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Pretreatment financial toxicity predicts progression-free survival following concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Aim: Financial toxicity (FT) describes patients' burden from out-of-pocket medical treatment costs. We studied associations between patient-reported pretreatment FT, socioeconomic status and clinical outcomes for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) patients. Methods: Patients received chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and completed the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) quality of life assessment before treatment. One question asks whether patients experience 'financial difficulties'. We tested FT and socioeconomic status (SES) as predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 43 patients were included. Median follow-up for surviving patients was 15 months. A total of 19 patients (44%) experienced disease progression and 17 patients (40%) died. Increasing FT was associated with shorter PFS (p = 0.011). FT did not predict overall survival (p = 0.67). Conclusion: Higher pretreatment FT is associated with shorter PFS. |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Thermogenesis is an energy demanding process that has a significant contribution to daily total energy expenditure (TEE), body weight and health (Levine et al., [@B42]; Rosenbaum et al., [@B57]). High thermogenesis is linked to high physical activity (PA) level, as body temperature rises as a result of increased muscular activity (Gleeson, [@B19]). In rodents it has been established, that high PA in turn is tightly associated with high aerobic capacity (Novak et al., [@B47]). Whether the level of thermogenesis is due to inborn aerobic capacity or a consequence of PA level *per-se* remains unclear.
Several features affect thermogenesis such as age, physical activity, meals (processing nutrients), stress, and in females the stage of estrous cycle (Landsberg et al., [@B39]; Horan et al., [@B24]; Kent et al., [@B31]; Yamashita et al., [@B75]; Kontani et al., [@B37]; Waters et al., [@B73]). Physical activity, whether it is endurance or strength training, or just normal daily activities, correlates positively with body temperature (Nozu et al., [@B49]; Tonkonogi et al., [@B68]). Thermic effect of food is known to increase energy expenditure and thermogenesis (Rothwell and Stock, [@B59]; Cannon and Nedergaard, [@B9]), whereas stress causes an increase both in blood glucose concentration and body temperature via stress hormones and stress related behavior (Blanchard et al., [@B4]; Vachon and Moreau, [@B70]). In females, the stage of estrous cycle is known to affect the body temperature; temperature increases during proestrus, when progesterone and estrogen concentrations are highest, while during estrus there is a drop in body temperature (Marrone et al., [@B44]; Kent et al., [@B31]).
At cellular level, the amount and efficiency of mitochondria and uncoupling proteins (UCP) play the main role in thermogenesis (Cannon and Nedergaard, [@B9]; Rousset et al., [@B60]). UCP1 is primarily found in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT), whereas UCP3 is the main uncoupling protein expressed in skeletal muscle (Rousset et al., [@B60]). UCP2 is a mitochondrial uncoupling protein that separates oxidative phosphorylation from ATP synthesis with energy dissipated as heat. Although UCP3 and UCP2 share similar features, UCP2 is mainly thought to control the production of mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species, whereas UCP3 plays a main role in non-shivering thermogenesis (Boss et al., [@B7]; Rousset et al., [@B60]). Besides UCPs, also amount and efficiency of mitochondria to produce heat affects body temperature. PGC-1α plays a key role in mitochondrial biogenesis whereas cytochrome c (cyt c) is a crucial component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria and hence these proteins are essential for muscle oxidative capacity (Huttemann et al., [@B26]; Lin et al., [@B43]). Endurance exercise is known to increase PGC-1α levels and mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle, although UCP levels are found to be reduced (Nozu et al., [@B49]; Freyssenet et al., [@B16]; Pilegaard et al., [@B50]; Jones et al., [@B28]; Russell et al., [@B61]; Holloszy, [@B22]). Aging in general causes decrease in thermogenesis via lower UCP levels, reduced response to noradrenaline and diminished BAT content (Horan et al., [@B24]; Yamashita et al., [@B75]; Kontani et al., [@B37]).
BAT has for long been considered as the main thermogenic organ (van den Berg et al., [@B71]). At present, in addition to BAT, skeletal muscle has been demonstrated to significantly contribute to thermogenesis (Gavini et al., [@B17]). Since approximately 40% of total body mass is composed of muscle, the capacity of skeletal muscle to contribute to whole-body energy expenditure is reasonable. The contribution of skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling to weight gain has been demonstrated in several mouse models (Son et al., [@B64]; Choi et al., [@B10]; Costford et al., [@B14]). It has been shown that UCP3 overexpression protects mice from high-fat diet induced insulin resistance and obesity (Clapham et al., [@B11]; Choi et al., [@B10]). Recent studies from genetically contrasting rat lines reveal that intrinsic aerobic capacity has a major role in TEE, physical activity level and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT; Novak and Levine, [@B48]; Gavini et al., [@B17]). Rats selectively bred for high aerobic endurance capacity (HCR = high-capacity runner) are also spontaneously more active and consume more energy compared to their counterparts that are selectively bred for low aerobic endurance capacity (LCR = low-capacity runner; Koch and Britton, [@B33]; Kivelä et al., [@B32]). Furthermore, HCRs have lower risk to become obese and have longer lifespan compared to LCRs, whereas LCRs are prone to gain excess body weight and develop metabolic disorders (Wisloff et al., [@B74]; Noland et al., [@B46]; Kivelä et al., [@B32]; Koch et al., [@B36]).
Body temperature is tightly associated with metabolic rate (Geiser, [@B18]; Heikens et al., [@B20]; Landsberg, [@B38]); in fact 1°C rise in temperature is associated with a 10--13% increment in oxygen consumption (Landsberg, [@B38]). The elevation in temperature itself is responsible for speeding up metabolism, since enzyme-catalyzed reactions are enhanced in higher temperatures (Landsberg et al., [@B40]). We recently noticed that besides the differences between the HCR and LCR rat lines listed above, anesthetized HCRs seemed to have higher body temperature compared to LCRs (*unpublished observation*). We wanted to study this observaton more carefully and measured the body temperature of HCR and LCR rats and studied the effects of aging and voluntary running for 1-year. We also followed the body temperature and spontaneous activity during glucose tolerance and placebo test to assess the effect of stress (injection) and high blood glucose. Our first hypothesis was that HCR rats have intrinsically higher body temperature compared to LCRs due to their higher mitochondrial capacity to produce heat. Secondly, we hypothesized that aging would decrease body temperature levels due to aging related loss of mitochondrial function and decreased expression of the UCP in skeletal muscle and BAT, but the difference between the HCR/LCR rat lines would still be evident. Thirdly, we assumed that voluntary running would increase the body temperature in both rat lines due to increased mitochondrial biogenesis, thus aiding to prevent age related decrease in mitochondrial function. Our final hypothesis was that glucose injection would increase the body temperature especially in the energy-dissipating HCRs, since BAT as insulin sensitive tissue may have a major role in dissipating extra energy as heat (Cannon and Nedergaard, [@B9]; Stanford et al., [@B66]).
Materials and methods {#s2}
=====================
Animal lines
------------
The HCR/LCR contrasting rat model was produced via two-way artificial selection, starting from a founder population of 186 genetically heterogeneous rats (N:NIH stock), as described previously (Koch and Britton, [@B33]). Endurance running capacity was assessed at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA) with a speed-ramped treadmill running test (15° slope, initial velocity of 10 m•min^−1^, increased 1 m/min every 2 min) when the rats were 11 weeks of age. For the glucose and placebo tests described here, 20 female rats (10 HCR and 10 LCR) from the 27th generation of selection were used (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Set 1). First non-trained animals were tested before 1-year voluntary intervention (age 9 months) and the tests were repeated as follow-up after the intervention (age 21 months). We also used tissue samples collected from 60 female rats from generations 23--27 of selection given the same voluntary running intervention to prepare Western blots from gastrocnemius muscle and BAT at the same time points (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Set 2). An additional set of 4--6 months old female HCR/LCR rats from the generation 35 were used to measure body surface temperatures. The rats lived in an environmentally controlled facility (12/12 h light-dark cycle, 22°C) and received water and standard feed (R36, Labfor, Stockholm, Sweden) *ad libitum*.
{#F1}
Baseline measurements
---------------------
### Body temperature
Body temperature was assessed by measuring rectal temperature (Fluke 52 k/J Thermometer) after 2 h of fasting before dividing the rats into separate intervention groups (*n* = 10/group). Measurement was repeated in separate days and the average of two measurements was used for the statistical analyses.
### Surface temperature from back and tail
An infrared camera (FLIR A300) with thermal sensitivity of \<0.05°C was used to assess surface temperatures of backs and tails of HCR/LCR rats from the generation 35 (*n* = 9--12/group). For the measurement, each rat was lifted from the home cage to a separate plastic cage and three infrared images were taken at 5 s intervals. Using the software of the camera manufacturer (ThermaCAM Researcher Pro 2.1.) the highest surface temperature of the rat back and tail from each image was recorded and the mean values were regarded as the actual back or tail surface temperatures.
Intervention
------------
Before the first measurements, at the age of 9 months, the rats were housed two per cage in standard cages. After the first measurements rats were divided into groups evenly matched for body weight and maximal running capacity (*n* = 5); HCR (control), HCR-R (runner), LCR (control) and LCR-R (runner; Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Set 1). Control rats lived in a standard cage conditions and runners had an access to running wheels that were connected to a computerized recording system to follow the running distance throughout intervention. During this 1-year intervention the rats were housed one per cage. The follow-up measurements were performed at the age of 21 months.
### Voluntary running distance, body weight, and energy intake
Voluntary running distance in the running wheels was followed throughout the 1-year intervention with a self-constructed computerized recording system (Acer Verinton 6900Pro, 32 bit processor produced by Intel, Windows XP). Total wheel laps were recorded continuously, and the total running distance per day was determined by multiplying the number of wheel rotations by the circumference of the running wheel (Ø 34.5 cm). From daily running distances an average daily running distance for every 2-week period was calculated. Body weight and energy intake of the rats were followed throughout the 1-year intervention by weighing the rats and consumed feed every second week. Energy intake was calculated as 2 week feed consumption from the energy content informed by the manufacturer (Labfor).
### Body temperature: before and after intervention measurements
To study the effects of rat line, aging and voluntary running before and after 1-year voluntary running intervention, body temperature was measured similarly to the baseline measurements described above. Measurements were done after 5 h of fasting from the same rats as used for the intervention (*n* = 5/group). The average of the fasting (F) point measurements from each rat from glucose tolerance and placebo tests were used for the statistical analyses.
### Glucose tolerance and placebo tests
The glucose tolerance and placebo tests were performed twice, first at the age of 9 months and second time at the age of 21 months (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Tests were done in two parallel sets in each day, between 9.30 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. Rats from different groups were randomized to treatment sets to account the possible effect of circadian rhythm on blood glucose level. Two animals were excluded from the follow-up measurement of old rats due to aging symptoms, leaving the following group sizes for second measurements; HCR (*n* = 4), HCR-R (*n* = 5), LCR (*n* = 4) and LCR-R (*n* = 5). Rats were deprived of food for 5 h before measurements. The running wheels of the runner rats were blocked 5 h before the measurements disabling the movement of the wheel to avoid the possible acute effects of running on the measurements. Body weight was measured before each test. At the time point 0 either 2 g/kg of glucose (20% solution) or equal volume of placebo (physiological saline solution) was injected into the peritoneal cavity. Rectal temperature (Fluke 52 k/J Thermometer) and blood glucose were measured at time points 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after the injection. Blood samples for further analyses were collected from saphenous vein before starting the glucose/placebo protocol (fasting sample).
#### Heat accumulation
Rectal temperature was measured at time points 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after the injection. To compare the changes in temperature during placebo and glucose tolerance tests the area under curve (AUC) values of rectal temperature were calculated from each group during both tests between time points 0--120 min normalized with 0 min level. AUC values were used for the statistical analyses of the effect of rat line, running and treatment on heat accumulation.
#### Spontaneous activity
Spontaneous activity of the rats was followed throughout the glucose tolerance and placebo tests with ground reaction force recording as described before (Silvennoinen et al., [@B63]). The rat cages were placed on top of individual ground reaction force plates 30 min before the start of the experiments and removed from the plate after the last blood glucose measurement. The absolute values of the differences between consecutive force values were calculated. The mean of the absolute values were calculated from every second from total 20 values per second. To obtain activity index, a single value for total spontaneous activity, the one second means were summed for the total measurement time and the sum was divided by the body mass (kg) of the measured rat (Biesiadecki et al., [@B3]; Silvennoinen et al., [@B63]). The data used in statistical analyses were presented as 30 min averages. The total spontaneous activity was also calculated during the tests as a sum of activity index from the whole test period.
#### Blood glucose concentration
Blood glucose was measured at time points 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after the injection (HemoCue Glucose 201 RT). AUC normalized with 0 min concentration from the placebo and glucose tests were used for the statistical analyses of the effect of rat line, running and treatment on blood glucose concentration.
#### Phase of estrous cycle
Phase of estrous cycle was followed 1 week during the glucose tolerance and placebo measurements after the intervention (age 21 months). Estrous cycle samples were collected as epithelium samples with physiological saline solution from vagina to a pipette, stained with methylene blue (Giemsas azur-eosin; methylenblaulösung, Merck 9204) and observed under a light microscope. Each sample was categorized to one of the four menstrual cycle states: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, or metestrus.
### Tissue processing
Gastrocnemius muscle (*n* = 10/group) and BAT (*n* = 5/group) samples were collected from the Set 2 rats (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The snap frozen samples were homogenized in liquid nitrogen and dissolved in ice-cold buffer (20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 10 mM MgCl~2~, 100 mM, β-glycerophosphate, 1 mM Na~3~VO~4~, 2 mM DTT, 1% NP-40, 0.2% sodium deoxycholate, and 3% protease and phosphatase inhibitor coctail (P 78443; Pierce, Rockford, IL). The muscle homogenate was thereafter centrifuged at 10 000 g for 10 min at 4°C. Total protein content was determined using the bicinchoninic acid protein assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL) with an automated KoneLab instrument (Thermo Scientific, Vantaa, Finland).
#### Citrate synthase activity
Citrate synthase activity (U•μg^−1^•min^−1^) in the gastrocnemius muscle (*n* = 10/group) was measured from the same muscle homogenates that were used to determine the total protein content (Citrate Synthase Assay Kit Sigma-Aldrich) with an automated KoneLab instrument (Thermo Scientific).
#### Western blot analyses
Aliquots of muscle homogenate were solubilized in Laemmli sample buffer and heated at 95°C to denaturate proteins, except for Total OXPHOS Cocktail, when samples were heated at 50°C. Thereafter, samples containing 30 μg of total protein were separated by SDS-PAGE for 60 to 90 min at 200 V using 4--20% gradient gels on Criterion electrophoresis cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA). Proteins were transferred to PVDF membranes at 300 mA constant current for 2 h on ice at 4°C. The homogeneity of protein loading was checked by staining the membrane with Ponceau S. Membranes were blocked in TBS with 0.1% Tween 20 (TBS-T) containing 5% non-fat dry milk for 2 h and then incubated overnight at 4°C with commercially available polyclonal primary phosphospecific antibodies to measure the following protein contents with stated dilutions: GAPDH (1:10000; ab9485, Abcam), tubulin (1:1500; T6199, Sigma), PGC-1α (1:4000; 516557, Calbiochem), cyt c (1:500; sc-8385, Santa Cruz biotechnology, Inc.), UCP2 (1:300; ab67241 Abcam), UCP3 (1:3000; ab3477 Abcam), and Total OXPHOS Cocktail (1:1000; ab110413; Abcam). All the antibodies were diluted in TBS-T containing 2.5% non-fat dry milk.
BAT samples were treated as above and prepared for Western-blot analyses for PGC-1α, cyt c, UCP1 (1:4000; ab10983, Abcam), UCP2, and UCP3.
After the primary antibody incubation membranes were washed in TBS-T, incubated with suitable secondary antibody diluted in TBS-T with 2.5% milk for 1 h followed by washing in TBS-T. Proteins were visualized by ECL according to the manufacturer\'s protocol (SuperSignal West femto maximum sensitivity substrate, Pierce Biotechnology) and quantified using ChemiDoc XRS in combination with Quantity One software (version 4.6.3. Bio-Rad Laboratories). The UCP3 and pACC membranes described above were incubated in Restore Western blot stripping buffer (Pierce Biotechnology) for 30 min and reprobed with GAPDH or total-ACC antibodies by immunoblot analysis as described above. Results from gastrocnemius muscle were normalized to the corresponding level of GAPDH (PGC-1α, cyt c and UCP3), tubulin (UCP2, total-ACC and pACC), or PonceauS stained actin band (OXPHOS Cocktail). All proteins from BAT samples were normalized to corresponding level of tubulin.
### Serum cortisol concentration
Cortisol concentration was measured from frozen (−80°C) serum samples by a kinetic photometric method with KoneLab (Thermo Scientific).
### Ethics statement
This study was approved by the National Animal Experiment Board, Finland (Permit number ESAVI-2010-07989/Ym-23).
Statistical analyses
--------------------
All values in figures are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical analyses for variables were carried out using SPSS for Windows 22 statistical software (version 22, IBM SPSS Statistics) and in Mplus 7. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to investigate within group normality for a given parameter of interest. Levene\'s test was conducted to assess the homogeneity of variance assumption. Univariate analysis was done to analyze the line, age, running and treatment effects to the measured parameters with Tukey *Post-hoc* test. Body surface temperatures were analyzed using *T*-test. When the normality or equality of variance assumptions were not met, statistical comparisons of parameters between LCR and HCR groups were made using Mann--Whitney test. The comparison between before and after intervention parameters within the same group were done using Wilcoxon test. Mixed model analysis controlled for age, running (yes/no), treatment (placebo/glucose), time point (F, 0, 30, 60, and 120 min), and spontaneous activity, was used to determine the effect of line (HCR or LCR) on the measured body temperature levels. Separate analysis for both rat lines of the effect of running, treatment, time point, and spontaneous activity on rectal temperature were performed using 4 × 5 longitudinal covariance structure analyses in Mplus 7 for both glucose tolerance and placebo tests. *P*-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results {#s3}
=======
Baseline measurements
---------------------
### Body temperature
HCRs had on average 1.3°C higher body temperature after 2 h of fasting compared to LCRs (*p* \< 0.001; Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
### Surface temperature from back and tail
HCRs had higher surface temperature from tail compared to LCRs (*p* \< 0.01; Figures [2B,C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). There was no difference in the surface temperatures measured from the back (Figures [2B,C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
Intervention measurements
-------------------------
### Before and after 1-year running intervention measurements
Univariate analysis showed a significant line effect on body temperature both before and after intervention (*p* \< 0.050), with HCRs having higher body temperature compared to LCRs (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). When only control groups (HCR vs. LCR) were included in the analyses, the line effect after intervention diminished. Aging did not have a marked impact on body temperature, whereas running had a significant effect after intervention (*p* \< 0.050) showing an increase in the body temperature levels in both rat lines (*p* \< 0.050, Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Also combined effect of line and running was significant after intervention (*p* \< 0.050). *Post-hoc* test showed that after the intervention, HCRs in the runner group had higher body temperature compared to the corresponding controls (*p* \< 0.010), whereas there was no difference between the LCR groups (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F3}
### Voluntary running distance, body mass, and energy intake
HCRs ran voluntarily more than LCRs, the difference being significant at time points 10, 10.5, 12.5, and 21 months of age (*p* \< 0.05; Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). When comparing the body weight, LCR rats in both groups were heavier than HCR rats during the whole follow-up period (*p* \< 0.05; Figure [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). There was no statistical difference within the rat lines. LCRs in the control groups had higher food intake compared to corresponding HCRs, the difference being significant at time points 15 and 19.5 months of age (*p* \< 0.05). Both runner groups consumed more energy compared to the corresponding control groups (Figure [4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}), but only in HCR line this difference was significant (HCR vs. HCR-R, *p* \< 0.05).
{#F4}
### Glucose tolerance and placebo tests
#### Heat accumulation
Before the intervention, heat accumulation was positive when normalized to 0-value during placebo and negative during glucose test, and LCR control group had the largest negative response to glucose injection (Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Univariate analysis showed an effect of treatment on heat accumulation (*p* \< 0.001, Figure [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). After the intervention treatment still had a significant effect on heat accumulation (*p* \< 0.010, Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) and the effect of line was nearly significant (*p* = 0.064). Responses to both placebo and glucose injections in all groups were negative after the intervention, with both LCR groups having greater negative response to glucose injection compared to HCR groups (Figure [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F5}
#### Spontaneous activity
Total activity during the test protocols are presented in Figures [5C,D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}. Univariate analysis revealed that HCRs had higher total activity during placebo and glucose tolerance tests both before and after the 1-year voluntary running intervention compared to LCRs (line effect *p* \< 0.001, Figures [5C,D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}).
#### Blood glucose concentration
Before the intervention the blood glucose AUC value in all groups was negative during placebo test and positive during glucose tolerance test (Figure [5E](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Univariate analysis showed significant treatment effects both before and after the intervention (*p* \< 0.050, Figures [5E,F](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). *Post-hoc* test further revealed that LCRs in the control group had higher blood glucose AUC concentration compared to the corresponding runners both before and after the intervention (*p* \< 0.050), whereas there was no statistical difference between the HCR groups.
### Serum cortisol concentration
HCRs had higher cortisol concentration compared to LCRs both before and after intervention (line effect, *p* \< 0.001, Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F6}
Western-blot analyses
---------------------
### Gastrocnemius muscle
Univariate analysis showed a significant line effect in UCP2 and OXPHOS (*p* \< 0.050) with HCRs having higher protein levels compared to LCRs (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). HCRs had also higher PGC-1α and cyt c protein levels than LCRs (*p* \< 0.050, *reported previously*; Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Aging also increased the level of PGC-1α (*p* \< 0.050) and there was a tendency in increase of cyt c level with aging (*p* = 0.087; *reported previously*). There were no statistical differences in the other studied protein contents.
{#F7}
### BAT
Line, running or aging had no significant effect on BAT protein contents (*data not shown*).
Citrate synthase activity
-------------------------
HCRs had higher citrate synthase activity compared to LCRs (line effect *p* \< 0.05, *reported previously*). The activity levels were following: Before intervention: HCR 2939 ± 679, LCR 2767 ± 866 and after intervention: HCR 3267 ± 1081, HCR-R 3554 ± 835, LCR 2863 ± 917 and LCR-R 3545 ± 1328 (U•μg^−1^•min^−1^, mean ± *SD*). Aging or voluntary running had no significant effect on citrate synthase activity.
Body mass and relative gastrocnemius muscle and bat masses
----------------------------------------------------------
Body and relative masses of gastrocnemius muscle and BAT are listed in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. Before the intervention, HCRs had lower body mass and higher relative gastrocnemius muscle mass compared to LCRs (line effect *p* \< 0.001). Aging had a significant effect in both body mass and relative gastrocnemius muscle mass (*p* \< 0.050); before the intervention HCRs had higher relative gastrocnemius muscle mass compared to HCRs after the intervention, while LCRs before intervention had higher relative gastrocnemius mass compared to both LCR and LCR-R after intervention. Line, running or age had no significant effect on relative BAT mass.
######
**Background information for Western blot analyses**.
**Body mass (g)** **Gastrocnemius/Body mass (mg/g)** **Brown fat/Body mass (mg/g)**
----------- ----------------------- ------------------------------------ --------------------------------
HCR_young 232 ± 30 5.32 ± 0.65
HCR_old 260 ± 36 4.57 ± 0.58 1.33 ± 0.22
HCR-R old 268 ± 34 4.78 ± 0.49 1.23 ± 0.27
LCR_young 302 ± 26 4.73 ± 0.43
LCR_old 320 ± 37 4.21 ± 0.45 1.02 ± 0.36
LCR-R_old 345 ± 48 4.00 ± 0.59 1.16 ± 0.26
*p* Line \< 0.001^\*\*\*^ Line \< 0.001^\*\*\*^
Age \< 0.050^\*^ Age \< 0.001^\*\*\*^
*Body and relative tissue masses (tissue mass/body mass) of the rats used for western blot analyses. n = 10/group, values are expressed as mean ± SD*.
Estrous cycle
-------------
There were no statistical differences between the groups in the observed stages of estrous cycle during glucose tolerance and placebo tests (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
######
**Stage of estrous cycle**.
**N** **HCR** **HCR-R** **LCR** **LCR-R**
---------------------------- --------- ----------- --------- ----------- --- --- --- ---
**STAGE OF ESTROUS CYCLE**
Proestrus 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2
Estrus 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 2
Metestrus 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1
Diestrus 1 2 3 1 1 0 1 0
*Estimated stage of estrous during the second (age 21 months) glucose tolerance and placebo tests. Numbers are n of animals that are in the presented stage of estrous cycle. There were no statistical differences between the groups*.
Mixed model and longitudinal covariance structure analysis of body temperature
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mixed model analyses from intervention measurements revealed, that rat line had clear impact on body temperature both before and after intervention (*p* \< 0.01, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). Longitudinal covariance analysis showed that before the 1-year voluntary running intervention the spontaneous activity level and protocol time point (F, 0, 30, 60, or 120 min) had the largest effect on body temperature of HCRs (*p* \< 0.05, Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}), whereas in LCRs, treatment (placebo/glucose injection) and spontaneous activity had highest impact on body temperature (*p* \< 0.001). After the intervention both running and spontaneous activity had a significant contribution to the body temperature levels of HCRs (*p* \< 0.05). In LCRs treatment and time point had marked impact on body temperature after the intervention (*p* \< 0.05).
######
**Body temperature during test protocols: effect of measured parameters**.
**Factor** ***p***
--------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------
Before intervention Line \< 0.000[^\*\*\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}
HCR Running 0.510
Treatment 0.067
Time point 0.036[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Spontaneous activity 0.037[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}
LCR Running 0.955
Treatment \< 0.001[^\*\*\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}
Time point 0.402
Spontaneous activity \< 0.001[^\*\*\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}
After intervention Line \< 0.010[^\*\*^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}
HCR Running \< 0.001[^\*\*\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}
Treatment 0.815
Time point 0.387
Spontaneous activity 0.014[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}
LCR Running 0.330
Treatment 0.013[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Time point 0.010[^\*^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}
Spontaneous activity 0.370
*Mixed model and longitudinal covariance structure analysis of how measured parameters affect absolute body temperature levels during placebo and glucose tolerance tests. Parameters: running (yes/no), treatment (glucose/placebo injection), time point (F, 0, 30, 60, or 120 min), and spontaneous activity before and after voluntary running intervention. n = 4--5 /group*.
*p \< 0.050*,
*p \< 0.010*,
*p \< 0.001*.
Discussion {#s4}
==========
In the present study we examined the association of intrinsic aerobic capacity, aging, voluntary running and blood glucose concentration on body temperature in two genetically contrasting rat lines (HCR/LCR) that widely differ for their intrinsic (i.e., non-trained) aerobic capacity (Koch and Britton, [@B33]). Our findings show that at young age, in untrained state, HCRs have higher body temperature than LCRs. We also found that voluntary running aided HCRs to maintain high body temperature during aging. Glucose injection lowered the body temperature of LCRs, whereas no significant effect of blood glucose on body temperature was found in HCRs.
As hypothesized, our study showed that untrained HCRs had on average 1.3°C higher body temperature than corresponding LCRs (Figure [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). There was also an apparent rat line effect when measuring the baseline body temperatures before 1-year voluntary running intervention (Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Since normal body temperature range in rats is 35.9--37.5°C (Animal care and use committee, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA), HCRs seem to have slightly elevated body temperature compared to reference values. Previous findings have shown that female HCRs have higher muscle heat dissipation during activity, explaining their higher total energy expenditure compared to LCRs (Gavini et al., [@B17]). However, in that study critical factor was activity related thermogenesis, whereas no significant contribution of resting metabolic rate was found when body size and composition were considered (Gavini et al., [@B17]). As shown in previous study by Novak et al. and here, HCRs are spontaneously more active than LCRs (Figures [5C,D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) and activity level also contributed to body temperature level (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}), making spontaneous activity a potential cause for the higher thermogenesis of HCRs (Novak et al., [@B47]). However, the total activity of the rats was very similar during both placebo and glucose tolerance test showing no effect of treatment on activity level (Figures [5C,D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Yet there was a clear difference in the heat accumulation between the two protocols (Figures [4A,B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that the higher heat accumulation of HCRs is not solely explained by their PA level. Although the back surface temperatures of HCRs and LCRs did not differ, HCRs had significantly higher tail surface temperature (Figures [2B,C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Since rats use their tail blood circulation for thermoregulation (Raman et al., [@B52]), HCRs seem to dissipate more heat suggesting that HCRs also have higher thermogenesis than LCRs. This is also supported by our previous results showing that HCRs have higher resting metabolic rate than LCRs (Kivelä et al., [@B32]).
In the present study HCRs had higher UCP2, PGC-1α, cyt c, and OXPHOS levels compared to LCRs, showing a greater oxidative phosphorylation capacity (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, a previous study has shown that overexpression of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle leads to elevated proton leak i.e., less efficient mitochondrial respiration (St-Pierre et al., [@B67]). Since HCRs have more OXPHOS proteins and higher UCP2 and PGC-1α levels in skeletal muscle, it may be speculated that the higher proton leakage may also be one reason for HCRs higher heat production. On the other hand, several animal models have demonstrated that rodents with inherited obesity have low body temperatures (Trayhurn et al., [@B69]; Levin et al., [@B41]; Dubuc et al., [@B15]). Here we show for the first time, that similarly to inherited obesity, LCRs have lower body temperature than HCRs, and are prone to gain excess weight and develop metabolic disorders (Koch and Britton, [@B34]; Noland et al., [@B46]; Kivelä et al., [@B32]).
Contrary to our second hypothesis, aging *per-se* had no significant effect on body temperature (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This is in line with a previous study, where aging did not have an impact on rectal temperatures (3--24 months old), until in later age (36 months; Horan et al., [@B24]; McDonald et al., [@B45]). However, aging increased the level of PGC-1α and had a tendency to increase cyt c level (Figure [7](#F7){ref-type="fig"}), not showing expected aging related decrease of mitochondrial function and content as shown previously (Conley et al., [@B12]; Huang and Hood, [@B25]; Johnson et al., [@B27]). Despite these unexpected findings from muscle tissue level, aging did diminish the difference in the body temperature between the rat lines when comparing only the control groups (HCR vs. LCR, Figure [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This was due to decrease in body temperature of HCRs; aging did not have a marked impact on the body temperature of LCRs. For an unknown reason, HCRs seem to lose their ability to keep up high heat generation with aging at control conditions (e.g., no running wheel). Our results revealed that aging significantly diminished the relative gastrocnemius muscle mass in HCRs (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}), which may partly contribute to the aging related lower heat generation.
As we hypothesized, 1-year voluntary running did increase the body temperature in both rat lines showing a significant running effect (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Further analyses showed that running had a significant impact on the body temperature of HCRs (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}), which is consistent with their running distances compared to LCRs (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). It has been established in previous studies, that endurance training increases PGC-1α and cyt c levels as well as mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle in both humans and rodents (Holloszy and Coyle, [@B23]; Booth, [@B5]; Baar et al., [@B2]; Pilegaard et al., [@B51]). Surprisingly, voluntary running had no significant effect on the mitochondrial proteins in the present study. It seems that in gastrocnemius muscle, there was no pressure to increase the mitochondrial proteins at time point chosen (age of 21 months). PGC-1α is known to respond to exercise acutely (Baar et al., [@B2]). Like in other studies, also in our study the running distance decreased gradually over time (Holloszy, [@B21]; Judge et al., [@B29]), also the pressure for change decreased (Figure [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Contrary to the increased body temperature by voluntary running established in our study, in previous studies endurance training has been associated with decreased mRNA expression of the uncoupling proteins in skeletal muscle and reduced thermogenesis in BAT (Nozu et al., [@B49]; Boss et al., [@B6]).
It is worth noting that lifespan is generally negatively correlated with body temperature (Rikke and Johnson, [@B54]). Several life-extending manipulations in rodents, such as caloric restriction, have shown to decrease body temperature by 1--5°C (Rikke and Johnson, [@B54]). Furthermore, a modest prolonged reduction of core body temperature (0.3--0.5°C) increased median life expectancy in mice 12--20% even without caloric restriction (Conti et al., [@B13]). Nonetheless, in the HCR/LCR animal model, HCRs have higher body temperature associated with longer lifespan than LCRs (Koch et al., [@B35]; Karvinen et al., [@B30]). The free radical hypothesis of aging includes 'uncoupling to survive' hypothesis, which suggests that correlation between metabolic rate and longevity should be positive (Brand, [@B8]). In a previous study, it was estimated that mitochondrial proton cycling causes up to 20--25% of basal metabolic rate in rats (Rolfe et al., [@B56]). It was suggested that the function of the energy-dissipating proton leak is not primarily to increase thermogenesis, but to decrease the production of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, proton leak is proposed to be a key factor in aiding to decrease oxidative damage to DNA and to slow down aging (Brand, [@B8]; Speakman et al., [@B65]). It seems that HCRs are good candidates supporting the 'uncoupling to survive' hypothesis since their higher OXPHOS, PGC-1α, and UCP2 levels combined with higher body temperature and longer lifespan compared to LCRs (Koch et al., [@B35]; Karvinen et al., [@B30]).
Previous studies have also shown that core body temperature declines with age both in rodents and in humans (Roth et al., [@B58]; Sanchez-Alavez et al., [@B62]; Waalen and Buxbaum, [@B72]), which has raised speculation of possible anti-aging effects of low body temperature. In our studies, HCRs in the control group had lower body temperature at the age of 21 months than HCR-Rs, and our previous study reported that HCRs in control group had also longer lifespan (Karvinen et al., [@B30]). According to our results it can be speculated that voluntary running may interfere with a natural aging-related reduction in body temperature of HCRs, possibly contributing to a decrease in lifespan. However, it remains controversial whether high body temperature and high rate of metabolism are beneficial to health and longevity, and more studies are needed to investigate the role of metabolic rate on aging and longevity.
Our final hypothesis was that glucose injection would increase the body temperature especially in HCRs, increasing heat generation in BAT. Our results revealed, that especially in LCRs, heat accumulation was lower after glucose tolerance test compared to placebo test (Figures [5A,B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Longitudinal covariance analysis further revealed that treatment was a significant contributor to temperature level in LCRs both before and after intervention (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). It may be speculated, that in LCRs glucose injection activates energy storage mechanisms that decrease their metabolic rate shortly after energy supplementation (Ravussin and Gautier, [@B53]; Almind and Kahn, [@B1]; Landsberg et al., [@B40]; Heikens et al., [@B20]). However, it should be noticed that there was a difference in the blood glucose AUC level between the LCR groups already before the 1-year running intervention started (Figure [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}), which is most likely due to large variation in the response to glucose dose due to small group size. After the intervention rats in the running groups had a lower response to glucose; however, again the *post-hoc* tests revealed that the difference was only significant between the LCR groups (Figure [5E](#F5){ref-type="fig"}).
In addition to aging and voluntary running, other potential factors may affect the body temperature in our setup, e.g., handling of the animal and estrous cycle. Handling is known to have a stress effect on rats and it can cause a series of behavioral and physiological responses, such as flight response, freezing response, increase in heart rate, urination and increase in plasma glucocorticoid levels (Rodgers et al., [@B55]; Blanchard et al., [@B4]). It is known that HCRs have stronger response to stress, and this can be observed also in elevated corticosterone level in blood in HCRs compared to LCRs (Waters et al., [@B73]). Similarly in our study HCRs had higher cortisol concentration compared to LCRs the (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). This stronger response to stress can also be one reason for the higher body temperature of HCRs (Vachon and Moreau, [@B70]). Estrous cycle affects the body temperature in female rats; it increases during proestrus, and drops during estrus (Marrone et al., [@B44]; Kent et al., [@B31]). In our study the stage of estrous cycle was estimated during the follow-up measurements. Rats were randomly in one of the four estrous phases, and no significant differences in the estrous cycle stages between the rat lines were observed (Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
To conclude, HCRs have higher basal body temperature than LCRs at untrained state at young age. Voluntary running aids older HCRs to maintain body temperature at similar levels as untrained, younger HCRs. The elevated body temperature itself may partly cause the heightened oxidative metabolism in HCRs, as enzyme-catalyzed reactions are enhanced in higher temperatures (Landsberg et al., [@B40]). However, voluntary running may interfere with a natural aging-related reduction in body temperature of HCRs, possibly contributing to a decrease in lifespan (Karvinen et al., [@B30]). On the other hand it is proposed that low body temperature is one reason for the onset of obesity in humans (Landsberg et al., [@B40]). Yet it remains controversial whether high body temperature and high rate of metabolism are beneficial to health and longevity. However, since there is clear evidence of obese animals having low body temperatures (Trayhurn et al., [@B69]; Levin et al., [@B41]; Dubuc et al., [@B15]), it would be worth studying the potential role of intrinsically low body temperature at the onset of obesity in humans.
Author contributions {#s5}
====================
HK, MS, and SK designed the study. HK led the animal experiment and SK performed the animal experiment and analyzed the data. HM, MS, SK, and RT collected the tissue samples. TR and MS built up the spontaneous activity measurement system. TT and SL assisted with the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. SK, HK, and MS drafted the manuscript. SB and LK bred and phenotyped the animals. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
=======
This study was funded by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, National Doctoral Programme of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Biomaterials (TBDP) and Eemil Aaltonen foundation. The LCR-HCR rat model system was funded by the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs/OD grant P40OD021331 (to LK and SB) from the National Institutes of Health.
Conflict of interest statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank Eliisa Kiukkanen and Laura Pitkänen (University of Jyväskylä, Finland) for the excellent animal care. We are deeply grateful to Mervi Matero for her help during the measurements and dedication to the wellbeing of the animals. We are grateful to Leena Tulla for her crucial help in collecting and organizing the samples. We also want to thank Risto Puurtinen and Aila Ollikainen for their help in blood analyses and Maria Mikkonen for her skillful help in the first glucose tolerance and placebo tests. We are grateful to Juha Hulmi for his excellent guidance in making the muscle homogenates and running the Western blots, and Aino Poikonen and Juho Hyödynmaa for their help in the Western blot analyses. We acknowledge the expert care of the rat colony provided by Molly Kalahar and Lori Heckenkamp. Contact LK (lgkoch\@umich.edu) or SB (brittons\@umich.edu) for information on the LCR and HCR rats: these rat models are maintained as an international resource with support from the Department of Anesthesiology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
[^1]: Edited by: Igor B. Mekjavic, Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
[^2]: Reviewed by: Naoto Fujii, University of Ottawa, Canada; Stephen Cheung, Brock University, Canada; Kei Nagashima, Waseda University, Japan
[^3]: This article was submitted to Exercise Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Physiology
|
The world’s biggest chipmakers and software companies, including Intel Corp and Microsoft Corp, are coming to grips with a vulnerability that leaves vast numbers of computers and smartphones susceptible to hacking and performance slowdowns.
Google researchers recently discovered that a feature, present in almost all of the billions of processors that run computers and phones around the world, could give cyberattackers unauthorised access to sensitive data – and whose remedy could drag on device performance.
News of the weakness, found last year and reported Jan 2 by The Register technology blog, weighed on shares of Intel, the biggest semiconductor maker, while boosting rivals including Advanced Micro Devices Inc. Intel’s silence for most of Wednesday added to investors’ unease.
Late in the day, Intel, Microsoft, Google and other tech bellwethers issued statements aimed at reassuring customers and shareholders. Intel said its chips weren’t the only ones affected and predicted no material effect on its business, while Microsoft, the largest software maker, said it released a security update to protect users of devices running Intel and other chips.
Google, which said the issue affects Intel, AMD and ARM Holdings Plc chips, noted that it updated most of its systems and products with protections from attack. Amazon.com Inc, whose AWS is No. 1 in cloud computing, said most of its affected servers have already been secured.
Hackers for decades have exploited security holes in software – example, by inducing careless, unsuspecting users to open attachments that unleash viruses or other malware onto a device or network. The weakness uncovered by Google, by contrast, underscores the potential damage wreaked by vulnerabilities in hardware. Complex components, such as microprocessors, can be harder to fix and take longer to design from scratch if flawed.
“It’s a big one and it’s a severe one. This gives an attacker capabilities that bypass the common operating system security controls that we’ve relied on for 20 years,” said Jeff Pollard, an analyst at Forrester Research. “There’s big impact on both the consumer and enterprise.”
Intel’s stock remained under pressure even after its statement.
“We struggle to believe that Intel won’t face some sort of financial liability,” analysts at Sanford C. Bernstein wrote in a note.
China’s largest cloud computing services scrambled on Jan 4 to address the issue. Domestic industry leader Alibaba Group Holding Ltd said it planned to update its systems from 1am on Jan 12 to handle potential chip security issues. Rival Tencent Holdings Ltd said it was in touch with Intel on possible fixes but wasn’t aware of any attempted attacks.
Applying the operating system upgrades designed to remedy the flaw could hamper performance, security experts said. The Register reported that slowdowns could be as much as 30% – something Intel said would occur only in extremely unusual circumstances. Computer slowdowns will vary based on the task being performed and for the average user “should not be significant and will be mitigated over time,” Intel said, adding that it has begun providing software to help limit potential exploits.
Intel’s efforts to play down the impact resulted in a war of words with AMD. Intel said it’s working with chipmakers including AMD and ARM Holdings, as well as operating system makers to develop an industry-wide approach to resolving the issue. AMD was quick to retort, saying, “there is near-zero risk” to its processors because of differences in the way they are designed and built.
The vulnerability doesn’t just affect PCs. All modern microprocessors, including those that run smartphones, are built to essentially guess what functions they’re likely to be asked to run next. By queuing up possible executions in advance, they’re able to crunch data and run software much faster.
The problem in this case is that this predictive loading of instructions allows access to data that’s normally cordoned off securely, Intel vice-president Stephen Smith said on a conference call. That means, in theory, that malicious code could find a way to access information that would otherwise be out of reach, such as passwords.
“The techniques used to accelerate processors are common to the industry,” said Ian Batten, a computer science lecturer at the University of Birmingham in the UK who specialises in computer security. The fix being proposed will definitely result in slower operating times, but reports of slowdowns of 25% to 30% are “worst-case” scenarios, he said.
Intel chief executive officer Brian Krzanich told CNBC that a researcher at Google made Intel aware of the issue “a couple of months ago.”
“Our process is, if we know the process is difficult to go in and exploit, and we can come up with a fix, we think we’re better off to get the fix in place,” Krzanich said, explaining how the company responded to the issue.
Google, a unit of Alphabet Inc, identified the researcher as Jann Horn. While many of its products have already been protected, some customers of Android devices, Google laptops and its cloud services still need to take steps to patch security holes, the Internet giant said.
Microsoft on Wednesday released a security update for its Windows 10 operating system and older versions of the product to protect users of devices with chips from Intel, ARM and AMD, the company said in a statement. Late in the day, Microsoft said the majority of Azure cloud infrastructure has been updated with the fix and most customers won’t see a noticeable slowdown with the update.
“We have not received any information to indicate that these vulnerabilities had been used to attack our customers,” Microsoft said. The fixes were originally planned for release on Jan 9, but were rushed out Wednesday after the weakness was made public, according to a person familiar with the situation.
Apple Inc didn’t respond to requests for comment about how the chip issue may be affecting the company’s operating systems.
Providers of computing power and services via the Internet will have to upgrade software to work around the potential vulnerability, which will require additional lines of code, computing resources and energy to perform the same functions while maintaining security, said Frank Gillett, another analyst at Forrester.
“When you’re running billions of servers, a 5% hit is huge,” he said. — Bloomberg |
Q:
EF ExecuteSqlCommand with int array parameter
I got a problem while trying to pass parameter with type array of int. What I have done so far as below but both methods failed.
Method 1 (Failed) :
int[] CategoryArray;
CategoryArray = new int[userItem.ListItemId.Count()];
int i=0;
foreach (int catID in userItem.ListItemId)
{
CategoryArray[i] = catID;
i++;
}
db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from SupportRegion where UserId={0} and CategoryID not in ({1})", userItem.UserId, CategoryArray);
Method 2 (also failed) :
db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("delete from SupportRegion where UserId={0} and CategoryID not in ({1})", userItem.UserId, String.Join(",", userItem.ListItemId));
How can I make it possible in defining parameter as an array of integer?
thanks a lot
A:
The first case won't work since the database does not understand what the int array means. I don't know what "failed" in the 2nd example means but I imagine that Sql Server cannot convert string to int. I believe what is happening on the server side is that the query is converted to something like this (notice quotes):
delete from SupportRegion where UserId={0} and CategoryID not in ('1, 2, 3')
since the parameter you are passing is a string. However the CategoryID column is not a string the passed parameter cannot be converted to int.
I think what you could try using is a table value parameter but it looks like setting it up is a bit ugly.
Depending on how many entities you are deleting the safest thing may be to bring the entities to the client, mark the ones you want to delete as deleted and call SaveChanges().
Another work around is to set up your command text right (see disclaimer below):
db.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(
string.Format(
"delete from SupportRegion where UserId={{0}} and CategoryID in ({0})",
String.Join(",", userItem.ListItemId),
userItem.UserId));
this way string.format call should embed your list of ints as a text and then pass it down to the ExecuteSqlCommand method which will take care of the user id.
Disclaimer
The above method could be exploited by a Sql Injection attack. Never use it if you don't control the source of the data you use to build the list of ids to be deleted. In general I would recommend to not use this method unless you really know how it is used and you are sure nothing bad happens (which you can really never be...)
|
1. Heat oven to 400 degrees F. In casserole dish, place whole beets with some oil and roast for about an hour, until beets are easily cut with butter knife.
2. Meanwhile, gather spices and place in small bowl. When beets have cooled, peel, and cut into small cubes.
3. In small saucepan, heat oil for about 30 seconds over medium high heat. Add spices. Stir constantly until fragrant, about 1 minutes. Remove from heat and remove spices from oil. Add onion and garlic. Stir over medium heat for about 3 minutes until onions soften a bit.
