings, the Court's inquiry is limited to a study of the undisputed portions of the record. All disputed facts come to the Court authoritatively resolved by the State's adjudication. U. S. ex rel. Townsend v. Sain, 7 Cir., 276 F.2d 324.
The United States District Court may not, on a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, usurp the function of the State Courts or the jury by determining de novo the guilt or innocence of a prisoner convicted under State process. The merits of the case are not to be considered, but only the facts which allegedly pose a constitutional question. U. S. ex rel. Fletcher v. Cavel, D.C., 183 F.Supp. 335. With these basic principles in mind, we proceed to a consideration of the various contentions of this petitioner.
1. The petitioner contends that he was convicted upon the basis of evidence which had been "planted" by one Ford K. (Bobby) Dees and was thus "framed", and that the State knowingly used this "fraudulently obtained" evidence. The Court finds no merit in this contention.
It might be noted that nowhere in petitioner's application for a writ of habeas corpus does he allege that the State knowingly used any evidence obtained as a result of a "frame". The State moved to dismiss this contention for that reason. However, out of an abundance of caution, this Court overruled that motion and decided to let the exhibits attached to the application serve to correct the defect in this application and thus allow the petitioner to be fully heard on this point. Whether or not this defendant was *94 "framed" was a matter of fact which was presented to the jury and decided adversely to the petitioner. During the trial of this case, wherein petitioner was represented by one of the leading criminal attorneys in this area, he tried to prove that he had been "framed". When, during his very lengthy cross-examination of one John A. Gjertsen, a narcotic agent with the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, defense counsel met with an objection from the State's attorney on the grounds of immateriality of evidence, defense counsel stated:
"The purpose of the question is, may it please the Court, to show that this man, in company with Dees, and in company with Sergeant Price, went to Thibodeaux and made a purchase of certain marijuana, certain narcotics, and that part of it was delivered to Dees with the instructions to take it and plant it at Ben Johnson's place, that's the purpose of it."
The trial court overruled the State's objection and allowed the defense to continue unhampered in their efforts to prove a "frame". (Transcript of Trial, page 106, et seq.) (It is also to be noted that this detailed explanation by defense counsel was made in the presence of the jury, which enabled the jury to have full benefit of the allegation of "frame" advanced by petitioner.)
After the State had concluded its case, the first witness called by the defense was Ford K. (Bobby) Dees, whom the defense had subpoenaed during the presentation of the State's case. He did not answer and could not be found. Court was recessed for about a day and a half while all efforts were made, including a statewide pickup order issued by the State Police to locate Dees. The defense then moved for a continuance and presented an eight page affidavit previously executed before a Notary Public by Dees, which they contended they could prove if Dees were a witness. Whereupon the State immediately agreed to and did stipulate that if Dees were called as a witness, he would testify precisely in accordance with the affidavit, without, of course, admitting the truth of the statements contained in the affidavit. The Trial Judge then instructed the jury as follows:
"Gentlemen of the jury, when a defendant prays for a continuance of a criminal case because of the absence of a material witness and complies with the law in making such a request, the State may oppose the continuance and insist that the trial be proceeded with provided the State admits that if the witness were present he or she would testify as alleged in the motion for continuance, without admitting, however, the truthfulness of the testimony it is claimed the absent witness would give if sworn and present in Court. Considering the admission by the State that if present, the absent witness, Dees, would testify as set out in the motion for continuance, the motion for continuance is denied, your being specifically instructed that the State does not admit the truthfulness of the alleged statements by the said witness."
The affidavit was then filed in evidence and read in full to the jury. No bill of exception was reserved at this time to the denial by the trial court of the motion for continuance.
This affidavit stated, in essence, that he, Dees, had been hired by the Louisiana State Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics agent to try to make a case against the petitioner, Johnson, but that he had been unable to do so. After this affidavit was introduced in evidence and presented to the jury, the petitioner, without calling any other witnesses, rested his case.
In rebuttal, the State called Colonel Francis C. Grevenberg, Superintendent of the Louisiana State Police, Sergeant Martin Fritcher, Robert M. Walker, and Leon K. Price, all employed by the Louisiana State Police Department, and again called J. A. Gjertsen, of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. Each of these witnesses *95 were examined and extensively cross-examined by defense counsel, specifically in connection with the statements contained in Dees affidavit. The jury apparently resolved this dispute concerning the alleged "frame" against the petitioner. Thus, insofar as the petitioner claims that he was "framed" to the knowledge of the State's attorneys, this is a mere disputed fact, resolved by the jury, after extensive presentation of evidence, against the petitioner and this Court cannot, on a habeas corpus hearing, inquire into that disputed matter.
Insofar as the petitioner claims that he was unable to have the witness Dees personally in Court and before the jury, this Court finds no violation of his constitutional rights in that respect. A subpoena was issued to this witness at the request of the petitioner, and when the witness failed to appear following the presentation of the State's case, every possible effort was made by the Court to have the witness located and produced in Court, including the issuance of a statewide pickup order. Then, when the witness could not be located, the petitioner presented to the Trial Court written evidence in the form of a notarized affidavit signed by the absent witness, setting forth what he contended this witness would testify to if he were presented in Court. The State agreed to admit this affidavit in evidence as hereinbefore set forth. No bill of exceptions was reserved by the petitioner at this time to the Court's ruling. Certainly compulsory process was had by the petitioner inasmuch as the witness requested by him was subpoenaed and every effort was made to produce this witness in Court. While a guarantee of compulsory process for obtaining a witness means that the accused is entitled, as a matter of right, to invoke the aid of the law to compel the personal attendance and actual presence of a witness at his trial when their presence is obtainable, nevertheless, it does not amount to a guarantee of actual attendance of such witness, and the fact that despite all efforts being made, the witness is still absent at the time of the trial, this absence does not show a denial of any constitutional right of the defendant. 97 C.J.S. Witnesses § 10, and cases cited thereunder. A careful reading of the record in this case fails to disclose that the petitioner's constitutional rights in this respect were in any way violated, and furthermore, it is quite apparent from the reading of this record that even had the witness Dees been available, his testimony would have amounted only to further evidence in connection with a highly disputed fact, the outcome of which would not have been subject to review by this Court on a hearing for a writ of habeas corpus.
2. Petitioner urges as his second ground for complaint that he was never properly advised of the charge against him due to a defect in the bill of information on which he was tried. This Court finds no merit to this contention. Whether an offense is sufficiently alleged in an indictment or bill of information is not a proper subject matter for inquiry on habeas corpus. Ex parte Webb, 225 U.S. 663, 32 S.Ct. 769, 56 L.Ed. 1248; Redmon v. Squier, 9 Cir., 147 F.2d 605, certiorari denied 325 U.S. 864, 65 S.Ct. 1198, 89 L.Ed. 1985. Jurisdiction to try an offense includes jurisdiction to determine whether the offense is properly charged. It is well settled that a criminal prosecution in the Courts of this State, based on a law not in itself repugnant to the Federal Constitution, and conducted according to the usual course of judicial proceedings as established by the laws of the State, so long as it includes notice, a hearing, or an opportunity to be heard before a court of competent jurisdiction and according to established modes of procedure is "due process" in the constitutional sense. Knewel v. Egan, 268 U.S. 442, 45 S.Ct. 522, 69 L.Ed. 1036, Frank v. Mangum, 237 U.S. 309, 35 S.Ct. 582, 59 L.Ed. 969.
Furthermore, the record in this case clearly shows that this issue was squarely *96 presented by the petitioner to the Louisiana State Supreme Court on appeal, and that the Court found that under the criminal laws of the State of Louisiana there was, in fact, no defect prejudicial to the defendant in the bill of information upon which he was tried. There is nothing in the Louisiana criminal laws involved that this Court would hold to be repugnant to the United States Constitution.
3. The petitioner next urges that the appellate procedures of the Louisiana State Courts did not afford him a full consideration of his contentions, and that thus, did not afford him "due process of law" or "equal protection of the law" as required by the United States Constitution. And again this Court finds no merit in this contention.
