text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
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//
// MocktailURLProtocol.m
// Mocktail
//
// Created by Matthias Plappert on 3/11/13.
// Licensed to Square, Inc. under one or more contributor license agreements.
// See the LICENSE file distributed with this work for the terms under
// which Square, Inc. licenses this file to you.
//
#import "MocktailURLProtocol.h"
#import "Mocktail_Private.h"
#import "MocktailResponse.h"
@interface MocktailURLProtocol ()
@property BOOL canceled;
@end
@interface Mocktail ()
+ (NSMutableSet *)allMocktails;
@end
@implementation MocktailURLProtocol
+ (BOOL)canInitWithRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request;
{
if ([Mocktail mockResponseForURL:request.URL method:request.HTTPMethod]) {
return YES;
} else {
[self failedToMockRequest:request];
return NO;
}
}
+ (void)failedToMockRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request;
{
static BOOL hasLoggedBefore = NO;
NSString *message = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Failed to mock %@ request for %@. ", request.HTTPMethod, request.URL];
if (!hasLoggedBefore) {
NSLog(@"%@ You may want to set a breakpoint at +[MocktailURLProtocol failedToMockRequest:] to catch this in the debugger, as this particular log message will only be emitted once.", message);
hasLoggedBefore = YES;
}
for (Mocktail *mocktail in [Mocktail allMocktails]) {
if (mocktail.throwExceptionIfNoResponseMatches) {
NSException *exception = [NSException exceptionWithName:@"MocktailException" reason:message userInfo:@{@"HTTPMethod": request.HTTPMethod, @"URL": request.URL}];
@throw exception;
}
}
}
+ (NSURLRequest *)canonicalRequestForRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request;
{
return request;
}
+ (BOOL)requestIsCacheEquivalent:(NSURLRequest *)a toRequest:(NSURLRequest *)b;
{
return NO;
}
- (void)startLoading;
{
NSLog(@"mocking %@ %@", self.request.URL, self.request.HTTPMethod);
MocktailResponse *response = [Mocktail mockResponseForURL:self.request.URL method:self.request.HTTPMethod];
Mocktail *mocktail = response.mocktail;
NSAssert(response, @"Expected valid mock response");
NSData *body = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:response.fileURL];
body = [body subdataWithRange:NSMakeRange(response.bodyOffset, body.length - response.bodyOffset)];
NSMutableDictionary *headers = [response.headers mutableCopy];
// Replace placeholders with values. We transform the body data into a string for easier search and replace.
NSDictionary *placeholderValues = mocktail.placeholderValues;
if ([placeholderValues count] > 0) {
NSMutableString *bodyString = [[NSMutableString alloc] initWithData:body encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
BOOL didReplace = NO;
for (NSString *placeholder in placeholderValues) {
NSString *value = [placeholderValues objectForKey:placeholder];
NSString *placeholderFormat = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"{{ %@ }}", placeholder];
if ([bodyString replaceOccurrencesOfString:placeholderFormat withString:value options:NSLiteralSearch range:NSMakeRange(0, [bodyString length])] > 0) {
didReplace = YES;
}
}
if (didReplace) {
body = [bodyString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
}
} else if ([headers[@"Content-Type"] hasSuffix:@";base64"]) {
NSString *type = headers[@"Content-Type"];
NSString *newType = [type substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(0, type.length - 7)];
headers[@"Content-Type"] = newType;
body = [self dataByDecodingBase64Data:body];
}
NSHTTPURLResponse *urlResponse = [[NSHTTPURLResponse alloc] initWithURL:self.request.URL statusCode:response.statusCode HTTPVersion:@"1.1" headerFields:headers];
[self.client URLProtocol:self didReceiveResponse:urlResponse cacheStoragePolicy:NSURLCacheStorageAllowedInMemoryOnly];
NSArray *cookies = [NSHTTPCookie cookiesWithResponseHeaderFields:headers forURL:self.request.URL];
[[NSHTTPCookieStorage sharedHTTPCookieStorage] setCookies:cookies forURL:self.request.URL mainDocumentURL:nil];
dispatch_block_t sendResponse = ^{
if (!self.canceled) {
[self.client URLProtocol:self didLoadData:body];
[self.client URLProtocolDidFinishLoading:self];
}
};
if (mocktail.networkDelay == 0.0) {
sendResponse();
} else {
dispatch_time_t popTime = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, mocktail.networkDelay * NSEC_PER_SEC);
dispatch_after(popTime, dispatch_get_main_queue(), sendResponse);
}
}
- (void)stopLoading;
{
self.canceled = YES;
}
- (NSData *)dataByDecodingBase64Data:(NSData *)encodedData;
{
if (!encodedData) {
return nil;
}
if (!encodedData.length) {
return [NSData data];
}
static const char encodingTable[] = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
static char *decodingTable = NULL;
if (!decodingTable) {
@synchronized([self class]) {
if (!decodingTable) {
decodingTable = malloc(256);
if (!decodingTable) {
return nil;
}
memset(decodingTable, CHAR_MAX, 256);
for (NSInteger i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
decodingTable[(short)encodingTable[i]] = i;
}
}
}
}
const char *characters = [encodedData bytes];
if (!characters) {
return nil;
}
char *bytes = malloc(((encodedData.length + 3) / 4) * 3);
if (!bytes) {
return nil;
}
NSUInteger length = 0;
NSUInteger characterIndex = 0;
while (YES) {
char buffer[4];
short bufferLength;
for (bufferLength = 0; bufferLength < 4 && characterIndex < encodedData.length; characterIndex++) {
if (characters[characterIndex] == '\0') {
break;
}
if (isblank(characters[characterIndex]) || characters[characterIndex] == '=' || characters[characterIndex] == '\n' || characters[characterIndex] == '\r') {
continue;
}
// Illegal character!
buffer[bufferLength] = decodingTable[(short)characters[characterIndex]];
if (buffer[bufferLength++] == CHAR_MAX) {
free(bytes);
[[NSException exceptionWithName:@"InvalidBase64Characters" reason:@"Invalid characters in base64 string" userInfo:nil] raise];
return nil;
}
}
if (bufferLength == 0) {
break;
}
if (bufferLength == 1) {
// At least two characters are needed to produce one byte!
free(bytes);
[[NSException exceptionWithName:@"InvalidBase64Length" reason:@"Invalid base64 string length" userInfo:nil] raise];
return nil;
}
// Decode the characters in the buffer to bytes.
bytes[length++] = (buffer[0] << 2) | (buffer[1] >> 4);
if (bufferLength > 2) {
bytes[length++] = (buffer[1] << 4) | (buffer[2] >> 2);
}
if (bufferLength > 3) {
bytes[length++] = (buffer[2] << 6) | buffer[3];
}
}
bytes = realloc(bytes, length);
return [NSData dataWithBytesNoCopy:bytes length:length freeWhenDone:YES];
}
@end
|
Trust in God and do the right. This is something we have been taught from our very early days. We don’t really have a problem with trusting in God when we know that we are doing the right thing. The problem arises that God often works in mysterious ways. You put in all your efforts, and you find yourselves deprived of the carrot and the stick chasing you on top of that. Can you persuade God to take a kinder view? Germany Astrologer RajatNayar, best and most famous astrologer, believes that the outcome of our efforts isn’t just dependent on the efforts, the stars and the Vastu too play a vital part in the outcome. While it is only you who have control of the efforts you put in, you can rely on top Remedial Astrologer Rajat Nayar to take care of the stars and Vaastu. All you need to do is to get in touch with him team and consult him along with information about date, time and place of your birth. If you follow his advice, there is no reason that your efforts to achieve your goals go to waste.He is available for phone consultations for people of Germany too if you want to consult him in Germany sitting at your home or office. |
Q:
Building a PDB file from amino acid sequence of non-folded structure
I am interested in experimenting with folding simulations and algorithms for arbitrary sequences. I'm wondering if there is an easy way to convert an amino acid sequence into a PDB file for further simulation. To be clear I only want the primary protein structure.
If possible, I'd like to be able to characterize the bonds as well so that I can treat the molecule as a rigid body with rotational joints. Does anyone know something that can do this?
A:
So to be clear, it sounds like you want the 'coil' or unfolded structure of a protein based on the sequence?
There are plenty of programs out there to do homology modelling, which is taking a sequence of unknown structure and modelling it onto one with a known structure. On the other hand, there are many libraries for analyzing existing structures. What you want is somehow in between these two.
I'll add some links here as I find them:
There is a Lua library that might be useful : https://github.com/rob-miller/rFold
Modeller has functions for this: https://salilab.org/modeller especially this page
The Structural Bioinformatics Library : http://sbl.inria.fr/doc/index.html
The Rosetta library (as used in fold.it): https://www.rosettacommons.org/
I'm sure there are more, but it really depends on what programming language you want to use, or if you are implementing stuff yourself versus running some standalone software.
|
W
25
// 0.000000
0x0
// 0.000000
0x0
// 0.559857
0x3f0f52c3
// -0.086624
0xbdb167d1
// -0.161097
0xbe24f6a2
// -0.019741
0xbca1b780
// -0.002290
0xbb161b4b
// -0.610253
0xbf1c398a
// -0.006174
0xbbca4ebc
// -0.450626
0xbee6b871
// 0.453567
0x3ee839e2
// 0.600449
0x3f19b703
// -1.023802
0xbf830bf5
// 0.378415
0x3ec1bf95
// -0.134483
0xbe09b5de
// -0.166608
0xbe2a9b50
// 0.059443
0x3d737aa5
// -0.167611
0xbe2ba232
// -0.129894
0xbe0502f5
// 0.163554
0x3e277ac1
// -0.405852
0xbecfcbe5
// 0.087961
0x3db424c0
// 0.058347
0x3d6efd60
// -0.006218
0xbbcbc03c
// 0.000667
0x3a2ef04f
|
Introduction
============
Children with myelomeningocele (MM) do not easily fit into stereotypical profiles. Professionals, families, and inter-disciplinary teams, devoted to the support of these individuals and the reduction of secondary disabilities, see daily testaments to individual variations. Clinical commonalities among those with MM are frequently noted and perhaps too often -- and too simplistically -- considered *inherent*to the condition. Behavioral characteristics have long been one such category for easy generalities. As modern investigators study the underlying keys to cognitive and behavioral disabilities, theories related to cortical development and differentiation have offered insightful possibilities \[[@B1]\]. Much remains to be discovered in the realm of behavior, emotions, and personality profiles within this group and the biologic differences that may explain them.
This essay is submitted with the suggestion that in our ongoing quest to understand the learning and behavioral characteristics in youth with MM, focus might reasonably be placed on cellular and neurobiological mechanisms specifically related to the limbic and hypothalamic systems. Given the developmental shifts in neuro-architecture in the fetus and infant with MM, we offer the limbic system with its cortical, and brain stem interconnections, and particularly its close association with the hypothalamic region, as an area wherein many of the phenotypic commonalities may arise.
Similarities and variations in temperament profiles among children with MM present an opportunity to explore and enhance our understanding of this ontologically old but, as yet, not fully understood portion of the brain. Temperament patterns among this group, differing from other cohorts, may be reflective of altered integrity within this intricate neural system. The converging components of temperament, memory, and language in this group of children with developmental differences may help the researcher and the clinician to better address the so-called *behavioral*issues that impact academic learning.
We will re-visit established and emerging information related to the limbic and hypothalamic systems. We will review reports from recent studies on language and on temperament among children with MM, and comparative work focused with different at-risk populations of children. These will be considered along with other clinically relevant phenotypic findings among children with MM that have clear links to the limbic and hypothalamic systems.
Le Grand Lobe Limbique
======================
The limbic system consists of structures reminiscent of the old mammalian brain corresponding to that of the so-called higher mammals \[[@B2],[@B3]\]. The various components of the limbic system influence a diversity of functions that are integral to the cognitive aspects of autonomic, affective, and sexual behavior \[[@B4]\]. Components of the system and their general activities that might be expected to impact memory and/or temperament include the following:
***Amygdala***-- little almond shaped structure near the temporal pole. It receives catecholamine and 5-HT containing projections from the brain stem. Its most prominent projection (stria terminalis) runs in the wall of the lateral ventricle, ultimately connecting to the hypothalamic center. Along with other behaviors (particularly sexual), it mediates the major affective activities describe as *fear*\[[@B3],[@B5],[@B6]\].
***Anterior thalamic nucleus***-- associated with variations in emotional reactivity \[[@B3]\].
***Cingulate gyrus***-- located on the medial side of brain near the corpus callosum. Implicated in encoding and retrieval of semantic and episodic memories, attention, drive and pain perception \[[@B7]\].
***Hippocampus***-- formed from the inferior portion of the temporal lobe into the lateral ventricle. It is involved in memory, especially long-term memory. When both hippocampi are completely ablated, nothing can be retained in the memory. The intact hippocampus allows comparison of the conditions of a present challenge with similar previous experiences. This process is central to the ability to make choices \[[@B3],[@B8]\]. This can be critical for survival in the wild -- or perhaps survival in the classroom.
***Entorhinal, subicular cortices***-- are implicated in spatial memory storage, connect hippocampus to remainder of temporal cortex \[[@B2]\].
***Septal nuclei***-- a subcortical target of hippocampus \[[@B2]\].
***Mamillary complex***-- is the major limbic-hypothalamic area \[[@B2]\].
From a cellular and structural aspect, the proximity of limbic structures to the ventricles hints at the possibility of neuropathological changes in these structures either directly through mechanical compression effects of the dilated ventricles, or indirectly via alterations of metabolic pathways in children with MM \[[@B9]-[@B11]\]. Structural changes, and potential functional sequellae, may also arise through deficiencies in the developmental process when HC occurs in the fetus. Behaviorally, an emerging body of neuropsychological data suggests a critical relationship between these structures, their functions, and their relationship to emotion, memory, and learning.
Tell-tale signs of limbic influence: Learning and Temperament
=============================================================
Much has been written over the past decade describing phenotypic profiles related to executive functions among youth with MM. While the term executive function continues to be somewhat enigmatic, it has generally been used to encompass a set of abilities including: sustained focused attention and organizational skills, goal-directed behaviors, flexibility with novel situations, generation of unique plans, and working memory functions \[[@B12],[@B13]\]. Long relied-upon anecdotal concepts (short attention spans, poor organization skills, and memory problems) have given way to more controlled studies \[[@B14]-[@B19]\].
Language skills evaluated in recent research described both language production and comprehension within theoretically grounded language subsystems \[[@B20]-[@B30]\]. From this, a modal profile for MM has been proposed: strengths in syntax and lexicon; and weaknesses in pragmatic communication, making inferences, and understanding nonliteral language \[[@B31]\]. Research supporting this modal profile for children with MM (especially as it relates to higher-order language skills) is based on their inclusion within the larger heterogeneous samples of children with hydrocephalus (HC) whose conditions were associated with multiple etiologies, both congenital and acquired (e.g. refs. \[[@B22],[@B30]\]). Recent studies of a large sample of children with shunted HC and MM *only*, demonstrated that these children scored lower than age-matched controls in all areas of language skills -- even in the more basic lexical semantic skills which, have long been considered \"strengths\" \[[@B26],[@B29]\]. But two areas provided the children with particular difficulty: supralinguistic skills (making inferences and understanding nonliteral language) and pragmatic judgment.
Cognitive skills of attention/executive function and memory are deeply embedded within acquisition and appropriate application of language \[[@B32],[@B33]\]. The ability to make inferences and understand ambiguities (both supralinguistic tasks) involves the integration of previously learned world and linguistic knowledge with the new knowledge presented \[[@B34],[@B35]\]. For a pragmatically competent communicator, successful language outcomes depend on adequately functioning systems of memory (encoding and retrieval of experiential and linguistic knowledge), attention (ability to focus on the presented communicative task), and problem solving (including the ability to judge and utilize social situations). The few studies that measured memory function in mixed samples of children with MM and HC have demonstrated memory deficits in encoding and retrieval both for verbal and nonverbal information \[[@B16],[@B18]\]. Similarly, current research seems to suggest a prevalence of attention/executive deficits in children with MM \[[@B14],[@B15],[@B17],[@B19],[@B36],[@B37]\].
A more than moderate interaction between the successful development and function of the limbic structures and successful learning experiences among children with MM seems likely. Structural or functional malformations of this system should impact the unique learning and cognitive profiles of these children.
Prefrontal regions have been identified as critical in functions of memory, language and logical reasoning \[[@B38]-[@B40]\]. Animal models and clinical evidence suggest the integral role of the limbic system. The uni-modal and poly-modal inputs from neocortical association areas (including prefrontal), important for information processing, storage, encoding and retrieval, all rely on competent structures within the limbic system \[[@B8],[@B41]-[@B46]\].
How might these facts relate to our children with MM? Shortly after the neural tube is formed, its caudal portion develops into the spinal cord and the rostral portion into the brain \[[@B3]\]. Of the three early brain vesicles, the forebrain gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon from which structures of the limbic system and the hypothalamus arise. The limbic system, arising from this phylogenetically ancient region of the brain, incorporates the hippocampus, the amygdala, and numerous receptor sites for adrenal and endocrine neuromodulators.
MM, resulting from a developmental disruption of this normal neuroembryogenic process, is commonly characterized by its more visual and tangible manifestations: defects within the bony vertebra, associated impairment of the spinal cord, and the functional motor and urological deficits. The clinical manifestations of underlying neurodevelopmental aberrations centrally (the Arnold-Chiari II malformation, ventricular variations, callosal variations, and associated migrational anomalies) are frequently as disabling as the more obvious motor deficits. Structural and functional differences can result from developmental and/or mechanical disruptions in the formative stages -- prenatally or thereafter. These central nervous system anomalies, often accompanying the MM, would be expected to influence behavior and learning in these children \[e.g. \[[@B47],[@B48]\]\].
Developmental disruptions such as those related to MM can also provide \"spin-off\" developmental deficits related to anatomy and physiology arising from structures that form the limbic system and hypothalamus. Similarly, the potential exists for the developing HC, with its cerebrospinal fluid blockage within and around the brain, to impact the architecture of the emerging limbic system and its neuronal projections.
For example, vacuolization and degeneration of neurons in the hippocampal formation have been observed both within hydrocephalic rabbits and humans \[[@B9]\]. Dendritic changes were observed in the hippocampus of neonatal rats with kaolin-induced HC \[[@B10]\], and HC exacerbated hypoglycemic injury in rat hippocampal cells \[[@B49]\]. Indeed in a rat model of kaolin-induced HC, the resultant impairment of glucose metabolism was first observed in the CA3 region of the hippocampus \[[@B50]\], suggesting this area is metabolically vulnerable to dysfunction. Further support of limbic involvement in HC comes from a recent study that reports damage to the fimbria/fornix of the hippocampus from autopsy-acquired brains of humans with chronic HC \[[@B51]\].
Clinical evidence from patients, and recent brain imaging studies suggest lesions of the right hippocampus result in spatial memory deficits while left lesions impact verbal memory \[[@B3],[@B8],[@B52]\]. Thus, resultant left and right CA3 dysfunction potentially contributes to the verbal and nonverbal memory deficits noted in children with MM and HC. Further, findings by Dolan and Fletcher \[[@B53]\] provide evidence that the left hippocampus is active in encoding of episodic memories by registering and processing novel verbal material, the end-product being the so-called memory trace or engram. The inability of children with MM and HC to respond efficiently to novel stimuli is well documented \[[@B54],[@B55]\].
Anatomical and central molecular dynamics involved with these language and memory deficits remain critically important areas for future research. Equally intriguing are those -- or other -- molecular substances and pathways that mediate the *response*to the perceived frustrations associated with functional deficits, which come into play daily and hourly. What underlies and mediates the *style*of behavioral responses? In other words, how does the child\'s temperament phenotype become an integral part of the clinical management, and neurophysiological understanding of learning differences among children with MM?
This task of describing individual differences among individuals within a society is ancient in its origin. Early Chinese tradition offers a view of human nature differences based on a dark, female, earthly force (*yin*) and the accompanying active, light, heavenly force (*yang*). The great 2^nd^century C.E. Roman physician, Galen, conceived a system of balanced equilibrium of four basic humors, which allowed the physician clues as to the nature of an illness by his awareness of personality traits. This system, based on yellow or black bile and phlegmatic or sanguine natures, represented a culmination of prior ideas (Hindu, Greek, Chinese, others) and provided the understanding of the relationship of temperament to health and function for more than a millennium \[[@B56]\].
More modern scientists have provided differing slants regarding temperament characteristics of children. The list includes Bates, Buss, Carey, Chess and Thomas, Goldsmith, Kagan, and Plomin \[[@B56]-[@B61]\]. The nature of temperamental categories, taking the various researchers\' ideas into account, seems to embody four qualities described by Kagan: 1) variability among individuals, 2) relative stability over time and situation within the individual, 3) under some genetic influence, and 4) emergence early in life \[[@B56]\].
Temperament has been described in typically developing children as the \"how \" of behavior distinct from *ability*or \"what\" of behaving, and *motivation*or \"why\" of behavior \[[@B60]\]. One recurring theme among the conceptual descriptions of temperament remains the notion of multiple behaviors, along a continuum, which combine to interact either favorably or unfavorably with the surrounding environment. The nature of these behaviors is not at the level of psychopathology. Rather, the potential for pathologic development lies within the *process of the interaction*-- the \"goodness of fit\" -- between the environment and the individual\'s behavioral responses. Consonance between the child and his/her environment potentiates optimal development and supportable teachable moments \[[@B62]\]. Conversely dissonance between the child\'s capacities, and style of behavior and the environment demands result in maladaptive functioning. Such was the case with Annie.
Annie\'s Story
==============
Annie is an attractive little girl, eight years old, and with abundant red-haired curls. Her diagnosis of MM and shunted HC requires part-time wheelchair use as she attends a public school and participates in recreation activities in the community. Intelligent and engaging, she has, nonetheless, met frustrations during her days at school. Variably described as shy, capable, anxious, and/or self-doubting, teachers and family members know of Annie\'s apparent emotional lability.
Recent academic testing reconfirmed her cognitive strengths with a full scale IQ in the above-average range. Language evaluation showed \"relative strengths\" in lexicon and syntax, lesser scores in pragmatics, and significant problems with higher-order language, and cognitive tasks that required quick retrieval of stored information. Of note, during the initial testing, Annie became tearful quite quickly. Her negative responses related to the new tasks, new environments, and her persisting fear of \"not being able to finish\" (on any given activity). The examiner, familiar with children with MM, recognized the triggers and the responses before her. By careful explanations, negotiating cues to assure Annie of her successes in the testing, and agreements for \"breaks\" as needed, Annie calmed, warmed to the tasks at hand, and completed the testing successfully in the allotted time.
The developmental pediatric team was recently notified by the family that Annie was experiencing episodes at school of skin flushing, sweating, sensations of nausea, and emotional stress. On one occasion, urinary incontinence accompanied the episode. These symptoms were eventually noted to be related to those (infrequent) occasions when the teacher felt it necessary to enter a note onto Annie\'s personal folder for parent review. Beginning hints of school avoidance prompted the parents\' concern.
Academic challenges and barriers as in the story of Annie are quite common among youth with MM. Layers of seemingly separate but simultaneous factors -- cognitive, memory, language, temperament, physical -- can elevate even daily and mundane tasks into sources of stress not experienced by the typical classmate. Recent studies of youth with MM and shunted HC, ages 5--12, demonstrated clusters of findings different from those classically described by Chess and Thomas (\"easy\", \"difficult\", or \"slow to warm\") or by Kagan (\"inhibited\" or \"uninhibited\"). Children with MM in these studies were reported to be significantly different from normative profiles in five areas: 1) adaptability -- less; 2) distractibility -- more; 3) approach -- guarded; 4) persistence on task -- less; and 5) predictability -- less \[[@B55]\]. Given these temperament characteristics in a child with MM, perhaps related to the unique differences in both central molecular dynamics and neurodevelopmental anatomy, responses such as Annie\'s begin to be understood.
While the focused study of the biological basis for temperament dates to mid-20^th^century, only recently have physiologic variables and temperament categorical descriptors been paired for critical comparisons. These investigations stem from relatively firm notions about the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system. Researchers have tracked differing patterns of social response, and encoding of emotional memories to the limbic system, and particularly amygdala \[[@B63],[@B64]\]. The amygdala has been implicated in social cognition, involving adequate recognition and judgment of facial expressions \[[@B3],[@B65]\]. Preliminary studies within our institution reveal our patients with MM and shunted HC had difficulty understanding nonverbal facial cues and expressions of annoyance (explaining in part their poor pragmatic skills). Opioid-mediated inhibitory activities, or responses to the dozens of neurotransmitters or neuropeptides both have genetic implications and biochemical importance as they potentially affect excitability centrally within the amygdala or connecting structures \[[@B56]\]. Potential changes in functional outcomes might be anticipated.
These limbic structures -- and their vulnerability in the developing brain affected by MM -- offer fertile ground for clinical exploration in the broader study of cognition, memory, and temperament. The segregation of emotion, temperament, language, and cognitive performance is difficult to accomplish in the typical child; it is decidedly more complex in the child with MM and HC who has co-existent ventriculomegaly from early gestation, mid-brain variations, and cerebellar differences.
What then are the capacities and activities of these central nervous system components -- the limbic and hypothalamic systems -- that are typically relied upon for daily function, and which might have significant impact on those outward actions and responses which we categorize as temperament? Emotional triggers, goal direction for problem solving, assimilation of information from the various senses (vision, touch, auditory) -- all of these relate to the anatomy and associated function of the limbic system (notably the amygdala), and the closely related hypothalamic region. Evidence from human and animal studies indicates that the amygdala intervenes between the regions concerned with the somatic expression of emotion (hypothalamus, brainstem) and the neocortical areas concerned with conscious feeling \[[@B3]\].
Similarly, the hypothalamus is a central player in the integration of information. For the specific areas throughout the neocortex to finalize and actualize those processes described as \"executive functioning\", regulation of stimuli from the environment and peripheral systems of the body is aided through hypothalamic function. Some actions might well be expected to impact behavior we characterize as components of temperament.
The anatomy of the hypothalamus is important when considered along with the variations commonly noted in our individuals with ventriculomegaly and Chiari malformations. It lies on the ventral surface of the cortex. The third ventricle divides the hypothalamus and lies in close proximity to hypothalamic projections \[[@B66]\]. Disturbances or disruptions in these structures due to HC would not be unexpected. Generally, signs or symptoms associated with hypothalamic dysfunction might include: disorders of satiety, appetite and/or caloric homeostasis; sexual dysfunction including precocious puberty or hypogonadism; central autonomic disorders (sleep and consciousness regulation, gastrointestinal function, thermoregulatory control, sphincter disturbance); and affective variations \[[@B3],[@B66]\]. Corticotrophin releasing factor, related to the paraventricular nucleus, is integrally involved in the management of autonomic centers within the brainstem and, via regulation of corticosteroids, with stress adaptation \[[@B3]\].
The effects of HC on neuronal pathology and function in these regions have been demonstrated in both human studies and animal models \[[@B10],[@B49],[@B50],[@B67]\]. Such variations in anatomy and fetal development of the midbrain structures -- areas of tremendous variations among individuals with MM -- could play important roles in the ultimate behavioral phenotypes described by temperament. For example, in the temperament profile of the MM cohort described above, attention was a significant outlier. Mirsky \[[@B68]\] has reminded us of the multi-component nature of attention. The nature of the neuropsychological model of attention depends upon the data used to generate it. The network involved in the distribution of attention to extra-personal targets implicates cortico-limbic-reticular and hypothalamic circuits; damage to either impacts the attention process \[[@B68]\]. The ultimate functions completed within cortical regions are clearly important. But dysfunction in the limbic and hypothalamic regions seems intuitive within this population. They can be measured in some instances (particularly neuroendocrine), and they are consistent with the underlying biologic bases of temperament variation as posited by Kagan and others.
Temperament as a Component for Assessment of Learning in Youth with MM
======================================================================
Annie\'s tale is not unusual for our children with MM and shunted HC. Clinicians and researchers alike have experienced stories of lesser or more severe impairments. For the parents and teachers working daily with children such as Annie, an understanding of the normal process of neuro-development leads to clearer understanding and a better differentiation from the abnormal. The research and subsequent writings of T. Berry Brazelton have provided ready information to parents of typically developing children by blending the Gesellian milestones of development with the temperament concepts as outlined by Carey, Chess, and Thomas \[[@B69]\]. The interplay of cognition, temperament, language, executive function, given the underlying neuro-endocrine/central molecular dynamics that accompany MM, offers a greater challenge to clinicians, teachers, and parents.
For the classroom, identification of stressors and methods to minimize autonomic over-response can be as critical to successful learning as the understanding of memory strengths, or language problems. As in our story, Annie demonstrated persistence to task, willingness to approach novel situations, positive mood, and the ability to adapt to the testing situation -- all temperament domains with which she has struggled. The \"goodness of fit\" between Annie and the examiner was critical before *any*progress could be made in better understanding her relative academic and learning strengths. The autonomic dysfunction, manifested in her excessive sweating, flushing, and urinary incontinence in school, only served to heighten both the emotional and physical symptoms.
The differences in temperament profiles among children with MM are unlike those in other diagnostic cohorts of children with special health care needs \[[@B70],[@B71]\]. Hughes et al. \[[@B72]\] have described temperament patterns in preterm infants over the first year of life. Descriptors of temperament characteristics differed from that seen in typically developing full term infants and from that of our children with MM. Because temperament is believed to be influenced by heredity, biology, and experience, parenting must also be considered as a variable (moderator) in temperament development. This concept of \"goodness-of-fit\" plays an important role in the parents\' development, their perception of the infant, and the ultimate quality of the parent-child interactions \[[@B72]\].
Learning, for the child with MM, certainly takes place beyond the confines of preschool and classroom. Negotiating physicians, curious strangers, medical emergencies, educational diagnosticians, environmental barriers, and other stressors is a continual process. Raising a happy, self-reliant, and resilient child is the dream of parents. Perrin \[[@B73]\] has suggested that \"adjustment\" might be conceptualized as 1\] the presence of fewer behavioral problems, 2\] inter-personal functioning or competence, and 3\] development of a positive self-concept. Parental perceptions of their child\'s actions and reactions contribute greatly to the moderation of, or exacerbation of, affective differences. It is incumbent on the professional to accurately discriminate between temperament characteristics that are barriers to inter-personal optimal functioning and truly psychiatric disorders. Given the neuro-anatomical and neuro-endocrine risks associated with MM, heightened awareness and assessment of temperament in this discriminating process is important.
Conclusion
==========
T.S. Eliot wrote,
We shall not cease from exploration
And the end of all our exploring
Will be to arrive where we started
*And know the place for the first time*.
As we continue, on behalf of children and youth with MM, to explore and better understand the cognitive and learning differences within the group, the developmental variations related to underlying central nervous system structures may continue to hamper the human tendency to categorize. The modal profile may not be singular.
As assessments of strengths and differences continue; as descriptors of quality of life are derived; as personality variances are accounted for; as curricula and \"home programs\" are constructed, the bio-psycho-social model increasingly becomes the clear route for professional and family partnership. For the researcher trying to join un-connected dots into a cohesive whole, we, like Eliot, may need to return to the early components long-standing in the evolution of the brain and its function. The ancient limbic and hypothalamic systems leave indelible tell-tale hints that should not be left behind in our quest for understanding and raising the resilient child.
List of abbreviations
=====================
MM, myelomeningocele; HC, hydrocephalus
Competing interests
===================
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
Both authors contributed equally to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
===============
Our thanks to colleagues at home, and across the Atlantic for their support and continued interest in our research.
|
Hydrodynamic interaction between spheres coated with deformable thin liquid films.
In this article, we considered the hydrodynamic interaction between two unequal spheres coated with thin deformable liquids in the asymptotic lubrication regime. This problem is a prototype model for drop coalescence through the so-called "film drainage" mechanism, in which the hydrodynamic contribution comes dominantly from the lubrication region apart from the van der Waals interaction force. First, a general formulation was derived for two unequal coated spheres that experienced a head-to-head collision at a very close proximity. The resulting set of the evolution equations for the deforming film shapes and stress distributions was solved numerically. The film shapes and hydrodynamic interaction forces were determined as functions of the separation distance, film thickness, viscosity ratios, and capillary numbers. The results show that as the two spheres approach each other, the films begin to flatten and eventually to form negative curvature (or a broad dimple) at their forehead areas in which high lubrication pressure is formed. The dimple formation occurs earlier as the capillary number increases. For large capillary numbers, the film liquids are drained out from their forehead areas and the coated liquid films rupture before the two films "touch" each other. Meanwhile, for small capillary numbers, the gap liquid is drained out first and the two liquid films eventually coalesce. |
This podcast focuses on Criterion’s Eclipse Series of DVDs. Hosts David Blakeslee and Trevor Berrett give an overview of each box and offer their perspectives on the unique treasures they find inside. In this episode, David and Trevor are joined by Keith Enright to discuss Eclipse Series 2: The Documentaries of Louis Malle.
About the films:
Over the course of a nearly forty-year career, Louis Malle forged a reputation as one of the world’s most versatile cinematic storytellers, with such widely acclaimed, and wide-ranging, masterpieces as Elevator to the Gallows, My Dinner with Andre, and Au revoir les enfants. At the same time, however, with less fanfare, Malle was creating a parallel, even more personal body of work as a documentary filmmaker. With the discerning eye of a true artist and the investigatory skills of a great journalist, Malle takes us from a street corner in Paris to America’s heartland to the expanses of India in his astonishing epic Phantom India. These are some of the most engaging and fascinating nonfiction films ever made.
Subscribe to the podcast via RSS or in iTunes.
Episode Links
Louis Malle
Box Set Reviews
Phantom India
Calcutta
Next time on the podcast: Eclipse Series 2: The Documentaries of Louis Malle [Part 3]
Contact us |
The Blues, who won their sixth game in a row on Wednesday, moved up six spots to No. 3. The Islanders, winners of 10 straight, moved up four spots to No. 4.
The Boston Bruins and Washington Capitals remained No. 1 and No. 2 for the second straight week.
The Edmonton Oilers moved up five spots to No. 6, and the Vancouver Canucks made the biggest jump from last week, moving seven spots to No. 8.
The Buffalo Sabres and Carolina Hurricanes each dropped four spots to Nos. 9 and 10. The Colorado Avalanche plummeted nine spots to No. 12.
The Tampa Bay Lightning fell out of the rankings for the first time this season.
To create the power rankings, each of the 13 participating staff members puts together his or her version of what the Super 16 should look like. Those are submitted, and a point total is assigned to each.
The team picked first is given 16 points, second gets 15, third gets 14 and so on down to No. 16, which gets one point.
Here is the latest Super 16:
1. Boston Bruins (11-2-2)
Total points: 202
Last week: No. 1
Hit: David Pastrnak's 13-game point streak (15 goals, 15 assists) is the longest by a Bruins player since Phil Kessel had points in 18 straight games (14 goals, 14 assists) from Nov. 13-Dec. 21, 2008. The top-line right wing is the third player in Bruins history to reach 30 points in 15 or fewer games, joining Hall of Famers Phil Esposito (31 points in 13 games in 1973-74) and Bobby Orr (30 points in 14 games in 1974-75).