4. Place beets in serving bowl, pour onion mixture over them and stir to combine. Can be served room temperature. |
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json
import re
from urllib.parse import urlencode
import scrapy
from locations.items import GeojsonPointItem
class GreyhoundSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = "greyhound"
item_attributes = {'brand': 'Greyhound'}
allowed_domains = ['locations.greyhound.com']
start_urls = [
'https://locations.greyhound.com/',
]
download_delay = 0.3
def start_requests(self):
url = 'https://locations.greyhound.com/getCitiesJson?'
yield scrapy.http.Request(url, self.parse, method='GET')
def parse(self, response):
search_url = 'https://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/search?'
locations = json.loads(response.body_as_unicode())
for location in locations.values():
city, state = location.split(', ')
params = {
'city': '{}'.format(city),
'state': '{}'.format(state),
}
yield scrapy.http.Request(search_url + urlencode(params), callback=self.parse_location_list)
def parse_location_list(self, response):
location_urls = response.xpath('//div[@class="col-md-6 col-xs-8 station_city_info"]/a/@href').extract()
for location_url in location_urls:
yield scrapy.http.Request(response.urljoin(location_url), callback=self.parse_location)
def parse_location(self, response):
ref = re.search(r'.+/(.+?)/?(?:\.html|$)', response.url).group(1)
name = response.xpath('//span[@class="station-title"]/text()').extract_first()
location_type = response.xpath(
'normalize-space(//*/text()[normalize-space(.)="Location Type:"]/following::text())').extract_first()
address = response.xpath(
'normalize-space(//*/text()[normalize-space(.)="Address:"]/following::text())').extract_first()
city_state_zip = response.xpath(
'normalize-space(//*/text()[normalize-space(.)="City, State Zip:"]/following::text())').extract_first()
match = re.search(r'([\w\s]+),\s(\w+)\s(\w+)', city_state_zip)
city, state, postcode = match.groups()
country = re.search(r".+/(.+?)/(.+?)/(.+?)/(.+?)/?(?:\.html|$)", response.url).groups()[0]
phone = response.xpath(
'normalize-space(//*/text()[normalize-space(.)="Main:"]/following::text())').extract_first()
# Get coordinates
map_data = response.xpath(
'//script[@type="text/javascript"][contains(text(), "new L.LatLng")]/text()').extract_first()
coordinates = re.search(r'new L.Marker\(new L.LatLng\((.*)\)\);', map_data).groups()[0]
lat, lon = coordinates.split(', ')
properties = {
'ref': ref,
'name': name,
'addr_full': address,
'city': city,
'state': state,
'postcode': postcode,
'country': country,
'lat': lat,
'lon': lon,
'phone': phone,
'website': response.url,
'extras': {
'location_type': location_type
}
}
yield GeojsonPointItem(**properties)
|
Real world data as a key element in precision medicine for lymphoid malignancies: potentials and pitfalls.
Molecular genetic studies of lymphoma have led to refinements in disease classification in the most recent World Health Organization update. Nevertheless, a 'one-size-fits-most' treatment strategy based on morphology remains widely used for lymphoma despite significant molecular heterogeneity within histopathologically-defined subtypes. Precision medicine aims to improve patient outcomes by leveraging disease- and patient-specific information to optimise treatment strategies, but implementation of precision medicine strategies is challenged by the biological diversity and rarity of lymphomas. In this review, we explore existing and emerging real-world data sources that can be used to facilitate the development of precision medicine strategies in lymphoma. We provide illustrative examples of the use of real-world analyses to refine treatment strategies, provide comparators for clinical trials, improve risk-stratification to identify patients with unmet clinical needs and describe long-term and rare toxicities. |
# Copyright (c) 2012-2016 Seafile Ltd.
import logging
from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
from django.template.defaultfilters import filesizeformat
from rest_framework.authentication import SessionAuthentication
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework import status
import seaserv
from seaserv import seafile_api, ccnet_api
from pysearpc import SearpcError
from seahub.api2.utils import api_error
from seahub.api2.authentication import TokenAuthentication
from seahub.api2.throttling import UserRateThrottle
from seahub.api2.endpoints.group_owned_libraries import get_group_id_by_repo_owner
from seahub.avatar.settings import GROUP_AVATAR_DEFAULT_SIZE
from seahub.avatar.templatetags.group_avatar_tags import api_grp_avatar_url, \
get_default_group_avatar_url
from seahub.utils import is_org_context, is_valid_username
from seahub.utils.repo import get_repo_owner
from seahub.utils.timeutils import timestamp_to_isoformat_timestr
from seahub.group.utils import validate_group_name, check_group_name_conflict, \
is_group_member, is_group_admin, is_group_owner, is_group_admin_or_owner, \
group_id_to_name, set_group_name_cache
from seahub.group.views import remove_group_common
from seahub.base.models import UserStarredFiles
from seahub.base.templatetags.seahub_tags import email2nickname, \
translate_seahub_time, email2contact_email
from seahub.share.models import ExtraGroupsSharePermission
from .utils import api_check_group
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
def get_group_admins(group_id):
members = seaserv.get_group_members(group_id)
admin_members = [m for m in members if m.is_staff]
admins = []
for u in admin_members:
admins.append(u.user_name)
return admins
def get_group_info(request, group_id, avatar_size=GROUP_AVATAR_DEFAULT_SIZE):
group = seaserv.get_group(group_id)
try:
avatar_url, is_default, date_uploaded = api_grp_avatar_url(group.id, avatar_size)
except Exception as e:
logger.error(e)
avatar_url = get_default_group_avatar_url()
isoformat_timestr = timestamp_to_isoformat_timestr(group.timestamp)
group_info = {
"id": group.id,
"parent_group_id": group.parent_group_id,
"name": group.group_name,
"owner": group.creator_name,
"created_at": isoformat_timestr,
"avatar_url": request.build_absolute_uri(avatar_url),
"admins": get_group_admins(group.id),
}
# parent_group_id = 0: non department group
# parent_group_id = -1: top department group
# parent_group_id = n(n > 0): sub department group, n is parent group's id
if group.parent_group_id != 0:
group_info['group_quota'] = seafile_api.get_group_quota(group_id)
group_info['group_quota_usage'] = seafile_api.get_group_quota_usage(group_id)
return group_info
class Groups(APIView):
authentication_classes = (TokenAuthentication, SessionAuthentication)
permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)
throttle_classes = (UserRateThrottle, )
def _can_add_group(self, request):
return request.user.permissions.can_add_group()
def get(self, request):
""" List all groups.
"""
org_id = None
username = request.user.username
if is_org_context(request):
org_id = request.user.org.org_id
user_groups = seaserv.get_org_groups_by_user(org_id, username, return_ancestors=True)
else:
user_groups = ccnet_api.get_groups(username, return_ancestors=True)
try:
avatar_size = int(request.GET.get('avatar_size', GROUP_AVATAR_DEFAULT_SIZE))
except ValueError:
avatar_size = GROUP_AVATAR_DEFAULT_SIZE
try:
with_repos = int(request.GET.get('with_repos', 0))
except ValueError:
with_repos = 0
if with_repos not in (0, 1):
error_msg = 'with_repos invalid.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
groups = []
if with_repos:
gids = [g.id for g in user_groups]
admin_info = ExtraGroupsSharePermission.objects.batch_get_repos_with_admin_permission(gids)
try:
starred_repos = UserStarredFiles.objects.get_starred_repos_by_user(username)
starred_repo_id_list = [item.repo_id for item in starred_repos]
except Exception as e:
logger.error(e)
starred_repo_id_list = []
for g in user_groups:
group_info = get_group_info(request, g.id, avatar_size)
if with_repos:
if org_id:
group_repos = seafile_api.get_org_group_repos(org_id, g.id)
else:
group_repos = seafile_api.get_repos_by_group(g.id)
repos = []
# get repo id owner dict
all_repo_owner = []
repo_id_owner_dict = {}
for repo in group_repos:
repo_id = repo.id
if repo_id not in repo_id_owner_dict:
repo_owner = get_repo_owner(request, repo_id)
all_repo_owner.append(repo_owner)
repo_id_owner_dict[repo_id] = repo_owner
# Use dict to reduce memcache fetch cost in large for-loop.
name_dict = {}
contact_email_dict = {}
for email in all_repo_owner:
if email not in name_dict:
if '@seafile_group' in email:
group_id = get_group_id_by_repo_owner(email)
group_name= group_id_to_name(group_id)
name_dict[email] = group_name
else:
name_dict[email] = email2nickname(email)
if email not in contact_email_dict:
if '@seafile_group' in email:
contact_email_dict[email] = ''
else:
contact_email_dict[email] = email2contact_email(email)
for r in group_repos:
repo_owner = repo_id_owner_dict.get(r.id, r.user)
repo = {
"id": r.id,
"repo_id": r.id,
"name": r.name,
"repo_name": r.name,
"size": r.size,
"size_formatted": filesizeformat(r.size),
"mtime": r.last_modified,
"mtime_relative": translate_seahub_time(r.last_modified),
"last_modified": timestamp_to_isoformat_timestr(r.last_modified),
"encrypted": r.encrypted,
"permission": r.permission,
"owner": repo_owner,
"owner_email": repo_owner,
"owner_name": name_dict.get(repo_owner, ''),
"owner_contact_email": contact_email_dict.get(repo_owner, ''),
"is_admin": (r.id, g.id) in admin_info,
"starred": r.repo_id in starred_repo_id_list,
}
repos.append(repo)
group_info['repos'] = repos
groups.append(group_info)
return Response(groups)
def post(self, request):
""" Create a group
"""
if not self._can_add_group(request):
error_msg = 'Permission denied.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, error_msg)
username = request.user.username
group_name = request.data.get('name', '')
group_name = group_name.strip()
# Check whether group name is validate.
if not validate_group_name(group_name):
error_msg = _('Group name can only contain letters, numbers, blank, hyphen, dot, single quote or underscore')
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
# Check whether group name is duplicated.
if check_group_name_conflict(request, group_name):
error_msg = _('There is already a group with that name.')
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
# create group.
try:
if is_org_context(request):
org_id = request.user.org.org_id
group_id = seaserv.ccnet_threaded_rpc.create_org_group(org_id,
group_name,
username)
else:
group_id = seaserv.ccnet_threaded_rpc.create_group(group_name,
username)
except SearpcError as e:
logger.error(e)
error_msg = 'Internal Server Error'
return api_error(status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, error_msg)
# get info of new group
group_info = get_group_info(request, group_id)
return Response(group_info, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
class Group(APIView):
authentication_classes = (TokenAuthentication, SessionAuthentication)
permission_classes = (IsAuthenticated,)
throttle_classes = (UserRateThrottle, )
@api_check_group
def get(self, request, group_id):
""" Get info of a group.
"""
try:
# only group member can get info of a group
if not is_group_member(group_id, request.user.username):
error_msg = 'Permission denied.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, error_msg)
except SearpcError as e:
logger.error(e)
error_msg = 'Internal Server Error'
return api_error(status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, error_msg)
try:
avatar_size = int(request.GET.get('avatar_size', GROUP_AVATAR_DEFAULT_SIZE))
except ValueError:
avatar_size = GROUP_AVATAR_DEFAULT_SIZE
group_info = get_group_info(request, group_id, avatar_size)
return Response(group_info)
@api_check_group
def put(self, request, group_id):
""" Rename, transfer a specific group
"""
username = request.user.username
new_group_name = request.data.get('name', None)
# rename a group
if new_group_name:
try:
# only group owner/admin can rename a group
if not is_group_admin_or_owner(group_id, username):
error_msg = 'Permission denied.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, error_msg)
# Check whether group name is validate.
if not validate_group_name(new_group_name):
error_msg = _('Group name can only contain letters, numbers, blank, hyphen or underscore')
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
# Check whether group name is duplicated.
if check_group_name_conflict(request, new_group_name):
error_msg = _('There is already a group with that name.')
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
ccnet_api.set_group_name(group_id, new_group_name)
set_group_name_cache(group_id, new_group_name)
except SearpcError as e:
logger.error(e)
error_msg = 'Internal Server Error'
return api_error(status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, error_msg)
new_owner = request.data.get('owner', None)
# transfer a group
if new_owner:
try:
# only group owner can transfer a group
if not is_group_owner(group_id, username):
error_msg = 'Permission denied.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, error_msg)
# augument check
if not is_valid_username(new_owner):
error_msg = 'Email %s invalid.' % new_owner
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
if is_group_owner(group_id, new_owner):
error_msg = _('User %s is already group owner.') % new_owner
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
# transfer a group
if not is_group_member(group_id, new_owner):
ccnet_api.group_add_member(group_id, username, new_owner)
if not is_group_admin(group_id, new_owner):
ccnet_api.group_set_admin(group_id, new_owner)
ccnet_api.set_group_creator(group_id, new_owner)
ccnet_api.group_unset_admin(group_id, username)
except SearpcError as e:
logger.error(e)
error_msg = 'Internal Server Error'
return api_error(status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, error_msg)
wiki_enabled = request.data.get('wiki_enabled', None)
# turn on/off group wiki
if wiki_enabled:
try:
# only group owner/admin can turn on a group wiki
if not is_group_admin_or_owner(group_id, username):
error_msg = 'Permission denied.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, error_msg)
# augument check
if wiki_enabled != 'true' and wiki_enabled != 'false':
error_msg = 'wiki_enabled invalid.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST, error_msg)
except SearpcError as e:
logger.error(e)
error_msg = 'Internal Server Error'
return api_error(status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, error_msg)
group_info = get_group_info(request, group_id)
return Response(group_info)
@api_check_group
def delete(self, request, group_id):
""" Dismiss a specific group
"""
org_id = None
if is_org_context(request):
org_id = request.user.org.org_id
username = request.user.username
try:
# only group owner can dismiss a group
if not is_group_owner(group_id, username):
error_msg = 'Permission denied.'
return api_error(status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, error_msg)
remove_group_common(group_id, username, org_id=org_id)
except SearpcError as e:
logger.error(e)
error_msg = 'Internal Server Error'
return api_error(status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, error_msg)
return Response({'success': True})
|
Immunoglobulin and HLA-DP genes contribute to the susceptibility to juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis.
HLA-DQ genes and gluten diet are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH), as well as Coeliac Disease (CD). However other genetic factors are probably relevant, since about 10% of the patients with DH and CD lack the DQA1*0501/B1*0201 heterodimer while the majority of individuals presenting this genotype and also being exposed to gluten diets did not suffer from these diseases. To evaluate the role of other genes, 36 Northern Italian children with DH were analysed for DNA polymorphisms at HLA-DP and immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain loci. DPA1*0201 and DPB1*1301 frequencies were higher in patients than in controls (Pc = 0.0357 and Pc = 0.0273). With respect to immunoglobulin heavy chain restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), the 4.6 kb SacI RFLP at the switch alpha 2 gene was more frequent in patients (0.13) than in controls (0.019; Pc = 0.036). Moreover, rare alleles or duplications in the switch regions occurred more frequently in the patients than in the controls. These results support the hypothesis of a multifactorial inheritance of DH, the HLA and Ig constant heavy chain genes being some of the loci contributing to the susceptibility. In accordance with previous CD studies, these data also confirm that DP subregion is probably involved in the pathogenesis of DH. |
Senate Committee Proposes One of Largest Reductions in General Officers in History
The Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) recently proposed a 25 percent reduction across the board for general officers. The bill would cut the number of four star officers from 41 to 27, representing one of the largest reductions in modern history.
A summary of the committee’s bill states the drawdown in general officers also applies at the three, two, and one-star levels. The majority staff reasons, “Over the past 30 years, the end-strength of the joint force has decreased 38 percent, but the ratio of four-star officers to the overall force has increased by 65 percent.”
A litany of aides and other staff officers accompany each general officer, significantly bloating the number of military personnel in administrative roles. The growth in the number of administrative roles relative to the fighting force concerned the committee, who want to “shift as many personnel as possible from staff functions to operational and other vital roles.”
Getting rid of a large number of generals is not a new idea. Then-Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel proposed cutting the number of generals by 20%, but was not in office long enough to achieve his goal. Secretary Robert Gates, who served under Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama, once proposedreducing the number of generals by 50 as a cost cutting measure.
Slate, examining then Secretary-Gates proposal, found that salaries for America’s generals represented nearly $200 million alone in 2010 U.S. military expenditures. Given the number of aides and staff officers that accompany each general, Slate estimated each cost the U.S. taxpayer nearly $1 million.
“The reason the 25% HQ and other budget/staff cuts was directed came partly as a result of the Pentagon’s inability to get at bureaucratic overhead and civilian bloat using a scalpel,” Mackenzie Eaglen, a resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute wrote to The Daily Caller News Foundation over email.
The proposal met significant pushback from some senators on Capitol Hill. Democratic Sen. Tim Kaine of Virginia suggested to Military.com the proposal was ill considered, going so far as to say the committee “pulled out of thin air” the 25% number.
Chris Brose, majority staff director of SASC, strongly pushed back against the criticism to TheDCNF, saying “The final outcome is not a mindless salami slice 25 cut on each grade,” and that while he was happy to debate the merits of the cut, his committee’s proposal was “certainly not ill considered.”
Eaglen echoed Brose’s sentiments to TheDCNF saying, “This was not a number pulled out of thin air, contrary to Sen. Kaine’s comments.” Eaglen explained “while there have been smaller, sporadic efforts to reduce the flag and general officer ranks in recent years—particularly below the 3-star level—Congress clearly thinks it was not enough nor happening quickly enough.”
The bloated number of general officers may even be hindering America’s fight against the Islamic State. In March, The Daily Beast reported there may be as many as 21 U.S. generals leading the war effort against the terrorist group. The idea is that each of these generals represent bureaucratic hurdles for war-fighters to jump through, making routine authorizations complex procedures.
Phillip Lohaus, a resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, described the war effort against ISIS to TheDCNF as, “rife with sluggishness.” |
import { injectable, inject } from "inversify";
import TYPES from "../../common/types";
import { SystemFailureInstance } from "./system-failure.model";
import { SystemFailureDto } from "./system-failure.dto";
import { SystemFailureDao } from "./system-failure.dao";
interface SystemFailureService {
getSystemFailure(system?: string, begin?: number, end?: number, limit?: number): Promise<Array<SystemFailureDto>>;
saveSystemFailure(systemFailure: Array<SystemFailureDto>): Promise<Array<SystemFailureDto>>;
}
@injectable()
class SystemFailureServiceImpl implements SystemFailureService {
constructor(@inject(TYPES.SystemFailureDao) private systemFailureDao: SystemFailureDao) { }
private convertToDto(systemFailureInstance: SystemFailureInstance): SystemFailureDto {
let systemFailureDto: SystemFailureDto = {
id: systemFailureInstance.id,
time: systemFailureInstance.time,
system: systemFailureInstance.system,
host: systemFailureInstance.host,
url: systemFailureInstance.url,
status: systemFailureInstance.status
};
return systemFailureDto;
}
public getSystemFailure(system?: string, begin?: number, end?: number, limit?: number): Promise<Array<SystemFailureDto>> {
return this.systemFailureDao.getSystemFailure(system, begin, end, limit)
.then((systemFailures: Array<SystemFailureInstance>) => {
return systemFailures.map(this.convertToDto);
});
}
public saveSystemFailure(systemFailures: Array<SystemFailureDto>): Promise<Array<SystemFailureDto>> {
return this.systemFailureDao.saveSystemFailure(systemFailures)
.then((failures: Array<SystemFailureInstance>) => {
return failures.map(this.convertToDto);
});
}
}
export { SystemFailureService, SystemFailureServiceImpl };
|
I’m really proud to announce that my 3rd book is now out & available for purchase: Linux Phrasebook. My first book – Don’t Click on the Blue E!: Switching to Firefox – was for general readers (really!) who wanted to learn how to move to and use the fantastic Firefox web browser. I included a lot of great information for more technical users as well, but the focus was your average Joe. My second book – Hacking Knoppix – was for the more advanced user who wanted to take advantage of Knoppix, a version of Linux that runs entirely off of a CD. You don’t need to be super-technical to use and enjoy Hacking Knoppix, but the more technical you are, the more you’ll enjoy the book. Linux Phrasebook is all about the Linux command line, and it’s perfect for both Linux newbies and experienced users. In fact, when I was asked to write the book, I responded, “Write it? I can’t wait to buy it!”
The idea behind Linux Phrasebook is to give practical examples of Linux commands and their myriad options, with examples for everything. Too often a Linux user will look up a command in order to discover how it works, and while the command and its many options will be detailed, something vitally important will be left out: examples. That’s where Linux Phrasebook comes in. I cover a huge number of different commands and their options, and for every single one, I give an example of usage and results that makes it clear how to use it.
Here’s the table of contents; in parentheses I’ve included some (just some) of the commands I cover in each chapter:
Things to Know About Your Command Line
The Basics (ls, cd, mkdir, cp, mv, rm)
Learning About Commands (man, info, whereis, apropos)
Building Blocks (;, &&, |, >, >>)
Viewing Files (cat, less, head, tail)
Printing and Managing Print Jobs (lpr, lpq, lprm)
Ownerships and Permissions (chgrp, chown, chmod)
Archiving and Compression (zip, gzip, bzip2, tar)
Finding Stuff: Easy (grep, locate)
The find command (find)
Your Shell (history, alias, set)
Monitoring System Resources (ps, lsof, free, df, du)
Installing software (rpm, dkpg, apt-get, yum)
Connectivity (ping, traceroute, route, ifconfig, iwconfig)
Working on the Network (ssh, sftp, scp, rsync, wget)
Windows Networking (nmblookup, smbclient, smbmount)
I’m really proud of the whole book, but the chapter on the super-powerful and useful find command is a standout, along with the material on ssh and its descendants sftp and scp. But really, the whole book is great, and I will definitely be keeping a copy on my desk as a reference. If you want to know more about the Linux command line and how to use it, then I know you’ll enjoy and learn from Linux Phrasebook. |
Missouri River - Missouri River at a Glance - at Decatur - near Blair - at Omaha - at Highway 92 at Omaha - at Highway 370 at Bellevue - at Plattsmouth - at Nebraska City - at Brownville - at Rulo Platte River (and Tributaries) - Platte River at a Glance - near Duncan - at North Bend - near Leshara - near Venice - near Ashland - at Louisville Tributaries: ---------------- - Loup River at a Glance - at Columbus - Shell Creek at a Glance - near Columbus - Elkhorn River at a Glance - at Neligh - near Tilden - at Norfolk - at Pilger - at West Point - near Winslow - at Waterloo - Salt Creek at a Glance - at Roca - at Lincoln (Pioneers Boulevard) - at Lincoln (Fairgrounds) - at Lincoln (27th Street) - at Lincoln (70th Street) - near Greenwood - near Ashland Elkhorn River (and Tributaries) - Elkhorn River at a Glance - at Neligh - near Tilden - at Norfolk - at Pilger - at West Point - near Winslow - at Waterloo Tributaries: ---------------- - North Fork Elkhorn River at a Glance - near Pierce - at Norfolk - Union Creek at a Glance - at Madison - Logan Creek at a Glance - at Pender - at Uehling - Pebble Creek at a Glance - at Scribner - Maple Creek at a Glance - near Nickerson - Willow Creek at a Glance - near Soldier - near Pierce - near Foster - near Pierce Loup River (and Tributaries) - Loup River at a Glance - at Columbus Tributaries: ---------------- - Loup River Power Canal at a Glance - near Columbus Niobrara River (and Tributaries) - Niobrara River at a Glance - near Verdel - at Niobrara Tributaries: ---------------- - Bazile Creek at a Glance - at Center - near Niobrara - Ponca Creek at a Glance - at Verdel Papillion Creek Watershed (and Tributaries) - Big Papillion Creek at a Glance - near Blair - near Kennard - near Bennington - at Fort Street at Omaha - at Pacific Street at Omaha - at Q Street at Omaha - at Standing Bear Lake and Dam Tributaries: ---------------- - Thomas Creek at a Glance - near Bennington - South Papillion Creek at a Glance - near Gretna - at Chalco - at Wehrspann Lake - West Papillion Creek at a Glance - at Elkhorn - at Pacific Street at Omaha - at Millard - at Papillion - Little Papillion Creek at a Glance - near Irvington - at Ak-sar-ben at Omaha - Cole Creek at a Glance - at Blondo Street at Omaha - Papillion Creek at a Glance - at Fork Crook - at Harlan Lewis Road near La Platte
Salt Creek Watershed (and Tributaries) - Salt Creek at a Glance - at Roca - at Lincoln (Pioneers Boulevard) - at Lincoln (Fairgrounds) - at Lincoln (27th Street) - at Lincoln (70th Street) - near Greenwood - near Ashland Tributaries: ---------------- - Rock Creek at a Glance - near Ceresco - Haines Branch at a Glance - at Lincoln (SW 56th Street) - Middle Creek at a Glance - at Lincoln (SW 63rd Street) - Antelope Creek at a Glance - at Lincoln (27th Street) - at Holmes Lake - North Oak Creek at a Glance - near Touhy - at Valparaiso - Oak Creek at a Glance - at Branched Oak Reservoir - at Lincoln (Air Park Road) - Little Salt Creek at a Glance - near Lincoln (Arbor Road) - Stevens Creek at a Glance - near Lincoln - Wahoo Creek at a Glance - at Wahoo - at Ithaca - at Ashland Wahoo Creek - Wahoo Creek at a Glance - at Wahoo - at Ithaca - at Ashland Big/Little Blue River (and Tributaries) - Big Blue River at a Glance - at Surprise - at Seward - near Crete - at Beatrice - near Barneston Tributaries: ---------------- - Lincoln Creek at a Glance - near Seward - West Fork Big Blue River at a Glance - near Dorchester - Turkey Creek at a Glance - near Wilber - near DeWitt - Little Blue River at a Glance - near Fairbury Little Nemaha River - Little Nemaha River at a Glance - near Auburn Big Nemaha River (and Tributaries) - Big Nemaha River at a Glance - at Falls City Tributaries: ---------------- - North Fork Big Nemaha River at a Glance - at Humboldt Little Sioux River (and Tributaries) - Little Sioux River at a Glance - near Turin Tributaries: ---------------- - Maple River at a Glance - at Mapleton |
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Mozambique to conduct population census in August
Mozambique is gearing towards a nationwide population census in the first two weeks of August 2017.
Facilitated by the country’s National Statistics Institute (INE), about 100,000 people have been recruited to collect data from all households around the country, the INE announced.
The data to be gathered will include age, sex, relationship status, places of residence among other economic indicators.
The 2017 census will for the first time utilize digital technology in information gathering and processing, the INE announced.
The government is being supported with logistics, training and funding by the international community including the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UK’s DFID, Italian Cooperation, the World Bank among others.
Mozambique’s population in the last census conducted 10 years ago was 22.19 million. The population is expected to hit 29 million at the end of the process in August. |
In December, the FIA opened a tender for a 12th team to join from 2015 and last week Gene Haas, joint owner of NASCAR's Stewart-Haas Racing, announced that he had made an application. However, Ecclestone said: “They have been talking about it for three years. Two or three people there. I would say it is most unlikely.”
Haas is also the founder of engineering firm Haas Automation, which has an annual revenue of around $1 billion, while Guenther Steiner, a former technical director of four-time F1 champions Red Bull Racing, is understood to be working alongside Haas on the project.
“It's no good proving someone has got the money,” says Ecclestone. “Somebody can have 10 billion in the bank but it doesn't mean they are going to spend it. It's nothing to do with having enough resources. You can't tell them to make a commitment because it's a commitment to do what? It's always been like that.”
Ecclestone is actively involved with analyzing the new team despite his recent exit from the board of F1's parent company Delta Topco prior to him standing trial for bribery. He continues to run the sport on a day to day basis, although the decision on the new team is not his responsibility anyway: It will be made by the FIA on Feb. 28 and if Haas is successful it would be the first American squad in Formula 1 since the mid-1980s. The sport has not had an American full-time driver since Scott Speed who drove for Toro Rosso in 2007.
The FIA's decision to open a tender for a new team was a surprise even for many F1 insiders, as several of the existing outfits are barely managing to keep their wheels turning. Budgets have accelerated in recent years and hit an estimated $211m in 2013. Several drivers complained about not being paid last year and two of the most embattled teams, Lotus and Marussia, were listed as “subject to confirmation” on the 2014 F1 entry list which was released earlier this month.
At the end of 2012, Spanish-based HRT closed its doors, leaving the 12th spot vacant. When HRT joined in March 2010 another American-based team, US F1, was also granted an entry but never made the grid after running into financial difficulties. There was so little interest in filling the 13th slot that the FIA formally closed the tender for it in September 2010.
Since then, however, interest in F1 in the United States has increased, fueled by the United States Grand Prix which, after a five-year hiatus, made a successful return to the F1 calendar in 2012 at Austin's Circuit of The Americas.
In addition to Haas, others understood to have filed a team entry application are former HRT boss Colin Kolles and Stefan GP, a Serbian organization that was bidding for an F1 entry in 2010. However, Ecclestone says that the decision to open the grid slot was driven by Haas.
“The FIA is not introducing a new team,” said Ecclestone, “the team is asking for an entry. Somebody has asked, ‘Can we have an entry.' I doubt they will get in.” |
Anthony Davis was the lone All-Star selection for the New Orleans Pelicans, and even he will not be participating in the events this weekend in New York.
That does not mean the Pelicans should be left out of the fun!
In the spirit of the All-Star festivities, I decided it would be fun to simulate and report on a fictional Three Point Shootout, Skills Challenge, and Dunk Contest as if only all Pelicans were taking part. This first part will be the Three Point Shootout. Enjoy!
Particpants: Ryan Anderson, Quincy Pondexter, Luke Babbitt, Jimmer Fredette, Eric Gordon, Tyreke Evans
Rules: 5 racks of 5 balls will be spread out around the 3 point line. Each made shot is worth 1 point. Each rack has a “moneyball” that is worth 2 points. Each player may choose 1 rack to fill with moneyballs. Three Rounds: The two players with the lowest totals will be eliminated after the first two rounds. The highest scorer in the final round wins.
Round One
The original lineup for the Pelicans Shootout consisted of Ryan Anderson, Quincy Pondexter, Luke Babbitt, Jimmer Fredette and Eric Gordon. But Tyreke Evans, after hearing that he would get to shoot 25 threes without consequence, entered at the last minute.
Anderson was up first. With his moneyball rack waiting in the far left corner, . His first three racks were nothing spectacular, scoring 13 points going into his fourth set. This is where it got ugly.
After making his first shot of the rack, Anderson missed the final four. He furiously turned to plead with the referee for a foul call, and became the first player in NBA history to get a technical foul in the Shootout.
“The Flamethrower” was red hot after this development, and hit every moneyball in his last rack.
Dec 12, 2014; New Orleans, LA, USA; New Orleans Pelicans forward Ryan Anderson (33) reacts after making a three point basket against the Cleveland Cavaliers during the second half of a game at the Smoothie King Center. The Pelicans defeated the Cavaliers 119-114. Mandatory Credit: Derick E. Hingle-USA TODAY Sports
First Round Score: 24
Quincy Pondexter followed Anderson with a solid yet unspectacular performance, much like his efforts in games.
After scoring 2 points on his first rack in the right corner, Q-Pon hit three of his shots on his moneyball rack to bring his total to 8.
However, those would be the only moneyballs he would hit for the rest of the round.
First Round Score: 15
Once Pondexter finished, the floor stayed quiet for a couple minutes too long. Then out of nowhere, Redbone’s “Come and Get Your Love” started to pulse throughout the Smoothie King Center.
Luke Babbitt emerged from the far tunnel, spinning and strutting to the music all the way up to his first rack. Because everyone in the arena was still stunned at what had just occurred, no one actually managed to capture Babbitt’s round.
As a result, the scorers just had to trust the surprisingly confident Luke’s word.
First Round Score: 20
Jimmer Fredette has struggled from deep so far this season. That cold streak continued on his first two racks, where he only scored 2 points. After hitting four out of his next five shots (including the moneyball) from the top of the key, Jimmer made history.
He moved the next rack, which was full of moneyballs, 5 feet further back. Now officially in fabled “Jimmer Range”, he knocked down each of his money balls while the crowd was going absolutely bananas.
Unfortunately the fans got a bit too excited, and a group of them carried Jimmer off of the floor before he could finish his round.
First Round Score: 17
Jan 18, 2015; Toronto, Ontario, CAN; New Orleans Pelicans guard Jimmer Fredette (32) celebrates as a time-out is called against the Toronto Raptors at Air Canada Centre. The Pelicans beat the Raptors 95-93. Mandatory Credit: Tom Szczerbowski-USA TODAY Sports
Eric Gordon had a great first go around. He knocked down at least 3 shots at each rack, including all five at the top of the key. His moneyballs were not there, but he still managed to clinch a spot in the next round.
First Round Score: 22
To close out the opening round, Tyreke Evans took the floor. His request to freeze the shot clock at 19 was granted in hopes he would feel like he was playing in a real game.
With his moneyballs places in the final rack just like Anderson, Tyreke had a lot of time to warm up. Unlike Anderson, he stayed cool and collected, and after four racks he sat at only 11 points.
Evans then split the first four moneyballs before nailing the last one.
First Round Score: 17
Round 2
Participants: Ryan Anderson, Luke Babbitt, Eric Gordon, Tyreke Evans
Since Jimmer Fredette ended up being carried all the way back to his alma matter of Brigham Young University, Evans was granted the tiebreaker for entry in the second round.
During the intermission, Babbitt stole the mic from Pelicans announcer Joel Meyers and guaranteed his victory in front of the entire crowd. Seeing this confidence, Luke was given the luxury of beginning the second round. With confidence basically dripping from his mane, Babbitt managed a solid score.
Second Round Score: 19
Ryan Anderson, who had finally calmed down after his first round adventure, managed to match his point total from the first round. His well balanced effort was a scary sight for the rest of his competitors.
Second Round Score: 24
Feb 9, 2015; New Orleans, LA, USA; New Orleans Pelicans guard Eric Gordon (10) shoots against the Utah Jazz during the second quarter of a game at the Smoothie King Center. Mandatory Credit: Derick E. Hingle-USA TODAY Sports
Eric Gordon put his moneyball rack right at the start, and nailed four of them for a quick 8 points. This rack proved to be enough to help eliminate Babbitt, but still gave Evans a chance.
Second Round Score: 20
Tyreke Evans needed a clutch performance to pass Eric Gordon and make it to the finals. He did not get it, and quite frankly was not close.
He finished with the lowest score of the shootout, and immediately ran off of the court once he finished.
Sources say that the original Pierre the Pelican was directly in his line of sight during his moneyball rack, causing him to lose all remaining composure.
Second Round Score: 14
Nov 2, 2013; New Orleans, LA, USA; New Orleans Pelicans mascot Pierre the Pelican during the first quarter of a game against the Charlotte Bobcats at New Orleans Arena. Mandatory Credit: Derick E. Hingle-USA TODAY Sports
Final Round
Participants: Ryan Anderson, Eric Gordon
The final round was spectacular for both players.
Anderson set the stage by once again hitting every shot in his moneyball rack. Since these came at the start, he kept his rhythm going all the way through.
The crowd seemed to be on Ryno’s side after his impressive showing, but he could only watch his opponent took the floor.
Gordon was tasked with followed up this performance. After a shaky start, Gordon hit 15 shots in a row to end the round. The sad twist was that his second rack was his moneyball rack, where he only knocked down 2 shots.
Final Score: Anderson-27, Gordon-24
Dec 12, 2014; New Orleans, LA, USA; New Orleans Pelicans forward Ryan Anderson (33) reacts after hitting a three point basket against the Cleveland Cavaliers during the fourth quarter of a game at the Smoothie King Center. The Pelicans defeated the Cavaliers 119-114. Mandatory Credit: Derick E. Hingle-USA TODAY Sports |
The effect of heart rate on the slope and pressure half-time of the Doppler regurgitant velocity curve in aortic insufficiency.
The effect of the heart rate on the Doppler aortic regurgitant velocity curve was evaluated in 14 patients with aortic regurgitation. The heart rate was increased in two steps with either endocardial or transesophageal pacing in 12 patients and with atropine sulfate in 2 patients (increased from 66 +/- 7 to 82 +/- 4 beats per minute [step 1] to 100 beats per minute [step 2]) in all patients. The increased heart rate resulted in an increased regurgitant slope (from 3.3 +/- 1.2 to 4.5 +/- 1.7 m/s2 [step 1] to 5.8 +/- 1.9 m/s2 [step 2]; p < 0.01) and a shortened pressure half-time (PHT) (from 442 +/- 136 to 323 +/- 98 ms [step 1] to 254 +/- 69 ms [step 2]; p < 0.01). Such variations occurred in the presence of a prevalent hemodynamic improvement, noninvasively suggested by a decreased Doppler-derived left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (from 23 +/- 10 to 14 +/- 10 mmHg at the highest heart rate; p < 0.05) and by an increased peak aortoventricular diastolic gradient (from 80 +/- 20 to 84 +/- 22 at the highest heart rate; p < 0.05). The PHT and slope correlated with diastolic time (r = 0.74 and -0.65, respectively; p < 0.001). The relative-PHT (PHT/diastolic time x 100) showed insignificant changes during the increase in heart rate and correlated better than the PTH with color Doppler assessment of regurgitation severity (r = -0.73; p = 0.003, and r = -0.53; p = 0.05, respectively). We concluded that the slope and PHT of the aortic regurgitant velocity curve were rate-dependent; the relative-PHT appeared to limit the influence of the heart rate on PHT. |
Over 1,000 protesters arrested at opposition rally in Moscow The protest was called after opposition candidates were barred from an election.
Russian police arrested more than 1,000 protesters at an anti-Kremlin opposition rally in Moscow on Saturday, raiding key opposition leaders before the demonstration even began and roughly corralling them into vans afterward.
The demonstrators were protesting to demand opposition candidates be allowed to take part in Moscow’s city council elections, after authorities barred several this month, setting off widespread anger among the city's liberal society.
Several thousand protesters on Saturday tried to gather outside Moscow’s mayor’s office on the city’s main street. But police moved in force to block the protest, deploying hundreds of riot officers and buses around the building and on streets nearby, putting up barriers around the Kremlin.
Wearing helmets and body armor, they pushed back demonstrators, arresting hundreds.
Ahead of the protest, Moscow’s mayor, Sergey Sobyanin, on Twitter warned that “attempts at ultimatums, organisation at disorders will lead to nothing good.”
“Order in the city will be ensured in accordance with the law,” he wrote.
OVD-Info, a group that monitors arrests, said over over 1,100 people had been detained by early evening in Moscow, and police gave a similar number.
Police employed unusually aggressive tactics ahead of the demonstration, raiding the homes of key activists and arresting several this week, including several of the candidates barred from the election. A high-profile opposition politician, Dmitry Gudkov, was detained by police as he drove into Moscow on Saturday morning, his wife told the liberal channel, TV Rain.
Alexey Navalny, the country’s most prominent opposition figure, called for the protest. He, too, was arrested earlier this week and sentenced to 30 days in jail for organizing an authorized demonstration.
Another top opposition leader, Ilya Yashin, and two of Navalny’s key associates, Ivan Zhdanov and Lyubov Sobol, were also detained on Saturday. Sobol and Yashin were released only to be detained a second time after they joined the protest in the evening.
Police also visited the offices of Navalny’s Anti-Corruption Foundation, as well as TV Rain’s studios, while they were live-streaming the demonstration. Security camera footage posted online by one of Navalny’s supporters appeared to show masked officers bursting into the Anti-Corruption Foundation's office and forcing people to lie on the floor.
Authorities largely prevented protesters from approaching the mayor’s office, heading them off on the narrow streets nearby. There, they tried to shove them back while pulling people out of the crowd one by one and sometimes clubbing people with batons.
Forced backward, the demonstrators began moving in large groups around the city’s avenues for hours, chased by squads of police. On one street, a group of people took shelter in a church, hiding behind its gates while a line of helmeted police looked on.
The protest was called after election authorities refused to register almost a dozen well-known opposition candidates for the city council election on September 8. Moscow’s election commission has said some of the thousands of signatures that the candidates are required to collect were fabricated, but critics have said it a ploy to keep the opposition off the ballot.
The move touched off unusual anger among Russian liberal society, who see it as a sign that the Kremlin under president Vladimir Putin will now not tolerate even low-level, legal political opposition. The searches and arrests targeting the candidates since have reinforced that belief, observers said.
“The searches against independent candidates for Moscow’s city parliament mean that legal politics has finished in Russia. From now on in practice they will only allow individuals agreed in advance, and all the rest they will try to frighten and declare criminals,” an op-ed in the renowned opposition investigative newspaper, Novaya Gazeta, said this week.
Moscow’s city council, which has 45 seats, manages a huge municipal budget and is currently controlled by the ruling Kremlin party, United Russia. A number of the candidates arrested this week, such as Yashin, Sobol and Zhdanov, have built a following beyond Moscow through their activism, publishing investigations into alleged corruption and other abuses by officials. |
Development of a novel cross-streaking method for isolation, confirmation, and enumeration of Salmonella from irrigation ponds.
The 2013 Produce Safety Rules in Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) require regular testing for generic Escherichia coli in agricultural water intended for pre-harvest contact with the edible portion of fresh produce. However, the use of fecal contamination indicators frequently does not correctly reflect distribution of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, and ensuring food safety may require direct detection and enumeration of pathogens in agricultural settings. Herein we report the evaluation of different cost-effective methods for quantification, isolation, and confirmation of Salmonella in irrigation pond water and sediment samples. A most probably number (MPN) dual enrichment culture method was used in combination with differential and selective agars, XLT4 and CHROMagar™ Salmonella plus (CSP). The necessity for PCR confirmation was evaluated, and methods were compared by cost and performance measures (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value). Statistical analyses showed that using XLT4 as the initial selective agar to isolate Salmonella colonies improved recovery compared to CSP agar; however, PCR confirmation was required to avoid false positive results on either agar. Therefore, a novel cross-streaking method utilizing CHROMagar™ agar for individual colony confirmation of Salmonella presence/absence on XLT4 was developed. This method classifies the colony as positive if typical Salmonella appearance is observed on both agars. Statistical analysis showed that this method was as effective as PCR for species confirmation of pure individual strains isolated from enrichment cultures (sensitivity=0.99, specificity=1.00, relative to PCR). This method offers a cost-effective alternative to PCR that would increase the capacity and sensitivity of Salmonella evaluation. |
Predicting Bitcoin Prices: What You Need to Know Before Starting Trading Bitcoin
Just like regional currencies such as the US dollar, Bitcoin is a digital currency, but with a finite, limited supply like Gold or Silver. Since it is based on new technology and pretty nearly unregulated and borderless, it is highly volatile, featuring wild fluctuations in its purchasing power, which can happen intermittently over a very short time.
Volatility is the main reason seasoned investors in traditional markets tend to be wary of Bitcoin. It is also the reason why other investors embrace it due to its capacity to multiply profits by margins as high as 200%.
Bitcoin is the leading cryptocurrency, and its market pattern overflows to the majority of the other coins in the crypto market. Right until the March 12 Black Thursday of 2020, when BTC crashed and the rest of the crypto market, Bitcoin was presumed to be an uncorrelated asset.
Even with the ongoing global economic crisis and coronavirus outbreak, crypto analysts argue that Bitcoin fell to its worst possible in March, and the only way to go is up. The month of April has seen a collective recovery in the crypto market, and 2021 is predicted to be a good year for Bitcoin and altcoins as well.
There are no definite tools to predict any market as human behavior is irrational, and Bitcoin does not exactly follow the conventional market trends, but here a few key indicators to help you succeed as an investor in the crypto market.
1. Bitcoin Price Analysis
The best thing about crypto is the availability of trading information. Bitcoin enthusiasts and traders are ever keen to promote blockchain technology. You can easily find dedicated sites for how the price is moving and why it is moving like that.
Two great price analysis sites are CoinMarketCap and Coinbase360, which feature details such as market capitalization, 24-hour trading volume, circulating supply, and percentage gain or loss over short and extended periods.
To analyze past and current prices and behavior is to understand how other people are feeling about Bitcoin at that particular time. As long as more people continue to use Bitcoin, its price will continue to rise. In this case, you can decide to execute Hodling, a term used by crypto investors to buy and hold Bitcoin, waiting for prices to appreciate and sell when they do.
Understand that Bitcoin is not money, but rather a peer to peer electronic cash network. It is a network token that has value because people have agreed it has value. The more people participate in the network, the higher its price rises, and the more secure the network becomes.
2. Trading Charts
Trading charts represent technical analysis. Traders use them to read crypto activity on cryptocurrency exchanges, but they are one just tool among many. It is unwise to rely only on trading charts, especially since Bitcoin and the crypto market has many unique influencing factors that are not related to traditional market trends.
These charts use candlesticks to help you to analyze or predict where the price of Bitcoin is in terms of Bullish and Bearish patterns. Both patterns use different candles as indicative behavior of where the market’s direction is headed.
The bullish trend has five patterns that indicate its onset, the Three White Soldiers, Bullish Engulfing Candle, Bullish Hammer, and Piercing Line. All these are suitable indicators that point out price resistance areas.
Bearish trends can also be tracked using certain indicators such as the Tweezer Top, Three Black Crows, Three Inside Down, Bearish Breakaway, and Bearish Advance Block. Again, these indicators can only help you if you understand the characteristics of candlesticks.
As an investor, it is wise to acquire basic candle trading skills as they can tell you at a glance how other traders are investing in the market and its response to immediate or prolonged changes.
Major exchanges like Binance and Coinbase are happy to offer free classes to traders, and this would be a great place to polish up because blind trading is an excellent way to lose all your money in crypto trading.
3. Crypto Whales’ Influence on Bitcoin Prices
Crypto Whales are ‘Hodlers’ with enormous amounts of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies in private addresses or exchanges. They have the power to manipulate prices and the market view of cryptocurrencies in what is commonly referred to as a pump and dump scheme.
For example, a crypto whale might flood an exchange with a coin and decide to sell cryptocurrencies using different addresses. This creates the illusion of more supply than demand, and it drives prices down. Once prices start to lower, other traders will be in a hurry to sell to avoid further loss, the whales then buy at the dip and make profits at the expense of such traders.
On the other hand, a trader may influence prices by buying a lot of cryptocurrencies at once, creating the illusion of high demand. This raises prices and triggers investors to buy, hoping prices will go up.
The crypto whales then sell high again, flooding the market and leaving some traders with overpriced assets. This is a rare occurrence in the traditional market, but very common in crypto markets and whales can get away with this, due to little or no cryptocurrency regulation.
Some of the biggest whales are individuals, hedge funds, groups of investors, and exchanges themselves. Paying attention to what crypto whales are doing is a good way of getting past smoking mirrors in crypto trading.
One of the best sites to stay updated on crypto whales is Whale Alert, which also issues alerts when blockchains mint more tokens or move huge amounts of funds out of their treasuries into exchanges or private addresses.
