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"Where's the book that spells bankruptcy?" "I have more than one hiding place." " Hi." " Who are you?" "My name's Madeleine Ferguson." "Laura was my cousin." "Laura had secrets." "He'll see I'm the woman of his dreams." "I'll help him find who killed Laura." "My log saw something that night." "This was in Leo's truck after Laura was murdered." "Leo won't be a problem any more." "Leo Johnson and Jacques Renault." "Are you OK?" "Hank got his parole." "He's coming home." " Did you get my message?" " Yes." "Catch you later." "Diane, it is 4:28 am." "I've just been woken up by a God-awful racket which you can probably hear." "Can you hear that?" "Up until now, I've had only pleasant, courteous service at this hotel." "It proves that once a traveller leaves home, he loses almost 100°/of his ability to control his environment." "Send two pairs of those silicon earplugs" "I used on my trip to New York." "I didn't bring them because I felt it was unnecessary." "However..." " Coffee?" " Please." " What's with the choir practice?" " Business junket." "From Iceland." "Got in about 3:00 this morning." " They're on my floor." " Lucky you." "It'll take them a day to reset their biological clocks." "Hope the herring holds out." "How are you?" "Audrey, to be perfectly honest, I'm tired and a little on edge." " I got a job." " Good for you." "Now I can help you with your case." "Guess where I'm gonna..." "You'll have to excuse me." "I'm late, I only have time for coffee." "Maybe I could go with you." "Wednesdays were usually a school day when I was your age." "I can't believe you were ever my age." "I've got the pictures to prove it." " How old are you?" " 18." "We'll see you later, Audrey." "See you later." "Bye." "See you later, sons of Odin." "How do you say that?" "My brother'll love you guys." "Brother Ben, I bring you greetings from the treeless tundra of Iceland." "We have had complaints from nearly every guest in the hotel." "What are they on?" "They are insane for the Ghostwood Estates project." "I have had serious fun with these Nordic animals." "And, Ben, I'm in love." "Her name is Heba." "She's a giant snow queen with a smile like a sunrise on an ice floe." "You'd go blind looking at this girl." "Look!" "See what she gave me?" "A leg of lamb." " Is that beautiful?" " Jerry!" "Some garlic, some fresh mint." "That's rotisserie heaven." " You gotta meet her." " Just grab some downtime, will you?" "We've laid in a gala reception for your fair-haired boys tonight." " Twin Peaks' best and brightest." " Holding it in a phone booth?" "And if we still need a kicker to nail the sale, I'm thinking maybe... they might enjoy a little road trip up to... you know where." "Jacks!" "I am honoured to know you." "Ben?" "Leland, why are you here?" "I know there's a new investment group arriving today." "If there's anything I can do?" "Leland, the best thing that you can do... is follow the doctor's orders." "You need rest." "I just feel..." "I just feel I need something to occupy my mind." "Take some time off, for God's sake." "Fly somewhere." "Take Sarah." "I'm afraid to, Ben." "I'm afraid." "Hawk, we're at Jacques Renault's apartment." "Get here soon." "Morning." "What have you got, Harry?" "Renault's a Canadian national." "He worked the lumber fields... until he put on a little weight a couple of seasons ago." "Now he tends bar at the Roadhouse." " Are there any more doughnuts?" " Sure." "Andy?" "And a cup of Joe." "I didn't get too much sleep last night." "You do look a bit peaked." "There's a group of insane men staying on my floor." "Jacques Renault turn up?" "No one's seen him." "We checked the building and the bar." "I sent Hawk to roust his brother, but it looks like Bernie's jumped bail." " Morning, Agent Cooper." " Morning, Doc." "The blood on the shirt you found here is AB negative." "It's not Laura's blood." "So, it was Renault's blood on Leo Johnson's shirt." "Thank you, Andy." " What about Leo Johnson?" " The APB went out." "Nothing yet." "Harry, could you give me a leg up here?" " Sure." " What's Renault's blood type?" " Renault's blood is AB negative." " Thanks, Doc." "My pleasure." " Holy smoke! "Flesh World" again." " Yeah." "Harry, remember that ad with Ronnette Pulaski?" "We traced it." "It came to the magazine in a plain envelope." "No name." "The magazine's a clearing-house." "Readers write letters in response to the ads and mail them in." "The magazine forwards them to the advertisers." "No direct contact." "Ronnette got letters at this PO box." "A local zip code." "My guess is this box will be registered under the name Jacques Renault." "Let's see who was writing to Ronnette." "Postmarked Georgia." "Goodnight." "I don't know, the beard ruins the effect of the lingerie." "What do you think?" " The guy's no Georgia peach." " Poor bastard." "Did you notice the picture of Leo Johnson's truck on that page?" " I love it when you cook for me." " Leo hates my cooking." "Leo missed the boat with you, baby." "The biggest mistake of your life was dropping out of