Miss: The forward depth is being tested because of injuries to Par Lindholm (upper body), David Backes (upper body), Joakim Nordstrom (infection) and Karson Kuhlman (fractured tibia). Kuhlman has missed seven straight games. Nordstrom has missed five straight and seven of the past eight. Lindholm has missed four in a row, and Backes has sat out the past two.
Video: BOS@MTL: Pastrnak knots the score with one-time PPG
2. Washington Capitals (11-2-3)
Total points: 193
Last week: No. 2
Hit: The Capitals are 8-0-1 since Oct. 16, and forward Jakub Vrana has nine points (six goals, three assists) in a five-game point streak, including five goals in the past two. He had a hat trick in a 4-2 win against the Calgary Flames on Sunday.
Miss: They've been better defensively of late, allowing three goals in their past two games, but the Capitals are still one of the 16 teams in the NHL allowing more than three goals per game (3.06).
Video: CGY@WSH: Vrana goes short side for second goal
3. St. Louis Blues (11-3-3)
Total points: 179
Last week: No. 9
Hit: Jordan Binnington is 6-1-0 with a 1.99 goals-against average and .933 save percentage in his past seven starts.
Miss: Nothing other than forward Vladimir Tarasenko, who is out at least five months because of the shoulder surgery he had last week.
Video: STL@VAN: Binnington makes huge save in overtime
4. New York Islanders (11-3-0)
Total points: 169
Last week: No. 8
Hit: The Islanders' 10-game winning streak is the second-longest in their history behind the 15 in a row they won in the 1981-82 season.
Miss: Forward Jordan Eberle has missed nine straight games with a lower-body injury, and forward Leo Komarov has been out for seven straight because of an illness.
Video: Islanders win 10 straight for 1st time since '82
5. Nashville Predators (9-4-2)
Total points: 154
Last week: No. 4
Hit: Pekka Rinne (8-0-2) is the first goalie 36 or older in NHL history to have a season-opening point streak of at least 10 games.
Miss: Forward Mikael Granlund has no points in 10 straight games.
Video: CHI@NSH: Rinne makes 20 saves in shutout win
6. Edmonton Oilers (10-5-2)
Total points: 123
Last week: No. 11
Hit: Leon Draisaitl has at least one point in 15 of Edmonton's 17 games. The forward, who leads the Oilers with 29 points (13 goals, 16 assists), has at least two points in nine of the games.
Miss: The Oilers are 3-for-26 (8.7 percent) on the power play in their past 10 games.
7. Vegas Golden Knights (9-5-2)
Total points: 113
Last week: No. 7
Hit: Vegas leads the League with 24 goals in the first period and is tied with Boston for best first-period goal differential (plus-9).
Miss: They have been outscored 18-11 in the second period.
8. Vancouver Canucks (9-3-3)
Total points: 100
Last week: No. 15
Hit: Elias Pettersson has 14 points (four goals, 10 assists) in the past eight games. The second-year center leads the Canucks with 20 points (six goals, 14 assists).
Miss: Micheal Ferland has missed three straight games. The forward is in the NHL concussion protocol.
9. Buffalo Sabres (9-4-2)
Total points: 89
Last week: No. 5
Hit: Carter Hutton has allowed three goals on 65 shots in two starts since allowing six on 24 shots in a 6-2 loss at the New York Rangers on Oct. 24.
Miss: The Sabres haven't scored more than two goals in a game in five straight games (1-3-1).
10. Carolina Hurricanes (9-5-1)
Total points: 82
Last week: No. 6
Hit: Sebastian Aho has seven points (three goals, four assists) in the past six games. The center had three points (two goals, one assist) in Carolina's first nine games.
Miss: The Hurricanes have allowed 12 goals in the past three games, including nine in losing their past two.
Video: DET@CAR: Aho nets loose puck for second goal
11. Arizona Coyotes (9-4-2)
Total points: 76
Last week: No. 13
Hit: The Coyotes are 16-for-17 on the penalty kill (94.1 percent) in six home games this season, third in the NHL.
Miss: They are 21-for-29 (72.4 percent) on the PK in nine road games, tied for 26th in the League.
12. Colorado Avalanche (8-5-2)
Total points: 71
Last week: No. 3
Hit: Nathan MacKinnon has a total of 30 shots on goal in the past four games. The center has at least two shots on goal in every game this season and a streak of 166 consecutive games with at least one shot on goal. He has 72 shots on goal this season, second in the League behind Capitals forward Alex Ovechkin (76).
Miss: The Avalanche are winless in their past five games (0-4-1). They have been outscored 18-7 in those games.
13. Toronto Maple Leafs (8-5-3)
Total points: 70
Last week: No. 12
Hit: The Maple Leafs have outscored the opposition 3-1 in the third period of their past two games, both wins (4-3 in a shootout against the Philadelphia Flyers and 3-1 against the Los Angeles Kings).
Miss: They are 2-for-27 on the power play (7.4 percent) in their past nine games.
14. Florida Panthers (7-3-4)
Total points: 41
Last week: No. 16
Hit: The Panthers have scored at least four goals in seven of nine games since Oct. 14. They are 6-1-2 in that stretch.
Miss: Center Vincent Trocheck will miss his seventh straight game with a lower-body injury when the Panthers play the Capitals on Thursday.
15. Calgary Flames (9-7-2)
Total points: 31
Last week: NR
Hit: Matthew Tkachuk has eight points (five goals, three assists) in a four-game point streak.
Miss: The Flames have trailed going into the third period in 10 of their 18 games this season, the most of any team in the Western Conference. They are 3-6-1 in those games.
Video: ARI@CGY: Tkachuk powers game-winner through Raanta
16. Pittsburgh Penguins (8-6-1)
Total points: 30
Last week: No. 10
Hit: Bryan Rust has four points (two goals, two assists) in a four-game point streak since the forward made his season debut Oct. 26. He missed the first 11 games with an upper-body injury.
Miss: The Penguins are 0-for-20 on the power play in nine games since Oct. 16. They have had one or zero power play opportunities in four of those games.
Others receiving points: Tampa Bay Lightning 18, Montreal Canadiens 15, Dallas Stars 8, Anaheim Ducks 3, Philadelphia Flyers 1
Dropped out: Lightning (No. 14)
HERE'S HOW WE RANKED 'EM
AMALIE BENJAMIN
1. Boston Bruins; 2. Washington Capitals; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. Nashville Predators; 5. New York Islanders; 6. Edmonton Oilers; 7. Vegas Golden Knights; 8. Buffalo Sabres; 9. Colorado Avalanche; 10. Vancouver Canucks; 11. Carolina Hurricanes; 12. Toronto Maple Leafs; 13. Arizona Coyotes; 14. Florida Panthers; 15. Anaheim Ducks; 16. Pittsburgh Penguins
TIM CAMPBELL
1. Boston Bruins; 2. St. Louis Blues; 3. Washington Capitals; 4. Nashville Predators; 5. Toronto Maple Leafs; 6. Arizona Coyotes; 7. New York Islanders; 8. Vegas Golden Knights; 9. Edmonton Oilers; 10. Vancouver Canucks; 11. Buffalo Sabres; 12. Calgary Flames; 13. Carolina Hurricanes; 14. Tampa Bay Lightning; 15. Colorado Avalanche; 16. Anaheim Ducks
BRIAN COMPTON
1. Washington Capitals; 2. New York Islanders; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. Boston Bruins; 5. Vancouver Canucks; 6. Edmonton Oilers; 7. Arizona Coyotes; 8. Nashville Predators; 9. Vegas Golden Knights; 10. Florida Panthers; 11. Toronto Maple Leafs; 12. Calgary Flames; 13. Montreal Canadiens; 14. Pittsburgh Penguins; 15. Dallas Stars; 16. Carolina Hurricanes
NICHOLAS J. COTSONIKA
1. Boston Bruins; 2. New York Islanders; 3. Washington Capitals; 4. St. Louis Blues; 5. Vancouver Canucks; 6. Edmonton Oilers; 7. Nashville Predators; 8. Arizona Coyotes; 9. Buffalo Sabres; 10. Florida Panthers; 11. Carolina Hurricanes; 12. Vegas Golden Knights; 13. Colorado Avalanche; 14. Montreal Canadiens; 15. Toronto Maple Leafs; 16. Philadelphia Flyers
TOM GULITTI
1. Boston Bruins; 2. Washington Capitals; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. New York Islanders; 5. Nashville Predators; 6. Vancouver Canucks; 7. Edmonton Oilers; 8. Colorado Avalanche; 9. Carolina Hurricanes; 10. Vegas Golden Knights; 11. Buffalo Sabres; 12. Arizona Coyotes; 13. Toronto Maple Leafs; 14. Florida Panthers; 15. Pittsburgh Penguins; 16. Tampa Bay Lightning
ADAM KIMELMAN
1. Boston Bruins; 2. Washington Capitals; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. Nashville Predators; 5. New York Islanders; 6. Edmonton Oilers; 7. Vegas Golden Knights; 8. Carolina Hurricanes; 9. Toronto Maple Leafs; 10. Buffalo Sabres; 11. Colorado Avalanche; 12. Arizona Coyotes; 13. Montreal Canadiens; 14. Pittsburgh Penguins; 15. Florida Panthers; 16. Calgary Flames
ROBERT LAFLAMME
1. Boston Bruins; 2. Washington Capitals; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. Buffalo Sabres; 5. Nashville Predators; 6. Colorado Avalanche; 7. New York Islanders; 8. Edmonton Oilers; 9. Carolina Hurricanes; 10. Vegas Golden Knights; 11. Toronto Maple Leafs; 12. Vancouver Canucks; 13. Pittsburgh Penguins; 14. Tampa Bay Lightning; 15. Florida Panthers; 16. Arizona Coyotes
MIKE G. MORREALE
1. Boston Bruins; 2. Washington Capitals; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. New York Islanders; 5. Vegas Golden Knights; 6. Nashville Predators; 7. Tampa Bay Lightning; 8. Pittsburgh Penguins; 9. Vancouver Canucks; 10. Carolina Hurricanes; 11. Calgary Flames; 12. Arizona Coyotes; 13. Buffalo Sabres; 14. Colorado Avalanche; 15. Toronto Maple Leafs; 16. Edmonton Oilers
TRACEY MYERS
1. Washington Capitals; 2. Boston Bruins; 3. New York Islanders; 4. St. Louis Blues; 5. Edmonton Oilers; 6. Nashville Predators; 7. Buffalo Sabres; 8. Vancouver Canucks; 9. Vegas Golden Knights; 10. Carolina Hurricanes; 11. Arizona Coyotes; 12. Toronto Maple Leafs; 13. Colorado Avalanche; 14. Calgary Flames; 15. Florida Panthers; 16. Montreal Canadiens
BILL PRICE
1. Boston Bruins; 2. New York Islanders; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. Washington Capitals; 5. Colorado Avalanche; 6. Nashville Predators; 7. Edmonton Oilers; 8. Buffalo Sabres; 9. Toronto Maple Leafs; 10. Vegas Golden Knights; 11. Arizona Coyotes; 12. Carolina Hurricanes; 13. Calgary Flames; 14. Florida Panthers; 15. Pittsburgh Penguins; 16. Vancouver Canucks
SHAWN P. ROARKE
1. Boston Bruins; 2. Washington Capitals; 3. Nashville Predators; 4. St. Louis Blues; 5. New York Islanders; 6. Vegas Golden Knights; 7. Carolina Hurricanes; 8. Vancouver Canucks; 9. Edmonton Oilers; 10. Calgary Flames; 11. Colorado Avalanche; 12. Dallas Stars; 13. Pittsburgh Penguins; 14. Arizona Coyotes; 15. Buffalo Sabres; 16. Florida Panthers
DAN ROSEN
1. New York Islanders; 2. Boston Bruins; 3. Washington Capitals; 4. St. Louis Blues; 5. Nashville Predators; 6. Vegas Golden Knights; 7. Edmonton Oilers; 8. Vancouver Canucks; 9. Buffalo Sabres; 10. Arizona Coyotes; 11. Carolina Hurricanes; 12. Florida Panthers; 13. Colorado Avalanche; 14. Toronto Maple Leafs; 15. Pittsburgh Penguins; 16. Dallas Stars
MIKE ZEISBERGER
1. Washington Capitals; 2. Boston Bruins; 3. St. Louis Blues; 4. Nashville Predators; 5. New York Islanders; 6. Edmonton Oilers; 7. Vancouver Canucks; 8. Toronto Maple Leafs; 9. Vegas Golden Knights; 10. Buffalo Sabres; 11. Florida Panthers; 12. Carolina Hurricanes; 13. Arizona Coyotes; 14. Montreal Canadiens; 15. Colorado Avalanche; 16. Tampa Bay Lightning |
Q:
Understanding unused typedef of empty inherited class
I'm just trying to understand some tutorial code I'm going through. I'm trying to learn some Dx11 code and the tutorial I'm going through has classes that are designed as event details to be passed to functions when an event occurs, e.g. a mouse button being pressed. There's an empty base class EventArgs defined as follows:
class EventArgs
{
public:
EventArgs() {};
}
Which is the inherited by other event like classes. So for example they have a key pressed event args class as follows:
class KeyEventArgs : public EventArgs
{
public:
typedef EventArgs base;
KeyEventArgs(/**/)
{ }
// Rest of the class
}
I understand the premise that all the events are inheriting a base to say "they are an event type" but I don't understand the typedef base which is in every event class but isn't used by them directly. It seems as if a function that takes a KeyEventArgs parameter uses this base typedef to pass the event on to it's own base class but I don't understand how that works. The example they give is:
class Game
{
virtual void onKeyRelease(KeyEventArgs &e);
}
class Tutorial : public Game
{
void onKeyRelease(KeyEventArgs &e)
{
base::onKeyRelease(e);
/* Above calls Game::onKeyRelease(e) */
}
}
If anyone could shed any light on why/how the above works I'd be very grateful.
Thanks in advance.
A:
The word base is not a keyword so in the class Tutorial example, the line base::onKeyRelease(e); will not compile. Now, if you saw it somewhere and it does compile, you must know that it must be define by a typedef or a using statement somewhere.
The purpose of the using such a typedef is to add another level of abstraction to help people change code safely. Considering the Tutorial example you could just as well write Game::onKeyRelease(e); Let's consider the following example:
class Game
{
virtual void onKeyRelease(KeyEventArgs &e);
}
class AwsomeGame : public Game
{
virtual void onKeyRelease(KeyEventArgs &e);
}
class Tutorial : public Game
{
typedef Game base;
void onKeyRelease(KeyEventArgs &e)
{
base::onKeyRelease(e);
//equivalent to Game::onKeyRelease(e);
}
}
If you change Tutorial base class from Game to AwsomeGame and the typedef also you have successfully changed the code without any bad side effects.
Not using a typedef would force you to write explicit calls to Game, and when the base class changes, you will have to change it in all the places you have used it. Now, if you consider the above example and you change Game to AwsomeGame without changing the typedef the code is valid, but you might run into a logical error later:
class Tutorial : public AwsomeGame //,public Game
{
void onKeyRelease(KeyEventArgs &e)
{
Game::onKeyRelease(e);
//code is valid, but you probably want AwsomeGame::onKeyRelease(e);
}
}
|
Effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation with duloxetine on mechanical and thermal thresholds in 6OHDA lesioned rats.
Chronic pain is the most common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often overlooked. Unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) medial forebrain bundle lesioned rats used as models for PD exhibit decreased sensory thresholds in the left hindpaw. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) increases mechanical thresholds and offers improvements with chronic pain in PD patients. However, individual responses to STN high frequency stimulation (HFS) in parkinsonian rats vary with 58% showing over 100% improvement, 25% showing 30-55% improvement, and 17% showing no improvement. Here we augment STN DBS by supplementing with a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor commonly prescribed for pain, duloxetine. Duloxetine was administered intraperitoneally (30mg/kg) in 15 parkinsonian rats unilaterally implanted with STN stimulating electrodes in the lesioned right hemisphere. Sensory thresholds were tested using von Frey, Randall-Selitto and hot-plate tests with or without duloxetine, and stimulation to the STN at HFS (150Hz), low frequency (LFS, 50Hz), or off stimulation. With HFS or LFS alone (left paw; p=0.016; p=0.024, respectively), animals exhibited a higher mechanical thresholds stable in the three days of testing, but not with duloxetine alone (left paw; p=0.183). Interestingly, the combination of duloxetine and HFS produced significantly higher mechanical thresholds than duloxetine alone (left paw, p=0.002), HFS alone (left paw, p=0.028), or baseline levels (left paw; p<0.001). These findings show that duloxetine paired with STN HFS increases mechanical thresholds in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals more than either treatment alone. It is possible that duloxetine augments STN DBS with a central and peripheral additive effect, though a synergistic mechanism has not been excluded. |
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) device may include an array of Liquid Crystal (LC) elements, which may be driven, for example, by Thin Film Transistor (TFT) elements. Each full-color pixel of a displayed image may be reproduced by three sub-pixels, each sub-pixel corresponding to a different primary color, e.g., each full pixel may be reproduced by driving a respective set of LC elements in the LC array, wherein each LC element is associated with a color sub-pixel filter element. For example, three-color pixels may be reproduced by red (R), green (G) and blue (B) sub-pixel filter elements. Thus, each sub-pixel may have a corresponding LC element in the LC array. The light transmission through each LC element may be controlled by controlling the orientation of molecules in the LC element. The response time of the LC element may be related to the length of time required for changing the orientation of the LC molecules. This may introduce an inherent delay in the process of modulating the transmittance of the LC elements.
The LCD device may be implemented to display scene images, which may include, for example, a sequence of frames, in accordance with a video input signal. Unfortunately, due to the inherent delay in mobilizing the molecules in the LC elements, the displayed image may appear blurred to a user, e.g., if the response time of the LC elements is significant in relation to the frequency at which the frames are displayed. In other words, the response time of the LC elements may depend on the value of the activation voltage of both a previous frame and a current frame. A response time that is longer than a refresh cycle of a pixel or sub-pixel corresponding to the LC element may result in the blurring effect, particularly in images or image portions with abrupt changes, e.g., images of fast moving objects. It may also result in a color shift effect of displayed colors. FIG. 1(A) illustrates a pixel response to an input pulse signal.
In order to reduce such “blurriness” of displayed images, the LCD device may implement a Response Time Compensation (RTC) method, for example, a Feed Forward Driving (FFD) method, to compensate for the slow pixel response. The FFD method may include a FFD module able to control a LC element based on a comparison between sub-pixel values of the LC element in a previous frame and in a current frame. For example, a Look Up Table (LUT) may be used to provide the LC element with a control signal based on the previous sub-pixel value and the current sub-pixel value.
FIG. 1(B) illustrates a conventional driver circuit for pixel response compensation. In order to create an overdrive signal to the pixel, a previous frame is stored in a frame buffer 101. Voltage values of pixels from a current frame and a previous frame may then be fed into a computation circuit 102, which may include a central processing unit (CPU), a look-up table (LUT), or a combination of both. The computation circuit 102 may subsequently output a compensated voltage to be applied to a column driver 103 to drive the pixel. Such conventional compensation method requires the use of frame buffer 101 having a sufficient memory capacity in order to store sub-pixel voltage values for the entire previous frame. The required size of such memory may be relatively large, e.g., a memory of approximately 6 Megabytes (MB) may be required for storing the sub-pixel values of a three-primary, e.g., RGB, display device having a 1080 by 1920 pixel resolution. The required size of the memory may be reduced, e.g., down to about 600 Kilobytes (KB), using suitable compression techniques, which may result in loss of detail and/or quality at varying degrees, as is known in the art.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn accurately or to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity or several physical components included in one element. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. It will be appreciated that these figures present examples of embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. |
Lola Large Gold Hoops
£18
FREE SHIPPING*
translation missing: en.products.notify_form.description:
Notify me when this product is available:
Qty
95mm/9.5cm inner diameter
Stunning large gold hoops that will have you swooning over them as soon as you have them in your hands. Slim enough to wear during the day with a bit of texture to take you in to the night. These large gold hoop earrings are the best of both worlds!
ALL ABOUT US
We are a small family run jewellery brand based in Robin Hood’s home county of Nottinghamshire. Our jewellery is inspired from our travels and is cleverly designed with meticulous attention to detail. Our creative and carefree approach to life is reflected in our jewellery and we embrace delicate, quirky and original statement pieces from all over the world. |
1. Field of the Invention
The field of invention relates to trailer steering apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved truck trailer steering apparatus wherein the same is arranged to enhance ease of maneuverability of a trailer relative to a tractor truck structure.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Four-wheel steering apparatus of various types has been utilized in the prior art to enhance ease of steering of an associated self-propelled vehicle. Such steering is exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,246 to Janson, et al. utilizing linkage members operatively mounted to the rear wheels of a vehicle to manipulate the rear wheels in a steering procedure.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,955,443 to Bausch sets forth a motor vehicle formed with four-wheel steering utilizing an electrically operative steering box member arranged to manipulate a rear steering assembly of a vehicle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,958,698 to Kirschner and U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,592 to Ohmura set forth further examples of linkage arrangements mounted to rear portions of a vehicle to effect four-wheel steering of the vehicle.
As such, it may be appreciated that there continues to be a need for a new and improved truck trailer steering apparatus as set forth by the instant invention which addresses both the problems of ease of use as well as effectiveness in construction and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. |
/*
Basic Java example using FizzBuzz
*/
import java.util.Random;
public class Example {
public static void main (String[] args){
// Generate a random number between 1-100. (See generateRandomNumber method.)
int random = generateRandomNumber(100);
// Output generated number.
System.out.println("Generated number: " + random + "\n");
// Loop between 1 and the number we just generated.
for (int i=1; i<=random; i++){
// If i is divisible by both 3 and 5, output "FizzBuzz".
if (i % 3 == 0 && i % 5 == 0){
System.out.println("FizzBuzz");
}
// If i is divisible by 3, output "Fizz"
else if (i % 3 == 0){
System.out.println("Fizz");
}
// If i is divisible by 5, output "Buzz".
else if (i % 5 == 0){
System.out.println("Buzz");
}
// If i is not divisible by either 3 or 5, output the number.
else {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
/**
Generates a new random number between 0 and 100.
@param bound The highest number that should be generated.
@return An integer representing a randomly generated number between 0 and 100.
*/
private static int generateRandomNumber(int bound){
// Create new Random generator object and generate the random number.
Random randGen = new Random();
int randomNum = randGen.nextInt(bound);
// If the random number generated is zero, use recursion to regenerate the number until it is not zero.
if (randomNum < 1){
randomNum = generateRandomNumber(bound);
}
return randomNum;
}
}
|
- video encodings still in process -
Driver loses control and crashes into a group of bystanders. |
Implementation of high definition television (HDTV) in the United States is now undergoing testing by the Federal Communications Commission. It is contemplated that such an HDTV system will require additional channel allocations on UHF frequencies which will carry a digital signal. Thus alterations to existing transmitting antennas will be required. The existing TV signal is normally designated an NTSC signal which is analog. It is contemplated that the HDTV digital signal will be located on the same transmission tower. However, the normal slot antennas in the UHF frequency range cannot simultaneously serve two separate UHF channels efficiently. In such cases, the HDTV operation will require a separate antenna in a different location of the tower.
Since the physical location of an antenna on a transmitting tower used by several TV stations is quite critical, to locate the HDTV antenna on another part of the tower, or even relocate the entire antenna installation is not desirable. |
GCC_PREPROCESSOR_DEFINITIONS = $(inherited) COCOAPODS=1
HEADER_SEARCH_PATHS = "${PODS_ROOT}/Headers/Private" "${PODS_ROOT}/Headers/Private/SnapKit" "${PODS_ROOT}/Headers/Public"
OTHER_SWIFT_FLAGS = $(inherited) "-D" "COCOAPODS"
PODS_ROOT = ${SRCROOT}
SKIP_INSTALL = YES |
Q:
Scope of variables executing functions in a subshell
That's what happens when a command is executed in a subshell environment:
The command will run in a copy of the current shell execution environment
"Variable assignments and builtin commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect after the command completes" (quote)
Example:
#!/bin/sh
export TOTO=123
FOO=abc
(mycmd)
In this case mycmd will be able to read TOTO but not FOO, and every changement realized by mycmd to the values of those two variables will not be visible in the current shell.
But what happens when we do the same thing with a function?
Example:
#!/bin/sh
export TOTO=123
FOO=abc
function (){
echo $TOTO
echo $FOO
TOTO=${TOTO}456
FOO=${FOO}def
}
(function)
echo $TOTO
echo $FOO
result:
123
abc
123
abc
Reasonably a function executed in a subshell is not able to alter the contents of the variables defined in the parent shell, on the other hand it is able to read all the variables indiscriminately even if they are not being exported.
Can somebody please explain this behaviour in a better way?
Links to some reference will be very appreciated since I couldn't find anything about it.
A:
What you are observing has nothing to do with functions. Subshells get all the environment, even the un-exported variables. To illustrate, let's define two variables:
$ alpha=123
$ export beta=456
Observe that a subshell has access to both:
$ (echo $alpha $beta)
123 456
If we start a new process, though, it only sees the exported variable:
$ bash -c 'echo $alpha $beta'
456
Documentation
man bash documents subshells as follows:
(list) list is executed in a subshell environment (see COMMAND
EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT below). Variable assignments and builtin
commands that affect the shell's environment do not remain in effect
after the command completes. The return status is the exit status of
list.
If we go look at the "COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT", we find that it includes
shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment.
In other words, it includes variables whether or not they have been exported.
If we read further, we find that this is in contrast to "a simple command other than a builtin or shell function." Such commands only receive the exported variables.
|
#include <ossim/projection/ossimCoarseGridModel.h>
#include <ossim/init/ossimInit.h>
#include <ossim/base/ossimNotifyContext.h>
#include <ossim/base/ossimArgumentParser.h>
#include <ossim/base/ossimApplicationUsage.h>
#include <ossim/base/ossimTrace.h>
#include <ossim/base/ossimKeywordNames.h>
#include <ossim/base/ossimRefPtr.h>
#include <ossim/imaging/ossimImageGeometry.h>
#include <ossim/imaging/ossimImageHandler.h>
#include <ossim/imaging/ossimImageHandlerRegistry.h>
#include <ossim/projection/ossimProjectionFactoryRegistry.h>
#include <ossim/projection/ossimProjection.h>
#include <ossim/projection/ossimRpcSolver.h>
#include <sstream>
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
ossimString tempString1;
ossimString tempString2;
ossimString tempString3;
ossimString tempString4;
ossimArgumentParser::ossimParameter tempParam1(tempString1);
ossimArgumentParser::ossimParameter tempParam2(tempString2);
ossimArgumentParser::ossimParameter tempParam3(tempString3);
ossimArgumentParser::ossimParameter tempParam4(tempString4);
ossimArgumentParser argumentParser(&argc, argv);
ossimInit::instance()->addOptions(argumentParser);
ossimInit::instance()->initialize(argumentParser);
bool rpcFlag = false;
bool cgFlag = false;
bool enableElevFlag = true;
bool enableAdjustmentFlag = true;
ossimDrect imageRect;
double error = .1;
imageRect.makeNan();
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->setApplicationName(argumentParser.getApplicationName());
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->setDescription(argumentParser.getApplicationName() + " takes an input geometry (or image) and creates a converted output geometry");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->setCommandLineUsage(argumentParser.getApplicationName() + " [options] <input file>");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("-h or --help","Display this information");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--rpc","Create an RPC projection");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--rpc-gridsize","defines the grid size for the rpc estimate default is --rpc-gridsize=\"10 10\"");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--noelev","the projection but 0 out the elevation");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--disable-adjustments","Current applies to coarse grid. It will try to make the grid adjustable if the input projection is adjustable");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--cg","Create a coarse grid projection");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--rect"," 4 values ulx uly width height");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--tolerance","Used as an error tolerance. Currently on coarse grid uses it and is the pixel error for the estimate");
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->addCommandLineOption("--output","Override the default output name");
if (argumentParser.read("-h") || argumentParser.read("--help") || (argumentParser.argc() == 1))
{
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->write(ossimNotify(ossimNotifyLevel_INFO));
ossimInit::instance()->finalize();
exit(0);
}
ossimFilename outputFile;
ossimIpt rpcGridSize(10,10);
if(argumentParser.read("--tolerance", tempParam1))
{
error = tempString1.toDouble();
}
if (argumentParser.read("--rpc"))
{
rpcFlag = true;
}
if (argumentParser.read("--rpc-gridsize",tempParam1, tempParam2))
{
rpcGridSize.x = tempString1.toInt32();
rpcGridSize.y = tempString2.toInt32();
if(rpcGridSize.x < 1)
{
rpcGridSize.x = 8;
}
if(rpcGridSize.y < 1)
{
rpcGridSize.y = rpcGridSize.x;
}
}
if (argumentParser.read("--cg"))
{
cgFlag = true;
}
if (argumentParser.read("--noelev"))
{
enableElevFlag = false;
}
if(argumentParser.read("--disable-adjustments"))
{
enableAdjustmentFlag = false;
}
if(argumentParser.read("--output", tempParam1))
{
outputFile = ossimFilename(tempString1);
}
if(argumentParser.read("--rect", tempParam1,tempParam2,tempParam3,tempParam4 ))
{
double x,y,w,h;
x = tempString1.toDouble();
y = tempString2.toDouble();
w = tempString3.toDouble();
h = tempString4.toDouble();
if(w < 1) w = 1;
if(h < 1) h = 1;
imageRect = ossimDrect(x,y,x+(w-1), y+(h-1));
}
argumentParser.reportRemainingOptionsAsUnrecognized();
if (argumentParser.errors())
{
argumentParser.writeErrorMessages(std::cout);
exit(0);
}
ossimFilename file(argv[1]);
ossimRefPtr<ossimImageHandler> h = ossimImageHandlerRegistry::instance()->open(file);
ossimRefPtr<ossimProjection> inputProj = 0;
ossimKeywordlist kwl;
ossim_int32 minSpacing = 100;
ossimRefPtr<ossimImageGeometry> geom;
if(h.valid())
{
geom = h->getImageGeometry();
imageRect = h->getBoundingRect();
}
else if(!imageRect.hasNans())
{
kwl.add(ossimKeywordNames::GEOM_FILE_KW,
file.c_str());
inputProj = ossimProjectionFactoryRegistry::instance()->createProjection(kwl);
}
if(!geom.valid()||!geom->getProjection())
{
ossimNotify(ossimNotifyLevel_WARN) << "Unable to obtain an input projection. Returning " << std::endl;
argumentParser.getApplicationUsage()->write(ossimNotify(ossimNotifyLevel_INFO));
}
else if(!imageRect.hasNans())
{
if(outputFile.empty())
{
outputFile = file.setExtension("geom");
}
if(rpcFlag)
{
ossimRefPtr<ossimRpcSolver> solver = new ossimRpcSolver(enableElevFlag);
ossimDrect imageBounds;
geom->getBoundingRect(imageBounds);
bool converged = solver->solve(imageBounds, geom.get());
if (converged)
{
ossimRefPtr<ossimRpcModel> rpc = solver->getRpcModel();
ossimRefPtr<ossimImageGeometry> rpcgeom = new ossimImageGeometry(nullptr, rpc.get());
ossimKeywordlist kwl;
rpcgeom->saveState(kwl);
kwl.write(outputFile);
}
else
{
ossimNotify(ossimNotifyLevel_FATAL) << "ERROR: Unable to converge on desired error tolerance." << std::endl;
exit(1);
}
}
else if(cgFlag)
{
ossimCoarseGridModel::setInterpolationError(error);
ossimCoarseGridModel::setMinGridSpacing(minSpacing);
ossimCoarseGridModel cg;
cg.buildGrid(imageRect,
inputProj.get(),
500.0,
enableElevFlag,
enableAdjustmentFlag);
kwl.clear();
cg.saveState(kwl);
kwl.write(outputFile);
cg.saveCoarseGrid(outputFile.setExtension("dat"));
}
}
else
{
ossimNotify(ossimNotifyLevel_WARN) << "Unable to find an image rect" << std::endl;
}
return 0;
}
|
Q:
Why do we need Spring REST if we have Spring MVC?
If we can create REST Api using Spring MVC then why do we need Spring REST?
Spring MVC is based on servlet,is Spring REST also based on servlet?
Which specifications do Spring MVC and Spring REST implement?
And if we want to use only Spring REST do we need Spring Boot?
A:
spring-boot is a project provided by spring community. It used Java Configuration over XML configuration and provide you default configuration in many scenarios.
For example, previously, you have to manually configure everything. Like DB connection etc.
But in spring-boot, in many scenarios, you just have to give the dependency name and spring-boot will configure it for you.
Spring MVC and Servlets:
Spring MVC internally uses Servlets only, so if you find any other java web project or framework, most probably, that would be using servlets internally.
Now Spring MVC and Spring REST:
First, you need to understand what is REST.
You can implement REST in spring MVC also, but again you have to do so many configurations manually.
Spring REST provides you already configuration, you just have to follow its rules and you could build a FULLY REST API.
REST HATEOS
|
Real Weddings Nicole & Will
Real Weddings Nicole & Will
Nicole and Will got married at The Lenox in October 2017. Now that Nicole has had some time to reflect on the big day, she shared all the most memorable moments with us!
The Bride & Groom
Will and I met on Tinder believe it or not! On our first date Will invited a friend to tag along because he thought he was being catfished!
Why The Lenox for Your Wedding?
We wanted a venue in the city that was unique but still classic and romantic. When we entered the lobby of The Lenox, it was love at first sight. We were blown away by the gorgeous Dome Room and how friendly and accommodating the staff was. The wedding package included everything we wanted and more! The day of the wedding, my bridal suite, the room for groomsmen, the ceremony and reception all took place on the 2nd floor. This made logistics and planning SO much easier. We also didn’t have to pay anything for transportation!
Our wedding day was so unbelievably perfect and that is in large part due to The Lenox Hotel and their amazing staff. They truly went above and beyond to make our day so special. We can’t recommend The Lenox enough!
Favorite Moment From Your Wedding Day?
Ah! There are so many. I would have to say one of my favorite moments was our first look on the rooftop of The Lenox. Being under The Lenox sign against a stunning city backdrop as we saw each other for the first time is pretty hard to beat!
Any Advice For Couples On Their Big Day?
Savor the moments and try not stress! The day goes by so fast, so enjoy it and don’t let the little things bother you. All of your favorite people are under one roof to celebrate your love! It is bound to be one of the best, happiest days of your life. |
Q:
Node Child Process Spawn: Stdout returning an Undefined Value
Dealing with what should be a simple problem, but I've been stuck on it for awhile. Might have to do with string encodings, or pipes, or something else entirely - not sure.