During the course of this trial, defense counsel reserved only two bills of exception. The first was leveled at the fact that the District Attorney was allowed by the Court to change the date on the alleged offense from "on or about the 7th day of October, 1953" to "on or about the 6th day of October, 1953". The second bill of exception was leveled at the fact that the Court allowed the State to introduce evidence that the petitioner had possession of marijuana on a date other than that on which the offense is charged for the purpose of showing intent, system, and knowledge on the part of the accused. These are the only bills of exception reserved during the trial. Later, after conviction, the petitioner filed a motion for a new trial based on the allegation that if the witness Dees were present personally to testify, the jury would find petitioner not guilty. When the new trial was refused, another bill of exception was reserved. However, this bill of exception was never urged before the Supreme Court of Louisiana on either the original appeal or on the rehearing before that Court. Both of the bills of exception presented were thoroughly reviewed by the Louisiana State Supreme Court and were resolved against the petitioner. It was after this that the petitioner then attempted to obtain another hearing before the Louisiana State Supreme Court to consider the refusal of the Trial Court to grant a new trial. A second rehearing was denied pursuant to the rules of procedure of the Louisiana State Supreme Court. The petitioner could have and should have urged this third bill of exception, had he thought there was merit to it, before the Supreme Court of Louisiana on the first appeal or on the rehearing. By his failure to urge this exception timely, he has waived whatever constitutional rights he might otherwise have had. Ex parte Mainello, 2 Cir., 184 F.2d 845; Buhler v. Pescor, D. C., 63 F.Supp. 632. He cannot come into this Court on a habeas corpus proceeding and obtain thereby a rehearing or another appeal from his original trial. Sunol v. Large, 332 U.S. 174, 67 S.Ct. 1588, 91 L.Ed. 1982; United States v. Hayman, 342 U.S. 205, 72 S.Ct. 263, 96 L.Ed. 232; Wooten v. Bomar, 6 Cir., 267 F.2d 900. But even in spite of this, and as heretofore set forth, the Court does not believe that the question of whether or not Dees should have testified personally is a proper matter of inquiry on this habeas corpus proceeding. Thus this Court finds that there is no merit in this contention of the petitioner. The appellate procedures afforded him were available and adequate and were in accordance with "due process" in the constitutional sense. The mere fact that he did not timely avail himself of this procedure does not constitute a violation by the Court of his constitutional rights.
4. The fourth grounds of complaint set forth by the petitioner at the hearing before this Court was that because of the fact that the quantity of marijuana found on the defendant was microscopically small, that it in fact, and as a matter of law, amounted to no evidence whatsoever upon which a conviction could be based. This is not a matter for review on a habeas corpus hearing. The record is clear that the amount of narcotic found on the petitioner was a disputed matter of fact, and, as a matter of fact, the jury found that petitioner had *97 marijuana in his possession, contrary to the laws of the State of Louisiana, and he was thus convicted. Whether or not there was evidence to support a guilty verdict against petitioner involves the question of his guilt or innocence and is a question with which this Court may not concern itself on a habeas corpus proceeding. United States ex rel. Bongiorno v. Ragen, 7 Cir., 146 F.2d 349; certiorari denied 325 U.S. 865, 65 S.Ct. 1194, 89 L.Ed. 1985; Wright v. Brady, 4 Cir., 129 F.2d 109. Thus, there is no merit to this contention.
5. And lastly, the petitioner complains that the evidence used against him was obtained by an illegal search and seizure, and thus violated his constitutional rights. Since this question is now raised for the first time, since his original trial, the motion of the State to dismiss this claim for lack of jurisdiction was granted. However, in passing, it will be noted that on the trial of this case, the question was thoroughly explored before the jury, and it was found, as a matter of fact, that petitioner had consented to the search and seizure now complained of. Defense counsel objected to the testimony on this point and was overruled by the Court, and then reserved the bill of exception to the ruling. (Transcript of trial record, page 83, et seq.) However, this bill of exception was never urged on appeal or otherwise before any appellate court in Louisiana, and was not urged by petitioner until it was presented here at this hearing for the first time. Hence, petitioner has completely failed to exhaust his State Court remedies as to this issue and in all probability has waived any constitutional rights that he otherwise might have had for failure to timely urge this exception.
Thus, after an exhaustive review of the record in this case, and after hearing complete and thorough arguments herein, this Court finds from its own independent examination that the petitioner herein has not been deprived of his constitutional rights, and thus, for the foregoing reasons, the writ of habeas corpus is denied.
|
Q:
md5sum of apk changes after every build
Why does the md5sum value of an apk change after every build?
Every time i build my Android application in the Eclipse IDE using the Android Tools -> Export Signed Application package, i get an apk file that gives a different md5sum value. If i have not changed any of the source code, shouldn't the apk files give the exact same md5sum? This happens even if i build it just seconds apart. What is going on?
A:
The individual files should compile with the same CRC. An APK however is like a zip file containing all your files and those files are stored with a timestamp. The timestamp will be different for each compile and this is what changes your md5sum.
|
Pokémon Duel,the mobile strategy game in which players battle and train digital Pokémon figures has released a new update, featuring starter Mega Evolutions from Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire and more, available now.
Here’s what’s new in the update:
New Look, New Feel: In addition to an all new look in the app’s home screen, the game now has an improved UI and a combined information and messages box, making in-app navigation easier for players.
New Mega Evolutions: New Mega Evolution figures for existing figures of Sceptile, Blaziken, and Swampert.
New Items, [UX] Rare Metal, [UX] Ingot, and [UX] Cube: With the introduction of UX materials, figures can more easily be powered up. Players will be able to further strengthen their existing figures even faster or make their Mega Evolution figures even more powerful.
Improved Fourth Booster Case Slot!: The fourth booster case slot that players can open through purchase will now also be guaranteed to drop materials. With the addition of the above UX materials, players will be able to boost their figures even faster. |
Sunday, June 26, 2011
So why is LulzSec calling it quits now at the height of its infamy? The heat is clearly on. At least one person, a 19-year old named Ryan Cleary, said to have ties to the group has been arrested in the UK, and assuming the person they’ve arrested is guilty as charged, chances are that when the pressure is on, he’ll give Scotland Yard as much evidence as he can in exchange for a lighter sentence.
Additionally, more information has started to emerge about the group via rival gangs and people who are former members. The Guardian Newspaper on Friday published a fascinating account, including a lengthy chatroom transcript that gives a great deal of insight into the groups inner workings. That this much information has wound up in the hands of a newspaper means that the cone of silence the groups members have relied upon to cover their tracks is starting to break down. Law enforcement agents looking to make more arrests will be combing through the logs looking for connections. |
Essay on foreign policy of india's freedom struggle - links and students. He dreamt of independent india. Find out more about the first prime minister. Know about his own nation. Know about the birthday of sudoku is one of the nehru was the architect of india.
India became http://www.culinairewandelingen.be/index.php/best-australian-essays/ first month and diseases. Get information, column and diseases. Children's day in kolkata on independence day essay traces its first prime minister. Browse to know more. For school children/kids the nehru family came from kashmir on the nehru 1889 a. This essay on history, popularly known and students. Make research projects and other classes.
The goal of india occupied it through manipulations and school reports about his motives and diseases. Know more about his own nation, on history. India is one of independent india. The most prominent leader. The architect of where can i buy research papers When india falls on the architect of india. Essay in freedom movement, children and graduation and pictures about jawaharlal nehru, evolution and other classes. Browse to become india. Get information, who went on unity in kolkata on independence day essay for kids, class 12 and a. Children's day 15 august 15 august 15, telugu, column and school children/kids the eve of independent india.
A short note on pandit jawaharlal nehru
He was the saka era, with chaitra as gurudev, fondly referred as its first prime minister of india. For class 1, kannada, children and diseases. Com jawaharlal nehru in hindi, and 6. He was born at allahabad on to know about jawaharlal nehru in hindi language. – 1941 a great national patriot and learn about the people of poverty and students. Make research projects and school children/kids the story of 365 days. Essay on the history. Make research projects and students. Rabindranath tagore 1981 a world free of 365 http://www.burton.cz/poverty-essay/
This biography profiles his motives and a. Find out more about his own nation, class 10, life history. This essay on november, and other classes. Pandit jawaharlal nehru was the first prime minister. The first prime minister of modern pandit jawaharlal nehru became her first prime minister of modern india. Rabindranath tagore, kannada, but the eve of newspapers complete essay on the birthday of the most prominent leader. |
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003" ToolsVersion="4.0">
<!-- MSBUILD Project File -->
<PropertyGroup>
<RootNamespace>SDKSample</RootNamespace>
<AssemblyName>DirectionalBinding</AssemblyName>
<TargetType>winexe</TargetType>
<Configuration>Debug</Configuration>
<HostInBrowser>False</HostInBrowser>
<UICulture>en-US</UICulture>
<OutputPath>bin\$(Configuration)\</OutputPath>
<ProductVersion>10.0.20821</ProductVersion>
<SchemaVersion>2.0</SchemaVersion>
<ProjectGuid>{0BB71EE8-2364-44BA-AFB2-CE3AC97DD8B9}</ProjectGuid>
<TargetFrameworkVersion>v4.0</TargetFrameworkVersion>
<ProjectTypeGuids>{60dc8134-eba5-43b8-bcc9-bb4bc16c2548};{FAE04EC0-301F-11D3-BF4B-00C04F79EFBC}</ProjectTypeGuids>
<TargetFrameworkProfile>Client</TargetFrameworkProfile>
</PropertyGroup>
<!--Import the target file that contains all the common targets -->
<Import Project="$(MSBuildToolsPath)\Microsoft.CSharp.targets" />
<ItemGroup>
<Reference Include="System" />
<Reference Include="System.Xml" />
<Reference Include="System.Data" />
<Reference Include="WindowsBase" />
<Reference Include="PresentationCore" />
<Reference Include="PresentationFramework" />
<Reference Include="System.Xaml">
<RequiredTargetFramework>4.0</RequiredTargetFramework>
</Reference>
<Reference Include="UIAutomationProvider" />
<Reference Include="UIAutomationTypes" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<!-- Aplication Definition Markup File -->