school to marry him." "What would you do if he walked in right now?" "Come here." "Come here." "Hey, Leo!" "How's it going, man?" "What a surprise!" "Now, Leo, Shelly tells me that you don't like her cooking." "Tell you what, she and I... we're going to sit here while you cook breakfast for us, you hump." "If you so much as utter one harsh syllable to this... beautiful girl..." "I'm gonna shoot your ugly face off, OK?" "Sheriff's deputy." "Do exactly what we said, and everything's gonna be fine." "Come here." " Hi, Andy." "Come on in." " Hi, Shelly." "Do you know when Leo's back?" " Is he in trouble?" " We just want to talk to him." " Is this about Laura?" " Why do you say that?" "I heard him talking to Jacques the night he left." "Jacques Renault?" "Yeah." "They were outside arguing." "I couldn't hear exactly, but... they did seem to be arguing about her." " Call us if he gets in touch." " OK, I will." "Thanks for stopping by." " How'd I do?" " You did great." "You drive me crazy." "Hello?" " Hi, Leo." "Where you calling from?" " Has anybody come by?" "What's that?" "Is anybody looking for you?" " Why would anyone look for you?" " Are you sure?" "You know how paranoid you get after popping bennies." " When are you coming home?" " Soon." "You OK?" "Yeah, everything's fine, Leo." " Come on home." " I miss you, Shelly." "I miss you, too." " Hey, good-looking." " Hope you don't mind my coming." "Oh, no." "Nadine won't be back from that patent attorney for a couple of hours." " Silent drape runners?" " She's already spending the millions." "I have to put gas in my car like everyone else, right?" "I didn't want to tell you on the phone, but Hank got his parole." "OK." "He'll be coming home." "I mean, back." "I only saw him a minute before the hearing." "He seemed so hopeful, I didn't want to say anything." " You don't have to explain." " Said anything to Nadine yet?" "Haven't yet." " Waiting for me to go first?" " No." "It's just that..." "Nadine's not well." "What are you saying?" "I don't know." "I think I do." " I don't ever want to hurt you." " Maybe that's our trouble, Ed." "We never want to hurt anyone." "We never just take what we want." "I think that this is how it is when you get to the end of your life, and you don't have anything to show for it." "Don't call me." "I mean, not for a while, OK?" "OK." "I love you, Ed." " I remember when you were little." " So did my father speak to you?" "Yes, he did." "And I can't tell you how ex cited we are to have you come on-board and put in a hitch here at our flagship." "What did you have in mind?" "Well, as per your father's suggestion, starting low, aiming high, we thought perhaps the wrapping department." "Gifts, etc." " Part-time, after school." " No, no, no." "Emory." "May I speak frankly?" "Please do." "Let's talk retail." " Sales?" " Perfume." "One of our more sensitive areas." "Expensive items, customer relations." " I've got my heart set on it, Emory." " I'd have to talk to your father." "Emory, here's what we're gonna do." "You're gonna tell my father I'm busy as a bee wrapping boxes." "Then you'll put me to work behind the perfume counter." "If you don't, I'll rip my dress, scream at the top of my lungs and tell my father that you made a pass at me." "Does that help clear things up for you?" "Yes." "Yes, what?" "Yes, Miss Horne." "Shall we start on the paperwork?" "James, I got your note." " Are you all right?" " There's some things I've gotta say." "I told you that my dad died when I was 10?" "He didn't die." "He was a musician." "We lived out West." " He ran off on me and my mom." " I'm sorry." "My mom was a writer." "Poems and short stories." "She's an alcoholic." "If you have a problem with this..." "I don't have a problem." "You tell me." "It's true she was out of town this week, but... she wasn't travelling." "What she does is she goes to another town, shacks up in some cheap hotel with a couple of bottles... picks up guys and...." "It's all right." "I don't want to have any secrets from you." "I don't want there to be any lies between us." "Secrets kill people's happiness." "I don't want us to be like that." "We won't." "We won't be." "We have to do what's right." "What you said yesterday was true." "If we don't find out what happened to Laura, it won't go away, our whole lives." "We will, James." " She's out there, a restless spirit." " I feel it, too." "We owe it to her." "At least they're fresh." "Here, Gary." "Oh, thanks." " Here you go, Scott." " Thank you." "There you are." " What do you wanna mark this?" " "Duplicate"." " Do we have one like it?" " Yeah, the same stain as before." "Mark it "duplicate"." "Red drapes." "That PO box was registered to Jacques Renault." "Those are the letters responding to Ronnette's ad." "Let's see if there's something from someone we know." " Hawk, hand me that magazine." " What is it?" "Two different ad numbers mailed to the same address." "Ronnette's and one other." "Yeah, here it is." ""Student requires education in ways of love." "Generous, mature men only."" "It's Laura." "You see some identifying