Here's some code that shows the problem - it's a child spawn calling a python script:
const spawn = require('child_process').spawn;
let py = spawn('python', ['../py-docker-encryption/handle_encrypt.py']);
let encMsg = {action: 'enc', data: []}
encMsg.data.push(allArr[0].items.S)
let dataString;
py.stdout.on('data', (data) => {
dataString += data.toString();
})
py.stdout.on('end', () => {
console.log(dataString)
})
py.stdin.write(JSON.stringify(encMsg));
py.stdin.end()
// py.on('close', (code) => {
// cb(null, dataString)
// })
The python code is complex, but I've tested it thoroughly: it's an encryption script, which returns the ciphertext to stdout. But that doesn't matter. Bottom line, the stdout in the .on('data') pipe returns normally, but by the time the script closes, or .on('end') is called, a single "undefined" is tacked to the beginning of the dataString string. For example, this is my console (all that matters is the undefined at the start - the rest is normal operations):
undefined[{"data": "AYADeJldNsBlMPApbYJydOfQ5msAXwABABVhd3MtY3J5cHRvLXB1YmxpYy1r
ZXkAREF3aUNDRWRHOTlUUHNYMFlwWVZLVnBPaHFxMDhiQ0NXOUkyWUVocEdTMWV4TkpjV0VxRnlFZ0xa
dkpIOVVmZEM1QT09AAEAB2F3cy1rbXMATmFybjphd3M6a21zOmV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMTo5MDUwNDk5MjMx
NjI6a2V5L2Q4NTNhNzdhLTJmMmMtNDRkNy04ZmNjLTE3MzNmZmVjYmM5NwC4AQIBAHg4n+ZTthRASUgK
QrDeQL96fA+8KdXwWlK3rIBH8nfwGQEln5SRtpBSM1tkyjxWDfoLAAAAfjB8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagbzBt
AgEAMGgGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMv+tUKJb0bdkvMe8FAgEQgDuy7Vx1nDBCUUGS
+GmG5gl7VcFP1e7t0BcSZ3KYeOgZDdZsH3iMXajtPktejPYzmBxFbxigN0ZQLXti2wIAAAAADAAAEAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAADhoAGEpZmeu/1Y+eOqL8OX/////wAAAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAEZ0I1VTfw2cHO
wx7ejXvVx9+vZjsAZzBlAjAw7KDk/iwWADqUfKmjyjKGrEab/bTUXu59A5xA0Db/L5JgCnhqlw3n8MTW
haVlqmwCMQDKSmZeKXJn0tvDYIYlVY20VwD+HRBTji/P62cREOE89iPbjLOykxeQJyqB3K7eGlA=\n"}
]
Any ideas on this? My use case is more complicated than this, and I can't see myself just parsing the undefined's out - seems really hacky.
Thanks much!
A:
The dataString variable's initial value is undefined. When you coerce that to a string (done implicitly when concatenating with another string), it uses the literal word 'undefined', similarly with null and many other non-string values.
Instead, initialize it to an empty string and you won't encounter this behavior.
|
By Kim Susan Se-jeong“’Hallyu’ will cool down in four years.”Six out of 10 foreigners believe the recent popularity of Korean culture -- K-pop, movies and drama series, or soap operas -- will cool down in the next few years.Sixty percent of 3,600 people in nine countries, including China, Japan, Thailand, the United States and France, were doubtful that Hallyu will see lasting international success, according to a survey by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Foundation for International Culture Exchange (KOFICE).Hallyu, which started with the popular Korean drama “Winter Sonata” in 2002 and continues with Girls’ Generation, is still hot all over the world. Thus, Koreans, who were drunk on the international Korean culture craze, were shocked at the survey results.The main reason foreigners doubted Hallyu’s continuing success is because they are becoming “tired of standardized contents,” as 20.5 percent of respondents agreed.Sexualized dances, lyrics and clothes are common among K-pop “idols,” or teen singers. Korea drama series repeatedly revisit topics like adulterous affairs, revenge and secrets around the characters’ birth or identity, making it difficult to move a desensitized audience.Experts believe it is time Hallyu got a makeover.Korea needs to sell its own unique “story” to win over other countries, integrating the national tradition and culture into the standardized Korean pop culture, said exerts.“Contents that aren’t original and diverse will not survive the market. Thus, it is essential to diversify the ‘stories’ told by the media,” said an official of the culture ministry. “We also need to encourage financial investments in media, because you can’t create a masterpiece with just a great story and an idea.”In today’s society, “story” equals money. A unique story will help make a drama, movie, game or animation a success.The worldwide bestseller, “Harry Potter” series, shows how powerful a story can be. The brand value of JK Rowling’s seven-volume series rose to $15 billion over a decade, landing the author $1 billion profit. The story of the “wizarding world,” comprised of seven books, eight films, various games and a theme park, which opened in Florida in 2010 contributed an estimated $6 trillion to the London’s economy annually. This is equivalent to the profit that Samsung Electronics, the largest Korean business, made in the first quarter of last year.There are a few successful stories in Hallyu media as well.The number of tourist visiting Namiseom, a small island on Han River in Chuncheon, hit a record 2.3 million last year. As many as 18 percent, or 400,000, were foreigners.This is the result of “Winter Sonata.” The popular Korean drama, starring Choi Ji-woo and Bae Yong-joon, aired from January to March 2002, using Nami islet as its backdrop.Namiseom became the first Hallyu success as middle-aged Japanese women flocked to see the scenes from the drama after it aired. Namiseom uses a method of storytelling, recreating the story at every corner of the island for tourists to visit.Namiseom calls itself the “Republic of Nami,” and makes visitors pass through an “Immigration Bureau.” Many believe that unique programs like this and celebrations like “National Day” for foreigners also contributed to attracting tourists.As well, “Seoul Forum 2012” released its plans to help globalize Hallyu in Dynasty Hall, Shilla Seoul hotel, Jung-gu, Seoul, May 16-17.Caption: Girls’ Generation, a popular K-pop group, poses with Bill Murray, actor and co-guest, on “The Late Show with David Letterman,” January 31, top photo. / K-pop girl group T-ara at a photo shoot, bottom left. / Lee Byung-hun poses for the cameras at the press release for a drama, bottom right. |
Treatment of plastic and extracellular matrix components with chlorhexidine or benzalkonium chloride: effect on Candida albicans adherence capacity in vitro.
This study investigates the influence of treatment of plastic and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins with chlorhexidine or benzalkonium chloride on subsequent adherence of Candida albicans. Three concentrations were tested for each antiseptic: (i) chlorhexidine, MIC (6.25-12.5 mg/L), 80 x MIC and 800 x MIC; and (ii) benzalkonium chloride, MIC (3.12 mg/L), 40 x MIC and 1600 x MIC. Chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride activities were correlated with the tested concentrations. Antiseptics used at MIC were unable to modify the adherence to plastic or ECM proteins. Chlorhexidine (80 x MIC) induced a decrease in plastic adherence of 31% of the 15 strains used and an increase in ECM protein adherence of 13% of strains. Benzalkonium chloride (40 x MIC) induced a decrease in adherence to ECM proteins or plastic of 13-27% of strains. Our results indicated that the treatment with 1600 x MIC benzalkonium chloride could induce the opposite effect on adherence, depending on the surface: 60% of the strains showed an increase in their adherence to ECM proteins, whereas 93% of the strains showed a decrease in their adherence to plastic. A similar phenomenon was observed after treatment with 800 x MIC chlorhexidine: 60% of the strains showed an increase in their adherence to ECM proteins, whereas 67% showed a decrease in adherence to plastic. Treatment of medical devices with at least 5000 mg/L of chlorhexidine or benzalkonium chloride could therefore reduce C. albicans adherence to plastic surfaces, but would be unable to prevent fungal adherence to ECM proteins. |
The country’s largest FE provider has lost a High Court bid to quash an as-yet unpublished ‘inadequate’ Ofsted rating, FE Week can reveal, leaving more than 1,600 of its staff at risk of losing their jobs.
Learndirect failed in its judicial review to overturn the damning report on August 4 – the release of which would by its own admission force it to call in the administrators, as it would oblige the government to pull more than £100 million in public funding contracts.
FE Week can only now report this and the other findings of a high-profile joint investigation with The Financial Times, after our lawyers successfully contested strict reporting restrictions on the case.
Ofsted will now publish the final report 48 hours after sharing it with Learndirect, and FE Week understands it is likely to see the light of day on Thursday.
During a two-day hearing in July, the Administrative Court in Manchester heard that Learndirect, a giant training provider with 1,645 employees and over 70,000 learners, had been rated ‘inadequate’ overall after a massive four-day Ofsted inspection.
The report, which was described in court but not presented to reporters, awarded grade fours to the provider’s apprenticeships and outcomes for learners.
Management of apprentices is ineffective
Amongst the criticisms Ofsted made was the fact that “management of apprentices is ineffective”, while around a third of learners on apprenticeships “do not receive their entitlement to off-the-job learning” and fail to develop “the skills they require to progress to the next step in their career”.
Learndirect challenged the report findings on two counts – that inspectors had a “predetermined” negative view of its apprenticeship provision, and that Ofsted’s sample size of apprentices was not large enough to reflect the size of the company.
However, Mr Justice King ruled that there was no evidence for the predetermination argument, and also pointed out that Learndirect didn’t cross examine the inspectors it had accused of bias.
The judge also dismissed the second point, again pointing out that Learndirect didn’t provide any expert witnesses to challenge Ofsted.
For months Learndirect could not be named due to a reporting restriction imposed by the court.
Now, however, FE Week can reveal the full story behind the provider’s attempt to quash Ofsted’s verdict – and its threat to file contempt of court proceedings against our publisher.
We reported in April that the pre-election purdah period had delayed publication of Ofsted’s report – which involved 17 inspectors reviewing Learndirect’s provision over four days from March 20.
It lodged a series of written complaints to Ofsted later the same month, suggesting that the inspection was inadequately detailed considering its size, but these were rejected by the inspectorate.
It then applied in June for a judicial review, seeking a quashing order and a permanent injunction to try and prevent the report from ever being published. The court banned publication of the report, the details within it, and even the name of the provider, until conclusion of the review.
Papers obtained by FE Week showed the court believed there would be a risk of “irreparable damage including financial consequences” to Learndirect if the report were published while the review was underway.
According to these papers, Learndirect argued that if the ‘inadequate’ grade were upheld, the consequences would be “catastrophic”, and would lead to government funding being withdrawn.
Ofsted’s press office did not realise there was a reporting restriction and at one point told FE Week it had “applied for a judicial review of its recent inspection report” and said “the report will not be published until the court process has concluded”.
We were also unaware of the restriction, and published an online article about the review, which was removed after Learndirect’s lawyers complained.
Michael Hayton QC, representing Learndirect in court, argued the report should have been quashed because the sampling by inspectors was “ineffectively unreasonable”.
He even accused one inspector of jumping to the wrong conclusion – that the provider had made a “sinister attempt” to hide evidence from the inspectorate, something the provider denied.
The inspector in question had been for a time unable to log in to Learndirect’s online training system, and wrote in his notes that he was “concerned I may have been prevented having access initially to inhibit my activity to scrutinise more of the evidence”.
The court also heard that the other inspectors had been concerned the provider was limiting their access to provision – for instance when attempting to interview learners.
But Mr Hayton described this as “another example” of inspectors coming to the view that there was some “deliberate malfeasance on behalf of the claimant to seek to limit or inhibit appropriate inspection”.
Sarah Hannett, representing Ofsted, insisted that there had been a “very serious decline in outcomes for learners”.
The court heard that Learndirect’s achievement rates had declined over the past three years and were “well below” the national average.
The Department for Education’s 2015/16 apprenticeship achievement-rate data for all providers, released in June, showed that Learndirect had fallen 7.3 percentage points to 57.8 per cent. This brought it below the minimum standards threshold of 62 per cent.
FE Week then confirmed in July that the provider had finally been hit with a serious performance breach notice, a month after its apprenticeship achievement rates plummeted below the minimum standards.
The news caused dismay across the sector as the issue date listed on the notice was March 14.
Learndirect response to FE Week in full
A spokesperson said: “Ofsted’s inspection was challenged because we believe the process did not give a true reflection of Learndirect Limited’s training quality and performance.
“The business presented compelling evidence as part of the appeal to support this view.
“In particular, we felt that the sample size of 0.6 per cent used by Ofsted to arrive at its conclusions is not sufficient to judge the quality of Learndirect’s training.
“We are therefore extremely disappointed with the verdict.
“Learndirect Limited will continue working with the ESFA to ensure our learners are fully supported as they proceed with their courses as usual.
“The outcome of the inspection does not affect the non-ESFA and e-assessment contracts held within our adult skills business, Learndirect Limited or Learndirect Apprenticeships Limited, which is independent and was not subject to an inspection from Ofsted.
“We continuously review our performance and strive to provide the highest standards of service for learners and apprentices.
“Learndirect Limited will continue to be well-supported by our stakeholders, and we will ensure our employees remain fully engaged around the ongoing evolution of the business.”
Who owns Learndirect?
This once publicly-owned company is the largest FE provider in the UK.
According to Education and Skills Funding Agency records for 2016/17 allocations, Learndirect has a total allocation of £157 million, of which 71 sub-contractors held £45.8 million of contracts in July.
It was previously owned by the UFI Charitable Trust, but in October 2011, the business was sold in a management buyout backed by Lloyds TSB Development Capital (LDC) for £36,309,000.
The vehicle used to acquire it was Pimco 2909, which had been incorporated the previous month by Sarah Jones, then the chief executive of Learndirect.
The acquisition was funded by a £40.2 million loan from LDC.
In the four full years since the acquisition, Learndirect went from a company with £36 million in the bank and a net asset position of £11.2 million, to one with just £5 million in the bank and a net asset position of £7.2 million.
Over the same period, £5.5 million was paid in net interest and £20.25 million was paid in dividends.
The FT, which is running its own report into Learndirect’s finances in tandem with FE Week, asked why 84 per cent of the cash generated by the business is being spent on interest payments, fees and dividends, particularly given the declining strength of the balance sheet?
Normal dividends were paid to our shareholders when the business was growing rapidly
A spokesman for Learndirect said: “Normal dividends were paid to our shareholders when the business was growing rapidly, generating significant profits (more than £25 million in 2013), and the sector outlook was positive.
“In addition to this there were significant intra-group dividends paid as part of a group reorganisation, none of these resulted in cash leaving the group. No further dividends have been paid since.
“Learndirect Ltd’s recent financial performance has been significantly impacted by external factors, in particular successive central government funding cuts which have reduced our revenues by £100 million over the last three years. Significant cuts have affected all providers in the sector.
“We have responded to these difficult market conditions by changing our operating model and diversifying our income, and we have remained competitive throughout this period.
“We have a supportive shareholder in LDC, which has reinvested over £37 million into Learndirect over the last three years to support the business during these funding cuts, and together we remain committed to providing the highest standards of service for learners.”
The inspection report as described during the case
The provider was given grade fours for overall effectiveness, apprenticeships, and outcomes for learners, with all other criteria receiving grade threes.
It said the great majority of its apprentices are employees of small and medium-sized enterprises, and mostly at level two and three, spread evenly. The majority are delivered directly by Learndirect with the rest by subcontractors.
The management of apprenticeships was described as “ineffective”, with oversight “weak”.
“Around one third of apprentices do not receive their entitlement to off-the-job learning,” the report was said to have added. “So apprentices do not develop the skills they require to progress to the next step in their career”.
The proportion of apprenticeships who do not complete their apprenticeship on time has increased steadily over the past three years and is very low
It warned that “leadership and management have allowed standards to slide since previous inspection”, and “the proportion of apprenticeships who do not complete their apprenticeship on time has increased steadily over the past three years and is very low”.
The report also stated: “The new senior management team has begun to tackle main weakness and early signs of improvement indicates their actions are beginning to have an impact.”
However, “until very recently company directors and senior leaders have presided over a sustained decline in performance”, and “leadership and management at all levels failed to oversee and challenge the particularly poor provision delivered by apprenticeship subcontractors”.
The one positive finding on apprenticeships came at the end: “Leadership and management develop very effective partnerships with a range of high-profile corporate clients. Managers work very closely with these to meet new standards. Apprentices make good progress, develop new skills and enjoy their learning.”
On day two of the hearing, the court heard that five apprentices had been selected at random, and looked at on Learndirect’s online ‘e-track’ system.
None of the learners, chosen at random, had an initial assessment or an individual learning plan in their e-portfolio – as they should have done, detailed in their procedure.
Learndirect’s apprenticeship manager was said to be shocked to see this. They apparently stopped the meeting and wanted to do scrutiny on their own, with the Ofsted nominee happy with this. There was said to be nothing covering starting point and progress monitoring, nor any evidence of targets being set in individual learning plans – which simply were not present.
Learndirect’s judicial review focused on two claims
There was limited apprenticeship evidence base for such a large provider – REJECTED:
Learndirect provided examples that it believed showed a “meagre sample size”.
It claimed just 0.6 per cent of apprentices were spoken to, which was an “insufficient sample leading to unreasonable conclusion”.
As an example, it claimed Ofsted spoke to just one apprentice out of 5,000 enrolled on level two apprenticeships in health and social care.
Ofsted claimed Learndirect actually deliberately tried to scupper its on-site inspections, such that there was “a strategy by the provider to limit our evidence base”.
It said it was initially only given the details of 97 out of 21,000 apprentices to visit, and when it was finally given the details of more, it was not supplied with addresses or postcodes.
In another example, Ofsted said it was told there was evidence of monitoring progress in audio files. So it asked for the audio files and found no evidence of monitoring progress. The inspector asked in his notes if Learndirect was “gaming evidence”.
Ofsted undertook a post-inspection review of the sample size by an inspector from a different region, who concluded there was “a comprehensive evidence base clearly supporting the judgements made”.
On the matter of whether the inspection was detailed enough for a large provider, Ofsted pointed out that it deployed the equivalent to 55 inspector days, when the typical highest Ofsted inspection tariff is 24 days.
So that was said to be more than double the intensity, plus there were two senior HMIs when there is normally just one.
The judge was critical of Learndirect’s claim in two regards. Firstly, it did not bring forward an expert witness to explain why the evidence base was too small.
Secondly, the Learndirect lawyer said the size of the sample simply “spoke for itself”. The judge replied that the sample size did not speak for itself.
The judge said: “It is an expert judgment taken by an expert regulator. I have no proper basis upon which I could interfere with the expert judgment made by this expert regulator.”
“The defendant [Ofsted] had to make a judgment about suitable sample size,” said the judge. “It is an expert judgment taken by an expert regulator. I have no proper basis upon which I could interfere with the expert judgment made by this expert regulator.”
The lead inspector for apprenticeships had a closed and predetermined mind – REJECTED:
Learndirect claimed the lead inspector for apprenticeships stuck to his view from day one and declined to accept evidence to change his mind.
Learndirect did not cross-examine the lead inspector for apprenticeships, nor claim he had undue influence on the other inspectors.
The judge said “matters relied on were short” and were only in the form of written witness statement from Learndirect employees.
The judge said there was “no evidence of predetermination whatsoever”, and that Learndirect didn’t even get beyond the first stage of mounting a claim.
He said the lead inspector for apprenticeships reached his conclusions based on a considered assessment that emerged during the inspection – not predetermination.
The judge said this “supports the defendant’s conclusions”, namely:
– Complete confusion on how data was recorded
– Inability to demonstrate how progress was monitored
– Learndirect’s forecast for outcomes was insecure
The judge repeated that “no material has been shown to me which effectively demonstrates a closed mind”.
Consequence of a grade four for Learndirect
Learndirect said that if it were given a grade four, the SFA had confirmed it would serve a three month-termination on all contracts, worth over £100 million.
This, Learndirect told the judge, would force it to call in the administrators, which would put 2,000 staff out of work and over 20,000 learners in need of help to find an alternative provider.
Learndirect also told the judge that going into administration would end its ability to fulfil contracts with the Department for Work and Pensions (pre-employment training), the Home Office (to deliver immigration tests) and the Standards and Testing Agency (to deliver the professional skills test for prospective teachers).
Timeline
March 6 – The Skills Funding Agency issues a ‘notice of serious breach’ for 70 per cent of apprenticeships in 2015-16 falling below minimum standard.
March 15 – Notices of concern become public but Learndirect is not named. It is not until some time after FE Week publishes an article asking why it was excluded that the list is updated to include Learndirect.
March 16 – Ofsted informs Learndirect it will begin a full inspection on March 20. Learndirect managing director Andy Palmer asks for its apprenticeship provision not to be included in the inspection as it is trying to move its provision to a new company set up in 2016 (Learndirect Apprenticeship Limited).
March 17 – Ofsted rejects Learndirect’s request and tells it apprenticeships will be included in the inspection.
March 20 – Seventeen Ofsted inspectors begin a four‐day inspection. Six are focused on apprenticeships, including a lead inspector for apprenticeships.
March 23 – The last day of four‐day inspection; in the grading meeting Ofsted indicates (subject to internal moderation) that the overall grade will be ‘inadequate’ (grade four), as well as the apprenticeships grade and the outcome for learners grade. All other grades will be ‘requires improvement’ (grade three).
April 11 – Learndirect writes to Ofsted making a series of complaints, including that the inspection was inadequately detailed for such a large business.
April 12 – Ofsted plans to publish the report, but without taking external advice decides to delay publication until June 9, owing to a concern around general election purdah rules.
April 28 – FE Week reports that the Learndirect inspection report has been delayed until after the election, quoting an Ofsted spokesperson.
May 4 – Ofsted writes to Learndirect to say the quality assurance process for the inspection has been completed, including a full review of the evidence base. The letter says Ofsted is satisfied the evidence base was complete and that no additional evidence is needed.
May 11 – Ofsted writes to Learndirect to say its letter of complaint had been rejected.
Unknown date – Learndirect’s MD claims in court that the Skills Funding Agency told him it would serve a three-month termination notice on all contracts if a grade four is confirmed.
June 5 – Learndirect applies for a judicial review seeking a quashing order and permanent injunction so the report is never published. Learndirect wins interim relief – such that there can be no publication of the report nor can the provider be named until conclusion of the review.
The judge (HHJ Moulder) uses Ofsted’s decision to delay publication owing to purdah, and says there appears to be “no particular urgency or prejudice should the defendant be restrained from publishing the report whilst the judicial review application is considered. By contrast on the evidence put before me, the claimant’s business may be severely damaged and irreparable financial and reputational harm could result even if the proposed grade is subsequently withdrawn.”
Had Ofsted chosen not to delay publication until after the election it may well have been published on the April 12.
June 8 – Ofsted’s press office does not realise there is a reporting restriction and tells FE Week that “Learndirect Ltd has applied for a judicial review of its recent inspection report. The report will not be published until the court process has concluded.”
FE Week publishes an online article about the judicial review, which it removes when Learndirect’s lawyers get in touch about the reporting restriction.
June 15 – The SFA publishes the 2015/16 apprenticeship achievement rates for all providers. Learndirect falls 7.3 percentage points to 57.8 per cent. Timely achievement rate fell 8.2 points to 40.3 per cent.
June 24 – FE Week publishes an article with the headline “Achievement rates at Learndirect fall under minimum standards”.
July 14 – The SFA updates its published list of notices of concern and Learndirect’s notice of serious breach for falling below minimum standards becomes public knowledge. The apprenticeship minimum standard is a 62 per cent achievement rate, and when 40 per cent or more apprentices are below 62 per cent, a notice of serious breach is sent out.
July 28 – Day one of the judicial review in open court. Attended by FE Week reporter John Dickens, it primarily features Learndirect outlining its case as the claimant. FE Week publishes an article about the first day of the judicial review, not identifying the provider. Nevertheless, its lawyers successful apply to the court for an injunction on the story, which is then removed from the FE Week website.
Learndirect’s lawyers also inform FE Week that they intend to make oral application to the judge against the owners for committal for contempt of court, a criminal offence which can lead to a fine or even imprisonment.
July 31 – Day two of the review, primarily Ofsted outlining its defence, attended by FE Week editor Nick Linford. Learndirect’s lawyers decide not to make an oral application to the judge against the owners of FE Week for contempt of court.
August 4 – Judicial review judgement. After a three-hour summary, the judge concludes Learndirect has no valid evidence and rules against it. Against the wishes of Ofsted and FE Week, he extends the publication and reporting restriction to 4.30pm on August 14 and gives Learndirect until August 10 to apply for an appeal.
The judge indicates for the first time he is not pursuing an matter relating to contempt of court.
August 10 – Lawyers acting on behalf of Learndirect file an application to the court to appeal the judgment.
August 11 – Lawyers acting on behalf of FE Week file an application to overturn the reporting restriction. |
Yesterday (October 17, 2016), Douglas Cardinal lost his bid to enjoin the Cleveland Indian baseball club from using its name and logos in Toronto during the American League Championship series against the Blue Jays. In 2003 and 2010, I published columns in The Lawyers Weekly on this controversy over racist sports team names. As some readers of this blawg will not have seen those pieces, I reproduce them here. Sadly, they remain timely. Here is the column first published on October 17, 2003. The 2010 column follows in the next post.
The Houston Honkies. The Pittsburgh Pale Faces. The Oklahoma Ofays. The Washington Whiteys. Surely Colleen Kollar‑Kotelly tried some of these on for size. Which makes it all the more baffling how the U.S. District Court judge overturned a ruling by the Trial Trademark and Appeal Board (TTAB) that the mark “Washington Redskins” was invalid under the Lanham Act.
Chief Wahoo today & yesterday
In 1992, seven native Americans complained to the TTAB about the mark as used by the professional football club headquartered in the District of Columbia. On Sept. 30 Judge Kotelly ruled that there was insufficient evidence for the TTAB to decide (in 1999) that the mark “may disparage native Americans or bring them into contempt or disrepute.”
Probably the judge is right not to rely on judicial notice (her own experience and opinion). But that is no reason to abandon common decency and sense.
It is difficult to know which irony to cite first. There is The Language Police, for instance, Diane Ravitch’s recently-published study of the guidelines educational publishers and governments apply in U.S. textbooks and school testing. Ravitch found “huts” banned as “ethnocentric.” Calling a spade a manual excavating implement, the authorities suggest “small houses” instead.
On similar reasoning, “fanatic” and “extremist” are taboo in favour of “believer” or “follower.” “Soul food” shows bias, and “elf” must replace “fairy” because sometimes “fairy suggests homosexuality.” “Middle East” is Eurocentric and “boys’ night out” sexist.
Yet Judge Kotelly rules that the linguistic evidence is ambiguous on whether “redskin” is derogatory. The TTAB wrongly concentrated on the general public’s purported view, she says, instead of on how the “referenced group,” American first nations, felt about the term. The plaintiffs’ survey sample was too small, the seven plaintiffs did not represent native Americans in general, the dictionary evidence did not explain how the compilers determined what was offensive or racist. And so on.
Her honour does not consider that the Redskins began life as the Boston Braves, or that sports franchises change their names all the time, with no commercial damage. Not long ago, the Washington Bullets basketball team became the Wizards. Some consider even “Braves” offensive. Schools in several U.S. states have stopped using it in sports team names, along with Warriors, Chieftains, and the like – never mind that, unlike “Redskins,” such names pay genuine homage, relying on historical fact. They tend to stereotype less than the Fighting Irish, say, or even Vikings or Trojans. Yet Redskins persists while Braves is banned.
Nor did the district court consider that in 2002 the California Department of Motor Vehicles recalled the vanity licence plates of former Redskins fullback Dale Atkeson. The DMV explained that Atkeson’s 1REDSKN and RDSKN2 plates were “offensive to good taste and decency.” Too bad Redskins lawyer John Paul Reiner didn’t feel the same when he argued before the TTAB that “redskins” was no more offensive than “colored,” as in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
In my own lifetime, in the name of inclusiveness “colored people” evolved into “Negro,” then “black,” and now “African-American.” The fact that the same respect is denied the continent’s first peoples suggests that we are not so civilized as we think. Like an ugly boil, it tells us that racism subsists in our body politic. In this respect, it is hard to credit Judge Kotelly’s companion ruling that the time for native Americans to object was in 1967, when the Washington franchise first registered the mark. That was 36 years ago, when racial segregation was a part of everyday life.
Today’s Canadian Oxford Dictionary takes a descriptive approach to language: it does not prescribe usage as correct or incorrect. However, even it characterizes “redskin” as dated and offensive, just as “colored people” is. And it takes pains to show why we cannot say the same of “Indian,” despite the fact that the term derives from history’s worst navigational boner – made, of course, by a pale face. In a special note the COD explains that while the use of “Indian” has “declined because it is thought to reflect Columbus’s mistaken idea that he had landed in India in 1492, it is common in the usage of many Aboriginal people and embedded in legislation… . It is also the only clear way to distinguish among the three general categories of Aboriginal people (Indians, Inuit, and Metis).”
Of course, the same cannot be said of the Indian trademark used by another sports franchise, the Cleveland Indians baseball club. I’ve always found the team’s logo, the big-toothed, smiling warrior dubbed Chief Wahoo, friendly and fun, but there’s no two ways about it: He’s gotta go, along with the Redskins mark. As one view puts it, Chief Wahoo has become the “little red Sambo” of the 21st century.
Anyway, the real question is why this issue ever got to the courts. Why do we have to go to law, cap in hand, for common decency? Walter Goldbach, the creator of Chief Wahoo in those less inclusive days of 1946 (when Goldbach himself was only 17) has suggested that the Cleveland franchise approach native American artists for a new logo. Vernon Bellecourt, president of the National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media in the U.S., proposes that the team hold a contest in which the public provides a new name. The Redskins could follow, making it clear that the sports field is where people of all backgrounds put their differences aside in the spirit of fair play and mutual respect.
Doing the right thing could be a golden PR opportunity, if only the moneyed interests would embrace it. If only U.S. law were truly colour blind. They could trademark it across the world.
**If you’d like to be notified of each new posting, let me know via the “contact” page and I’ll put you on my e-mail list.** |
Home-based disease management program to improve psychological status in patients with heart failure in Japan.
A disease management program can reduce mortality and rehospitalization of patients with heart failure (HF), but little is known about whether it can improve psychological status. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of home-based disease management on the psychological status of patients with HF. We randomly assigned patients hospitalized for HF to undergo either home-based disease management (n=79) or usual care (n=82). The mean age of the study patients was 76 years, 30% were female, and 93% were in NYHA class I or II. Home-based disease management was delivered by nurses via home visit and telephone follow-up to monitor symptoms and body weight and to educate patients. The primary endpoint was psychological status, including depression and anxiety assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale during follow-up of 1 year. Secondary endpoints included quality of life, all-cause death and hospitalization for HF. The intervention group had significantly lower depression (P=0.043) and anxiety (P=0.029) scores than the usual-care group. There were no significant differences in all-cause death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-2.61, P=0.967]. However, hospitalization for HF was significantly lower in the intervention group than in the usual-care group (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.27-0.96, P=0.037). Home-based disease management improved psychological status and also reduced rehospitalization for HF in patients with HF. |
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Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark (with Greenland) announce the establishment of a Joint Task Force on Boundary Issues
News release
In order to make further progress on the outstanding boundary issues in the waters between Canada and Greenland, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, together with the Government of Greenland, and Global Affairs Canada have decided to establish a joint task force.
May 23, 2018 - Ilulissat, Greenland, Kingdom of Denmark - Global Affairs Canada In order to make further progress on the outstanding boundary issues in the waters between Canada and Greenland, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, together with the Government of Greenland, and Global Affairs Canada have decided to establish a joint task force. The task force will explore options and provide recommendations on how to resolve outstanding boundary issues between the two nations. This includes the sovereignty of Hans Island, the maritime boundary line in Lincoln Sea and the Labrador Sea continental shelf overlap beyond 200 nautical miles.
Quotes
“As an Arctic nation, Canada is committed to working collaboratively with its Arctic neighbours to address issues of mutual concern. We are very pleased to be addressing our outstanding boundary issues -- through this diplomatic joint task force -- with our long-time friend and ally the Kingdom of Denmark.” - The Honourable Chrystia Freeland, Canada’s Minister of Foreign Affairs
”I am very happy that we are able to announce the establishment of a joint task force to resolve the outstanding boundary issues in the waters between Canada and Greenland. This is a breakthrough in our joint efforts to resolve the question of sovereignty of Hans Island and other issues. The joint task force is a product of the strong cooperation between our friendly nations - and very much in the spirit of the Ilulissat Declaration” - Anders Samuelsen, Denmark’s Minister for Foreign Affairs
"On behalf of the Government of Greenland I am very pleased that our countries are able to show a way forward and move on to resolve our outstanding boundary issues in the waters between Canada and Greenland. Tartupaluk/"Hans Island" has been discussed over a long period of time. I feel confident that the upcoming work and efforts will be dealt with in a peaceful and constructive manner." - Vivian M. Motzfeldt, Greenland’s Minister for Foreign Affairs
Associated links Canada and Denmark relations
Contacts
Adam Austen
Press Secretary
Office of the Minister of Foreign Affairs
Adam.Austen@international.gc.ca
Media Relations Office
Global Affairs Canada
343-203-7700
media@international.gc.ca
Follow us on Twitter: @CanadaFP
Like us on Facebook: Canada’s foreign policy - Global Affairs Canada |
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Solubility of sparingly soluble drug derivatives of anthranilic acid.
This work is a continuation of our systematic study of the solubility of pharmaceuticals (Pharms). All substances here are derivatives of anthranilic acid, and have an anti-inflammatory direction of action (niflumic acid, flufenamic acid, and diclofenac sodium). The basic thermal properties of pure Pharms, i.e., melting and glass-transition temperatures as well as the enthalpy of melting, have been measured with the differential scanning microcalorimetry technique (DSC). Molar volumes have been calculated with the Barton group contribution method. The equilibrium mole fraction solubilities of three pharmaceuticals were measured in a range of temperatures from 285 to 355 K in three important solvents for Pharm investigations: water, ethanol, and 1-octanol using a dynamic method and spectroscopic UV-vis method. The experimental solubility data have been correlated by means of the commonly known G(E) equation: the NRTL, with the assumption that the systems studied here have revealed simple eutectic mixtures. pK(a) precise measurement values have been investigated with the Bates-Schwarzenbach spectrophotometric method. |
Percutaneous brachial artery access for coronary artery procedures: Feasible and safe in the current era.
Percutaneous vascular access for coronary intervention is currently achieved predominately via the radial route, the femoral route acting as a backup. Percutaneous trans-brachial access is no longer commonly used due to concerns about vascular complications. This study aimed to investigate the safety and feasibility of percutaneous brachial access when femoral and radial access was not possible. This is a retrospective data analysis of patients who attended a single tertiary cardiology centre in the UK between 2005 and 2014 and had a coronary intervention (coronary angiogram or PCI) via the brachial route. The primary endpoints were procedural success and the occurrence of vascular complications. During the study period 26602 patients had a procedure (15655 underwent PCI and 10947 diagnostic angiography). Of these, 117 (0.44% of total) had their procedure performed via the brachial route. The procedure was successful in 96% (112/117) of cases. 13 (11%) patients experienced post procedural complications, of which 2 (1.7%) were serious. There were no deaths. Percutaneous trans-brachial arterial access is feasible with a high success rate and without evidence of high complication rate in a rare group of patients in whom femoral or sometimes radial attempts have failed. |
[Management of the bleeding risk associated with antiplatelet agents].
Like all antithrombotic drugs, antiplatelet agents expose to a risk of bleeding complications. Clinical research has extensively focused on the efficacy of these drugs to reduce ischemic events. The bleeding risk associated with them was solely considered as an inevitable and acceptable complication. When two new potent P2Y12-receptor inhibitors, prasugrel and ticagrelor, were marketed, the risk of major bleeding increased. These new agents have modified the balance between the absolute risk reduction in ischemic events and the absolute risk increase in bleeding events. This paper is an update on the bleeding risk assessment associated with antiplatelet agents. It discusses the place of platelet function monitoring, and the optimal management of bleeding complications. It addresses the challenging issue of reversal of antiplatelet therapy, focusing especially on ticagrelor, which pharmacodynamics complicate bleeding management. |
1997 Atlantic Championship
The 1997 Toyota Atlantic Championship season was contested over 12 rounds. All teams had to utilize Toyota engines. The KOOL Toyota Atlantic Championship Drivers' Champion was Alex Barron driving for Lynx Racing. In C2-class 14 different drivers competed, but none of them for the whole season.