<ApplicationDefinition Include="app.xaml">
<Generator>MSBuild:Compile</Generator>
<SubType>Designer</SubType>
</ApplicationDefinition>
<!-- Compiled Xaml Files -->
<Page Include="Page1.xaml">
<Generator>MSBuild:Compile</Generator>
<SubType>Designer</SubType>
</Page>
<!-- Compiled Code Files -->
<!-- code behind -->
<Compile Include="Page1.xaml.cs" />
<!-- data class -->
<Compile Include="billsdata.cs" />
</ItemGroup>
</Project> |
--source include/have_tokudb.inc
#
# Attempt to change row format with and without
# other ALTER TABLE statements.
#
set session tokudb_disable_slow_alter=ON;
create table foo(a int auto_increment, b int, primary key (a)) engine=tokudb;
insert into foo (b) values (11),(21),(32);
select * from foo;
alter table foo auto_increment=1000;
show create table foo;
insert into foo (b) values (11),(21),(32);
select * from foo;
show create table foo;
alter table foo auto_increment=10;
insert into foo (b) values (11),(21),(32);
select * from foo;
show create table foo;
--error ER_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
alter table foo auto_increment=100000, add column c int;
--error ER_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
alter table foo auto_increment=100000, drop column b;
--error ER_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
alter table foo auto_increment=100000, add key b(b);
--error ER_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
alter table foo auto_increment=100000, change b b bigint;
--error ER_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
alter table foo auto_increment=100000, change b c int;
--error ER_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
alter table foo auto_increment=100000, change b b int DEFAULT 111;
drop table foo;
|
package com.coderings.dp.decorator;
/**
* @author nvarchar
* date 2017/7/28
*/
public class EmailMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Email stateEmail = new StatementEmailImpl(new EmailImpl("发邮件"));
Email encryptEmail = new EncryptEmailImpl(new EmailImpl("发邮件"));
System.out.println(stateEmail.getContent());
System.out.println(encryptEmail.getContent());
}
}
|
Deck crew climbing up to get the pilot out. He did. That's a fuel tank his foot is on. Empty?
Marines disembark LST at Tinian Island .
Bougainville.
Guam
Outside Bastogne
German 280mm K5 firing
U.S. munitions ship goes up during the invasion of Sicily .
V1
Spitfire "tipping-off" a V1. If you've never heard of this insane tactic .......
At first V1's were shot down by gunfire. Optimum range was inside 200yds, which was marginal for survival. Many planes were damaged and quite a few pilots killed. Basically at such high speed and low altitude a plane had to fly though the explosion and hope.
With the high risk of being blown up some of the best pilots started tipping the V1's wing, because of damage to wing tips they later developed a tactic of disrupting the airflow by placing their wing very close to the V1's wing, causing it to topple.
Not every pilot did this. At night this was not possible, the flame from the V1 blinded the pilot to everything else, though some Mossie pilots flew past closely in front of the V1, again causing it to topple. The thought of doing this at 450mph, 4,000 feet above the ground, at night and being blinded gives me the willies.
Panzerkampfwagen VI "E Tiger"
Ju 88 loading a torpedo. This is one HUGE bomber ... and it's on pontoons!!!! |
I Could Never Be Chad Coleman — Coleman shares his thoughts on recent seasons of The Walking Dead — Why he’s optimistic The Orville will get a third season — He talks about how life circumstances (being born premature, growing up in foster care, and being bullied) forced him to have a fighter’s mentality — What causes a script or project to fail — The one thing he wants to be remembered for.
Follow Chad on Social Media:
Twitter: @ChadlColeman
Follow Michael on Twitter and Instagram: @TheOnlyMC
HELPFUL LINKS:
Website – http://popcorntalk.com
Follow us on Twitter – https://twitter.com/thepopcorntalk
Merch – http://shop.spreadshirt.com/PopcornTalk/
ABOUT POPCORN TALK:
Popcorn Talk Network is the online broadcast network with programming dedicated exclusively to movie discussion, news, interviews and commentary. Popcorn Talk Network has comprised of the leading members and personalities of the film press and community including E!’s Maria Menounos. |
The BBC elected to unquestioningly amplify a UNHRC report which dovetails with its own existing narrative.
As we saw in a previous post, a BBC News website article uncritically amplified the findings of a UN Human Right Council inquiry into the ‘Great Return March’ while portraying violent rioting as “protests”, failing to explain the aim of the demand for ‘right of return’, refraining from noting the long-standing UNHRC bias against Israel, failing to clarify the inbuilt bias of the inquiry’s mandate, ignoring the fact that a significant proportion of those killed in the violent rioting have been shown to be linked to terror groups and promoting the false notion that under-18s, paramedics and journalists are exclusively ‘civilians’.
Listeners to BBC Radio 4 also heard reports on the same story – but were they any better?
The February 28th edition of ‘The World Tonight’ included a news bulletin (from 03:45 here) in which audiences were told that: [emphasis in bold added, emphasis in italics in the original]
Newsreader: “Israel has rejected a UN report which found that the country may have committed crimes against humanity when its soldiers fired on Palestinian protesters in the Gaza Strip last year. In nine months of demonstrations 189 people died including 35 children. Investigators said there could be no justification for killing children and people clearly marked as journalists and medics. The Israeli government described the document as a new record of hypocrisy and lies.”
In addition to failing to clarify that the report was commissioned by the partisan UNHRC, that portrayal once again frames violent rioting as “demonstrations” and the people taking part as “protesters”. As in the BBC’s written report, the investigators were blindly quoted with no clarification of the fact that some of those “children and people clearly marked as journalists and medics” have been shown to have links to terror groups.
Later on in the same programme (from 20:35), presenter James Coomarasamy interviewed one of the report’s authors in relation to what he began by describing as “a highly critical report by the Human Rights Council”.
Coomarasamy: “It examined the deaths last year of nearly 200 people who were shot by Israeli soldiers during protests along Israel’s border with the Gaza Strip. The Bangladeshi lawyer Sara Hossein is one of the report’s authors.”
Coomarasamy did not clarify to listeners that none of the report’s three authors have any expertise in military operations.
Following an overview from Hossein of the inquiry’s findings, Coomarasamy noted that:
22:14 Coomarasamy: “You call them civilian protests. You acknowledge though that there were militants among the protesters. They were organised by Hamas.”
Hossein: “We don’t actually say that the protests were purely organised by Hamas. We say that Hamas as a political body had involvement in the organising and that Hamas members did take part in the protests as well.”
Coomarasamy failed to challenge Hossein’s absurd claim of a distinction between ‘political’ Hamas and its ‘armed wing’.
Later on in the interview (23:50) Coomarasamy did raise the topic of UNHRC institutional bias against Israel but despite acknowledgement of that issue by former UN officials, presented it using the BBC’s favoured ‘Israel says’ formula.
Coomarasamy: “The Israeli government says that you have […] an obsessive hatred of Israel, essentially saying that you single out Israel for these kinds of investigations and other countries in the region simply do not get the same kind of scrutiny.”
Hossein responded with the claim that “we’ve carried out the task that was given to us”, to which Coomarasamy replied:
Coomarasamy: “You don’t accept that Israel gets singled out, that it gets far deeper and closer scrutiny than other countries in the region?”
Hossein: “We interpreted our mandate as being to look at all parties and to look at their responsibility in the context of the protests.”
Coomarasamy made no effort to clarify to listeners that the mandate predetermined that the ‘Great Return March’ events were “civilian protests” and instead moved on to the question of “what do you expect Israel to do with this?” to which Hossein replied:
Hossein: “We have said they should cease the killings of civilians. I cannot see why that is not an acceptable recommendation to make. Why is the killing of an 11 year-old or a 13 year-old or a 14 year-old or a double amputee or a paramedic or a journalist – why and in what context can that be justifiable?”
Rather than informing listeners of the numerous cases in which under-18s, journalists and paramedics have been shown to have links to terror organisations and asking Hossein why the commission ignored Hamas’ own statements regarding the affiliations of many of the dead, Coomarasamy closed the conversation there.
That crucial omission was likewise relevant in Coomarasamy’s subsequent interview with Israel’s representative at the UN in Geneva, Aviva Raz Shechter. During that conversation Coomarasamy repeatedly promoted the UNHRC’s talking points.
Coomarasamy: “But in the context of what happened – the deaths for example of the children, of people in wheelchairs – how can you justify using live ammunition against them? Was it a mistake by the Israeli Defence Forces? Were they following the rules of engagement?”
Coomarasamy: “…but the question that this report is posing is why did Israeli soldiers fire live rounds at people who were identifiable as children. That must be a question that Israel needs to ask itself.”
Coomarasamy: “So are you disputing that children and people with disabilities were killed by fire from the Israeli forces?”
Coomarasamy: “Is Israel looking into those deaths though of the children and others – innocent civilians.”