mark?" " The drapes." " Drapes?" "Red drapes, Harry." "From my dream." "Why would an apartment dweller like Jacques buy 50 gallons of heating oil?" " To heat a log cabin." " Harry, you're all right!" "Jacques' brother mentioned a place by the state line." "Fellas, pack a lunch." "We're taking a walk in the woods." "Madeleine!" " Hi." " Hi." "Hi, I'm Madeleine Ferguson." "My friends call me Maddy." "This is really nice of you guys, I don't know anyone in town, except Aunt Sarah and Uncle Leland." "And the mood at the house isn't that great right now." " Would you like something to drink?" " A cherry Coke." "You got it." "Madeleine, if I said that you can't say a word of this to anyone, would that be OK with you?" "Sounds like some big secret." "It is." "James and I knew Laura better than anyone did." "She was in terrible trouble, worse than we can imagine." "What?" "I'd rather not say too much about things we can't prove yet." "You said you can't prove it yet." "We're afraid the truth might never come out or whoever killed her might never be caught." "We've sworn not to let that happen." " You know who did it?" " We have some ideas." " We wanted to ask for your help." " What do you want me to do?" "Laura talked about a secret hiding place." "Somewhere in her house, maybe in her room." "Nobody else knew about it." "She might have left something there that could lead us to the killer." " I'll help you." " You will?" "The day before she died, I had a feeling Laura was in trouble." "I've always felt close to her." "That's why I came here." "You know..." "I didn't really know Laura that well, but I feel like I do." "Our folks always told us how much alike we were." "Will you call me if there's anything I can do?" "I don't think there'll be any problems." "Madeleine, this is really great." "Call me Maddy." " Hi." " Hi, Norma." " We're like refugee beauty queens." " You don't know how pretty you are." "I hope I don't chip a nail slinging plates around." " Hi, Norma." " Hello, Hank." " Surprised to see me?" " Yes." " That Leo's girlfriend?" " Wife." "That Leo." "So impulsive." "Not much meat on her, though." "I don't expect a kiss." "I figure I gotta earn my way back into your heart." "But, Norma..." "I intend to try." "So where do I start?" "Washing dishes will be fine." "Can I finish my coffee first?" "Boss?" "He's been spending more of his time in his room." "It's difficult to engage him in conversation." "Terrible mood swings." "His school attendance has become erratic at best." "And then the fighting at the Roadhouse and at the funeral." " Are you using drugs, Bobby?" " Nope." " Alcohol's a drug." " That's not what he meant." " Alcohol doesn't count?" " Everybody drinks." " Are you unhappy?" " Shouldn't I be?" "That's not for me to say." " Have you ever killed anybody?" " Have you?" " My father has." " During wartime." " That's different." " From what?" "Maybe I should spend a few minutes with Bobby alone?" "This is supposed to be family counselling." "I'll need to spend time with each member of the family alone." " Bobby first." " Fair enough." "Whatever you say." "Bobby, let's just cut the crap, huh?" "So your parents don't understand what you're going through." "That's a good one." " Let's talk about Laura." " OK, let's talk about Laura." "Bobby, what happened the first time that you and Laura made love?" "What the hell kind of question is that?" "Bobby, did you cry?" "Did I what?" "And then what did Laura do, did she laugh at you?" "Were you very sad when Laura died?" " Laura wanted to die." " How do you know that?" "Because she told me." "What else did she tell you?" "Did she tell you there was no goodness in the world?" "She said people tried to be good, but they were really sick and rotten." "Her, most of all." "Every time she tried to make the world a better place, something terrible came up inside her and pulled her back down into hell." "It took her deeper and deeper into the blackest nightmare." "Every time, it got harder to go back up to the light." "Did you sometimes have the feeling" "Laura was harbouring some awful secret?" "Yeah." " Bad enough that she wanted to die?" " Yes." "Bad enough to drive her to prey upon people's weaknesses, tempt them, break them down?" " Make them do degrading things?" " Yes." "Laura wanted to corrupt people because that's how she felt about herself." "Is that what happened to you, Bobby?" "Is that what Laura did to you?" "She wanted so much." "She made me sell drugs so she could have them." "This way." "Through here." " Watch your step there, city boy." " Thanks, Harry." "What is it, Hawk?" " Not the cabin we're looking for." " Maybe, maybe not." "Might wanna hang back a step, Doc." "Might want to anyway." "About time you got here." "They move so slowly when they're not afraid." "Come on, then." "My log does not judge." "I've got tea." "I've got cookies." "No cake." "That's very kind of you, ma'am, but I don't believe..." "What kind of cookies?" "Sugar." "The owls won't see us in here." "A cup of tea would be very nice." "Shut your eyes and you'll burst into