Calendar
Note:
Race 1 held on the road course.
Race 10 stopped earlier due to rain, originally scheduled over 17 laps.
Final points standings
Driver
Main championship
For every race the points were awarded: 20 points to the winner, 16 for runner-up, 14 for third place, 12 for fourth place, 11 for fifth place, winding down to 1 point for 15th place. Lower placed drivers did not award points. Additional points were awarded to the pole winner (1 point) and to the driver leading the most laps (1 point). C2-class drivers were also able to score points in the main class.
C2-Class championship
Points system see above. But additional points only awarded for the fastest qualifier. No additional point awarded to the driver leading the most laps.
Note:
No more competitors in C2-class.
See also
1997 CART season
1997 Indy Lights season
1996–1997 Indy Racing League season
External links
ChampCarStats.com
References
"The Atlantic championship" , of John Zimmermann
Atlantic
Atlantic Season, 1997
Category:Atlantic Championship seasons |
I've been given information by our webhosting company regarding the hacking of the site, and will deal with it accordingly if it can conclusively be proven who was responsible. This individual was also presumably responsible when the PWBTS newsboard briefly went down the preceding day. Passwords have been changed, and we're making other arrangements so this sort of thing doesn't happen again.
In other PWBTS.com news, an "anonymous" person claiming that I was "slandering" XPW sent anonymous e-mails to a number of the websites that run this column (and that I post news items on) yesterday claiming that I should be "fired". It appears to have been someone posting on the XPWTV.com message board that sent these items around.
In relation to those comments, Jonathan Siderman, who was cited on Socaluncensored.com as having made a statement on the XPWTV.com message board that "...the complaint came from someone in the Philly wrestling community. Just another Philly dirty trick. I hope the name of the lowlife that did this is revealed, so we can choose who to support knowing they are dirtier players than Black EVER was."; sent me an e-mail that he did not make the statement in question, but rather that his
brother had made the statement.
If that note serves as clarification for Mr. Siderman, fine...but the point really was that there are XPW supporters that believe that someone other than the Bush Administration and Attorney General John Ashcroft are responsible for the legal charges filed against Rob (Black) Zicari and Janet (Lizzy Borden) Romano. That fact is still true, regardless of which member within the Siderman family that made the statement.
Those fans of XPW that are angry at unnamed individuals within the Philadelphia indy wrestling community for supposedly being the cause of Zicari's indictment might also want to note, at least in my case, that I clearly stated the following in theThe August 11th AS I SEE IT
column:
"...As for the premise of the indictment...as far as I'm concerned personally, as long as the tapes in question involve consenting adults and they were shipped to a consenting adult, it shouldn't be anyone's business, including the Federal government. I personally find some of what is shown on their tapes distasteful, but it doesn't mean I think those tapes should be illegal.
Despite what XPW's loyalists will tell you, my beef (and that of many others) with Rob Zicari and XPW concerned the fact that XPW and its employees refused to follow the same Pennsylvania State Athletic Commission regulations that other promoters in Pennsylvania had to, as well as inexplicably trying to DENY XPW's connection to Extreme Associates."
In short, I wouldn't help someone indict him for the simple reason I don't believe that he ought to be indicted in the first place. Nor would most wrestling fans. If they had, that would be wrong...and no better than the sorts of things that XPW was accused of and/or did during its time in Philadelphia.
Further, I said that in that same column:
The First Amendment applies to a depraved, sick bastard like Rob Zicari just as much as you and I... and Rob Zicari is entitled to its protection."
And I believe it...
Enough about all of that.
In Philadelphia related wrestling items... this past week, CZW featured the farewell match of longtime CZW preliminary wrestler Hurricane Kid (he's getting married) against CZW's Junior Heavyweight Champion Ruckus on their TV this week. It was nice to see this farewell featured in such a positive and prominent way on CZW's TV, especially at a time when certain major promotions don't even take the time to note those who have passed away within the wrestling business... forget those who've left their promotion.
Hurricane Kid was what many wrestling fans would call "enhancement talent"...or at best, someone who worked early matches on CZW shows. He didn't look like some Chernobyl steroid mutant monster from hell...hell, he probably didn't weigh 170 pounds soaking wet. He wasn't a star within the promotion or even within local independent wrestling. But he busted his ass, did what he was asked to do, and helped out whenever and wherever he could for the company as much as anyone within CZW.
Many other promotions would do well to show that sort of "team spirit" toward people who have to leave for family or personal reasons, or for those who retire after years in the wrestling business.
In other wrestling news, last week also featured a creative new type of match on
NWA-TNA's PPV called the "Ultimate X" match with Michael Shane, Frankie Kazarian and X Division Champion Chris
Sabin. If you get a chance to see a copy of this match on tape or replay, by all means do so. Think of the concept of this match as something like Ladder Match v 2.0.
(Image courtesy of NWA-TNA.com)As the picture from last week's PPV shows, the match featured cables hung diagonally across turnbuckles (actually ring cables were used) from light towers. The wrestlers had to traverse the cables like a kid on monkey bars to the center of the structure to get the belt (as if in a regular ladder match).
Along with a creative gimmick for a match, Frankie Kazarian, Michael Shane and Chris Sabin busted their asses, knowing that the match would be talked about for its creative concept... and put on a performance that more than matched the creative concept.
As I wrote most of this column on the Sunday morning preceding Summer Slam, I hoped that any match on Summer Slam approaches the excitement and creativity of this match.
Unfortunately that wasn't to be. I liked Summer Slam for the most part... with the notable exception of the absence of Rey Misterio (not counting 2 minutes on the US edition of Sunday Night Heat), Ultimo Dragon, John Cena, and Matt Hardy.
Then... to have HHH retain his belt seemed to make no sense. I certainly understand protecting him because of his injured
groin... but that would also seemingly be the most sensible reason to have taken the belt off of him, at the very least until he's healed up to work, say a one-on-one program with Goldberg.
Maybe it's just me, but a PPV (as entertaining as much of it was)... with the major plot twist consisting of a Jonathan Coachman heel turn leaves you wanting a whole lot more. |
COX-2 expression in human breast carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic molecular markers.
COX-2 is implicated in carcinogenesis and tumour progression in many cancers, including breast cancer. Recently, it has been reported that human breast carcinomas aberrantly express COX-2, and that raised tissue levels of COX-2 may have prognostic value. Patients expressing high levels of COX-2 can develop local recurrence, and have reduced disease-free and disease-related overall survival. The aim of this study was to investigate COX-2 expression in human ductal and lobular breast cancers and its possible association with clinicopathological features and prognostic molecular markers. Cytoplasmic COX-2 expression was detected by means of immunohistochemistry in a series of 91 breast carcinomas with ductal (n = 60) and lobular (n = 31) patterns. COX-2 expression was investigated by multivariate analyses and compared with clinicopathological features. COX-2 immune positivity and percentage of positive cells correlated significantly with the size, grading, extent of primary tumour and vascular invasion of carcinoma but not with biological parameters (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human EGF receptor 2). The findings of the present study suggest that COX-2 overexpression in lobular and ductal breast cancers, which correlates with traditional clinico-pathological parameters, may be considered as a negative prognostic marker. |
Q:
Flipping 3D Gameobjects in Unity3d
Is there a way to Flip (Mirror) a 3D GameObject in Unity3d?
I want to flip one of the 3D GameObjects Using Unity Game-engine capability
A:
Yes, flipping an object is not that hard actually. Here's two snippets of my code that achieve this (I left out the obvious boilerplate that grabs the mesh reference):
public bool flipX = true;
public bool flipY;
public bool flipZ;
void Flip()
{
if (mesh == null) return;
Vector3[] verts = mesh.vertices;
for (int i = 0; i < verts.Length; i++)
{
Vector3 c = verts[i];
if (flipX) c.x *= -1;
if (flipY) c.y *= -1;
if (flipZ) c.z *= -1;
verts[i] = c;
}
mesh.vertices = verts;
if (flipX ^ flipY ^ flipZ) FlipNormals();
}
One important detail is that depending on the axis configuration you might need to flip face normals. This is achieved by reversing the order in which verts are referenced in the triangles array:
void FlipNormals()
{
int[] tris = mesh.triangles;
for (int i = 0; i < tris.Length / 3; i++)
{
int a = tris[i * 3 + 0];
int b = tris[i * 3 + 1];
int c = tris[i * 3 + 2];
tris[i * 3 + 0] = c;
tris[i * 3 + 1] = b;
tris[i * 3 + 2] = a;
}
mesh.triangles = tris;
}
A:
You can scale the object by X = -1 or Y = -1 or Z = -1 in inspector. According to the axis you want to mirror the object.
By code you can do this by:
transform.localScale += new Vector3(-transform.localScale.x, transform.localScale.y, transform.localScale.z);
for mirroring by the x-axis for example.
This is working for simple objects. If the object is animated this will cause a strange behaviour.
|
[Changes of hierarchy among causes of death in some European Union countries].
Mortality from malignant neoplasms and diseases of circulatory system in the countries of European Union is on decline, though this trend is much slower in the case of neoplasms. In some EU countries the mortality from neoplasms is already higher than mortality from diseases of circulatory system, which until recently occupied the first position in the cause of death hierarchy. This trend is more significant among males and in France, the Netherlands and Spain where malignant neoplasms became the first cause of death. The forecast for next years predicts the continuation and deepening of this tendency. |
Expectations were high for Tyler Reddick in 2018, as he began his first full season in the NASCAR Xfinity Series. He would tell you himself that for much of the season he didn’t live up to those expectations.
Even though Reddick kicked off the season with a bang by winning at Daytona International Speedway in the closest margin of victory in NASCAR history over then-teammate Elliott Sadler, the rest of the regular season was somewhat forgettable.
The No. 9 JR Motorsports team didn’t pick up their second top-five finish until early May at Dover International Speedway. Its third didn’t come until Labor Day Weekend at Darlington Raceway. But that’s where things started to click for Reddick.
Reddick grabbed another top five the next week at Indianapolis Motor Speedway and entered the playoffs with momentum. Though not having many playoff points, he pointed his way through the Round of 12… and Round of 8, making it to Homestead-Miami Speedway, with what many believed was a fighter’s chance at the title. But, oh, did the California driver deliver.
While Cole Custer dominated the opening two stages, Reddick found the high line, and sometimes the wall in the final stage, en route to the victory and the championship. The inconsistency was worth the wait for the No. 9 team, and the playoffs helped shape him as the driver he is today.
“I would say the playoffs changed it,” Reddick told Frontstretch of how he’s evolved as a racecar driver. “At Homestead, I did what I normally do at a lot of these racetracks and go as hard as I can. Once the playoffs came around, and you’re going round-by-round, stage-by-stage almost, trying to battle for every point you can and not give any points away.”
In the midst of battling for that 2018 championship with JR Motorsports, it was announced in late October that Reddick would join Richard Childress Racing for the 2019 season.
Now eight races into 2019, and the move has elevated Reddick. The No. 2 team has six top-five finishes (he had seven total in 2018), while adding an additional top 10. He’s won two poles, one stage and has a worst finish of 14th at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, where he crashed late battling Kyle Busch and Christopher Bell for the victory.
Regarding that incident, Reddick simply put it as, “I may not be like most people, I don’t want to settle, especially when I’m racing Kyle Busch.”
As the season progresses, Reddick is going to try and maintain what he learned in last year’s postseason, hoping to claim back-to-back championships.
“Keeping a level head throughout the year is what’s probably going to keep us gaining and accumulating those top fives,” Reddick said. “The way we started off the playoffs last year, we put a lot of emphasis on race-by-race. Be smart, take what you can get out of those race days and survive to Homestead.
“This year, I let winning early get away when I take us out of it by going too hard too much of the time. Going your hardest every single lap isn’t going to get you to Victory Lane, it’s just going to get you to the back of the field really quick. I’ve got to keep the same mentality that I found in the playoffs from here until we get to the playoffs and probably keep that mentality when we get here.”
Compared to this time last season, Reddick feels leaps and bounds ahead of where he is as a driver.
“I feel like we’re really ahead of the game,” he stated. “We go to places that I feel like I’m terrible at and we will run well at. I’d be like ‘Man, this is another one I’m not good at.’ We’re going to have tough days throughout the year that just don’t go our way — we can’t let it take us out of the big picture, and that’s going back to winning the championship.”
In eight races with RCR, Reddick has led 165 laps, which is 19 shy of his total amount last season (184, 44 of which coming in the championship race at Homestead). With the move looking like it’s paying off, he believes coming in as the reigning champion made the team up its ante, focusing hard on the Xfinity program.
“They’ve been really pumped about me getting there, and they felt a little bit of pressure,” Reddick said. “I feel like it made them push to get out of the gates really strong, and we’ve done that so far to this point.
“So far it seems to be a really good match. Me and Randall Burnett [crew chief] are getting along really well. The cars suit my driving style. Wherever we’ve gone, how I like to drive a race car has been rewarded by a fast vehicle.”
Riding a streak of five consecutive top-five finishes heading into Talladega Superspeedway this weekend, a victory seems to be right around the corner for the No. 2 team. Reddick thinks so, too.
“We’ve been right there, and eventually, it’s going to come our way, especially if we keep putting ourselves in that position,” Reddick added. “It does feel like we’ve kind of given away wins because we haven’t been able to grasp them when we’ve been a step away. If we keep working on it and putting ourselves in positions, eventually it will come our way.”
Oh, and Reddick doesn’t care what his Twitter haters say. If you criticize him, don’t be surprised if you get a mouthful in return.
“When you’ve got nothing better to do and someone says something and you’ve got something you can come back with, it’s always nice to put someone on blast that feels like they can get a Twitter and put out their ‘hot take,'” he said. “I don’t mind putting someone who has a lot to say about me and respond to something to them and put them out in front of thousands of followers.”
In two starts at Talladega, Reddick has a best finish of eighth, leading two laps in last year’s event.
Xfinity Notes:
There are 37 cars on the preliminary entry list for this weekends MoneyLion 300 at Talladega. Landon Cassill makes his return to JD Motorsports, piloting the No. 4 car. Brett Moffitt will compete in his first race for JR Motorsports in the No. 8, while Ross Chastain makes his second start for Kaulig Racing in the No. 10 and Jeffrey Earnhardt returns to the No. 18 at Joe Gibbs Racing.
Talladega is the third of four Dash 4 Cash races, as Christopher Bell and Cole Custer have already won an additional $100,000 at Bristol and Richmond. With his win at Richmond, Custer has the opportunity to win another bonus this weekend, as does Austin Cindric, Justin Allgaier and Tyler Reddick.
After getting off to a decent start this season in his rookie year for Kaulig Racing, Justin Haley will pull double duty at Talladega, making his Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series debut for Spire Motorsports.
About Dustin Albino
Dustin joined the Frontstretch team at the beginning of the 2016 season. 2018 marks his fourth full-time season covering the sport that he grew up loving. His dream was to one day be a NASCAR journalist, thus why he attended Ithaca College (Class of 2018) to earn a journalism degree. Since the ripe age of four, he knew he wanted to be in the sport in some fashion. It's safe to say Dustin is living the dream. |
The No.88 unisex watch is a minimalist and versatile timepiece inspired by old-school steam train gauges. The vintage wire lug case construction and interchangeable straps make it a watch for every occasion.
No.88 Steel and Tan Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
The CAMDEN X KPP Club Edition is the cycling edition with an extra black nylon strap for your time on the bike and an exclusive Camden x KPP hard enamel badge.
The CAMDEN X KPP Cycling Edition is a No.88 designed in collaboration with cyclist Kitty Pemberton-Platt. From the subtle spoke design in the centre of the dial, to the jersey-style embossed letters on the strap and the gear-shaped crown, this is a watch full of details inspired by the sport of cycling and vintage bicycles.
No.88 Camden x KPP
The CAMDEN X KPP Cycling Edition is a No.88 designed in collaboration with cyclist Kitty Pemberton-Platt. From the subtle spoke design in the centre of the dial, to the jersey-style embossed letters on the strap and the gear-shaped crown, this is a watch full of details inspired by the sport of cycling and vintage bicycles.
No.88 Northern Line
The Northern Line is a small batch range of limited edition Camden Watch Company timepieces, only produced in a small quantity each year. They feature a black case, yellow gold detailing and light purple accents.
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges.
No.88 Steel and Black Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Steel and Brown Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Rose Gold and Brown Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Tan Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Brown Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Steel and Oxblood Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Steel and Red & Black Nato
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Black Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Steel and Green Nato
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Rose Gold and Oxblood Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Steel and Black Nato
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Oxblood Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Green Nato
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Red and Black Nato
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Black Nato
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Steel and Navy Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge.
No.88 Gold and Navy Leather
The lugs of the No.88 are based on those found on classic vintage watches, in contrast to the modern case shape. The dial and crown are reminiscent of steam train gauges. The seconds hand is the same turquoise-blue as the iconic Camden Lock bridge. |
Experimental studies of food selective behavior in squirrel monkeys fed on riboflavin deficient diet.
A squirrel monkey, if it needs a particular dietary component because of a metabolic disorder or because that food has been excluded from its diet, will develop a specific hunger for the food. In cases where specific hungers show up clearly, four behaviors can be demonstrated: (1) The monkey prefers the food it needs to other foods that are also available; (2) It usually ingests large amounts of the food to meet its particular physiological requirements; (3) The animal will tend to eat the needed food even while the stomach is full; (4) When vitamin B2 is removed from its diet, a squirrel monkey will exhibit digestive disturbance, general weakness, a lack of vigor, and loss of weight. |
[Osteotomy techniques close to the knee. Effect on wedge volume and bony contact surface].
Bone geometry following osteotomy around the knee suggests that biplanar rather than uniplanar open wedge techniques simultaneously create smaller wedge volumes and larger bone surface areas. However, precise data on the bone surface area and wedge volume resulting from both open and closed wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) techniques remain unknown. It was hypothesized that biplanar rather than uniplanar osteotomy techniques better reflect the ideal geometrical requirements for bone healing, representing a large cancellous bone surface combined with a small wedge volume. Tibial and femoral artificial bones were assigned to four different groups of valgisation and varisation osteotomy consisting of open wedge and closed wedge techniques in a uniplanar and biplanar fashion. Bone surface areas of all osteotomy planes were quantified. Wedge volumes were determined using a prism-based algorithm and applying standardized wedge heights of 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm. Both femoral and tibial biplanar osteotomy techniques created larger contact areas and smaller wedge volumes compared to the uniplanar open wedge techniques. Although this idealized geometrical view of bony geometry excludes all biological factors that might influence bone healing, the current data suggest a general rule for the standard osteotomy techniques applied and all surgical modifications: reducing the amount of slow gap healing and simultaneously increasing the area of faster contact healing may be beneficial for osteotomy healing. Thus, biplanar rather than uniplanar osteotomy should be performed for osteotomy around the knee. |
/*-
* Copyright 2016 Vsevolod Stakhov
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#ifndef SRC_LIBMIME_MIME_ENCODING_LIST_H_
#define SRC_LIBMIME_MIME_ENCODING_LIST_H_
static const struct rspamd_charset_substitution sub[] = {
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.flags = RSPAMD_CHARSET_FLAG_ASCII,
},
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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|
Q:
Stored procedure insert value using if else condition
I have written a stored procedure which is working fine. I want to calculate average of fd.benefitscontributions which i can do as AVG(fd.benefitscontributions) .
If the result is greater than 50 then insert 'good' else 'bad' in the status column in the if_funddetails table. if_funddetails has 4 columns currently i am inserting values in three column but the forth column ,i.e, status value is based on the average of fd.benefitscontributions
INSERT INTO if_funddetails ( d.fundcode, d.fundname, fd.benefitscontributions )
SELECT DISTINCT d.fundcode, d.fundname, fd.benefitscontributions
FROM dbo.ws_funddetail AS d
LEFT OUTER JOIN dbo.v_fundnooutofpocket AS nop
ON d.funddetailid = nop.funddetailid
INNER JOIN dbo.ws_funddata AS fd
ON nop.fundreportid = fd.fundreportid
I can get the average but how to add value 'good' or 'bad' in the status column is not sure. Any help would be appreciated.
A:
Try Case statement with your AVG function, as you got AVG already
CASE WHEN AVG(FieldName)>50 THEN 'Good' ELSE 'Bad' END AS 'Status'
Note: To use aggregate function, you have to Group other columns
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South Korea is considered Asia’s answer to Paris. The men, the women and the children are always dressed a la mode. They have perfect hair, perfect skin, perfect physique and perfect bone structure. The only downside is that that they have extremely specific definition of ‘perfect’.
1) Fairness Is All That Matters
Source: QMIN Magazine
They are more notorious for their obsession with ‘fairness’ in complexion than Indians have ever been. Their skincare products are becoming the next big thing all over the world. So much so that in the last two years their profits have continuously multiplied. Youtube has innumerable videos of South Korean women posting videos of their skincare routine that are generally ten steps long and take around thirty to forty-five minutes. Each of the ten products used in the routine (as with most other South Korean skin care products) have components that lighten the skin’s complexion.
2) Always Too Healthy
Source: Huffington Post Canada
Another major problem seen is that every single woman in South Korea considers herself to be overweight. Now it does not matter if she is 80 kg or 40 kg. Body image as an issue originates from the rapidly growing trend of K-pop (a genuinely mesmerizing genre with several bewilderingly dedicated fans). The members of the bands, or ‘idols’ as they are called, go through years of training in which staying slim is not a choice. Several female idols are frequently in the news for how alarmingly thin and faint their bodies look. But the society unmindfully continues to use them as examples of ‘perfect’ body type.
In fact recently, when a woman from Indonesia who did adhere to the prescribed norms of beauty decided to marry a Korean man, her social media accounts were flooded with warnings from people that her marriage could not possibly last as the man she had chosen could pass as ‘handsome’.
3) All About Bones
Source: Pinterest
Bone structure matters to them more than Salman Khan does to his fans, and we all know how strong that ‘fandom’ is. So much so, that parents gift plastic surgery as birthday gifts to their children on their 16th or 18th birthday. The New Yorker in 2015 called South Korea ‘The World Capital of Plastic Surgery’. The casualty with which we say, ‘The outfit would look a lot better if you wore another skirt’ is how casually people say ‘Your face would look a lot better if you would just redo the nose’ in South Korea. The surgery is definitely a lot cheaper in South Korea than it is anywhere else on the planet. However, the risks and the side effects remain the same.
4) ‘V’ Shaped Nose Jobs
Source: YouTube
Nose jobs are as common as they are in vogue. Patients leave on their gauzes for weeks after their noses have entirely healed, because it is not only trendy to do so but symbolises their status. The face has to be small and the chin must be sharp ‘V’ shaped. Among the several procedures that men and women go through include one where the chin is broken into three parts. The middle one is removed and the other two parts are left to join and heal. Another procedure, called the Double Jaw Surgery is done only for those who are incapable of chewing due to underbite.
That was until a few years years ago. Now the ever flourishing South Korean beauty industry is selling it with slogans like “Everyone except you has done it.” As the upper and lower jaws are realigned in the surgery, it leaves the patient with a slimmer face. So people go under the knife ready to get their bones cut. They go through excruciating pain and ignore the fact that it has a high chance of ending in paralysis. This is so because actors and K-pop idols have their small, ‘V’ shaped faces plastered all across South Korea.
It is true that their entertainment industry only has artists with delicate frames and one particular face structure. However, that is not because it collectively portrays their society. Rather, it is because any celebrity who is not ‘perfect’ is not allowed to make a place for themselves in the industry.
In situations like these, a chain reaction become evident because the society looks down on the citizens who do not cling to their norms. So the only alternative left is to correct the “flaws”. Thus plastic surgeries are encouraged because the guidelines they have set are not just rules of beauty, but are rather rules of existence.
*
Technologically, South Korea is far ahead of several other countries. We are talking Wi-Fi EVERYWHERE! Sadly, as a society, irrespective of the lighting speed at which they have developed, they are still backwards. The men prefer to be in charge all the time and take care of their ‘women’ and appearance matters to them as much as water does to a fish. ‘Perfection’ implies a future with more prospects personally and professionally. |
Q:
How to secure User ID inside cookie value
After logined user, I keep user ID inside cookie ($_COOKIE['user_id']) and after this mysql check if isset user_id inside cookie and if user_id is exists in DB:
SELECT * FROM users WEHERE user_id = '$_COOKIE[user_id]'
It works, but cookie value can be changed by every cliend, so client can set cookie user_id to 1 or 2,3,4 and it will be loggined, So they can hack page.
I want to hash or secure somehow my cookie user_id value. I hope you understand me.
Can you give me any suggestions?
A:
Do not do that in a cookie. Save a hash in the cookie and store the corresponding user id in your database. You can't make the cookie secure.
To be more clear:
When the user logs in, store a unique hash for him in the database. This could be something like that: sha512('9a7fd98asf'.time().$username). This is the value you save in the cookie, too. You know the user is logged in, if he has such a token in the database and if it matches the value from the cookie. This actually is how sessions are handled.
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This limited Collectors Edition softback-only title was not available in shops, and ordered direct priced £9.99 (UK). Titles to carry advertising included Radio Times, Doctor Who Magazine, Doctor Who Adventures, and The Mirror newspaper. |
Top Ten Things To Consider When Planning A Family Vacation
Are very popular choices for families, because of the many all-inclusive packages that are offered. There are also quite a few web sites specializing in home rentals for holiday purposes. Kuta is the perfect place to go sunbathing during the day and socializing at night because usually this place starts to become crowded as soon as the sun sets. Columbus vacations call for a walk through the German Village and a slow-paced tour of the Franklin Park Conservatory. We did come back to Six Flags a few days later to have lunch with some of the cast.
Although, some vacation rentals do offer outside services that may add a little extra to your bill, but allow you to keep aspects of a hotel. Holiday homes offers many vacation properties such as villas, cottages, apartments, and bed and breakfasts to choose from and is continuing to expand. Book your vacation package with Travelocity, and you’re on your way to the land of sun, sand, and city skyscrapers so tall even Godzilla would have to be impressed. Call us today to experience our unique professionalism and realize personally why Signature Vacation Rentals is YOUR only call for rental vacation properties.
Also a little know Vacation Movie Trivia, Lisa and I are both in the Vacation Film and appear three times in the Walley World (six Flags Over GA) scenes. Go here if you are staying in Mexico for a while to stock up on the necessities. Family movie reviews, movie ratings, fun film party ideas and pop culture news — all with parents in mind. Be sure to include all costs in your budget, from the rental and gas, to food and campsite hookups. If you have an adventurous young man who loves the outdoors, don’t take him to Europe in August, but instead plan a fun family vacation in the Rocky Mountains, hiking, mountain biking and swimming in mountain lakes. Although vacation rentals are growing and expanding many people have still not discover them. Vacation is definitely not the smartest of films and unlike the original, people will soon forget about its very existence.
You know what they say: When in Rome, do as the Romans do. We guess that means your Rome vacation will be filled with authentic pasta and afternoons spent sipping espresso on a café patio. You can rest assured that every rental home that we exclusively property manage is hand select and personally inspected to meet our high standards before we offer it in our rental program. You’ll be able to find a high-quality vacation home more easily if you reserve early. It feels like a vacation that grew from a screenwriters head and not any kind of life experience. If you plan your vacation carefully, you can have the same experience that is achieved by expert fishermen.
Now the Vacation movie takes place in the Summer, and it was freezing out, so we all had to hide our jackets when they called rolling and walk, sit, pretend to talk, etc. Another thing that will make you want to go to Pattaya during your vacation is the Accomodation. |
Millions treated for asthma may be misdiagnosed
UPDATED 11:27 AM CDT Oct 07, 2013
It’s estimated that more than 26 million Americans have been diagnosed with asthma, but there is growing concern that many are being misdiagnosed or under-diagnosed and may be suffering from untreated conditions.
“It’s very logical for general practitioners to assume most breathing problems are asthma, especially in children,” said Tod Olin, MD, MSCS, a pediatric pulmonologist at National Jewish Health. “But there are a lot of breathing problems out there, and for children who are failing therapy, we need to think about those other diagnoses.”
Dr. Olin says “asthma” is often used as an umbrella term to describe a wide variety of breathing disorders. “In reality, there are many conditions that can mimic the symptoms of asthma, and we need to make sure we have the correct diagnosis before deciding on a course of treatment,” he said. Allergies, acid reflux and even heart problems all can share common symptoms of asthma and, in some cases, may be overlooked.
After struggling with traditional therapies, thousands of asthma patients have been referred to specialists at National Jewish Health, the leading respiratory hospital in the nation for more than a century. Many patients have complex conditions and are referred to the experts at National Jewish Health only after seeing other doctors and failing several therapies. But a recent analysis of many of those referrals brought to light some troubling trends.
Between 2005-2008, one out of four asthma patients referred to National Jewish Health didn’t have asthma at all. Another 70 percent had other conditions in addition to asthma that were undiagnosed and were not being properly treated.
“That is really eye-opening,” said Dr. Olin. “We spend a lot of time and resources treating people for asthma in this country, and for some, it’s just the wrong diagnosis,” he said.
In fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma costs a staggering 56 billion dollars each year in the U.S. That’s more than a billion dollars a week.
“We’ve found by making the right diagnosis and prescribing the right treatment we can make a huge difference, both in terms of costs and in the quality of life for those patients,” said Dr. Olin
By re-evaluating the asthma patients referred to them, doctors at National Jewish Health were able to more accurately diagnose breathing problems and prescribe more appropriate therapies. In doing so, they cut hospitalizations in half, decreased the symptoms children experienced during sports by half, and cut the number of missed school days by about 20 percent.
That can make a big difference in the lives of patients like Jack Robb, a teenage runner who competes at a national level. After experiencing breathing problems, Robb was diagnosed with exercise-induced asthma and was prescribed an inhaler to help control it. “The medicine worked for about two weeks,” said Robb, “then my body started to reject it.”
After his symptoms persisted, Robb was referred to Dr. Olin. “I immediately suspected that Jack might not even have exercise-induced asthma or, if he did, that it wasn’t a complete diagnosis,” said Dr. Olin.
Sophisticated tests proved Dr. Olin was right. Using a camera to monitor his vocal cords during exercise, doctors diagnosed Robb with vocal cord dysfunction, meaning his voice box tends to close during periods of intense exercise. It’s not asthma and cannot be fixed with asthma medicine.
“In cases like these, in fact, speech therapists are often used,” said Dr. Olin, “and in some cases, sports psychologists are hugely important, because they can really tap into the psyche of the athlete and help resolve these breathing problems.”
It worked for Jack, though he never thought the root of his problem would be more psychological than physical. “Without that test we would still be guessing,” he said.
Dr. Olin says if you have a child who is taking medicine for asthma and still has symptoms more than twice a week or has been hospitalized for breathing problems, you may want to see a specialist for a reevaluation. “Those are signs there may be something more,” said Dr. Olin, “and the right diagnosis can make all the difference.” |
- [Protecting strings in JVM Memory](https://medium.com/@_west_on/protecting-strings-in-jvm-memory-84c365f8f01c)
|
These guidelines are adapted (almost copied) from the Science Division Guidelines that were developed by a committee consisting of Jon Williams (Chair), Siobhan Fennessy, Judy Holdener, Michael Levine, Andy Niemiec, Liz Ottinger, and Tony Watson. They were approved by the Science Division in the fall semester 1999.
Components of Scholarship
Publication
Although the rate of publication will be more modest for psychologists at liberal arts colleges than it is for university researchers, the department recognizes the many benefits of publication-quality research and thus expects its members to pursue peer-reviewed publication, including print and electronic journal articles, chapters in books, entire books (including textbooks), and contributions to science literature for wider circulation (books, magazines, web encyclopedias, etc.). Given the widely varying time and resource requirements for these different types of publications, the department does not recommend a numerical minimum requirement for the number and type of publications necessary for successful appointment without limit for psychologists at Kenyon. However, the department would consider the absence of peer-reviewed publication to be problematic, both for tenure and for further promotion.
Grant Writing
Although publication should have a special importance in faculty evaluations of scholarship, the department emphasizes that there are other forms of scholarship that are valuable and even comparable to peer-reviewed publications. One such form, currently listed second in the legislation for scholarly evaluation, is receipt of grants. Particularly common in the sciences, grant writing is a very time-consuming process requiring considerable expertise and insight into one's field. The process is usually discipline-specific, and college-wide support for grant writing is generally not available. Furthermore, given that external funding is so competitive, individual research grant proposals (e.g., proposals to such agencies as the NSF) face more stringent review process than those typically involved in journal publications. Consequently, funded research grant proposals are indications of successful research programs, and the formative experience gained from submitting even a non-funded grant proposal could be at least as beneficial as that gained from the review process of a journal publication. In light of these facts, the department views receipt of individual research grants as significant scholarly work.
Participation in science division-wide grant-writing efforts (e.g., HHMI or Fairchild proposals) is also a form of scholarship. Such efforts require time and expertise, and they often result in enhancements of equipment and other resources for scholarly research and teaching. Evaluations of scholarship should consider faculty contributions to division-wide grants, in addition to work on proposals to fund individual research programs.
Presentations, Invited Lectures, Conference Papers, Posters
Presentations, lectures, conference papers, and posters at local, national, and international meetings are valuable forms of scholarship. These activities indicate that a faculty member is engaged in an ongoing research program which is open to critique by peers in the scientific community. In the sciences, faculty often deliver reports at national meetings, describing ongoing but unfinished research. These reports, which might take the form of a poster or a talk, provide formative feedback from other scientists. The department recognizes that such presentations are indicative of progress, as well as being an important means of staying current in one's field. Moreover, there are also certain cases where an invitation to present at a conference or an institution might be especially important. In fact, there are some conferences where an invitation to attend is a significant accomplishment - a recognition by one's peers of one's contribution to the field. Such accomplishment should be carefully considered when weighing scholarly activity.
Editorships
Editorships of professional journals and newsletters are worthy scholarly activities, however, not to the exclusion of pioneering work which furthers the knowledge base in one's field. Typically, editorial positions are held by those academicians who are already recognized as major contributors in their field, and the College should also recognize this achievement.
Reviews of Grants and Manuscripts
As with editorships, invitations to review grant proposals, manuscripts, and books are indicative of a level of accomplishment which the College will likely have already recognized. Nonetheless, the work involved in these reviews should be considered valuable scholarly activity.
Conclusions
In general, the department recognizes that individual faculty have differing strengths and resource requirements, and that the dedication to one's field manifests itself in various ways at various times in an individual's career. Certain faculty members may have numerous presentations and fewer publications. A professor could be very up-to-date in the field as a result of ongoing activities at conferences and workshops. Or a professor might have numerous publications and very few presentations. Evaluation of scholarship should consider the full virtue of the person. The whole is sometimes more than the sum of the parts. |
/**
* Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.