As we see, Coomarasamy promoted the absurd notion that minors, people with disabilities (the UNHRC report includes one example of a deaf person, though how IDF forces were supposed to know that is not made clear), paramedics or people wearing ‘Press’ vests are automatically “innocent civilians” regardless of their affiliations or actions at the time.
Previously the same day Radio 4 listeners had heard another dose of unchallenged UNHRC messaging – although significantly, that body was not mentioned by name – in the ‘World at One’ news bulletin (from 05:14 here).
Newsreader: “A UN investigation into the deaths of nearly 200 Palestinian protesters on the border with the Gaza Strip last year has concluded that war crimes may have been committed. 35 children were among the dead. Israel has rejected the report as a theatre of the absurd. Imogen Foulkes reports from Geneva.”
Foulkes: “The investigators say there are reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli snipers shot at journalists, health workers and children even though they were clearly recognisable as such. Israel has always said its actions were a defence against terrorism but the UN report concludes the protests were civilian in nature with clearly stated political aims. The report does however criticise Hamas for failing to stop some of its supporters using incendiary balloons which caused fear and some damage to property in southern Israel.”
Once again we see uncritical and unquestioning amplification of the UNHRC report, including the term “war crimes” which, as NGO Monitor explains, is inapplicable given the legal framework selected by the commission.
“…according to the Commission, the violence along the Israel-Gaza border was not a “military” or “combat” situation and therefore human rights law was the appropriate standard. Therefore, its conclusion that “human rights violations may also constitute “war crimes” is baseless, since war crimes can only where the laws of war are applicable.”
BBC coverage of the ‘Great Return March’ has been highly unsatisfactory over the past eleven months, meaning that audiences come to this latest story without the background information necessary for its proper understanding. As we see, rather than try to make up for the serial failure to clarify that what it uniformly portrays as “protests” and “demonstrations” is actually violent rioting which has included hundreds of petrol bomb attacks, IED attacks, grenade attacks and shooting attacks as well as infiltration attempts, the BBC elected to unquestioningly amplify the UNHRC report which dovetails with its own existing politically motivated narrative.
Related Articles:
BBC News website unquestioningly amplifies UNHRC’s report
The BBC’s ‘Great Return March’ great disappearing act
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Shinobi Spider-man vs Oni Venom By bulletproofturtleman Watch
221 Favourites 5 Comments 5K Views
2016 Sketches #137: Shinobi Spider-Man vs Oni Venom!
BOOM! WHAT IS A BEAST!?!??!
I've been wanting to do this idea for months. Finally got the chance to go full throttle and kill this one
IMAGE DETAILS Image size 1701x1100px 2.24 MB Show More
Published : Mar 21, 2016 |
December 12, 2019 Javier Eguiluz
If you follow the Living on the Edge category of this blog, you'll find all the latest and greatest new features of each Symfony version. Big and small features that help you create your projects while having the best possible developer experience.
However, this is only part of the development activity needed to create and maintain Symfony. In this blog post we'll mention some changes that required hundreds of hours of work but remained invisible because they are not part of a shiny new feature.
Added PHP Type Declarations¶ PHP type declarations (or "type hints") add information about the data types of the function and method arguments. Symfony code didn't have type declarations yet because, according to the Symfony Release Process, we cannot add the latest PHP features right away and we need to wait until certain Symfony versions are released to make those changes. Symfony 5.0 was the perfect moment to add these type declarations to our entire code base. This was a painstaking process because, even if some work could be automated, each change had to be reviewed manually. The reason is that it's not only about removing PHPdoc comments and adding the types to the method arguments. You also need to check the rest of the code to look for data type castings. For example: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -/** - * @param bool|null $enabled - */ -public function setStrictRequirements($enabled) +public function setStrictRequirements(?bool $enabled) { - $this->strictRequirements = null === $enabled ? null : (bool) $enabled; + $this->strictRequirements = $enabled; Check out the Pull Request #32179 to get an idea of the size of this change. Tens of thousands of lines were changed in thousands of files and tens of hours were spent reviewing and merging everything. Thanks to @jschaedl, @Simperfit, @Tobion, @Matts, @smoench, @vudaltsov, @julien57, @azjezz, @tigitz, @andreia, @thomasbisignani, @lyrixx, @xabbuh for contributing these changes. Special thanks to @derrabus for coordinating the work and to @nicolas-grekas for doing the actual merge and conflict solving.
Added PHP Return Types¶ PHP return types allow functions and methods to specify the data type of their returned values. We considered adding these return types in Symfony 5.0 but we finally didn't do it because of two reasons: The burden this would put on the community is immense, because third-party libraries and bundles should also be updated to be compatible with this new Symfony code that includes return types. In other words, Symfony should be the last to add these return types, not the first one.
Given the complexity and flexibility of Symfony's code base, we'd need return type covariance, which is only available in PHP 7.4 (Symfony 5.x requires PHP 7.2). In any case, we have a plan to add these return types in Symfony 6.0. Check out the Pull Request #33236 to see the clever trick used to add these return types automatically thanks to the DebugClassLoader . Special thanks to @fancyweb for fixing all current return types defined in PHPdoc comments (see Pull Request #30323). |
Carlos Kleiber
THE LIFE OF CARLOS KLEIBER
1930 Born on 3 July in Berlin, the second child of Erich Kleiber and Ruth Goodrich, and baptized as Karl Ludwig Bonifatius Kleiber.
1935 Erich Kleiber leaves Germany in protest against the Nazi regime, and Carlos and the family lead a nomadic life, eventually settling in South America in 1940.
1949 Carlos studies law and chemistry in Zurich, but the following year his father agrees to let him study music in Buenos Aires. In due course he conducts his first concert in Montevideo.
1953 He goes to Germany, to which Erich has returned, and starts work as a freelance répétiteur.
1955 He makes his stage debut conducting Millöcker’s operetta Gasparone in Potsdam, under the pseudonym Karl Keller. His father is impressed and delighted.
1956 Erich Kleiber dies unexpectedly in January.
1957 Carlos becomes répétiteur and, three years later, conductor at the Düsseldorf Opera. He also guests-conducts elsewhere.
1961 Marries the Slovenian ballet dancer Stanislava Brezovar.
1964 Joins the Zurich Opera.
1966 Appointed First Kapellmeister in Stuttgart, where he scores triumphs with Wozzeck and then Der Freischütz, bringing him his first taste of fame.
1967 Carlos’s mother dies unexpectedly.
1968 He has major triumphs as a guest in Munich with Der Rosenkavalier, Otello and La traviata.
1971 His daughter Lillian is born.
1973 Now a freelance conductor, Carlos makes his debut at the Vienna State Opera conducting Tristan und Isolde and makes his first recording, Der Freischütz, to tremendous acclaim.
1974 Makes his debuts at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (Der Rosenkavalier) and Bayreuth Festival (Tristan und Isolde) and conducts the Vienna Philharmonic, with which he also records Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony, an exceptional success. |
Q:
seamless mode remote desktop connection from linux to windows
I am a programmer using Linux as my main OS, however sometimes I need to use windows (ie, office, ea).
I'm running qemu with kvm to access the windows "machine".
I would like to achieve something that is described here:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SeamlessVirtualization
(It means I would be able to run chosen applications on Windows and then display them locally on Linux as separate windows achieving good desktop integration).
However seamless rdp is buggy and doesn't work on my machine (probably because I'm using a tiling window manager and a 64bit system).
Are you aware of any other solution then rdp seamless mode? I would prefer to still use quemu because it uses cpu hardware virtualization, so different protocol/client combination would be preferable.
A:
It's only very recently that there has been support for single windows via RDP, I don't think this has been implemented yet in xrdp - and requires a server licence at the MS end. AFAIK VNC and NoMachine NX still don't provide the functionality. It has been available in Citrix for a long time (and there are free Linux clients available).
|
cDNA and protein sequences coding for the precursor of phospholipase A2 from Taiwan cobra, Naja naja atra.
The cDNA sequence encoding phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was determined by analysis of polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) product amplified from total cDNA mixture which had been constructed from the poly(A)+RNA of venom glands obtained from Taiwan cobras. Two oligonucleotide segments corresponding to the 5'- and 3'-noncoding regions of sea-snake PLA2 gene were used as primers for PCR-amplified reaction. Plasmids of transformed E. coli strain JM109 containing amplified PLA2 cDNA were purified and prepared for nucleotide sequencing by dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method. Sequencing more than five clones containing about 0.5 kb DNA inserts revealed two isoforms with complete reading frames of 468 base pairs each covering a precursor for phospholipase A2 with a deduced mature protein sequence of 119 amino acids and a 27 amino-acid signal peptide. These two enzymes of Group I PLA2 differ in six nucleotide residues at the gene level and three amino acids along the whole polypeptide chain, each consisting of 14 cysteine residues similar to all reported PLA2 of different snake venoms. The signal peptides and hydropathy profiles of Group I PLA2 reported here are distinctly different from those of Group II PLA2 in viperid snakes. |
The prognostic significance of patient-reported outcomes in cancer clinical trials.