4. Bitcoin Halving
May 2020 is a significant year for Bitcoin miners and investors as the network will undergo its third halvening event, which traditionally rallies up prices before and after the event.
Miners are getting ready, and people are buying to hold, waiting for the prices to go up after the halvening. Bitcoin prices are already rallying up, and higher hashrates have been recorded as more people participate in the network.
The halvening period is always a good entry point for most investors and has, in the past, proved to be very profitable. Many investors will either hodl for a long time or sell at the peak of the halvening influence.
Conclusion
The term decentralized comes up often while talking about crypto, but most people do not know that major crypto exchanges are centralized, much like traditional markets. Developers are working on decentralized exchanges (DEX’s) infrastructure, but adoption is still far from being achieved.
DEX might solve at least one problem by lessening the power of crypto whales on exchanges since transactions will be direct without the involvement of a third party. However, the crypto market’s future will mostly be influenced by people’s perception of cryptocurrencies as well as the regulatory framework that is much needed in the market.
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Medical progress over the past four decades has improved survival from childhood cancer. Nowadays, in developed countries, ∼80% of children and adolescents with cancer survive ([@bib8]). However, 40% of survivors report a chronic health condition 5 years after diagnosis, which increases to 73% of survivors by 30 years after diagnosis ([@bib21]). Given the possible interruption in schooling during or after cancer treatment because of treatment-related toxicities or cancer recurrence, childhood cancer survivors might be less likely to reach a high educational level than healthy individuals. In addition, functional limitations related to amputations or surgeries, especially after osteosarcoma or soft tissue sarcoma, as well as treatment-related late effects such as hearing loss or cognitive disability, especially after cranial irradiation, can limit the ability to perform certain tasks, limiting choice of occupation or work ability. Occupational achievement is closely related to educational attainment ([@bib2]). Thus, childhood cancer can prevent occupational achievement, because of its impact on educational attainment and/or because of physical limitations resulting from late effects of treatment.
Regarding education, several European and American studies have underscored educational deficits in survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumour ([@bib22]; [@bib19]; [@bib12]; [@bib20]; [@bib17]; [@bib1]; [@bib14]; [@bib4]; [@bib13]) and, to a lesser extent, in survivors of leukaemia ([@bib19]; [@bib20]; [@bib14]). However, besides data from the US cohort, which is based on sibling comparisons ([@bib7]), only a few European studies have controlled for the socioeconomic status of survivors\' parents ([@bib12]; [@bib17]), although it is a well-known predictor of educational achievement ([@bib2]) and a factor possibly related to survival of childhood cancer, even in developed countries ([@bib6]).
Several European studies have assessed the impact of childhood cancer on employment ([@bib3]; [@bib1]; [@bib4]) but these studies did not make the distinction between unemployment (i.e., seeking work) and health-related unemployment (i.e., unable to work and not seeking work), even though this latter outcome is a key issue for assessing the impact of cancer on work ability. In one US study making such a distinction, childhood cancer survivors reported more often health-related unemployment than siblings ([@bib11]). Regarding occupational attainment, US survivors have been found to be less often in higher-skilled occupations than their sibling counterparts ([@bib10]). No study outside the North American continent has been dedicated to the impact of childhood cancer on occupational attainment. Besides, most of the studies were limited in their follow-up: survivors were around 20 years of age on average at the time of study ([@bib3]), so that very little is known on the long-term impact of childhood cancer on occupational outcomes.
Large-scale studies are necessary to inform tailored interventions that can reduce the impact of treatment-related toxicities on social outcomes in adult life. These studies need to be conducted in different settings given that social outcomes such as education or employment can depend on social and labour market policies, which vary sharply across countries ([@bib25]). As these studies are dedicated to the analysis of social outcomes, their design needs to control for the role of the socioeconomic background of participants. In this study, we compared the educational and occupational outcomes of French childhood cancer survivors with the one expected in a cohort of the same age and gender, according to general population statistics. Educational and work-related outcomes were considered altogether given their correlation ([@bib2]). Adjustment on paternal occupation was made to control for the role of survivors\' socioeconomic backgrounds on their achievement. Internal analyses within the survivors\' cohort were conducted to examine the association between clinical characteristics and educational or occupational achievement.
Materials and methods
=====================
Study population and data collection
------------------------------------
The study received approval from the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) and from the ethics committee of the National Institute of Medical Research and Health (INSERM). Eligible patients were diagnosed under the age of 19 years for solid malignant tumours, benign cerebral tumours and haematological malignancies. These patients were 5-year survivors treated between 1948 and 2000 in 10 centres located in various areas of France. Tumour type, treatment, date of birth and date of diagnosis were extracted from the medical files. Other data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire sent by mail. In 2005, according to the National Death Registration System, 3512 five-year survivors aged 18 years and over were alive and therefore eligible for the present study. From 2005 to 2010, 2406 survivors returned the questionnaire ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). For the current analysis, survivors aged below 25 years were excluded, considering that education is not necessarily achieved before age 25 years (*n*=337), as well as survivors aged 65 years or over (*n*=3).
Comparison data from national statistics
----------------------------------------
General population norms were extracted from surveys conducted by the French Bureau of statistics (INSEE). Educational level and employment status were extracted from the 2007 Employment Survey, a quarterly household survey on employment outcomes in which 75 000 people are surveyed each year (for further information, please go to <http://www.insee.fr/en/methodes/default.asp?page=sources/ope-enq-emploi-continu.htm>). Occupation was extracted from the 2007 French census, which is based on a sample of 14% of the French population (approximately nine million people). Please go to <http://www.insee.fr/en/methodes/default.asp?page=sources/ope-rp.htm> for more information on the French census. Educational level adjusted on paternal occupation was compared with data of the 2003 Training and Vocational Skills Survey, a 10-yearly survey dedicated to the magnitude of intergenerational social mobility in the French society, and with the effectiveness of the French educational system. In the latest edition (2003), almost 40 000 people were surveyed (<http://www.insee.fr/en/methodes/default.asp?page=sources/ope-enq-fqp.htm>). The collection is carried out *via* a self-administered questionnaire in the census and *via* face-to-face interviews in the two other surveys. Correction of non-response is made by the Bureau of statistics so that the surveys are representative of the French population. Data were provided by the ADISP-CMH (Data archives of the Public Statistics--Centre Maurice Halbwachs).
Outcome measures
----------------
Educational level was defined by the highest diploma obtained, considering the four French cycles of education as follows: (1) no diploma or below middle school; (2) middle school (usually achieved at 14 years of age); (3) vocational school (15/16 years of age) and high school (18 years of age); and (4) college (bachelor, master or thesis usually achieved at 21, 25 and 28 years of age respectively). The French educational system is quite similar to the US system, with the exception of an additional 'vocational\' track: after middle school, around 14 years of age, students either go to high school or follow this vocational track, which leads to a blue-collar job. School education in France is free of charge and compulsory until the age of 16 years. College fees are not expensive (\<500€ per year) and the state can provide fellowships.
Employment status was assessed considering four mutually exclusive outcomes, whether survivors were (1) employed, (2) unemployed and seeking work, (3) unemployed because of health, that is, people unable to work because of illness or disability, who receive disability benefits and who do not seek work (referred to as 'health-related unemployment\') and (4) in an 'other situation\' (student, homemaker and retired).
Occupational attainment was considered using the French classification of occupation (PCS 2003), which is divided into six occupational classes. The lower classes ('Manual workers\' and 'Farmers/Craftsmen, shopkeepers\') are the most physical occupations, accessible with no or little education. Because of an insufficient number of farmers, we merged this class with the one of craftsmen and shopkeepers, as they are close on the socio-occupational level, so that occupational attainment was classified into five mutually exclusive categories. The upper class ('Managers and professionals\') encloses the highest-skilled jobs, that is, non-physical occupations requiring a high educational level. The two other classes are intermediate groups including clerks, service and sales workers, technicians and associate professionals. Occupational class referred to current occupation at the time of study or to previous occupation if the person was currently seeking work.
Information on level of education, occupation and employment status was missing for 107, 171 and 106 survivors, respectively. In addition, 218 economically inactive survivors who were not in labour force (students, homemakers, retired or unemployed because of health) were excluded from the analysis on occupation.
The survivor\'s questionnaire included the exact same questions used by the French Bureau of Statistics to define educational level, employment status and occupational attainment, with the same mutually exclusive categories.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
### External analyses
Over the last decades, in most western countries, patterns of educational and occupational attainment have considerably changed between men and women ([@bib2]). Therefore, the educational level and the occupational class observed in the survivors\' cohort were compared with the distribution expected in a cohort of the same age and gender distribution. Expected proportions were calculated using indirect standardisation: stratum-specific rates from the French population were averaged, using as weights the stratum sizes of the study population. Chi-square tests were performed to compare the differences between observed and expected distributions. In order to pinpoint the category that was different (e.g., high school or college), *χ*^2^-tests were also performed for each level of the variable. We dealt with the problem of multiple testing using the Bonferroni correction. Standardised incidence ratios (ratios of observed to expected proportions) were computed, as well as their confidence intervals (CIs), assuming a Poisson distribution.
### Definition of strata
Strata were defined using gender and 5-year age groups. Given that the frequency of unemployment varied in France between 2005 and 2010, the analysis on employment status was adjusted on interview year, using the National statistics for each year between 2005 and 2010. The distributions of educational level and occupational class did not vary between 2005 and 2010 in the National statistics nor in the survivors\' cohort. Thus, we used the 2007 employment survey and census data, because it was the year with the largest number of questionnaires completed.
In order to adjust the educational level of survivors on their socioeconomic background, a stratum including paternal occupation was added to the gender and age strata. We used paternal occupation, a conventional measure of the socioeconomic background ([@bib15]), because of the important part of economically inactive mothers in the study population. Paternal occupation was defined using the French classification of occupations, also used for the survivors.
We searched for interactions between variables of interest: in the survivor\'s cohort, paternal occupation did not vary significantly with respect to survivors\' gender, type of diagnosis or period of diagnosis.
### Internal analyses
Multivariable analyses were conducted to examine, within survivors, the clinical characteristics associated with educational or occupational achievement. Using binary logistic regression, we examined the following binary outcomes: (1) being a college graduate *vs* lower educational level, (2) being a manager *vs* other occupations and (3) health-related unemployment *vs* ability to work. The following clinical factors were considered: age at diagnosis, childhood cancer group, whether treated with chemotherapy or cranial irradiation. Models were also adjusted for sex and age, two well-known factors related to educational and occupational attainment ([@bib2]), or health-related unemployment ([@bib23]). The socioeconomic background of survivors was also included in the models examining educational and occupational achievement. Odds ratio (OR) and their 95% CIs were calculated. Analyses were conducted using SAS 9.3 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). All *P*-values reported are two-sided; values \<0.05 were considered significant.
Results
=======
As compared with responders, non-responders were significantly more likely to be male, to be young and to be leukaemia survivors ([Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}). Among responders, mean age at diagnosis was 6 years (range 0--18) and mean age at the time of study was 36 years (range 25--64). Mean time elapsed from diagnosis to questionnaire completion was 30 years. Cranial irradiation was received by 89.2% of patients treated for CNS tumour, by 50.6% of patients treated for leukaemia, by 27.0% of patients treated for lymphoma and by 7.5% of patients treated for other types of tumours.
Education
---------
Survivors had a higher level of education than the French population of the same age and gender. Significant differences were restricted to the lowest and the highest educational categories investigated: survivors were significantly less likely to have no or little education (11.4% *vs* 16.8% expected; *P*\<0.001), while they were more likely to be college graduates (38.9% *vs* 33.5% *P*\<0.001) ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}).
When stratifying the analysis by gender, male survivors were significantly more likely to be college graduates than the French population (39.2% *vs* 30.9% *P*\<0.001). However, this was not true for female survivors, who were, on the other hand, more likely to have attended vocational schools (24.5% *vs* 20.5% expected; *P*\<0.05) ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}).
This higher educational achievement was not observed for CNS tumour and leukaemia survivors, or for patients who had received cranial irradiation. CNS tumour survivors were significantly more likely to have no or little education (40.6% *vs* 17.5% *P*\<0.001), whereas they were less likely to be high school graduates (6.9% *vs* 18.4% *P*\<0.001) or college graduates (15.4% *vs* 32.8% *P*\<0.001). In contrast, the educational deficit of leukaemia survivors was restricted to college graduation ([Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"}).
When adjusted on paternal occupation, the observed rate of survivors with a college degree remained significantly higher than expected (42.2% *vs* 35.3% expected; *P*\<0.001). This difference was even higher when leukaemia and CNS tumour survivors were excluded from the analysis (45.3% *vs* 34.9% expected; *P*\<0.001) ([Table 4](#tbl4){ref-type="table"}).
In multivariable logistic regression, cranial irradiation reduced by 52% the odds of attaining college (OR=0.48; 95% CI=0.35--0.66). Even when accounting for cranial irradiation, odds of attaining college were significantly lower for patients treated for CNS tumour (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.26--0.84). In contrast, soft tissue sarcoma survivors were more likely to be college graduates (OR=1.48; 95% CI=1.03--2.14) ([Table 5](#tbl5){ref-type="table"}).
Employment status
-----------------
Unemployment was less frequent than expected from national statistics (7.1% *vs* 9.5% expected; *P*\<0.05). In contrast, health-related unemployment (i.e., individuals unable to work because of illness) was higher than expected (6.5% *vs* 4.2% expected; *P*\<0.001) ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}). When the analysis was stratified by type of diagnosis, significant differences were restricted to CNS tumour survivors: 28.1% of them reported health-related unemployment *vs* 4.3% expected (*P*\<0.001) ([Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"}). In multivariable logistic regression ([Table 5](#tbl5){ref-type="table"}), health-related unemployment was significantly associated with cranial irradiation (OR=3.23; 95% CI=1.95--5.37) and with diagnosis of CNS tumour (OR=4.63; 95% CI=2.07--10.34).
Occupational attainment
-----------------------
Both male and female survivors were more likely to hold managerial/professional jobs (i.e., to belong to the higher occupational class) than expected from the French population statistics: 23.1% were managers/professionals *vs* 15.4% expected (*P*\<0.001). Male survivors were less likely to be manual workers (23.6% were *vs* 36.2% expected; *P*\<0.001), whereas no significant difference was observed at this level for females ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}). This higher occupational achievement was not observed for leukaemia or CNS tumour survivors. The latter were significantly less likely to hold managerial/professional jobs (6.2% *vs* 15.6% expected; *P*\<0.05) ([Table 3](#tbl3){ref-type="table"}). In multivariable logistic regression ([Table 5](#tbl5){ref-type="table"}), when the sex, the age and the socioeconomic background of survivors were controlled for, odds of holding a managerial occupation were negatively influenced by diagnosis of CNS tumour (OR=0.31; 95% CI=0.12--0.79) and by cranial irradiation (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.30--0.75).
Discussion
==========
Compared with national statistics adjusted on age and sex, we found that most survivors of childhood cancer had a significantly higher educational level and occupational class than expected, even when controlling for their socioeconomic background. Unemployment and health-related unemployment were higher than expected for CNS tumour survivors, but not for survivors of other diagnoses.
Educational and occupational attainment
---------------------------------------
The higher educational attainment of French survivors, besides CNS tumour and leukaemia survivors, is congruent with the results of studies conducted in Germany, with survivors of adolescent cancer ([@bib4]), and in Denmark, where male survivors of non-CNS tumours were also found to attain a higher educational level than controls ([@bib12]). However, this higher achievement is in contrast to most of European studies, which have found that non-CNS tumour survivors had a similar educational level than controls ([@bib12]; [@bib17]; [@bib1]; [@bib13]), or to findings of the US cohort, where deficits in education were found for survivors of various diagnoses (e.g., bone tumour, rhabdomyosarcoma or lymphoma) ([@bib7]). In the US cohort, survivors were also less likely to hold managerial occupations than their siblings, especially female survivors ([@bib10]).
The poorer educational achievement of CNS tumour ([@bib22]; [@bib19]; [@bib12]; [@bib20]; [@bib17]; [@bib1]; [@bib14]; [@bib4]; [@bib13]) and leukaemia survivors ([@bib19]; [@bib20]; [@bib14]), as well as the long-term adverse effect of cranial irradiation on cognitive functioning ([@bib24]; [@bib9]), have been shown previously. Another recurrent finding is the difference in educational attainment according to gender. Indeed, a significant proportion of studies, conducted in Europe or in the United States, have found that female gender was associated with a lower educational achievement ([@bib19]; [@bib12]; [@bib17]; [@bib14]; [@bib4]). Different mechanisms between men and women in the selection of a career could partly explain this finding, as suggested by a qualitative study based on 80 interviews with childhood cancer survivors randomly selected from the French cohort. In this study, 16% of male survivors said they had disregarded a typically blue-collar career choice during adolescence or young adulthood and had chosen an educational path leading to white-collar occupations, because of physical sequelae, or because of concerns about their future health, as compared with 5% of females ([@bib5]).
Employment status
-----------------
The higher unemployment rate of CNS tumour survivors found in our study is consistent with a meta-analysis showing that survivors of CNS tumours were nearly five times more likely to be unemployed than controls, whereas the risk for other diagnoses was not significant ([@bib3]).
In our study, health-related unemployment of CNS tumour survivors was particularly high: 28% were unable to work because of health, as compared with 4% of the French population of the same age and gender. These results are similar to those of the US cohort, where, 25% of survivors of CNS tumour reported health-related unemployment, as compared with 2% of siblings ([@bib11]).
Social outcomes such as unemployment or health-related unemployment can differ from one country to the other, depending on welfare policies and financial resources dedicated to welfare programmes, but they can also be influenced by other mechanisms. In a meta-analysis including 18 US studies and 14 European studies, American childhood cancer survivors had an overall three-fold risk of becoming unemployed, whereas no such risk was found for European survivors. According to the authors, this difference may result from a higher discrimination regarding cancer in the United States, given the fact that many employers there pay for health insurance of their employees, which is usually not the case in Europe ([@bib3]). In France, health insurance provides universal coverage, which is state-funded. Invalidity benefits are allocated to individuals who are unable to work. The amount of the disability pension depends on the level of incapacities and on past average annual earnings. The minimum allowance is 800€ per month in 2016.
Strengths and limitations
-------------------------
As compared with similar cohorts, the French cohort is characterised by its long-term follow-up: mean follow-up time was 30 years, as compared with 14 years in the German study ([@bib4]); in our study, 76% of survivors were ⩾30 years of age, as compared with 59% in the British study ([@bib14]), 33% in the Danish study ([@bib12]), 29% in the Swiss study ([@bib13]) or 22% in the US study ([@bib19]). Thus, a pessimistic explanation of our results, as compared with studies conducted with younger survivors, would be that patients from lower socioeconomic status die younger than those from higher ones do, resulting in a higher socioeconomic status of very long-term survivors. Unfortunately, we do not have data on the social status of patients who died before the study to support this hypothesis. Social inequalities in mortality, whether they result from inequality in access to information and health care or from differences in life styles and health behaviours, are well established in the general population. Despite a welfare policy according free medical care, the magnitude of inequalities in mortality between groups of higher and lower educational level is particularly high in France, especially for men ([@bib18]). Considering the important incidence of comorbidities in survivors in relation to prior cancer treatment ([@bib21]), the effect of social status on mortality could be stronger than for the general population, notably because of disparities in the management of treatment-related late effects. However, to our knowledge, no study has examined this latter issue. Indeed, all studies on social inequalities in survival from childhood cancer assess socioeconomic disparities through parental education or ecologic measures derived from the place of residence at the time of diagnosis ([@bib6]), because they focus on the effect of parental social status on survival, through access or adherence to treatment. Thus, even if these studies involve a long-term follow-up ([@bib16]), they do not include longitudinal data and they do not consider the possible cumulative effect of social disadvantage throughout the life course of survivors.
Several limitations should be considered when interpreting those results. Data were self-reported and may not be completely accurate. This study is a multicentre study that does not fully represent adult survivors in France. Leukaemia was not treated in some centres, resulting in a low percentage of leukaemia survivors in the study, despite the fact that it is the most common diagnosis in children ([@bib8]). Although treatments have changed considerably over the past decades, our study lacked statistical power to analyse potential differences between treatment eras for survivors of leukaemia or CNS tumour. Overall, 28.7% of eligible patients did not participate in the study. This may have induced a selection bias, as most vulnerable individuals are probably more difficult to reach. This bias may have accounted for the higher socioeconomic background of survivors. However, controlling for the role of socioeconomic status between responders and non-responders was impossible, as we did not have data on non-responders\' socioeconomic status. Nevertheless, we addressed this possible selection bias by adjusting educational level on paternal occupation, that is, by looking at the chance to attain a given level of education depending on one\'s age, gender and socioeconomic background. The observed rate of survivors with a college degree remained significantly higher than the expected rate even after adjusting on paternal occupation, thereby strengthening our conclusions.
Conclusion
==========
Most survivors of childhood cancer had higher educational level and occupational class than expected. This positive impact of childhood cancer could reflect social inequalities in long-term survival from childhood cancer. There is a clear need to further investigate this issue, bearing in mind that different mechanisms may be at work between male and female survivors. At the present time, in France, educational support for patients is restricted to the treatment duration, to prevent dropping out of school. Beyond the treatment period, educational and occupational supports for survivors of childhood or adolescent cancer are only available in a few cancer centres. Otherwise, support is provided on a national basis for all children or young adults with disabilities: it includes individualised support in standard schools, schools for children with special needs and services providing assistance and guidance for employment. The results of this study provide ground for concern for survivors treated for CNS tumour or leukaemia, especially when treatment included cranial irradiation, and point to the specific support these survivors might need throughout their lifespan.
We thank the patients and all the clinicians and research staff who participated in the study. We are grateful to Catherine Hill for her help in revising the manuscript. This work was supported by the French state ('Institut National du Cancer\', 'Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire et des Produits de Santé\', 'Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique\' and 'Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique\'), French charities ('Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer\' and 'Fondation ARC\') and one foundation ('Fondation Pfizer pour la santé de l\'enfant et de l\'adolescent\'). The researchers were independent from the funders. The funders were not involved in any part of the study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or in the decision to submit this article for publication.
This work is published under the standard license to publish agreement. After 12 months the work will become freely available and the license terms will switch to a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 Unported License.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
{#fig1}
###### Characteristics of respondents and non-respondents
**Respondents (*****N*****=2066)** **Non-respondents (*****N*****=1008)**
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
**Characteristics** ***N*** **(%)** ***N*** **(%)** ***P*****-value**[a](#t1-fn2){ref-type="fn"}
Sex \<0.001
Women 1008 (48.8) 376 (37.3)
Men 1058 (51.2) 632 (62.7)
Year of diagnosis \<0.001
\<1970 361 (17.5) 101 (10.0)
1970--1979 800 (38.7) 311 (30.9)
1980--1989 836 (40.5) 444 (44.0)
⩾1990 69 (3.3) 152 (15.1)
Age at first cancer (years) 0.231
0--4 993 (48.1) 470 (46.6)
5--9 527 (25.5) 286 (28.4)
10+ 546 (26.4) 252 (25.0)
Childhood cancer group \<0.001
Leukaemia 158 (7.6) 199 (19.7)
Nephroblastoma 441 (21.3) 117 (11.6)
Neuroblastoma 258 (12.5) 110 (10.9)
Hodgkin\'s lymphoma 126 (6.1) 48 (4.8)
Non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma 229 (11.1) 124 (12.3)
Bone or soft tissue sarcoma 377 (18.2) 144 (14.3)
CNS tumour 203 (9.8) 131 (13.0)
Other solid cancer[b](#t1-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 274 (13.3) 135 (13.4)
Treatment \<0.001
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy 1085 (52.5) 442 (43.8)
Chemotherapy only 524 (25.4) 311 (30.9)
Radiotherapy only 314 (15.2) 139 (13.8)
No radiotherapy, nor chemotherapy 143 (6.9) 116 (11.5)
Year of birth \<0.001
1939--1969 808 (39.1) 287 (28.5)
1970--1974 510 (24.7) 157 (15.6)
1975--1979 490 (23.7) 209 (20.7)
1980--1988 258 (12.5) 355 (35.2)
Abbreviation: CNS=central nervous system.
*P*-values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing the distribution of characteristics between respondents and non-respondents.
Retinoblastoma, gonadal tumour, thyroid tumour and other types of carcinoma.
###### Educational level, employment status and occupational class of survivors, by gender, compared with the French population of the same age and gender
**All** **Men** **Women**
----------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- ---------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- -----------------------------
Educational level \<0.001 \<0.001 \<0.001
\<Middle school 223 (11.4) 329 (16.8) 0.7 (0.6--0.8) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 107 (10.7) 169 (17.0) 0.6 (0.5--0.8) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 116 (12.0) 160 (16.6) 0.7 (0.6--0.9) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"}
Middle school 123 (6.3) 133 (6.8) 0.9 (0.8--1.1) 58 (5.8) 65 (6.5) 0.9 (0.7--1.2) 65 (6.7) 69 (7.2) 0.9 (0.7--1.2)
Vocational school 510 (26.0) 472 (24.1) 1.1 (1.0--1.2) 274 (27.5) 275 (27.6) 1.0 (0.9--1.1) 236 (24.5) 197 (20.5) 1.2 (1.1--1.4) [c](#t2-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
High school 340 (17.4) 367 (18.7) 0.9 (0.8--1.0) 167 (16.8) 179 (18.0) 0.9 (0.8--1.1) 173 (18.0) 187 (19.4) 0.9 (0.8--1.1)
College 763 (38.9) 657 (33.5) 1.2 (1.1--1.3) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 390 (39.2) 308 (30.9) 1.3 (1.1--1.4) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 373 (38.7) 349 (36.2) 1.1 (1.0--1.2)
Employment status \<0.001 \<0.001 \<0.001
Employed 1551 (79.1) 1558 (79.5) 1.0 (1.0--1.1) 844 (83.6) 860 (85.1) 1.0 (0.9--1.1) 707 (74.4) 698 (73.5) 1.0 (0.9--1.1)
Unemployed seeking work 139 (7.1) 186 (9.5) 0.7 (0.6--0.9) [c](#t2-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 70 (6.9) 86 (8.5) 0.8 (0.6--1.0) 69 (7.3) 100 (10.5) 0.7 (0.5--0.9) [c](#t2-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
Unemployed because of health 128 (6.5) 82 (4.2) 1.6 (1.3--1.9) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 57 (5.6) 40 (4.0) 1.4 (1.1--1.9) [c](#t2-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 71 (7.5) 42 (4.4) 1.7 (1.3--2.1) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"}
Other situation 142 (7.2) 135 (6.9) 1.1 (0.9--1.2) 39 (3.9) 25 (2.5) 1.6 (1.1--2.1) [c](#t2-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 103 (10.8) 110 (11.6) 0.9 (0.8--1.1)
Occupational class \<0.001 \<0.001 \<0.001
Manual workers 287 (17.1) 399 (23.8) 0.7 (0.6--0.8) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 210 (23.6) 322 (36.2) 0.7 (0.6--0.8) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 77 (9.8) 75 (9.5) 1.0 (0.8--1.3)
Farmers, craftsmen, shopkeepers 96 (5.8) 111 (6.6) 0.9 (0.7--1.1) 68 (7.7) 82 (9.2) 0.8 (0.6--1.1) 28 (3.5) 30 (3.7) 0.9 (0.6--1.4)
Clerks, service and sales workers 491 (29.3) 476 (28.4) 1.0 (0.9--1.1) 195 (21.9) 120 (13.5) 1.6 (1.4--1.9) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 296 (37.6) 359 (45.6) 0.8 (0.7--0.9) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"}
Technicians and associate professionals 415 (24.7) 433 (25.8) 1.0 (0.9--1.1) 179 (20.1) 209 (23.5) 0.9 (0.8--1.0) 236 (30.0) 223 (28.4) 1.1 (0.9--1.2)
Professionals and managers 388 (23.1) 258 (15.4) 1.5 (1.4--1.7) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 238 (26.7) 157 (17.7) 1.5 (1.3--1.7) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"} 150 (19.1) 101 (12.8) 1.5 (1.3--1.7) [b](#t2-fn3){ref-type="fn"}
Abbreviation: CI=confidence interval.
*P-*values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected distributions.
\<0.001 *P*-values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected proportions for each level of the variable.
\<0.05 *P-*values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected proportions for each level of the variable.
###### Educational level, employment status and occupation of survivors, by childhood cancer group, compared with the French population of the same age and gender
**Hodgkin\'s lymphoma** **Bone or soft tissue sarcoma** **Central nervous system tumour** **Leukaemia** **Other diagnosis**[a](#t3-fn2){ref-type="fn"}
----------------------------------------- ------------------------- ----------- --------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------------- -----------------------------
Educational level 0.066 \<0.001 \<0.001 \<0.001 \<0.001
\<Middle school 11 (9.1) 23 (18.7) 0.5 (0.2--0.9) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 27 (7.4) 68 (18.6) 0.4 (0.3--0.6) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 71 (40.6) 31 (17.5) 2.3 (1.8--2.9) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 18 (11.5) 19 (12.2) 0.9 (0.6--1.5) 96 (8.4) 190 (16.6) 0.5 (0.4--0.6) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"}
Middle school 11 (9.1) 9 (7.4) 1.2 (0.6--2.2) 22 (6.0) 26 (7.1) 0.8 (0.5--1.3) 12 (6.7) 12 (7.0) 1.0 (0.5--1.8) 26 (16.6) 9 (5.8) 2.9 (1.9--4.2) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 52 (4.6) 78 (6.8) 0.7 (0.5--0.9)
Vocational school 30 (24.8) 31 (25.6) 1.0 (0.7--1.4) 93 (25.5) 95 (26.0) 1.0 (0.8--1.2) 53 (30.3) 42 (24.2) 1.3 (1.0--1.7) 21 (13.4) 30 (19.4) 0.7 (0.4--1.1) 313 (27.4) 274 (24.0) 1.1 (1.0--1.3) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
High school 25 (20.7) 21 (17.7) 1.2 (0.8--1.8) 54 (14.8) 63 (17.3) 0.9 (0.6--1.1) 12 (6.9) 32 (18.4) 0.4 (0.2--0.7) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 52 (33.1) 35 (22.2) 1.5 (1.1--2.0) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 197 (17.2) 215 (18.8) 0.9 (0.8--1.1)
College 44 (36.4) 37 (30.7) 1.2 (0.9--1.6) 168 (46.2) 112 (30.9) 1.5 (1.3--1.7) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 27 (15.4) 57 (32.8) 0.5 (0.3--0.7) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 40 (25.5) 63 (40.3) 0.6 (0.5--0.9) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 484 (42.4) 386 (33.8) 1.3 (1.1--1.4) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"}
Employment status 0.518 0.450 \<0.001 0.518 0.008
Employed 97 (81.5) 94 (78.8) 1.0 (0.8--1.3) 288 (81.8) 279 (79.4) 1.0 (0.9--1.2) 96 (53.9) 141 (79.0) 0.7 (0.6--0.8) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 127 (80.9) 125 (79.6) 1.0 (0.9--1.2) 943 (81.7) 919 (79.6) 1.0 (1.0--1.1)
Unemployed and seeking work 9 (7.6) 11 (9.1) 0.8 (0.4--1.6) 24 (6.8) 32 (9.1) 0.8 (0.5--1.1) 21 (11.8) 17 (9.3) 1.2 (0.8--1.9) 9 (5.7) 17 (10.6) 0.5 (0.2--1.0) 76 (6.6) 110 (9.5) 0.7 (0.5--0.9) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
Unemployed because of health 7 (5.9) 5 (4.3) 1.4 (0.6--2.9) 17 (4.8) 15 (4.4) 1.1 (0.7--1.8) 50 (28.1) 8 (4.3) 6.3 (4.6--8.2) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 4 (2.5) 6 (3.8) 0.7 (0.2--1.7) 50 (4.3) 48 (4.2) 1.0 (0.8--1.4)
Other situation 6 (5.0) 9 (7.8) 0.7 (0.2--1.5) 23 (6.5) 25 (7.2) 0.9 (0.6--1.4) 11 (6.2) 13 (7.4) 0.9 (0.4--1.5) 17 (10.8) 10 (6.1) 1.7 (1.0--2.7) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 85 (7.4) 77 (6.7) 1.1 (0.9--1.4)
Occupational class 0.061 \<0.001 0.008 0.515 \<0.001
Manual workers 16 (14.4) 27 (24.1) 0.6 (0.3--1.0) 47 (14.5) 79 (24.3) 0.6 (0.4--0.8) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 37 (32.7) 27 (23.9) 1.4 (1.0--1.9) 26 (20.2) 30 (22.9) 0.9 (0.6--1.3) 161 (16.1) 237 (23.7) 0.7 (0.6--0.8) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"}
Farmers, craftsmen, shopkeepers 10 (9.0) 8 (7.2) 1.3 (0.6--2.3) 20 (6.1) 25 (7.7) 0.8 (0.5--1.2) 3 (2.7) 8 (7.0) 0.4 (0.1--1.1) 4 (3.1) 5 (3.9) 0.8 (0.2--2.1) 59 (5.9) 65 (6.5) 0.9 (0.7--1.2)
Clerks, service and sales workers 36 (32.4) 31 (28.0) 1.2 (0.8--1.6) 84 (25.8) 88 (27.1) 1.0 (0.8--1.2) 47 (41.6) 32 (28.0) 1.5 (1.1--2.0) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 52 (40.3) 40 (30.7) 1.3 (1.0--1.7) 272 (27.2) 286 (28.6) 1.0 (0.8--1.1)
Technicians and associate professionals 25 (22.5) 28 (25.1) 0.9 (0.6--1.3) 84 (25.8) 81 (25.0) 1.0 (0.8--1.3) 19 (16.8) 29 (25.6) 0.7 (0.4--1.0) 27 (20.9) 36 (28.0) 0.8 (0.5--1.1) 260 (26.0) 258 (25.8) 1.0 (0.9--1.1)
Professionals and managers 24 (21.6) 17 (15.6) 1.4 (0.9--2.1) 90 (27.7) 52 (15.9) 1.7 1.4--2.1) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 7 (6.2) 18 (15.6) 0.4 (0.2--0.8) [c](#t3-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 20 (15.5) 19 (14.4) 1.1 (0.6--1.6) 247 (24.7) 153 (15.3) 1.6 (1.4--1.8) [d](#t3-fn5){ref-type="fn"}
Abbreviation: CI=confidence interval.
Nephroblastoma, neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma, gonadal tumour, retinoblastoma, thyroid tumour and other types of carcinoma
*P-*values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected distributions.
\<0.05 *P-*values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected proportions for each level of the variable.
\<0.001 *P*-values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected proportions for each level of the variable.
###### Level of education of survivors compared with the French population of the same age, same gender, adjusted on paternal occupation
**All diagnoses** **All but CNS tumour and leukaemia survivors** **CNS tumour and leukaemia survivors**
---------------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------- ----------------------------- ----------- ----------- ---------------- -----------------------------
Educational level[b](#t4-fn3){ref-type="fn"} \<0.001 \<0.001 \<0.001
\<Middle school 161 (9.8) 271 16.5) 0.6 (0.5--0.7) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 99 (7.1) 234 (16.8) 0.4 (0.3--0.5) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 62 (24.9) 37 (14.9) 1.7 (1.3--2.2) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
Middle school 103 (6.3) 133 (8.1) 0.8 (0.6--0.9) [d](#t4-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 70 (5.0) 114 (8.2) 0.6 (0.5--0.8) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 33 (13.3) 18 (7.4) 1.8 (1.3--2.6) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
Vocational school 416 (25.4) 367 (22.4) 1.1 (1.0--1.3) [d](#t4-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 354 (25.4) 315 (22.5) 1.1 (1.0--1.3) [d](#t4-fn5){ref-type="fn"} 62 (24.9) 54 (21.5) 1.2 (0.9--1.5)
High school 268 (16.3) 290 (17.7) 0.9 (0.8--1.0) 238 (17.1) 245 (17.6) 1.0 (0.9--1.1) 30 (12.0) 46 (18.5) 0.7 (0.4--0.9) [d](#t4-fn5){ref-type="fn"}
College 693 (42.2) 579 (35.3) 1.2 (1.1--1.3) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 631 (45.3) 486 (34.9) 1.3 (1.2--1.4) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"} 62 (24.9) 94 (37.7) 0.7 (0.5--0.9) [c](#t4-fn4){ref-type="fn"}
Abbreviation: CI=confidence interval; CNS=central nervous system.
*P*-values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected distributions.
Information on level of education of survivors or on paternal occupation was missing for 425 survivors (for 112 survivors of CNS tumour and leukaemia, and for 313 survivors of other diagnoses, respectively).
\<0.001 *P-*values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected proportions for each level of the variable.
\<0.05 *P*-values of *χ*^2^-tests comparing observed and expected proportions for each level of the variable.
###### Characteristics associated with educational attainment, occupational attainment and health-related unemployment after childhood cancer: separate logistic regressions
**Odds of being a college graduate** **Odds of being a manager** **Odds of being unemployed because of health**
----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ------ ---------------
**Age at first cancer (years)**
0--4 1 1 1
5--9 0.99 (0.75--1.31) 0.80 (0.56--1.14) 0.68 (0.42--1.08)
10+ 1.18 (0.87--1.61) 1.00 (0.69--1.46) 0.62 (0.37--1.03)
**Cranial irradiation**
No 1 1 1
Yes 0.48 (0.35--0.66) 0.47 (0.30--0.75) 3.23 (1.95--5.37)
**Chemotherap**y
No 1 1 1
Yes 1.09 (0.83--1.44) 1.07 (0.76--1.51) 0.80 (0.53--1.19)
**Childhood cancer group**
Nephroblastoma 1 1 1
Leukaemia 0.70 (0.41--1.20) 1.03 (0.50--2.12) 0.51 (0.15--1.78)
Neuroblastoma 1.08 (0.76--1.54) 1.05 (0.68--1.61) 1.37 (0.68--2.77)
Hodgkin\'s lymphoma 0.99 (0.61--1.60) 1.03 (0.58--1.84) 1.76 (0.71--4.33)
Non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma 0.93 (0.62--1.38) 0.99 (0.62--1.61) 0.90 (0.38--2.13)
Soft tissue sarcoma 1.48 (1.03--2.14) 1.27 (0.82--1.96) 1.03 (0.46--2.29)
Bone sarcoma 0.97 (0.61--1.54) 0.86 (0.49--1.50) 2.15 (0.92--5.01)
CNS tumour 0.47 (0.26--0.84) 0.31 (0.12--0.79) 4.63 (2.07--10.34)
Other solid cancer[a](#t5-fn2){ref-type="fn"} 1.24 (0.86--1.79) 1.14 (0.73----1.80) 1.15 (0.54--2.43)
**Sex**
Female 1 1 1
Male 1.04 (0.85--1.27) 1.85 (1.43--2.39) 0.67 (0.47--0.95)
**Year of birth**
1939--1969 1 1 1
1970--1974 1.61 (1.24--2.10) 0.95 (0.69--1.30) 0.49 (0.30--0.77)
1975--1979 2.04 (1.54--2.70) 0.68 (0.48--0.97) 0.48 (0.29--0.79)
1980--1988 1.46 (1.01--2.11) 0.54 (0.33--0.90) 0.48 (0.25--0.92)
**Socioeconomic background**
Survivor\'s father not a manager 1 1 -- --
Survivor\'s father was a manager 3.27 (2.45--4.35) 4.64 (3.43--6.28) -- --
Abbreviations: CI=confidence interval; CNS=central nervous system; OR=odds ratio.
Retinoblastoma, gonadal tumour, thyroid tumour and other types of carcinoma.
|
This invention is based on and claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-145987, filed May 18, 2000, and No. 2000-145988, filed May 18, 2000, the entire contents of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an exhaust system for an outboard motor, and more particularly to an improved exhaust system that has a main exhaust passage and an idle exhaust passage branched from the main exhaust passage.
2. Description of Related Art
An outboard motor typically comprises a power head including an internal combustion engine and a housing unit depending from the power head. The outboard motor typically employs an exhaust system that includes a main exhaust passage and an idle exhaust passage.
The main exhaust passage discharges exhaust gases that are produced at engine speeds above idle to the body of water surrounding the outboard motor through, for example, an exhaust pipe, an expansion chamber, and then through a submerged discharge port formed within the hub of a propeller. Under normal running conditions, when the engine speed is above idle, the exhaust pressure exceeds the back pressure caused by the body of water. The exhaust gases thus exit through the main exhaust passage. During idle, however, the exhaust pressure is less than the back pressure. Thus, only minimal amounts, if any, of the exhaust gases produced under idle engine speeds exit through the submerged port. Rather, substantially all of the exhaust gases produced during idle are discharged through an idle exhaust passage, through an idle port defined on the housing unit above the waterline.
Typically, the idle exhaust passage is branched from the main exhaust passage. Because of this arrangement, some exhaust gases tend to flow through the idle exhaust passage at engine speeds above idle and cause problems. One problem is that the exhaust flow can deposit carbons and/or lead components contained in the exhaust gases at a port of the idle exhaust passage. The deposits can accumulate sufficiently to close or narrow the passage port and prevent the idle exhaust gases from entering the idle exhaust passage smoothly.
A need therefore exists for an improved exhaust system for an outboard motor that can reduce the accumulation of deposits at a port of an idle exhaust passage.
Another problem of the arrangement is that some of the noise from exhaust produced at engine speeds above idle passes through the idle exhaust passage. Such exhaust carries more energy than exhaust generated during idle speed operation. Thus, exhaust noise generated by conventional exhaust systems can be louder than desired.
Another need thus exists for an improved exhaust system for an outboard motor that can attenuate exhaust noise generated during normal running conditions of the engine.
A further need exists for an improved exhaust system for an outboard motor that attenuates noise from the idle exhaust passage and does not excessively increase production costs.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an outboard motor comprises an internal combustion engine. An intermediate member supports the engine. A housing unit depends from the intermediate member. An exhaust system guides exhaust gases from the engine. The exhaust system includes a main exhaust passage and an idle exhaust passage. The main exhaust passage discharges the exhaust gases produced at engine speeds above idle to the body of water in which the outboard motor operates, through the housing unit. The idle exhaust passage discharges the exhaust gases produced during idle engine speeds to the atmosphere. The intermediate member defines a portion of the main exhaust passage and a portion of the idle exhaust passage. The intermediate member also forms a recessed area in the main exhaust passage portion. The idle exhaust passage communicates with the main exhaust passage portion at the recessed area.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, an outboard motor comprises an internal combustion engine. A housing unit is disposed below the engine. An exhaust system guides exhaust gases from the engine. The exhaust system includes a main exhaust passage and an idle exhaust passage. The main exhaust passage discharges exhaust gases produced at engine speeds above idle to the body of water through the housing unit. The idle exhaust passage discharges exhaust gases produced during idle engine speeds to the atmosphere. An exhaust guide member defines a portion of the main exhaust passage. The exhaust guide member forms a recessed area in the main exhaust passage portion. An exhaust conduit communicates with the main exhaust passage portion to form a further portion of the main exhaust passage downstream from the main exhaust portion defined in the exhaust guide member. The idle exhaust passage is branched from the main exhaust passage portion at the recessed area and in proximity to the exhaust conduit.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, an outboard motor comprises an internal combustion engine. A housing unit is disposed below the engine. An exhaust system guides exhaust gases from the engine. The exhaust system includes a main exhaust passage and an idle exhaust passage. The main exhaust passage discharges the exhaust gases produced at engine speeds above idle to the body of water through the housing unit. The idle exhaust passage discharges exhaust gases produced during idle engine speeds to the atmosphere. An exhaust guide member defines a portion of the main exhaust passage. The idle exhaust passage is branched from the main exhaust passage portion. The idle exhaust passage extends at an acute angle relative to a direction of exhaust gas flow in the main exhaust passage.
In accordance with a yet another aspect of the present invention, an outboard motor comprises an internal combustion engine. A housing unit is disposed below the engine. An exhaust system guides exhaust gases from the engine. The exhaust system includes a first exhaust passage and a second exhaust passage. The first exhaust passage discharges exhaust generated during relatively a high engine speeds to the body of water through the housing unit. The second exhaust passage discharges exhaust gases generated during relatively low engine speeds, to the atmosphere. A support member is arranged to support the engine. The support member defines a portion of the first exhaust passage. The support member forms a recessed area in the first exhaust passage portion. The second exhaust passage is branched off from the first exhaust passage portion at the recessed area and at a location distal from the engine.
In accordance with a yet further aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for forming an exhaust guide member of an outboard motor. The exhaust guide member defines a main exhaust passage and a secondary exhaust passage branched from the main exhaust passage within the exhaust guide member. The method comprises placing a first mold in a cast frame of the exhaust guide member, placing a second mold in the cast frame, casting the exhaust guide member, drafting the first mold from the cast frame, drafting the second mold from the cast frame in a direction opposed to a direction in which the first mold is drafted, and boring an aperture in a recessed area formed by one of the first or second mold.
Further aspects, features and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiment which follows. |
1958–59 French Division 1
OGC Nice won Division 1 season 1958/1959 of the French Association Football League with 56 points.
Participating teams
Olympique Alès
Angers SCO
RC Lens
Lille OSC
Limoges FC
Olympique Lyonnais
Olympique de Marseille
AS Monaco
FC Nancy
OGC Nice
Nîmes Olympique
RC Paris
Stade de Reims
Stade Rennais UC
AS Saint-Etienne
UA Sedan-Torcy
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard
RC Strasbourg
Toulouse FC
US Valenciennes-Anzin
Final table
Promoted from Division 2, who will play in Division 1 season 1959/1960
Le Havre AC: Champion of Division 2, (Winner of Coupe de France)
Stade Français FC: runner-up of Division 2
SC Toulon: Third place
Bordeaux: Fourth place
Top goalscorers
OGC Nice Winning Squad 1958-'59
Goal
Georges Lamia
Defence
André Chorda
Alain Cornu
César Hector Gonzales
Alphonse Martinez
Guy Poitevin
Midfield
Ferenc Kocsur
François Milazzo
Vincent Scanella
Attack
Jean-Pierre Alba
Oumar Barrou
Jacques Faivre
Jacques Foix
Alberto Muro
Victor Nurenberg
Unknown
René Vergé
Management
Jean Luciano (Coach)
References
Category:Ligue 1 seasons
French
Category:1958–59 in French football |
KINGS 3 EDMONTON 2 (SO)
Kings finally beat Oilers in shootout
They had lost their previous five home games to Edmonton, all in the extra format.