*/
#pragma once
#include <aws/mediaconvert/MediaConvert_EXPORTS.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>
namespace Aws
{
namespace MediaConvert
{
namespace Model
{
enum class HlsAudioOnlyHeader
{
NOT_SET,
INCLUDE,
EXCLUDE
};
namespace HlsAudioOnlyHeaderMapper
{
AWS_MEDIACONVERT_API HlsAudioOnlyHeader GetHlsAudioOnlyHeaderForName(const Aws::String& name);
AWS_MEDIACONVERT_API Aws::String GetNameForHlsAudioOnlyHeader(HlsAudioOnlyHeader value);
} // namespace HlsAudioOnlyHeaderMapper
} // namespace Model
} // namespace MediaConvert
} // namespace Aws
|
Ricky Price
Ricky Earl Price (born September 16, 1987) is a former American football safety. He was signed by the Chiefs as an undrafted free agent in 2009 and played for the Chiefs in the 2009 and 2010 season. He played college football at Oklahoma State.
Early years
Price attended Cypress Falls High School in Houston, graduated in 2005.
College career
Price attended Oklahoma State University, where he played wide receiver for his first two seasons, and became a full-time starter at safety his junior and senior years.
Professional career
Kansas City Chiefs
The Kansas City Chiefs signed Price to their practice squad on October 28, 2009. He was promoted to the active roster on December 26 after safety DaJuan Morgan was placed on injured reserve. Price spent the majority of the 2010 season on the practice squad before being activated in December. Price was waived on September 3, 2014 during the final roster cutdowns.
External links
Kansas City Chiefs bio
References
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Houston
Category:Players of American football from Texas
Category:American football wide receivers
Category:American football safeties
Category:Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Category:Kansas City Chiefs players |
Out of the Shadows
Lately Isabelle has been rather obsessed by shadows (no, not the Cliff Richard kind), just her own. Like Ben Hur, it’s a big cast.
At Rufford Park Iz was fascinated by their lengths, especially as she walked with Sarah, and was rather disgruntled when I stepped over hers.
Later on that day, when Isabelle was getting ready for bed, she also noticed the shadows on the wall – so I promptly did three slight variations of dogs, the only shadow animals which I can do. Iz took great delight in trying to emulate my feeble finger puppetry.
Needless to say we won’t be showing Isabelle the ending of Ghost at any point soon, where the shadows come and drag the bad guy to hell. Getting Iz off to sleep can be hard enough as it is! |
Menu
Powwow by the Thames
Well, I’m in an airport once again, on the way back from this place above. This is where I have been holed up for two days with an astonishing group of people: many of my colleagues at The Economist. The setting quite reminded me of the movie Mansfield Park. It is a castle-ish place in the foggy English hills by a bend of the Thames. But who cares about that?
What I cared about was the incredible level of intellect, wit, irony and cosmopolitan curiosity of the people inside. We gathered in order to think. Debate. Laugh. Argue. About the future of the world, the media, the economy and our place in it. The main focus was our web strategy, but it went beyond it.
I’m not at liberty to say much more about it for the time being. But I can say that this was a highlight. There is no other group of people like this. I consider myself lucky.
7 thoughts on “Powwow by the Thames”
It was very interesting, Jonathan: Most of us (ie, the writers) did NOT know that the entire magazine is available in audio. Now we know. Apparently, it is very popular in iTunes.
Too bad you couldn’t be a fly on the wall. We were often trying to figure out the needs and habits of our next generation of readers–you, basically. You might have been smirking the entire time.
What a pow-wow! Did you ever watch the interview which Bill Moyers gave a while back with a collection of former editors from The Economist? If it is online, would love to re-watch the series.
I guess I am one of those that attempts to listen to the entire audio edition of The Economist each week. I find that I get through much more of the content that way during spare moments in the day. Example: I will listen to 1-2 features while walking to the bus-stop. Once on the bus, if I find a seat I will read the newspaper or a book. If I have to stand due to rush-hour, I will carry on listening to the audio edition.
Here’s how I do it. It is painful, compared to what I have to do to listen to a regular podcast from BBC or Indicast:
1. Go to the The Economist.com website.
2. Navigate to find a link that states “download audio edition” – this link is not aways quick to find and is confusing compared to audio contributions (along with video) on the site itself.
3. Go to the 3rd party site and start to download the 100+ MB zip file to my desktop.
4. Wait for the download to complete…
5. Unzip the file to my desktop in a separate folder.
6. Open iTunes.
7. Delete Playlist called “Economist” with last week’s content.
8. Go to “Music” in iTunes. Search for “The Econo mist”
9. Delete all relevant audio files
10. Add folder (of unzipped files) to iTunes
11. Move relevant files to playlist
12. Plug-in my iPod
13. Synchronise iPod
A dozen steps!!!
Is there an easier way to listen to the entire audio edition on my iPod? Feedback appreciated!
Also, I’m happy music changed on audio edition from what used to be a snippet from the Pengiun Café Orchestra. It now sounds more like something composed by Kronos Quartet! Who is the composer?
Haha Siddhartha, I hate the new music. It seems way to bright for the tone of most of the articles. For example “Winterbirds- met the repo man” … followed by some bright and shiny music seems wrong.
And for your steps, if you’re listening to the entire issue, why do you bother with a playlist? You can just listen to the album sequentially and skip that step. But I think most of what you do there is what has to be done. Luckily it only needs to be done once a week.
Andreas, do you know how to find the print edition from iTunes? I thought it was only available from the TalkingIssues site.
Siddhartha, did Jonathan answer your question?
Personally, as thrilled as I am to have found out that we have an audio edition, I am now amazed that we subject our loyal listeners to the pain that you describe. I will pass this on and maybe get an answers. But I can’t guarantee anything. In time, all this will be sorted, though.
Jonathan, your last questions once again stumps me. I don’t know. I will try to find out….
Jonathan – I put the entire issue into a playlist because I “only” have 8GB on my iPod nano and hence need to ensure that it only replicates from desktop to iPod those pieces I can “afford” to listen to. In my case this is pretty much only podcasts and some selected music pieces.
Andreas – I think what Jonathan says is correct. On iTunes you can subscribe to a selection of pieces “from the audio edition” – this is however *not* the entire issue. Only a preview, so to speak.
Thank your query about our audio edition. I help to distribute our audio content so Andreas passed your query on to me.
I’m afraid that at the moment the steps outlined are just about correct. The file does need to be downloaded in a zip format and then unzipped and uploaded into your iTunes account, the only step which you may be able to cut out is deleting the previous edition (as the articles should sort based on date).
The reason for zipping is to speed up download times and reduce amount of bandwidth needed which we thought was a lesser of the two evils (the second being longer download times with the added potential of the download being interrupted). We are looking to improve our service in the new year, especially now that the audio edition is becoming much more popular, so I am hoping we will have a neater solution in the not to distant future.
If you have any queries about the audio edition, please feel free to drop me a line. |
Posts
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When you choose our trucking services, you’ll gain access to the right flatbeds for your needs. Our selections include 48’ flatbeds, 48’ and 53’ step-decks, and flatbeds that have side-kit tarping systems or Conestoga tarping systems to protect against the elements. It’s vital that you select the right type of trailer to properly transport your freight. If you have a smaller load, you can also come to us for partial flatbed loads. With partial load services, we will not charge you for the full trailer. Your items are matched with freight that is heading in the same direction.
From full or partial truckloads to oversized or overweight trucking, the staff at Stevens West Inc. is available to assist you. Our shipping specialists work hard for you, providing unparalleled services, making sure that you are aware of your shipment status at all time. Call us at (88) 606-5599 or (800) 736-5315 for more information about our flatbed trucking services. |
Public Notice
Application for Permit Area Reduction,
Post-mining Land Use Change, and
Phase III Bond Release
Star Point Mine
Plateau Mining Corporation
Permit ACT/007/0006, Approved 28 Jan 2007
Notice is hereby given that Plateau Mining Corporation, P.O. Box 30,
Helper, Utah 84526, a subsidiary of Alpha Natural Resources, Inc., has
filed an application with the Utah Department of Natural Resources,
Division of Oil, Gas and Mining for a reduction in the Permit Area and
change in post-mining land use from wildlife to industrial for a
40-acre parcel and Phase III bond release for an 8-acre parcel
associated with Permit ACT/007/0006. The reduction in the permit area
applies to land comprising the SE/4 SE/4 Sec. 9, T. 15 S., R. 8 E.
The post-mining land use of this parcel will change from a currently
approved wildlife use to an industrial use. The Phase III bond
release applies to 8.0 acres of previously disturbed but subsequently
reclaimed land within the aforementioned parcel. The purpose of this
change is to allow sale of the parcel for oil and gas development on
fee surface within the Drunkards Wash Unit under the provisions of the
Utah Coal Mining and Reclamation Act pursuant to R645-301-413.300 of
the Utah Coal Program Regulations.
The affected lands are located in Carbon County and can be found on
the Wattis U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute quadrangle. Copies of
the complete permit application are available for public inspection at
the Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining (1594 West North Temple,
Suite 1210, Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-5801) and at the Carbon County
Courthouse (120 East Main, Price, Utah 84501).
Reclamation of the Star Point Mine site began in February 2000.
Phase II bond release for the site was issued by the Utah Division of
Oil, Gas and Mining on June 12, 2008, indicating that backfilling,
regrading, replacement of topsoil, installation of drainage control,
and revegetation of the regraded lands had been achieved prior to that
date in accordance with the operator's approved reclamation plan.
Upon Phase II bond release, the surety bond filed by Plateau Mining
Corporation to cover reclamation of the Star Point Mine was reduced to
$734,000. It is proposed that this bond amount be reduced by $62,000
to $672,000 upon Phase III bond release of the aforementioned 8.0
acres.
The Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining will now evaluate the
proposal to determine whether it meets all the criteria of the
Permanent Program Performance Standards according to the requirements
of the Utah Coal Mining Rules.
Written comments, objections, and requests for public hearing or
informal conferences regarding this proposal may be addressed to:
Utah Coal Regulatory Program
Utah Division of Oil, Gas and Mining
1594 West North Temple, Suite 1210
P.O. Box 145801
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-5801
The closing date for submission of such comments, objections, and
requests for public hearing or informal conferences on the proposal
must be received in writing by May 24, 2010.
Published in the Sun Advocate April 1, 8, 15 and 22, 2010.
These legal notices, along with those from other fine Utah newspapers, can be viewed at www.utahlegals.com. |
A test of the multiple connections model of reading acquisition.
Within the framework of Society of Mind Theory (Minsky, 1986), learning to read is conceptualized as a process of creating new communication links or neural connections between an existing visual society and an existing linguistic society. Four visual-linguistic connections may become functional: letter-phonemic code, whole word-semantic code, whole word-name code, letter sequence-aural syllabic code. The hypothesis was tested that more than one of these visual-linguistic connections must be taken into account in predicting reading achievement. Results showed that the combination of the composite letter-phoneme variable and the composite whole word-semantic code variable accounted for significantly more variance in oral reading than did either single variable at the end of the first grade. Groups with large absolute discrepancy (1 or more standard scores) or small absolute discrepancy (1/3 standard score or less) on corresponding visual and linguistic skills differed significantly in both oral (whole word-semantic code composite) and silent reading (whole word-semantic code and letter sequence-aural syllabic code composites). There was a relationship between the number of large discrepancies and reading achievement. Results are discussed in reference to neuropsychological models of connectionism (Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986) and working brain systems (Luria, 1973). |
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Nobel Lectures
Times may change, but the dramas of existence don't. Nobel Minds attests to the power of literature to shape the world.
Each year the Nobel Academy awards the Nobel Prize in Literature to a writer whose contribution to literature consistently transcends national boundaries to connect with the human condition.
Here are the Nobel lectures by the literature laureates from the past twenty years that altogether offer a glimpse into the inspirations, motivations and passionately held beliefs of some of the greatest minds in the world of literature. Meditations on imagination and the process of writing mingle with keen discussions of global politics, cultural change and the ongoing influence of the past. All the writers demonstrate in their essays lyrical beauty and ethical depth; the result is an intelligent and humanistic integrity.
From Harold Pinter, we hear about the nature of truth in art and politics. Toni Morrison explores the link between language and oppression. Kenzaburo Oe provides insight into the effects of the opposing forces of modernisation and tradition in his…
Each year the Nobel Academy awards the Nobel Prize in Literature to a writer whose contribution to literature consistently transcends national boundaries to connect with the human condition.
Here are the Nobel lectures by the literature laureates from the past twenty years that altogether offer a glimpse into the inspirations, motivations and passionately held beliefs of some of the greatest minds in the world of literature. Meditations on imagination and the process of writing mingle with keen discussions of global politics, cultural change and the ongoing influence of the past. All the writers demonstrate in their essays lyrical beauty and ethical depth; the result is an intelligent and humanistic integrity.
From Harold Pinter, we hear about the nature of truth in art and politics. Toni Morrison explores the link between language and oppression. Kenzaburo Oe provides insight into the effects of the opposing forces of modernisation and tradition in his home country of Japan, and J. M. Coetzee takes an allegorical journey through the mysteries of the creative process. V. S. Naipaul outlines his experience of living and writing in two different cultures, while Nadine Gordimer ponders the ways in which literature can shape the worlds of individual and collective being.
Times may change, but the dramas of existence don't. Whatever medium the laureates write in, be it poetry, plays or prose, and whatever their cultural or social background, Nobel Lectures attests to the power of literature to shape the world. |
I think it’s important to point out that the URL that the data is being POSTed to doesn’t in fact exist, you can see this from the HTTP 404 response in the next response from LG’s server after the ACK.
Did they think better of it and remove the endpoint? Did the feature break without anyone noticing? |
Yahoo, initially vilified for being part of the PRISM program, which allows the National Security Agency (NSA) to tap it and other companies for users’ information, is about to be vindicated.
A court ruled Monday that the Department of Justice must reveal classified documents from 2008 that Yahoo says will demonstrate that the company fought back against a secret court order to reveal their users’ data.
“The Government shall conduct a declassification review of this Court’s Memorandum Opinion of [Yahoo’s case] and the legal briefs submitted by the parties to this Court,” the ruling read. The Department of Justice has two weeks to estimate how long it’ll take to declassify the documents and can still redact the parts it finds contains classified information.
Ironically, it’s the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Court that ruled for Yahoo. It was the FISC, often referred to as a “secret court,” that signed off on an order for Yahoo to hand over users’ information in the first place.
That demand came with a gag order, something that’s been particularly stressful to Yahoo, considering the beating its reputation took after former NSA contractor Edward Snowden leaked files that prove that through PRISM, the NSA can apparently easily get Yahoo users’ data.
Yahoo, like all the companies named as part of PRISM, issued a denial that it knowingly aided in such a program. Other companies that denied willfully participating—like Google and Facebook—included the caveat that they do, in fact, comply with court orders.
As the FBI has said, PRISM is legal through the FISA system. Yahoo’s was perhaps the shortest of the major companies’ denials and didn’t address the legality of PRISM at all: “Yahoo! takes users’ privacy very seriously. We do not provide the government with direct access to our servers, systems, or network,” the company wrote.
Also on Monday, the Electronic Frontier Foundation praised Yahoo for putting up a legal fight against FISA in the first place, awarding it a “gold star” in its Who’s Got Your Back survey, which tracks how well major companies stand up for Internet freedom
As the EFF noted, Yahoo’s fight was classified, and other companies might have acted similarly:
“Of course, it’s possible more companies have challenged this secret surveillance, but we just don’t know about it yet. We encourage every company that has opposed a FISA order or directive to move to unseal their oppositions so the public will have a better understanding of how they’ve fought for their users.”
This is only the second known civilian victory in a FISA court. Earlier this month, the EFF itself won a case compelling the FISA court to release some of its previous rulings, and to admit that FISC proceedings are classified by the executive branch, not by the rules of the court itself.
H/[email protected]TrevorTimm | Illustration by Jason Reed |
[Late preterm infants in Spain: Experience of the 34-36 Neonatal Group].
Late preterm (LP) infants (34 -36 weeks of gestation) are the largest group of preterm infants and also the least studied so far. In order to improve their care and reduce the impact of their increased morbidity and mortality, it is essential to know the current situation in Spain. Clinical-epidemiological variables of the LP population of 34 participating hospitals were prospectively collected from 1 April 2011 to 31 March 2016, and were then compared with the Minimum Perinatal Data Set for term births in the database. Of the 9,121 LP studied, 21.7% of 34, 30.8% of 35, and 47.5% of 36 weeks of gestation. The mortality rate was 2.8%. More than one-quarter (27.7%) were multiple pregnancies. Maternal disease were identified in 47.1% and 41.4% were pathological gestation. Just under half (47.9%) were by Caesarean section and 18.8% were of unknown origin or unjustified. No known cause of prematurity was found in 29%, and 3.1% were recognized as unjustified?caesarean?. Just under half (47%) of the LP were breastfed, and 58.6% required admission to neonatology, with 15.2% to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Coded diagnoses were recorded in 46.2%, with the most frequent being jaundice, 43.5%, hypoglycaemia, 30%, and respiratory disorders with 28.7%. The large sample of LP studied helps us to highlight the higher neonatal mortality and morbidity that this population suffers and the unavoidable relationship of its incidence with multiparity, maternal aging, and the still numerous inductions of labour and unjustified elective caesareans. |
Effect of population screening for carcinoma of the uterine cervix in Finland.
The organization of a nationwide population-based screening programme for cervical cancer in Finland is described. The annual incidence of invasive cervical cancer decreased from about 14 to 6 cases per 100,000 during the implementation of the programme. The time trends, age specificity and comparisons with other countries support the conclusion that the organized screening programme was effective in reducing the risk. However, there is no convincing evidence in support of expanding the overall programme to cover a wider age span than 30 to 60 yr or of screening the individual woman more frequently than once every 5 yr, even though these are the current recommendations. |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Anthropogenic emissions of particulate matters from urban and industrial areas are a critical environmental problem. High concentrations of particulate matter (PM) emissions are attributed to combustion from multiple sources, such as household fuel use, industrial activities, open burnings (such as agricultural and e-waste burnings), and transportation-related emissions. After an instance of extremely severe pollution occurred in 2011 in China, PM2.5 pollution has attracted considerable attention not only from scientists but also from the general public and from governments around the world. PM is a compound pollutant characterized by a complex chemical composition. To provide a scientific view for improving air quality, identifying the source(s) of the emitted PMs is of great importance. The results of chemical analyses performed on PMs provide an indication of the identity of the source(s). For example, the presence of K in aerosol samples can be attributed to biomass emissions \[[@CR1]\]; that of Si and Ca can be attributed to soil, road, and construction dust; Fe, Mn, and Cu found together can be attributed to minerals used in industrial productions and processes \[[@CR2]\]; and the presence of Pb can be associated with emissions from motor vehicles \[[@CR3]\]. Hg, which has caused a great deal of concern due to the toxicity of its methylated derivative, is also known to be emitted as a result of coal combustion and the production of cement or steel \[[@CR4]\]. Hg exists in three chemical forms in the atmosphere. The dominant form (\> 95% of the total amount of Hg in the lower atmosphere) is the gaseous elemental Hg (GEM, Hg^0^~(g)~). The other two chemical species, gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM, Hg^2+^~(g)~) and particulate-bound Hg (PBM, Hg~(p)~), are relatively reactive and are efficiently removed from the atmosphere through wet and dry depositions. The atmospheric residence time of GEM is relatively long (\~ 1 year) and allows regional and global transportation from emission sources. During such transportation, GEM is converted to GOM and PBM via atmospheric reactions. PBM can be derived from direct anthropogenic sources or produced via atmospheric transformations, and depleted by either photoreduction or deposition. The global median values at rural sites and high-elevation sites were 4.6--11.0 pg/m^3^ \[[@CR5]\]; however, Beijing, a megacity, demonstrated considerably higher Hg mass fractions in the collected PM (263 ± 246 pg/m^3^ at daytime and 280 ± 383 pg/m^3^ at nighttime \[[@CR6]\]).
Based on measurement data, alternative approaches help to understand the nature of the source/transport/receptor relationships, and provide accurate assessment of air quality problems as well as the most effective and efficient approaches to improve the air quality. The Tekran^®^ 2537/1130/1135 system (Tekran Instrument Corp., Canada) has been widely used to measure atmospheric Hg under various environments. The Tekran^®^ 2537 module measures GEM or TGM (total gaseous Hg, TGM = GEM + GOM), and the 1130 and 1135 components measure GOM and PBM, respectively. This instrument has high temporal resolution (typically, 5 min for GEM and 1--2 h for GOM and PBM). Recent advancements in stable Hg isotope analysis provide unique insights into the sources (anthropogenic vs. natural) and processes of Hg in the environment. Mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) and mass-independent fraction (MIF) of Hg isotopes were observed in geological and biological materials (summalized in Blum et al. \[[@CR7]\]). The MDF of Hg isotopes can be induced by many natural processes (such as reduction and oxidation, methylation and demethylation, sorption, evaporation, and volatilization), whereas the large MIF of Hg isotopes is primarily produced by photochemical reactions (discussed in detail in Blum et al. \[[@CR7]\]). Previously, studies suggest that determining Hg isotope ratios may be used to distinguish between background atmospheric pool and emission sources \[[@CR8]--[@CR11]\]. Xu et al. demonstrated that the values of δ^202^Hg and Δ^199^Hg in PM2.5 were different among aerosol samples collected in three cities in China (Beijing, Changchun, and Chengdu) \[[@CR12]\]. According to their data, the mean δ^202^Hg value in PM2.5 became higher in the order of Changchun, Beijing, and Chengdu, and the variation trend of Δ^199^Hg was decoupled from that of δ^202^Hg. These results indicate that the relative contributions of the emission sources might significantly differ between provinces or cities.
Combining these different strands of evidence would provide a better view and understanding of the complex issue of the origin and fate of PM in the environment. To identify the emission source(s) of PMs, an appropriate certified reference material (CRM) that provides the means for obtaining accurate analytical data is necessary. Aerosol CRMs for elemental analysis have been produced by the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES, CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, SRM 1648a Urban Particulate Matter), and the European Commission Joint Research Centre--Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC--IPMM, ERM-CZ120 Fine Dust (PM10-like)). The Hg mass fraction has been determined for NIST SRM 1648a (1.323 ± 0.064 mg/kg), but Hg isotopic compositions have not been reported yet for any urban particulate reference material. In this study, NIES CRM No. 28, collected in Beijing, was selected to determine the Hg isotopic reference values of aerosol referenced materials. Because south and north Asia are areas of major concern in terms of the atmospheric pollution problem, NIES CRM No. 28 will be an appropriate CRM to use when attempting to identify the sources of PM emissions.
As an interlaboratory study on the CRM, isotopic composition was measured at the NIES and at the Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM) using cold vapor generation coupled to multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CV-MC-ICP-MS). Moreover, the total Hg (THg) mass fraction was also determined by four organizations using atomic absorption spectrometry.
Materials and methods {#Sec2}
=====================
NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols {#Sec3}
------------------------------
NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols was produced to evaluate the analytical accuracy of the determination of the mass fraction of selected elements. Material preparation, analytical protocols, and 18 certified and 14 reference values, expressed as mass fraction \[[@CR13]\], have been reported \[[@CR14]\] (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). The original PM was collected from the filters of a central ventilating system of a building located in Beijing city center from 1996 to 2005. The PM was recovered from the filters by mechanical vibration and sieved to remove coarse particles. The diameters of the particles were measured, and the results indicated that 99% of them were \< 10 μm. Thus, 2 kg of the collected PM was subdivided into 1031 prewashed amber glass bottles. Then, multi-element analysis was performed on 12 bottles randomly selected among the mentioned 1031 bottles. The values for the between- and within-bottle standard deviations for each element were \< 3%; therefore, the evidence confirmed that the prepared material was sufficiently homogeneous to be used as a CRM.Table 1Certified and reference values of NIES CRM No. 28 Urban AerosolsElementUnitMass fractionCertified valuesNa%0.796 ± 0.065Mg%1.40 ± 0.06Al%5.04 ± 0.10K%1.37 ± 0.06Ca%6.69 ± 0.24Ti%0.292 ± 0.033Fe%2.92 ± 0.17Zn%0.114 ± 0.010Vmg/kg73.2 ± 7.0Mnmg/kg686 ± 42Nimg/kg63.8 ± 3.4Cumg/kg104 ± 12Asmg/kg90.2 ± 10.7Srmg/kg469 ± 16Cdmg/kg5.60 ± 0.43Bamg/kg874 ± 65Pbmg/kg403 ± 32Umg/kg4.33 ± 0.26Reference valuesSi%14.9P%0.145S%3.91Cl%0.807Scmg/kg10.7Comg/kg22.0Semg/kg14.4Rbmg/kg64.1Ymg/kg21.9Momg/kg28.4Snmg/kg21.5Sbmg/kg20.1Lamg/kg32.7Thmg/kg11.1
Reagents for Hg isotopic analysis {#Sec4}
---------------------------------
NIST SRM 3133 (an Hg isotopic standard solution) was used as primary standard, and NIST SRM 997 (thallium isotopic standard solution) was used to conduct an internal mass bias correction for the Hg isotope analysis. To ensure the validity of the analyses, NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden, Hg isotopic standard solution) and BCR-176R (Fly Ash) were used as secondary standards.
### IPREM {#FPar11}
HCl and HNO~3~ for sample preparation and dilutions were BAKER INSTRA-ANALYZED Reagent (JT Baker, USA), and H~2~O~2~ was an optima grade from Fisher Chemical (UK). Ultrapure HNO~3~ (Ultrex II grade, JT Baker, USA) was used for Tl solution preparation. Tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl~2~·2H~2~O) was of reagent grade from Scharlau (Spain). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (18 MΩ, Millipore, USA).
### NIES {#FPar12}
Ultrapure-100 grade HCl and HNO~3~, and reagent-grade tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl~2~·2H~2~O) were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Japan). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (18 MΩ, Millipore, USA).
Sample preparation {#Sec5}
------------------
As the between-bottle and within-bottle homogeneities of Hg have not been verified, we randomly selected four bottles for analysis to assess between-bottle variation. Note that \~ 0.3 g of the three subsamples of CRM (bottle no. 581, 901, and 990) was decomposed using HNO~3~, HCl, and H~2~O~2~ in HotBlock® (TJ Environmental, The Netherlands), which was maintained at 85 °C for 24 h (v/v = 3:1:1), using the method described in Foucher et al. \[[@CR15]\] and Guedron et al. \[[@CR16]\]. Moreover, we used two different digestion methods to ensure the stability of analytical values. Three subsamples (0.05 g for each) collected from bottle no. 960 were digested for 3 h by HNO~3~ and HCl (v/v = 1:3) in a digestion bomb that was maintained at 130 °C at the University of Tokyo. Three subsamples, weighing \~ 0.3 g each, were collected from each of two bottles (no. 581 and 990) and digested by HNO~3~ and HCl (v/v = 3:1) using a microwave system (UltraWave, Milestone, Italy) at 230 °C for 25 min at IPREM. To manage the analytical accuracy of our method, Hg isotopic measurement of the secondary reference, BCR-176R Fly Ash \[[@CR17]\], was performed using the same methods. Hg mass fractions of all dissolved samples were then measured using CV-MC-ICP-MS by sample-standard bracketing method and adjusted to 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL at IPREM and NIES, respectively. The acid composition of the final solutions are 10% HNO~3~ and 2% HCl (v/v) for IPREM and 2% HNO~3~ and 8% HCl (v/v) for NIES. Note that, to monitor the instrument's stability, Hg isotopic composition was analyzed at least twice on different days.
Hg isotopic measurements {#Sec6}
------------------------
Hg isotopic measurements were conducted by CV-MC-ICP-MS, using a Nu Plasma II instrument at NIES and a Nu Plasma instrument at IPREM (both from Nu Instruments, UK). In particular, Nu Plasma II was interfaced with an Aridus II desolvating nebulizer for Tl introduction and an HGX-200 cold vapor (CV) system (both from Teledyne CETAC Technologies, USA) for Hg^0^ generation at NIES, whereas Nu Plasma was interfaced with a DSN-100 desolvating nebulizer (Nu Instruments, UK) and a home-made CV system at IPREM. Hg^0^ and Tl dry aerosols (introduced Tl concentration = 15 μg/L) were mixed at the outlet of the CV generation system before they were introduced into the plasma. Sample and standard solutions were diluted to appropriate Hg and acid concentrations (\~ 10% HNO~3~ and \~ 2% HCl, v/v), and Hg^2+^ was reduced online with 3% SnCl~2~ in \~ 10% HCl. Hg and Tl isotopes were monitored simultaneously, and a value of 2.38714 for the ^205^Tl/^203^Tl isotope ratio for NIST SRM 997 was used for instrumental mass bias correction applying an exponential law.
In this study, the mass numbers of 198 (Hg), 199 (Hg), 200 (Hg), 201 (Hg), 202 (Hg), 203 (Tl), 204 (Hg, Pb), 205 (Tl), and 206 (Pb) were detected by individual Faraday cups. The preamplifier gains associated with each Faraday cup were calibrated daily. Instrumental parameters were then tuned each day prior to the analysis in order to obtain maximum signal intensity and stability.
### Details of the procedure implemented at IPREM {#FPar13}
From each sample and standard, 30 cycles were collected at 10 s integrations per scan. Between sample analyses, the system was washed with 10% HNO~3~ + 2% HCl to reduce the signal intensity for the CV system to the background level. The solution uptake rate was adjusted to 0.625 mL/min. The size of the bracketing standard was kept the same as that of the sample (0.5 ng/g). The typical intensity of ^202^Hg was \~ 0.8 V, and signal intensities observed for the blank samples were typically \< 1% of those observed for the test samples.
### Details of the procedure implemented at NIES {#FPar14}
From each sample and standard, 50 cycles were collected at 10 s integrations per scan. Between sample analyses, the system was washed with 5% HCl to reduce the signal intensity for the CV system to the background level. The solution uptake rate was adjusted to 0.65 mL/min. The size of the bracketing standard was kept the same as that of the sample (1 ng/g). The typical intensity of ^202^Hg was \~ 0.6 V. Signal intensities observed for the blank samples were typically \< 1% of those observed for the test samples.
The general settings used at IPREM and NIES are presented in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}.Table 2Settings of the cold vapor generation system coupled to a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry instrumentInstrumentation*IPREM (Nu Plasma)NIES (Nu Plasma II)*Monitored isotopes\*198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206Radio frequency power1300 W1300 WPlasma gas13.0 L/min13.0 L/minAuxiliary0.80 L/min0.80 L/minNebulization1.0 L/min1.0 L/minIntegration time10 s10 sSample uptake0.625 mL/min0.65 mL/minNumber of cycles per block30 cycles/block50 cycles/blockNumber of blocks11Concentration (^202^Hg) of sample and standard0.5 ng/g1.0 ng/gIntensity (^202^Hg) of sample and standard\~ 0.8 V\~ 0.6 V*IPREM* Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, *NIES* National Institute for Environmental Studies\*Atomic masses of 203 and 205 are those of Tl and 206 is that of Pb
The following raw isotopic ratios, ^199^Hg/^198^Hg, ^200^Hg/^198^Hg, ^201^Hg/^198^Hg, ^202^Hg/^198^Hg, and ^204^Hg/^198^Hg, were corrected for instrumental mass bias using the measured ^205^Tl/^203^Tl isotope ratios and its reference value (2.38714). The errors for these ratios were calculated by determining twice the standard deviation (2SD) of the sample and the bracketing standard measurement mean (2*σ*). Any ratio with a value greater than twice the population SD was rejected.
Generally, Hg isotope ratios are reported as actual ratios or *δ* values, which represent deviations in an isotope ratio in parts per thousand (denoted as ‰) from that of a standard. All sample analyses were bracketed by analysis of an Hg isotopic standard solution, NIST SRM 3133, and Hg isotopic ratios were calculated relative to the mean of the bracketing standards using the following equation \[[@CR18]\]:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\delta}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}\left({\mbox{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char104}} \right)=\left[{\left({}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}/{}^{198}\mathrm{Hg}\right)}_{\mathrm{sample}}/{\left({}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}/{}^{198}\mathrm{Hg}\right)}_{\mathrm{NISTSRM}3133}-1\right]\times 1000 $$\end{document}$$where \*\*\* represents one of the five other possible isotopic mass numbers for Hg (199, 200, 201, 202, and 204). In this study, the MIF factor is reported using the capital delta notation (Δ) as the difference between the measured *δ*^\*\*\*^Hg and the same parameter's theoretically predicted value using the following relationship:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ {\Delta}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}\left({\mbox{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{wasy}\selectfont\char104}} \right)={\delta}^{\ast \ast \ast}\mathrm{Hg}-\left(\beta \times {\delta}^{202}\mathrm{Hg}\right) $$\end{document}$$where *β* represents the equilibrium MDF factor, which is equal to 0.252, 0.502, 0.752, and 1.493 for ^199^Hg, ^200^Hg, ^201^Hg, and ^204^Hg, respectively \[[@CR18]\].
Total Hg mass fraction {#Sec7}
----------------------
A collaborative analysis for THg involving four organizations was undertaken: IPREM (AMA 254, ALTEC), NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd. (MA-2000, Nippon Instruments Co.), MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd. (SP-3D, Nippon Instruments Co.), and IDEA Consultants, Inc. (Hg-201, Sanso Seisakusho Co., Ltd.). The two bottles were sent to each organization (bottle numbers are shown in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). Acid pretreatment using methods the Mercury Analysis Method \[[@CR19]\] and Soil Analysis Method \[[@CR20]\] from the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, were used by IDEA Consultants, Inc. and MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd., respectively, and a direct powder measurement was applied by IPREM and NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd.Table 3THg mass fraction of NIES CRM No. 28 Urban AerosolsOrganizationInstrumentationDigestionBottle no.Number of subsamplingHg2SDmg/kgIPREMThermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (TD-AAS), AMA254direct powder measurement (no acid digestion)06631.220.0358131.240.07Mean1.230.05NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd.Thermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (TD-AAS), MA-2000direct powder measurement (no acid digestion)34331.230.0984731.250.05Mean1.240.07MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd.Cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS), SP-3DHNO~3~-H~2~SO~4~-KMnO~4~24931.160.0698531.170.03Mean1.160.05IDEA Consultants, Inc.Cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CV-AAS), Hg-201HNO~3~-HClO~4~-H~2~SO~4~34331.100.0384731.140.10Mean1.120.08Mean2SD2RSD%All1.190.129.94
Results {#Sec8}
=======
To describe data, two precision indicators, repeatability and reproducibility, are generally used. Repeatability represents variation that occurs when repeated measurements are made of the same item under absolutely identical conditions. Reproducibility represents variation that results when different conditions are used to make the measurements. The details are described in ISO 21748:2017 \[[@CR21]\].
Total Hg mass fraction {#Sec9}
----------------------
The repeatability and reproducibility of the THg mass fraction of NIES CRM No. 28 are reported in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}. After all of the data were combined, the THg mass fraction is determined to be 1.19 ± 0.12 mg/kg (2SD, *n* = 24) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). The THg mass fraction of the secondary reference, NIES CRM No. 33 (Landfill Cover Soil), was determined by three laboratories using the same methods. The reported value of the material was 0.31 mg/kg (<http://www.nies.go.jp/labo/crm-e/Landfillcoversoil.html>), while NIPPON STEEL TECHNOLOGY Co., Ltd., MURATA Keisokuki Service Co., Ltd., and IDEA Consultants, Inc. showed the THg of 0.32, 0.373, and 0.318 mg/kg, respectively.