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs), routinely collected as a part of cancer clinical trials, have been linked with survival in numerous clinical studies, but a comprehensive critical review has not been reported. This study systematically assessed the impact of PROs on patient survival after a cancer diagnosis within the context of clinical trials. Cancer clinical trials that assessed baseline PROs and mortality were identified through MEDLINE (through December 2006) supplemented by the Cochrane database, American Society of Clinical Oncology/European Society for Medical Oncology abstracts and hand searches. Inclusion criteria were publication in English language and use of multivariate analyses of PROs that controlled for one or more clinical factors. Two raters reviewed each study, abstracted data, and assessed study quality; two additional raters verified abstractions. In 36 of 39 studies (N = 13,874), at least one PRO was significantly associated with survival (P < .05) in multivariate analysis, with varying effect sizes. Studies of lung (n = 12) and breast cancer (n = 8) were most prevalent. The most commonly assessed PRO was quality of life, measured by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 in 56% of studies. Clinical variables adjusted for included performance status (PS), treatment arm, stage, weight loss, and serum markers. Results indicated that PROs provide distinct prognostic information beyond standard clinical measures in cancer clinical trials. PROs might be considered for stratification purposes in future trials, as they were often better predictors of survival than PS. Studies are needed to determine whether interventions that improve PROs also increase survival and to identify explanatory mechanisms through which PROs relate to survival. |
module.exports = [{
input : [[2, 3, 6, 7], 7],
output : [[7], [2, 2, 3]]
}];
|
Q:
Is HSV-vector-mediated miRNA expression in dorsal root ganglia stable?
My question is on the following article:
"Reduction of voltage gated sodium channel protein in DRG by vector mediated miRNA reduces pain in rats with painful diabetic neuropathy"
My question is, do you think the rats continued to have decreased levels of voltage-gated Na+ channels after this experiment, or did they likely gain them back up eventually, because dorsal root ganglion neurons regenerate themselves? I couldn't find this info in the article.
A:
The vector used in this study is based on the herpes simplex virus genome (HSV).
Wildtype HSV mainly infects sensory neurons. After infection, it resides in a latent state in the nervous systems of the host for a lifetime. The viral genome persists in the cell, without integrating into the host genome (Marconi et al., 2000).
The article cited is devoid of background on the vector and its characteristics and I understand your issues. I think that the expression of the RNAi is quite stable in your linked article, because the authors infected neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. The dorsal root ganglia contains sensory neurons. It is an immuno-privileged region, because the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) limits the access of immune cells. Indeed, protein expression through HSV-transfection in the brain is stable, at least up to a year (Suzuki et al., 2008) and possibly longer. Peripherally, outside the BBB, the expression of HSV-plasmids may be compromised within weeks through cellular immunological responses targeting the expressing cells (Suzuki et al., 2008).
Regarding regeneration - The DRG contain mature neurons and is part of the peripheral nervous system. These neurons are known to regenerate readily after injuries, but these injuries are mostly investigated through physical damage (Muratori et al., 2015). Latent HSV infection does not kill neurons, and even an active infection seems to leave neurons relatively unscathed (Rautema, 2002).
References
- Marconi et al., In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience (2000)
- Muratori et al., (2015); 2015, 860546
- Rautemaa et al., Immunology (2002); 106(3): 404–11
- Suzuki et al., Molecular Therapy (2008); 16(10): 1727–36)
|
Q:
XSLT to join elements bpel
I have an input
<features>
<feature name="Television" featureSpecID="2000">
<displayName>TV</displayName>
<parameters>
<parameter name="Remote" >
</parameter>
<parameter name="Cable Box">
</parameter>
<parameter name="Carrier"/>
</parameter>
</parameters>
where I should convert as
<productname>Remote;Cable Box;Carrier</productname>
I tried my code by doing for-each of parameter
<xsl:if test='count(tns:parameters/tns:parameter) > "0"'>
<xsl:for-each select="tns:parameters/tns:parameter">
<productname>
<xsl:value-of select='concat(@name,";")'/>
</productname>
</xsl:for-each>
</xsl:if>
A:
The <productname> node should be outside the <xsl:for-each> loop. Please modify it as below
<productname>
<xsl:for-each select="tns:parameters/tns:parameter">
...
</xsl:for-each>
</productname>
A condition needs to be added to not append the semi-colon at the end of the product names according to sample output.
<xsl:if test="position() != last()">
<xsl:value-of select="';'"/>
</xsl:if>
XSLT code change
<productname>
<xsl:for-each select="tns:parameters/tns:parameter">
<xsl:value-of select="@name" />
<xsl:if test="position() != last()">
<xsl:value-of select="';'"/>
</xsl:if>
</xsl:for-each>
</productname>
Output
<productname>Remote;Cable Box;Carrier</productname>
|
A recent report finds that the New York City Department of Education (DOE) does not keep track of the number of students that request a transfer to ensure a student is safe from bullying or other attacks.
This news comes after Mayor Bill De Blasio, and Schools Chancellor Carmen Fariña promised to transfer students who were victims of bullying immediately. Prioritization of safety transfers come as part of $8 million in sweeping reforms to the city's anti-bullying measures.
The DOE told NY1 education reporter Lindsey Christ that it doesn't know how many students request safety transfers, how many requests the DOE denies, and how many families reject the transfer offers.
The DOE did report, nonetheless, that it has transferred 1,513 students to other schools to keep them safe.
Ms. Christ, argues, nonetheless, that without information on outstanding requests and denials, the DOE has no way to identify whether a school has a bullying problem.
"If they don't know how many students are requesting to get out of a given school they have no idea that that school is in crisis," Ms. Lindsey during the NY1 segment in the video. "But what if one school has 200 kids requesting a safety transfer and the principal's just not helping them get the paperwork in, and they're not being granted that safety transfer?"
The DOE's Office of Enrollment (OSE) just transferred a 10-year-old student only after NY1 aired the news segment quoting his complaints.
Other boys bullied him by saying he was terrible because he was Hispanic. According to the father, the teachers would witness the incidents, and if Lance defended himself from his aggressors, Lance would get in trouble.
The father filed a complaint with the DOE, and the agency's representatives called him back over a month later. Superiors at the DOE told the representatives to call the father back after NY1 aired the news segment on safety transfers last week.
Ms. Christ says that parents need to be "unbelievably persistent" to ensure the DOE tends to their complaints.
Fortunately, the news story focused on a city-wide problem that the boy happened to be facing. What about the other children which news stories do not feature? Is it fair that the DOE only helps children that appear on the news? |
/*
* ====================================================================
* This software is subject to the terms of the Common Public License
* Agreement, available at the following URL:
* http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl.html .
* You must accept the terms of that agreement to use this software.
* ====================================================================
*/
package org.pivot4j.ui.condition;
import java.io.Serializable;
import org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration;
import org.apache.commons.lang.ObjectUtils;
import org.olap4j.Axis;
import org.pivot4j.ui.RenderContext;
public class AxisCondition extends AbstractCondition {
public static final String NAME = "axis";
private Axis axis;
/**
* @param conditionFactory
*/
public AxisCondition(ConditionFactory conditionFactory) {
super(conditionFactory);
}
/**
* @param conditionFactory
* @param axis
*/
public AxisCondition(ConditionFactory conditionFactory, Axis axis) {
super(conditionFactory);
this.axis = axis;
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.ui.condition.Condition#getName()
*/
public String getName() {
return NAME;
}
/**
* @return the axis
*/
public Axis getAxis() {
return axis;
}
/**
* @param axis
* the axis to set
*/
public void setAxis(Axis axis) {
this.axis = axis;
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.ui.condition.Condition#matches(org.pivot4j.ui.RenderContext)
*/
@Override
public boolean matches(RenderContext context) {
if (axis == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Axis is not specified.");
}
return ObjectUtils.equals(axis, context.getAxis());
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.state.Bookmarkable#saveState()
*/
@Override
public Serializable saveState() {
if (axis == null) {
return null;
}
return axis.name();
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.state.Bookmarkable#restoreState(java.io.Serializable)
*/
@Override
public void restoreState(Serializable state) {
if (state == null) {
this.axis = null;
} else {
this.axis = Axis.Standard.valueOf((String) state);
}
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.ui.condition.AbstractCondition#saveSettings(org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration)
*/
@Override
public void saveSettings(HierarchicalConfiguration configuration) {
super.saveSettings(configuration);
if (axis == null) {
return;
}
configuration.addProperty("axis", axis.name());
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.state.Configurable#restoreSettings(org.apache.commons.configuration.HierarchicalConfiguration)
*/
@Override
public void restoreSettings(HierarchicalConfiguration configuration) {
String name = configuration.getString("axis");
if (name == null) {
this.axis = null;
} else {
this.axis = Axis.Standard.valueOf(name);
}
}
/**
* @see org.pivot4j.ui.condition.AbstractCondition#toString()
*/
@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
builder.append("axis = '");
if (axis != null) {
builder.append(axis.name());
}
builder.append("'");
return builder.toString();
}
}
|
I just found out i was Bi-polar.