The Kings ended a peculiar streak against the Edmonton Oilers on Thursday night, going to the sixth round of a shootout for a 3-2 victory that goaltender Jonathan Quick sealed with a glove save of an Andrew Cogliano shot.
The Oilers won their previous five games in Staples Center, all by shootout, but when Jarret Stoll's shot in the third sudden-death round got a piece of Oilers goalie Devan Dubnyk and dribbled over the line, it sent Terry Murray toward his 100th win as Kings coach.
The Kings had not reached the playoffs since 2002 when Murray took over in 2008-2009.
Murray got the Kings back to the playoffs last season and became the quickest coach in franchise history to reach triple digits in wins, improving to 100-76-21 in 197 games.
"Coaches win because they have pretty good players with good character," Murray said. "We have a leadership group that [General Manager] Dean Lombardi put in place.
"It's a great group of guys. That locker room is as close and tight as any team I've been on.
"They really care about each other and work hard for each other. It's a matter of players looking at each other in the eye and saying, 'I'm going to play hard for you tonight.' To me, that's what has taken place here over the last few years."
Coming off a grueling 10-day trip in which they went 3-2, the Kings had to dig deep Thursday night, even though they were playing a young and rebuilding club that has the worst record in the Western Conference.
"You're gone for 10 days, you're fatigued, you come home and it's the holidays, and you just want to relax and spend time with your family," Murray said, when asked why teams often experience a letdown after a long trip.
"It was just a demanding game, but we found a way to get it done. It was a grind, but it was great to get two points."
Quick, who shut out the high-scoring Colorado Avalanche in Denver on Tuesday night, came up with several big saves in overtime and in the shootout, the first three rounds of which ended in a 1-1 tie, Jordan Eberle scoring for Edmonton and Dustin Brown for the Kings.
The Oilers took a 2-1 lead at the 4:25 mark of the third period when Jean-Francois Jacques redirected a Theo Peckham shot from the blue line through traffic past Quick for his first goal of the season.
But the Kings countered 20 seconds later when Jack Johnson, who had fallen to his knees in the left face-off circle, got up in time to take a pass from Wayne Simmonds and fire a wrist shot past Dubnyk for a 2-2 tie.
Both teams scored power-play goals in the second period, the Oilers taking a 1-0 lead on Taylor Hall's wrist shot from the left side that slipped under Quick's right pad at the 1:39 mark, and the Kings evening the score on Justin Williams' goal at the 8:31 mark.
How rare was the 11th goal of the season by Hall, the 19-year-old whiz kid of a winger who was the first overall pick in the 2010 draft?
The Kings had allowed only two power-play goals in 50 tries in their first 14 home games, a 96% penalty-kill rate that was the best home mark in the NHL, and they successfully fought off another penalty in the first.
A high-sticking penalty by Edmonton's Linus Omark gave the Kings a power play at the 7:42 mark of the second.
The Kings took advantage on Williams' 13th goal, which was set up by Michal Handzus, who took a pass from Johnson at the blue line and flicked the puck to Williams driving down the left side.
Williams shielded Ladislav Smid with his body and beat Dubnyk glove-side with a wrist shot for a 1-1 tie and his 30th point in his 33rd game this season. Williams had 29 points in 49 games last season.
"We're in the win column," Williams said. "They're a team that has a lot of skill, and if you don't respect them, they're going to make you pay.
"Obviously, we didn't have the best game, but at the end, we had our big players step up and score some goals, and Quick made some great saves." |
use super::{super::Animation, CharacterSkeleton, SkeletonAttr};
use common::comp::item::{Hands, ToolKind};
use std::{f32::consts::PI, ops::Mul};
use vek::*;
pub struct StandAnimation;
impl Animation for StandAnimation {
type Dependency = (Option<ToolKind>, Option<ToolKind>, f64);
type Skeleton = CharacterSkeleton;
#[cfg(feature = "use-dyn-lib")]
const UPDATE_FN: &'static [u8] = b"character_stand\0";
#[cfg_attr(feature = "be-dyn-lib", export_name = "character_stand")]
fn update_skeleton_inner(
skeleton: &Self::Skeleton,
(active_tool_kind, second_tool_kind, global_time): Self::Dependency,
anim_time: f64,
_rate: &mut f32,
skeleton_attr: &SkeletonAttr,
) -> Self::Skeleton {
let mut next = (*skeleton).clone();
let slow = (anim_time as f32 * 1.0).sin();
let breathe = ((anim_time as f32 * 0.5).sin()).abs();
let head_look = Vec2::new(
((global_time + anim_time) as f32 / 12.0)
.floor()
.mul(7331.0)
.sin()
* 0.3,
((global_time + anim_time) as f32 / 12.0)
.floor()
.mul(1337.0)
.sin()
* 0.15,
);
next.head.offset = Vec3::new(
0.0,
-3.0 + skeleton_attr.head.0,
skeleton_attr.head.1 + slow * 0.3 + breathe * -0.05,
);
next.head.ori =
Quaternion::rotation_z(head_look.x) * Quaternion::rotation_x(head_look.y.abs());
next.head.scale = Vec3::one() * skeleton_attr.head_scale + breathe * -0.05;
next.chest.offset = Vec3::new(
0.0,
skeleton_attr.chest.0,
skeleton_attr.chest.1 + slow * 0.3,
);
next.chest.ori = Quaternion::rotation_z(head_look.x * 0.6);
next.chest.scale = Vec3::one() * 1.01 + breathe * 0.03;
next.belt.offset = Vec3::new(0.0, skeleton_attr.belt.0, skeleton_attr.belt.1);
next.belt.ori = Quaternion::rotation_z(head_look.x * -0.1);
next.belt.scale = Vec3::one() + breathe * -0.03;
next.back.offset = Vec3::new(0.0, skeleton_attr.back.0, skeleton_attr.back.1);
next.back.scale = Vec3::one() * 1.02;
next.shorts.offset = Vec3::new(0.0, skeleton_attr.shorts.0, skeleton_attr.shorts.1);
next.shorts.ori = Quaternion::rotation_z(head_look.x * -0.2);
next.shorts.scale = Vec3::one() + breathe * -0.03;
next.l_hand.offset = Vec3::new(
-skeleton_attr.hand.0,
skeleton_attr.hand.1 + slow * 0.15,
skeleton_attr.hand.2 + slow * 0.5,
);
next.l_hand.ori = Quaternion::rotation_x(slow * -0.06);
next.l_hand.scale = Vec3::one();
next.r_hand.offset = Vec3::new(
skeleton_attr.hand.0,
skeleton_attr.hand.1 + slow * 0.15,
skeleton_attr.hand.2 + slow * 0.5,
);
next.r_hand.ori = Quaternion::rotation_x(slow * -0.06);
next.r_hand.scale = Vec3::one();
next.l_foot.offset = Vec3::new(
-skeleton_attr.foot.0,
skeleton_attr.foot.1,
skeleton_attr.foot.2,
);
next.l_foot.scale = Vec3::one();
next.r_foot.offset = Vec3::new(
skeleton_attr.foot.0,
skeleton_attr.foot.1,
skeleton_attr.foot.2,
);
next.r_foot.scale = Vec3::one();
next.l_shoulder.offset = Vec3::new(
-skeleton_attr.shoulder.0,
skeleton_attr.shoulder.1,
skeleton_attr.shoulder.2,
);
next.l_shoulder.scale = (Vec3::one() + breathe * -0.05) * 1.15;
next.r_shoulder.offset = Vec3::new(
skeleton_attr.shoulder.0,
skeleton_attr.shoulder.1,
skeleton_attr.shoulder.2,
);
next.r_shoulder.scale = (Vec3::one() + breathe * -0.05) * 1.15;
next.glider.offset = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 10.0);
next.glider.scale = Vec3::one() * 0.0;
match active_tool_kind {
Some(ToolKind::Dagger(_)) => {
next.main.offset = Vec3::new(-4.0, -5.0, 7.0);
next.main.ori =
Quaternion::rotation_y(0.25 * PI) * Quaternion::rotation_z(1.5 * PI);
},
Some(ToolKind::Shield(_)) => {
next.main.offset = Vec3::new(-0.0, -5.0, 3.0);
next.main.ori =
Quaternion::rotation_y(0.25 * PI) * Quaternion::rotation_z(-1.5 * PI);
},
_ => {
next.main.offset = Vec3::new(-7.0, -5.0, 15.0);
next.main.ori = Quaternion::rotation_y(2.5) * Quaternion::rotation_z(1.57);
},
}
next.main.scale = Vec3::one();
match second_tool_kind {
Some(ToolKind::Dagger(_)) => {
next.second.offset = Vec3::new(4.0, -6.0, 7.0);
next.second.ori =
Quaternion::rotation_y(-0.25 * PI) * Quaternion::rotation_z(-1.5 * PI);
},
Some(ToolKind::Shield(_)) => {
next.second.offset = Vec3::new(0.0, -4.0, 3.0);
next.second.ori =
Quaternion::rotation_y(-0.25 * PI) * Quaternion::rotation_z(1.5 * PI);
},
_ => {
next.second.offset = Vec3::new(-7.0, -5.0, 15.0);
next.second.ori = Quaternion::rotation_y(2.5) * Quaternion::rotation_z(1.57);
},
}
next.second.scale = Vec3::one();
next.lantern.offset = Vec3::new(
skeleton_attr.lantern.0,
skeleton_attr.lantern.1,
skeleton_attr.lantern.2,
);
next.lantern.ori = Quaternion::rotation_x(0.1) * Quaternion::rotation_y(0.1);
next.lantern.scale = Vec3::one() * 0.65;
next.torso.offset = Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.) * skeleton_attr.scaler;
next.torso.ori = Quaternion::rotation_x(0.0);
next.torso.scale = Vec3::one() / 11.0 * skeleton_attr.scaler;
next.control.scale = Vec3::one();
next.l_control.scale = Vec3::one();
next.r_control.scale = Vec3::one();
next.second.scale = match (
active_tool_kind.map(|tk| tk.into_hands()),
second_tool_kind.map(|tk| tk.into_hands()),
) {
(Some(Hands::OneHand), Some(Hands::OneHand)) => Vec3::one(),
(_, _) => Vec3::zero(),
};
next
}
}
|
const app = getApp();
Page({
data: {
data_list_loding_status: 1,
data_list_loding_msg: '加载中...',
data_bottom_line_status: false,
user_share_qrode: null,
user_share_url: null,
},
onLoad() {
this.init();
},
init() {
var self = this;
wx.showLoading({ title: "加载中..." });
this.setData({
data_list_loding_status: 1
});
wx.request({
url: app.get_request_url("index", "poster", "membershiplevelvip"),
method: "POST",
data: {},
dataType: "json",
success: res => {
wx.hideLoading();
wx.stopPullDownRefresh();
if (res.data.code == 0) {
var data = res.data.data;
self.setData({
user_share_qrode: data.user_share_qrode || null,
user_share_url: data.user_share_url || null,
data_list_loding_status: 3,
data_bottom_line_status: true,
data_list_loding_msg: '',
});
// 是否全部没数据
if (self.data.user_share_qrode == null && self.data.user_share_url == null)
{
self.setData({
data_list_loding_status: 0,
data_bottom_line_status: false,
});
}
} else {
self.setData({
data_list_loding_status: 2,
data_bottom_line_status: false,
data_list_loding_msg: res.data.msg,
});
if (app.is_login_check(res.data, self, 'init')) {
app.showToast(res.data.msg);
}
}
},
fail: () => {
wx.hideLoading();
wx.stopPullDownRefresh();
self.setData({
data_list_loding_status: 2,
data_bottom_line_status: false,
data_list_loding_msg: '服务器请求出错',
});
app.showToast("服务器请求出错");
}
});
},
// 下拉刷新
onPullDownRefresh() {
this.init();
},
// 二维码事件
qrcode_event(e) {
if ((this.data.user_share_qrode || null) != null) {
wx.previewImage({
current: this.data.user_share_qrode,
urls: [this.data.user_share_qrode]
});
} else {
app.showToast('二维码地址有误');
}
},
// url事件
url_event(e) {
if ((this.data.user_share_url || null) != null) {
wx.setClipboardData({
data: this.data.user_share_url,
success(res) {
app.showToast('复制成功', 'success');
}
})
} else {
app.showToast('链接地址有误');
}
},
}); |
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Greater flexibility, multiple user functionality and personalized envelope options API and email submission email Register your free account with Mail A Letter today. Register now for FREE or just start writing your letter below: <html> <head> <meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\" /> </head> <body> Dear Customers,<br><br> Thank you for the opportunity to work with you! Mail A Letter makes it easy for you to write real letters online. You provide the letter and a mailing address and we do the rest! By the next business day, we will print your letter, address the envelope, affix postage, and post your letter.<br><br> We strive to give you superior care and service. Contact us anytime with questions or special requests.<br><br> Thank you again for using Mail A Letter, your online solution for your postal mailing needs.<br><br> Best regards, The Mail A Letter Team<br><br> PS: It's easy. Send a letter online with Mail A Letter today! </body></html> |
[Minimal requirement of phosphorus for maintenance in lambs].
The purpose of the present study was to determine the minimum level of endogenous fecal loss of P in sheep receiving a P-deficient and Ca-rich diet composed of natural feedstuffs. The low fecal endogenous loss of P (15 mg/kg/d) was obtained under abnormal physiological conditions and did not correspond to the minimum requirement for maintenance. |
Editors' Disclosures: Christine Laine, MD, MPH, Editor in Chief, reports that she has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Darren B. Taichman, MD, PhD, Executive Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Cynthia D. Mulrow, MD, MSc, Senior Deputy Editor, reports that she has no relationships or interests to disclose. Deborah Cotton, MD, MPH, Deputy Editor, reports that she has no financial relationships or interest to disclose. Jaya K. Rao, MD, MHS, Deputy Editor, reports that she has stock holdings/options in Eli Lilly and Pfizer. Sankey V. Williams, MD, Deputy Editor, reports that he has no financial relationships or interests to disclose. Catharine B. Stack, PhD, MS, Deputy Editor for Statistics, reports that she has stock holdings in Pfizer.
Abstract
Background:
A subgroup of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies develop skin lesions, but the lesions and their clinical course are not well-characterized.
Objective:
To describe patients treated with anti-TNF antibodies who did and did not develop skin lesions.
During a median follow-up of 3.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.5 to 7.4 years), skin lesions associated with the use of anti-TNF therapy developed in 264 of 917 (29%) patients (psoriasiform eczema, 30.6%; eczema, 23.5%; xerosis cutis, 10.6%; palmoplantar pustulosis, 5.3%; psoriasis, 3.8%; other, 26.1%). Lesions typically developed at flexural regions, genitalia, and the scalp, especially the psoriasiform lesions. Thirty-one percent of women and 26% of men developed lesions. Median cumulative doses (2864 mg/y [IQR, 2203 to 3819 mg/y] and 2927 mg/y [IQR, 2377 to 3667 mg/y]) and trough levels (4.2 µg/mL [IQR, 2.6 to 5.8 µg/mL] and 4.0 µg/mL [IQR, 1.6 to 5.9 µg/mL]) of infliximab were similar in patients with and without lesions. All but 28 patients (11%) were successfully managed without needing to stop therapy because of lesions.
Limitation:
Retrospective nature and no matched control group of patients not receiving anti-TNF therapy.
Conclusion:
Skin lesions occur frequently in association with anti-TNF therapy but rarely require discontinuation of therapy. Close surveillance and early referral to a dedicated dermatologist are recommended. |
[Pancreas tail pseudotumor--CT for the detection of position variants of the pancreas tail as a cause for pathologic findings in conventional radiographic and ultrasound studies].
Four cases are presented, in whom conventional radiography of the abdomen including tomography and ultrasound raised high suspicion of a left suprarenal tumor. Abdominal CT explained the finding in each case as being produced by a normal anatomic variation of the pancreatic tail, which was found in a paraspinal and suprarenal location. The statistical incidence of such a variation is discussed. |
NEW DELHI: UTI AMC, India's oldest asset management company with assets of around Rs 61,000 crore, could finally have a permanent boss after being headless for the last 18 months.
The AMC's board has recommended to its shareholders names of three candidates for the position of chairman and managing director, two persons familiar with the development told ET. The shortlisted candidates are AIG India chief executive and country head Sunil Mehta, senior advisor at McKinsey & Co in India Leo Puri, and Punita Kumar Sinha, former senior managing director of Blackstone Group's India-focused mutual fund.
The board has also recommended the name of an internal UTI AMC executive as a fallback option if the shareholders do not agree on the three external candidates.
UTI Mutual Fund director Sachit Jain, who is part of the three-member search committee constituted by the board, said the board had sent the names of shortlisted candidates to the shareholders but declined to disclose their names. The UTI board chairman, PR Khanna, refused to comment and the three candidates, Puri, Mehta and Sinha, too, declined to comment.
Puri, the former head of McKinsey India, rejoined the consulting firm in December 2011 as senior advisor after serving a four-and-a-half-year stint as managing director of private equity major Warburg Pincus. He serves on the boards of Max India and Max Healthcare.
Mehta has been the country head and chief executive of AIG India and is responsible for all of its Indian businesses, including life and general insurance, financial services and investments. Prior to joining AIG, he was with Citibank for over 18 years.
Sinha, the daughter-in-law of former finance minister Yashwant Sinha, was in-charge of Oppenheimer's India-focused fund which was subsequently taken over by Blackstone. The fund with asset under management of about $1.22 billion was sold to Aberdeen Asset Management in December 2011.
UTI AMC, which runs India's fifth largest mutual fund, has not had a full-fledged chairman since UK Sinha left UTI to become the head of market regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India in February 2011.
Sinha's departure was followed by an unseemly row between the finance ministry and T Rowe Price over the choice of his successor. While the finance ministry pushed for the appointment of Jitesh Khosla, a 1979 batch IAS officer and brother of Omita Paul, the powerful advisor of former finance minister Pranab Mukherjee, as the UTI AMC chairman, T Rowe Price insisted that a professional should be appointed.
Several permutations and combinations, including splitting the CMD's post into two, were discussed, but the deadlock could not be broken. A few board members also quit as UTI AMC slipped from fourth to fifth position in the mutual fund league table. Finally, earlier this year, Imtaiyazur Rahman was appointed interim CEO.
Once shareholders select and approve the name of the CMD, it will be ratified by the trustees of UTI. |
[Positive effects of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on the biohumoral clinical aspect of cholesterin calculosis of the gallbladder].
The efficacy and possible sideeffects of chenodeoxycholic acid have been studied in 35 patients with biliary calculosis lithiasis. In 53% of the cases treated for six months or more partial or complete gallstone dissolution was observed. The action of this drug on hematic triglyceride level and on severity and frequency of the hypostenic dyspeptic symptoms and biliary colic is interesting from the viewpoint of new therapeutic prospects. Diarrhea has been the only relevant side-effect. |
“A couple of friends listened to the voicemail,” she said. “He said he was so sorry (and) wanted to know what he could do. … There isn’t anything he could do for me. I’m going to seek damages.”
The pit bull owner said he’s just trying to resolve the issue and help both parties put the incident behind them so his pit bulls can live. He declined to say how the dogs got out but said the problem has been fixed. He said he’s concerned about retaliation from people who dislike the breed. And he contends that based on reports to the Humane Society, it’s not even clear how the fight between the dogs got started or which dogs were the aggressors.
“They can’t tell me who started it,” the owner said. “It’s not clear how everything started. ... I’m not putting any dogs at fault. Nobody’s fully seen how it started.”
The pit bull owner said his dogs “have no history whatsoever of being violent.” One is only a six-month old puppy, he said. And he said his dogs were affectionate and loving when the Humane Society visited his home after the Oct. 15 encounter. It was not clear how or why they were loose on the day of the attack.
“Trying to place the blame on my dogs, that don’t have a history of violence, is not OK.”
Love 1 Funny 3 Wow 0 Sad 19 Angry 38
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very beautiful work *loves clear* he's just so cute and adorable and so so so so hot looking and the best character ever in dmmd and had the sadest story and the cutest 'after story' in the newest game XD |
Back in August, Neil Armstrong admitted at a press conference that the lunar landing was an elaborate fabrication engineered by the government. He believed the entire event was created in a soundstage …
In our quest to discover extraterrestrial life, we humans have forgotten another important issue. What would we say should ETs ever answer our cosmic call? Should we say anything at all? And how would … |
Q:
UIWebView - Load a local .html file with linked resources
I don't know how many forums I have already read, but I really don't know why it doesn't work!
I have an iPhone Application and I would like to show a Epub book to my user.
The user can read it online, otherwise he can download it into the Application Documents directory to read it afterwards.
I build this folder structure same like the online version and saved it into the document folder "frontend".
I ALSO can read this maintaine .HTML file, BUT the linked JS / CSS and HTML files does not work.
So I have some screenshots. I don't know, why the javascript cannot access to the .html docs.
offline version - saved into the filesystem "document folder"
online version - directly from server - it's ok!
I hope you could give me some hints.
A:
Simply write the code
NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"offlineEpub" ofType:@"html"];
NSString *content = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:path encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
UIWebView *webView = [[UIWebView alloc] init];
[webView loadHTMLString:content baseURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath:[[NSBundle mainBundle] bundlePath]]];
[self.view addSubview:webView];
The main thing is provide base url as your mainBundle or documents directory.
A:
After much fiddling around and reading a lot of answers, here is my simple consolidated solution:
1) Make sure all your bundle resources are unique---directories get flattened
It is super frustrating, but if you had directories "About/index.html" and "Home/index.html", one of the last "index.html" to get copied into the bundle will overwrite the previous.
2) JavaScript files will be in the wrong Build Phase
In Xcode click on your project, then click on your app target, then click on Build Phases. Notice the JavaScript files will wrongly be in Compiled Sources: move JS files into Copy Bundle Resources.
3) Use UIWebView's loadRequest:
Don't load from a string. Use an NSURL instead.
NSBundle *mainBundle = [NSBundle mainBundle];
NSURL *url = [mainBundle URLForResource:@"some_page" withExtension:@"html"];
NSURLRequest *urlReq = [NSURLRequest requestWithURL:url];
// Assuming you create an IBOutlet defined like:
// @property (strong, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIWebView *wv;
[self.wv loadRequest:urlReq];
|
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
namespace Visualisation.MeshGeneration {
public static class MeshUtility {
public static void MeshFromMultipleSources (Mesh mesh, List<Vector3>[] vertexLists, List<int>[] triangleLists) {
var vertices = new List<Vector3> ();
var tris = new List<int> ();
for (int i = 0; i < vertexLists.Length; i++) {
int vertSkipCount = vertices.Count;
vertices.AddRange (vertexLists[i]);
for (int triIndex = 0; triIndex < triangleLists[i].Count; triIndex++) {
tris.Add (triangleLists[i][triIndex] + vertSkipCount);
}
}
mesh.SetVertices (vertices);
mesh.SetTriangles (tris, 0);
mesh.RecalculateNormals ();
mesh.RecalculateBounds ();
}
}
} |
/*
* ESPRESSIF MIT License
*
* Copyright (c) 2020 <ESPRESSIF SYSTEMS (SHANGHAI) CO., LTD>
*
* Permission is hereby granted for use on all ESPRESSIF SYSTEMS products, in which case,
* it is free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
* documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished
* to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or
* substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
* FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
* COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
* IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
* CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <esp_fs_ota.h>
#include <esp_log.h>
#include <esp_ota_ops.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "audio_mem.h"
#define IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE (sizeof(esp_image_header_t) + sizeof(esp_image_segment_header_t) + sizeof(esp_app_desc_t) + 1)
#define DEFAULT_OTA_BUF_SIZE IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE
static const char *TAG = "esp_fs_ota";
typedef enum {
ESP_FS_OTA_INIT,
ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN,
ESP_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS,
ESP_FS_OTA_SUCCESS,
} esp_fs_ota_state;
struct esp_fs_ota_handle {
esp_ota_handle_t update_handle;
const esp_partition_t *update_partition;
FILE *fp;
char *ota_upgrade_buf;
size_t ota_upgrade_buf_size;
int binary_file_len;
esp_fs_ota_state state;
};
typedef struct esp_fs_ota_handle esp_fs_ota_t;
static esp_err_t _ota_write(esp_fs_ota_t *fs_ota_handle, const void *buffer, size_t buf_len)
{
if (buffer == NULL || fs_ota_handle == NULL) {
return ESP_FAIL;
}
esp_err_t err = esp_ota_write(fs_ota_handle->update_handle, buffer, buf_len);
if (err != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Error: esp_ota_write failed! err=0x%d", err);
} else {
fs_ota_handle->binary_file_len += buf_len;
ESP_LOGD(TAG, "Written image length %d", fs_ota_handle->binary_file_len);
err = ESP_ERR_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS;
}
return err;
}
esp_err_t esp_fs_ota_begin(esp_fs_ota_config_t *ota_config, esp_fs_ota_handle_t *handle)
{
esp_err_t err;
if (handle == NULL || ota_config == NULL || ota_config->path == NULL) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_fs_ota_begin: Invalid argument");
if (handle) {
*handle = NULL;
}
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
esp_fs_ota_t *fs_ota_handle = audio_calloc(1, sizeof(esp_fs_ota_t));
if (!fs_ota_handle) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Couldn't allocate memory to upgrade data buffer");
*handle = NULL;
return ESP_ERR_NO_MEM;
}
/* open */
fs_ota_handle->fp = fopen(&ota_config->path[6], "r");
if (fs_ota_handle->fp == NULL) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Failed to open the app bin %s", &ota_config->path[6]);
err = ESP_FAIL;
goto failure;
}
fs_ota_handle->update_partition = NULL;
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Starting OTA...");
fs_ota_handle->update_partition = esp_ota_get_next_update_partition(NULL);
if (fs_ota_handle->update_partition == NULL) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Passive OTA partition not found");
err = ESP_FAIL;
goto failure;
}
ESP_LOGI(TAG, "Writing to partition subtype %d at offset 0x%x",
fs_ota_handle->update_partition->subtype, fs_ota_handle->update_partition->address);
const int alloc_size = (ota_config->buffer_size > DEFAULT_OTA_BUF_SIZE) ? ota_config->buffer_size : DEFAULT_OTA_BUF_SIZE;
fs_ota_handle->ota_upgrade_buf = (char *)audio_calloc(1, alloc_size);
if (!fs_ota_handle->ota_upgrade_buf) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Couldn't allocate memory to upgrade data buffer");
err = ESP_ERR_NO_MEM;
goto failure;
}
fs_ota_handle->ota_upgrade_buf_size = alloc_size;
fs_ota_handle->binary_file_len = 0;
*handle = (esp_fs_ota_handle_t)fs_ota_handle;
fs_ota_handle->state = ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN;
return ESP_OK;
failure:
if (fs_ota_handle->fp) {
fclose(fs_ota_handle->fp);
}
audio_free(fs_ota_handle);
*handle = NULL;
return err;
}
esp_err_t esp_fs_ota_get_img_desc(esp_fs_ota_handle_t fs_ota_handle, esp_app_desc_t *new_app_info)
{
esp_fs_ota_t *handle = (esp_fs_ota_t *)fs_ota_handle;
if (handle == NULL || new_app_info == NULL) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_fs_ota_read_img_desc: Invalid argument");
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
if (handle->state < ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_fs_ota_read_img_desc: Invalid state");
return ESP_FAIL;
}
/*
* `data_read_size` holds number of bytes needed to read complete header.
* `bytes_read` holds number of bytes read.
*/
int data_read_size = IMAGE_HEADER_SIZE;
int data_read = 0, bytes_read = 0;
/*
* while loop is added to download complete image headers, even if the headers
* are not sent in a single packet.
*/
while (data_read_size > 0) {
data_read = fread((handle->ota_upgrade_buf + bytes_read), 1, data_read_size, handle->fp);
if (data_read <= 0) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Connection closed, errno = %d", errno);
break;
}
data_read_size -= data_read;
bytes_read += data_read;
}
if (data_read_size > 0) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Complete headers were not read");
return ESP_FAIL;
}
handle->binary_file_len = bytes_read;
memcpy(new_app_info, &handle->ota_upgrade_buf[sizeof(esp_image_header_t) + sizeof(esp_image_segment_header_t)], sizeof(esp_app_desc_t));
return ESP_OK;
}
esp_err_t esp_fs_ota_perform(esp_fs_ota_handle_t fs_ota_handle)
{
esp_fs_ota_t *handle = (esp_fs_ota_t *)fs_ota_handle;
if (handle == NULL) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_fs_ota_perform: Invalid argument");
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
if (handle->state < ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_fs_ota_perform: Invalid state");
return ESP_FAIL;
}
esp_err_t err;
int data_read;
switch (handle->state) {
case ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN:
err = esp_ota_begin(handle->update_partition, OTA_SIZE_UNKNOWN, &handle->update_handle);
if (err != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_ota_begin failed (%s)", esp_err_to_name(err));
return err;
}
handle->state = ESP_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS;
/* In case `esp_fs_ota_read_img_desc` was invoked first,
then the image data read there should be written to OTA partition
*/
if (handle->binary_file_len) {
return _ota_write(handle, (const void *)handle->ota_upgrade_buf, handle->binary_file_len);
}
/* falls through */
case ESP_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS:
data_read = fread(handle->ota_upgrade_buf, 1, handle->ota_upgrade_buf_size, handle->fp);
if (data_read <= 0) {
if (!feof(handle->fp)) {
return ESP_FAIL;
}
} else if (data_read > 0) {
return _ota_write(handle, (const void *)handle->ota_upgrade_buf, data_read);
}
handle->state = ESP_FS_OTA_SUCCESS;
break;
default:
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ESP FS OTA State");
return ESP_FAIL;
break;
}
return ESP_OK;
}
esp_err_t esp_fs_ota_finish(esp_fs_ota_handle_t fs_ota_handle)
{
esp_fs_ota_t *handle = (esp_fs_ota_t *)fs_ota_handle;
if (handle == NULL) {
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
if (handle->state < ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN) {
return ESP_FAIL;
}
esp_err_t err = ESP_OK;
switch (handle->state) {
case ESP_FS_OTA_SUCCESS:
case ESP_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS:
err = esp_ota_end(handle->update_handle);
case ESP_FS_OTA_BEGIN:
if (handle->ota_upgrade_buf) {
audio_free(handle->ota_upgrade_buf);
}
if (handle->fp) {
fclose(handle->fp);
}
break;
default:
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "Invalid ESP FS OTA State");
break;
}
if ((err == ESP_OK) && (handle->state == ESP_FS_OTA_SUCCESS)) {
esp_err_t err = esp_ota_set_boot_partition(handle->update_partition);
if (err != ESP_OK) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "esp_ota_set_boot_partition failed! err=0x%d", err);
}
}
audio_free(handle);
return err;
}
int esp_fs_ota_get_image_len_read(esp_fs_ota_handle_t fs_ota_handle)
{
esp_fs_ota_t *handle = (esp_fs_ota_t *)fs_ota_handle;
if (handle == NULL) {
return -1;
}
if (handle->state < ESP_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS) {
return -1;
}
return handle->binary_file_len;
}
esp_err_t esp_fs_ota(esp_fs_ota_config_t *ota_config)
{
if (!ota_config) {
ESP_LOGE(TAG, "fs ota path not found");
return ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG;
}
esp_fs_ota_handle_t fs_ota_handle = NULL;
esp_err_t err = esp_fs_ota_begin(ota_config, &fs_ota_handle);
if (fs_ota_handle == NULL) {
return ESP_FAIL;
}
while (1) {
err = esp_fs_ota_perform(fs_ota_handle);
if (err != ESP_ERR_FS_OTA_IN_PROGRESS) {
break;
}
}
esp_err_t ota_finish_err = esp_fs_ota_finish(fs_ota_handle);
if (err != ESP_OK) {
/* If there was an error in esp_fs_ota_perform(),
then it is given more precedence than error in esp_fs_ota_finish()
*/
return err;
} else if (ota_finish_err != ESP_OK) {
return ota_finish_err;
}
return ESP_OK;
}
|
Q:
Kinetic energy derivation: Why is $\frac{d \mathbf v}{dt} \cdot \mathbf v= \frac 12 \frac{d}{dt}(v^2)~?$
In Goldstein's Classical Mechanics 3rd edition, page 3, the Kinetic energy is derived by considering the work done on a particle by an external force $\mathbf F$ from point $1$ to point $2$ $$W_{12}=\int_1^2\mathbf F \cdot d\mathbf s.$$ It is then argued that for constant mass, the integral reduces to $$W_{12}=m\int \frac{d \mathbf v}{dt} \cdot \mathbf v dt=\frac m2 \int \frac{d}{dt}(v^2)dt$$ from which you get the usual formula $W_{12}=\frac m2 (v_2^2-v_1^2)$. I'm confused however on how the last integral above was obtained. Why must $$\frac{d \mathbf v}{dt} \cdot \mathbf v= \frac 12 \frac{d}{dt}(v^2)$$ when it may not be the case that $\frac {d \mathbf v}{dt}$ and $\mathbf v$ are parallel? Shouldn't this depend on the angle between the velocity and acceleration vectors?
A:
I'm confused however on how the last integral above was obtained.
$$v^2 = \mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{v}$$
$$\frac{d}{dt}(v^2) = \frac{d}{dt}(\mathbf{v}\cdot\mathbf{v}) = \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}\cdot\mathbf{v} + \mathbf{v}\cdot\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt} = 2\left(\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}\cdot\mathbf{v}\right)$$
$$\Rightarrow \frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}\cdot\mathbf{v} = \frac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dt}(v^2) $$
when it may not be the case that $\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ are parallel?
Consider, for example, that case that $\frac{d\mathbf{v}}{dt}$ is perpendicular to $\mathbf{v}$ and then the left-hand side must be zero.
But, as we know, for uniform circular motion, the acceleration is always perpendicular to the velocity and that the speed $v = \sqrt{v^2}$ is then constant and thus, the right-hand side is zero too which is consistent.
|
eLNG = Electric + Eco-friendly
Safe, Reliable and Efficient
eLNG Means Electric and Eco-friendly
Since the inception of Freeport LNG’s gas liquefaction and LNG export project, the central focus was to create a safe, reliable and efficient plant. That meant understanding potential effects on the surrounding communities and impacts on the environment. Environmental stewardship has been our standard of operations since the construction of the original regasification terminal began in 2005.
Today, the Freeport LNG project is becoming the first world-scale electric LNG (eLNG) plant in North America. Using electric motor-driven technology has enabled us to comply with strict local emissions standards and support our ambitious production and export targets. eLNG also means increased plant efficiency and expected availability.
Electric Motors—Revolutionary Solution
The electric motor drive we have selected not only minimizes air emissions; it is also efficient, reliable and simple to operate, while offering longer maintenance intervals. Three General Electric 75 MW motors drive the propane and mixed-refrigerant compressors. Using electric motors with variable frequency drives enables all compressors to restart, even when fully loaded, with no depressurization or loss of refrigerant to the flare.
There are other design features minimizing environmental impact that were incorporated into the design of our liquefaction facilities.
Off-Specification Gas Recycling
The pretreatment trains will remove impurities from the feed gas. These include water, carbon dioxide and heavy hydrocarbons, which could freeze within the pretreatment or liquefaction equipment, plus hydrogen sulfide and mercury.
During start-up, large quantities of off-specification gas are usually flared. Our facilities will have the capability to recycle off-spec gas in a closed loop instead of flaring it, not only during start-up but also during operations.
Contaminant Removal
At the pretreatment facility, undesirable contaminants will be removed from feed gas before liquefaction. They, in turn, will be treated in a regenerative thermal oxidizer from the Eisenmann Corporation coupled with an integrated scrubber and dual-field wet electrostatic precipitator to achieve remarkable contaminant removal efficiency.
Propane and Refrigerant Recovery
Before planned maintenance of compressors and other equipment, propane and mixed refrigerant must be removed from the system. While some facilities recover propane back to storage, in most, everything is flared. Our recovery system is designed to inject both propane and mixed refrigerant into LNG and send the comingled liquid to storage tanks. This greatly reduces emissions from ground-flare combustion.
Vacuum-Jacketed Piping
Lines carrying LNG to storage tanks and to loading docks are designed as vacuum-jacketed piping (a pipe-in-pipe system with vacuum providing thermal insulation). Its performance is ten times better than that of conventional insulation piping and the outer jacket is made of 304 stainless steel capable of withstanding contact with LNG and preventing gas release into the atmosphere should the inner pipe fail.
Primary Dry-Gas-Seal Vent Recovery
Dry seals in refrigeration compressors prevent the process gas from migrating into the atmosphere but some of the sealing gas passes through the primary seal and is typically flared. We have added a vent gas seal recovery system that will send the gas to the BOG system for compression and transfer to the pretreatment facility for use as fuel gas.
Improving Dry-out and Cool-down Procedures
Nitrogen, instead of natural gas, will be used to dry out equipment before LNG production can start. Additional provisions have been incorporated in the design to allow the precool-down process to be performed without flaring hydrocarbons.
Upgrading Manual valves
We have upgraded thousands of manual valves in propane, mixed-refrigerant and ethylene service to bellows seal “zero-leak” valves, which prevent fugitive emissions. It is estimated this will reduce emissions by 6.7 tons per year.
Recovering Boil-off Gas for Fuel
Boil-off gas (BOG) generated at the liquefaction facility is minimized, compressed and transported via a 12” pipeline to the pretreatment facility. It is used as fuel gas to run a gas turbine generator with a waste heat recovery unit to supply process heating to all three pretreatment trains. Excess BOG will be recycled back to the inlet of the liquefaction trains for reprocessing so no flaring is required during LNG carrier loading operations. |
B-cell replication history and somatic hypermutation status identify distinct pathophysiologic backgrounds in common variable immunodeficiency.
Common variable immunodeficiency disorder (CVID) is the most prevalent form of primary idiopathic hypogammaglobulinemia. Identification of genetic defects in CVID is hampered by clinical and immunologic heterogeneity. By flow cytometric immunophenotyping and cell sorting of peripheral B-cell subsets of 37 CVID patients, we studied the B-cell compartment at the B-cell subset level using the κ-deleting recombination excision circle assay to determine the replication history and the Igκ-restriction enzyme hot-spot mutation assay to assess the somatic hypermutation status. Using this approach, 5 B-cell patterns were identified, which delineated groups with unique replication and somatic hypermutation characteristics. Each B-cell pattern reflected an immunologically homogenous patient group for which we proposed a different pathophysiology: (1) a B-cell production defect (n = 8, 18%), (2) an early peripheral B-cell maturation or survival defect (n = 4, 11%), (3) a B-cell activation and proliferation defect (n = 12, 32%), (4) a germinal center defect (n = 7, 19%), and (5) a postgerminal center defect (n = 6, 16%). The results of the present study provide for the first time insight into the underlying pathophysiologic background in 5 immunologically homogenous groups of CVID patients. Moreover, this study forms the basis for larger cohort studies with the defined homogenous patient groups and will facilitate the identification of underlying genetic defects in CVID. |
Q:
Case-insensitive dictionary check with lower()
I'm trying to use lower() so the role names are not case sensitive. So if a user types lol instead of LoL it won't go through the if statement if not role_id:
This is how I'm doing it:
@commands.command()
@commands.check(lambda ctx: ctx.channel.id in [555844758778544160])
async def add(self, ctx, *, rolename):
author = ctx.message.author
role_dict = {
"Members":557212810468392970,
"PS4":568761643916328960,
"LoL":559792606364565505}
role_id = role_dict.get(rolename.lower())
if not role_id:
await ctx.send("I cannot find the role {}.".format(rolename))
return
role = discord.utils.get(ctx.message.guild.roles, id = role_id)
message = '{} added the role **{}**'.format(author.display_name, role.name)
embed = discord.Embed(description=message.format(author.display_name, role.name), colour=0xff0000)
await author.add_roles(role)
await ctx.send("Role Added")
This line here role_id = role_dict.get(rolename.lower()) is the culprit when I add the role !add lol rather than LoL this is what I'm getting:
Help much appreciated.
A:
The problem is that you're comparing a lowercase rolename with dictionary keys that are not in lowercase. For a case-insensitive check, both the rolename and dictionary keys should be lowercase.
Either manually change the dictionary keys to lowercase:
role_dict = {
"members":557212810468392970,
"ps4":568761643916328960,
"lol":559792606364565505}
Or create it programmatically with a dict comprehension, and check if rolename.lower() is in the lowercase dict:
role_dict = {
"Members":557212810468392970,
"PS4":568761643916328960,
"LoL":559792606364565505}
lowercase_dict = {k.lower():v for k,v in role_dict.items()}
role_id = lowercase_dict.get(rolename.lower())
if not role_id:
await ctx.send("I cannot find the role {}.".format(rolename))
return
|
[Structural characteristics and innervation of chromaffin tissue in the adrenal gland of the axolotl].
Each adrenal gland of the Axolotl consists of a strip lying all along the medio-lateral edge on the ventral surface of the kidney. The gland is composed of interrenal cells (IC) and chromaffin cells (CC). The IC contained a great number of pleomorphic lipid droplets, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and elongated mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae. Two types of CC, always disposed in clusters and exhibiting long cytoplasmic processes were described according to the electron density, size and shape of granules distributed in their cytoplasm; noradrenaline cells (NA) and adrenaline cells (A). The innervation and ultrastructural differences from the adrenal gland of other Anurans were discussed. |
Remembering Steve Jobs
6th October 2011
Steve Jobs, co-founder and former chief executive of US technology giant Apple, has died at the age of 56.
Jobs has been suffering from pancreatic cancer since 2004.
The billionaire co-founder of Apple and the mastermind behind an empire of products that revolutionized computing, telephony and the music industry, had stepped down in August 2011 as chief executive of the company he helped set up in 1976, due to illness.
Jobs wrote in his letter of resignation: "I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple's CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come."
US President Barack Obama said that with his death, the world had "lost a visionary".“He made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun”.
"Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it," said Mr Obama.
Apple said the company had "lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being".
The bosses of other leading technology companies have also paid tribute, including Microsoft boss Bill Gates, who said Jobs's "profound impact" on the world of technology would "be felt for many generations to come".
"For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it's been an insanely great honour. I will miss Steve immensely."
Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg thanks Mr Jobs for "showing that what you build can change the world".
Jobs introduced the colourful iMac computer, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad to the world. His death came just a day after Apple unveiled its latest iPhone 4S model.
With a market value estimated at $351bn (£227bn), Apple is the world's most valuable technology company. |
Accessing AJAX Rendered Controls via JavaScript
The AJAX library and Control Toolkit provided for ASP.Net helps you do some really cool things that previously would have taken a lot of work. AutoComplete Textboxes (like when you start typing into Googles search box), rounded corners, post backs without the flicker, and even more become something you can be easily added into basic line of business apps that would often be reserved for front facing apps due to the time or complexity involved with them.
However, there is one gotcha with the way that the dynamic controls are created. In order to preserve the uniqueness of control Ids, the AJAX library will put a prefix in front of the Id you assign to a control, to make sure duplicates do not occur. Go ahead and take a peek at your AJAX enabled application, youll find a lot of controls named
ctl00_BodyPlaceHolder_EmployeeSearcher1_txtSearchEmployeeId
when you named your control
txtSearchEmployeeId
as its name. Sometimes youll also run into this issue when youre dealing with a lot of master/child templates, especially when tossing in user controls into the mix.
Normally this isnt much of a problem. Most of the client side interaction is already handled by the dynamic JavaScript code AJAX generates for you. In addition, when you go to access the controls through your code behind page, you can get to them just fine using their original names.
The problem arises when you need to do some additional magic through JavaScript with these dynamically created control. For example, I created a simple employee search box for our internal applications that leverages the AutoCompleteExtender control. When you type in a partial last name, like Patt, it returns all employees in the list that match that last name. In my particular case, I had additional textboxes that contained the employees first name and Id that I wanted populated into additional textboxes on the page.
The mechanics behind making this work isnt hard at all. The AutoCompleteExtender has an event called OnClientItemSelected that allows you to write your own client side code to handle what happens once the user selects an item. A little bit of work later and I had the following client side code:
The basic interpretation of the code is that the selected value is split into the individual fields and put into the textboxes.
The problem we run into is that when the AutoComplete controls are rendered, they are given the ctl00_ type markup in front of the code. This breaks the JavaScript code listed above. One way to resolve this issue is to peek at your rendered page and then hard code the JavaScript code to the extended names. Ive done this. It works. However, once you move this control to another page, or if you want to wrap your AutoComplete controls within a user control, the name changes and you are back to square one.
The answer to this is to escape your JavaScript code with a little bit of .Net code. This is how classic ASP works and there is a lot of .Net code (particularly when it comes to data binding GridView controls) that still leverages this trick. I personally dont like to escape code out of my ASPX pages, but I also code by the rule the right tool for the job and this is the case where it is the right tool. The other alternative would be to dynamically register a JavaScript block when the page (or control) is rendered, but in my opinion that would create more hassle than it is worth.
So in our case, we take advantage of the fact that each server control has a property called ClientId which contains the name of the control as it is rendered on the page. We can get at this value and escape it into our $get() function to get our extended control name. When we do things this way, the code looks like this on our ASPX page:
When the page is rendered to the user, the <%= %>sections will be processed before the HTML is written (just like our PHP/ASP works) and the server will inject the extended name of the control. From there, you can take this code to any page you need, or create as many controls as you need, and the page will make sure the proper Id is injected into the JavaScript code to be used with your method.
If you’ve found any other clever ways around this issue (with jQuery or anything else for that matter), share it here! Im always looking for new tricks to add to my toolkit. Enjoy! |
Ophthalmoplegia in treated polymyalgia rheumatica and healed giant cell arteritis.
Diplopia may be a sign of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a systemic rheumatic inflammatory disease characterized by shoulder and hip girdle pain, and PMR can be associated in some patients with GCA. The authors report diplopia in two patients with treated PMR and biopsy-proven GCA, and review the literature on diplopia in GCA. |
AUSTIN—Texas Baptist pastors joined other religious leaders and consumer advocates urging a Texas House of Representatives committee to hold payday and auto-title lenders to the same rate and fee limitations as other small-dollar consumer loan businesses in the state.
Citizens concerned about what they view as predatory lending practices urged the House Investments and Financial Services Committee to support HB 2019 by Rep. Tom Craddick, R-Midland.
The committee took no action April 15, and the bill is left pending in committee.