Hg isotopic compositions {#Sec10}
------------------------
NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden) was used as a secondary standard and measured relative to NIST SRM 3133 several times within each analysis session. To report the analytical uncertainty of an unknown sample analysis, it is recommended to use an external reproducibility of the 2 standard error (SE) of replicate analyses unless it is smaller than the 2SD external reproducibility of the method using the in-house secondary standard \[[@CR18]\]. In this study, the 2SD values of NIST RM 8610 (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}) were used for the analytical uncertainty of the measurement. To validate the analytical stability of our operating conditions, the repeatability of the Hg isotopic compositions of the secondary reference standard, NIST RM 8610, adjusted to the value of 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL at IPREM and NIES, respectively, was monitored during the study period (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Drifting of Hg isotopic ratios may occur during a day-long analysis because of Ar gas flow instability, cone and slit degradation, and/or cup aging. To overcome these potential problems, all sample analyses were bracketed by the results of the analysis of the relevant standard, NIST SRM 3133, and the Hg isotopic values of the sample were calculated relative to the mean values of the corresponding parameters for the bracketing standard. Applying the standard-sample bracketing method, the deviations of the isotopic ratios measured for NIST RM 8610 were \< 0.3‰ (*n* = 15), in the case of 0.5 ng/mL solutions, and our results showed in agreement with published data of Estrade et al. \[[@CR22]\]. Hg isotopic measurements of a secondary reference material, BCR-176R, were also performed using the same dissolution and measurement methods (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"}). Note that BCR-176R was analyzed at least twice on different days to monitor instrument stability. According to these measurements, the values for δ^202^Hg were − 1.05 ± 0.10‰ (*n* = 4), − 1.23 ± 0.10‰ (*n* = 4) and − 1.07 ± 0.15‰ (*n* = 4), and those for Δ^199^Hg were − 0.09 ± 0.08‰ (*n* = 4), − 0.10 ± 0.09‰ (*n* = 4) and − 0.07 ± 0.07‰ (*n* = 4) using digestion methods of HotBlock®, microwave, and digestion bomb, respectively. These values were identical (within an acceptable error) to their literature counterparts (δ^202^Hg = − 1.03 ± 0.15‰, Δ^199^Hg = − 0.06 ± 0.07‰, *n* = 8, Estrade et al. \[[@CR17]\]).Table 4Hg isotopic compositions of NIST RM 8610 and BCR-176RSampleReferencesδ^199^Hgδ^200^Hgδ^201^Hgδ^202^Hgδ^204^HgΔ^199^HgΔ^200^HgΔ^201^HgΔ^204^Hg‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden)IPREMMean− 0.17− 0.28− 0.45− 0.55− 0.81− 0.020.01− 0.03− 0.01 *n* = 152SD0.060.100.160.200.310.060.100.070.14NIESMean− 0.11− 0.22− 0.40− 0.49− 0.730.020.03− 0.030.01 *n* = 42SD0.080.110.170.100.070.070.090.100.13Estrade et al., \[[@CR22]\]Mean− 0.18− 0.32− 0.48− 0.61− 0.94− 0.03− 0.02− 0.02− 0.03 *n* = 52SD0.030.010.070.140.230.020.060.030.10BCR-176R (Fly Ash)IPREM (HotBlock®)Mean− 0.36− 0.53− 0.90− 1.05− 1.57− 0.09− 0.01− 0.12− 0.01 *n* = 42SD0.100.070.140.100.190.080.080.080.14IPREM (microwave)Mean− 0.41− 0.62− 1.00− 1.23− 1.82− 0.100.00− 0.070.01 *n* = 42SD0.120.120.110.100.340.090.070.050.30NIES (digestion bomb)Mean− 0.34− 0.53− 0.86− 1.07− 1.61− 0.070.00− 0.06− 0.02 *n* = 42SD0.100.090.130.150.120.070.020.030.12Estrade et al., \[[@CR17]\]Mean− 0.32− 0.51− 0.83− 1.03− 0.060.00− 0.06 *n* = 82SD0.090.100.110.150.070.060.04
NIES CRM No. 28 was digested using three different methods (see Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM) Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Based on the CRM's THg value, recovery yields measured after implementation of the three digestion methods were \~ 80%, \~ 90%, and \~ 100% for digestion bomb, microwave, and HotBlock®, respectively. Our repeated measurements showed δ^199^Hg = − 0.55 ± 0.07‰, δ^200^Hg = − 0.62 ± 0.13‰, δ^201^Hg = − 1.17 ± 0.13‰, δ^202^Hg = − 1.26 ± 0.17‰, and δ^204^Hg = − 1.90 ± 0.22‰, and Δ^199^Hg = − 0.23 ± 0.06‰, Δ^200^Hg = 0.01 ± 0.07‰, Δ^201^Hg = − 0.22 ± 0.09‰, and Δ^204^Hg = − 0.02 ± 0.21‰ (2SD, *n* = 18) for samples using HotBlock® (Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}). The uncertainty of the Hg isotopic values is an expanded uncertainty determined using a coverage factor *k* = 2, which corresponds to the confidence interval of \~ 95%; the type B uncertainty and uncertainty in the bias of the methods are not included. The possibilities of the lower recovery yields for digestion bomb and microwave are incomplete dissolution or Hg loss with sorption or evaporation. Even if those may have happened, all analysis results across methods were consistent with each other, and variations were reported to be equivalent to those of the repeated measurements of NIST RM 8610 (Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"} and Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Table 5Hg isotopic compositions of subsamples of NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols measured using different sample digestion methodsInstrumentationDigestionBottle no.Number of subsamplingNumber of measurements for each subsampleδ^199^Hg2SDδ^200^Hg2SDδ^201^Hg2SDδ^202^Hg2SDδ^204^Hg2SDΔ^199^Hg2SDΔ^200^Hg2SDΔ^201^Hg2SDΔ^204^Hg2SD‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰Nu PlasmaHotBlock®58132− 0.580.07− 0.640.12− 1.230.13− 1.300.17− 1.970.33− 0.250.050.010.04− 0.250.05− 0.030.2290132− 0.530.06− 0.590.10− 1.120.08− 1.230.17− 1.820.23− 0.220.060.030.07− 0.190.130.010.1699032− 0.540.09− 0.630.19− 1.150.17− 1.260.16− 1.910.10− 0.220.060.010.11− 0.210.07− 0.030.26Mean− 0.550.07− 0.620.13− 1.170.13− 1.260.17− 1.900.22− 0.230.060.010.07− 0.220.09− 0.020.21Nu Plasmamicrowave58132− 0.540.06− 0.680.07− 1.260.16− 1.420.08− 2.090.19− 0.190.050.040.03− 0.200.130.020.2499032− 0.510.09− 0.650.07− 1.190.09− 1.330.14− 2.090.15− 0.170.080.020.03− 0.190.08− 0.110.19Mean− 0.520.08− 0.660.07− 1.230.12− 1.370.11− 2.090.17− 0.180.070.030.03− 0.190.11− 0.040.21Nu Plasma IIdigestion bomb96032− 0.480.08− 0.580.10− 1.070.16− 1.210.13− 1.830.26− 0.180.070.020.08− 0.160.09− 0.030.08Fig. 1Hg isotopic compositions of NIES CRM No. 28. Three digestion methods were implemented in this study (digestion bomb: black circle; microwave: green square; and HotBlock®: orange triangle). The error bars on the CRM represent 2SD of Hg isotope heterogeneity from Table [5](#Tab5){ref-type="table"}. IPREM, Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche sur l'Environnement et les Matériaux; NIES, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Discussion {#Sec11}
==========
Homogeneity {#Sec12}
-----------
The δ^202^Hg values using HotBlock® were tested by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate the homogeneity of isotopic results in the CRM (Table [6](#Tab6){ref-type="table"}). The between-bottle variation evaluated by one-way ANOVA did not show any statistically significant difference (*p* \> 0.05 and *F*~calculated\ value~ \< *F*~critical\ value~). Therefore, the CRM is homogeneous between 0.05 and 0.3 g when applied to the Hg isotopic values, as presented in this paper.Table 6ANOVA data from the homogeneity study for the Hg isotope*F* value*p* value*F* critical value*S*~bb~*U*~bb~Hg isotope (δ^202^Hg)1.0670.36873.6820.7%2.1%*S*~*bb*~ between-bottle variance, *U*~*bb*~ between-bottle variance incorporating the influence of analytical variation
Sample digestion for Hg isotopic measurement {#Sec13}
--------------------------------------------
To test the bias of sample digestion methods, we applied three digestion methods. Using the preliminary data of the THg mass fraction of the CRM, the recovery yields were higher in HotBlock®, followed by those in a microwave and in a digestion bomb. This observation may be attributed to an insufficient sample dissolution in a microwave and a digestion bomb. To ensure the complete recovery of the sample, a mixture of HNO~3~/HCl/HF is generally used for the elemental analysis of geological samples (e.g., soils and sediments). HF is essential in dissolving silica matrices via the reaction HF + SiO~2~ → H~2~SiF~6~ + H~2~O. After the sample decomposition using HF, HF must be evaporated by heating before analysis. However, Hg will be partially evaporated during heating, which may result in Hg isotope fractionation. Therefore, HF was not used for most Hg studies, and concentrated HNO~3~ combined with HCl \[[@CR23]\] or H~2~SO~4~ \[[@CR22]\] was used to determine the THg mass fraction. The decomposition method using HNO~3~/HCl/H~2~O~2~ with HotBlock® was also applied for an extended period of time to perform the Hg isotopic analysis of soil and sediment \[[@CR15], [@CR16]\]. Another possibility for lowering Hg concentration may be Hg loss with sorption or evaporation during acid decomposition using digestion bomb and microwave. Hg loss may also occur during the preservation of dissolved samples,but the digested samples were stored, without dilution, in a refrigerator before measurements. Despite the incomplete Hg dissolution or the Hg loss during/after bomb and microwave digestions, the analysis results for all methods used here were consistent with each other, and the variations were reported to be equivalent to those of the imprecision of the CV-MC-ICP-MS measurement. Thus, NIES CRM No. 28 is isotopically homogeneous for subsamples of weights ranging between 0.05 and 0.3 g.
Comparisons between NIES CRM No. 28 and plausible Hg emission sources, and aerosols collected in China {#Sec14}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
According to previous reports \[[@CR24]--[@CR26]\], coal combustion, non-ferrous metal smelting, and cement production were major emission sources of Hg found in PMs in China during the period when the CRM was collected (1995--2005). The Hg isotopic compositions of NIES CRM No. 28, Chinese coals \[[@CR11]\], non-ferrous metal ores \[[@CR27]\], limestones (for cement production) \[[@CR28]\], and cinnabars (for industrial uses) \[[@CR29]\] are shown in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}. Hg isotopic compositions of PM2.5 samples analyzed at the Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing were previously reported. In particular, Xu et al. \[[@CR12]\] collected PM2.5 samples from December 2013 to January 2014 and found the average values of δ^202^Hg and Δ^199^Hg to be − 1.10 ± 0.26‰ and − 0.36 ± 0.43‰ (1σ, *n* = 18), respectively. The δ^202^Hg and Δ^199^Hg values for the CRM overlap with the previously reported Hg isotopic variation ranges (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Previously, studies demonstrated that industrial or combustion processing of source materials causes significant MDF, but not for MIF \[[@CR11], [@CR29]--[@CR32]\]. The major Hg emission source(s) might not have substantially changed during the sampling period in the study area. Samples derived from ores, limestones, and cinnabars were characterized by negative δ^202^Hg values and by Δ^199^Hg values of \~ 0. Because the CRM and Beijing PM2.5 were characterized by negative Δ^199^Hg values, results from this study may point to the existence of additional, different Hg emission sources (e.g., the biomass burning of foliate/litter and lichens, wood fire heating and cooking).Fig. 2Values for Δ^201^Hg versus those for Δ^199^Hg measured for NIES CRM No. 28 (filled black circle), PM2.5 from Beijing (open black squares for individual data and filled black square for the average), and plausible source materials (coals: open black triangle; ores/cinnabars: open black inverted triangle; limestones: open black diamond; foliage/litter: open black left-pointing triangle; and lichens: open black right-pointing triangle). The error bars on source materials and PM2.5 sample average represent SD of Hg isotope heterogeneity, while NIES CRM No. 28 represent 2SD
Conclusions {#Sec15}
===========
NIES CRM No. 28 Urban Aerosols was originally prepared for certifying the mass fractions of major and minor elements. In this study, the Hg isotopic composition of the CRM was determined to provide an appropriate quality assurance/quality control tool for the Hg isotopic analysis of PMs. To validate and ensure the accuracy of our method, analytical uncertainty was estimated based on replication of the NIST RM 8610 (UM Almaden) standard solution. According to our results with respect to within- and between-bottle variations of subsamples of the CRM using a conventional dissolution method using a HNO~3~/HCl/H~2~O~2~ mixture with HotBlock®, the CRM is sufficiently homogenous to be used in Hg isotopic measurements. Two different digestion methods were applied in this study. Although two other methods showed a lower Hg recovery yield than that of the conventional method, all Hg isotopic compositions were equivalent. Our isotopic analysis results may contribute to quality assurance in environmental monitoring studies of aerosols.
Electronic supplementary material
=================================
{#Sec16}
######
(PDF 78 kb)
**Publisher's note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This work is a contribution toward the European MercOx project (EMPIR EURAMET, Grant Number 16ENV01) and the CRM project in NIES. We acknowledge Dr. M. Nishikawa, M. Ukachi, and K. Ohnishi of NIES and Dr. K. Yamashita of Okayama University for the helpful discussions. We especially thank three anonymous reviewers for the thoughtful and constructive comments and Dr. Stephen Wise for the efficient editorial handling of this paper. We would also like to thank Enago ([www.enago.jp](http://www.enago.jp)) for the English-language review.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
|
Bannerman, Colin: Australian food history
The importance that food and eating have assumed as components of popular culture in Australia has not yet been matched by thorough historical analysis. This essay briefly surveys existing histories of non-indigenous eating in Australia and outlines a theoretical framework within which an explanatory history of Australian food culture could be constructed. It suggests that, for reasons of relative newness and isolation, the Australian setting is ideal for testing such a framework. Finally, it notes that the processes of communication through which an Australian culture of food and eating developed—whether or not that culture amounts to a distinctive cuisine—largely documented its progress, thus simplifying the task for historians. |
# See LICENSE for license details.
base_dir := $(patsubst %/,%,$(dir $(abspath $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))))
BUILD_DIR := $(base_dir)/builds/vcu118-iofpga-nvdla
FPGA_DIR := $(base_dir)/fpga-shells/xilinx
PROJECT := sifive.fpgashells.shell.xilinx
MODEL := VCU118Shell
export CONFIG_PROJECT := sifive.freedom.unleashed
export CONFIG := IOFPGAConfig_With200MHz_WithNVDLALarge
export BOARD := vcu118
rocketchip_dir := $(base_dir)/rocket-chip
sifiveblocks_dir := $(base_dir)/sifive-blocks
include nvidia-dla-blocks/vsrc.mk
VSRCS := \
$(rocketchip_dir)/src/main/resources/vsrc/AsyncResetReg.v \
$(rocketchip_dir)/src/main/resources/vsrc/plusarg_reader.v \
$(FPGA_DIR)/common/vsrc/PowerOnResetFPGAOnly.v \
$(sifiveblocks_dir)/vsrc/SRLatch.v \
$(BUILD_DIR)/$(CONFIG_PROJECT).$(CONFIG).v \
$(NVDLA_LARGE_VSRCS)
include common.mk
|
6-Alkynyl- and 6-aryl-substituted (R)-pipecolic acid derivatives.
(R)-α-Aminoadipic acid is a readily available enantiomerically pure starting material for the synthesis of (R)-pipecolic acid and its derivatives. Sonogashira or Suzuki cross-coupling reactions of an N-formyl pipecolate-derived vinyl bromide furnish 6-alkynyl or aryl derivatives. Reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride and subsequent N-deformylation provide 6-alkynyl substituted (R)-pipecolic acid derivatives, valuable building blocks for amino acid and peptide chemistry. |
by Scott F. Aikin and Robert B. Talisse
As we have noted previously on this blog, Christmas is a drag. The holiday’s norms and founding mythologies are repugnant, especially when compared to its more humane cousin, Thanksgiving. The story of the nativity doesn’t make much sense; moreover, it seems odd to celebrate an occasion that involved the slaughter of innocent children. And the other founding myth – the myth of Santa and the North Pole – is one of a morally tone-deaf autocrat who delivers toys to the children of well-off parents rather than life-saving basic goods to the most needy. But, when you think about it, the Santa myth is far worse than even that.
To start, the Christmas mythology has it that Santa is a being who is morally omniscient – he knows whether we are bad or good, and in fact keeps a record of our acts. Additionally he is somnically omniscient – he sees us when we’re sleeping, he knows when we’re awake. Santa has unacceptable capacities for monitoring our actions, and he exercises them! In a similar vein, Santa takes himself to be entitled to enter our homes, in the night and while we’re not looking, despite the fact that we have locked the doors. In other words, Santa does not respect our privacy. He watches us, constantly.
This is important because the moral value of our actions is largely determined by our motives for performing them. Performing the action that morality requires is surely good; however, when the morally required act is performed for the wrong reasons, the morality of the act is diminished. Acting for the right reasons is a condition for being worthy of moral praise; and, correlatively, the blame that follows a morally wrong action is properly mitigated when the agent can show the purity of her motives.
The trouble with Santa’s surveillance is that it affects our motives. When we know that we are being watched by an omniscient judge looking to mete out rewards and punishments, we find ourselves with strong reasons to act for the sake of getting the reward and avoiding the punishment. But in order for our actions to have moral worth, they must be motivated by moral reasons, rather than narrowly self-interested ones. In short, under Santa’s watchful eye, our motivations become clouded, and so does the morality of our actions.
The exclamation at the end of Santa Claus is Coming to Town captures the moral ambiguity that the Santa myth imposes on us: “You better be good for goodness sake.” Could there be a more confused moral prescription? On the one hand, if the expression aims to exhort us to act on the basis of properly moral motives (for the sake of goodness itself), then the Myth of Santa undercuts our reasons to be moral. Apparently, the account runs as follows: Santa keeps tabs on what you do and when you sleep. He will punish or reward you on the basis of your performance. So you should be good for purely moral motives. The trouble, again, is that after having given a variety of non-moral, strictly self-interested reasons to act, it is a perfect non sequitur to conclude that we must act on the basis of purely moral motives. In fact, if we’re right, the Santa myth undermines the idea that we should act on the basis of our moral reasons. By accepting the Santa myth, then, we nearly ensure that we will not be good.
On the other hand, the expression “be good for goodness sake” may be simply a form of emphatic interjection, like “Do your homework, for Chrissakes!” or “Exercise and eat right, for Pete’s sake!” And in light of the story of Santa’s monitoring practices and the consequent rewards and punishments, this interpretation seems more in keeping with the overall Santa myth, and seems like a more psychologically plausible bit of advice. This reading, however, embraces the usurpation of moral motivation. It impels its listener to be bribed for good behavior; in fact, it places bribery at the heart of morality.
So far, we’ve presented a broadly moral argument against Santa. He doesn’t respect our privacy, and our knowledge of that fact, in light of his role in punishing and rewarding us, distorts our moral motives. Yet he seems to require that our motives be pure. Santa is thus a moral torturer: he punishes those who are not good, and then imposes a system of incentives and encouragements that go a long way towards ensuring that everyone will fail at goodness.
To our moral argument there could be added a theological critique of Santa. The problem with Santa Claus from a religious perspective is that he is presented in the mythology as a kind of god. Like the gods of the familiar forms of monotheism, Santa is morally omniscient. He rewards the good and punishes the evil. Moreover, he performs yearly miracles of bounty that, at least by our lights, put Jesus’ miracle of the fishes and loaves to shame. In other words, Santa Claus can be no mere man; accordingly, the Santa mythology implies a Santa theology. And monotheists should be alarmed. We know that Yahweh is a jealous god, and encouraging children to propitiate Santa with their moral behavior sounds very much like the sort of thing that makes a jealous god very, very angry. Imagine Moses’ frustration with the Israelites were he to come back from the mountain to find them telling Santa stories instead of only worshipping a golden calf. It seems to us that taking the first commandments seriously (the ones about worshipping only the god of Moses) should be a source of moral concern about the Santa myth. Christian parents that embrace the Santa myth make idolaters of their children.
We, the authors, are atheists. We deny Santa’s existence, and Yahweh’s, too. The case we’re pressing against Santa here is analogous to the famous argument from evil. (We think the argument applies to Yahweh, too; but that’s a different story.) It works on Santa because he is a morally objectionable entity who is supposed to be intrinsically good, and intrinsically good yet bad entities do not exist. There is, of course, much more to say about the moral case against Santa. To repeat: he uses his miraculous production capacities to make toys instead of things that contribute to lasting welfare; he uses his monitoring capacities to keep track of the things people do, but does not see fit to prevent morally horrible things, assist the victims of crimes, or report criminals to the authorities. And so, not only does Santa Claus not exist, it’s a good thing, too. The questions that remain are why the myth of Santa persists, and why a major holiday is partially focused on such a despicable character. |
Chemotherapy medication errors: descriptions, severity, and contributing factors.
To expand the limited body of knowledge of medication errors involving chemotherapy. Exploratory, descriptive. 160 (26%) of 620 randomly selected Oncology Nursing Society members employed in direct patient-care positions and 26 nonmembers with chemotherapy administration responsibilities employed in different settings. Mailed investigator-developed questionnaire containing 24 demographic and open-ended questions. Nurses' descriptions of the nature and severity of chemotherapy medication errors. Chemotherapy medication errors were reported to have occurred in the workplace of 63% of the respondents, and 140 errors were described. Errors included under- and overdosing, schedule and timing errors, wrong drugs, infusion-rate errors, omission of drugs or hydration, improper preparation of drugs, and chemotherapy given to the wrong patients. Stress, understaffing, lack of experience, and unclear orders were cited as factors believed to contribute to the occurrence of the errors. Most of the errors were reported internally, but only 3% were known to be reported to national reporting databases or drug manufacturers. Chemotherapy medication errors are not uncommon and infrequently are reported externally to databases or manufacturers. Risk management strategies to promote safe chemotherapy administration include comprehensive chemotherapy administration training, adherence to basic principles of medication administration, and adequate staffing. Oncology nurses need to know how and when to report chemotherapy medication errors to national databases and drug manufacturers. |
As the 32-bit devices have been a little neglected of late, long in the tooth as they are, this new release could help to spice things up a little. Developer tihmstar has updated his futurerestore tool, which we’ve reported on extensively in the past, with an interesting piece of legacy support.
It now includes all the functionality of the Odysseus downgrade tool, allowing users to levy their saved blobs to upgrade, downgrade, or restore their devices to unsigned firmware, hassle-free. In this guide, we’ll show you how.
If you’re looking to downgrade a 64-bit device, check out my Prometheus guide, which details how to use the futurerestore tool on newer models.
Requirements
A 32-bit device.
A jailbreak on the starting firmware.
The IPSW file for the destination firmware.
The updated futurerestore tool with libipatcher support.
Saved .shsh blobs for the destination firmware.
Public keys available for your device (most are, but if not, you’re out of luck).
A Mac or Linux computer. (These instructions are for Mac but Linux will be almost identical. There is currently no Windows support, so try a VM).
Instructions
1) Download the IPSW for your destination firmware.
2) Download the latest version of futurerestore with libipatcher support. Unzip it.
3) Create a folder on your Desktop called futurerestore.
4) Put the destination IPSW, the futurerestore_macos file and your destination firmware .shsh blob inside the futurerestore folder on your Desktop.
5) Open Cydia on your iOS device and add the following repo:
http://repo.tihmstar.net
6) Install the kDFUApp package from that repo.
7) Connect your iOS device to your computer, and launch the kDFUApp from your home screen.
8) Slide all the sliders in the app until they’re green, and then press enter kDFU to reboot your device into pwned DFU mode ready for the restore. Don’t worry about which firmware is selected by kDFUApp’s first slider, it doesn’t matter. If kDFUApp does not support your device yet you will have to find an iBSS to use from another source, which is beyond the scope of this article. Alternatively, kDFUApp will be updated at some point to widen its support.
iTunes may open and inform you that it has detected a device in Recovery Mode. This is fine, and in fact confirms that kDFU mode has been entered. Simply quit iTunes without making any changes.
9) Open a Terminal window on your computer. Type cd, followed by a space, and then drag your futurerestore folder from the Desktop onto the Terminal window. Hit Enter.
10) Now enter the following command into Terminal:
chmod +x ./futurerestore_macos
The futurerestore_macos file in your folder should now have the square black symbol indicating it is executable.
11) Now all we have to do is run the futurerestore command with the right options. The command looks like this:
./futurerestore_macos -t SHSH.shsh --latest-baseband --use-pwndfu IPSW.ipsw
Replace SHSH.shsh with the name of your .shsh file.
with the name of your .shsh file. Replace IPSW.ipsw with the name of your .ipsw file.
with the name of your .ipsw file. If you are using a non-cellular device, like a WiFi-only iPad or an iPod touch, replace –latest-baseband with –no-baseband.
An example command to downgrade an iPad 2 (WiFi) from iOS 9.3.4 to iOS 8.3 would be:
./futurerestore_macos -t iPad2,1_8.3-12F69.shsh --no-baseband --use-pwndfu iPad2,1_8.3_12F69_Restore.ipsw
And an example to restore an iPhone 5 from iOS 9.0.2 to iOS 9.0.2 would be:
./futurerestore_macos -t iPhone5,2-9.0.2.shsh --latest-baseband --use-pwndfu iPhone5,2_9.0.2_13A452_Restore.ipsw
Be sure to double-check your filenames are correct and the files are in the futurerestore folder before issuing the command. If you wish to use a signed baseband other than the latest one please refer to tihmstar’s video, or my Prometheus guide which also shows how to specify the baseband and build manifests. Whilst this is not significantly harder, you must specify several more files in the restore command and so I will leave it out of this guide. It should not be necessary to do this anyway; the latest baseband seems to be compatible with all destination firmwares so far in testing.
12) Once you are ready, issue the command with Enter. Make sure your device is still plugged in, with a black screen (kDFU mode), and that you do not disconnect it until the process is done. The restore will initiate. Watch the Terminal output for errors, and look out for your iOS device’s screen flashing green at one point. This is desired and means the process is successfully begun. If it reboots without a green screen then it may not have worked.
With luck, the restore will complete successfully and your device will return to the iOS setup screens. You are now back to the firmware of your choice!
The addition of Odysseus functionality to futurerestore is very powerful, allowing the restoring of all legacy devices to any firmware with a single Terminal command, if you have the blobs to back it up. I’ve used it several times already and it has worked perfectly on every occasion.
Leave a comment down below if you need additional help with this process, and to let me know your results. Did it work for you? Are keys not available for your device, or is it not supported by the kDFU app? |
package unfiltered.server
import unfiltered.specs2.SecureClient
import org.specs2.mutable._
class SslServerSpec extends Specification with unfiltered.specs2.Hosted with SecureClient {
import unfiltered.response._
import unfiltered.request._
import unfiltered.request.{Path => UFPath}
import unfiltered.jetty.Server
import unfiltered.util.Port
// generated keystore for localhost
// keytool -keystore keystore -alias unfiltered -genkey -keyalg RSA
val keyStorePath = getClass.getResource("/keystore").getPath
val keyStorePasswd = "unfiltered"
val securePort = Port.any
lazy val server = Server.https(
securePort,
"0.0.0.0",
keyStorePath = keyStorePath,
keyStorePassword = keyStorePasswd
).plan(filt)
lazy val httpServer = Server.http(port, "0.0.0.0").plan(filt)
step { server.start(); httpServer.start() }
val filt = unfiltered.filter.Planify(secured.onPass(whatever))
def secured =
unfiltered.kit.Secure.redir[Any,Any]( {
case req @ UFPath(Seg("unprotected" :: Nil)) =>
Pass
case req @ UFPath(Seg("protected" :: Nil)) =>
ResponseString(req.isSecure.toString) ~> Ok
}, securePort)
def whatever = unfiltered.Cycle.Intent[Any,Any] {
case req =>
ResponseString(req.isSecure.toString) ~> Ok
}
"A Secure Server" should {
"redirect and serve to secure requests" in {
https(host / "protected").as_string must_== "true"
}
"explicit pass to insecure" in {
https(host / "unprotected").as_string must_== "false"
}
"nonmatching pass to insecure" in {
https(host).as_string must_== "false"
}
}
step {
server.stop()
server.destroy()
httpServer.stop()
httpServer.destroy()
}
}
|
PB Golden Care
Keep you protected at all times from the unexpected and ease you from the financial burden arising from an accident.
What is PB Golden Care?
PB Golden Care is a protection plan which provides compensation in the event of injury, dismemberment or death caused solely by violent, accidental, external and visible means.
This product is created exclusively for Public Bank account holders where payment can be made via credit card/debit card/Public Bank Savings account.
How can you and your family benefit from this plan?
Accident Medical Treatment Benefit allows the insured to be reimbursed for the medical treatment expenses incurred within 365 days from the date of accident.
Broken Bones & Dislocation Benefit is payable if the insured suffers from bone fractures or dislocation within 90 days from the date of accident.
Mobility Aid Benefit allows the insured to be reimbursed for the mobility aid equipment expenses incurred if the insured suffers from bone fractures or dislocation within 90 days from the date of the accident.
Traditional & Complementary Treatment Benefit allows the insured to be reimbursed for the treatment expenses by an acupuncturist, bonesetter, chiropractor and/or osteopath incurred within 90 days from the date of the accident.
Accidental Death and Dismemberment Benefit is payable if the insured passes away or suffers dismemberment within 365 days from the date of accident.
Easy and Simple Enrolment Process where no medical examination is required.
There are 3 affordable plans with different benefit amounts.
Please refer to the Table of Benefits below.
Entry Age
Minimum Age
Insured - 45 years old (last birthday)
Maximum Age
Insured - 72 years old (last birthday)
Coverage Term
Up to age 85 years old (last birthday)
Table of Benefits
Benefits
Plan 1
Plan 2
Plan 3
i) Accident Medical Treatment Benefit1
Up to RM 5,000 per year
Up to RM 7,000 per year
Up to RM 10,000 per year
ii) Broken Bones & Dislocation Benefit2, 3
Up to RM 20,000 per year
Up to RM 25,000 per year
Up to RM 35,000 per year
iii) Mobility Aid Benefit3
Up to RM 300 per year
Up to RM 400 per year
Up to RM 500 per year
iv) Traditional & Complementary Treatment Benefit4
Up to RM 100 per visit
Subject to maximum of RM 1,000 per year
v) Accidental Death & Dismemberment Benefit2
RM 50,000
Notes:
This benefit also extends to cover dengue fever and food poisoning.
Please refer to the Schedule of Indemnities in the policy contract for broken bones & dislocation and death & dismemberment covered in your plan and the percentages of the benefit amount applicable for each type of event.
This benefit is only claimable provided that the insured has first consulted a registered medical practitioner and produced a proof of bone fractures and/or dislocation by X-ray.
Traditional & Complementary Treatment shall mean acupuncture, bone setter treatment, chiropractic therapy & osteopathy. This benefit is only claimable provided that the insured has first consulted a registered medical practitioner and produced a proof of bone fractures by X-ray (if required by AIA General Berhad).
What are the major exclusions for PB Golden Care?
The major exclusions are stated as below:
Pre-existing conditions
Bacterial, viral and fungal infections
Any kind of disease or sickness or congenital defects
Medical or surgical treatment (except those necessitated by accidental bodily injuries, food poisoning and dengue covered by this plan)
Suicide or intentional self-injury
Childbirth, pregnancy or miscarriage
Professional sports
AIDS or HIV infection
Mental or nervous disorders; under the influence of alcohol or use of drugs/narcotics of any kind
The description, benefits, exclusions, terms and conditions described above have been summarised and are not exhaustive. Details of more complete terms, conditions and exclusions are available in the policy contract.
What if I change my mind about this coverage?
You can call the AIA Customer Service Hotline at 1-800-181-464 to cancel your policy over the phone before the policy contract is issued. Alternatively, you may cancel your coverage at any time by submitting a written notice to AIA General Berhad.
**This product is specially brought to Public Bank’s customers via its insurance program with AIA General Berhad and is sold through Telemarketing only.
Sign up today and get protected. To find out more, please contact Public Bank’s toll free line at 1-800-22-9999. |
This scenery represents MUSC Abel Santamaria Airport for X-Plane 11. All information was compiled from Google, which is why no one has tried to make it before, (no accurate textures and sizes)! All of our scenery, including this one, autogen, custom buildings, new ground lights moving jetways and more!
MUSC Abel Santamaria is an international airport serving Santa Clara, the capital city of the Villa Clara Province in Cuba.
It was named after the Cuban revolutionary Abel Santamaría.
On August 31, 2016, JetBlue Flight 387 from Fort Lauderdale, Florida landed at the airport to commence regular commercial flights between Fort Lauderdale and Santa Clara, the first commercial
flight from the United States to Cuba in 54 years following the thaw in Cuba-United States relations. |
Dallas Stars General Manager Jim Nill announced today that the club has signed defenseman Ondrej Vala to a three-year entry-level contract.
Vala, 18, is currently playing his second season with the Kamloops Blazers of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He has skated in two games this season with the club, recording eight penalty minutes. During the 2015-16 season with the Blazers, he was the only team defensemen to skate in all 72 regular-season games and recorded 21 points (4-17=21), ranking third among club defensemen in both points (21) and assists (17). In seven postseason contests, he recorded one assist (0-1=1).
"Ondrej has shown a combination of size and physicality along with the ability to play a defensively responsible game at the junior hockey level," said Nill. "He was part of our team this year at the Traverse City Tournament and we look forward to his continued development playing for Don Hay and the coaching staff in Kamloops."
The 6-foot-4, 210-pound native of Kolin, Czech Republic has competed on the international level for the Czech Republic, skating in five games at the 2016 IIHF U18 World Championship in Grand Forks, N.D. He also represented his country at the 2015 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Cup, appearing in four games. |
Waking early our first full day at Little Governors’ Camp in the Maasai Mara Reserve in Kenya, we were startled to see elephant, hippo, and warthog tracks circling close to the edges of our canvas tent. Was that also a lion’s paw print inches from the tent flap?
The camp was unfenced with the guest tents and dining hall situated around a large, popular waterhole. The freshly made tracks around our tent were evidence that the wildlife came and went through camp at all hours of the day and night. Andy, my husband, and I were warned not to walk anywhere unescorted and to zip our tent up tight every time we departed so that the proprietarytroop of baboons would not enter and steal stuff. They were partial to toothpaste and film canisters, judging from their raid of the tent next to us the day before.
As we left the tent, shivering in the pre-dawn chill, whistling announced we had company. A tall young Maasai warrior bedecked in bold primary-colored beaded necklaces and shirtless with only a red cloth, called a matavuvale, wrapped around his narrow hips, was waiting outside our tent. A vintage silver coffee service was balanced on one palm, and slung over his shoulder was an antique Winchester rifle. He announced in an oddly soft voice, “My name is Nchaama. I am here to guard you.” Galen, our four-year-old son, stared with saucer eyes as Nchaama towered over him, pouring coffee and hot chocolate into bone-white porcelain cups. Faint music emanated from his body. Walkman wires wound through his plaited hair and looped around his extended earlobes that grazed his shoulders. The song keening from the headphones was a classic: “Jumpin’ Jack Flash.”