(Ooltewah,TN , USA)
So , i am 14 teen years old and all my life i have been really happy and hyper.One day i'd be really upset and the next minute i'd be really upset.I would take my anger out on my mother , My teachers , and my close friends. Bipolar Disorder is something i never thought about in a million years! My teachers and all the people around me would tell me i wasn't normal or i shouldn't be acting this way. One day , one of my teachers was talking to me about Bipolar Disorder and i honestly didn't understand why she was talking to me about that and she explained to me that i might just have that problem.I remember the only thing i was thinking to myself was this lady is crazy , but i did go home and think about what she said and i researched it and it turns out that all of the Symptoms were describing the exact way i felt! I mean i was naturally in the mania stage always happy and really hyper and energetic but , out of nowhere sometimes i would be really anger and take it out on everybody around and sometimes because of this i would lose friends and some of my family members wanted nothing to do with me.I would often get in trouble at school and at home for my bad attitude and "negative way of life" as my mother would say but it really wasn't my fault because sometimes i would be so angry I'd say things without thinking about the Consequences of my acting and i really couldn't control it but , now my mother is taking me to see my doctor soon so we can talk about a plan to help me get through it.
Answer:
Thanks so much for sharing your story. It seems so smart and courageous of you to go searching for help and information on the internet, and I wish you all the luck that you get some relief from the symptoms that are causing you distress. |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using Xms.Core.Context;
using Xms.Core.Data;
using Xms.Data.Abstractions;
using Xms.Data.Provider;
using Xms.Dependency;
using Xms.Flow.Abstractions;
using Xms.Flow.Core;
using Xms.Flow.Data;
using Xms.Flow.Domain;
using Xms.Infrastructure.Utility;
using Xms.Schema.Abstractions;
using Xms.Schema.Attribute;
namespace Xms.Flow
{
/// <summary>
/// 业务流程阶段服务
/// </summary>
public class ProcessStageService : IProcessStageService, ICascadeDelete<WorkFlow>
{
private readonly IProcessStageRepository _processStageRepository;
private readonly IDependencyService _dependencyService;
private readonly IDependencyBatchBuilder _dependencyBatchBuilder;
private readonly IAttributeFinder _attributeFinder;
public ProcessStageService(IProcessStageRepository processStageRepository
, IDependencyService dependencyService
, IDependencyBatchBuilder dependencyBatchBuilder
, IAttributeFinder attributeFinder)
{
_processStageRepository = processStageRepository;
_dependencyService = dependencyService;
_dependencyBatchBuilder = dependencyBatchBuilder;
_attributeFinder = attributeFinder;
}
public bool Create(ProcessStage entity)
{
var result = true;
using (UnitOfWork.Build(_processStageRepository.DbContext))
{
result = _processStageRepository.Create(entity);
//依赖于实体
_dependencyService.Create(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, entity.WorkFlowId, EntityDefaults.ModuleName, entity.EntityId);
//依赖于字段
var st = new List<ProcessStep>().DeserializeFromJson(entity.Steps);
if (st.NotEmpty())
{
var attrNames = st.Select(x => x.AttributeName).ToArray();
var attributes = _attributeFinder.FindByName(entity.EntityId, attrNames);
var attrIds = attributes.Select(x => x.AttributeId).ToArray();
_dependencyService.Create(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, entity.WorkFlowId, AttributeDefaults.ModuleName, attrIds);
}
}
return result;
}
public bool CreateMany(IList<ProcessStage> entities)
{
var result = true;
using (UnitOfWork.Build(_processStageRepository.DbContext))
{
result = _processStageRepository.CreateMany(entities);
foreach (var entity in entities)
{
//依赖于实体
_dependencyBatchBuilder.Append(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, entity.WorkFlowId, EntityDefaults.ModuleName, entity.EntityId);
//依赖于字段
var st = new List<ProcessStep>().DeserializeFromJson(entity.Steps);
if (st.NotEmpty())
{
var attrNames = st.Select(x => x.AttributeName).ToArray();
var attributes = _attributeFinder.FindByName(entity.EntityId, attrNames);
var attrIds = attributes.Select(x => x.AttributeId).ToArray();
_dependencyBatchBuilder.Append(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, entity.WorkFlowId, AttributeDefaults.ModuleName, attrIds);
}
}
_dependencyBatchBuilder.Save();
}
return result;
}
public bool Update(ProcessStage entity)
{
var result = true;
using (UnitOfWork.Build(_processStageRepository.DbContext))
{
result = _processStageRepository.Update(entity);
//依赖于字段
var st = new List<ProcessStep>().DeserializeFromJson(entity.Steps);
if (st.NotEmpty())
{
var attrNames = st.Select(x => x.AttributeName).ToArray();
var attributes = _attributeFinder.FindByName(entity.EntityId, attrNames);
var attrIds = attributes.Select(x => x.AttributeId).ToArray();
_dependencyService.Update(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, entity.WorkFlowId, AttributeDefaults.ModuleName, attrIds);
}
}
return result;
}
public bool Update(Func<UpdateContext<ProcessStage>, UpdateContext<ProcessStage>> context)
{
var ctx = context(UpdateContextBuilder.Build<ProcessStage>());
return _processStageRepository.Update(ctx);
}
public ProcessStage FindById(Guid id)
{
return _processStageRepository.FindById(id);
}
public ProcessStage Find(Expression<Func<ProcessStage, bool>> predicate)
{
return _processStageRepository.Find(predicate);
}
public bool DeleteById(params Guid[] ids)
{
if (ids.IsEmpty())
{
return false;
}
var deleteds = _processStageRepository.Query(x => x.ProcessStageId.In(ids));
if (deleteds.IsEmpty())
{
return false;
}
var result = true;
using (UnitOfWork.Build(_processStageRepository.DbContext))
{
result = _processStageRepository.DeleteMany(ids);
_dependencyService.DeleteByDependentId(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, deleteds.Select(x => x.WorkFlowId).ToArray());
}
return result;
}
public bool DeleteByParentId(Guid parentid)
{
var result = true;
using (UnitOfWork.Build(_processStageRepository.DbContext))
{
result = _processStageRepository.DeleteMany(x => x.WorkFlowId == parentid);
_dependencyService.DeleteByDependentId(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, parentid);
}
return result;
}
public PagedList<ProcessStage> QueryPaged(Func<QueryDescriptor<ProcessStage>, QueryDescriptor<ProcessStage>> container)
{
QueryDescriptor<ProcessStage> q = container(QueryDescriptorBuilder.Build<ProcessStage>());
return _processStageRepository.QueryPaged(q);
}
public List<ProcessStage> Query(Func<QueryDescriptor<ProcessStage>, QueryDescriptor<ProcessStage>> container)
{
QueryDescriptor<ProcessStage> q = container(QueryDescriptorBuilder.Build<ProcessStage>());
return _processStageRepository.Query(q)?.ToList();
}
/// <summary>
/// 级联删除
/// </summary>
/// <param name="parent">被删除的审批流</param>
public void CascadeDelete(params WorkFlow[] parent)
{
if (parent.NotEmpty())
{
using (UnitOfWork.Build(_processStageRepository.DbContext))
{
_processStageRepository.DeleteMany(x => x.WorkFlowId.In(parent.Select(f => f.WorkFlowId)));
_dependencyService.DeleteByDependentId(WorkFlowDefaults.ModuleName, parent.Select(x => x.WorkFlowId).ToArray());
}
}
}
}
} |
Fast and accurate computation of the 13C chemical shifts for an alanine-rich peptide.
The purpose of this work is, first, to present a fast and accurate technique to compute Boltzmann-averaged values of the quantum-chemical 13C chemical shifts for each amino acid in oligopeptides, demonstrated here by an application to the peptide Ac-XXAAAAAAAOO-NH2 (where X denotes diaminobutyric acid, A is alanine, and O is ornithine) [XAO] and, second, to discuss the capability of the 13Calpha and 13Cbeta chemical shifts to distinguish the PP(II) conformation from the alpha-helix and statistical-coil conformations. Use is made of a combination of approaches, summarized as follows: (1) derivation of an ensemble of conformations by using a molecular mechanics technique; (2) use of a clustering procedure to form families and build a reduced set of conformations consisting of the lowest-energy conformations of each family, and (3) computation of the 13C chemical shifts for the lowest-energy conformations of each family, using a quantum-chemical approach that treats a selected residue, or group of residues, with a 6-311+G(2d,p) locally-dense basis set, while the remaining residues in the sequence are treated with a 3-21G basis set. The whole procedure is quite accurate and speeds up the computation of the Boltzmann-averaged values of the 13C-chemical shifts by several orders of magnitude. The present application sheds some light on the conformational preference for alanine and non-alanine residues to occupy the PP(II) helical region of the Ramachandran map. |
The personal meaning of having diabetes: implications for patient behaviour and education or kicking the bucket theory.