flames." "Thanks, Margaret." "We'll let it steep." "Wait for the tea." "The fish aren't running." " You've been expecting us?" " You're two days late." "But that's your concern." "My log saw something." "Something significant." " What did your log see?" " Tea first, then be ready." "Thank you." " My husband was a logging man." " Oh?" "He met the devil." "Fire is the devil, hiding like a coward in the smoke." "It was the day after the wedding, wasn't it, Margaret?" "The wood holds many spirits, doesn't it?" "You can ask it now." "What did you see that night?" "The night Laura Palmer was killed?" "I'll do the talking." "Dark." "Laughing." "The owls were flying." "Many things were blocked." "Laughing." "Two men." "Two girls." "Flashlights pass by... in the woods over the ridge." "The owls were near." "The dark was pressing in on her." "Quiet then." "Later, footsteps." "One man pass by." "Screams, far away." "Terrible." "Terrible." " One voice." " Man or girl?" "Girl." "Further up." "Over the ridge." "The owls were silent." "The two girls were Laura and Ronnette." "The two men?" "Jacques?" "Maybe Leo?" "Maybe." "Who's the third man?" "Do you hear it?" "This way." ""And there's always music in the air."" "Waldo." "There's film in here." "Blood." "One-Eyed Jacks." " Good evening." "Mr and Mrs Showel?" " OK, go right ahead." " Good evening." " Catherine Martell and spouse." "Go easy on the sauce tonight, OK, Cathy?" "A couple of belts and even you might start to look good to me." "The modern age changed everything, Mr Thorson." "But it's my guess that there's still vestigial interest in the folklore of Iceland." "Vestigial." "Absolutely." "Heba, did you know that was a saying?" "No, Jerry." "Heba-heba." "You never heard that before?" "No, Jerry." "Do you realise the incredible potential that could result from our taking a mutual dip in each other's respective gene pools?" "Heba, I want to cook for you." "Very, very good." "That's funny." "So he says, "What do you get when you cross a Norwegian with a Swede?"" "A socialist who wants to be king!" "Well, I can remember it was somewhere in the '50s" "I came through your country." "Beautiful." "Not many trees, you know, but..." " Would you excuse me?" " Of course." "Meet me in my office." "Give me two minutes to break away." " Hell hath no fury." " What?" "Two minutes." "Thor, I've been meaning to ask you, are you familiar with the word Iuhamsta?" "Catherine, we agreed." "No scenes in front of the guests." "Keep the melodrama to a minimum." "Next thing I know, you're polishing my shoes with Dom Perignon." "Fill me in." "What's eating you?" "Why did you have this $1,000 chip from you know where in your pants?" "I thought you preferred women with certain experience." "Jerry gave me that." "It's good luck." "I thought I'd lost it." "I'm so relieved you found it." "Are you quite finished?" "Yes." "In that case...." "Let's burn the mill." "Let's do it tonight." "No, my love, we'll give Josie one last chance to sell." "Tomorrow." "Failing that..." "I have retained the services of a qualified professional." "Breath mint?" "Now let me get this straight." "Your entire country is above the timberline?" "Folks, can I have your attention, please?" "Can I have your attention?" "Thank you for turning out to welcome our neighbours from the magical isle of Iceland." "We are all Icelanders!" "Ghostwood Estates is an important part of our future, and there's no one we'd rather have as partners in our future than..." "Dance with him." "It is serious." "Dance with him." "All right!" "Hey, Jerry." "What's going on?" "Get Jacoby, get a net, but get him out of my life." "Jerry." "Donna?" "It's Maddy." "I remembered, when we were younger, Laura hid cigarettes in her bedpost." "The top of one of the posts screws off." " I found a tape in her hiding place." " Leland?" "I'll meet you and James tomorrow." "OK!" "And bring a tape recorder." "Did anyone see you come in here?" "No." "You do realise the risk if anyone sees us." "This was hidden in her desk, where you said it would be." " Then we can proceed." " When?" "Tomorrow night." "I told you to mind the store, not open a franchise." " Hank, I..." " Do as you're told, Leo." "Next time you'll watch me take your chippy apart before I kill you." " Get me a beer." " What happened?" "Just get me a damn beer!" "Get up and..." " What are you doing?" " You're not gonna hurt me again." "Don't touch me!" "Don't come near me, Leo!" "You stupid little slut!" "You haven't got the guts." "Reach over and turn on the light." "Don't make me leave." "Please, don't make me leave." |
What: Mobile Ads & Social Media can trigger purchase interest and aid product discovery, according to IAB'S latest “Mobile Commerce: A Global Perspective,” a mobile users survey carried out in 19 Countries.Why it matters: Three-quarters (75%) of smartphone and tablet users said they have purchased a product or service on their smartphone or tablet in the past six months. Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the U.K., and the U.S. reported the highest levels of clicking to purchase.