While we savored our steaming drinks, Nchaama stood silently nearby, balanced on one foot. The other rested against his inner thigh. His smallish head bobbed to the Stones. Then, in a deep melodic voice he stated, “You are not allowed to go anywhere without an armed escort—that is me. Even from your tent to the dining hall.” Andy raised his eyebrows as I felt my heart beat faster. We had picked this walk-in safari camp because of its unique isolation, accessible only by small plane, jeep, then a boat ride to the trail that led to the camp. Andy and I did not expect a private armed guard and wild animals right outside our tent!
Nchaama looked off into the distance, the entire time not wavering, even though he was still standing with only one foot planted on the ground. Slowly, he looked down at us in our canvas camp chairs, shook his head at our naïveté, and said, “Two weeks before you arrived, a woman was gored by a cape buffalo who was peevedthat she was on his trail.” He continued the litany of dangers, saying, “Never, never stand on the river bank close to the water’s edge. A tourist disappeared down there. We think a Nile crocodile lunged out of the water, knocked him over with its giant tail, and pulled him into the river. He is now stuffed under a log rotting somewhere. And the crocodile is eating him. They have very bad breath!”
This regal, slip-thin man who had been so animated, who smelled faintly of blood-rich game meat and sour milk, withdrew into silence again. As we continued to chew on freshly baked buttery scones, we were also digesting the myriad of dangers that could befall us on our family vacation. Disneyland this was not!
Suddenly, Nchaama sprung into action and collected our dishes, which would have been annoying, as we hadn’t finished breakfast, but didn’t matter since we had lost our appetites. With one bony, hooked finger he beckoned us to gather our gear and follow him. With no small amount of trepidation we fell into step, trying to keep up with his long-limbed stride. Like most tourists on safari we were loaded down with video gear, decked out in tan-colored jackets with row upon row of pockets crammed with film canisters, candy bars, water, and sunscreen. I felt like a walking Walgreens in a Banana Republic safari outfit.
The footpath wound through camp and skirted the waterhole where hippos floated, submerged, with nostrils poking above the waterline like rubbery periscopes. We tiptoed and whispered because hippos have a reputation of being easily annoyed and a cantankerous lot with a mean bite when they decide to sink their thick teeth into you. Plus, they can run really fast—like an out-of-control linebacker on stubby legs. Something I did not want to witness this early in the morning.
We got past the watering hole in one piece and headed into the dense bush. White-bellied Go-away-birds and Lilac-breasted Rollers heralded the rising sun. The cool air quickly evaporated as the sun glinted higher and the light grew sharper.
Galen held my hand and chirped questions in a singsong happy trill. “Where are the giraffes?” he asked. It thrilled him that his stuffed toys at home in California had morphed into super-sized, real-life African animals. When we had flown into Little Governors’ Camp from Nairobi the day before in a Cessna, a large herd of giraffes dramatically draped in caramel-colored spots were startled by the plane’s engine thrum and galloped, legs akimbo, down the dirt runway. They moved like mechanical toys.
Nchaama and Andy walked ahead of us on the trail. A trumpeting from deep within the canopy broke the morning avian cacophony. The bushes rattled just a few yards away from us on the side of the trail. Then, another loud trumpet blast blew the branches apart like a theater curtain and an African savanna elephant poked his head from the green wall, flapped his sail-sized ears in our direction, and raised his trunk in yet another and even more urgent warning. He stood defiantly a stone’s throw distance away on the left side of the trail.
“Run, run!” Nchaama shouted.
Maasai, who have very long legs, are known for their Olympic track medals. Much to my surprise, Andy was on his heels, having dropped the video equipment to bolt forward after Nchaama in a champion sprint. They both disappeared down the trail, leaving Galen and me to fend for ourselves.
My feet were frozen to the ground and I gripped Galen’s hand tightly. He was preoccupied with a glossy horned rhinoceros beetle crawling on the trail in front of him, completely unconcerned about the elephant’s threatening attitude or proximity. I glanced surreptitiously at the elephant, avoiding eye contact. He glowered directly at me. His great bulk seethed as he stomped his large padded feet, put his head down, and charged at us. I scooped up my son and the camera gear bag and flew helter-skelter down the path. The pachyderm’s thunderous pounding grew louder as he gained speed and closed the gap between us.
Galen giggled and pointed back at the elephant in glee as he jostled up and down on my hip with every stride. He thought this was a game of chase. Just as I was about to drop the gear in order to run faster and keep a tight grip on my squirming son, the trail turned a bend and there was the riverbank. Nchaama and my husband were already perched in the skiff, ready to shove off. They waved me on with encouraging cheers. “Come on, you can do it! Watch out for the crocodiles!” They yelled and slapped their thighs. Did they think this was some kind of circus relay?
I plopped Galen and myself into the boat with no help from either of the men. My heart pounded. My face was red. I was a sweaty mess pumped up on adrenaline. And I was really pissed off.
The bull elephant had stopped his chase and stood a ways off looking at us, slowly flapping his ears. Then, he nonchalantly sauntered back into the bushes. “He is heading to the garbage cans now,” Nchaama said in a casual tone that insinuated this survival race was a daily occurrence.
I swiveled around and took a good, long, and reassessing look at Andy. He was chatting with Nchaama as if nothing had happened. Doubts about his parental instincts swirled around my mind. I vowed not to talk to him for the rest of the day.
Nachaama maneuvered the skiff past a few floating hippos and we were dropped off on the other side of the Mara River where a jeep idled. Nchaama (who I was also not speaking to) introduced us to our personal guide and driver for the next five days of our safari. He was short and round with very different features than the Maasai. He seemed aloof as he introduced himself. “My name is Josef. I am Kikuyu.” The Kikuyu are Kenya’s largest ethnic group and rivals of the Maasai.
We had specifically requested Josef because his reputation was unsurpassed. What Josef lacked in personality and charm he made up for in an uncanny ability to pinpoint the location of the game animals on any given day. This was crucial. A typical safari could take hours and hours of driving over the savanna with nary a critter in sight.
The Maasai Mara Reserve is the size of Rhode Island and the animals roam freely throughout. It was obvious each night during dinner which guests had had sightings that day. Their conversations were animated as they chittered and chattered excitedly about lions and cheetahs, zebras, hyenas, even rhinos. Then there were the sullen, quiet tables—guests who’d endured the all-day dusty jeep treks with little wildlife. It was hard to witness their postured disappointment in the candlelit dining hall as their somber, elongated shadows wavered on the taupe fabric tent walls.
Josef also turned out to be the driver for the stars and had just spent a week with Mick Jagger, Jerry Hall, and their kids. Mick hadn’t cared about seeing the wildlife. He had requested Josef to drive them far away from people and even lions, park under a shade tree, mix martinis, and lay out picnics while the family played card games undisturbed.
Josef emanated a keen dislike for tourists, but took a shine to Galen and invited him to sit in the front of the jeep, leaving Andy and me bumping along the rutted tracks on the springless back seat. Fortunately, our son was oblivious to my simmering unhappiness as I mulled over the elephant incident. He joyfully sang ditties he made up about the animals—the highlight being when we encountered a pride of lions lying about like a plush wildcat carpet, sultans and sultanas sated after a kill. Galen stood on the seat, holding onto the lowered window, leaned out, and crooned an improvised lullaby to the lions in an angelic, unselfconscious child’s voice. The lions swiveled their heads toward us in the shimmering midday heat, perked up their ears and…grinned. Josef shook his head in disbelief and said with unusual zest, “I have never seen the lions smile or had anybody sing to them. Even Mick Jagger!” From that moment on, Galen sat on Josef’s lap and steered the jeep across the vast savanna plain, both of them humming and crooning away as if Andy and I weren’t in the vehicle with them.
The ornery bull elephant never made another appearance during our daily half-mile tromp on the trail from the camp to the river, but his trumpeted warnings continued to ring in my head.
By our last day, I was almost used to the snuffling and snorting of animals milling about, checking out our tent at night, though their inquisitive noises invaded my sleep. Giant animals paraded through my dreamscape bellowing and roaring.
Our five-day safari was over. Nchaama, who I continued to view as a coward, escorted us one last time to the riverbank and waved goodbye. The dinghy floated us across the river, avoiding the floating rumps and heads of the hippos, where Josef waited in the jeep to drive us to the airstrip. He lingered with us in the shade of a lone Shepherd’s Tree while he and Galen drew animals in the red dust with a crooked stick as we waited for the plane to appear on the horizon. A bruised silence hung between Andy and me in the stiflingly hot, dry air.
As we boarded the plane, Josef hugged Galen and said, “You must return. I will show you how to be a safari guide and you will teach me the animal songs.” He then lifted Galen up to me before the pilot closed the door. I sat a few seats away from Andy. The Cessna’s propellers spun faster and faster as we lofted into the relentless blue sky. From the tiny plane window the landscape shimmered and undulated in the heat. Below us, the awkward-legged giraffes scattered in all directions.
Lisa Alpine is the author of Exotic Life: Laughing Rivers, Dancing Drums and Tangled Hearts (Best Women’s Adventure Memoir in the BAIPA Book Awards). When not wrestling with words, exploring the ecstatic realms of dance, swimming with sea creatures, or waiting for a flight, Lisa is tending her orchards. Her gardens of vivid flowers and abundant fruit remind her that the future is always ripe with possibilities. |
sustainable living at our farm, inn & cooking school in Le Marche, Italy
Tuesday, March 21
Podcast from Italy: Ahh the beauracracy, it can come 8 years later and bite ya! + Chapter 4 of The Book
We are in full spring cleaning mode - from painting the guest rooms, working in the garden, planting flowers and taking care of business before the guests arrive in a week and half! That means tieing up loose ends with our immigration and farmer's union as well.... (Photos are from the peanut gallery at Coldiretti - the farmers union!) We find out the hard way that even 8 years later the beauracracy can come back and bite ya if you didn't take care of it properly. Lots of dinner with Gaggi and his totally comedic frustration of a dinner with bread. And Chapter 4 of the untitled, unpublished book about our move to Italy 10 years ago!
Podcast from Italy: #98 - Ahh the beauracracy, it can come 8 years later and bite ya! + Chapter 4 of The Book - Dowload/Stream on iTunes, Stitcher or Podbean
Please subscribe to our Youtube Channel and check out all our latest Vlog from Italy videos! |
earest 1000?
5000
What is 0.000017233 rounded to six dps?
0.000017
What is 4400000 rounded to the nearest 100000?
4400000
What is 9.3324 rounded to one decimal place?
9.3
Round 1695.23 to the nearest one hundred.
1700
What is 25550 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
30000
Round -0.008993 to four decimal places.
-0.009
Round -0.19791 to two dps.
-0.2
What is -19.454 rounded to the nearest integer?
-19
What is -269700 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-270000
Round 0.588 to 1 dp.
0.6
What is 0.061385 rounded to two dps?
0.06
What is -0.000000164 rounded to 6 dps?
0
Round 0.03676 to 3 decimal places.
0.037
What is -2.29842 rounded to 2 decimal places?
-2.3
What is -0.00001464 rounded to six dps?
-0.000015
What is 0.00012419 rounded to 6 dps?
0.000124
Round 1857780 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
1900000
What is -75350 rounded to the nearest one hundred?
-75400
Round 23000 to the nearest ten thousand.
20000
What is -0.0000043563 rounded to 7 dps?
-0.0000044
What is 0.000928 rounded to three decimal places?
0.001
Round -0.2891 to one decimal place.
-0.3
Round 23034000 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
23000000
Round -0.000397 to five decimal places.
-0.0004
Round -135670000 to the nearest 1000000.
-136000000
Round 612920 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
600000
What is 538890 rounded to the nearest 1000?
539000
What is -0.51378 rounded to 1 decimal place?
-0.5
Round -0.000039234 to 6 decimal places.
-0.000039
Round -1.529 to 1 decimal place.
-1.5
What is -288400 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
-288000
Round -0.0175194 to four dps.
-0.0175
What is -30678 rounded to the nearest 1000?
-31000
What is 98.2 rounded to the nearest 10?
100
Round 0.691 to one dp.
0.7
What is -122.445 rounded to the nearest 10?
-120
Round 0.000001506 to seven dps.
0.0000015
Round 0.0069583 to 3 decimal places.
0.007
What is -0.00000283714 rounded to seven dps?
-0.0000028
Round 14.743 to zero decimal places.
15
Round 287 to the nearest 100.
300
Round -78000 to the nearest 1000000.
0
What is 0.00051088 rounded to 5 decimal places?
0.00051
Round 0.5751 to one dp.
0.6
What is -732000 rounded to the nearest 100000?
-700000
Round -0.009873 to 3 dps.
-0.01
What is 0.000004017 rounded to six decimal places?
0.000004
Round 296.35 to the nearest ten.
300
What is 15480000 rounded to the nearest 100000?
15500000
What is 284700 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
280000
Round 9.104 to the nearest integer.
9
What is -0.0000601 rounded to five dps?
-0.00006
Round -92300 to the nearest 1000.
-92000
What is -1856000 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-1860000
What is 1.10169 rounded to three dps?
1.102
Round 44686000 to the nearest 1000000.
45000000
What is -0.0001249 rounded to 6 dps?
-0.000125
What is 0.56666 rounded to 1 decimal place?
0.6
What is -7.342 rounded to zero dps?
-7
What is 0.030974 rounded to four dps?
0.031
Round -40.48 to the nearest ten.
-40
What is -1.394 rounded to 2 dps?
-1.39
What is 657630 rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?
700000
What is -3.11 rounded to 1 decimal place?
-3.1
Round 38.894 to the nearest 10.
40
Round 0.85 to 1 dp.
0.9
What is 0.00003483 rounded to five dps?
0.00003
What is 244000 rounded to the nearest 10000?
240000
Round -125.56 to the nearest integer.
-126
Round 36.8075 to one dp.
36.8
What is 2431800 rounded to the nearest 10000?
2430000
What is 0.00001755 rounded to 6 dps?
0.000018
Round 380 to the nearest ten.
380
Round -1820 to the nearest one hundred.
-1800
Round -1.2351 to one dp.
-1.2
Round 12762000 to the nearest one million.
13000000
Round -0.039424 to three dps.
-0.039
Round 0.0000026733 to 6 decimal places.
0.000003
Round -0.000059977 to 5 decimal places.
-0.00006
Round 0.000048995 to 6 dps.
0.000049
What is -325900 rounded to the nearest 10000?
-330000
Round -71.8 to the nearest 10.
-70
Round 0.000027541 to 5 decimal places.
0.00003
Round 77550 to the nearest ten thousand.
80000
What is 1.2421 rounded to 1 decimal place?
1.2
Round 1.9826 to one dp.
2
Round 0.5653 to two dps.
0.57
Round -1173.8 to the nearest one hundred.
-1200
What is 0.000035 rounded to 6 decimal places?
0.000035
What is 13587 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
14000
Round 17495 to the nearest 1000.
17000
What is -0.0000284841 rounded to 7 dps?
-0.0000285
What is -1.126 rounded to one decimal place?
-1.1
Round 0.000007802 to six decimal places.
0.000008
Round 590500 to the nearest ten thousand.
590000
What is 0.0001991 rounded to 5 decimal places?
0.0002
What is -2288600 rounded to the nearest 1000000?
-2000000
Round -724.1 to the nearest ten.
-720
What is 0.0028572 rounded to three dps?
0.003
What is 0.00013367 rounded to five dps?
0.00013
What is -426 rounded to the nearest 10?
-430
What is -132000 rounded to the nearest 100000?
-100000
What is 0.019102 rounded to three decimal places?
0.019
Round -0.14687 to one decimal place.
-0.1
Round -0.000947 to four dps.
-0.0009
What is -18100000 rounded to the nearest one million?
-18000000
Round -8488 to the nearest one thousand.
-8000
What is 1.023 rounded to 2 decimal places?
1.02
What is 0.00000899 rounded to six decimal places?
0.000009
What is 1550 rounded to the nearest one hundred?
1600
What is 0.000001392 rounded to 6 decimal places?
0.000001
Round -163.15 to the nearest integer.
-163
Round -0.0000115622 to 7 dps.
-0.0000116
Round -11.928 to 0 dps.
-12
What is 0.01789 rounded to four dps?
0.0179
What is -238796 rounded to the nearest 10000?
-240000
What is -28170 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
-30000
Round -0.00047754 to five decimal places.
-0.00048
Round 0.00007195 to five decimal places.
0.00007
Round -0.000000097 to 7 dps.
-0.0000001
What is 0.000000609 rounded to seven decimal places?
0.0000006
What is -18859 rounded to the nearest 1000?
-19000
Round -683000 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
-700000
Round -0.013022 to three decimal places.
-0.013
Round 0.0008973 to four dps.
0.0009
What is 30300 rounded to the nearest 10000?
30000
What is -2162.8 rounded to the nearest ten?
-2160
Round 75400 to the nearest one thousand.
75000
Round -1.268 to the nearest integer.
-1
Round -0.035694 to 3 dps.
-0.036
What is 306800 rounded to the nearest 100000?
300000
What is -0.000002211 rounded to 7 dps?
-0.0000022
Round -253160000 to the nearest one million.
-253000000
What is -0.000001567 rounded to seven decimal places?
-0.0000016
Round -0.00155244 to 4 decimal places.
-0.0016
What is 3830.1 rounded to the nearest 10?
3830
What is 0.000004029 rounded to 6 decimal places?
0.000004
Round -3223000 to the nearest one hundred thousand.
-3200000
Round -0.006425 to two dps.
-0.01
Round 5735.1 to the nearest 1000.
6000
What is 0.7677 rounded to 2 decimal places?
0.77
Round 2.7494 to 1 decimal place.
2.7
Round -197890 to the nearest ten thousand.
-200000
Round -21008 to the nearest 1000.
-21000
What is -15.37 rounded to the nearest ten?
-20
Round -54900 to the nearest 1000.
-55000
What is -0.001247 rounded to 4 decimal places?
-0.0012
Round -0.046048 to 2 decimal places.
-0.05
Round 20.682 to one dp.
20.7
Round 300 to the nearest 1000.
0
Round -0.00020643 to 6 dps.
-0.000206
Round -4719 to the nearest one hundred.
-4700
What is -0.0001279 rounded to 5 decimal places?
-0.00013
Round -14.073 to the nearest integer.
-14
Round -0.0000304 to 4 decimal places.
0
What is -0.00869 rounded to 3 dps?
-0.009
Round 0.00008695 to five dps.
0.00009
What is -23460000 rounded to the nearest 1000000?
-23000000
What is 1.83004 rounded to one dp?
1.8
What is 51.552 rounded to the nearest integer?
52
Round -1272000 to the nearest 1000000.
-1000000
What is -8264700 rounded to the nearest one million?
-8000000
What is 64679 rounded to the nearest one thousand?
65000
What is -1216150 rounded to the nearest 100000?
-1200000
What is 0.54269 rounded to three decimal places?
0.543
Round -8844 to the nearest 1000.
-9000
What is -0.0010994 rounded to four dps?
-0.0011
What is -0.000351528 rounded to 6 dps?
-0.000352
Round -3.4204 to 2 decimal places.
-3.42
What is -1541 rounded to the nearest 10?
-1540
What is 112110 rounded to the nearest ten thousand?
110000
Round -0.00001971 to six decimal places.
-0.00002
Round 0.000002907 to 6 dps.
0.000003
Round -13540 to the nearest ten thousand.
-10000
Round 0.2233 to three |
1. Field
This document relates to a plasma display panel.
2. Related Art
A plasma display panel (PDP) comprises a phosphor layer within a discharge cell partitioned by barrier ribs and a plurality of electrodes for applying a driving signal to the discharge cell.
In the PDP, if the driving signal is applied to the discharge cell, a discharge gas filled within the discharge cell generates vacuum ultraviolet rays. The vacuum ultraviolet rays emit phosphors within the discharge cell, thereby implementing an image.
In recent years, there has been much research done in order to solve maximize the quality of the PDP. As part of it, there has been active research done in order to increase emission efficiency by coating a greater amount of phosphors effectively. |
Disability, Inclusion, and the Zombie Apocalypse
Look. Contrary to how we seem to be acting, we are not actually in the zombie apocalypse. Or, any kind of apocalypse at all. If you doubt my claims, I suggest you look out of your window. Go on, peep. Are there undead corpses roaming around? Are there locusts and frogs raining down from the heavens? The sky is up high and the ground is down low, right? Oceans where you left them? Phew! What a relief.
I am so sick and tired of people justifying exclusion and discrimination by making it seem like we are in the end of days. I mean, okay, for most of human history, the struggle to survive has been real. Back in the day, we were romping about the earth in furs and spears, sure, life was more tenuous. But. That was a verrrrry long time ago.
In the last, say, two hundred years, humans have been ridiculously busy. Anesthesia, dishwashers, photography, air travel, mechanized farming, the internet, nuclear power, toilet paper, vaccines, instant coffee, machine guns, antibiotics, contraceptive pills… These are all from the last blink of an eye in the timeline of human history. Some good, some bad, some TBD.
With all that modern invention, we have gotten to the point that we collectively make 2,720 kilocalories of food for every person on this space rock of ours. Yes, I believe it is true. Yet somehow, huge numbers of us are starving and in poverty, because we can’t stop fighting and trashing the planet long enough to take care of our fellow human beings. We are our own worst enemies.
In this country, especially, I cannot believe that we are arguing about lacking resources to address poverty, lack of access, and inequality. We throw out more food than paper, plastic, metal or glass combined in this country, and we have the largest material requirements in the world (to support our apparently dire need of huge houses, extra cars, bottled water, etc.). I mean, we are a nation that is willing to pay upwards of $10,000 for Super Bowl tickets, for crying out loud.
What about the “if everyone did that” argument? If everyone were in a wheelchair? What if everyone had Down syndrome? If everyone were this, that and the other? I concede that yes, if every single person on the face of the planet suddenly lost use of his or her legs, sure, perhaps we would be in a pickle. If tomorrow, every single baby were born with a disability, yes, it would give me legitimate reason to pause.
These imaginary scenarios, however, are never going to happen. This obsession we have about what the ideal human should or shouldn’t be has got to stop. We are not all the same. That is the genius of the human condition. We are a diverse species, and that makes us strong. Maybe it is wired deep in our brains to worry about this stuff because back in the day, it was an actual possibility that 3 out of the 5 good hunters in the clan broke a limb or succumbed to a disability causing illness, and then the baby born that year had some significant condition. I get it, that would put the group in a real bind. But look, the interwebs tells me that the UN estimates there are somewhere around 7 billion people in this world. Between us all, we can stand to have a little variance. And, we make enough food to feed every single one of us. So is our situation actually so dire that people need to rant and rave in the comment section of every article about disability that “they” are sucking all of our resources? It isn’t about lacking resources, we need better systems to make the world more equitable (and this issue is not limited to disability, of course).
Which brings me to my original point: the zombie apocalypse. Given that we have left the period of human history in which we are living in truly tenuous times, I’ve tried to look into the future. Would there ever be a time in which this irrational obsession with (actually not so limited) resources would become somewhat rational? The only scenario I’ve managed to come up with is the zombie apocalypse. Even then, I’m more of a “live together, die together” type of gal, myself. But go look out the window again. No zombies. I’m even gonna go out on a limb and guess that there are no zombies in our immediate or even long-term future. We are more in danger of irreparably trashing the Earth in the next few decades, in which case the zombies won’t even have a planet to overrun, so no worries.
I’m an optimist. We can absolutely take care of each other, and in so doing, we will all benefit. We can have a more inclusive society; the resources exist, the talent exists, some people are working very hard at it. If we put more energy into supporting those efforts, I think we’d all be a lot happier. Plus, in the off-chance the zombie apocalypse does happen, I think learning how to more successfully cooperate will mean we’ll have a better chance at surviving anyways, am I right?
9 Comments on “Disability, Inclusion, and the Zombie Apocalypse”
Once again, well said. Your words have summed up such a try and real issues in the world today. Diversity should and needs to be respected. It is a beautiful thing and its time to really appreciate the differences people have to offer. Thank you for putting it out there; I am on the same page friend!
You know, I think that we have “evolved” (and I use that term loosely) *away* from the inclusive society that you and I hold as important and ideal. In the olden, OLDEN, days if a person was born with disabilities, that didn’t mean they were shuttled away (no option for this), it meant they worked in the field anyway. They may have been “slower,” they maybe had to help “at home” but there was no option but inclusion, every family/tribe had to work together, support and strengthen each other. What a concept.
And about the zombies – have you been reading comment threads? I advice against this. Strongly and with love.
Yes, i think there was that greater inclusiveness as you describe, but i think there were also much harsher measures taken against ppl with disabilities. I was just reading that in Rome, for example, babies with any kind of congenital defect were left out to die, by decree of the emperor.
I can’t seem to help reading the comment sections every now and then, I’m a terrible glutton for punishment! |
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EXACTLY, tburg68. They are either a bunch of veterans without a career anywhere close to Lefty's or young kids with no experience who you would never put in to start such an important game. I love speaking with most of the people on this website as they are usually well-informed and great Steelers fans, but on THIS topic it is a ship of fools with RealDealSteel as the captain. Worst backup in the league? Not even close.
If they put the ball in his lap and say win the game and he throws 4 picks, then that's the Steelers fault. All he needs to do is not turn the ball over, stay out of 3rd and long, convert 3rd downs and play within his abilities.
But as some of you have said and I agree, the Steelers will win or lose this game on how well the defense defends flacco and rice.
Part of that post is the disgust I feel for the situation we are in. But There are a bunch of bad back up QB's in the league. bad meaning that on a scale of 1-10 they are just a two. And Lefty is one of them. I've seen Lefty with reps. There was a reason a couple of years ago that Batch was chosen over Lefty. Nothing has changed in my book. Lefty wasn't good enough two years ago to be the backup starter in case of emergency.
instead of crying about how terrible lefty is, or how terrible batch is, why dont youy place the blame on the people that are actually responsible for our backup qb situation.
tomlin and colbert have had numerous opportunities to improve this psosition and havent done a thing..........cry about them.
lefty and batch will perform to the best of their abilities. that's all you can ask of them.
Part of that post is the disgust I feel for the situation we are in. But There are a bunch of bad back up QB's in the league. bad meaning that on a scale of 1-10 they are just a two. And Lefty is one of them. I've seen Lefty with reps. There was a reason a couple of years ago that Batch was chosen over Lefty. Nothing has changed in my book. Lefty wasn't good enough two years ago to be the backup starter in case of emergency.
Yeah there was a reason that Batch was chosen over Lefty in 2010. Lefty sprained his MCL in the pre-season finale and could not play. Up to that point, Lefty was the starter who was going to replace Ben during his suspension.
And you are completely sounding the retreat bugle again after being called out on a total lack of knowledge. You first stated that Lefty was the "worse (sic) backup in the league" but now have him merely in the same category as those on the list provided by tburg68. Comparing Lefty negatively to Kellen Clemons and the other dregs on that list is a joke.
Please tell us what backup QBs in this league you would rather have starting for us in the playoffs come January if Ben could not go for some reason. |
Single incision mid-urethral sling for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence.
To present the longitudinal outcomes in an observational cohort of patients who had undergone treatment of stress urinary incontinence with a single incision mid-urethral sling (MUS). A prospective, observational study of all female patients who had undergone surgical intervention with the MiniArc MUS was performed. The surgical candidates underwent history and physical examination and urodynamic testing, as indicated. Quality of life questionnaires (Urogenital Distress Inventory [UDI-6] and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire [IIQ-7]) were administered preoperatively. The salient operative data were recorded. The patients were followed up postoperatively for evidence of treatment success and adverse events. The patients completed the UDI-6, IIQ-7, and Female Sexual Function Index questionnaires at 1 and 12 months after treatment. From September 2007 to October 2008, 120 patients underwent placement of the MiniArc MUS for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. The mean patient age was 58.4 years. The mean body mass index was 27.2 kg/m(2). The mean preoperative daily pad use was 2.4. The mean preoperative IIQ-7 and UDI-6 score was 86.58 and 62.5, respectively. Of the 120 patients, 108 (90%) completed a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Of these 108 patients, 101 (94%) were cured/dry. The mean postoperative pad use was 0.2 (P < .001). The mean IIQ-7 and UDI-6 score was 13.32 (P < .001) and 12.5 (P < .001), respectively. The Female Sexual Function Index results demonstrated no discomfort with intercourse in 49%, occasional discomfort in 9%, and frequent discomfort in 2%. The remaining 40% of our patients were not sexually active. Our results have shown that the MiniArc MUS offers excellent outcomes that are durable at 1 year after treatment. |
Contents
Name
Appearance
Sker Buffaloes greatly resemble abnormally large water buffaloes but with several differences. They possess incredibly large horns that have forked into at least three branches. The Sker Buffaloes also have algae covering much of their bodies, probably due to their habit of being submerged underwater. Their backs are shaped like coral, and this physical feature allows them to camouflage with their surroundings.
Roar
The roars of Sker Buffaloes are mainly loud bellows, much like many large real world herbivores.
Personality
Sker Buffaloes are relatively passive herbivores that like to stay close to water, but they can be very aggressive if threatened or provoked.
Origins
The Sker Buffalo is a super-biological bovid that is largely amphibious in its grazing patterns.
Initial phylogenetic studies show DNA ancestry with the Asian water buffalo. Inhabiting lakes and large river systems, the Sker Buffalo is equipped with a remarkable evolutionary advantage: the beast's back and flanks are fused with hard bony structures and dense green foliage. Sustaining its florafaunal biology is a pulmonary heart divided into four chambers, two of which pump blood through the musculatory system, and two of which pump highly oxygenated chlorophyll to the plant-life growing from its body.
The Sker Buffalo has evolved the ability to exist in a submerged state beneath the water for days at a time. Its atoll-like back sitting above the surface to offer the perfect camouflage. They say no man is an island. This creature defies that principle.
Though largely docile, the Sker Buffalo is highly dangerous if threatened. Two huge horns fused to the base of the skull form an imposing bone shield and a deadly offensive weapon when charging.
History
Conrad, Weaver, Brooks, San and Slivko encountered a Sker Buffalo emerging out from a river. Another individual was killed and eaten by a Skullcrawler. Weaver then tried to rescue another that got trapped underneath the wreckage of a helicopter, but it was eventually freed by Kong.
Abilities
Amphibious Lifestyle
Sker Buffaloes are amphibious bovines that can stay submerged underwater for days.
Camouflage
The coral-shaped surface on the Sker Buffaloes' backs allows them to blend in with their environment.
Durability and Stamina
A Sker Buffalo was injured when it was trapped under the wreckage of a fallen helicopter until Kong released it. The Sker Buffalo was shown to got up and walk away with some ease, possibly to its the herd. It's possible that Sker Buffaloes have great endurance, since herding animals usually have large amount of stamina.
Physical Strength
Sker Buffaloes can use their massive horns as powerful and dangerous weapons against anything that they perceive as threats. Judging by their size and strength, Sker Buffaloes weren't strong enough to defend themselves from Skullcrawlers.
Speed
Sker Buffaloes are said to be able to charge at their enemies, but it is unknown how fast they can run, but they should be fast enough to do a significant amount of damage. However, they are usually slow-moving and are easy prey for Skullcrawlers. |
Q:
MathJax TypeSetting
I'm using MathJax for my personal blog (hosted on Github using Jekyll).
I notice that MathJax equations flicker when I refresh the page, the font was originally relatively small, and it looks thin, and less than half a second later, it would refresh and become much bolder.
I think I like the thin font style and smaller equations (that look much better inline with text) than the bolder version, so I try to configure it but failed. This is the documentation I'm looking at right now: http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/options/output-processors/HTML-CSS.html#configure-html-css
Here is my set up that's not working:
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
tex2jax: {
inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\\(','\\)']],
displayMath: [['$$','$$']],
processEscapes: true,
skipTags: ["script","noscript","style","textarea"],
preferredFont: "TeX",
scale: 90,
EqnChunkFactor: 1,
EqnChunk: 1,
EqnChunkDelay: 10
}
});
</script>
<script
type="text/javascript"
charset="utf-8"
src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML">
</script>
<script
type="text/javascript"
charset="utf-8"
src="https://vincenttam.github.io/javascripts/MathJaxLocal.js">
</script>
On the side note, I also have this annoying error message MathJaxLocal.js:1 Uncaught ReferenceError: MathJax is not defined.
Would really appreciate if someone answers this question!!
A:
You're asking two fairly different questions but let me wrap them together anyway.
flickering
The "flickering" is (probably) the PreviewHTML output )docs). This may be surprising but comes from the fact that the combined configuration file you're loading (TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML) MathJax will run the PreviewHTML output first, then the HTML-CSS output (cf. the combined config docs and the fastpreview extension docs.
You can use the PreviewHTML output like any other output manually but keep in mind that it is a far less complete (but faster) output processor which does not require webfonts (but uses whatever Times-like fonts the system has).
So following the configuration docs, something like
MathJax.Hub.Config({
messageStyle: "none",
extensions: ["tex2jax.js"],
jax: ["input/TeX", "output/PreviewHTML"],
tex2jax: {
inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], ["\\(","\\)"] ],
displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ["\\[","\\]"] ],
processEscapes: true
skipTags: ["script","noscript","style","textarea"]
}
TeX: {
// whatever is in MathJaxlocal.js
}
});
MathJax not defined
The error is due to the fact that all scripts on the page are loaded asynchronously. Very likely, MathJaxlocal.js will load and execute before MathJax.js (since it's on the same domain).
You'll need to ensure that the configuration is loaded before MathJax is. Luckily, MathJax can do that for you cf the docs.
Put your configuration in MathJaxLocal.js and then only load
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=https://vincenttam.github.io/javascripts/MathJaxLocal.js"></script>
See the link on how to add other configuration files, including combined ones from the CDN - which would make sense if you want to go back to a full output processor as the combined configurations are packaged more efficiently.
|
Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City Announces It Will Not Offer Individual Affordable Care Act (ACA) Plans in 2018
Kansas City, MO. (May 24, 2017) Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City (Blue KC) today announced the company’s decision to not offer or renew individual Affordable Care Act (ACA) plans in the company’s 32-county service area in Kansas and Missouri for 2018. This decision will affect Blue KC members with both on- and off- exchange individual plans but does not affect individual plans that were purchased on or prior to October 1, 2013.
“Since 2014, we’ve expended significant resources to offer individual ACA plans to increase access to quality healthcare coverage for the Kansas City community,” said Danette Wilson, President and CEO of Blue KC. “Like many other health insurers across the country, we have been faced with challenges in this market. Through 2016, we have lost more than $100 million. This is unsustainable for our company. We have a responsibility to our members and the greater community to remain stable and secure, and the uncertain direction of this market is a barrier to our continued participation.”
Blue KC has more than 1 million members, and this will affect approximately 67,000. This decision will not affect 2017 coverage. It also does not affect Blue KC members who are covered under one of its “grandfathered” or “grandmothered” plans. These plans were purchased on or prior to October 1, 2013. Additionally, members who receive coverage through their employers, as well as those who purchased a Medicare Advantage, Medicare Supplement, short-term or student health plan from Blue KC, are not affected.