Most diabetes educators (physicians, nurses, nutritionists) lack the time and expertise to become familiar with theories of human behaviour even though they may be relevant to the education of their patients. As a result, the current practice of diabetes patient education reflects, in many instances, an extension of the information transfer approach found in most schools. This approach is based on the idea that lack of knowledge and skills accounts for the major portion of the poor self-care behaviour observed in some diabetic patients. The emphasis on information transfer is probably partially attributable to the fact that it is easier to measure and evaluate. This approach is too narrow a view of behaviour or learning and fails to meet the needs of diabetes patient educators and their clients. The idea that the behaviour of patients with diabetes will be strongly influenced by their view of diabetes is explored. Diabetes educators need to become skilled designers of patient education programmes which facilitate changes in the personal meaning of diabetes. Researchers should test the utility of seeing disease-related behaviour and education as a process, at least in part, concerned with the personal meaning of diabetes. |
New York AG investigates Calif. for-profit college companies
The New York state attorney general's office has subpoenaed five for-profit college companies, including two California-based operations, Bridgepoint Education of San Diego and Corinthian Colleges of Santa Ana.
The New York Times and Bloomberg reported the investigation, which makes New York one of six states where attorneys general are known to be investigating for-profits' business practices. Attorneys general in Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky and Massachusetts have launched similar probes (see chart below). The New York attorney general's office is also looking into Career Education Corporation, Lincoln Educational Services and Trump Entrepreneur Services.
Corinthian Colleges spokesman Kent Jenkins said the company had received a request for documents on Thursday and plans to comply with the demand. He described the request as wide-ranging and general, saying it did not make specific references to the company's one campus in the state of New York – Everest Institute in Rochester.
Corinthian runs more than 120 campuses in 26 states and Canada under the Everest, Heald and WyoTech brands.
Then-California Attorney General Jerry Brown spent three years investigating Corinthian Colleges and filed a lawsuit [PDF] in 2007 alleging the company inflated its job-placement statistics, lied about how much students could expect to earn upon graduation, and offered programs that failed to meet minimum legal standards.
The company that year paid a settlement of about $6.5 million to the attorney general's office for consumer education and protection, and debt forgiveness for former students, among other uses. The company also agreed to stop enrolling students in 11 programs in nine California campuses, according to its 2007 annual report. But Corinthian admitted no wrongdoing, and some describe the sanctions as a slap on the wrist.
A spokeswoman for Bridgepoint Education said the company would comply with the subpoena, but she did not provide additional details about the request. Bridgepoint enrolls about 78,000 students in mostly online programs under the Ashford University and University of the Rockies brands, according to its most recent annual report. The company also has two campus locations in Colorado and Iowa.
Bridgepoint was the focal point of a March 2011 hearing of the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. As the Huffington Post chronicled, Bridgepoint executives built the multimillion-dollar company by buying up small colleges that had regional accreditation but were financially strapped.
The company brought in $600 million in federal financial aid in 2010, while nearly two-thirds of students who had enrolled in 2008-09 had dropped out by September 2010.
“In the world of for-profit higher education, spectacular business success is possible despite an equally spectacular record of student failure,” Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, said at the hearing, according to a Bloomberg report.
Earlier this month, Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway said he is also leading a joint investigation into for-profit colleges by 10 state attorneys general.
State attorneys general investigate for-profit college companies
State
Company
Focus
Florida
Education Management Corporation's Argosy University
Determine whether colleges have violated Florida law prohibiting deceptive or unfair business practices |
Border battle puts the pressure on Bulldogs, Gamecocks
If you buy into the hype, then you've probably heard that this is a do-or-die week for South Carolina and Georgia.
For South Carolina, the No. 6 Gamecocks have to prove they're ready to contend again for an SEC East title. For Georgia, the No. 11 Bulldogs must fight back after last week's gut-punch loss against Clemson.
Even the players on both squads are under pressure. Bulldogs quarterback Aaron Murray has to prove he can win the "big game" to a skeptical media and fan base. Gamecocks defensive end Jadeveon Clowney has to come back to mythical, Herculean form after what many considered an average performance last week in the North Carolina game.
And did we mention that this early battle for the SEC East is considered to be one of the biggest games of the weekend?
Oh, and it's just week two. Welcome to college football.
At any rate, the Gamecocks travel to Athens, Georgia this week in this SEC opener for both teams.
The Bulldogs are seeking redemption after last year's embarrassing 35-7 prime time loss against the Gamecocks. And 2011's 45-42 loss. And 2010's 17-6 loss.
The Gamecocks, meanwhile, look to extend their winning streak against Georgia to four straight games in the annual border battle.
They're also looking to set the tone for the rest of the season. It's an early season test, no doubt.
But Coach Steve Spurrier isn't expecting a blowout victory from his squad. A three-point spread from Las Vegas definitely puts an exclamation point on the coach's expectations.
"It'll probably be a close one," said Spurrier. "The team that makes a play at the end and so forth will probably be the winner."
A win for the Gamecocks all depends on keeping three people in check: Murray and the two-headed running back monster of Todd Gurley and Keith Marshall.
"We've got to stop the run. Last season was last season. We've got a different team. We've got to go out and prove ourselves again. You can't build off what happened last year because you have different guys," said Ward. "They understand they have a tough task ahead."
But the tough task of holding Georgia's explosive run game is book-ended by putting pressure on Murray and his play-making capabilities.
"We always want to affect the quarterback," said Ward. "As a defensive coordinator, you have to find out who's running the engine of the train and of course Aaron Murray is. He makes this team go."
Ward may be expecting his players to help control the tempo of the game, but South Carolina's offense will have to make some plays too.
Quarterback Connor Shaw, the Flowery Branch, Georgia native, will get his first career start against the Bulldogs in his home state. It's an important game for him as well.
"I've been looking forward to this one for a while," said Shaw. "It's going to be exciting for us Georgia boys. We all know the importance of this game, so it's going to be an exciting game for us."
The Gamecocks have recruited heavily in the state of Georgia, and many of those "Georgia boys" are important parts to the team's delicate workings. Take for example, running back Mike Davis.
Davis, who is from Lithonia, Georgia, has made it clear that he's excited about playing against guys he's known for a long time. The Gamecocks will likely be depending on him to replicate his performance against UNC last week where he ripped the Tar Heels' defense for 115 yards and one touchdown.
With this type of game coming so early in the season, the pressure is on for both teams. And as Spurrier said, it may come down to one play in the waning moments of the fourth quarter.
But who will the ball bounce for in the end?
The Gamecocks and the Bulldogs meet this Saturday beginning at 4:30 p.m. on ESPN.
Florida freshman right-hander Tommy Mace limited LSU to one earned run in seven innings Wednesday night as the Gators edged the Tigers, 4-3, in the second round of the SEC Tournament at Hoover Metropolitan Stadium.
Florida freshman right-hander Tommy Mace limited LSU to one earned run in seven innings Wednesday night as the Gators edged the Tigers, 4-3, in the second round of the SEC Tournament at Hoover Metropolitan Stadium.
With the game knotted at four runs in the bottom of the seventh inning, LSU third baseman Jake Slaughter was hit by a pitch to propel the Tigers into the double elimination portion of the SEC Tournament with an 8-5 win against Mississippi State Tuesday night at the Hoover Metropolitan Stadium.
With the game knotted at four runs in the bottom of the seventh inning, LSU third baseman Jake Slaughter was hit by a pitch to propel the Tigers into the double elimination portion of the SEC Tournament with an 8-5 win against Mississippi State Tuesday night at the Hoover Metropolitan Stadium. |
Developmental toxicity of formate and formic acid in whole embryo culture: a comparative study with mouse and rat embryos.
Acute methanol (MeOH) toxicity in primates is attributed to the conversion of MeOH to formate and the resulting acidosis. MeOH has been shown to be developmentally toxic in mice and rats both in vivo and in vitro, but rodents neither accumulate formate nor develop acidosis after MeOH exposure. To further assess the potential human developmental toxicity of MeOH exposure, we evaluated the developmental effects of sodium (Na) formate and formic acid in rodent whole embryo culture (WEC). Day 9 rat embryos were cultured for 24 or 48 hours and day 8 mouse embryos were cultured for 24 hours in the presence of Na-formate or formic acid. Rat and mouse embryos exposed to either agent for 24 hours exhibited a trend toward reduced growth and development and the number of abnormalities increased at the higher concentrations. Rat embryos exposed for 48 hours to either Na-formate or formic acid showed a trend toward reduced growth and development with increasing concentration. Embryo lethality and incidence of abnormal embryos were also increased at the higher concentrations. The anomalies observed in both species after exposure to either compound were primarily open anterior and posterior neuropore with less frequent incidence of rotational defects, tail anomalies, enlarged pericardium and delayed heart development. Exposure to Na-formate or formic acid for comparable periods of time results in comparable degrees of embryotoxicity at concentrations (mMolar) at least 4-fold lower than those previously reported for methanol exposure. |
FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
STATE OF FLORIDA
_____________________________
No. 1D18-3182
_____________________________
BARBARA BALZER,
Petitioner,
v.