Craddick told the committee about a woman in his district who took out a $5,000 car-title loan to pay for funeral expenses for a family member and ended up owing $12,000 in fees. Payday and auto-title lenders are “preying on people who can’t afford it,” he said.
Teresa Clingman, district attorney in Midland, noted when she first learned about the plight of the woman in her city, she assumed the exorbitant fees must be illegal and was surprised to discover they were not.
Citizens who testified in support of Craddick’s bill described how elderly people, the working poor and individuals who face emergency expenses turn to storefront lenders who charge more than 700 percent annual interest to borrowers after rollovers and fees.
Chad Chaddick, pastor of Northeast Baptist Church in San Antonio, recalled when he first learned about a family who rolled over a loan nine times and ended up with interest and fees that amounted to 740 percent annual interest.
Chaddick appealed to lawmakers to hold payday and auto-title lenders to responsible limits rather than allowing “what the market will bear.”
“I would like to point out that the market is a poor standard for helping us measure what is good for ourselves, for our fellow citizens or for our state. The market will continue to bear a great many things that are not good,” he said.
Legislators have a responsibility to give moral guidance to an amoral market by offering incentives to those elements that are good for society and eliminating or regulating those aspects that cause harm, Chaddick insisted.
Gail Rowland from Houston told the committee she lived paycheck to paycheck but managed expenses responsibly for more than 10 years of full-time employment until medical expenses led her to take out a payday loan.
After she presented a check, a driver’s license and proof of employment, she was approved for the loan in a matter of minutes. Although she has repaid the principal, Rowland said, she sees no end in sight to the accumulated rollovers and fees.
“Am I responsible for the decision I made? Absolutely. …We make bad decisions. The payday lenders help us make bad decisions,” she said.
Pat Cirillo, president of Cypress Research, testified against the bill, insisting that in states where payday lenders are regulated, 15 percent to 30 percent of borrowers turn to Internet-based companies, many of them located off-shore or overseas.
“Elimination of storefront lenders has unintended consequences,” she asserted. Cypress Research has conducted research for the payday lending industry.
Jeff Johnson, pastor of First Baptist Church in Commerce and president of the Baptist General Convention of Texas, urged lawmakers to recognize the need for common sense governance—particularly in regard to protection of the vulnerable—and think “outside the box” to make sure people have access to small loans at reasonable terms.
“Common sense tells us we are not for depleting the assets of those who are most vulnerable in our communities,” he said.
Others who testified in support of HB 2019 included Stephen Reeves, director of public policy for the Texas Baptist Christian Life Commission; Randy Wallace, pastor of First Baptist Church in Killeen; Bryan Richardson, associate pastor at First Baptist Church in San Antonio; Joe Vasquez, bishop of the diocese of Austin and representative of the Texas Catholic Conference; and Ann Baddour, senior policy analyst with Texas Appleseed. |
As the Supreme Court contemplates two gay marriage cases this week, supporters of the cause are feeling optimistic. Even if the Court does not establish a Constitutional right to gay marriage, many feel they will continue to gain ground in the court of public opinion. On Tuesday, Nate Silver published a model forecasting that gay marriage will command majority support in 44 of the 50 states by 2020, with opposition only holding out in the South. Given the increase in public support for gay marriage over the last few decades, it’s hard to dismiss the possibility. But looking closely at the trendlines of conservative voters, the South could hold out much longer than Silver predicts. Without a sweeping court decision, it could be some time still before gay marriage is legal everywhere in the United States.
Silver’s model assumes that support for same-sex marriage will increase linearly and uniformly. But, although support for gay marriage has been increasing steadily for nearly two decades, the increase in support has not been uniform across demographic groups. While white Protestants, moderates, and Democrats have rapidly grown more supportive of gay marriage, other groups, like conservative Republicans and evangelicals, have moved more slowly. According to Pew Research, just 19 percent of white evangelicals support gay marriage, only a 7-point increase from 12 percent a decade ago. Similarly, just 18 percent of conservative Republicans support gay marriage—an even smaller, 3-point increase. Meanwhile, overall support for gay marriage is 15 points higher than it was in 2004.
Generational change isn’t changing evangelical support as it is with other demographic groups, either. According to Pew Research, just 25 percent of 18-34 year old white evangelicals support gay marriage. That’s 6 points higher than evangelicals overall, but far smaller than the 18-point gap between all millennials and all adults.
Recent southern referendums on gay marriage confirm that evangelicals aren't moving as fast as the rest of the country. North Carolina’s 2012 successful same-sex marriage initiative was perhaps the most geographically polarized election contest in recent memory. Eighty percent of voters in sixteen rural, white, deeply conservative counties supported the ban—including one county where opposition to gay marriage reached 89 percent. That’s almost exactly how gay marriage performed in rural, conservative, white stretches of the Florida Panhandle in 2008, Tennessee in 2006, and Texas in 2005. By contrast, support for gay marriage matched Obama's performance in North Carolina's Research Triangle, just four years after gay marriage ran far behind Obama in Silicon Valley.
Unless rural, white evangelical support increase their support for gay marriage, gay marriage will struggle in states like North Carolina, let alone more conservative states like Tennessee. Forty percent of North Carolinians are white evangelicals. Even if evangelical support for gay marriage surges to 30 percent in North Carolina, gay marriage would need 63 percent of the non-evangelical vote to take a statewide majority. That would be tough, considering North Carolina also has a large black evangelical population that is skeptical of gay marriage. And North Carolina is probably the best gay-marriage battleground in the South, other than Virginia: It has large, well-educated, and socially liberal metropolitan areas, unlike the Great Plains or most other Southern states. |
(powerthesaurus
:repo "SavchenkoValeriy/emacs-powerthesaurus"
:fetcher github)
|
Substituent effects on the bioactivation of 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorenes by N-arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acyltransferase.
A series of 7-substituted analogues of 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorene (1) was subjected to bioactivation by a partially purified preparation of hamster hepatic AHAT, and the rates of methylthio adduct formation resulting from the reaction of the activated intermediates with N-acetylmethionine were determined. Electronegative substituents enhanced the amount of adduct formed; this finding contrasted with the results of a previous study in which it was found that electron-donating substituents facilitated the mechanism-based inactivation of AHAT by analogues of 1. The structures of the adducts formed from reaction of the activated forms of several of the 7-substituted compounds with N-acetylmethionine and with 2'-deoxyguanosine were determined; the types of adducts formed were similar to those formed with electrophiles generated by the AHAT-catalyzed activation of 1. Electronegative substituents enhanced the amount of adducts formed in the reaction with 2'-deoxyguanosine as well as with N-acetylmethionine. |
Focus on education
Published February 1, 2013 at 1:08 pm
To the editor:
An editorial about the state of education in Minnesota was startling. After years of legislators using budget shifts to rob our schools of needed funds, our state ranks 29th among the 50 states for its graduation rate. Statistics also show we have one of the largest gaps between racial groups for graduation.
At a Burnsville town hall meeting Saturday, Jan. 26, to their credit, state Sen. Jim Carlson, and state Reps. Will Morgan and Sandra Masin pledged to safeguard the state’s education budget and work to pass full-day kindergarten legislation, in light of data about the receptivity of young minds. The meeting itself was well-attended, and provided the opportunity for comment by supporters and critics of education. Teachers like me, who are beleaguered by classes of 40 and more students, welcome the promise of the legislators. A letter recently suggested more parents home-school their children. In theory this might give parents more input and control in their children’s lives but the number of parents able to live on a single income may be limited to begin with.
Our state’s children deserve the best education we can give them, and scrimping on schools is not the way to achieve that goal. Investing in the development of our young people, has them flourish and our economy as well, all at the same time. |
wiimote doesn't work properly
i recently had a party at my house, and there was beer spilled on my wiimote, now up, left, and right on the d-pad wont work, i had it apart and used contact cleaner on the contacts, and everything looks clean in there, but it still wont work, i think that the problem is between the contacts and the motherboard or something. Does anyone here know anything about electronics?
You couldn't fool your mother on the foolingest day of your life even if you had an electrified fooling machine!
I saw him once. Sure I'm blind in one eye, and my other eye was infected that day from picking at it, and I was tired, and I'd been swimming in a pool with too much chlorine, and that was the hour my glasses were at Lenscrafters but I seen that fish! |
Friday 4Koma 124 2013年1月18日
So that's how Guile (ガイル) styles his hair. Paul Phoenix (ポール・フェニックス) styles his hair the same way too. He just omits the final step. |
R. Dale Reed
R. Dale Reed was an aerospace engineer who pioneered lifting body aircraft and remotely piloted research aircraft programs at Dryden Flight Research Center in 1953. Reed is also known for conducting aerodynamic loads research on the X-1E, X-5, F-100, and D-558-II aircraft.
Reed retired in 1985, but returned as a contract aerospace engineer to work on the X-33, X-36 and X-38 research vehicles, two of which featured lifting body configurations. In all, Reed managed 19 projects and designed a dozen aircraft during his career.
He died March 18, 2005, in San Diego.
Awards
Before his retirement from NASA in 1985, he won four NASA awards ranging from the Exceptional Service Medal to an Associate Fellow Award.
Sources
Reed, R. Dale, and Darlene Lister. Wingless Flight: The Lifting Body Story. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997. Print
Hallion, Richard, and Michael H. Gorn. On the Frontier: Experimental Flight at NASA Dryden. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. Print.
Dunbar, Brian. "Driving Forces." NASA. NASA, 12 Jan. 2009. Web. 06 June 2014.
Category:2005 deaths
Category:Aerospace engineers
Category:Year of birth missing |
/*
* Copyright 2012 ZXing authors
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#import "ZXRSSDataCharacter.h"
@implementation ZXRSSDataCharacter
- (id)initWithValue:(int)value checksumPortion:(int)checksumPortion {
if (self = [super init]) {
_value = value;
_checksumPortion = checksumPortion;
}
return self;
}
- (NSString *)description {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d(%d)", self.value, self.checksumPortion];
}
- (BOOL)isEqual:(id)object {
if (![object isKindOfClass:[ZXRSSDataCharacter class]]) {
return NO;
}
ZXRSSDataCharacter *that = (ZXRSSDataCharacter *)object;
return (self.value == that.value) && (self.checksumPortion == that.checksumPortion);
}
- (NSUInteger)hash {
return self.value ^ self.checksumPortion;
}
@end
|
Indian police have asked YouTube and Facebook to block a video that mocks cricket great Sachin Tendulkar, sparking the country’s latest row over freedom of expression.
Comedian Tanmay Bhat posted the clip, which also lampooned famous Indian movie singer Lata Mangeshkar, on Snapchat and Facebook on Thursday, angering rightwing politicians in Mumbai who complained to police.
Police in the western Indian city received two complaints – one from a local politician belonging to Narendra Modi’s ruling Bhartiya Janata party who said the clip was defamatory.
The other was from Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, a fringe pro-Marathi party in Mumbai, which is the capital of Maharashtra state, force spokesman Sangramsingh Nishandar said.
“We have sought a legal opinion. In the meantime we have written to YouTube and Facebook to block the above-mentioned video,” Nishandar said.
In the two-minute clip – titled Sachin vs Lata Civil War – Bhat, a member of online comedy group AIB, mimics an argument between Tendulkar and Mangeshkar using Snapchat’s Face Swap feature.
At one point Bhat, acting as Tendulkar, tells Mangeshkar she is “5,000 years old”.
He also says the singer, who is 86, looked like she’d been kept in water for eight days and suggests she should die.
Bhat posted a comment with the video describing it as “nonsense”.
“Also I obviously love Lata and Sachin, just having some fun,” he wrote.
AIB fell foul of authorities last year when they were at the centre of an obscenity investigation over some sexually explicit jokes in a comedy “roast” show featuring several Bollywood stars.
India, the world’s largest democracy, has long been proud of its tradition of artistic, cultural and religious freedoms but a series of bans recently sparked accusations of a growing climate of intolerance under Hindu nationalist prime minister Modi. |
192nd St. LLC v 569 W. 192nd St., LLC (2016 NY Slip Op 05047)
192nd St. LLC v 569 W. 192nd St., LLC
2016 NY Slip Op 05047
Decided on June 23, 2016
Appellate Division, First Department
Published by New York State Law Reporting Bureau pursuant to Judiciary Law § 431.
This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision before publication in the Official Reports.
Decided on June 23, 2016
Tom, J.P., Friedman, Richter, Kapnick, Gesmer, JJ.
1565 652190/11
[*1]192nd Street LLC, Plaintiff-Respondent, —
v569 West 192nd Street, LLC, et al., Defendants-Appellants.
Claude Castro & Associates PllC, New York (Claude Castro of counsel), for appellants.
Lance Falow, Scarsdale (Susan R. Nudelman of counsel), for respondent.
Order, Supreme Court, New York County (Cynthia S. Kern, J.), entered on or about October 21, 2014, which granted plaintiff's motion for summary judgment directing specific performance of the contract and denied defendants' cross motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, unanimously affirmed, without costs.
The court properly determined that the real property contract of sale containing a handwritten clause concerning the property's purchase price was enforceable. The handwritten clause provided that "if any lender's appraisal shows a value of the premises less than the purchase price, then the purchase price should be reduced to such appraised value." Since the purchase price could be determined objectively when read in the context of the overall agreement, the clause did not render the contract indefinite (see Tonkery v Martina, 78 NY2d 893 [1991]).
Nor was the contract unconscionable, even if the clause at issue favored plaintiff (see Gillman v Chase Manhattan Bank, 73 NY2d 1, 10 [1988]). There was no lack of experience and education or a disparity in bargaining power, as both parties to the transaction were experienced real estate investors who negotiated through their attorneys for the sale of a multi-million dollar property. Plaintiff did not utilize deceptive or high-pressured tactics or fine print in the contract, and the record shows that the fair market value determined by the appraisal was not so low that it was substantively unconscionable.
Defendants did not demonstrate that plaintiff breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing given the lack of any evidence of bad faith, and since such a claim would nullify the express terms of the contract (see National Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v Xerox Corp., 25 AD3d 309, 310 [1st Dept 2006], lv dismissed 7 NY3d 886 [2006]).
We have considered defendants' remaining arguments and find them unavailing.
THIS CONSTITUTES THE DECISION AND ORDER
OF THE SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, FIRST DEPARTMENT.
ENTERED: JUNE 23, 2016
CLERK
|
[
{
"client": "ClusterControllerClient",
"method": "ListClusters",
"arguments": {
"request": {
"projectId": "${PROJECT_ID}",
"region": "global"
}
}
}
] |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cosmetic and/or dermatological powders, and to a process for preparing such powders. Such powders can be used to obtain ingestible capsules. The present invention especially relates to a dehydrated oil-in-water emulsion (O/W), that can be used as is and that can be reconstituted.
2. Discussion of the Background
The anhydrous products that are commonly used in cosmetology are oily (water-in-oil) and have an oily touch. These products are rather well adapted for an application on dry skin.
Unfortunately, such products are not easy or nice to handle, because they are often fluid or liquid. On the other hand, such products are not satisfactory for hydrating normal to oily skin, do not penetrate well in the skin, and leave an oily and shiny film on the skin.
Thus, there remains a need for anhydrous cosmetic and/or dermatological powders that can be reconstituted, can contain at least one fatty element without suffering from the disadvantage of "heaviness" when applied to the skin. There also remains a need for a method of preparing such powders. |
Here's a little Carver's note: Cut the hole from the BACK of the pumpkin, because the STEM part, even though the pumpkin has been cut from the field, still feeds the pumpkin with nutrients and keeps it healthier longer.
I'm actually going to be using all sides of this pumpkin for a different design. I can fit 2-3 more on this one. I try to use up the whole pumpkin and once I'm done, I fill it up with bird seed and leave it outside of the wild animals. ^_^ |
Q:
Reverse the sign of PCA
I'm struggling on getting a good explanation for the unexpected signs of Principal Component for months. I tried to replicate a result and I got exactly the opposite signs for all components. While I searched through forums for an answer, I found this website I'm getting "jumpy" loadings in rollapply PCA in R. Can I fix it?
From what I have read from this website, I understand that we can reverse the sign of components based on other criteria - e.g. EURO trend - as what have been mentioned by @amoeba. I'm wondering if there is a book or academic literature that says that we can flip the sign in this way (i.e. based on external factor)? I need a strong support for my research paper if I flip the signs of all components in this way. Hence, I would greatly appreciate if someone can recommend me some books that talk about this issue?
And also @amoeba mentioned that the signs are consistent in sliding PCA. Does it mean that we should have the same combination for each window (for example +a, +b, -c in first window & -a, -b, +c in second window)? So, if I think the signs in second window are correct, then I will flip the 1st window's vector and both vectors will have the same sign by then. What if they have different combination (e.g. +a, -b, -c in second window)? I think their correlation could have changed from time to time and hence we will have different combinations in different windows?
A:
Something that various people are pointing out is that the vectors $(1,1)$, $(2,2)$, or $(-1,-1)$ all represent the same line. When you find an eigenvector, what's uniquely determined is the line, not the actual vector.
An eigenvector for a matrix (linear transformation) $A$ is defined as any vector $\mathbf{v} \neq \mathbf{0}$ which satisfies:
$$A \mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v}$$
If $\mathbf{v}$ is an eigenvector, any scalar multiple $\hat{\mathbf{v}} = \alpha \mathbf{v}$ will also work ($\alpha \neq 0$):
\begin{align*}
A \mathbf{v} = \lambda \mathbf{v}\quad & \Leftrightarrow \quad \alpha A \mathbf{v} = \alpha \lambda \mathbf{v} \\ & \Leftrightarrow \quad A\hat{\mathbf{v}} = \lambda \hat{\mathbf{v}}
\end{align*}
Eg. Choose $\alpha = -1$. If $\mathbf{v}$ is an eigenvector, so is $-\mathbf{v}$.
Let's say your PCA algorithm guarantees you that $\|\mathbf{v}\| = 1$. You still have two possibilities because if you take the intersection of a line through the origin and the unit circle, you get two points.
In this example, whether you have $\mathbf{v} = (\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2})$ or $\mathbf{v} = (-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2},-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2})$, it really doesn't matter.
A fun example of flipping the sign on basis vectors: upside down map
Instead of a map where the y-axis measures how far north and the x-axis measures how far east, you could just as easily have a map where the y-axis measures how far south and the x-axis measures how far west.
Up and down would still be aligned with the magnetic axis.
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*
*/
#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "runtime/deoptimization.hpp"
#include "runtime/frame.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/stubRoutines.hpp"
#include "runtime/thread.inline.hpp"
// Implementation of the platform-specific part of StubRoutines - for
// a description of how to extend it, see the stubRoutines.hpp file.
extern "C" {
address _flush_reg_windows(); // in .s file.
// Flush registers to stack. In case of error we will need to stack walk.
address bootstrap_flush_windows(void) {
Thread* thread = Thread::current_or_null();
// Very early in process there is no thread.
if (thread != NULL) {
guarantee(thread->is_Java_thread(), "Not a Java thread.");
JavaThread* jt = (JavaThread*)thread;
guarantee(!jt->has_last_Java_frame(), "Must be able to flush registers!");
}
return (address)_flush_reg_windows();
};
};
address StubRoutines::Sparc::_test_stop_entry = NULL;
address StubRoutines::Sparc::_stop_subroutine_entry = NULL;
address StubRoutines::Sparc::_flush_callers_register_windows_entry = CAST_FROM_FN_PTR(address, bootstrap_flush_windows);
address StubRoutines::Sparc::_partial_subtype_check = NULL;
uint64_t StubRoutines::Sparc::_crc_by128_masks[] =
{
/* The fields in this structure are arranged so that they can be
* picked up two at a time with 128-bit loads.
*
* Because of flipped bit order for this CRC polynomials
* the constant for X**N is left-shifted by 1. This is because
* a 64 x 64 polynomial multiply produces a 127-bit result
* but the highest term is always aligned to bit 0 in the container.
* Pre-shifting by one fixes this, at the cost of potentially making
* the 32-bit constant no longer fit in a 32-bit container (thus the
* use of uint64_t, though this is also the size used by the carry-
* less multiply instruction.
*
* In addition, the flipped bit order and highest-term-at-least-bit
* multiply changes the constants used. The 96-bit result will be
* aligned to the high-term end of the target 128-bit container,
* not the low-term end; that is, instead of a 512-bit or 576-bit fold,
* instead it is a 480 (=512-32) or 544 (=512+64-32) bit fold.
*
* This cause additional problems in the 128-to-64-bit reduction; see the
* code for details. By storing a mask in the otherwise unused half of
* a 128-bit constant, bits can be cleared before multiplication without
* storing and reloading. Note that staying on a 128-bit datapath means
* that some data is uselessly stored and some unused data is intersected
* with an irrelevant constant.
*/
((uint64_t) 0xffffffffUL), /* low of K_M_64 */
((uint64_t) 0xb1e6b092U << 1), /* high of K_M_64 */
((uint64_t) 0xba8ccbe8U << 1), /* low of K_160_96 */
((uint64_t) 0x6655004fU << 1), /* high of K_160_96 */
((uint64_t) 0xaa2215eaU << 1), /* low of K_544_480 */
((uint64_t) 0xe3720acbU << 1) /* high of K_544_480 */
};
/**
* crc_table[] from jdk/src/java.base/share/native/libzip/zlib-1.2.8/crc32.h
*/
juint StubRoutines::Sparc::_crc_table[] =
{
0x00000000UL, 0x77073096UL, 0xee0e612cUL, 0x990951baUL, 0x076dc419UL,
0x706af48fUL, 0xe963a535UL, 0x9e6495a3UL, 0x0edb8832UL, 0x79dcb8a4UL,
0xe0d5e91eUL, 0x97d2d988UL, 0x09b64c2bUL, 0x7eb17cbdUL, 0xe7b82d07UL,
0x90bf1d91UL, 0x1db71064UL, 0x6ab020f2UL, 0xf3b97148UL, 0x84be41deUL,
0x1adad47dUL, 0x6ddde4ebUL, 0xf4d4b551UL, 0x83d385c7UL, 0x136c9856UL,
0x646ba8c0UL, 0xfd62f97aUL, 0x8a65c9ecUL, 0x14015c4fUL, 0x63066cd9UL,
0xfa0f3d63UL, 0x8d080df5UL, 0x3b6e20c8UL, 0x4c69105eUL, 0xd56041e4UL,
0xa2677172UL, 0x3c03e4d1UL, 0x4b04d447UL, 0xd20d85fdUL, 0xa50ab56bUL,
0x35b5a8faUL, 0x42b2986cUL, 0xdbbbc9d6UL, 0xacbcf940UL, 0x32d86ce3UL,
0x45df5c75UL, 0xdcd60dcfUL, 0xabd13d59UL, 0x26d930acUL, 0x51de003aUL,
0xc8d75180UL, 0xbfd06116UL, 0x21b4f4b5UL, 0x56b3c423UL, 0xcfba9599UL,
0xb8bda50fUL, 0x2802b89eUL, 0x5f058808UL, 0xc60cd9b2UL, 0xb10be924UL,
0x2f6f7c87UL, 0x58684c11UL, 0xc1611dabUL, 0xb6662d3dUL, 0x76dc4190UL,
0x01db7106UL, 0x98d220bcUL, 0xefd5102aUL, 0x71b18589UL, 0x06b6b51fUL,
0x9fbfe4a5UL, 0xe8b8d433UL, 0x7807c9a2UL, 0x0f00f934UL, 0x9609a88eUL,
0xe10e9818UL, 0x7f6a0dbbUL, 0x086d3d2dUL, 0x91646c97UL, 0xe6635c01UL,
0x6b6b51f4UL, 0x1c6c6162UL, 0x856530d8UL, 0xf262004eUL, 0x6c0695edUL,
0x1b01a57bUL, 0x8208f4c1UL, 0xf50fc457UL, 0x65b0d9c6UL, 0x12b7e950UL,
0x8bbeb8eaUL, 0xfcb9887cUL, 0x62dd1ddfUL, 0x15da2d49UL, 0x8cd37cf3UL,
0xfbd44c65UL, 0x4db26158UL, 0x3ab551ceUL, 0xa3bc0074UL, 0xd4bb30e2UL,
0x4adfa541UL, 0x3dd895d7UL, 0xa4d1c46dUL, 0xd3d6f4fbUL, 0x4369e96aUL,
0x346ed9fcUL, 0xad678846UL, 0xda60b8d0UL, 0x44042d73UL, 0x33031de5UL,
0xaa0a4c5fUL, 0xdd0d7cc9UL, 0x5005713cUL, 0x270241aaUL, 0xbe0b1010UL,
0xc90c2086UL, 0x5768b525UL, 0x206f85b3UL, 0xb966d409UL, 0xce61e49fUL,
0x5edef90eUL, 0x29d9c998UL, 0xb0d09822UL, 0xc7d7a8b4UL, 0x59b33d17UL,
0x2eb40d81UL, 0xb7bd5c3bUL, 0xc0ba6cadUL, 0xedb88320UL, 0x9abfb3b6UL,
0x03b6e20cUL, 0x74b1d29aUL, 0xead54739UL, 0x9dd277afUL, 0x04db2615UL,
0x73dc1683UL, 0xe3630b12UL, 0x94643b84UL, 0x0d6d6a3eUL, 0x7a6a5aa8UL,
0xe40ecf0bUL, 0x9309ff9dUL, 0x0a00ae27UL, 0x7d079eb1UL, 0xf00f9344UL,
0x8708a3d2UL, 0x1e01f268UL, 0x6906c2feUL, 0xf762575dUL, 0x806567cbUL,
0x196c3671UL, 0x6e6b06e7UL, 0xfed41b76UL, 0x89d32be0UL, 0x10da7a5aUL,
0x67dd4accUL, 0xf9b9df6fUL, 0x8ebeeff9UL, 0x17b7be43UL, 0x60b08ed5UL,
0xd6d6a3e8UL, 0xa1d1937eUL, 0x38d8c2c4UL, 0x4fdff252UL, 0xd1bb67f1UL,
0xa6bc5767UL, 0x3fb506ddUL, 0x48b2364bUL, 0xd80d2bdaUL, 0xaf0a1b4cUL,
0x36034af6UL, 0x41047a60UL, 0xdf60efc3UL, 0xa867df55UL, 0x316e8eefUL,
0x4669be79UL, 0xcb61b38cUL, 0xbc66831aUL, 0x256fd2a0UL, 0x5268e236UL,
0xcc0c7795UL, 0xbb0b4703UL, 0x220216b9UL, 0x5505262fUL, 0xc5ba3bbeUL,
0xb2bd0b28UL, 0x2bb45a92UL, 0x5cb36a04UL, 0xc2d7ffa7UL, 0xb5d0cf31UL,
0x2cd99e8bUL, 0x5bdeae1dUL, 0x9b64c2b0UL, 0xec63f226UL, 0x756aa39cUL,
0x026d930aUL, 0x9c0906a9UL, 0xeb0e363fUL, 0x72076785UL, 0x05005713UL,
0x95bf4a82UL, 0xe2b87a14UL, 0x7bb12baeUL, 0x0cb61b38UL, 0x92d28e9bUL,
0xe5d5be0dUL, 0x7cdcefb7UL, 0x0bdbdf21UL, 0x86d3d2d4UL, 0xf1d4e242UL,
0x68ddb3f8UL, 0x1fda836eUL, 0x81be16cdUL, 0xf6b9265bUL, 0x6fb077e1UL,
0x18b74777UL, 0x88085ae6UL, 0xff0f6a70UL, 0x66063bcaUL, 0x11010b5cUL,
0x8f659effUL, 0xf862ae69UL, 0x616bffd3UL, 0x166ccf45UL, 0xa00ae278UL,
0xd70dd2eeUL, 0x4e048354UL, 0x3903b3c2UL, 0xa7672661UL, 0xd06016f7UL,
0x4969474dUL, 0x3e6e77dbUL, 0xaed16a4aUL, 0xd9d65adcUL, 0x40df0b66UL,
0x37d83bf0UL, 0xa9bcae53UL, 0xdebb9ec5UL, 0x47b2cf7fUL, 0x30b5ffe9UL,
0xbdbdf21cUL, 0xcabac28aUL, 0x53b39330UL, 0x24b4a3a6UL, 0xbad03605UL,
0xcdd70693UL, 0x54de5729UL, 0x23d967bfUL, 0xb3667a2eUL, 0xc4614ab8UL,
0x5d681b02UL, 0x2a6f2b94UL, 0xb40bbe37UL, 0xc30c8ea1UL, 0x5a05df1bUL,
0x2d02ef8dUL
};
/**
* CRC32C constants lookup table
*/
juint StubRoutines::Sparc::_crc32c_table[] =
{
0x00000000UL, 0xF26B8303UL, 0xE13B70F7UL, 0x1350F3F4UL, 0xC79A971FUL,
0x35F1141CUL, 0x26A1E7E8UL, 0xD4CA64EBUL, 0x8AD958CFUL, 0x78B2DBCCUL,
0x6BE22838UL, 0x9989AB3BUL, 0x4D43CFD0UL, 0xBF284CD3UL, 0xAC78BF27UL,
0x5E133C24UL, 0x105EC76FUL, 0xE235446CUL, 0xF165B798UL, 0x030E349BUL,
0xD7C45070UL, 0x25AFD373UL, 0x36FF2087UL, 0xC494A384UL, 0x9A879FA0UL,
0x68EC1CA3UL, 0x7BBCEF57UL, 0x89D76C54UL, 0x5D1D08BFUL, 0xAF768BBCUL,
0xBC267848UL, 0x4E4DFB4BUL, 0x20BD8EDEUL, 0xD2D60DDDUL, 0xC186FE29UL,
0x33ED7D2AUL, 0xE72719C1UL, 0x154C9AC2UL, 0x061C6936UL, 0xF477EA35UL,
0xAA64D611UL, 0x580F5512UL, 0x4B5FA6E6UL, 0xB93425E5UL, 0x6DFE410EUL,
0x9F95C20DUL, 0x8CC531F9UL, 0x7EAEB2FAUL, 0x30E349B1UL, 0xC288CAB2UL,
0xD1D83946UL, 0x23B3BA45UL, 0xF779DEAEUL, 0x05125DADUL, 0x1642AE59UL,
0xE4292D5AUL, 0xBA3A117EUL, 0x4851927DUL, 0x5B016189UL, 0xA96AE28AUL,
0x7DA08661UL, 0x8FCB0562UL, 0x9C9BF696UL, 0x6EF07595UL, 0x417B1DBCUL,
0xB3109EBFUL, 0xA0406D4BUL, 0x522BEE48UL, 0x86E18AA3UL, 0x748A09A0UL,
0x67DAFA54UL, 0x95B17957UL, 0xCBA24573UL, 0x39C9C670UL, 0x2A993584UL,
0xD8F2B687UL, 0x0C38D26CUL, 0xFE53516FUL, 0xED03A29BUL, 0x1F682198UL,
0x5125DAD3UL, 0xA34E59D0UL, 0xB01EAA24UL, 0x42752927UL, 0x96BF4DCCUL,
0x64D4CECFUL, 0x77843D3BUL, 0x85EFBE38UL, 0xDBFC821CUL, 0x2997011FUL,
0x3AC7F2EBUL, 0xC8AC71E8UL, 0x1C661503UL, 0xEE0D9600UL, 0xFD5D65F4UL,
0x0F36E6F7UL, 0x61C69362UL, 0x93AD1061UL, 0x80FDE395UL, 0x72966096UL,
0xA65C047DUL, 0x5437877EUL, 0x4767748AUL, 0xB50CF789UL, 0xEB1FCBADUL,
0x197448AEUL, 0x0A24BB5AUL, 0xF84F3859UL, 0x2C855CB2UL, 0xDEEEDFB1UL,
0xCDBE2C45UL, 0x3FD5AF46UL, 0x7198540DUL, 0x83F3D70EUL, 0x90A324FAUL,
0x62C8A7F9UL, 0xB602C312UL, 0x44694011UL, 0x5739B3E5UL, 0xA55230E6UL,
0xFB410CC2UL, 0x092A8FC1UL, 0x1A7A7C35UL, 0xE811FF36UL, 0x3CDB9BDDUL,
0xCEB018DEUL, 0xDDE0EB2AUL, 0x2F8B6829UL, 0x82F63B78UL, 0x709DB87BUL,
0x63CD4B8FUL, 0x91A6C88CUL, 0x456CAC67UL, 0xB7072F64UL, 0xA457DC90UL,
0x563C5F93UL, 0x082F63B7UL, 0xFA44E0B4UL, 0xE9141340UL, 0x1B7F9043UL,
0xCFB5F4A8UL, 0x3DDE77ABUL, 0x2E8E845FUL, 0xDCE5075CUL, 0x92A8FC17UL,
0x60C37F14UL, 0x73938CE0UL, 0x81F80FE3UL, 0x55326B08UL, 0xA759E80BUL,
0xB4091BFFUL, 0x466298FCUL, 0x1871A4D8UL, 0xEA1A27DBUL, 0xF94AD42FUL,
0x0B21572CUL, 0xDFEB33C7UL, 0x2D80B0C4UL, 0x3ED04330UL, 0xCCBBC033UL,
0xA24BB5A6UL, 0x502036A5UL, 0x4370C551UL, 0xB11B4652UL, 0x65D122B9UL,
0x97BAA1BAUL, 0x84EA524EUL, 0x7681D14DUL, 0x2892ED69UL, 0xDAF96E6AUL,
0xC9A99D9EUL, 0x3BC21E9DUL, 0xEF087A76UL, 0x1D63F975UL, 0x0E330A81UL,
0xFC588982UL, 0xB21572C9UL, 0x407EF1CAUL, 0x532E023EUL, 0xA145813DUL,
0x758FE5D6UL, 0x87E466D5UL, 0x94B49521UL, 0x66DF1622UL, 0x38CC2A06UL,
0xCAA7A905UL, 0xD9F75AF1UL, 0x2B9CD9F2UL, 0xFF56BD19UL, 0x0D3D3E1AUL,
0x1E6DCDEEUL, 0xEC064EEDUL, 0xC38D26C4UL, 0x31E6A5C7UL, 0x22B65633UL,
0xD0DDD530UL, 0x0417B1DBUL, 0xF67C32D8UL, 0xE52CC12CUL, 0x1747422FUL,
0x49547E0BUL, 0xBB3FFD08UL, 0xA86F0EFCUL, 0x5A048DFFUL, 0x8ECEE914UL,
0x7CA56A17UL, 0x6FF599E3UL, 0x9D9E1AE0UL, 0xD3D3E1ABUL, 0x21B862A8UL,
0x32E8915CUL, 0xC083125FUL, 0x144976B4UL, 0xE622F5B7UL, 0xF5720643UL,
0x07198540UL, 0x590AB964UL, 0xAB613A67UL, 0xB831C993UL, 0x4A5A4A90UL,
0x9E902E7BUL, 0x6CFBAD78UL, 0x7FAB5E8CUL, 0x8DC0DD8FUL, 0xE330A81AUL,
0x115B2B19UL, 0x020BD8EDUL, 0xF0605BEEUL, 0x24AA3F05UL, 0xD6C1BC06UL,
0xC5914FF2UL, 0x37FACCF1UL, 0x69E9F0D5UL, 0x9B8273D6UL, 0x88D28022UL,
0x7AB90321UL, 0xAE7367CAUL, 0x5C18E4C9UL, 0x4F48173DUL, 0xBD23943EUL,
0xF36E6F75UL, 0x0105EC76UL, 0x12551F82UL, 0xE03E9C81UL, 0x34F4F86AUL,
0xC69F7B69UL, 0xD5CF889DUL, 0x27A40B9EUL, 0x79B737BAUL, 0x8BDCB4B9UL,
0x988C474DUL, 0x6AE7C44EUL, 0xBE2DA0A5UL, 0x4C4623A6UL, 0x5F16D052UL,
0xAD7D5351UL
};
|
Loose Slag From The Still Mill (Aug. 8th)
August 08, 2000 by Still Mill
As yunz should have seen by now, Jeremy Faat was booted from practice by Coach Bill on Monday, for cheap-shotting rookie center Hank Fraley.
You heard it hear first --- the reason why Staat was cheap-shotting Fraley, was likely because he was getting his ass kicked by the greenhorn from Robert Morris.
I say again, for the 47th time --- Staat is NOT a NOSE TACKLE. He never played NT in college. He was drafted to be a DE. He was pitiful at nose tackle last season. As Joel Steed says, YA GOTTA BE LOW. Staat is 6-5", and inherently cannot get low.
Just another example of Little Billy Cowher pounding a square peg into a round hole.
Shar Pourdanesh has been moved from the RT derby, to be a backup LT. In the meantime, LEFTHANDED ROOKIE Marvel Smith has been moved to RT, a spot he�d NEVER played until the Miami game 3 nites ago.
The acceptable and smart thing to do, would be to platoon Shar and Smith, and then gradually wean Smith into a full-time starter by about week 5.
We OPEN the season versus Baltimore, 1 of the BEST defenses in all of the NFL. It's sheer asininity to have a rookie offensive TACKLE start against a defense that good.
But Bill Cowhead --- 6-15 in his past 21 games and owner of one of the worst offenses in PRO FOOTBALL the past TWO seasons, has this allll figured out.....
Speaking of RT, I mentioned REPEATEDLY here in on this site all Winter, spring, and summer --- WHY not try Mark Breuner at RT ??? He supposedly is God's gift to blocking. He makes a hefty salary. GAINING weight is waay easier than LOSING weight. (Just ask Levon and Bettis.) With today's carbo powders and assorted LEGAL pills at GNC, it is not difficult for a 6-foot-4 man who weighs 270, to add a mere 30 pounds.
It appears this team is going to go thru ANOTHER season-long charade at RT --- for the THIRD year in a row. Breuner has been thrown exactly ZERO passes in preseason, and Jerame Tuman is considered the team's "pass receiving tight end". Exactly WHAT HARM would have occurred if the team tried this move of Breuner to RT, beginning in mini-camp back in May ??
My new slogan, which somehow popped into my head during a run �. SIMPLIFY THE COMPLEX. This, of course, applies to Gilbride�s offense, which after 2 mini-camps, 1 � training camps, 6 preseason games, and 16 regular season games, is still totally incomprehensible and inoperable by the 11 offensive players on the field at any given time. |
Impact of coronary vasa vasorum functional structure on coronary vessel wall perfusion distribution.
Noncoronary vasa vasorum have been described as networks of microvessels in the wall of arteries and veins. However, we have shown, using microcomputerized tomography (micro-CT) imaging methods, that porcine coronary vasa vasorum have a tree-like branching structure similar to the vasculature in general. In this study, we elucidate functional aspects of coronary vasa vasorum perfusion territories. Three pig hearts were injected with radiopaque Microfil via the coronary sinus to fill the left anterior descending coronary arteries (LADs) retrogradely at atmospheric pressure. In three other hearts, LADs were injected antegradely at 100-mmHg pressure via the left main carotid artery. Additionally, six LADs were injected in vivo with a suspension of 100- or 300-microm-diameter microspheres before harvesting of the hearts and injection of the LADs with Microfil. All harvested LADs were scanned intact with micro-CT (20 microm cubic voxels). The spatial density of vasa vasorum (no. of vasa/mm2) was measured in 20-microm-thick cross sections (at 0.4-mm intervals). Retrogradely injected LADs showed high and uniformly distributed vasa vasorum densities in the adventitia (means +/- SE; 5.38 +/- 0.09 vs. 3.58 +/- 0.1 vasa/mm2 in antegradely prepared LADs; P < 0.001). Antegradely prepared LADs showed patchy distributed, low-vasa-vasorum-density territories especially on the myocardial side of the coronary artery wall (epicardial density: 4.29 +/- 0.13 vasa/mm2 vs. myocardial density: 2.80 +/- 0.1 vasa/mm2, P < 0.001). Microembolization reduced vasa vasorum densities significantly (100-mum-diameter microspheres: 3.26 +/- 0.07 vasa/mm2, P < 0.05; 300-microm-diameter microspheres: 2.66 +/- 0.07 vasa/mm2, P < 0.001 vs. antegrade controls) and increased the size of low-vasa-vasorum-density territories. We conclude that coronary vasa vasorum are functional endarteries not connected via a plexus. This characteristic may have a significant impact on the spatial distribution of perfusion and drainage of the coronary vessel wall. |
Deck decorating ideas, you need it once you decide to enhance your deck appearance. For the ideas, it ranges from the simplest one to the one with intricate design. The cost that you need to decorate your deck says the same thing. In fact, when considering to upgrade the whole look of your deck, it is important to determine the other function to add, thus, you can have more enjoyable moment when spending your time there. However, for those who expect to decorate their deck without so much hassle, below you’ll find some ideas.
You’ll surprise yourself when you figure out that there are so many ways to decorate a deck. Moreover, most of them are budget friendly. Rearranging your plants, it can freshen the look of your deck. This idea works if you plant your plants using containers. Arrange different plants in one group with good arrangement. Combine tall, short, and medium plants into the plant group, if you want to make it as a focal point for your deck. Another idea to revamp the deck for a better look, splash certain color theme using flowers. The color then, can be any color of your favorite, however, ensure that it complements the outdoor living furniture as well.
Another Ideas to Decorate a Deck
Put aside flowers, another way to enhance the appearance of your deck is by considering the way you want to spend your time outside. If you tend to spend your time there until late, consider a portable outdoor fireplace. Outdoor furniture like seating area, umbrella, and other necessities, you need them also. To make it easier for you to pick outdoor furniture, set a theme. If its a bohemian style, add any outdoor furniture that has its charm like wrought iron daybed, wooden coffee table with distressed look, sea grass doormat and so on. |
Phorbol ester inhibits polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase activity stimulated by either Ca2+, fluoride or GTP analogue in HL60 membranes and in permeabilized HL60 cells.
The effect of PMA (phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate) on PPI-pde (polyphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase) activity in the promyelocytic cell-line HL60 was examined. HL60 cells were pretreated with PMA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and PPI-pde activity was monitored both in streptolysin O-permeabilized cells and in membranes. PPI-pde activity was stimulated by either GTP gamma S (guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate), fluoride or Ca2+. Both the Ca2(+)-stimulated and the G protein-mediated PPI-pde activity in permeabilized HL60 cells is maximally inhibited (70-90%) after 60 min pretreatment of intact cells with 10nM PMA. PPI-pde activity can also be observed in membranes prepared from HL60 cells although this activity represents only 10% of the total activity seen in permeabilized cells. In membranes, where PPI-pde activity can also be stimulated by either via the G-protein or directly by Ca2+, PMA pretreatment was also inhibitory regardless of the mode of activation. We suggest that both the membrane-bound PPI-pde activity and that present in the permeabilized cells are targets for protein phosphorylation by protein kinase C leading to inhibition of the catalytic function. |
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States in both men and women. In 2006, more than 174,470 new cases of lung cancer are estimated in the United States alone, and 162,460 of lung cancer-related death. The data reflect our lack of ability to improve survival and quality of life of the patients under current treatment strategies. Targeted therapy, a newly emerged therapeutic approach aiming key molecular abnormalities in cancer progression, has shown encouraging results, such as the development of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for patients with lung cancer. We recently discovered that hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), a mitogen for both stroma cells and epithelial cells, is frequently overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for >80% of all lung cancers, and the overexpression is strongly correlated with tumor relapse and poor survivals. We further demonstrated that HDGF is involved in malignant transformation, tumor progression, and invasion. We have developed a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against HDGF. Our preliminary data show that the antibodies are effective in inhibiting lung cancer growth in xenograft tumor models, suggesting HDGF is a novel therapeutic target. We hypothesize that HDGF is a critical factor in progression of NSCLC and a novel therapeutic target. To test the hypothesis, we proposed three specific aims in this application: In Aim 1, we will determine the role of HDGF as a prognostic marker for patients with NSCLC by analyzing expression of HDGF in primary NSCLC and correlating the expression with clinicopathologic parameters. The correlation between HDHF expression and other angiogenic factors and potential HDGF downstream molecules will also be determined. In Aim 2, we will determine the therapeutic role of HDGF neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in NSCLC xenograft models and to reveal potential mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects. We will emphasize the use of the antibodies as a single agent with limited combination to prove of principles. In Aim 3, we will verify the therapeutic effects of the HDGF neutralizing antibody based regimens in heterotransplant tumor models and to identify selective and/or predictive biomarkers for anti-HDGF based therapy. The success of the project will provide strong rationale and scientific knowledge to guide development of anti-HDGF therapy for patients with lung cancer. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a novel molecule important for lung cancer progression. This study will evaluate the role of HDGF as a prognostic marker for identifying lung cancer patients likely to recur or metastasize after curative surgical treatment. We will also evaluate our newly developed neutralizing monoclonal anti-HDGF antibodies for their utility as therapeutic agents in lung cancer treatment. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable] |
Filming of Ministry of Magic Scenes for 'Deathly Hallows' Addressed
Beside revealing shooting location and schedule of the particular scenes, one of the 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows' actors also explains how he and his co-stars have prepared for the filming.
In J.K. Rowling's last "Harry Potter" novel, there is a sequence where Harry Potter and his two best friends make a trip to the Ministry of Magic and transform into workers. Recently, Steffan Rhodri who will portray Reg Cattermole in two parts of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" has addressed the shooting of the particular scenes, which will take place at Leavesden Studio starting in December and last for five weeks until February 2010.
In the upcoming films, Rhodri's character is described as a staff from the Magical Maintenance Department and his identity will be borrowed by Ron Weasley. "I basically have to be Ron pretending to be Reg," the actor told Wales Online about his part. "It means I have to kind of impersonate Ron which is quite a challenge."
Beside Rhodri, the next installment of the young wizard film will also introduce some new cast including David O'Hara as Albert Runcorn, and Sophie Thompson as Mafalda Hopkirk. Their characters' identities will be taken over by Harry and Hermione Granger while they sneak in to the Ministry of Magic building.
Thus, to film the scenes, Rhodri and the two new cast have met the depicter of the three young wizards. Moreover, the Welsh actor revealed how he and his new co-stars learned Harry and his friends' mannerisms while taking over the three adult characters. "They would do a scene and then we would do it after them," he said of the shooting preparation. |
Hoya lasiantha Plant
SRQ 3096
$22.00
hard to find - loves water - blooms often - this one seems to be the easiest of its group to grow - actually grows bushy within a few months
"Silky paper-thin leaves with rippling edges blossom with enchanted speed along elegant nodding staves. The vigor with which this plant grows, even in a northern exposure, makes it feel more like a surprising friend than an elusive prima donna. Its clusters of fuzzy orange sherbet blossoms are so filled with personality that they look like the heads of tiny dragons ready to nip at ones fingers." ~ JLD
Species Detail
Cuttings can be a quick and inexpensive way to expand your collection. I offer
cuttings of at least 2 nodes and many more when my Mother Plants allow.