“This decision is necessary at this time, but we’ll continue to work with federal and state legislators to identify solutions that will stabilize the individual market and bring costs down for our members, the community and Blue KC,” said Wilson.
For more information, visit: BlueKCAnswers.com, or call 1-888-737-7086. Affected Blue KC members will be notified via mail by Blue KC by July 1, 2017.
About Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City
Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City, the largest not-for-profit health insurer in Missouri and the only not-for-profit commercial health insurer in Kansas City, has been part of the Kansas City community since 1938. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City provides health coverage services to more than one million residents in the greater Kansas City area, including Johnson and Wyandotte counties in Kansas and 30 counties in Northwest Missouri. Our mission: to use our role as the area's leading health insurer to provide affordable access to health care and to improve the health of our members. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas City is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association. For more information on the company, visit its website at BlueKC.com. |
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Boxycharm December 2016 Spoilers #3!
Boxycharm is $21 a month with free US shipping & $5 shipping to Canada. Less if you sign up longer. They send mostly full size beauty items. You can expect 5-6 items each month. Cancel from your account anytime. |
Administrators of UWM HR-related shadow and supplemental systems are reminded that the data contained within these systems are public records per Wisconsin’s Public Records Law, Wis. Stat. 16.61.
Wisconsin’s Statutes make it clear that administrators are responsible for proper management, retention, and disposition of these records, including ensuring the continued authenticity and accessibility of electronic records, and managing data security.
Additionally, these records may also be subject to Wis. Stat. 19.31-19.39 (Open Records Law), which allows residents of Wisconsin to request access to public records, and which requires public agencies to provide that access in a timely manner. Inability to provide access to public records may bring legal or financial penalties to the University.
Shadow Systems
“Shadow systems” are non-UW System-supported applications, which extract data from UWS common systems, but which are not intended as the “official system of record.” As a result, these systems’ data are generally considered ‘convenience copies’ for the purposes of open records requests; administrators may usually refer requestors to the main HRS system.
It is important to note that even if data in shadow systems are “out-of-synchronization” with the data in HRS, system administrators may still be responsible for producing accurate records and reports on the data as represented in their system. Additionally, confidentiality and data security requirements still apply to records contained within shadow systems.
It is recommended that shadow systems be made fully compatible with HRS as early as is reasonably possible, to mitigate potential security or records access issues that may arise.
Supplemental Systems
A “supplemental system” is a locally-supported application or process which is dependent upon a common system-of-record as a data-source, but which also performs additional “value-added” creation, augmentation or modification of that data, to add important context or decision-supporting information, beyond what is held in the common system.
Supplemental systems’ data are considered to be public records for the purposes of open records requests; administrators are responsible for management of, providing access to, and appropriate protection and disposition of records held within these systems.
These records may or may not already be associated with a “Records Retention and Disposition Authority (RRDA),”also known as “records schedules”, which provides retention guidance and legally sanctions the destruction or archiving of records at the end of their active life, as appropriate.
If no records schedule exists, system administrators should work with UWM Records Management to develop and approve an appropriate RRDA. The Wisconsin Public Records board approves new RRDAs 4 times per year. For a partial list of active UWM RRDAs, see http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/arch/recordsmgt/schedules.cfm.
Background Information: What is a Records Schedule?
Records schedules, or Records Retention and Disposition Authorities (RRDAs), dictate to offices throughout the state of Wisconsin how long to keep their records (called the retention period) and what to do with those records once that time has passed (called the disposition instructions). UWM produces many records which are scheduled under general records schedules, which are RRDAs which cover record types produced by multiple offices.
Some units at UWM may also be covered by specific records schedules, which dictate retention and disposition of records for that office only. Under Wisconsin state law, records may not be destroyed unless they have been scheduled under an approved RRDA.
All records schedules sunset, or expire, after 10 years, at which point their associated records groups must be re-scheduled. |
Feb. 21 panel event to address "The Realities of Being a Minority Student at a PWI"
The Office of Equity Assurance (Title IX) students, faculty and staff to an informal panel discussion entitled: "The Realities of Being a Minority Student at a PWI." The event will take place on Wednesday, February 21 from 5–7 p.m. in G20 Ming Hsieh Hall.
Panelists from various cultural, intercultural, and identity-based student organizations will attend to share their experiences as current West Virginia University students. This event aims to elevate the voices of students from marginalized communities at WVU and educate those who are unfamiliar with their unique perspectives and concerns.
Take advantage of this opportunity to hear firsthand about the experiences of our minority students, and help identify ways WVU can foster a more inclusive and inviting atmosphere for all students. |
Dioscorea dumetorum
D. dumetorum
D. dumetorum
50
Trifoliate yam () is one example of an orphan crop, not traded internationally. Post-harvest hardening of the tubers of this species starts within 24 h after harvesting and renders the tubers inedible. Genomic resources are required forto improve breeding for non-hardening varieties as well as for other traits. We sequenced thegenome and generated the corresponding annotation. The two haplophases of this highly heterozygous genome were separated to a large extent. The assembly represents 485 Mbp of the genome with an Nof over 3.2 Mbp. A total of 35,269 protein-encoding gene models as well as 9941 non-coding RNA genes were predicted, and functional annotations were assigned. View Full-Text |
Accused show no remorse, yawn in court
Both the accused — Chand Abdul Sattar Shaikh and Vijay Jadhav — showed no remorse in the court when they were produced by the police seeking their custody.
The police had brought Shaikh in the court much before the court hours to avoid security issues. During the hearing, Shaikh looked lost and paid no heed to the court proceedings, and was seen yawning when the public prosecutor sought his custody. Jadhav, who was produced by afternoon, also looked disinterested in the arguments made by the police.
During the hearing, the police caught a lawyer attempting to click a picture of Jadhav, following which they covered his face with a black cloth and also seized the advocate’s cellphone.
Anticipating a law and order problem, the Mumbai police had cordoned off the area around the Bhoiwada court in central Mumbai where the two accused arrested were produced.
The court premises were fortified and no one other than litigants and lawyers who had cases listed in the court were allowed to enter. The reporters were also made to stand outside the court premises until the hearing for Shaikh’s remand began. The police had restricted the entry of the reporters in the court until the journalists fought to gain access. |
By Ryan Frasor
As liberty minded Americans, the focus of our fight must always be on protecting the God-given rights of the individual. Now more than ever we must be on alert for the bad actors who would gladly use the timing of a coronavirus pandemic as an excuse to give the government more power to abuse gun owners.
Unfortunately, Amy Swearer of the Heritage Foundation has once again published an article advocating a massive new law that places our individual rights – especially our gun rights — in jeopardy.
Enter the TAPS Act
In her recent article, Want to Keep Americans Safe Without More Gun Control? Meet the TAPS Act, Swearer claims that the TAPS Act will, “keep Americans safe without more gun control.” Swearer, however, is failing to realize the dangerous implications of this potentially devastating bill.
Already introduced in both the U.S. House and Senate, the Threat Assessment, Prevention, and Safety Act, otherwise known as the TAPS Act, is sponsored and co-sponsored by some of the most anti-gun politicians in Washington.
Representatives, Sheila Jackson Lee (D -TX-18) and Eric “nuke the gun owners” Swalwell (D-CA-15) are both co-sponsors of HR. 838, the House Version of TAPS.
The Senate version, S. 265, was introduced by Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) and is co-sponsored by Sen. Kyrsten Sinema (D-AZ). Sen. Rubio, who is one of the loudest advocates of “red flag” gun confiscation from either party, also introduced S.7, his own “red flag” bill last year.
The aim of the TAPS act is to create a national “pre-crime” program in an attempt to assess “potential” threats. Reminiscent of the dystopic concept envisioned by sci-fi writer Philip K. Dick in his short story Minority Report, the TAPS Act takes a hatchet to the Bill of Rights, and further enables government agents to target citizens before any crime is committed.
The TAPS Act establishes a “threat assessment task force” of non-elected bureaucrats whose primary focus would be to monitor elementary and high school students. It is taxpayer-funded surveillance of our children, and every American, without warrant or cause.
Aside from the creation of the “task force” to surveil law-abiding Americans, the TAPS Act bills fail to provide the necessary details about how such a program would actually function.
The following are just a few questions that aren’t answered by the bills’ text:
Does merely owning a firearm make someone a behavioral threat?
Do certain social media posts of political views make someone a threat?
Does application for government benefits count as a negative?
If an individual is deemed to be a threat, how are their constitutional rights protected?
Without an extensive re-write, current versions of the bill would open the door for state and local governments to choose their own interpretations, potentially imposing severe forms of gun control. If left in the hands of an anti-gun government — dare I say it, a Biden presidency — how far could the TAPS Act advance the gun control agenda?
The TAPS Act gives teeth to ‘red flag’
The combination of the TAPS Act and “red flag” gun confiscation is where things start to get really frightening. If adopted by a “red flag” state, the TAPS Act could easily be abused by unelected bureaucrats to unilaterally surveil gun owners and confiscate their firearms without due process and with no crime having ever been committed.
All of which begs the question, why is Amy Swearer advocating “red flag” gun confiscation and the TAPS Act?
In a 2019 article published in The Daily Signal, Swearer advocated “red flag” gun confiscation laws, so long as they protect due-process. Of course, by their very nature, “red flag” laws cannot incorporate due-process as was argued in this rebuttal to Swearer’s article.
In the 17 States that have already adopted some form of a “red flag” law, none protect gun owners’ due-process rights.
As more and more gun owners in America are forced to live under “red flag” laws, the gun control crowd continues to look for new ways to give teeth to these already dangerous laws. One such example would be to allow the government to monitor citizens and issue gun confiscation orders unilaterally i.e. the TAPS Act.
Real solutions come from increasing liberty
It is troubling to see organizations trusted by pro-gun Americans, publishing articles endorsing laws like the TAPS Act and “red flag” gun confiscation. In times like these, pro-gun citizens must unite in defense of our God-given rights, not conjure up new ways for the government to usurp them.
As liberty-minded Americans, we should always look to the pages of our Constitution for the solutions to our problems, rather than to dystopian science-fiction novels.
Ryan Frasor is a senior contributor and Firearms Policy Specialist for the National Association for Gun Rights, a 501(c)4 organization representing 4.5 Million Second Amendment members and supporters nationwide. |
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JULY 23, 2008
No. 07-14144
THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar
CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 07-60088-CR-JIC
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CHAVIS YA'MON CREWS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
_________________________
(July 23, 2008)
Before BIRCH, DUBINA and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Chavis Ya’mon Crews appeals his 120-month sentence for possessing with
intent to distribute 50 grams or more of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 841(a)(1). Crews argues that the district court clearly erred in denying safety-
valve relief because he satisfied the criteria set out in U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2. For the
reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I.
Crews was arrested and charged after a police officer, responding to a
complaint regarding a car driven by Crews and indicating that Crews seemed to be
involved in a domestic dispute, searched Crews’s person and car, and discovered
three bags of marijuana and $3,701 in cash on Crews’s person, and 133.9 grams of
crack cocaine and $35,892 in cash, separated into $1,000 bundles, in Crews’s car.
Crews admitted ownership of the drugs and money, claiming that he had obtained
the crack cocaine earlier in the day and that the money represented his life’s
savings.
In a later interview with authorities, Crews claimed that he saved the money
by saving $50 a day from the $100 a day he earned working as a roofer. He had
received a call the morning of his arrest to travel to a nearby town to obtain crack
cocaine and simply put the money in question in his car before leaving. On his
way home, he received a call from his girlfriend, which prompted him to travel to
2
the location of the ultimate disturbance and his arrest.1
At Crews’s sentencing hearing, the government argued that Crews was not
eligible for a two-level safety-valve reduction for providing the government with a
truthful and complete account of his offense, pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(9), because
Crews’s claim that the money found in his car represented his life’s savings was
not truthful. Specifically, the government took issue with Crews’s decision to take
$40,000 of his life savings with him to obtain a relatively small amount of crack
cocaine. In response, Crews testified as follows.
He began saving the money when he was a teenager and was now 26 years
old. The roofing company that he worked for paid him $100 in cash per day.
Crews tried to save $50 a day, and, as soon as Crews reached $1,000, he wrapped
those bills in a rubber band and set them aside. He kept the individual “stacks” in a
plastic bag. Crews never declared this money as income. He intended the money
for a “rainy day[]” and did not keep it in a bank account because he was afraid of
the Internal Revenue Service. On the day of his arrest, he took the approximately
$40,000 with him to purchase a relatively small amount of crack, which ultimately
cost only $2,700, for “no particular reason, like [he] just had it on [him] at the
1
A transcript of, or notes from, this interview was not in the record. Rather, the
government proffered these statements at Crews’s sentencing hearing, and Crews did not object
to the facts recited by the government.
3
time. . . [and] brought it out [of] the house that morning.” It “[m]aybe [was] a
showboat issue.” While the approximately $3,000 seized from his person was part
of his “rainy day” stash, he had separated it from the rest and put it in his pocket
that morning for “no particular reason” and to “add it up.” The money that Crews
used to purchase the crack cocaine never was a part of this stash. This money was
earned from selling drugs.
On cross-examination, Crews testified that he had been selling crack cocaine
for approximately three years, but only when “situations [got] rough.” Generally,
he purchased five ounces of crack cocaine, broke it down into individual pieces,
and sold the pieces for a total income of $800. He had been working for his
current roofing company for approximately three years. He worked between five
and six days a week. Before that, he worked “little jobs” and at a dog track. When
he took the money with him to purchase crack cocaine, he was not in danger of
being robbed of the money because he did not intend to show anybody that he had
it. On redirect, Crews testified that part of the stash, or approximately $15,000,
probably was “drug related money.”
The district court denied the safety-valve reduction. The court found that
Crews’s testimony lacked credibility and stated, “There’s no doubt in my mind that
that money came from drugs. I can’t be any clearer than that.” The district court
4
then noted that the statutory minimum term of imprisonment for Crews’s offense
was 10 years, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), and sentenced Crews
accordingly.
II.
When reviewing the district court’s safety-valve decision, we review factual
determinations for clear error and legal conclusions de novo. United States v.
Milkintas, 470 F.3d 1339, 1343 (11th Cir. 2006). We have held that, in conducting
our review, we “shall give due regard to the opportunity of the sentencing court to
judge the credibility of the witnesses.” United States v. Glinton, 154 F.3d 1245,
1258-59 (11th Cir.1998).
Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a), the district court “shall impose a sentence
in accordance with the applicable guidelines without regard to any statutory
minimum sentence” if it finds that the defendant satisfies the “safety-valve”
criteria. Likewise, pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(9), the district court should apply a two-
level reduction to a defendant’s base offense level if the defendant meets these
criteria. These criteria require in part that,
not later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has
truthfully provided to the Government all information and evidence
the defendant has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of
the same course of conduct or of a common scheme or plan, but the
fact that the defendant has no relevant or useful other information to
provide or that the Government is already aware of the information
5
shall not preclude a determination by the court that the defendant has
complied with this requirement.
U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(5). The defendant bears the burden of proving his satisfaction
of this criterion and ultimate eligibility for safety-valve relief. Milkintas, 470 F.3d
at 1345.2
III.
The district court did not clearly err in denying safety-valve sentencing. See
Milkintas, 470 F.3d at 1343. While Crews insisted that the money seized from his
car represented his life’s savings, he failed to provide a reason why he took the
money with him to obtain crack cocaine. Although he initially stated that he took
the money for the purposes of “showboat[ing],” he later stated that he did not
intend to show it to anyone. Likewise, although he initially insisted that the money
was not derived from drug sales, he later stated that perhaps $15,000 of it was
drug-related money.3 The inconsistencies of Crews stories, coupled with his too-
2
Although the discussion at sentencing focused on the two-level reduction afforded
under § 2D1.1(b)(9), we also have considered the relief from the statutory minimum afforded
under § 5C1.2. Because the statutory minimum of 120 months’ imprisonment exceeds the
greatest term of Crews’s guideline imprisonment range, or 87 and 108 months, the only benefit
safety-valve sentencing could confer on Crews is that afforded by § 5C1.2.
3
For the first time on appeal, Crews argues that the record made clear that he carried his
life savings with him because he did not feel comfortable leaving the money at home with his
girlfriend, with whom he was feuding. Aside from the lateness of this claim, it is not supported
by the record. Crews told authorities that he decided to take the money with him in the morning
and only later received a call from his girlfriend and became entangled in a dispute with her.
6
late admission that a portion of the rainy day stash derived from drug sales,
provided ample reason for the district court’s doubt. Given this, and the deference
due the district court’s finding on Crews’s credibility, we affirm the district court’s
denial of safety-valve sentencing. See Glinton, 154 F.3d at 1258-59.4
AFFIRMED.
4
On appeal, Crews briefly mentions that he is eligible for re-sentencing pursuant to Amendment
706 of November 2007, by which the Sentencing Commission approved a two-level reduction for crack-
cocaine sentences, which was made retroactive in December 2007 as March 3, 2008. We decline to
address this issue in the instant appeal because Crews may move for relief under Amendment 706 by
way of a motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2).
7
|
After a very nice plane ride from Istanbul with Turkish Airlines we have the airport. We went 4-star boutique hotel located in the old city Istanbul Private airport transfer. We got up early in the morning and a nice breakfast after our tour guide we met in front of the Topkapi palace. Private tours istanbul and we joined our tour guide told us very detailed information about Istanbul. Istanbul Istanbul was the capital of many civilizations lived first time the Roman Empire. Later, after the capital city of Edirne, which ephesus tours , ephesus daily tours in 1453 became the capital Istanbul. Conquering Istanbul by Sultan Mehmet and was initially surrounded by a very large and very thick walls and around Istanbul Istanbul was a town very sheltered. Topkapi palace starting over Hagia Sophia was a garden dating back to the coast. first made a huge stonework main entrance and then there are 3 different ways and is used by the middle path sultan. The garden is decorated with a variety of flowers and trees. Sultan Mehmet the first time as a pavilion made of Baghdad and has increased the number of times the mansion.
Has had the room, and this is particularly the Ottoman sultans and viziers 12 central state administration. We went here Sultan Harem and the family, and women living in mansions, and many have occurred if the room has a pool and garden. Enderun school and here is where the sultan had children together with ottoman empire trained intelligent children. On the right side of the palace of ephesus tours Sultan dinner spoons made of gold, green and blue-colored porcelain goods, china and cutlery used while eating yemeklern where we had a very large boilers. The relics of the Prophet Mohammed that personal belongings and manuscripts of the Qur'an, which had old history. Particularly the world's biggest diamond and gold with diamond Kasikci made of emerald and ruby silver and precious stone jewelery Ottoman treasures are exhibited here. Topkapi palace had a very nice bosphorus istanbul old city and sea views. Topkapi palace we went to Spice Bazaar in Eminonu square foot spices, fruit teas and coffees here are very nice desserts and confectionery delights are sold.
We went to a special class hotel which is the old city Canakkale Troy Tours. Canakklal trabzon tours to OldCity consists of two-storey houses built by Ottoman architecture bay. The hotel had a great view of the sea and the bosphorus. We got up early in the morning we met our guide and tour with the hotel lobby and private tours we attended Troy. We went to Troy the first caravanserai with our early morning tour guide. The place serves as the Arasta Bazaar. especially where women are made of leather garments and gentlemen Turkish handicrafts and souvenir shops selling works. We have approximately Troy open-air museum with a private car 30 minutes with our tour guide. Troy open air museum spread over a wide area and are very large excavation and restoration work since 1980. Our tour guide told us a lot more about Troy. Troy has experienced numerous civilizations and time in the last layer is made of very beautiful ancient Greek and Roman empires. Regarding the movie Troy Troy has played Brad Pitt in 2002 and used at the Troy film sculptures are exhibited in Canakkale city center. Troy Troy King in the last layer is very spacious and large ones were just across the road and is a very nice single storey building in Troy Temple. I had made a very special concert and theater shows and exhibition center. Finally, the statue stored at Troy in Troy Hemeros ileum is described in the epic soldiers secretly enters the castle gate and the winning side of the war happen. Very special and charming ancient city edirne tours of Troy and is protected by UNESCO place. There is a castle 90 meters wide in the first layer.
We went to the seaside special 4-star pamukkale tours hotel in Denizli. The hotel had a very large and spacious room. We get up early in the morning and a nice breakfast after we joined our tour guide Private tours with Pamukkale. first we went to pamukkale caravanserai and it's so beautiful here Aras after renovation and restoration serves as bazaar. Here shops selling works of Turkish handicrafts and souvenirs. Made of leather with a wide variety of colors and patterns for men and women with clothes Coat Jacket is satılmakatd model. Finally, hand-woven silk and wool carpets and rugs are sold here. Then we went to Pamukkale open air museum tour with our guide and this is spread over a very large area and is made excavation since 1980. Pamukkale museum at the time of ancient Greece and the Roman daily cappadocia tours , istanbul tours Empire made goods and tomb sculptures are exhibited here. Pamukkale has experienced many historic civilization and culture private istanbul tours , cappadocia tours
We went first to Pamukkale Clopatr ancient pool and this time made the ancient Roman Empire The columns are decorated with marble. Clopatr ancient healing pool with water temperature of 20-25 degrees with a thermal pool. Clopatr this place is used as a beauty and health center. Had a very nice view from Pamukkale Pamukkale highest point and where they served us tea and coffee. We went in Pamukkale Cotton castle. this place is like a mountain or castle made of cotton. The cooling of the hot water flowing from the mountains are white and soft as cotton soil after evaporation, and is composed of the Pamukkale. It is forbidden to walk with shoes in Pamukkale. Finally we went to the ancient city is the Hirepolis here is very nice and a real ancient Greek city. The time of the Roman Empire were made. Here is a very nice stonework theater and performance center with a capacity of 10,000 people made. Theater and performance center private istanbul tours , cappadocia tours had a very nice acoustic sound light system daily cappadocia tours , cappadocia tours |
Q:
Hide row if it is not on the first page
I want to hide a row of a table if it is not rendered on the first page of a report. The table (tablix) is in the header nor in the footer area.
I have tried to set an expression for the RowVisibility-property, something like:
(hidden) =Globals!PageNumber<>1
however, this leads to an exception saying that the PageNumber can only be used from within the header or the footer area.
Is there a possibility to check (in an expression) if an element is located on the first page of a report?
A:
Not a precise answer to my question, but maybe it helps someone with a similar issue:
For the tablix activate the repeat row header option
In the advance row group options, activate the option RepeatOnNewPage
For the rows that should not be shown on the next page, disable the option KeepWithGroup
I don't understand why I can not set RepeatOnNewPage only for some but not for all rows, but with the KeepWithGroup option, it seems to work like I desired.
If someone has a more precise answer to my original question, please post it. I will the change the accept to your answer!
|
NRL funding war could trigger club battle
The clubs last week issued a vote of no confidence in commission chairman John Grant after a hostile meeting over funding.
Representatives from Canterbury, North Queensland, Cronulla and Melbourne walked out on talks after the in-principle agreement to fund clubs at 130% of the salary cap from 2018 was taken off the table.
The funding model, which was agreed to by all parties last year, was set to provide an extra $100 million to the 16 clubs per year.
As is the case with most other clubs, the Sharks have a group of stars coming out of contract at the end of the 2017 season they are eager to sign but have been hamstrung by the stalling negotiations with the commission.
In turn, they are being left open to potential raids as rival clubs circle. |
Q:
Emil Artin's proof for Wedderburn's Little Theorem
I am looking through different proofs for Wedderburn's Little Theorem, which states that every finite division ring is necessarily a field.
I would like to read Emil Artin's proof for this theorem:
Emil Artin, Über einen Satz von Herm J. H. Maclagan Wedderburn, Hamb. Abh. 5 (1928), 245-250.
I have found the paper, but unfortunately, I can't read German. Does anyone know if there is a translation for this paper? If such translation exists, I would love to know where it can be found.
Thanks!
A:
I would love to help, but until now I could not lay my hands on the German version, nor find any translations :S Here is what I did come up with during my own searches.
It might be a long shot, but Artin proves Wedderburn's theorem in his 1957 book Geometric Algebra. If by chance he used the same approach, then having that English version alongside the German might help.
I also found an article by Artin entitled The influence of J. H. M. Wedderburn on the
development of modern algebra in which discusses the theorem at one point and alludes to elements of his own proof.
I found this interesting article on the history of the theorem, including some sketches of what Artin's approach was. It doesn't look like it's been published in a journal, but the contents sound OK.
|
/* sem_post -- post to a POSIX semaphore. Generic futex-using version.
Copyright (C) 2003-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
Contributed by Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>, 2003.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Lesser General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
License along with the GNU C Library; if not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. */
#include <atomic.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sysdep.h>
#include <lowlevellock.h> /* lll_futex* used by the old code. */
#include <futex-internal.h>
#include <internaltypes.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <shlib-compat.h>
/* See sem_wait for an explanation of the algorithm. */
int
__new_sem_post (sem_t *sem)
{
struct new_sem *isem = (struct new_sem *) sem;
int private = isem->private;
#if __HAVE_64B_ATOMICS
/* Add a token to the semaphore. We use release MO to make sure that a
thread acquiring this token synchronizes with us and other threads that
added tokens before (the release sequence includes atomic RMW operations
by other threads). */
/* TODO Use atomic_fetch_add to make it scale better than a CAS loop? */
uint64_t d = atomic_load_relaxed (&isem->data);
do
{
if ((d & SEM_VALUE_MASK) == SEM_VALUE_MAX)
{
__set_errno (EOVERFLOW);
return -1;
}
}
while (!atomic_compare_exchange_weak_release (&isem->data, &d, d + 1));
/* If there is any potentially blocked waiter, wake one of them. */
if ((d >> SEM_NWAITERS_SHIFT) > 0)
futex_wake (((unsigned int *) &isem->data) + SEM_VALUE_OFFSET, 1, private);
#else
/* Add a token to the semaphore. Similar to 64b version. */
unsigned int v = atomic_load_relaxed (&isem->value);
do
{
if ((v >> SEM_VALUE_SHIFT) == SEM_VALUE_MAX)
{
__set_errno (EOVERFLOW);
return -1;
}
}
while (!atomic_compare_exchange_weak_release
(&isem->value, &v, v + (1 << SEM_VALUE_SHIFT)));
/* If there is any potentially blocked waiter, wake one of them. */
if ((v & SEM_NWAITERS_MASK) != 0)
futex_wake (&isem->value, 1, private);
#endif
return 0;
}
versioned_symbol (libpthread, __new_sem_post, sem_post, GLIBC_2_1);
#if SHLIB_COMPAT (libpthread, GLIBC_2_0, GLIBC_2_1)
int
attribute_compat_text_section
__old_sem_post (sem_t *sem)
{
int *futex = (int *) sem;
/* We must need to synchronize with consumers of this token, so the atomic
increment must have release MO semantics. */
atomic_write_barrier ();
(void) atomic_increment_val (futex);
/* We always have to assume it is a shared semaphore. */
int err = lll_futex_wake (futex, 1, LLL_SHARED);
if (__builtin_expect (err, 0) < 0)
{
__set_errno (-err);
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
compat_symbol (libpthread, __old_sem_post, sem_post, GLIBC_2_0);
#endif
|
What is a Stucco Veneer?
Stucco is a premium 3 coat veneer system which is extremely durable. The final coat is actually made from a thin coating of masonry, textured to create the finish of your choice! Stucco can be applied over nearly any existing wall or exterior finish saving you money on expensive removal costs. This facelift will add a classic look to any style of residential or commercial building. Learn more about the process here.
Key benefits of Stucco vs. other exteriors
1. High Durability. Our stucco veneer has the same durability as concrete! It has a 40 year proven track record to stand up to the harsh New England climate. With stucco there is no water damage due to water pooling in the joints and freezing, and you will never have to worry about its color fading over time.
2. Maintain Free. You will never have to worry about water damage, joints popping, or shifting over time. Wind and rain may blow other exteriors around or even off, but our system will stand up the harshest conditions. You will not have to spend your time painting exteriors again!
4. Design Flexibility. With over 12 different colors to choose from and multiple finishes available. Color combinations and patterns are so versatile we generally can match your existing surfaces. This can add up to huge savings because you replace only what you need too. A stucco veneer system can be used in combination with other traditional exteriors giving you a stunning look that is guaranteed to last!
Want to Learn More? 508-400-1241
Are you a contractor or builder? Our vast experience means accurate quotes. More |
FryUp: Minimum counterfeit performance guarantees
ARG!Are the ARGs advertising? Games? Never mind, they’re clever. Can we have one for Auckland or NZ soon? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLWP45AGE-o— This Is My Milwaukee Wiki with mucho detail on the ARG— Alternate Reality Gaming Quickstart— ARGnetMSFT feeling a little less blueArr! There be poiraytes in them there Trade Me intarweb waters. Since last year, a “Blue Edition” of Microsoft’s Office suite has been floating around on Trade Me and elsewhere; described in places as “only accessible to technicians of [sic] Microsoft” and never needing a serial number to activate, the Blue Edition is counterfeited and what’s worse, it doesn’t appear to work so people were complaining about it.That seems to be how Microsoft got onto the counterfeiters here in Auckland, by following up on the complaints of disappointed customers.I’m surprised actually that there is any software for sale on Trade Me, given how risky trading in computer programmes is for everyone involved. How far does caveat emptor go if customers buy counterfeited software like the Blue Edition in good faith, thinking the programmes are pukka Redmond-ware?— Trade Me features in counterfeit software case— Microsoft Office 2007 Enterprise Blue Edition EN Order Online
A little less caveat emptor for broadbandOversubscription and congestion. Those two terms are instantly recognised by anyone on shared bandwidth Internet connections. That’s just about all of us, in actual fact.What it means is that those DSL connections advertised as “full speed” quote often go at only half tilt or less. It all depends on how many people are active on your ISP, and what they’re doing. You think you’re buying say a 2Mbit/s connection, but there’s no guarantee that you’ll ever get that speed. This is called a “best effort”, a concept that runs counter to all current consumer protection legislation that aims to ensure you get what you pay for.The nature of the internet means guaranteed performance would be very difficult and expensive to achieve, and besides, ISPs’ business depends on buying bandwidth wholesale and then reselling it with x amount of customers contending for space on the pipes.Isn’t there a case for a minimum performance guarantee of some kind though? UK seems to think so. The OFCOM ombudsman there says roughly a quarter of customers do no get the speed they expect from their broadband connections. So there’s a gap between what people think they’re getting and what they get when they buy broadband connections, and the OFCOM has signed up just about all of UK’s ISPs to a voluntary scheme that aims to remedy that.The code of conduct for ISPs requires them to provide new customers with an accurate estimate of the maximum speed their lines support and also explain the various factors that can affect performance. That’s common sense really but I like the promise to downgrade customers’ deals if line speeds are much lower than originally estimated. Something like that would go a long way towards keeping customers happy here too. Perhaps the ComCom should look at the UK scheme?— Net speed rules come into forceXKCDTerminology
What has feathers, can't fly, and likes to stick its neck out at precisely the wrong moment? Cringely cries fowl by naming the biggest tech turkeys of the year.Last year around this time I introduced the Gobblers, my awards for those individuals in the tech field whose behavior most closely resembles a bird whose sole purpose is to be served on a platter.It was such a big hit I decided to do it again this year. Thus I present the 2008 Gobblers for biggest turkeys of the year, along with the special evolutionary niche each one fills. Axl Rose: After 17 years and more than $13 million, the aging axman for dinosaur rock band Guns N' Roses emerged with a new album. But not before siccing the feds on one of his fans, Kevin Cogill, for streaming cuts from “Chinese Democracy” on his blog. The 27-year-old Cogill plead down to reduced charges and is looking at probation. As for the album, the New York Times called it “a shipwreck, capsized by pretensions and top-heavy production... overwhelmed by countless layers of studio diddling and a tone of curdled self-pity... like a loud last gasp from the reign of the indulged pop star.” Maybe Rose should be giving it away for free. Avian breed: Old BuzzardEliot Spitzer. A dalliance with a US$3,000-an-hour hooker left the former Governor of New York bereft of his reputation, his job, and probably his marriage. Somehow Spitzer forgot that, in the Post-Monica world, there is no such thing as privacy or discretion – especially for someone with the roster of enemies Spitzer had. Avian breed: Cooked GooseTennessee Governor Phil Bredesen. This month he signed into law an RIAA-sponsored bill that spends nearly US$10 million in taxpayer money to police college networks for illegal music sharing. At the same time, Tennessee is facing a budget shortfall of around $45 million and is laying off teachers. Nice. Avian breed: Dodo BirdChinese Premier Jen Waibao. Sure, he's got his own Facebook posse, and that's cute. What isn't cute is everything else the Chinese government does: walling off big chunks of the Net from its citizens, imprisoning dissidents, hacking U.S. government computers, even cheating at the Beijing Olympics. About the only thing they've done right is ban sales of “Chinese Democracy.” Somewhere Mao is smiling. Avian breed: VultureJerry Yang. Not quite a year ago, the former Chief Yahoo turned down an offer from Microsoft to buy his company for $33 a share. Yahoo's current stock price? $9. Then he negotiated a revenue sharing ad deal with Google that was supposed to save the company, only to have Google step away when the Feds smelled an antitrust rat. Now he wants Microsoft to come back. (Their response? As if.) Personally, I've never been a fan of the MicroHoo concept, but few corporate leaders have bungled quite so badly. Avian breed: Turkey of the Year, or possibly just a Dead Duck.Here's hoping they all get stuffed.
Copyright 2018 IDG Communications. ABN 14 001 592 650. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form or medium without express written permission of IDG Communications is prohibited. |
use geometry::{Point, Size, Advance, Position, Collide, Vector};
use geometry_derive::{Advance, Position};
/// Enemies follow the player in order to cause a collision and let him explode
#[derive(Advance, Position)]
pub struct Enemy {
vector: Vector,
}
impl Enemy {
/// Create a enemy with the given vector
pub fn new(vector: Vector) -> Enemy {
Enemy { vector: vector }
}
/// Update the enemy
pub fn update(&mut self, speed: f32, player_position: Point, size: Size) {
let vector_position = self.vector.position;
// Point to the player
self.point_to(nearest_virtual_position(
vector_position,
player_position,
size
));
self.advance_wrapping(speed, size);
}
}
fn nearest_virtual_position(origin: Point, destination: Point, size: Size) -> Point {
let mut nearest = destination;
for i in -1..2 {
for j in -1..2 {
// A point where the enemy "sees" one of the player copies.
let virtual_position = destination + Point{
x: size.width * i as f32,
y: size.height * j as f32,
};
if origin.squared_distance_to(virtual_position)
< origin.squared_distance_to(nearest)
{
nearest = virtual_position;
}
}
}
nearest
}
impl Collide for Enemy {
fn radius(&self) -> f32 {
10.0
}
}
|
Q:
Does slice and shift do 0 based counting on the array?
In this example below:
a = [1,2,3,4,5]
a.slice(1,3)
in the slice method, we are saying to start at position 1 (which is 2), then continue for 3 elements. When we continue for 3 elements, are we counting the start position or not?
A:
Yes, apparently, according to the CLI
a = [1,2,3,4,5] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
a.slice(1,3) => [2, 3, 4]
You should install the CLI to play around, its great to try things like this out
|
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