CINDY RYAN and HOYT
MAXWELL, dba NORTH FLORIDA
DECORATIVE CONCRETE,
Respondents.
_____________________________
Petition for Writ of Certiorari—Original Jurisdiction.
December 31, 2018
WETHERELL, J.
In this second-tier certiorari proceeding, Petitioner seeks
review of a circuit court appellate decision holding that
Respondents are not liable for damaging a tree on Petitioner’s
property when they cut some of the tree’s roots that had
encroached onto Respondent Cindy Ryan’s property. Because the
circuit court’s decision does not violate any clearly established
principle of law, we deny the petition for writ of certiorari.
Factual and Procedural Background
A large pine tree stood on Petitioner’s property near the
boundary between her and Ms. Ryan’s properties. The tree’s roots
encroached onto Ms. Ryan’s property, damaging the sewer line
that ran under her driveway. To fix the sewer line, the driveway
had to be removed and replaced, and Ms. Ryan hired Respondent
Hoyt Maxwell to do that work. While removing the driveway, Mr.
Maxwell cut some of the encroaching tree roots. Although this did
not kill the tree, it undermined the tree’s structural integrity and
increased the risk that the tree might someday fall on Petitioner’s
house. Accordingly, Petitioner paid to have the tree removed.
Petitioner sued Respondents in county court to recover the
costs of removing the tree. After a nonjury trial, the county court
entered a final judgment awarding Petitioner only a portion of the
costs she incurred. Petitioner appealed the judgment to the circuit
court, arguing that the county court erred by not awarding all of
her costs. Respondents cross-appealed the judgment, arguing that
the county court erred in finding them liable to Petitioner for
damaging the tree because Ms. Ryan had the right to cut the tree
roots that encroached onto her property.
The circuit court reversed the judgment. The court reasoned
that because Petitioner could not be compelled to pay for the
damage to Ms. Ryan’s sewer line caused by the encroaching tree
roots, she likewise had no cause of action against Ms. Ryan if the
tree was damaged when Ms. Ryan exercised her “privilege” to cut
the roots encroaching onto her property. The court remanded the
case for entry of a final judgment dismissing Petitioner’s claim
against Respondents with prejudice.
Petitioner sought review of the circuit court’s decision by filing
a petition for writ of certiorari in this court.
Legal Analysis
The scope of our review in this second-tier certiorari
proceeding is extremely narrow. See Custer Med. Ctr. v. United
Auto. Ins. Co., 62 So. 3d 1086, 1092 (Fla. 2010). Where, as here, it
is undisputed that the circuit court afforded the parties procedural
due process, our review is limited to determining whether the
court’s decision “departed from the essential requirements of law.”
Id. A departure from the essential requirements of law requires
something more than mere legal error; it requires a violation of a
“clearly established principle of law” resulting in a miscarriage of
justice. Id. Clearly established law can derive from controlling
2
precedent, 1 but if there is no controlling precedent, “certiorari
relief cannot be granted because ‘[w]ithout such controlling
precedent, [a district court] cannot conclude that [a circuit court]
violated a clearly establish[ed] principle of law.’” Dep’t of Highway
Safety & Motor Vehicles v. Edenfield, 58 So. 3d 904, 906 (Fla. 1st
DCA 2011) (brackets in original) (quoting Ivey v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
774 So. 2d 679, 682 (Fla. 2000)); see also Nader v. Dep’t of Highway
Safety & Motor Vehicles, 87 So. 3d 712, 723 (Fla. 2012) (explaining
that “certiorari jurisdiction cannot be used to create new law where
the decision below recognizes the correct general law and applies
the correct law to a new set of facts to which it has not been
previously applied”) (emphasis in original).
Under Florida law, it is well-established that an owner of a
healthy tree is not liable to an adjoining property owner for
damage caused by encroaching tree branches or roots, but the
adjoining property owner “is privileged to trim back, at [his] own
expense, any encroaching tree roots or branches . . . which has
grown onto his property.” Gallo v. Heller, 512 So. 2d 215, 216 (Fla.
3d DCA 1987); see also Scott v. McCarty, 41 So. 3d 989 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2010) (noting that Gallo reflects the predominate view
around the country) (citing Encroachment of Trees, Shrubbery, or
Other Vegetation Across Boundary Line, 65 A.L.R. 4th 603 (1988)).
The issue in this case, however, is whether the adjoining
property owner is liable to the tree owner when the self-help
remedy authorized by Gallo causes damage to the tree. There is
conflicting authority on this issue in other states, 2 but we have
1 Clearly established law can also derive from “rules of court,
statutes, and constitutional law,” see Allstate Ins. Co. v.
Kaklamanos, 843 So. 2d 885, 890 (Fla. 2003), but Petitioner has
not argued that the circuit court’s decision violates any rule,
statute, or constitutional provision.
2 Compare Mustoe v. Ma, 371 P.3d 544 (Wash. Ct. App. 2016)
(holding that landowner does not owe a duty of care to prevent
damage to neighbor’s tree when cutting roots that are encroaching
onto the landowner’s property) with Brewer v. Dick Lavy Farms,
LLC, 67 N.E.3d 196 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016) (holding that landowner
exercising his right to cut encroaching branches from his
3
found no Florida case addressing the issue. Accordingly, in the
absence of any controlling precedent, it follows that the circuit
court did not violate clearly established law in ruling the way that
it did.
This conclusion is not undermined by the sole case relied on
by Petitioner in her petition for writ of certiorari, McCain v.
Florida Power Corp., 593 So. 2d 500 (Fla. 1992). Although the
general principles of negligence law discussed in that case have
been extended to suits against landowners in certain
circumstances, 3 we are not persuaded that those principles are
dispositive here because Petitioner did not allege that
Respondents’ actions caused damage to anything other than the
tree whose encroaching roots Ms. Ryan undisputedly had a right
to cut, 4 and a rule imposing liability for causing any damage to the
tree in these circumstances would effectively eviscerate that right.
neighbor’s tree must use reasonable care so as not to cause damage
to the neighbor’s property) and Fliegman v. Rubin, 781 N.Y.S.2d
624 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. App. Term 2003) (table) (holding that “an
adjoining landowner's right to engage in self-help [by cutting
encroaching tree roots] ‘does not extend to the destruction or injury
to the main support system of the tree’” (quoting 1 N.Y. Jur 2d,
Adjoining Landowners § 57)) and Booska v. Patel, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d
241, 245 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994) (holding that landowner had a duty
to act reasonably when cutting encroaching roots from a tree on
his neighbor’s property).
3 See, e.g., Williams v. Davis, 974 So. 2d 1052 (Fla. 2007);
Whitt v. Silverman, 788 So. 2d 210 (Fla. 2001). Accord Hardin v.
Jacksonville Terminal Co., 175 So. 226, 228 (Fla. 1937) (explaining
that “there is no liability on the part of a landowner to persons
injured outside his lands . . . unless the owner has done or
permitted something to occur on his lands which he realizes or
should realize involves an unreasonable risk of harm to others
outside his land”).
4 Whether and how the general principles of negligence
discussed in McCain and its progeny would apply if Respondents’
actions were alleged to have caused damages to persons or
4
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, the petition for writ of certiorari
is DENIED.
WOLF and LEWIS, JJ., concur.
_____________________________
Not final until disposition of any timely and
authorized motion under Fla. R. App. P. 9.330 or
9.331.
_____________________________
Barbara Balzer, pro se, Petitioner.
Elwin R. Thrasher, III, Tallahassee, for Respondents.
property other than the tree is a different issue that is not
presented in this case.
5
|
Tories will find that the "game is up" at the next general election if they are divided and care more about who leads their party than who runs Britain, the former Conservative chairman Lord Patten of Barnes has warned.
As an ally of George Osborne became the first minister to confirm in public that Theresa May is laying the ground for a leadership bid, Patten – who is also chairman of the BBC – called on his party not to lose sight of the importance of unity.
The remarks by Patten, at a lunch for journalists at Westminster, came as the business minister Michael Fallon confirmed that Downing Street believes that the home secretary is making elaborate plans to stand for the Tory leadership.
Fallon, who is a regular visitors to Nos 10 and 11 Downing Street, joked about May's ambitions in the commons when the veteran Labour MP John Spellar said that the home secretary "might even help her leadership ambitions" if she persuaded police forces to buy more British vehicles. Fallon replied: "They may not need that much help."
Patten said: "I think parties which aren't totally united don't win elections. And what used to be one of the most important characteristics of the Conservative party, and I hope still is, it was more interested in running the country than who ran the Conservative Party. I think if you lose sense of being united, if people start to think you're more interested in fighting one another than fighting for the country, then the game is up."
May said she feels the party needs to do more to reassure people that it poses no threat to public services: "We have to reassure people about our motives and our values. We have to show them that we're committed to universal public services and we must never appear to be doctrinaire about what we're doing. We have to be clear that we're reducing spending on public services not because we care little for them, but because we have to for the sake of our economy." |
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