1. Fill a tiny pot (no larger than 3 inches) with a loose light mix or soil.
2. Trim the stem one approximately inch below the bottom node.
3. Tuck the freshly cut end into your soil.
4. Keep soil/mix wet until roots appear. When you tug on the cutting and it
seems stable...roots are evident.
5. Reduce watering and continue to mist but only water when the soil is nearly
dry.
Grow the rooted cutting in a tiny pot until its roots have filled it or is
unmanageable due to being top heavy. Over-potting is the quickest way to cause
your hoya to rot.
Have fun and remember that hoyas thrive on neglect.
PLANTS
Unpack the plant carefully...there might just be a peduncle on it!
Remove as much of the shredded packing from the mix as possible...some left
behind will go away.
Be sure to unclip any vine that is facing downward.
If you don’t, the vine may die back to a node that is not forced down.
Water and mist the plant well since it has been a few days since it has seen any
moisture
It’s best to let it in the clear pot for a week so it may become acclimated to
it’s new surroundings.
After that you may repot but in the same size pot...DO NOT OVER POT!
Over-potting can cause...root rot...stunted growth... no blooms.
Most hoyas prefer to be root bound in order to thrive and reward you with the
gorgeous blooms!
CUTTINGS
Fill a shallow tray or container with warm water and a few drops of Superthrive,
Eleanor's VF-11 or MSU. (these aid in plant energy)
Gently float the cuttings in the water and soak for a few hours to overnight,
depending on the dehydration level.
When the cuttings have had the chance to plump up and regain moisture, they are
ready for the rooting process.
If you are not able to immediately pot the cuttings up for rooting, keep them in
the tray and provide humidity thru misting or showering them twice a day.
While on a trip I once collected hoya cuttings and kept them in my hotel shower
for the duration of the 10 day trip.
I then put them into my carry on bag and rooted them when I returned home. |
Reports Indicate Kraken’s Trading - The Bitcoin News
Package ‘Rbitcoin’ - RStudio
Coins-E is a The Coins-E trade API allows users to place and buy, sell,.The Canadian Bitcoin Index API is a resource for Canadian Bitcoin price information.The Bter API can returns the ticker for a selected currency, the market depth including.
The Kraken API ticker (any pair) basically gives values which have no connection whatsoever with reality. Discussion should relate to bitcoin trading.BitGo launched in 2013 and was the first multisignature Bitcoin wallet.
We calculate the CCI for a range of sites to see how Kraken compares to the. convenient way to buy small amounts of bitcoin,. spread can be queried by API).Coinkite is a bitcoin service that provides an exchange and bank for bitcoin and other crypto-currency use.Be aware that some tests may be making queries to the Kraken API server.
Buy, sell and margin trade Bitcoin (BTC) and Etherum (ETH) in exchange with EUR, USD, CAD, GBP, and JPY.The best way to get public data updates on markets is via the push API, which pushes live ticker,.Today in APIs Latest news about the API economy and newest APIs, delivered daily: Subscribe.The VirCurEx allows users to make calls for bid and currency info, check trades, make trades,.Law firm Berns Weiss will scrutinize possible market manipulation in.Bitcoin and altcoin cryptocurrency trader zTrader is a fully-featured, lightweight, and secure trading client for the largest Bitcoin and altcoin exchanges.
krakenex 1.0.0c1 : Python Package Index
Kraken gives very easy to follow instructions on how to deposit with them which.
This module allows to connect to the api of the bitcoin market Kraken.
kraken related queries in BitcoinXchanger | QueryXchanger
The minimum order size goes by base currency (base currency is the left currency in each pair - e.g. XBT is the base currency in the pair. |
Flu A
: Influenza A virus
Flu B
: Influenza B virus
RSV
: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
hMPV
: Human Metapneumovirus
hRV
: Human Rhinovirus
hEV
: Human Enterovirus
hAdV
: Human Adenovirus
HPIV
: Human Parainfluenza viruses
CoV
: Coronaviruses
hBoV
: Human Bocavirus
URT
: Human Bocavirus
LRT
: Lower respiratory tract
MGH
: Makassed General Hospital
INTRODUCTION {#jmv24544-sec-0002}
============
Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common cause of diseases and mortality in children under 5‐year old \[Liu et al., [2012](#jmv24544-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}\]. Infants are more vulnerable to respiratory viral infections with approximately six to eight infections per year \[Tregoning and Schwarze, [2010](#jmv24544-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}\]. Most of these infections are confined to the upper respiratory tract (URT) leading to symptoms of common cold, coryza, and cough and are often accompanied by fever with fatigue and loss of appetite in some cases. Approximately, one third of infants with respiratory viral infections develop lower respiratory tract (LRT) symptoms that may lead to bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and severe respiratory distress \[Tregoning and Schwarze, [2010](#jmv24544-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}\].
In Lebanon, there is a lack of epidemiological data on many respiratory viruses and their clinical impact. This is often related to the high cost or absence of sensitive assays that would identify respiratory viruses. The aim of the study was to determine the etiology of respiratory infections among pediatric patients admitted to a major Lebanese university hospital, to observe the association between the disease\'s symptoms and the identified virus and to understand the seasonality of circulating viruses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#jmv24544-sec-0003}
=====================
Specimen Collection {#jmv24544-sec-0004}
-------------------
Makassed General Hospital (MGH) is a 200 beds hospital located in a medically underserved population and heavily populated area of Beirut. It serves nearly 15,000 inpatients per year that are mostly from middle to low socioeconomic status. This study was approved by the institutional review board of MGH and was conducted during a 1‐year period, from October 2013 to September 2014.
Nasal and throat swabs were collected from hospitalized pediatric patients (≤16‐year old) who presented with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. All the participants' guardians signed an informed consent form for participation in this study. Any patient readmitted to the hospital with similar symptoms in less than 1 month was excluded. A standardized questionnaire for each child was filled by the pediatrician. The questionnaire included variables such as age, gender, admission and discharge dates, history of illness, smoking history, co‐morbidities, clinical symptoms, illness diagnoses, antibiotic therapy, and Influenza vaccination status. Both nasal and throat swabs from each patient were stored in one viral transport medium tube (MicroTest M4RT, Remel, Lenexa, KS) at −80° C prior to testing.
Nucleic Acid Extraction {#jmv24544-sec-0005}
-----------------------
Nucleic acids were extracted from 200 μl of VTM stored sample and eluted in 60 μl of elution buffer. High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid kit (Roche, Germany) was used according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. Internal control (bacteriophage MS2) was added (4600 pfu per extraction) to all samples prior to extraction.
Multiplex PCR for Respiratory Viruses {#jmv24544-sec-0006}
-------------------------------------
Seventeen viral pathogens were included in the multiplex reverse transcription real time PCR assays. Seven panels were tested for the following viruses: Influenza A virus (Flu A; H1 and H3 subtypes), Flu B, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), human Rhinovirus (hRV), human Enterovirus (hEV) human Adenovirus (hAdV), human Parainfluenza viruses (HPIV 1--4), group 1 Coronaviruses (CoV‐229E and CoV‐NL63), group 2 Coronaviruses (CoV‐OC43, and CoV‐HKU1), and human Bocavirus (hBoV). Primers‐probes sets (Metabion, Planegg/steinkirchen, Germany) have been detailed elsewhere \[Clark et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [2015](#jmv24544-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}\]. Positive controls for the respiratory viruses were kindly donated by Addenbrooke\'s hospital clinical microbiology laboratory, Cambridge, UK. The triplex or duplex PCR reactions included 2× reaction mix containing 0.2 mM of dNTP, 2 to 6 mM MgSO4, 20 μM of forward and reverse primers, 10 μM of fluorogenic probes, 1 μl of superscript III RT platinum taq (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and 5 μl of purified nucleic acid. The reaction was initiated by a reverse transcription step at 50°C for 30 min followed by an amplification cycle with the following conditions: a cycle of 95° C for 15 min, then 45 cycles of 15 sec at 95° C, and 1 min at 60°C with subsequent acquiring of the appropriate fluorescence reading.
Statistical Analysis {#jmv24544-sec-0007}
--------------------
Data analysis was performed using SPSS (version 20.0). Simple descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean, median, and standard deviation for the quantitative data and proportions were used for the qualitative data. Continuous variables, which included mean age, length of hospitalization, and duration of symptoms were analyzed by Student\'s *t*‐test or Mann--Whitney U test for parametric and nonparametric data, respectively. Categorical variables, such as seasonality, respiratory symptoms, comorbidity and clinical diagnosis were evaluated by chi‐squared or Fisher\'s exact test when appropriate. All *P*‐values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS {#jmv24544-sec-0008}
=======
Epidemiological Data {#jmv24544-sec-0009}
--------------------
A total of 236 children were enrolled in this study, 135 males (57.2%) and 101 females (42.8%) with an age ranging between 4 days and 13.7‐year old (median age of 1 year). The data collected from the questionnaires (Table [I](#jmv24544-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}) showed that 24% (n = 56/236) of children were enrolled in a school or daycare and 64% (n = 152/236) had at least one smoker living in the same household. Seven percent of patients (n = 17/236) had comorbidities such as congenital diseases (n = 3), cerebral diseases (n = 5), gastrointestinal diseases (n = 1), G6PD deficiency (n = 3), immunodeficiency diseases (n = 3), thalassemia major (n = 1), and renal disease (n = 1). Twenty‐three percent (n = 54/236) had asthma and 5% (n = 11/236) had allergic diseases (Table [I](#jmv24544-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). The median duration of symptoms among infected children was 4 days and the length of their hospitalization ranged between 3 and 7 days (median: 5 days).
######
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Children
Values (%)[^a^](#jmv24544-note-0002){ref-type="fn"} Number of symptomatic patients positive for any viral infection (%)[^b^](#jmv24544-note-0003){ref-type="fn"}
------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exposed to smoking in the house 152 (64.4) 104 (68)
Attending a day care 56 (23.7) 37 (66)
Comorbidities 17 (7.2) 12 (71)
History of pulmonary disorders
Suffering from asthma 54 (22.8) 38 (70)
Suffering from allergies 11 (4.6) 9 (82)
Respirator distress syndrome 3 (1.2) 2 (67)
Other pulmonary conditions 6 (2.5) 3 (50)
Clinical symptoms
Fever \> 38 144 (61) 105 (73)
Headache 15 (6.3) 15 (100)
Chills 26 (11) 21 (81)
Myalgia 24 (10) 22 (92)
Runny nose/ sneezing 180 (76.2) 128 (71)
Nasal congestion 161 (68.2) 112 (70)
Pharyngitis 25 (10.5) 16 (64)
Conjunctivitis 38 (16.1) 32 (84)
Tender glands in neck 9 (3.8) 6 (67)
Hoarseness 23 (9.7) 19 (83)
Dry cough 125 (53) 86 (69)
Productive cough 116 (49) 82 (71)
High respiratory rate 152 (64.4) 109 (72)
Shortness of breath 133 (56.3) 95 (71)
Pleuritic chest pain 17 (7.2) 12 (71)
Wheezes 100 (42.3) 72 (72)
Croup 9 (3.8) 5 (56)
Presence of cyanosis 13 (5.5) 7 (54)
Septic shock 4 (1.6) 2 (50)
Number of patient with High‐sensitivity CRP \> 3 mg/L 52 (22) 42 (81)
Admission to ICU 24 (10.1) 21 (88)
Oxygen need 26 (11) 20 (77)
Intubation 7 (3) 6 (86)
Diagnosis upon discharge
Bronchiolitis 116 (49) 80 (69)
Pneumonia 61 (26) 42 (69)
Athma exacerbation 38 (16) 25 (66)
Other pulmonary conditions 12 (5) 7 (58)
Otitis media 9 (4) 6 (67)
Antibiotic 77 (32.6) 54 (70)
Influenza vaccine 15 (6.3) 13 (87)
The value represents the total number of patients positive for a specific symptom.
The percentage was calculated by dividing the value over the total number of patients tested (n = 236).
The percentage viral positivity of symptomatic patients was calculated by dividing the total number of patients positive for the virus and symptom over the total number of patients positive for the symptom.
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
Overall, antibiotics were prescribed to 33% of children (n = 77/236). Among all hospitalized children, 6% (n = 15/236) were vaccinated for influenza virus.
Etiology and Seasonality of Respiratory Viruses {#jmv24544-sec-0010}
-----------------------------------------------
Overall, 165 out of 236 samples (70%) collected at MGH were positive for respiratory viruses. Among the total positive samples, 63% (n = 104/165) were found to be positive for at least one respiratory virus and 37% (n = 61/165) contained two or more viruses. Comparisons between age groups and specific virus infection showed that RSV was detected in 26% (n = 28/108) of the 108 children aged less than 1‐year old and in 13% (n = 17/128) of the 128 children aged above 1‐year old (*P*‐value = 0.02). Moreover, when analyzing 26 patients infected with a single RSV infection, 18 (69%) were aged below one and 8 (31%) were aged one and above (*P* = 0.017). The median age of infants, aged less than one year, infected with RSV was 6.5 months. Among 76 children infected with a single non‐RSV infection, 44 (58%) were 1‐year old and above and 32 (42%) were aged below 1 year (*P *\> 0.05).
Positive detection rate for respiratory viruses each month varied between 40% and 100% (median of 71%) (Fig. [1](#jmv24544-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}). Despite the low number of total samples collected in the summer (n = 20), all were positive for viral infections.
{#jmv24544-fig-0001}
In this study, hRV (n = 54/236, 23%), RSV (n = 45/236, 19%), hBoV (n = 36/236, 15%), hMPV (n = 23/236, 10%), and hAdV (n = 24/236, 10%) were the most prevalent (Fig. [2](#jmv24544-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}). The rest of the respiratory viruses were present at a percentage lower than 5%. Flu A infected 12 patients (n = 12/236, 5%); among those two were positive for H1 and 10 for H3.
{#jmv24544-fig-0002}
In this study, single infection was seen in children infected with Flu A (n = 10/12, 83%) and RSV (n = 26/45, 48%), however, a high number of coinfection was observed for hAdV (n = 21/24, 86%), hRV (32/54, 59%), and hBoV (28/36, 78%) (Table [II](#jmv24544-tbl-0002){ref-type="table"}). From the total 61 coinfected individuals, hBoV was observed more frequently with AdV (n = 17/61, 28%) or hRV (n = 13/61, 21%). Only two children were infected with four or five viruses, respectively.
######
Total Number of Respiratory Viruses and Co‐Infections Detected in Hospitalized Children
Viruses Flu A Flu B CoV grp 1 CoV grp 2 hBoV RSV EV hRV hAdV hMPV HPIV 1 HPIV 2 HPIV 3 HPIV 4
----------- -------------------- ------- ----------- ----------- -------- -------- ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Flu A **12** 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flu B **5** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
CoV grp 1 **6** 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
CoV grp 2 **8** 2 4 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
hBoV **36** 5 0 13 17 1 0 1 1 4
RSV **45** 3 9 1 1 0 0 0 2
EV **9** 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
hRV **54** 11 5 0 2 1 2
Adv **24** 0 0 0 3 1
hMPV **23** 0 0 0 0
HPIV 1 **2** 0 0 0
HPIV 2 **5** 0 2
HPIV 3 **6** 1
HPIV 4 **11**
Viral Co‐infection
1 virus 10 3 4 2 8 26 4 22 3 12 2 1 3 4
2 viruses 2 2 1 3 13 12 3 20 10 11 0 3 2 4
3 viruses 0 0 1 2 13 6 2 11 9 0 0 1 0 2
4 viruses 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
5 viruses 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
The number in bold (vertically) indicates the total number of patients positive for the virus. Co‐infections were commonly observed (seen horizontally on the table).
The lower section of the the table, when read vertically, represents the total number of patients positive for each virus as single or multiple viruses. Five types of viral co‐infections were observed; one patient was infected with five virus (observed horizontally).
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
Detection of any viral agent was frequently observed during fall and winter seasons (Fig. [3](#jmv24544-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}) from October 2013 to March 2014 with the highest number of positivity seen in December (n = 29). The seasonal distribution varied according to each virus; RSV (73% of RSV A (n = 33/45) and 27% (n = 12/45) of RSV B) was circulating in the fall and winter with peak activity in December and January. Flu, hMPV and CoV infections mainly occurred in the winter seasons. hBoV infection occurred in all seasons except spring but hAdV and hRV were distributed all year round. The latter three viruses were the most commonly observed respiratory viruses in the summer. Enterovirus detection had mostly winter and spring seasonality. HPIV1 and HPIV2 occurred in fall however, HPIV3 and HPIV4 occurred sporadically throughout the year (Fig. [3](#jmv24544-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}).
{#jmv24544-fig-0003}
Association of the Patients' Clinical Symptoms With the Respiratory Viruses {#jmv24544-sec-0011}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
All patients were assessed for their clinical symptoms upon sample collection, their discharge diagnosis, and antibiotics usage during their hospitalization. Most of the children admitted had fever (n = 144/236, 61%), runny nose (n = 180/236, 76%), nasal congestion (n = 161/236, 68%), dry cough (n = 125/236, 53%), productive cough (n = 116/236, 49%), high respiratory rate (n = 152/236, 64 %), and shortness of breath (n = 133/236, 56%). Other clinical signs were present at a lower percentage (Table [I](#jmv24544-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}).
Respiratory viruses, whether present as single or multiple infections, exceeded 50% in symptomatic children (range: 50--100%). For instance, among children producing productive or nonproductive cough, 71% (n = 168/241) were positive for any viral infection (Table [I](#jmv24544-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}).
From the total 165 infected patients, 21 (12.7%) were admitted to ICU and 7 of them were intubated. A total of 80 children were diagnosed with bronchiolitis (n = 80/165, 48%), 42 (n = 42/165, 25%) with pneumonia, 25 (n = 25/165, 15 %) with asthma,and 6 (n = 6/165, 3.6%) with otitis media. RSV single infection (n = 20/45, 44%, *P* \< 0.01), Flu A (n = 6/12, 50%, *P* \> 0.05), and hAdV/hBoV coinfection (n = 9/24, 38%, *P* \< 0.02) were often causing bronchiolitis. The latter clinical outcome was less diagnosed in patients infected with hRV single infection (n = 9/54, 17%, *P* \> 0.05) (Table [III](#jmv24544-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}).
######
Correlation Between the Presence of the Virus and the Clinical Diagnosis Observed in Infected Children
Flu A (n = 12) Flu B (n = 5) CoV grp 1 (n = 6) CoV grp 2 (n = 8) hBoV (n = 36) RSV (n = 45) hEV (n = 9) hRV (n = 54) hAdV (n = 24) hMPV (n = 23) HPIV1 (n = 2) HPIV2 (n = 5) HPIV3 (n = 6) HPIV4 (n = 11)
--------------------- ---------------- --------------- ------------------- ------------------- --------------- --------------- ------------- -------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------- --
Single infection
Bronchiolitis 6 1 0 1 1 [**20**]{.ul} 1 9 1 3 0 0 2 3
Pneumonia 1 2 0 1 [**4**]{.ul} 7 0 2 1 5 **[2]{.ul}** 0 0 0
Asthma Exacerbation 1 0 [**3**]{.ul} 0 [**3**]{.ul} 0 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 1
Acute Otitis Media 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Double infection
Bronchiolitis 0 1 1 1 9 5 1 10 **[9]{.ul}** 4 0 2 1 2
Pneumonia 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 6 1 2 0 0 1 0
Asthma Exacerbation 2 0 0 2 3 2 1 5 0 4 0 0 0 1
Acute Otitis Media 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Triple infection
Bronchiolitis 0 0 0 1 5 3 1 6 4 0 0 0 0 0
Pneumonia 0 0 1 1 6 3 1 3 3 0 0 1 0 2
Asthma Exacerbation 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Acute Otitis Media 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bold underlined numbers represent statistically significant data (*P*‐value \< 0.05).
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.
Pneumonia was diagnosed in 25 patients infected with a single virus; RSV (n = 7/45, 16%, *P* \> 0.05), Human Bocavirus (n = 4/36, 11%, *P* \< 0.05), hMPV (n = 5/23, 22%, *P* \> 0.05), and HPIV1 (n = 2/2, 100%, *P* \< 0.05) were the most common causative agents. Coinfection of RSV with hRV caused three cases of pneumonia (Table [III](#jmv24544-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}). Asthma exacerbation was seen in patients infected with either a single CoV (n = 3/6, 50%, *P* \< 0.05) or hBoV infection (n = 3/36, 8%, *P* \< 0.05) (Table [III](#jmv24544-tbl-0003){ref-type="table"}).
Extensive analysis was performed to study the correlation between a single and multiple viral etiology infection with a specific clinical sign; data showed no significant associations (data not shown).
DISCUSSION {#jmv24544-sec-0012}
==========
This study is the first to examine the viral etiology of acute respiratory illness in hospitalized children in Beirut, Lebanon over four seasons. We determined the prevalence of 17 respiratory viruses in a population where there is a lack of information about the circulatory patterns of respiratory viruses: FluA, FluB, RSV, hMPV, AdV, hBoV, PIV1‐4, hEV, hRV, CoV, and SARS. Of the total 236 samples collected from MGH, 70% of patients were infected by at least one virus; which is consistent with the high rate observed worldwide \[Liu et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"}; Mengelle et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}; Ouedraogo et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}\]. The positivity rate for any microbial agent may possibly be higher since undiagnosed infection could be positive for bacterial infections that were not included in the screening panel. Existing pathogens may include *Streptococcus pneumonia, Bordatella pertussis, mycoplasma penumoniae, Chlamydia peneumonia, and Legionella pneumophila* \[File et al., [1998](#jmv24544-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}\]. Thus, introducing these bacteria to the panel may improve the detection rate of bacterial single infection or bacterial and viral co‐infections.
Most of the viral infections were observed in the winter and fall seasons. The viral prevalence in the summer was low; this can be associated to less number of symptomatic children seeking medical care during this season and to reduced aerosol transmission at high temperature for some viruses such as influenza and RSV \[Lowen et al., [2007](#jmv24544-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}; Lowen and Steel, [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}; Paynter, [2015](#jmv24544-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}\]. In our study, the prevalence of Flu A (5%) was higher than Flu B (2%), with the predominance of H3N2 (83%) in hospitalized children. Zaraket et al. \[[2014](#jmv24544-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}\] studied virus prevalence in all age groups and previously reported that H3N2 virus predominated in Lebanon during the 2011--2012 seasons. However, a year before, both 2009 pandemic H1N1 and B viruses co‐circulated with equal prevalence \[Zaraket et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}\]. Despite the global predominance of a specific Flu subtype, circulating strains may vary in each influenza season.
The advantage of using a multiplex real time PCR assay in the diagnosis of respiratory viruses is to provide information on the presence of viruses and significance of co‐infection. Our study demonstrated 37% of viral coinfection, which was higher than other reported studies where co‐infection rate ranged between 14% and 31% \[Shiley et al., [2010](#jmv24544-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}; Lekana‐Douki et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"}\]. In fact, hBoV was often associated with high rates of co‐infections with AdV and hRV.
In keeping with previous studies, we detected respiratory viruses in 69% (n = 80/116) of patients diagnosed with Bronchiolitis and with pneumonia (n = 42/61) and 66% (n = 25/38) with asthma \[Griffin et al., [2004](#jmv24544-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}\]. RSV and hMPV were often causing lower respiratory tract infection. From all samples tested, we frequently detected RSV that infected infants less than 1‐year old suggesting that these children may lack passively acquired immunity from their mother or the antibodies were not effective in preventing the infection. A comparable prevalence of RSV was previously reported in 2008 in the northern part of Lebanon (26.7%), in Turkey (20%), and in Jordan (34%) \[Bdour, [2001](#jmv24544-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}; Kanra et al., [2005](#jmv24544-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}; Hamze et al., [2010](#jmv24544-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}\].
Viruses such as hBoV, hRV, and RSV were frequently observed with other viral pathogens. Therefore, identifying the pathogenic role of these viruses on the disease severity of the patients is challenging. It was previously documented that viruses may be persistent in asymptomatic individuals who may be also shedding in the nasal secretion for 11 days, 3 weeks and 6 months in hRV, RSV, and hBoV infections, respectively \[van Benten et al., [2003](#jmv24544-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}; von Linstow et al., [2008](#jmv24544-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}; Blessing et al., [2009](#jmv24544-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}; Peltola et al., [2013](#jmv24544-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}; Piedimonte and Perez, [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}\]. The high rate of co‐infections led us to explore the association between the presence of multiple viruses and severity of symptoms. According to our results and in accordance with previous studies, we found no differences in clinical severity between patients hospitalized with single infection and those with viral co‐infection \[Aberle et al., [2005](#jmv24544-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"}; Paranhos‐Baccala et al., [2008](#jmv24544-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}; Asner et al., [2014](#jmv24544-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}\]. However, a previous study conducted by Semple et al. \[[2005](#jmv24544-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}\] demonstrated that coinfection with both hMPV and RSV increase by 10‐fold the risk of admission for intensive care unit and the use for mechanical ventilation. This hypothesis could not be applied in our study since only one child was infected with both viruses and was not admitted to ICU for ventilation.
This study has few limitations. We did not investigate the pathogens prevalence in asymptomatic children at the pediatric unit, which could have explained the silent role of a single or a co‐infection of viruses in non‐sick children. In addition, we could not address whether bacterial or other viral pathogens were found in all samples including the negatives ones. In our study, we used nasal and throat swabs instead of nasopharyngeal swab, which is a more invasive procedure with a higher sensitivity \[Do et al., [2011](#jmv24544-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}\]. This could also explain the negative results in 30% of the children.
In conclusion, our findings exemplify the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in a major hospital in Lebanon and their seasonality during one year period. We have identified 16 circulating viruses that were common causes of a single infection and co‐infections in hospitalized children. The high percentage of positivity reflects the burden of respiratory viral infections, yet further studies are needed to study the impact of bacterial and viral co‐infection in these children and to discover new microorganisms that may play a role in cases with severe respiratory infection with unknown etiologies.
We are very grateful to Dr Martin Curran who donated all the positive controls needed for the study. In addition, we would like to acknowledge Ghina Rawas from MGH for her help in the samples' transportation.
|
How to design Appcessories: Filling in that Missing Bite
Ironically, while Apple wasn’t (physically) present at the 2012 Consumer Electronic Show (CES), there were more than enough companies peddling products specifically Made For iPads/iPhones (MFI).
At Titoma, people are seeing a surge in requests from companies asking them to design, develop, and manufacture products that in some form or another interact with the ubiquitous i-Products.
While in years past many gadgets were developed as standalone products, these days smart firms implement their idea on the Apple or Android hardware that people already have in their pockets, thus enormously speeding up sales and delivery by simply selling it as an app via the Apple store.
Some people would think that would be bad news for a hardware product developer like Titoma. But the disadvantage of just selling software is of course that a potential competitor can build a clone of other people’s app even faster than they did. Having a hardware component to a product still constitutes a major barrier to entry, and buys the developer at least 6 months.
That’s why many people are now looking to make devices that use the Apple hardware as the core engine and add something to make a new, more valuable product—a bit like filling in the missing bite on the Apple logo. In this way they substantially reduce the cost of their device, while simultaneously boosting their marketing because many users are so in love with their Apple products that they will buy anything that extends their device’s functionality.
So it is not surprising that many companies want to capitalize on this opportunity. Apple is incredibly successful at making complex products user friendly enough to be loved by the masses. Tablets have actually been around for quite a few years now; already in 1999 the founder of Titoma Design managed the design team for the Qbe tablet which won Comdex Best of Show. But it did require Apple’s magic in user experience to really make the tablet a sales success.
Qualifying for Apple’s MFI Program
So what does it take to jump on the MFI bandwagon? Compliance with Apple’s MFI program is a must unless you don’t mind getting sued for selling unauthorized accessories.
These lawsuits show how serious Apple is in controlling all aspects of their products and ensuring that its strict quality standards (and profits) are maintained. Apple is all about a perfect user experience, and they do not want some third party device to crash one of their products and make them look bad.
To start with, make sure that a mature enough idea for a product, target market, and retail price for Apple is seriously formed. The device will then need to satisfy third-party tests to demonstrate that it won’t interfere with the iOS hardware; some of these tests may include RF Over-The-Air (OTA) performance and TDMA Noise. Then, Apple will need to approve the final product design before it can start to be sold.
These tests will cost US$20K or a lot more depending on the complexity of the device. Apple will also collect a flat fee for every electronic accessory sold. It also takes time, developing something for Apple tends to add about 3 months to the schedule compared to developing for Android. On the other hand the hassle with Android is that developers have a plethora of hardware and screensizes to deal with, doing it right (as Apple makes you) means optimizing for each and every one of them.
Outside of the expenses associated with the MFI program, the developers also need to take into consideration the investment required in the actual designing, developing, and manufacturing your product. They don’t need to be selling a product in the millions, but it does entail selling enough to be able to make the sizeable investment worthwhile. For more on this, please read an article, ‘How Much Will It Cost to Have a New Electronic Product Developed in Asia‘ published by Titoma in 2010.
So while complying with the MFI program will cost the developers additional money and time, it does guarantee that the device will work seamlessly with any Apple product; and most importantly the Apple stamp of approval is a valuable marketing tool. Overall it’s certainly worth the investment because anything associated with Apple tends to retail at twice the price.
If any developer is interested in a Made-For-Apple product designed and manufactured, email Case at case.engelen@titoma.com; he’ll be more than happy to answer any questions. Titoma can ensure the device passes the testing and advise you on any necessary adjustments needed to bring the product to market the fastest way possible.
Case Engelen has extensive experiences with the industrial design and electronic engineering industry. In 1999 he founded his company Titoma Design, which has established a profile of diverse electronic products it develops for its clients. Case constantly shares his ideas of the latest trend in the market and enjoys having related discussions with his readers. |
Q:
How to create npm/yarn dependency tree from just package.json; without creating node_modules folder
I inherited an application which works fine in node8, but npm install fails in node10, giving an error about fibers package being built using node-gyp
fibers is not a direct dependency of the app, so I want to know which dependency is bringing in fibers as it's dependency.
Unfortunately, npm ls, yarn why only works when node_modules is generated completely through npm install or yarn install.
I did research online but couldn't find a static dependency tree generator just from package.json.
Even though I could just use node8 and run npm install followed by npm ls to figure out whose bringing in fibers; I believe there should be an easier static analysis of package.json.
Is there no way to statically analyze a package.json and create a dependency graph for it in npm/nodejs ?
I come from java and we had maven which can just analyze a file named pom.xml to create a nice graph about whats coming from where.
A:
Execute npm install in the directory and let it fail.
It'll output something like
A log of this can be found at <location>
Open the log file and search for the text saveTree.
Notice a hierarchy of resolved packages
Here you can find the module you're looking for and whose bringing it in.
|
Q:
iPhone Game Having a statement checked every 50 points
I've run into a little hurdle and wanted to see if somebody could help me!
I want to write an algorithm for an if statement that says:
if (for every 50 points)
{
//do something
}
I thought += 50 would do the trick, but nope.
Any ideas?
Thanks!
A:
if ((points % 50) == 0)
{
// do something
}
Where points is an int variable containing your points. The if statement will be enterred for points 0, 50, 100, 150.. and so on
|
Finding topics in Harry Potter using K-Means clustering - matthewsharpe3
http://dogdogfish.com/2015/05/11/finding-topics-in-harry-potter-using-k-means-clustering/
======
bottombutton
This is neat... I love projects like this. When the number of clusters is
unknown or hard to predict ahead of time, I'd lean toward something like
affinity propagation or mean-shift. Why k-means?
[http://scikit-
learn.org/stable/auto_examples/cluster/plot_af...](http://scikit-
learn.org/stable/auto_examples/cluster/plot_affinity_propagation.html)
[http://scikit-
learn.org/stable/auto_examples/cluster/plot_me...](http://scikit-
learn.org/stable/auto_examples/cluster/plot_mean_shift.html)
------
topynate
Funny he mentions Latent Dirichlet Allocation. If you want to see it applied
to Harry Potter, you're out of luck. However, if you want to see it applied to
Harry Potter fanfiction, Kaj Sotala wrote a post three days ago!
[http://kajsotala.fi/2015/05/harry-potter-and-the-methods-
of-...](http://kajsotala.fi/2015/05/harry-potter-and-the-methods-of-latent-
dirichlet-allocation/)
|
Search This Blog
After great Ancient Rishies, Swami Adi Sankaracharya who unified this country through spiritual means, Our Bapu Mahatmaji liberated our country from the Foreign rule. Thereafter Sri Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Sri Lal Bhahadur Sashtri were the two leaders our country had, later the fall began and continued till Now............BJP, in power, Mr. Modi our new PM,AND HIS TEAM WORKING HARD TO UPLIFT THIS NOBLE HOLY NATION ...TO NEW HEIGHTS..........
114. CASE WITHDRAWN :
The trial began, The Government pleader, the Magistrate and other officials were on tenterhooks. They were at a loss to know what to do. The Government pleader was pressing the Magistrate to postpone the case. But I interfered and requested the Magistrate not to postpone the case, as I wanted to plead guilty to having disobeyed the order to leave Champaran and read a brief statement as follows:
'With the permission of the Court I would like to make a brief statement showing why I have taken the very serious step of seemingly disobeying the order passed under section 144 of Cr. P.C. In my humble opinion it is a question of difference of opinion between the Local Administration and myself. I have entered the country with motives of rendering humanitarian and national service. I have done so in response to a pressing invitation to come and help the ryots. Who urge they are not being fairly treated by the indigo planters. I could not render any help without studying the problem. I have, therefore, come to study it with the assistance, if possible, of the Administration and the planters.
I have no other motive, and cannot believe that my coming can in any way disturb public peace and cause loss of life. I claim to have considerable experience in such matters. The Administration, however, have thought differently. I fully appreciate their difficulty, and I admit too that they can only proceed upon information they received. As a law-abiding citizen my first instinct would be, as it was, to obey the order served upon me. But I could not do so without doing violence to my sense of duty to those for whom I have come. I feel that I could just now serve them only by remaining in their midst. I could not, therefore, voluntarily retire.
Amid this conflict of duties I could only throw the responsibility of removing me from them on the Administration. I am fully conscious of the fact that a person, holding, in the public life of India, a position such as I do, has to be most careful in setting an example. It is my firm belief that in the complex constitution under which we are living, the only safe and honourable course for a self-respecting man is, in the circumstances such as face me, to do what I have decided to do, that is, to submit without protest to the penalty of disobedience.
'I venture to make this statement not in any way in extenuation of the penalty to be awarded against me, but to show that I have disregarded the order served upon me not for want of respect for lawful authority, but in obedience to the higher law of our being, the voice of conscience.'
There was now no occasion to postpone the hearing, but as both the Magistrate and the Government pleader had been taken by surprise, the Migistrate postponed judgment. Meanwhile I had wired full details to the Viceroy, to Patna friends, as also to Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and others.
Before I could appear before the Court to receive the sentence, the Magistrate sent a written message that the Lieutenant Governor had ordered the case against me to be withdrawn, and the Collector wrote to me saying that I was at liberty to conduct the proposed inquiry, and that I might at liberty to conduct the proposed inquiry, and that I might count on whatever help I needed from the officials. None of us was prepared for this prompt and happy issue.
I called on the Collector Mr. Heycock. He seemed to be a good man, anxious to do justice. He told me that I might ask for whatever papers I desired to see, and that I was at liberty to see him whenever I liked.
The country thus had its first direct object-lesson in Civil Disobedience. The affair was freely discussed both locally and in the press, and my inquiry got unexpected publicity.
It was necessary for my inquiry that the Government should remain netural. But the inquiry did not need support from press reporters or leading articles in the press. Indeed the situation in Champaran was so delicate and difficult that over-energetic criticism or highly coloured reports might damage the cause which I was seeking to espouse. So I wrote to the editors of the principal papers requesting them not to trouble to send any reporters, as I should send them whatever might be necessary for publication and keep them informed.
I knew that the Government attitude countenancing my presence had displeased the Champaran planters, and I know that even the officials, though they could say nothing openly, could hardly have liked it. Incorrect or misleading reports, therefore, were likely to incense them all the more, and their ire, instead of descending on me, would be sure to descend on the poor fear-stricken ryots and seriously hinder my search for the truth about the case.
In spite of these precautions the planters engineered against me a poisonous agitation. All sorts of falsehoods appeared in the press about my co-workers and myself. But my extreme cautiousness and my insistence on truth, even to the minutest detail, turned the edge of their sword.
The planters left no stone unturned in maligning Brajkishorebabu, but the more they maligned him, the more he rose in the estimation of the people.
In such a delicate situation as this I did not think it proper to invite any leaders from other provinces. Pandit Malaviyaji had sent me an assurance that, whenever I wanted him, I had only to send him word, but I did not trouble him. I thus prevented the struggle from assuming a political aspect. But I sent to the leaders and the principal papers occasional reports, not for publication,
but merely for their information. I had seen that, even where the end might be political, but where the cause was non-political, one damaged it by giving it a political aspect and helped it by keeping it within its non-political limit. The Champaran struggle was a proof of the fact that disinterested service of the people in any sphere ultimately helps the country politically.
The most expected celebrity to come into politics for the past 20 years is Rajinikanth. Sometimes his speech against certain political leaders gives us a hint of his political venture. But he constantly denies the fact.
2.
Recently BJP party member Subramanian Swamy made a controversial statement about Rajinikanth.
3.
'Rajini is not a stable person, so he is not fit to come in to politics' is the statement given by him. This made Rajini fans to go pissed off.
Note :
1. In the past many persons from cinema industry( in Bharatham as whole ) mainly actors joined politics and miserably failed to perform.
2. In the case Tamil Nadu, where people are mad about Cinema and actors, do not use their intellect to analyse a person.
3. Majority in Tamil Nadu are blind followers of anything and anybody, without using their sense of knowledge.
4. I…
Ref : For over three decades, Sasikala lived in the shadows of the late Jayalalithaa. As she now looks to step out and gain control over the AIADMK, her family, once loathed by Jayalalithaa and viewed with suspicion by others in the party, could prove the biggest hurdle.
At Rajaji Hall on Tuesday evening, as Sasikala stood beside Jayalalithaa’s casket, with other members of her extended clan at vantage positions around the body, there were few AIADMK seniors in the frame. Elsewhere, Sasikala’s husband Natarajan, whom Jayalalithaa apparently loathed, escorted out VIPs. The message, amplified when Sasikala performed the last rites for her friend, was this: that Chinnamma, as Sasik…
Indira behaved as Dictator with Congressmen, She had no respect to anybody
Opinion
11/12/2016.
911.
All Members,
Respected family members of this great holy Nation.
Demonic character is hidden, the reality of the Dictator
Sub : Indira mistakes cost India dearly
Ref : The most pernicious legacy left behind by Indira Gandhi is the lumpenisation and criminalisation of politics.
26. Rajiv Gandhi, despite his dreams for India and pretensions to modernity succumbed to communal and vote bank politics with his stand on the Shah Bano case, in which the Supreme Court ruled that Shah Bano be given alimony by her divorced husband. Muslim fundamentalists agitated that it was an encroachment in their Personal Law.
Under their pressure, in 1986, the Congress, which had an absolute majority in Parliament at the time, passed an Act that nullified the Supreme Court's judgement in the Shah Bano case.
Satvic, Vegetarian, Honest, Sincere, Balance minded, Follower of Paramatma, Knowledge of Oneness, Brave, No thought in Past as well as in Future, Enjoy the present moments in full, Adjusting nature ..........many more |
Q:
I've become an electrical conductor for my headphones... but how?
So I have a pair of Bose noise-cancellation headphones that I plug into my keyboard every night to charge them (via my keyboard's USB port). My keyboard happens to be a metallic Apple keyboard. You will see why this may be important to note later.
Over time, I noticed a certain dull, electrical buzzing sound in my right earbud which occurred when I turned the noise-cancellation on. This buzzing sound was not constantly there. It would randomly appear for arbitrary periods of time and then vanish. It wasn't loud either, but it was loud enough to be noticeable and annoying.
For the longest time, I had no clue why this would happen. Sometimes the earbud would be perfectly silent (as it's supposed to be)... and then a buzzing noise would come out of nowhere. This was incredibly annoying and my only remedy was to listen to loud electronic music which blended in with the buzz and made it relatively unnoticeable. Of course, listening to almost any other kind of music proved annoying since my earbud would randomly, intermittently buzz at me.
Finally, one day, I noticed that when I touched my Android phone, the buzzing sound would increase in volume. I thought at first that this was due to my bodily position somehow stretching the wire, but with further testing I confirmed that my Android phone was the culprit. I slowly discovered that touching different objects, even when the headphones were not plugged into the speakers, would result in volume changes of this buzz.
One thing I noticed was that touching the headphone jack, whilst touching the Android phone that increased volume, would silence the buzz. With further testing, I noticed that touching my metallic keyboard would also silence the buzz, even whilst touching the Android phone or under any other circumstance in which there was a buzz.
I finally realized that my body is somehow conducting electricity when touching objects such as my Apple keyboard, headphone jack, or Android phone and that these are all related to the annoying buzz and nullification thereof. I found this bizarre and fascinating.
Ever since this discovery, I've found that I can silence this annoying buzz by pressing any of my fingertips on my metallic keyboard. This is also annoying, since it can make typing awkward to continually have one finger pressing against the metallic part. Nonetheless, I have no idea why this works at all; I suspect it might have something to do with my usage of the keyboard to charge the headphones via its USB port every night, but I have no substantiation of this hypothesis.
So my question is twofold:
How does this bizarre phenomenon work wherein my body is apparently conducting electricity from objects which somehow control some anomalous buzz in my headphones?
And how can I make this buzzing sound stop without keeping my body in contact with those objects? Obviously, I can't hold the headphone jack and listen to anything at the same time, and this habit of touching the metallic part of my keyboard is not great for typing nor my wrists which already suffer from CTS.
Any insight is appreciated.
A:
The "buzz" is almost certainly RF pickup. This can be the mains (low frequency, 50/60/100/120Hz, unlikely in this scenario given a phone is involved) or rectification of the carrier frequency of the phone - remember how old tape players would make a "duh duh, duh duh" sound whenever a text message is received.
Human bodies are conductive. When your skin is dry you are about 100kOhm to 1MOhm. When your skin is wet, that goes down to about 10kOhm to 100kOhm. So there is nothing unusual about becoming a conductor.
As to why touching a metal keyboard kills the hum, or even touching the headphones jack. Basically as you are a nice large conductive area. When connected either to earth (e.g. via the keyboard shell and PC) or to the ground of the phone (e.g. headphones jack), you are basically changing how your body is interacting with the electric fields around you.
EMI is a dark art - it's hard to say exactly what current path you are interrupting, or how you are interacting with the fields. But generally if you ground yourself it stops you acting as an antenna - sort of like shorting yourself out.
One simple option you could try is to buy an anti-static wristband. That would allow yourself to be connected to earth (or to your keyboard) without having to touch the keyboard. Alternatively you could try simply charging your phone from something other than your keyboard to see if that stops noise injection.
A:
The main fact, in my opinion, is that noise is heard only in right channel.
First thing comes to mind is issue with grounding. But then both channels would receive the noise.
Second - the source of this noise. You must try another headphones to see if noise is caused by headphones or is emitted by the source device.
Third, reposition your phone to the left (if it is on the right) to see if the noise moves into left bud.
Generally I think you will come to the conclusion that something is wrong with right channel of the headphones and headphones are faulty (as the right wire "picks up the RF" as Tom said in his answer, and then amplifies this signal when you turn noise cancellation on, but left does not).
A:
My guess is that there is a break in the insulation of the right earbud and that electrical hum from your body is flowing into the noise cancellation amplifier.
Try wrapping the bud in cling film and see if that stops the buzz.
|
Food Insecurity on Campus
I was once a college student. Particularly after I moved off campus, I struggled with finances. My diet wasn’t varied or particularly healthy – lots of pizza and ramen noodles – but I wasn’t hungry.
I am now the parent of a college student. She’s living in a house this year with friends, learning how to budget time and money and taking responsibility for preparing all her meals. Much of our family’s life centers around food, so we have daily exchanges about what’s on the menu. We share recipes and “how-to” advice via email, text and phone.
My daughter is fortunate that her resources enable her to enjoy a healthy and varied diet. She has never had to wonder where her next meal is going to come from.
And in this way, her experiences are significantly different from many of her peers across the nation. That’s per two recent studies about food insecurity among college students.
Recent figures indicate that an increasing number of UC undergraduates come from low-income families (about 42% of undergraduates student in 2012-14). With the rising cost of college attendance, a challenging financial climate and less assistance, the situation is serious.
Survey results show that four in 10 UC students are food insecure, higher than the hunger prevalence reported for the overall U.S. population, but on par with the findings of smaller studies at other colleges across the nation. Hispanic and Black students experience a higher prevalence of food insecurity compared to other groups.
There are other significant findings, some of which have important implications for future health:
Food insecurity is a new experience to most students.
Food-insecure students struggle academically.
Food-insecure students prioritize the cost of food over health.
Food-insecure students are more likely to seek free food and to buy fast food.
What UC is Doing about Student Food Insecurity
UC is addressing food insecurity among its students. In 2015, it sponsored the California Higher Education Food Summit, which brought students from across the state together to share and develop strategies to tackle food insecurity.
UC President Janet Napolitano also provided each campus with $75,000 to create “Food Security Working Groups.” These groups have already created food insecurity plans.
As part of its Global Food Initiative, UC also has a systemwide Food Access & Security Subcommittee, which has worked with student representatives and staff to develop an action plan that meets the specific needs of individual campuses, but also maximizes coordination across the UC system.
Some of the key actions taken include:
Expanding food pantry storage/access.
Increasing collaboration with state and county offices to register students for CalFresh.
Improving communications about the available resources, including being clear in financial aid communications about housing and food costs.
There is no one-size-fits-all plan, but the campuses share some strategies. These include short-term financial aid, vouchers for campus dining, gift cards to food retailers, food pantries and improving referral to federal nutrition assistance programs. An innovative program called SWIPES (started at UCLA and UCSB) enables people to donate extra “points” on meal plans to those who need them; these program are being expanded.
“Food security is a critical issue not only on college campuses, but throughout our country and the world,” Napolitano said. “We undertook this survey, and are acting on its findings, because the University is serious about addressing real, long-term solutions to improve the well-being of our students.”
Editor’s Note: UC’s Nutrition Policy Institute – which conducted the study – was established in 2013, with the mission of improving nutrition and reducing obesity, hunger and chronic disease risk in children and their families in diverse settings. It operates under the auspices of UC’s Agriculture and Natural Resources division. Learn more about NPI here.
New National Report Confirms Troubling News about Hunger
Recently a new report – Hunger on Campus – was released. The findings are based on a nationwide survey of college students. The sample included nearly 3,800 students in 12 states, including community colleges and 26 four-year colleges and universities.
Among the findings?
48% of students report food insecurity, including 22% who reported very low levels of food security.
Hunger is a problem at both two-year and four-year institutions.
Food insecurity is more prevalent among students of color.
More than half of first-generation students surveyed (56%) are food insecure. This is compared to 45% of students who had at least one parent who attended college.
Other disturbing findings are that 56% of those students who were classified as food insecure reported having a job. Of those, 38% were working 20 hours (or more) per week. Being enrolled in a campus meal plan did not eliminate the threat of food insecurity. And neither did financial aid.
“As our nation struggles with the widening attainment gap for low-income, first-generation students and students of color, it is critical to understand the role poverty, food insecurity and housing insecurity play in persistence and degree completion for these students. While the prevalence of campus food banks and food pantries is increasing nationwide, this groundbreaking research should inspire American institutions to do more to support the thousands of college students who experience food insecurity.”
Editor’s Note:Oregon is making it easier for students to enroll in SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). Oregon State University and Humboldt State University have on-campus stores that now accept food stamps. At Cal State Fresno, a smartphone app – Catered Cupboard – notifies students when there is left-over food at campus events. There is a national SWIPES organization. To dive deeper into the issue, you may want to check out Sara Goldrick-Rab research. Formerly with the University of Wisconsin and now with Temple University, she is one of the nation’s leading researchers on college hunger. Read her HOPE’s Lab report – “Hungry to Learn: Addressing Food & Housing Insecurity Among Undergraduates.”
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Published
October 10, 2016 at 12:07 pm
by Rose Hayden-Smith
About the Author
Rose Hayden-Smith, PhD, is a UC academic and author, writing as the UC Food Observer. Hayden-Smith has worked as a 4-H youth, family and community development and Master Gardener advisor. She also led UC ANR’s sustainable food systems initiative. A trained U.S. historian, her research focuses on food policy, and the role of gardens in community food security. |
DENVER (CBS4) – Royal “Scoop” Daniel, the Breckenridge lawyer who disappeared in 2007 and was being sought by police for the next 4 1/2 years, apparently applied for and received federal Social Security benefit payments during the time he was being sought by law enforcement.
“The facts you recite seem to me to be essentially correct,” Daniel wrote in a letter dated Jan. 12 to CBS4 Investigator Brian Maass, confirming Daniel asked for and began receiving federal benefits at the same time he was being sought by law enforcement.
The letter was one of three Daniel sent to CBS4 since he was jailed in Summit County in December.
“I recommend you inform yourself at the SSA (Social Security Administration) website about how overseas payments are made, usually it is by direct deposit,” wrote Daniel. “Once a person is active in the system, it is possible to change one’s registered address and the direct deposit instructions.”
Daniel disappeared from Breckenridge April 27, 2007, but turned 65 in 2010 and became eligible to collect Social Security while he was missing. Daniel has said after he left Breckenridge he settled in Acapulco, Mexico.
Shortly after his disappearance police issued a warrant for his arrest, accusing him of stealing more than half a million dollars from his clients. But for the next 4 1/2 years, police appeared to be unaware he was in Mexico and unaware the U.S. government was sending Daniel Social Security payments.
Breckenridge police said they could not comment on Daniel’s Social Security payments and what they did or did not know.
“Since Mr. Daniel was arrested and extradited to Colorado, the Judges handling the case have issued ‘gag orders’ prohibiting law enforcement and prosecutors from publicly commenting on the case,” said Breckenridge Assistant Police Chief Greg Morrison. “We will be happy to comment on the case once we are released from the Judges’ gag orders.”
Jonathan Lasher from the Inspector General’s Office of the Social Security Administration told CBS4 that if there were active felony warrants for Daniel, and he was simultaneously receiving Social Security, the federal agency would typically notify the local law enforcement agency that issued the warrants. Lasher would not comment specifically on the Daniel case.
“As long as it was in one of the warrant databases, then the notification would have gone out to the warrant-issuing agency as to the address we had on file for the individual,” Lasher said.
Lasher said years ago, under what’s known as the Fugitive Felon Program, the Social Security Administration would have automatically suspended Social Security payments if it learned the payments were going to wanted felons. But several court cases challenged that program, and now the agency can only automatically suspend benefits for felons who are wanted for escape or flight from justice warrants. Daniel was not wanted on those type of warrants.
“Could local law enforcement have asked Social Security about the guy?” Lasher was asked.
“They could have made the request, yes,” Lasher responded, and he said the Social Security Administration would have likely told Breckenridge police what they wanted to know about Scoop Daniel’s Social Security payments.
In his letters to CBS4, Daniel offered more details of his flight from Breckenridge to Mexico.
“I can tell you that I entered Mexico and no one so much as looked at an ID, on either side. It was via a cab from El Paso. I never returned to the U.S. until Dec. 7, 2011, and I was fairly certain that I would be detained if there was a warrant for me, and there was, and I was.”
Although Daniel said after his capture in December he was unaware he was a wanted man while he was living in Mexico, he offered a different explanation in one of his letters to CBS4.
“I hasten to add that I came back with the purpose of resolving my case. I had no real need to enter the U.S. other than that. It appears that I could have remained indefinitely in Mexico had I elected to do so,” wrote Daniel.
Daniel wrote that he would be willing to share more details about the Social Security issue, “Once my case is resolved.” |
1. Background {#sec1}
=============
Mental illness is a growing concern of public health that affects more than 340 million people worldwide. Out of the top 10 leading causes of disability, five are mental illnesses \[[@B1]--[@B3]\]. Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses with an estimated prevalence of 4.4% globally \[[@B2]\]. The prevalence of depression is on rising by 18.4% from 2005 to 2015 \[[@B3]\]. Depression increased the mortality, morbidity, disability, family, and the country as whole \[[@B1], [@B2], [@B4], [@B5]\]. Depression also affects occupational and interpersonal functioning of the individual \[[@B6]--[@B8]\], particularly the cost associated with loss of working days \[[@B6]\]. Moreover, depression increases the risk of cardiac illness, diabetes, and hypertension \[[@B6], [@B9]\]. In Ethiopia, depression is the third leading cause of burden of diseases \[[@B7]\]. The magnitude and the adverse impact of depression are unbearable \[[@B10]--[@B12]\] with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2.4% \[[@B13]\] to 60% \[[@B10], [@B14]--[@B27]\]. It contributed as a third leading cause of burden of diseases \[[@B7]\]. It also contributes for the comorbid medical \[[@B28]--[@B34]\] and surgical illness and affect the treatment adherence \[[@B35]--[@B38]\]. Moreover, depression contributes for substance use \[[@B17], [@B39]\] and suicide \[[@B8], [@B40], [@B41]\]. Factors such as low socioeconomic status, residence, sex, substance use, previous history of mental illness, family history of mental illness, and chronic illness were associated with depression \[[@B15], [@B17], [@B24], [@B30], [@B31], [@B42]\].
Depression is a treatable mental illness \[[@B1], [@B2], [@B12], [@B43]\]. Despite its huge impact and availability of effective treatment \[[@B1], [@B43]--[@B47]\], vast majority of individuals who suffer from mental illness do not access treatment for their problems. In general, epidemiological evidence revealed the prevalence of professional help seeking behavior for mental illness is ranging from 35% to 50% in developed countries \[[@B43], [@B48]\] and from 10% to 15% in developing countries \[[@B12], [@B42], [@B44], [@B49]--[@B51]\]. In regard to depression, the professional help seeking behavior was ranging from 33% in Africa to 55.6% in Europe \[[@B52]\] with a regional variation \[[@B20], [@B53], [@B54]\]. Factors such as fear of stigma and embarrassment, lack of time, comorbid substance use, demographic and geographical variation \[[@B50]\], co-morbid chronic illness \[[@B49], [@B55]\], psychosocial factors \[[@B5], [@B43], [@B56]--[@B58]\], perceived cause, accessibility, and effectiveness of the treatment \[[@B59], [@B60]\] were associated with the treatment gap. In Ethiopia, the treatment gap for mental illness reached 90% \[[@B12], [@B27], [@B61]--[@B64]\], and specifically for depression, it ranged from 12% to 82% \[[@B18], [@B20], [@B27]\]. Communities\' knowledge, attitude, substance use, socioeconomic and geographic factors \[[@B12], [@B65], [@B66]\], lack of resource, and the dominance of traditional healer were barrier for the treatment seeking behaviors \[[@B67], [@B68]\]. Untreated depression is a potential for symptoms of severe treatment resistant and increased burden and complexity of the disorders \[[@B7], [@B41], [@B69], [@B70]\]. Therefore, studying the help-seeking behavior enables us to understand and discover people\'s dynamics in their decisions of help seeking behavior from trained health care professional. Moreover, it gives vital information on communities\' attitude and practice toward their preference treatment place for depression. This information helps the planning and provision of training to strengthen the referral mechanisms and health policy of the country to address the choice of the communities\' treatment place. In Ethiopia, there is inconsistent epidemiological evidence about depression and its help seeking behavior \[[@B18], [@B20], [@B27]\], which need comprehensive evidence for decision making and, yet, there are no a single systematic review and meta-analysis using community survey. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the magnitude of depression and its help seeking behaviors in Ethiopia.
2. Methods {#sec2}
==========
We conducted a systematic review and random effects meta-analysis to identify the magnitude of depression and its help seeking behaviors using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) \[[@B71]\].
2.1. Search Strategies {#sec2.1}
----------------------
We searched databases: PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. PubMed electronic database was searched until September, 15, 2018, using the search term ((depression \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (depression) OR (depressive symptoms \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (depressive symptoms) OR (depressive disorders \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (depressive disorders) OR (dysthymia \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (dysthymia) OR (mood disorder \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (mood disorder)) AND ((disclosure \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (disclosure) OR (coping mechanism \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (coping mechanism) OR (defense mechanism \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (defense mechanism) OR (resilience \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (resilience) OR (health care utilization \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (health care utilization) OR (health service utilization \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (health service utilization) OR (help seeking behavior \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (help seeking behavior) OR (help seeking intention \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (help seeking intention OR (treatment seeking \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (treatment seeking) OR (health care seeking behavior \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (health care seeking behavior) OR (healer \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (healer) OR (pathway \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (pathways) OR (services contact \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (service contact) OR (first contact \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (first contact) OR (help seeking \[MeSH Terms\]) OR (help seeking)) AND Ethiopia. There was no restriction on language and year of publication. The reference lists of included studies were manually searched. Likewise, Cochrane review databases were searched using similar search terms tailored to it. Google Scholar was also searched for gray literature and published paper in unindexed journals. For the required information not clear/not avail, authors were contacted via email.
2.2. Selections of the Studies {#sec2.2}
------------------------------
[Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} showed the study selection process. All citations (*N*= 1458) identified through our search strategy were imported into EndNote version X7 reference management software and used automated "Find Duplicates" function to exclude any duplicates. The title and abstracts of the 1458 articles were assessed by two reviewers (BBB and YDG).
2.3. Definition of the Variables {#sec2.3}
--------------------------------
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, depression refers to the occurrence of either depression (major or minor), depressive symptom, dysthymia, or their combinations. Help seeking behavior is an individual\'s willingness/intention to seek help or actual help seeking behavior from at least one of modern health facilities such as: hospital, health center, clinic, health post and/or from health care professional (psychiatrist, nurse, psychologist, sociologist and other) and coded as "Yes"/"No."
2.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria {#sec2.4}
-------------------------------------
### 2.4.1. Participants {#sec2.4.1}
They include any population based study including those on behalf of another individual (e.g., family members).
They exclude homeless, livening abroad, specific group (e.g., women, people with disability), and refugee.
### 2.4.2. Outcomes {#sec2.4.2}
Studies presenting quantitative data on (i) depression and (ii) help seeking behavior for depression or depressive symptom from modern treatment place (hospital, health center, clinic, and health post) and or health care professionals (psychiatrist, psychologist nurse, and others) and coded as "Yes"/"No" for analysis.
Depression with comorbid medical or surgical illness, substance use, and other psychiatric illnesses are excluded.
Help seeking for other mental illness (psychosis, suicide and substance use disorder, and others).
### 2.4.3. Study Designs {#sec2.4.3}
Community based quantitative cross-sectional studies design is included.
Institution based qualitative study design that did not estimate the prevalence of depression and help seeking behavior is excluded. Moreover, studies that focus on case reports, paper, and conference abstracts that did not provide enough information were excluded.
*Data Extraction*. A standardized and prepiloted checklist was used to extract the required information. Data were extracted on study characteristics and outcomes by two independent reviewers (BBB and YDG) and stored in a Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet. The extracted data include details of author\'s name, year of publication, study area, sample size, assessment tool, prevalence of depression, and help seeking behaviors (intention and actual help seeking behavior).
2.5. Quality Assessment {#sec2.5}
-----------------------
Two review authors\' independently assessed the quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment tool adapted for cross-sectional studies. This tool had seven items in three domains (selection, comparability, and outcome). Individual paper was grade with score ranged from zero to nine. Quality of each paper was determined using the overall sum of each item score and defined as good for score ≥5 and fair for score ranged from 3 to 4 and poor for score \<3. This quality appraisal score was assessed by two investigators (BBB and YDG) and disagreements were solved by discussion.
2.6. Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis {#sec2.6}
--------------------------------------------
The extracted data were entered into a Microsoft Excel Database and then imported into STATA 14 that we installed packages for Meta-analyses online. Meta-analyses were performed separately for each outcome: depression, help seeking behavior (help seeking intention and actual help seeking behavior). The estimated pooled prevalence and weighted mean differences of depression and help seeking behavior were calculated using random-effects model at 95% confidence interval \[[@B72]\]. Test for Heterogeneity between the studies was performed using Cochran\'s Q statistic and the*I*^2^ statistics \[[@B73]\]. I^2^ values greater than 50% were considered as indicative of substantial heterogeneity. Evidence of publication bias was assessed using visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plot \[[@B74]\] and egger test \[[@B75]\]. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to examine influential study \[[@B76]\].
3. Results {#sec3}
==========
The literature search resulted in 1458 recorded papers. Of these records, 1014 were excluded just by reading their titles. Of the remaining 273 studies, 156 were excluded by reading their abstract and found to have a different outcome variable. Finally, 18 papers were excluded because of their different methods and prevalence/results were not clearly reported. Thus, the remained 18 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}).
3.1. Study Characteristics {#sec3.1}
--------------------------
A total of 13 studies for depression, 4 studies for help seeking intention, and 5 studies for help seeking behaviour were included in this meta-analysis. All studies were community based and utilized cross-sectional study design. Of these included studies, two studies were from Amhara, three studies were from Oromia, two studies were from Southern Nation and Nationalities of People, and one study was national data. For the assessment of depression PHQ-9 (n=4), ICD-10 (n=2), DSM-IV (n=3), BDI-21 (n=1), HSCL-15 (n=1), and SCAN (n=1) were utilized. One study also reported use of the WHO STEPS instruments. For the assessment of help-seeking behavior case vignette (n=7) and GHSQ (n=2) were used ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}).
3.2. Quality of Included Studies {#sec3.2}
--------------------------------
The overall quality score of included studies ranged from 3 to 8. Of these, 14 studies had good quality and the remaining 4 studies had poor quality ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}).
3.3. Depression {#sec3.3}
---------------
A total of 13 studies, including data from 20067 participants, were included in the study. The pooled prevalence of depression was found to be 20.5% (95% CI; 16.5% -24.4%) ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). There is no evidence of significant heterogeneity (I^2^ = 0%, p =0.620) and publication bias egger\'s test (p =0.637). The sensitivity analysis showed that none of the point estimates was outside of the overall 95% confidence interval confirming that there was no influential study. Thus, pooled estimates based on all the 13 studies could be important.
3.4. Help Seeking for Depression {#sec3.4}
--------------------------------
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of help seeking intention and behaviour was found to be 42% (95% CI; 23%-60%) and 38% (95% CI; 23%-52%), respectively ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). No evidence of significant heterogeneity help seeking intention (I^2^ = 0%, p =0.996) and behaviour (I^2^ = 0%, p =0.896). The overall sensitivity analysis showed that none of the point estimates was outside of the overall 95% confidence interval confirming that there was no influential study. Although evidence from visual inspection of the funnel plot and the Egger\'s test (P =0.025) showed publication bias, there is no change in the trim and fill analysis.
4. Discussion {#sec4}
=============
The current review is the only community based epidemiological review of depression and its help seeking behaviors in Ethiopia. More than one in five of the community reside were found to have depression in Ethiopia \[20.5% (95% CI; 16.5% -24.4%)\]. This study confirmed the existence of high magnitude of depression in Ethiopia. Compared to other studies carried out by World Mental Health Survey Initiative at different time \[(4.1/9.8% to 19.1% for the last 12 months) and (18.1% to 36.1% for the lifetime prevalence)\] \[[@B77]--[@B79]\], we found higher prevalence of depression. This study also higher than a recently published community based samples of meta-analysis over one year (12.9%) \[[@B80]\]. This variation may be due to the difference in study period. This is supported by the results of subgroup analysis that showed the prevalence of depression in studies published from 2004 to 2014 was higher than those published from 1994 to 2003 \[[@B80]\]. The other possible explanation may be due to the regional variation \[[@B78], [@B79]\]. As supported by the WMHS epidemiological variation of depression across country that may attributed to the variation in the concept of the illness, socio-economic status and psychosocial norm.
Regarding the help seeking behaviors, the pooled prevalence of help seeking intention was found to be 48% (95% CI; 38%-57%). This may be an indication for mental health treatment gap in Ethiopia. Even though, similar studies are scarce for comparison this study, there are little supportive studies from developed and developing countries. This result is within the range of (49% to 84%) of other review on perceived need for treatment \[[@B81]\]. Other review of public study also found the treatment recommendation for depression was 49% (48%-50%) for medication and 76% (76%-77%) for psychotherapy \[[@B82]\]. The public\'s beliefs about the helpfulness of interventions actually influence their service use for mental health problems is important. On the other hand, even though 42% (95% CI; 23%-60%) of our study showed help seeking intention, the pooled actual help seeking behaviour was found to be low \[38% (95% CI; 23%-52%)\]. This suggests the needs of assessment that interfered with the actual use of the preferred treatment. This showed all individuals who willing may not perform the actual behaviours. This is supported by a study which showed that, out of 80% adults who agreed (slightly or strongly) that treatment can help people living with mental illness lead normal lives, 35% to 67% adults agreed that other people are caring and sympathetic to people living with mental illness. People\'s beliefs toward individual with mental illness usually affect interacting with, providing opportunities, and supporting a person with mental illness and frame whether they disclose the symptoms and seek care \[[@B83]\]. Compared to other systematically reviews, this result is consistent with the WHO African region study which showed 33% of treatment seeking behavior for depression \[[@B52]\]. Another systematic review also revealed a treatment-seeking behavior ranging from 17.0% and 77.8% of treatment \[[@B84]\]. A recently published WHO survey showed overall 29.0% of treatment \[[@B50]\]. This is also supported by a review from Africa using a pathways to care \[[@B50], [@B85]\] with an estimated pooled proportion ranging from 38% to 60.4% first treated by professionals \[[@B86]\]. Thus, the results of this finding implies though limited studies are avail: (i) the need of more study and (ii) high magnitude of depression among the Ethiopia community, (iii) with low help seeking behavior. This may suggest the needs of more information and evaluate the effectiveness of the current mental health care system on the screening of depression and its help seeking behavior from modern treatment place/professionals.
4.1. Strengths and Limitations of the Study {#sec4.1}
-------------------------------------------
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis about the epidemiology of depression and its help seeking behavior in Ethiopia. Moreover, there are inclusions of all studies without the restrictions of year of publication and language. In addition to this, we conducted heterogeneity test and sensitivity analysis for possible sources of heterogeneity and identified influential paper across the studies. However, some limitations are considered during the interpretation of the results. First, although the focus of this study was on quantitative studies, the exclusion of qualitative studies and institution based studies minimize the number of included studies. Second, although we used reference lists and Google Scholar to include all the available studies, there may be possibility of having some overlooked articles. Finally, the use of case vignettes in the studies that may have different concept in the community recognitions of the disorder and help seeking behavior minimize the true figure. Despite these, this systematic review and meta-analysis revealed the recently available evidence that help to narrow the scant studies in the area, particularly in Ethiopia for the development of and/or strengthening the mental health care needs of the community.
4.2. Conclusion and Recommendations {#sec4.2}
-----------------------------------
More than one among five individuals were experiencing depression and less than one-third of individuals with depression seek help from modern treatment. Thus, authors suggest the need of community based mental health care for early identification and provisions of accessible, affordable, and cost effective treatment.
Authors would like to thank all the primary authors of this study, especially those who agreed to share the findings of their studies for those studies that need more clarification.
Data Availability
=================
All data are included in this paper.
Conflicts of Interest
=====================
Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Authors\' Contributions
=======================
Berhanu Boru Bifftu was responsible for conceptualization, project administration, software, supervision, and original drafting. Berhanu Boru Bifftu, Wubet Worku Takele, Yonas Deressa Guracho, and Fekadu Ambaw Yehualashet conducted data curation, investigation, methodology, validation, and review writing and editing of the manuscript. Berhanu Boru Bifftu and Yonas Deressa Guracho made formal analysis and visualization. All authors contributed with data analysis, critically revised of the paper, and agreed to be accountable for their individual contributions.
Supplementary Materials {#supplementary-material-1}
=======================
######
PRISM CHECK LIST for the systematic review and meta-analysis of CMDs among women with obstetric fistula.
######
Click here for additional data file.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
######
Characteristics of included studies.
Author Year Setting Design Outcome Sample size Number of cases Tool
------------------- --------- -------- --------------- ------------- ----------------- ---------------
Mulatu, 1999 Amhara CS Intention 50 10 Case vignette
Derbew, 2005 Oromia CS Intention 728 527 Case vignette
Benti, 2016 Oromia CS Intention 816 454 Case vignette
Hailemariam, 2012 NHS CS Depression 4925 449 ICD-10
Actual 449 103 Case vignette
Rathod, 2016 SNNP CS Depression 1489 375 PHQ-9
Actual 375 47 Case vignette
Menberu, 2018 Amhara CS Depression 1665 226 PHQ-9
Actual 226 58 GHSQ
Sumet, 2017 Amhara CS Intention 832 592 GHSQ
Fekadu, 2007 SNNP Actual 1511 1242 Case vignette
Fekadu, 2008 SNNP CS depression 1673 341 DSM-IV
Actual 343 121 Case vignette
Molla, 2016 Amhara Depression 779 139 PHQ-9
Hussien, 2017 Oromia Depression 4371 323 SELF
Mossie, 2016 Oromia Depression 590 171 BDI-21
Bartlett, 2016 Amhara Depression 268 7 ICD-10
Kebede, 1999 AA Depression 1420 51 HSCL-15
C. Handeley, 2008 SNNP Depression 541 324 DSM-IV
Taye, 2017 Oromia Depression 359 125 SCAN
Kebede, 2003 Oromia Depression 2285 212 DSM-IV
Hailemariam, 2006 Oromia Depression 205 5 ICD-10
***Note.***GHSQ**:** general help-seeking questionnaire, HSCL: Hopkins Symptoms Checklist, SNNP: Southern Nation and Nationalities of People, PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9, CES-D: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, BDI-21: Beck Depression Inventory, ICD-10: International Composite Diagnostic, SCAN: Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, and DSM-IV: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.
######
Quality of included studies in the analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Author, year** **Quality domain** **Overall score**
------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---
**Selection** **Comparability** **Outcome**
**(Max score=5)** **(Max=2)** **(Max=3)**
\(1\) Representativeness of the sample:\ \(2\) Sample size:\ \(3\) Non-respondents:\ \(4\) Ascertainment of the exposure (risk factor):\ \(1\) The subjects in different outcome groups are comparable, based on the study design or analysis. Confounding factors are controlled.\ \(1\) Assessment of outcome\ \(2\) Statistical test:\
(a) Truly representative of the average in the target population*∗* (all subjects or random sampling)\ (a) Justified and satisfactory*∗* \ (a) Comparability between respondents and non-respondents characteristics is established, and the response rate is satisfactory*∗* \ (a) Validated measurement tool. *∗∗* \ (a) The study controls for the most important factor (select one)*∗* \ (a) Independent blind assessment *∗∗* \ (a) is clearly described, appropriate, & measurement of association is presented, including confidence intervals & probability level (p value)*∗* \
(b) Somewhat representative of the average in the target population*∗* (non-random sampling)\ (b) Not justified. (b) The response rate is unsatisfactory, or the comparability between respondents and non-respondents is unsatisfactory.\ (b) Non-validated measurement tool, but the tool is available or described.*∗* \ (b) The study control for any additional factor*∗* \ (b) Record linkage*∗∗* \ (b) is not appropriate
(c) Selected group of users.\ (c) No description of the response rate or the characteristics of the responders and the non-responders. (c) No description of the measurement tool. (c) no control (c) Self report *∗* \
(d) No description of the sampling strategy. (d) No description.
Mesfin, 1999 b (+1) b(+0) c (+0) b (+1) a(+1) c (+1) a(+1) 5
Derbew, 2005 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Misael, 2016 b (+1) a(+1) a(+1) b (+1) a(+1) c (+1) a(+1) 5
Solomon, 2012 b (+1) b(+0) c(+0) c (+0) c (+0) c (+1) a(+1) 3
Abebaw, 2008 b (+1) b(+0) c(+0) c (+0) c (+0) c (+1) a(+1) 3
Abebaw, 2007 b (+1) b(+0) c(+0) c (+0) c (+0) c (+1) a(+1) 3
Suijit, 2016 b (+1) b(+0) a (+1) b(+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 6
Melak, 2018 b (+1) a(+1) a (+1) a (+2) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 8
Shegaye, 2017 b (+1) b(+1) b (+1) a (+2) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 8
Getasew, 2016 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Gibi, 2017 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) c (+0) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 6
Andualem, 2016 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Joanna, 2016 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Kebede, 1999 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Handeley, 2008 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Amsalu, 2017 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Kebede, 2003 a (+1) a(+1) a (+1) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 7
Solomon, 2006 a (+1) a(+1) c(+0) b (+1) a (+1) c (+1) a(+1) 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[^1]: Academic Editor: Axel Steiger
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Dubalu LLC
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*/
#include "multiconvex.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
void
MultiConvex::simplify()
{
if (!simplified) {
// Simplify and sort convexs.
std::sort(convexs.begin(), convexs.end(), [](Convex& c1, Convex& c2) {
c1.simplify();
c2.simplify();
return c1 < c2;
});
// Deleting redundant and empty convexs.
for (auto it = convexs.begin(); it != convexs.end(); ) {
if (it->empty()) {
it = convexs.erase(it);
} else {
auto n_it = it + 1;
if (n_it != convexs.end() && *it == *n_it) {
it = convexs.erase(it);
} else {
++it;
}
}
}
simplified = true;
}
}
std::string
MultiConvex::toWKT() const
{
std::string wkt("MULTICONVEX");
wkt.append(to_string());
return wkt;
}
std::string
MultiConvex::to_string() const
{
if (convexs.empty()) {
return std::string(" EMPTY");
}
std::string str("(");
for (const auto& convex : convexs) {
auto str_convex = convex.to_string();
str.reserve(str.length() + str_convex.length() + 1);
str.append(str_convex).push_back(',');
}
str.back() = ')';
return str;
}
std::vector<std::string>
MultiConvex::getTrixels(bool partials, double error) const
{
std::vector<std::string> trixels;
for (const auto& convex : convexs) {
trixels = HTM::trixel_union(std::move(trixels), convex.getTrixels(partials, error));
}
return trixels;
}
std::vector<range_t>
MultiConvex::getRanges(bool partials, double error) const
{
std::vector<range_t> ranges;
for (const auto& convex : convexs) {
ranges = HTM::range_union(std::move(ranges), convex.getRanges(partials, error));
}
return ranges;
}
std::vector<Cartesian>
MultiConvex::getCentroids() const
{
// FIXME: Efficient way for calculate centroids for a MultiConvex.
return std::vector<Cartesian>();
}
|
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//===--- SILConstants.h - SIL constant representation -----------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project
//
// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2017 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors
// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
//
// See https://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information
// See https://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This defines an interface to represent SIL level structured constants in a
// memory efficient way.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#ifndef SWIFT_SIL_CONSTANTS_H
#define SWIFT_SIL_CONSTANTS_H
#include "swift/AST/SubstitutionMap.h"
#include "swift/SIL/SILInstruction.h"
#include "swift/SIL/SILValue.h"
#include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
namespace swift {
class SingleValueInstruction;
class SILValue;
class SILBuilder;
class SerializedSILLoader;
struct AggregateSymbolicValue;
struct SymbolicArrayStorage;
struct DerivedAddressValue;
struct EnumWithPayloadSymbolicValue;
struct SymbolicValueMemoryObject;
struct UnknownSymbolicValue;
struct SymbolicClosure;
extern llvm::cl::opt<unsigned> ConstExprLimit;
/// An abstract class that exposes functions for allocating symbolic values.
/// The implementors of this class have to determine where to allocate them and
/// and manage the lifetime of the allocated symbolic values.
class SymbolicValueAllocator {
public:
virtual ~SymbolicValueAllocator() {}
/// Allocate raw bytes.
/// \param byteSize number of bytes to allocate.
/// \param alignment alignment for the allocated bytes.
virtual void *allocate(unsigned long byteSize, unsigned alignment) = 0;
/// Allocate storage for a given number of elements of a specific type
/// provided as a template parameter. Precondition: \c T must have an
/// accesible zero argument constructor.
/// \param numElts number of elements of the type to allocate.
template <typename T> T *allocate(unsigned numElts) {
T *res = (T *)allocate(sizeof(T) * numElts, alignof(T));
for (unsigned i = 0; i != numElts; ++i)
new (res + i) T();
return res;
}
};
/// A class that allocates symbolic values in a local bump allocator. The
/// lifetime of the bump allocator is same as the lifetime of \c this object.
class SymbolicValueBumpAllocator : public SymbolicValueAllocator {
private:
llvm::BumpPtrAllocator bumpAllocator;
public:
SymbolicValueBumpAllocator() {}
~SymbolicValueBumpAllocator() {}
void *allocate(unsigned long byteSize, unsigned alignment) override {
return bumpAllocator.Allocate(byteSize, alignment);
}
};
/// When we fail to constant fold a value, this captures a reason why,
/// allowing the caller to produce a specific diagnostic. The "Unknown"
/// SymbolicValue representation also includes a pointer to the SILNode in
/// question that was problematic.
class UnknownReason {
public:
enum UnknownKind {
// TODO: Eliminate the default kind, by making classifications for each
// failure mode.
Default,
/// The constant expression was too big. This is reported on a random
/// instruction within the constexpr that triggered the issue.
TooManyInstructions,
/// A control flow loop was found.
Loop,
/// Integer overflow detected.
Overflow,
/// Trap detected. Traps will a message as a payload.
Trap,
/// An operation was applied over operands whose symbolic values were
/// constants but were not valid for the operation.
InvalidOperandValue,
/// Encountered an instruction not supported by the interpreter.
UnsupportedInstruction,
/// Encountered a function call whose arguments are not constants.
CallArgumentUnknown,
/// Encountered a function call where the body of the called function is
/// not available.
CalleeImplementationUnknown,
/// Attempted to load from/store into a SIL value that was not tracked by
/// the interpreter.
UntrackedSILValue,
/// Encountered a checked cast operation whose result cannot be evaluated
/// to a constant.
UnknownCastResult,
/// Attempted to find a concrete protocol conformance for a witness method
/// and failed.
UnknownWitnessMethodConformance,
/// Attempted to determine the SIL function of a witness method and failed.
NoWitnesTableEntry,
/// The value of a top-level variable cannot be determined to be a constant.
/// This is only relevant in the backward evaluation mode, which is used by
/// #assert.
NotTopLevelConstant,
/// A top-level value has multiple writers. This is only relevant in the
/// non-flow-sensitive evaluation mode, which is used by #assert.
MutipleTopLevelWriters,
/// Indicates the return value of an instruction that was not evaluated
/// during interpretation.
ReturnedByUnevaluatedInstruction,
/// Indicates that the value was possibly modified by an instruction
/// that was not evaluated during the interpretation.
MutatedByUnevaluatedInstruction,
};
private:
UnknownKind kind;
// Auxiliary information for different unknown kinds.
union {
SILFunction *function; // For CalleeImplementationUnknown
const char *trapMessage; // For Trap.
unsigned argumentIndex; // For CallArgumentUnknown
} payload;
public:
UnknownKind getKind() { return kind; }
static bool isUnknownKindWithPayload(UnknownKind kind) {
switch (kind) {
case UnknownKind::CalleeImplementationUnknown:
case UnknownKind::Trap:
case UnknownKind::CallArgumentUnknown:
return true;
default:
return false;
}
}
static UnknownReason create(UnknownKind kind) {
assert(!isUnknownKindWithPayload(kind));
UnknownReason reason;
reason.kind = kind;
return reason;
}
static UnknownReason createCalleeImplementationUnknown(SILFunction *callee) {
assert(callee);
UnknownReason reason;
reason.kind = UnknownKind::CalleeImplementationUnknown;
reason.payload.function = callee;
return reason;
}
SILFunction *getCalleeWithoutImplmentation() {
assert(kind == UnknownKind::CalleeImplementationUnknown);
return payload.function;
}
static UnknownReason createTrap(StringRef message,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator) {
// Copy and null terminate the string.
size_t size = message.size();
char *messagePtr = allocator.allocate<char>(size + 1);
std::uninitialized_copy(message.begin(), message.end(), messagePtr);
messagePtr[size] = '\0';
UnknownReason reason;
reason.kind = UnknownKind::Trap;
reason.payload.trapMessage = messagePtr;
return reason;
}
const char *getTrapMessage() {
assert(kind == UnknownKind::Trap);
return payload.trapMessage;
}
static UnknownReason createCallArgumentUnknown(unsigned argIndex) {
UnknownReason reason;
reason.kind = UnknownKind::CallArgumentUnknown;
reason.payload.argumentIndex = argIndex;
return reason;
}
unsigned getArgumentIndex() {
assert(kind == UnknownKind::CallArgumentUnknown);
return payload.argumentIndex;
}
};
/// This is the symbolic value tracked for each SILValue in a scope. We
/// support multiple representational forms for the constant node in order to
/// avoid pointless memory bloat + copying. This is intended to be a
/// light-weight POD type we can put in hash tables and pass around by-value.
///
/// Internally, this value has multiple ways to represent the same sorts of
/// symbolic values (e.g. to save memory). It provides a simpler public
/// interface though.
class SymbolicValue {
private:
enum RepresentationKind {
/// This value is an alloc stack that has not (yet) been initialized
/// by flow-sensitive analysis.
RK_UninitMemory,
/// This symbolic value cannot be determined, carries multiple values
/// (i.e., varies dynamically at the top level), or is of some type that
/// we cannot analyze and propagate (e.g. NSObject).
///
RK_Unknown,
/// This value is known to be a metatype reference. The type is stored
/// in the "metatype" member.
RK_Metatype,
/// This value is known to be a function reference, e.g. through
/// function_ref directly, or a devirtualized method reference.
RK_Function,
/// This value is represented with a bump-pointer allocated APInt.
RK_Integer,
/// This value is represented with an inline integer representation.
RK_IntegerInline,
/// This value is represented with a bump-pointer allocated char array
/// representing a UTF-8 encoded string.
RK_String,
/// This value is a struct or tuple of constants. This is tracked by the
/// "aggregate" member of the value union.
RK_Aggregate,
/// This value is an enum with no payload.
RK_Enum,
/// This value is an enum with a payload.
RK_EnumWithPayload,
/// This represents the address of a memory object.
RK_DirectAddress,
/// This represents an index *into* a memory object.
RK_DerivedAddress,
/// This represents the internal storage of an array.
RK_ArrayStorage,
/// This represents an array.
RK_Array,
/// This represents a closure.
RK_Closure,
};
union {
/// When the value is Unknown, this contains information about the
/// unfoldable part of the computation.
UnknownSymbolicValue *unknown;
/// This is always a SILType with an object category. This is the value
/// of the underlying instance type, not the MetatypeType.
TypeBase *metatype;
SILFunction *function;
/// When this SymbolicValue is of "Integer" kind, this pointer stores
/// the words of the APInt value it holds.
uint64_t *integer;
/// This holds the bits of an integer for an inline representation.
uint64_t integerInline;
/// When this SymbolicValue is of "String" kind, this pointer stores
/// information about the StringRef value it holds.
const char *string;
/// When this SymbolicValue is of "Aggregate" kind, this pointer stores
/// information about the aggregate elements, its type and count.
const AggregateSymbolicValue *aggregate;
/// When this SymbolicValue is of "Enum" kind, this pointer stores
/// information about the enum case type.
EnumElementDecl *enumVal;
/// When this SymbolicValue is of "EnumWithPayload" kind, this pointer
/// stores information about the enum case type and its payload.
EnumWithPayloadSymbolicValue *enumValWithPayload;
/// When the representationKind is "DirectAddress", this pointer is the
/// memory object referenced.
SymbolicValueMemoryObject *directAddress;
/// When this SymbolicValue is of "DerivedAddress" kind, this pointer stores
/// information about the memory object and access path of the access.
DerivedAddressValue *derivedAddress;
// The following two fields are for representing an Array.
//
// In Swift, an array is a non-trivial struct that stores a reference to an
// internal storage: _ContiguousArrayStorage. Though arrays have value
// semantics in Swift, it is not the case in SIL. In SIL, an array can be
// mutated by taking the address of the internal storage i.e., through a
// shared, mutable pointer to the internal storage of the array. In fact,
// this is how an array initialization is lowered in SIL. Therefore, the
// symbolic representation of an array is an addressable "memory cell"
// (i.e., a SymbolicValueMemoryObject) containing the array storage. The
// array storage is modeled by the type: SymbolicArrayStorage. This
// representation of the array enables obtaining the address of the internal
// storage and modifying the array through that address. Array operations
// such as `append` that mutate an array must clone the internal storage of
// the array, following the semantics of the Swift implementation of those
// operations.
/// Representation of array storage (RK_ArrayStorage). SymbolicArrayStorage
/// is a container for a sequence of symbolic values.
SymbolicArrayStorage *arrayStorage;
/// When this symbolic value is of an "Array" kind, this stores a memory
/// object that contains a SymbolicArrayStorage value.
SymbolicValueMemoryObject *array;
/// When this symbolic value is of "Closure" kind, store a pointer to the
/// symbolic representation of the closure.
SymbolicClosure *closure;
} value;
RepresentationKind representationKind : 8;
union {
/// This is the number of bits in an RK_Integer or RK_IntegerInline
/// representation, which makes the number of entries in the list derivable.
unsigned integerBitwidth;
/// This is the number of bytes for an RK_String representation.
unsigned stringNumBytes;
} auxInfo;
public:
/// This enum is used to indicate the sort of value held by a SymbolicValue
/// independent of its concrete representation. This is the public
/// interface to SymbolicValue.
enum Kind {
/// This is a value that isn't a constant.
Unknown,
/// This is a known metatype value.
Metatype,
/// This is a function, represented as a SILFunction.
Function,
/// This is an integer constant.
Integer,
/// String values may have SIL type of Builtin.RawPointer or Builtin.Word
/// type.
String,
/// This can be an array, struct, tuple, etc.
Aggregate,
/// This is an enum without payload.
Enum,
/// This is an enum with payload (formally known as "associated value").
EnumWithPayload,
/// This value represents the address of, or into, a memory object.
Address,
/// This represents an internal array storage.
ArrayStorage,
/// This represents an array value.
Array,
/// This represents a closure.
Closure,
/// These values are generally only seen internally to the system, external
/// clients shouldn't have to deal with them.
UninitMemory
};
/// For constant values, return the type classification of this value.
Kind getKind() const;
/// Return true if this represents a constant value.
bool isConstant() const {
auto kind = getKind();
return kind != Unknown && kind != UninitMemory;
}
static SymbolicValue getUnknown(SILNode *node, UnknownReason reason,
llvm::ArrayRef<SourceLoc> callStack,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
/// Return true if this represents an unknown result.
bool isUnknown() const { return getKind() == Unknown; }
/// Return the call stack for an unknown result.
ArrayRef<SourceLoc> getUnknownCallStack() const;
/// Return the node that triggered an unknown result.
SILNode *getUnknownNode() const;
/// Return the reason an unknown result was generated.
UnknownReason getUnknownReason() const;
static SymbolicValue getUninitMemory() {
SymbolicValue result;
result.representationKind = RK_UninitMemory;
return result;
}
static SymbolicValue getMetatype(CanType type) {
SymbolicValue result;
result.representationKind = RK_Metatype;
result.value.metatype = type.getPointer();
return result;
}
CanType getMetatypeValue() const {
assert(representationKind == RK_Metatype);
return CanType(value.metatype);
}
static SymbolicValue getFunction(SILFunction *fn) {
assert(fn && "Function cannot be null");
SymbolicValue result;
result.representationKind = RK_Function;
result.value.function = fn;
return result;
}
SILFunction *getFunctionValue() const {
assert(getKind() == Function);
return value.function;
}
static SymbolicValue getInteger(int64_t value, unsigned bitWidth);
static SymbolicValue getInteger(const APInt &value,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
APInt getIntegerValue() const;
unsigned getIntegerValueBitWidth() const;
/// Returns a SymbolicValue representing a UTF-8 encoded string.
static SymbolicValue getString(StringRef string,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
/// Returns the UTF-8 encoded string underlying a SymbolicValue.
StringRef getStringValue() const;
/// This returns an aggregate value with the specified elements in it. This
/// copies the member values into the specified Allocator.
static SymbolicValue getAggregate(ArrayRef<SymbolicValue> members,
Type aggregateType,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
ArrayRef<SymbolicValue> getAggregateMembers() const;
/// Return the type of this aggregate symbolic value.
Type getAggregateType() const;
/// This returns a constant Symbolic value for the enum case in `decl`, which
/// must not have an associated value.
static SymbolicValue getEnum(EnumElementDecl *decl) {
assert(decl);
SymbolicValue result;
result.representationKind = RK_Enum;
result.value.enumVal = decl;
return result;
}
/// `payload` must be a constant.
static SymbolicValue getEnumWithPayload(EnumElementDecl *decl,
SymbolicValue payload,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
EnumElementDecl *getEnumValue() const;
SymbolicValue getEnumPayloadValue() const;
/// Return a symbolic value that represents the address of a memory object.
static SymbolicValue getAddress(SymbolicValueMemoryObject *memoryObject) {
SymbolicValue result;
result.representationKind = RK_DirectAddress;
result.value.directAddress = memoryObject;
return result;
}
/// Return a symbolic value that represents the address of a memory object
/// indexed by a path.
static SymbolicValue getAddress(SymbolicValueMemoryObject *memoryObject,
ArrayRef<unsigned> indices,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
/// Return the memory object of this reference along with any access path
/// indices involved.
SymbolicValueMemoryObject *
getAddressValue(SmallVectorImpl<unsigned> &accessPath) const;
/// Return just the memory object for an address value.
SymbolicValueMemoryObject *getAddressValueMemoryObject() const;
/// Create a symbolic array storage containing \c elements.
static SymbolicValue
getSymbolicArrayStorage(ArrayRef<SymbolicValue> elements, CanType elementType,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
/// Create a symbolic array using the given symbolic array storage, which
/// contains the array elements.
static SymbolicValue getArray(Type arrayType, SymbolicValue arrayStorage,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
/// Return the elements stored in this SymbolicValue of "ArrayStorage" kind.
ArrayRef<SymbolicValue> getStoredElements(CanType &elementType) const;
/// Return the symbolic value representing the internal storage of this array.
SymbolicValue getStorageOfArray() const;
/// Return the symbolic value representing the address of the element of this
/// array at the given \c index. The return value is a derived address whose
/// base is the memory object \c value.array (which contains the array
/// storage) and whose accesspath is \c index.
SymbolicValue getAddressOfArrayElement(SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator,
unsigned index) const;
/// Return the type of this array symbolic value.
Type getArrayType() const;
/// Create and return a symbolic value that represents a closure.
/// \param target SILFunction corresponding the target of the closure.
/// \param capturedArguments an array consisting of SILValues of captured
/// arguments along with their symbolic values when available.
/// \param allocator the allocator to use for storing the contents of this
/// symbolic value.
static SymbolicValue makeClosure(
SILFunction *target,
ArrayRef<std::pair<SILValue, Optional<SymbolicValue>>> capturedArguments,
SubstitutionMap substMap, SingleValueInstruction *closureInst,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
SymbolicClosure *getClosure() const {
assert(getKind() == Closure);
return value.closure;
}
//===--------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Helpers
/// Dig through single element aggregates, return the ultimate thing inside of
/// it. This is useful when dealing with integers and floats, because they
/// are often wrapped in single-element struct wrappers.
SymbolicValue lookThroughSingleElementAggregates() const;
/// Given that this is an 'Unknown' value, emit diagnostic notes providing
/// context about what the problem is. If there is no location for some
/// reason, we fall back to using the specified location.
void emitUnknownDiagnosticNotes(SILLocation fallbackLoc);
bool isUnknownDueToUnevaluatedInstructions();
/// Clone this SymbolicValue into the specified Allocator and return the new
/// version. This only works for valid constants.
SymbolicValue cloneInto(SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator) const;
void print(llvm::raw_ostream &os, unsigned indent = 0) const;
void dump() const;
};
static_assert(sizeof(SymbolicValue) == 2 * sizeof(uint64_t),
"SymbolicValue should stay small");
static_assert(std::is_trivial<SymbolicValue>::value,
"SymbolicValue should stay trivial");
inline llvm::raw_ostream &operator<<(llvm::raw_ostream &os, SymbolicValue val) {
val.print(os);
return os;
}
/// This is a representation of a memory object referred to by an address.
/// Memory objects may be mutated over their lifetime, but their overall type
/// remains the same.
struct SymbolicValueMemoryObject {
Type getType() const { return type; }
SymbolicValue getValue() const { return value; }
void setValue(SymbolicValue newValue) {
assert((newValue.getKind() != SymbolicValue::Aggregate ||
newValue.getAggregateType()->isEqual(type)) &&
"Memory object type does not match the type of the symbolic value");
value = newValue;
}
/// Create a new memory object whose overall type is as specified.
static SymbolicValueMemoryObject *create(Type type, SymbolicValue value,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
/// Given that this memory object contains an aggregate value like
/// {{1, 2}, 3}, and given an access path like [0,1], return the indexed
/// element, e.g. "2" in this case.
///
/// Returns uninit memory if the access path points at or into uninit memory.
///
/// Precondition: The access path must be valid for this memory object's type.
SymbolicValue getIndexedElement(ArrayRef<unsigned> accessPath);
/// Given that this memory object contains an aggregate value like
/// {{1, 2}, 3}, given an access path like [0,1], and given a new element like
/// "4", set the indexed element to the specified scalar, producing {{1, 4},
/// 3} in this case.
///
/// Precondition: The access path must be valid for this memory object's type.
void setIndexedElement(ArrayRef<unsigned> accessPath,
SymbolicValue newElement,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
private:
const Type type;
SymbolicValue value;
SymbolicValueMemoryObject(Type type, SymbolicValue value)
: type(type), value(value) {}
SymbolicValueMemoryObject(const SymbolicValueMemoryObject &) = delete;
void operator=(const SymbolicValueMemoryObject &) = delete;
};
using SymbolicClosureArgument = std::pair<SILValue, Optional<SymbolicValue>>;
/// Representation of a symbolic closure. A symbolic closure consists of a
/// SILFunction and an array of SIL values, corresponding to the captured
/// arguments, and (optional) symbolic values representing the constant values
/// of the captured arguments. The symbolic values are optional as it is not
/// necessary for every captured argument to be a constant, which enables
/// representing closures whose captured arguments are not compile-time
/// constants.
struct SymbolicClosure final
: private llvm::TrailingObjects<SymbolicClosure, SymbolicClosureArgument> {
friend class llvm::TrailingObjects<SymbolicClosure, SymbolicClosureArgument>;
private:
SILFunction *target;
// The number of SIL values captured by the closure.
unsigned numCaptures;
// True iff there exists a captured argument whose constant value is not
// known.
bool hasNonConstantCaptures = true;
// A substitution map that partially maps the generic paramters of the
// applied function to the generic arguments of passed to the call.
SubstitutionMap substitutionMap;
// The closure instruction such as partial apply that resulted in this
// symbolic value. This is tracked to obtain SILType and other SIL-level
// information of the symbolic closure.
SingleValueInstruction *closureInst;
SymbolicClosure() = delete;
SymbolicClosure(const SymbolicClosure &) = delete;
SymbolicClosure(SILFunction *callee, unsigned numArguments,
SubstitutionMap substMap, SingleValueInstruction *inst,
bool nonConstantCaptures)
: target(callee), numCaptures(numArguments),
hasNonConstantCaptures(nonConstantCaptures), substitutionMap(substMap),
closureInst(inst) {}
public:
static SymbolicClosure *create(SILFunction *callee,
ArrayRef<SymbolicClosureArgument> args,
SubstitutionMap substMap,
SingleValueInstruction *closureInst,
SymbolicValueAllocator &allocator);
ArrayRef<SymbolicClosureArgument> getCaptures() const {
return {getTrailingObjects<SymbolicClosureArgument>(), numCaptures};
}
// This is used by the llvm::TrailingObjects base class.
size_t numTrailingObjects(OverloadToken<SymbolicClosureArgument>) const {
return numCaptures;
}
SILFunction *getTarget() {
return target;
}
SingleValueInstruction *getClosureInst() { return closureInst; }
SILType getClosureType() { return closureInst->getType(); }
SubstitutionMap getCallSubstitutionMap() { return substitutionMap; }
bool hasOnlyConstantCaptures() { return !hasNonConstantCaptures; }
};
} // end namespace swift
#endif
|
2 S.W.3d 393 (1999)
MID-CONTINENT CASUALTY COMPANY, Appellant,
v.
SAFE TIRE DISPOSAL CORPORTION, Safe Tire Disposal Corporation of Texas, and Scott Holden, Appellees.
No. 04-98-01048-CV.
Court of Appeals of Texas, San Antonio.
June 23, 1999.
*394 Kevin J. Cook, James Clyde Allums, Payne & Blanchard, L.L.P., Dallas, for appellant.
Lyndon F. Bittle, Frank Michael Prince, Cathy L. Altaian, Carrington, Coleman, Sloman & Blumenthal, Dallas, for appellee.
Before: TOM RICKHOFF, Justice SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice KAREN ANGELINI, Justice.
OPINION
Opinion by: SARAH B. DUNCAN, Justice.
Mid-Continent Casualty Co. appeals the trial court's judgment (1) declaring it must defend Safe Tire Disposal Corp., Safe Tire Disposal Corp. of Texas, and Scott Holden in a suit brought against them by Cecil Booth and Deborah Markwardt; (2) denying Mid-Continent's request for attorney's fees; and (3) ordering Mid-Continent to pay Safe Tire $5,000 in attorney's fees. *395 Because the settlement of Booth's and Markwardt's suit moots Mid-Continent's appeal of the duty to defend issue, we vacate this aspect of the trial court's judgment and dismiss this aspect of Mid-Continent's appeal. In all other respects, we affirm the trial court's judgment. We also hold Mid-Continent's appeal is frivolous and injures the appellees. As a result, we assess $5000 in damages against Mid-Continent pursuant to Rule 45 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Factual and Procedural Background
Mid-Continent filed this declaratory judgment action seeking a determination it did not owe a duty to defend Safe Tire Disposal Corporation, Safe Tire Disposal Corporation of Texas, and Scott Holden, the president of Safe Tire Disposal Corporation of Texas (collectively "Safe Tire"), against a suit filed in April 1988 in Ellis County by Cecil Booth and Deborah Markwardt for bodily injury and property damage they allegedly suffered as a result of a December 1995 fire at Safe Tire's plant in Midlothian, Texas and Safe Tire's dumping of wastewater. Safe Tire timely answered and, shortly thereafter, moved for summary judgment, contending Mid-Continent was collaterally estopped from relitigating the duty to defend issue by the July 8, 1998 judgment in Cause No. 54,913, styled Safe Tire Disposal Corp., et al. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., in the 40th Judicial District Court in Ellis County, Texas. See Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. Safe Tire Disposal Corp., No. 10-98-00294-CV (Tex. App.-Waco) (submitted May 19, 1999). Mid-Continent filed a cross-motion arguing the claims in Booth are excluded from coverage and thus it has no duty to defend the suit. Both Safe Tire and Mid-Continent also sought attorneys' fees. The trial court declared Mid-Continent must defend Safe Tire in Booth and thus denied Mid-Continent's motion and granted Safe Tire's. The trial court also ordered Mid-Continent to pay Safe Tire $5,000 for attorney's fees. Mid-Continent appealed.
Duty to Defend
Although not mentioned in Mid-Continent's opening brief, Booth was settled and the cause was dismissed with prejudice before Mid-Continent filed its opening brief in this court. Safe Tire thus argued in its opening brief that the duty to defend issue is moot. In its reply brief, Mid-Continent admits Booth has settled, and the only live controversy remaining before this court is the dispute over attorney's fees.
"`[I]t is axiomatic that appellate courts do not decide cases in which no controversy exists between the parties.' Accordingly, if no controversy continues to exist between [the parties], the appeal is moot and this court must dismiss the cause." General Land Office v. OXY U.S.A., Inc., 789 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1990) (quoting Caniarena v. Texas Employment Comm'n, 754 S.W.2d 149, 151 (Tex.1988)). Similarly, when an appellate court's jurisdiction is incomplete, it must dismiss that part of the appeal over which it has no jurisdiction. Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20, 55 ((Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied), cert, denied, 516 U.S. 868, 116 S.Ct. 186, 133 L.Ed.2d 124 (1995).
Because Booth has settled and the cause has been dismissed with prejudice, we vacate the trial court's judgment to the extent it declares "Mid-Continent is obligated to provide Safe Tire a defense of the lawsuit pending in the 40th Judicial District, Ellis County, Texas, styled, Cecil Booth and Debra Markwardt v. Safe Tire Disposal Corp., No. 57141, which arose in part out of the December 1995 fire at Safe Tire's Facility in Midlothian, Texas" and, to this extent, dismiss Mid-Continent's appeal. We retain jurisdiction over Mid-Continent's appeal of the attorney's fee award. See Camarena, 754 S.W.2d at 151 (Tex.1988).
Attorney's Fees
Mid-Continent contends the trial court erred in ordering it to pay Safe Tire $5000 *396 tor attorney's tees because it was not obligated to defend Safe Tire in Booth. We disagree.
A trial court may award reasonable and necessary attorney's fees in a declaratory judgment action if it concludes an award is equitable and just. Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 20 (Tex.1998). On appeal, an award is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 21. "It is an abuse of discretion for a trial court to rule arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without regard to guiding legal principles, or to rule without supporting evidence." Id. (citations omitted).
The doctrine of collateral estoppel or issue preclusion "precludes the relitigation of identical issues of facts or law that were actually litigated and essential to the judgment in a prior suit. Once an actually litigated and essential issue is determined, that issue is conclusive in a subsequent action between the same parties." Van Dyke v. Boswell, O'Toole, Davis & Pickering, 697 S.W.2d 381, 384 (Tex.1985). Mutuality of parties is required only with respect to the party against whom collateral estoppel is asserted. Sysco Food Servs., Inc. v. Trapnell, 890 S.W.2d 796, 802 (Tex. 1994). Because the doctrine "is designed to promote judicial efficiency, protect parties from multiple lawsuits, and prevent inconsistent judgments by precluding the relitigation of issues," id. at 801, a judgment is final for purposes of collateral estoppel even if an appeal is pending. Scurlock Oil Co. v. Smithivick, 724 S.W.2d 1, 6 (Tex.1986).
The summary judgment evidence establishes, and Mid-Continent concedes, it actually litigated its duty to defend Safe Tire from claims arising out of the December 1995 fire in the Ellis County declaratory judgment action. But, Mid-Continent contends, the court in the Ellis County case did not decide Mid-Continent's duty to defend the Booth suit and thus that judgment does not have any collateral estoppel effect. We disagree. The Ellis County judgment expressly declares and adjudges, "based on the Court's construction of the `pollution exclusion' and other provisions contained in the policy Mid-Continent issued to Safe Tire, that the claims asserted against Safe Tire arising out of the December 1995 fire at Safe Tire's facility in Midlothian, Texas are not excluded from coverage under the pollution exclusion." The issues litigated and decided in the Ellis County declaratory judgment action are identical to those Mid-Continent sought to litigate in this case.
Because the summary judgment evidence conclusively establishes Mid-Continent actually litigated the duty to defend issue in the Ellis County declaratory judgment suit and the resolution of this issue was essential to the court's judgment, Mid-Continent is collaterally estopped from relitigating the issue of its duty to defend Safe Tire from claims arising out of the December 1995 fire. Consequently, the trial court did not err in granting a summary judgment against Mid-Continent to preclude its relitigation of the duty to defend issue in this suit. Nor did it abuse its discretion in requiring Mid-Continent to pay Safe Tire $5000 in attorney's fees.
Sanctions
In a cross-point, Safe Tire argues frivolous appeal damages should be assessed against Mid-Continent. We agree.
Before the most recent amendments to the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, this court was authorized to award limited "damages for delay" only if it found "that an appellant ha[d] taken an appeal for delay and without sufficient cause." Tex.R.App. P. 84 (repealed). However, effective September 1, 1997, this court is authorized to award "just damages" if it "determines that an appeal is frivolous" from consideration of "the record, briefs, or other papers filed in the court of appeals." Tex.R.App. P. 45. This rule revision arose in part at the urging of *397 a scholarly critique of the narrowing effect of the 1986 amendment of the appellate sanctions rule. See David Lopez, Why Texas Courts are Defenseless Against Frivolous Appeals: A Historical Analysis With Proposals for Reform, 48 Baylor L. Rev. 51 (1996) (advocating amendment). Under the current rule, "just damages" are permitted if an appeal is objectively frivolous and injures the appellee. See id. at 147 (noting that an appeal was frivolous under Texas law before the 1986 amendments if it was without merit and either injured an appellee or was filed in bad faith). Bad faith is thus no longer dispositive or necessarily even material. See id; see also Diana Rivera & Assocs. v. Calvillo, 986 S.W.2d 795, 799 ((Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1999, pet. filed) ("In determining whether sanctions are appropriate, we must decide whether Rivera had a reasonable expectation of reversal or whether she pursued the appeal in bad faith.") (citing Tate v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 954 S.W.2d 872, 875 ((Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no pet.)) (emphasis added).
We have no hesitancy in concluding Mid-Continent's appeal is objectively frivolous. No reasonable attorney could fail to conclude this court would uphold the trial court's summary judgment and its attorney's fees award. Nor is there any doubt Mid-Continent's appeal has injured Safe Tire, at least to the extent of the $5,000 in reasonable and necessary attorney's fees it proved it would incur if an appeal were filed. See Swate v. Crook, 991 S.W.2d 450, 456 ((Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet. h.) (awarding appellate attorney's fees as damages under Rule 45); Calvillo, 986 S.W.2d at 799 (same). Therefore, having given Mid-Continent notice and an opportunity to respond to Safe Tire's request for damages, we assess $5000 in damages against Mid-Continent pursuant to Rule 45 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Conclusion
Because the underlying suit has been settled and the cause dismissed with prejudice, we vacate the trial court's judgment to the extent it declares "Mid-Continent is obligated to provide Safe Tire a defense of the lawsuit pending in the 40th Judicial District, Ellis County, Texas, styled, Cecil Booth and Debra Markwardt v. Safe Tire Disposal Corp., No. 57141, which arose in part out of the December 1995 fire at Safe Tire's Facility in Midlothian, Texas" and, to this extent, dismiss Mid-Continent's appeal. In all other respects, the trial court's judgment is affirmed. In addition, we order Mid-Continent Casualty Company to pay Safe Tire Disposal Corporation, Safe Tire Disposal Corporation of Texas, and Scott Holden $5000 as frivolous appeal damages no later than fifteen days after the date the mandate issues. All costs are likewise assessed against Mid-Continent Casualty Company.
|
Six bottled water plants sealed
According to PSQCA officials, on the directives of Federal Minister for Science and Technology Rana Tanveer Hussain, Director General Khalid Siddiq ordered the task force to take action against illegal water brands.
The special task force led by Deputy Director Asghar Ali and Rizwan Ali raided different areas of the city including Township, Kacha Jail Road, Qenchi, Iqbal Town and Kot Lakhpat and sealed the plants working without PSQCA licence.
The task force sealed Premium Care, Atlantis, Aquafer, Crystal Care, Kashmir and Lahore water brands on the spot and discarded huge quantity of prepared water .
The director general ordered the task force to continue the action, saying stern action would be taken against the companies involved in preparing substandard and illegal food items. He said special teams have been formed to check illegal water brands which would visit different markets and collect samples from open market.
He said that on directions of Federal Minister Rana Tanveer Hussain, no illegal brand would be permitted to continue business. |
Description
Cover Girl (Columbia, 1947). First Post-War Release French
Grande (47.75" X 62.5") Guy Gerard Noel Artwork.
Rita Hayworth and Gene Kelly shine in this comedy/musical from
director Charles Vidor, where Hayworth plays Rusty Parker, a woman
whose ambition is to become a Broadway star. At the time she made
this film, Hayworth was still primarily seen as a singing and
dancing star, but it wouldn't be long before her talent for
portraying femme fatales would become obvious in such classics as
Gilda (1946), The Lady from Shanghai (1947), and
Salome (1953). Artist Guy Gerard Noel provides a stunning
image of Hayworth for this poster, the first French grande Heritage
has ever offered for this film. There has been touchup the folds,
mild tears in the borders, light creases, and a tear through
Hayworth's chest to the upper right crossfold. Fine/Very Fine on
Linen. |
389 F.2d 374
Woodrow Price WILLIAMS, Appellant,v.Wayne K. PATTERSON, Warden, Colorado State Penitentiary, Appellee.
No. 9486.
United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit.
Jan. 31, 1968.
Jon D. Boltz, of Wilson, Boltz & Boyens, Denver, Colo., for appellant.
Paul D. Rubner, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Duke W. Dunbar, Atty. Gen., and Frank E. Hickey, Deputy Atty. Gen., were with him on the brief), for appellee.
Before JONES,1 LEWIS and BREITENSTEIN, Circuit Judges.
BREITENSTEIN, Circuit Judge.
1
After a hearing, the district court denied habeas corpus relief to appellant Williams, a prisoner in the Colorado penitentiary. He was sentenced to a term of four years and four months to ten years. At the expiration of the minimum term he was released on parole. At the request of Colorado authorities, he was arrested in New Mexico for parole violation and held there for 21 days before being returned to Colorado. The return was accomplished under the Uniform Act for Out-of-State Parolee Supervision, Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 74-5-2(3) (1963), to which Colorado and New Mexico are compacting parties. The Colorado State Board of Parole revoked the parole. The prisoner asserts that he was denied his federal constitutional right to counsel during his incarceration in New Mexico and at the parole revocation hearing in Colorado.
2
This proceeding can only attack his imprisonment in Colorado. We are not concerned with what he might have done to attack the arrest and holding in New Mexico. It suffices to say that nothing is suggested to show that the provisions of the compact were not satisfied. The prisoner's claims that the parole revocation was not in accordance with Colo.Rev.Stat.Ann. 39-17-4 (1963) were decided against him by the Colorado Supreme Court in Williams v. Patterson, Colo., 421 P.2d 474, and raise no federal constitutional question.
3
The sole issue which merits consideration is the contention that the parole revocation was invalid because at the hearing thereon the prisoner was not given the opportunity to appear with counsel. We held in Gonzales v. Patterson, 10 Cir., 370 F.2d 94, that the denial to a Colorado prisoner of assistance of counsel at a parole revocation hearing was no ground for federal habeas relief. Since that decision, the United States Supreme Court has decided Mempa v. Rhay, 389 U.S. 128, 88 S.Ct. 254, 19 L.Ed.2d 336. In that case a state court had deferred sentence and placed the defendant on probation. Later a hearing was held for revocation of probation and the defendant was not afforded the right to counsel. The court revoked the probation. The Supreme Court held that the defendant was entitled to the assistance of counsel 'at the time of sentencing where the sentencing has been deferred subject to probation.' We are not concerned with sentencing. No attack is made on the sentence or on the procedures connected therewith.
4
We are faced with a situation where the criminal case has ended and the prisoner is serving the sentence imposed. It is of little help to compare the prisoner's status before sentence with that existing after sentence. See Hyser v. Reed, 115 U.S.App.D.C. 254, 318 F.2d 225, 235, cert. denied sub. nom. Thompson v. United States Board of Parole, 375 U.S. 957, 84 S.Ct. 446, 11 L.Ed.2d 315. Parole is a matter of grace. Colorado has entrusted the supervision of its parole system to an administrative agency. Nothing suggests that the agency acted arbitrarily or capriciously. We are unwilling to superintend the administration of a state parole system. Compare Cannon v. Willingham, 10 Cir., 358 F.2d 719, 720.
5
Affirmed.
1
Of the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation
|
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Q:
jQuery chaining, fadeIn and fadeOut with only CSS
I am wondering if I can achieve my simple delay -> fadeins (jQuery chaining animations) with only CSS and allow to loop infinitely.
$('.learnwhat').delay(1000).fadeIn(1000);
$('.learnwhat').delay(1500).fadeOut(1000);
$('.seeresults').delay(3000).fadeIn(1000);
$('.seeresults').delay(1000).fadeOut(1000);
$('.personalsolution').delay(6000).fadeIn(1000);
$('.personalsolution').delay(1000).fadeOut(1000);
A:
You can always use css animations and calculate the % of the keyframes by dividing 100% / total seconds.
So for example the
$('.learnwhat').delay(1000).fadeIn(1000);
$('.learnwhat').delay(1500).fadeOut(1000);
would become (1s delay + 1s fadeIn + 1.5s delay + 1s fadeOut = 4.5s, 100% / 4.5 = 22.2% per second or 11.1 per half second since we want that as well)
.learnwhat{
padding:5px;
background:khaki;
border:1px solid #ccc;
animation: learnAnimation 4.5s infinite;
}
@keyframes learnAnimation{
0%{opacity:0}
22.2%{opacity:0}
44.4%{opacity:1}
77.7%{opacity:1}
100%{opacity:0}
}
<div class="learnwhat">learnwhat</div>
I have only included the standard keyframes syntax (no vendor specifics)
You can use the same logic for the other two.
|
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“There are many reasons that I have been reluctant to share my story, but I now know it is not my fault,” she wrote. “It is not normal to receive any type of treatment from a trusted team physician and refer to it horrifyingly as the ‘specia’ treatment.
“This behaviour is completely unacceptable, disgusting, and abusive, especially coming from someone whom I was TOLD to trust.
“For too long I’ve asked myself ‘Was I too naive? Was it my fault?’ I now know the answer to those questions. No. No, it was not my fault. No, I will not and should not carry the guilt that belongs to Larry Nassar, USA Gymnastics and others.
“It is impossibly difficult to relive these experiences and it breaks my heart even more to think that as I work towards my dream of competing in Tokyo 2020, I will to have to continually return to the same training facility where I was abused.”
Biles said she had been inspired by hearing the stories of friends and other victims of Nassar and insisted it would not affect her passion for the sport.
“I love this sport too much and I have never been a quitter. I won’t let one man and the others that enabled him, to steal my love and joy,” she wrote, demanding an inquiry into how Nassar had been able to continue abusing for so many years.
“We need to know why this was able to take place for so long and to so many of us. We need to make sure something like this never happens again.
“As I continue to work through the pain, I kindly ask everyone to respect my privacy. This is a process, and one that I need more time to work through.”
Nassar has been accused of molesting more than 100 female athletes during the three decades he worked with USA Gymnastics.
His case was part of a wide-ranging scandal which forced the resignation of USA Gymnastics chief Steve Penny in March.
Penny was accused by victims of failing to quickly notify authorities about abuse allegations.
USA Gymnastics adopted a new “safe sport policy” in response to the Nassar scandal that requires “mandatory reporting” of suspicions of sexual abuse.
A civil lawsuit has been filed on behalf of about 100 of Nassar’s victims.
Their attorney, John Manly, estimated that the total number could be as high as 160.
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[Chromosomal localization of the KMP-11 genes in the KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains of Trypanosoma rangeli].
Genes encoding for the KMP-11 protein were localized on the chromosomes of Trypanosoma rangeli. These genes were located in two chromosomes of 3,100 and 3,400 kb in the KP1(-) strain whereas in the KP1(+) H14 and Choachí strains, the genes are located in a chromosome of 1,600 kb. The Choachí strain presents an additional band of 1,400 kb. In the Shubacbarina and Munanta strains of Trypanosoma cruzi, the KMP-11 genes are located on a chromosomal band of 1,490 kb. Therefore, the chromosomal localization of the KMP-11 genes presents a potential tool to differentiate among these parasites. |
Saturday, July 22, 2017
BlogTedPod
A
rousing closing to the Jazz Course week, starting with shared reflection and
ending with Little Johnny Brown, each
in turn getting one more chance to “show us their motion” accompanied by
spirited singing and handclapping. In the reflection circle, one person shared
that she enjoyed my philosophical detours after the activities that actually
hit some of the most important points a teacher might consider. And then
followed with:” Have you ever considered doing Podcasts?”
Almost
any time I’m in the car with my daughter Talia, she has a Podcast to share with
me and they’re invariably thought-provoking and interesting. Now that my wife has gone over to the other side and bought an i-Phone, she's starting to
listen to them as well. And why not? In our contemporary world, the old oral
traditions of storytelling are joined with the literate traditions of
book-writing and keep us company while jogging, painting, cooking, driving,
what have you. And feed our hunger for knowledge, for active thought, for
stories, for enlarging our point of view. Not with the commitment of the book
or feature film, but in 5 to 20 minute soundbytes that have substance, but in
more bite-size chunks.
In
the literate world, there is the blog. For over 6 years, I’ve enjoyed writing
one and apparently enough people have enjoyed reading them—a modest amount, to
be sure— but enough to feel it merits being public. In the audio-visual world,
there are the TED talks and I got to give one 12-minute presentation and have
enjoyed watching others. In the aural world, there is the Podcast and now that
I am starting to listen to a few, I can’t help but think: “Why not?" If I could
capture the things that I speak about in the midst of a workshop that brings
the room to a sharp listening focus, I think they might be of interest to
people.
But
that means preparing them, recording them and figuring out where to put them
and how to advertise them. A lot of work. But intriguing. Is this the next step
for me? Where to begin? What themes would be of interest? How long should they
be?
With
6 more days before my next birthday, it’s a time to look at what’s ahead, how
much to continue of what I’m already doing, how and when to catch up with
long-overdue books that I want to write, how much to balance teaching kids with
adults to sharing pieces/ processes/ activities/ pedagogies through print,
video and audio. Could I keep up this blog, still write in my journal, write
the next book and an article or two, organize my videos and make new ones to
fill in the gaps, make a few podcasts, all the while still teaching children
and adults and practicing piano and occasionally performing jazz and etc. etc. etc. And the
answer is…I doubt it. So time to pick and choose, let some go for the moment,
follow others.
That’s
what’s on my mind as I sit in the Halifax Airport about to return home to teach
my next course. We’ll see what the world has in mind.
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About Me
“I arise in the morning torn between a desire to improve the world and a desire to enjoy the world. This makes it hard to plan the day.” (E.B. White).
Early on in my adult life, I was convinced that the world is a mess that needs fixing. But I also sensed that life is short, that miracles and beauty abound and that we would do well to pay attention to them. In a stroke of good fortune, I stumbled on a life that allowed both to happen at once. Teaching music at The San Francisco School with children between three and 14 years old guaranteed a fair share of miracles and beauty. The sense that happy children playing, imagining, thinking and creating might help a bit with that improving-the-world side of things made it easy to plan my day.
Alongside my 42 years at The San Francisco School is a parallel life of traveling and teaching the Orff approach to music education—some 44 countries to date banging on xylophones and slapping our bodies. This blog now in its seventh year sharing these experiences. Settle back in your armchair and enjoy! |
Data Types
Data types in Ruby aren't the data types that you're used to from the more traditional languages, such as C, COBOL, or Pascal. Because Ruby is purely object-oriented, you won't even find the primitive data types available in Java, for instance. In Ruby, you see, all data types are based upon classes.
This doesn't mean that there is no such thing as an integer or a string in Ruby; it means only that they are instances of the Integer and String classes. To some, this "everything is a class" approach might sound like overkill, but it also makes a lot of sense. Personally, I think it would be easier to code without having to change gears all the time. Just put my mind in OOP gear and go. This leaves the question, go where? I'm thinking of an island.
14.1.1. Numeric
"I am not a number, I'm a free man!" is the somewhat well-known quote from the British television series The Prisoner. I really don't see what Number Six was complaining aboutit could have been worse. He could, for example, have had a job that he hated in a nuclear power plant, like Number Five did. Number Six does, however, share something in common with Homerer, Number Five. You see, they were both integers.
Integer, with a capital I, is the base class from which all things integer are derived. Examples of classes derived from Integer are Bignum and Fixnum. Although each has its own characteristics, they both inherit from the Integer base class, whose properties and methods appear in Table 14-1.
Table 14-1. Integer Properties and Methods
Method
Class
Description
chr
Integer
Returns a string containing the character equivalent to the number value.
downto
Integer
Iterates a block of code.
integer?
Integer
Returns true.
next
Integer
Increments the value by 1.
size
Bignum
Returns the number of bytes used to store the value.
size
Fixnum
Returns the number of bytes used to store the value.
step
Integer
Increments the value to an ending value in increments of a set value.
succ
Integer
Increments the value by 1. Essentially, the same as the next method.
times
Integer
Executes a block of code a preset number of times.
to_f
Bignum
Converts the value to a float. When the value is too large to be contained in a float, infinity is returned.
to_f
Fixnum
Converts the value to a float.
to_i
Bignum
Returns a Bignum.
to_i
Fixnum
Returns a Bignum.
to_s
Bignum
Returns a String.
to_s
Fixnum
Returns a String.
upto
Integer
Executes a block of code, incrementing the value by 1 until the indicated value is reached.
However, with the exception of those poor souls trapped on the island, there is more to life than integers; there's floating point, called Float in Ruby. In case you've forgotten, floating-point numbers are those numbers with fractions, like when the statisticians say that the average American family has 2.6 children. The number 2.6 is a floating-point number and, depending on my mood, is either of my two half-brothers.
As with the Integer class, the Float class has a number of properties and methods, which are described in Table 14-2.
Table 14-2. Float Properties and Methods
Method
Description
ceil
Returns the closest integer, either equal to or greater than the float's value.
finite?
A Boolean indicating whether the value is a valid floating-point number.
floor
Returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the value.
infinite?
Returns true or false, indicating whether the value is infinite.
nan?
Returns true or false, indicating whether the value is Not A Number.
round
Rounds the value to the nearest integer.
to_f
Returns a Float.
to_i
Converts the value to an integer.
to_s
Returns a String.
14.1.2. String
For people who program in more than one language, there is a major advantage to strings being instances of the String class. Think of it as one-stop shopping; if something needs to be done, there's a really good chance that there is a method to do it. In fact, there are so many that I recommend going to the Ruby home page (www.ruby-lang.org/en/) to see them all.
14.1.3. Boolean
In programming, there are always two possible answers to any question: true and false. Maybe that is why there are two classes, trueclass and Falseclass. Actually, with the dynamic nature of variables in Ruby, that is the truth. The trueclass represents a logically true value, and the Falseclass represents a logically false class.
14.1.4. Objects
Possibly because of the total lack of primitives, the built-in objects in Ruby are incredibly rich and varied. There are objects for hashing, objects for file access, and even an object for arrays. In many instances, if you can imagine it, an object probably already is available for what is necessary, as the following list of built-in classes shows:
With all those built-in properties and methods, it might be a little while before it is necessary to write an object of our own, but it might be a good idea to give it a try. Let's say, for example, that we want to add a math class that would have two methods: add and subtract. Through diligent work and clean living, we would create the code shown in Listing 14-1.
Listing 14-1. myMath Class
That's all there is to creating and using a class in Ruby. Unfortunately, I was evil and skipped ahead a little by using variables and operators. Thinking about it, this is a little like a college class I had. After an unusually difficult test, the professor announced that no one got Question 10 correct, and perhaps the reason was that he had forgotten to teach that. Hmm .... |
ConvertFrom-StringData @'
# English strings
CannotFindItem = Cannot find a item with specified ID.
CannotFindItemRange = Cannot find items with specified ID range.
CannotDLFromNonDocList = Cannot download any document from a non-document library list.
CannotFindSpeciedItem = Cannot find the specfied item: Placeholder01
SaveFilePrompt = Save Placeholder01 to PlaceHolder02.
'@ |
package emr
//Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
//you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
//Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//limitations under the License.
//
// Code generated by Alibaba Cloud SDK Code Generator.
// Changes may cause incorrect behavior and will be lost if the code is regenerated.
// ClusterOperationHostTaskList is a nested struct in emr response
type ClusterOperationHostTaskList struct {
ClusterOperationHostTask []ClusterOperationHostTask `json:"ClusterOperationHostTask" xml:"ClusterOperationHostTask"`
}
|
Jes Holtsø
Jes Holtsø (born 30 December 1956) is a Danish actor most notable for his role as Kjeld's son Børge in the Olsen-banden films. The reason that he was chosen to play Børge was actually his thick glasses, which became his characteristic. Later he played the Olsens' son (unrelated to the Olsen Gang), William Olsen in the Danish television series Huset på Christianshavn from 1970 to 1977 and the film based on the series Ballade på Christianshavn in 1971. As an adult Holtsø never pursued acting, though he did take part in the last Olsen Gang film, The Olsen Gang's Last Trick, as the adult Børge.
After having been a drug-addict and alcoholic for much of his youth, Holtsø is now clean, and has, himself, worked at an institution to help addicts. Since 2002, Holtsø has worked as a theater technician at the Royal Danish Theatre.
In 2009, Holtsø competed as a singer in the Danish counterpart of Britain's Got Talent, after which he released an album. In 2012, he released the album Big Easy with lyrics and music by Morten Wittrock and Ray Weaver. The album received 5 stars in Berlingske and Holtsø was awarded Danish Blues Name 2012.
Filmography
The Olsen Gang (1968)
The Olsen Gang in a Fix (1969)
Diary of a Teenager (Stine og drengene) (1969)
Huset på Christianshavn (1970–77, TV-series)
The Olsen Gang in Jutland (1971)
Ballade på Christianshavn (1971)
The Olsen Gang's Big Score (1972)
The Olsen Gang Goes Crazy (1973)
The Last Exploits of the Olsen Gang (1974)
The Olsen Gang on the Track (1975)
The Olsen Gang Sees Red (1976)
The Olsen Gang Never Surrenders (1979)
The Olsen Gang's Last Trick (1998)
Bibliography
References
External links
Fanclub
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Danish male film actors
Category:Male actors from Copenhagen
Category:20th-century Danish male actors |
Q:
Add several css property by parsing the innerHTML
I'm trying to add some css in some div.
My Html:
<div class="data-item">
<a class="title" id="cms-occasion" style="font-size: 14px !important;" href="#">Cadeau pour un diplômé</a>
<div></div>
</div>
<div class="data-item">
<a class="title" id="cms-occasion" style="font-size: 14px !important;" href="#">Cadeau Stage pilotage</a>
<div></div>
</div>
<div class="data-item">
<a class="title" id="cms-occasion" style="font-size: 14px !important;" href="#">Idees cadeaux</a>
<div></div>
</div>
My Js function which is wrong:
var giftIdea = document.getElementById('cms-occasion').innerHTML.indexOf('Idees cadeaux');
if (giftIdea != -1){
giftIdea.style.display = 'block';
giftIdea.style.width = '100%';
giftIdea.style.bottom = '-117px';
giftIdea.style.text-align = 'left';
giftIdea.style.position = 'absolute';
giftIdea.style.background-color = '#535353';
giftIdea.style.padding = '6px';
}
Can someone tell what's wrong on my JS function?
Thanks in advance
A:
There is an important rule in HTML that you seem to ignore : you can not have several elements with the same ID. An ID is a unique identifier.
Likewise, JS getElementById will return only one element.
Your selector return the first element and then search for the position of the string you pass to indexOf.
Try using class instead of ID and target them with document.querySelectorAll.
You can filter the returned array like this
document.querySelectorAll('.cms-occasion').filter(function(el){ return el.innerHTML.indexOf('Idees cadeaux') !== -1 })
|
Suicide mortality is decreasing among cancer patients in Central Italy.
The objective of this study was to discover whether suicide mortality among patients diagnosed with cancer during the period 1985-1999 had decreased with calendar time in comparison to the rate in the general population. 90?197 cancer patients resident in Tuscany, Central Italy and incident during the period 1985-1999 were followed up for life status to 31 December 2000. The mortality codes for suicide were considered (E950-E959). Time trends for suicide rates were assessed by using Kernel smoothing estimators, standardised mortality ratios and Poisson analysis of the observed/expected ratios. The standardised mortality ratios were 324, 224, and 185 for cancer patients diagnosed during the periods 1985-1989, 1990-1994, and 1995-1999, respectively. Tests for linear trends were borderline significant (P=0.053). Suicide mortality among cancer patients in central Italy had decreased with calendar time relative to the suicide trend in the general population. Improved treatment options and better communication of diagnosis are possible explanations of this finding. |
/15
What is -88 divided by 2?
-44
354 divided by -6
-59
-702 divided by 351
-2
Divide -430 by -86.
5
Calculate -12 divided by -4.
3
-5 divided by 1390
-1/278
Calculate -867 divided by 3.
-289
What is 30 divided by -6?
-5
What is 8135 divided by 1627?
5
2 divided by -2085
-2/2085
7 divided by -13
-7/13
161 divided by -4
-161/4
-50 divided by 2
-25
328 divided by 82
4
-55 divided by -11
5
Calculate 456 divided by 1.
456
Divide 0 by 6.
0
Calculate 3 divided by 42.
1/14
632 divided by -2
-316
What is -17 divided by -878?
17/878
Calculate 10614 divided by 2.
5307
Calculate -168 divided by 56.
-3
What is -3300 divided by 22?
-150
Divide -5 by 446.
-5/446
Calculate 1835 divided by -5.
-367
What is -412 divided by -1?
412
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-162
What is 0 divided by -13?
0
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-34
Calculate 24 divided by -247.
-24/247
-5 divided by -18
5/18
Calculate 5 divided by 135.
1/27
Calculate -3900 divided by 65.
-60
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-143/6
-4032 divided by -3
1344
Calculate 3556 divided by -254.
-14
Divide 296 by -30.
-148/15
What is -264 divided by -4?
66
Divide -3612 by 602.
-6
What is -27 divided by -77?
27/77
Calculate -14 divided by 13.
-14/13
What is 76 divided by -4?
-19
34 divided by -12
-17/6
1638 divided by 18
91
472 divided by -3
-472/3
What is 106 divided by 100?
53/50
What is 160 divided by 2?
80
Calculate 18171 divided by 6057.
3
58 divided by -1
-58
572 divided by -26
-22
Divide 43 by 6.
43/6
Calculate 144 divided by -2.
-72
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-26301
What is -432 divided by 2?
-216
Calculate 3366 divided by 6.
561
What is 4 divided by -494?
-2/247
Divide -187 by -5.
187/5
What is 8 divided by 22?
4/11
-66396 divided by 4
-16599
2 divided by -5
-2/5
Calculate 34 divided by 33.
34/33
Calculate 8478 divided by -471.
-18
What is 2846 divided by 5?
2846/5
What is 4022 divided by -6?
-2011/3
-898 divided by -449
2
1852 divided by -4
-463
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9/7
What is 0 divided by -78?
0
Divide 0 by -1470.
0
What is 675 divided by 1?
675
Divide -493 by 29.
-17
73 divided by 6
73/6
-1359 divided by 10
-1359/10
Calculate 452 divided by -5.
-452/5
Divide 1368 by 228.
6
Divide -718 by -1.
718
Divide 2134 by -2.
-1067
Calculate 1 divided by -2852.
-1/2852
Calculate 68 divided by -17.
-4
225 divided by -3
-75
Divide -463 by 3.
-463/3
Calculate 7 divided by -8.
-7/8
What is 9 divided by -404?
-9/404
532 divided by -7
-76
5 divided by -3310
-1/662
What is -1 divided by -825?
1/825
462 divided by -4
-231/2
Divide -160 by -3.
160/3
Divide -518 by -7.
74
-84 divided by 3
-28
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-3/185
Divide -232 by -4.
58
Calculate -209 divided by 1.
-209
-356 divided by 4
-89
Divide 72 by 36.
2
Divide -10625 by -125.
85
Calculate 430 divided by -10.
-43
-406 divided by 7
-58
-45 divided by 11
-45/11
Divide 13404 by -6.
-2234
Divide -6 by -2.
3
Divide 58 by 2.
29
Calculate 32 divided by -27.
-32/27
-27573 divided by -101
273
Divide -66 by -28.
33/14
-12365 divided by -2473
5
-3 divided by 26
-3/26
Calculate -1 divided by 206.
-1/206
Calculate 10968 divided by -24.
-457
Divide -306 by -1.
306
Calculate 73 divided by -2.
-73/2
-10 divided by 54
-5/27
What is -280 divided by 70?
-4
8471 divided by -1
-8471
22116 divided by 582
38
668 divided by 2
334
Calculate -276 divided by 4.
-69
20 divided by -4
-5
Calculate 0 divided by 1844.
0
-31 divided by -1
31
Calculate 5282 divided by 5.
5282/5
Calculate -1842 divided by 307.
-6
-78 divided by -26
3
What is -7 divided by 1300?
-7/1300
Calculate -4323 divided by -11.
393
What is -292 divided by 2?
-146
What is 215 divided by -43?
-5
Divide 150 by -75.
-2
Calculate 7790 divided by -2.
-3895
What is -1 divided by 33?
-1/33
Divide 130 by 14.
65/7
What is -544 divided by -17?
32
Divide 2344 by 586.
4
Divide -1176 by 4.
-294
Divide 141 by 47.
3
-4268 divided by -2134
2
What is -220 divided by 2?
-110
What is -2416 divided by 302?
-8
Calculate 780 divided by -78.
-10
290 divided by -70
-29/7
Divide 1352 by -13.
-104
-2954 divided by 2
-1477
Calculate 194 divided by 5.
194/5
0 divided by -227
0
Divide 806 by 13.
62
Divide 574 by -7.
-82
Divide -1232 by -7.
176
Divide 385 by -77.
-5
What is -6904 divided by -863?
8
What is -1196 divided by -52?
23
What is 40 divided by 1?
40
What is 954 divided by -318?
-3
Divide 3 by -251.
-3/251
-224 divided by -2
112
Calculate -927 divided by 6.
-309/2
Divide -10 by 48.
-5/24
What is 3 divided by -22?
-3/22
Calculate 26 divided by -8.
-13/4
Calculate -3693 divided by 1231.
-3
Divide 1809 by 6.
603/2
What is -16 divided by 4?
-4
Divide -12 by -5.
12/5
Calculate -2 divided by -44.
1/22
Calculate -110 divided by -6.
55/3
Calculate -2 divided by 53.
-2/53
What is -28 divided by 2?
-14
Calculate 1708 divided by 28.
61
-2 divided by 83
-2/83
3663 divided by -333
-11
What is -1122 divided by 102?
-11
What is -22 divided by 10?
-11/5
What is 3 divided by -221?
-3/221
What is 29438 divided by -4?
-14719/2
Calculate -412 divided by -3.
412/3
Calculate -177 divided by 4.
-177/4
What is 2520 divided by 70?
36
Divide 30 by -6.
-5
Calculate -2 divided by -18.
1/9
350 divided by -70
-5
Calculate -2 divided by -158.
1/79
-1 divided by 87
-1/87
What is 4 divided by -161?
-4/161
Divide -985 by 197.
-5
Divide 5076 by 36.
141
Calculate 17244 divided by -6.
-2874
What is -327 divided by 109?
-3
What is 1776 divided by -24?
-74
Divide -20 by -434.
10/217
What is -539 divided by 11?
-49
Divide 1648 by 16.
103
Divide -10 by -406.
5/203
Divide -3684 by -1228.
3
What is 3 divided by 140?
3/140
2 divided by 316
1/158
Calculate 462 divided by 3.
154
Divide 3 by 41.
3/41
Divide -3 by 437.
-3/437
Divide -81 by 9.
-9
-4068 divided by -6
678
Divide -3 by 875.
-3/875
What is -2 divided by -123?
2/123
Calculate -167 divided by 3.
-167/3
Calculate -1 divided by -1238.
1/1238
Calculate -1327 divided by 1.
-1327
What is -13608 divided by -324?
42
Calculate 96 divided by -4.
-24
Divide 468 by -12.
-39
-278 divided by 42
-139/21
-1 divided by 20
-1/20
3 divided by 26
3/26
-5964 divided by 1491
-4
37 divided by 37
1
What is 9518 divided by -5?
-9518/5
Divide 384 by -192.
-2
Divide 9510 by -951.
-10
Calculate 1074 divided by 537.
2
What is 316 divided by 79?
4
What is 630 divided by -5?
-126
0 divided by 1768
0
Calculate 460 divided by 115.
4
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-5
Divide -6 by 9.
-2/3
What is 2040 divided by 1020?
2
-522 divided by -29
18
1 divided by -43
-1/43
Calculate -100 divided by 1.
-100
Calculate 8 divided by -61.
-8/61
2727 divided by 9
303
What is -648 divided by -3?
216
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4/91
Calculate -216 divided by -8.
27
Divide 100 by -4.
-25
18272 divided by 4
4568
Divide 3 by 4.
3/4
Divide -2 by -4639.
2/4639
What is -5405 divided by -5?
1081
Calculate -4 divided by -34.
2/17
Calculate -2286 divided by 1.
-2286
Calculate 544 divided by -3.
-544/3
Divide -340 by 4.
-85
Calculate 804 divided by -6.
-134
What is 20 divided by -5?
-4
Divide -12 by -2.
6
What is 672 divided by 5?
672/5
Calculate 2 divided by -52.
-1/26
1440 divided by -5
-288
Calculate -2268 divided by -567.
4
What is -2 divided by 18?
-1/9
480 divided by -2
-240
-9 divided by -33
3/11
What is -6765 divided by 5?
-1353
Calculate -4570 divided by -914.
5
What is 13 divided by 16?
13/16
What is 16 divided by -12?
-4/3
115 divided by -4
-115/4
What is 3 divided by -34?
-3/34
Divide 1036 by -518.
-2
Calculate -3 divided by 2790.
-1/930
-132 divided by -1
132
Divide 23 by -1.
-23
-5 divided by 5575
-1/1115
What is 133 divided by -6?
-133/6
What is -100 divided by 20?
-5
Divide -113740 by -4.
28435
1768 divided by 884
2
Divide -2 by -5748.
1/2874
12370 divided by 10
1237
What is 10 divided by 2?
5
Divide -11 by 15.
-11/15
Divide 64 by -64.
-1
Calculate 1116 divided by 6.
186
What is -228 divided by 38?
-6
Calculate -21 divided by -21.
1
Calculate -2 divided by 2567.
-2/2567
-306 divided by -3
102
-588 divided by -4
147
Divide -105 by -15.
7
What is 3 divided by 61?
3/61
Divide -1860 by 186.
-10
87 divided by -87
-1
Calculate -27 divided by 5.
-27/5
Divide -2675 by 5.
-535
Divide -705 by 141.
-5
What is 130 divided by 13?
10
What is 1 divided by 4107?
1/4107
What is 15 divided by -39?
-5/13
What is 7700 divided by -5?
-1540
Calculate -325 divided by -2.
325/2
-5100 divided by -5100
1
Divide 9152 by 1.
9152
Divide -3 by 841.
-3/841
Divi |
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