Three-quarters (75%) of smartphone and tablet users said they have purchased a product or service on their smartphone or tablet in the past six months. Among these recent mobile purchasers, nearly a quarter (23%) buy on mobile devices on a weekly basis.
Overall, 57 percent of the mobile purchasers surveyed say that they have been buying on mobile for over a year. More than a quarter (28%) made their first mobile purchase in the last six months.
Austria, Peru, and Colombia are key new adopter markets, with significantly more consumers making their first purchase on mobile within the past year, followed by Mexico, France, Turkey, and Chile.
The mobile shopping experience, enhanced by the combination of convenience, time saving, and price, won high marks from the majority (80%) of those polled. Sixty-two percent plan to purchase more products and services via their smartphone or tablet in the next six months. Mobile purchasers in the U.K., Brazil, France, Ireland, and Peru expressed the greatest propensity for increasing their mobile shopping activities.
Seventy-six percent of mobile purchasers said that they had engaged with a mobile ad in the last six months. On average, 33 percent clicked on the ad to find out more information, while 28 percent clicked to visit the advertisers’ websites, and 21 percent clicked to purchase. Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the U.K., and the U.S. reported the highest levels of clicking to purchase.
Mobile purchase
The leading destinations of mobile purchases include retailer sites/apps, auction sites/apps, and brand sites/apps.
Consumers purchase a wide range of products and services on mobile.
From mobile apps (43%)
fashion items (41%)
tickets (36%)
household items (25%)
It should be noted that in South America, public service payments is also key product areas for the region. Cross-channel research and purchase is becoming the new norm. Mobile devices serve not only as a platform for direct purchase, but also aid consumers in their purchase journey, driving multiplatform purchase behavior. Both ‘showrooming’ and ‘multiscreening’ are taking place - 44% of mobile purchasers have purchased a product on their mobile device after checking it out in store, 38% have done the same after researching via laptop/PC. On the flip side, research conducted on mobile devices leads to purchase via other channels – both digital and non digital.
80% of mobile purchasers are satisfied with their purchase experience to date. Consumers indicate a positive momentum of their future purchases on mobile. 62% plan to purchase more products and services via their smartphone/tablet in the next six months. This appetite for future purchase is seen across all markets – although it should be noted some may require greater attention than others in order to capitalise upon this momentum.
Convenience (49%) and time saving (46%) are the key drivers of mobile purchases.
Price (34%) also plays an important role.
44% of mobile purchasers cite ‘trust’ as a barrier for purchasing more via their smartphone/tablet
while 31% feel they have no need.
In terms of trust, security and privacy are the key concerns. In order to win back the hearts of those who are dissatisfied with their experience, proving value, reducing cost of transaction and improving purchase experience is a must.
Mobile & Social media
Social media plays an important role. Sixty percent of mobile purchasers from around the world saying they often discover products and services to buy on social platforms. More than one-third (36%) of mobile purchasers leverage social media to share their mobile purchase experience.
76% of mobile purchasers have engaged with a mobile ad in the past six months:
On average, 33% clicked on the ad to find out more information
28% clicked to visit the advertisers websites
21% clicked to purchase!
Social media plays a key role in product and service discovery. 60% of mobile purchasers often find new products and services to buy via this channel.
The influence of social media in product discovery is most pronounced in South America. And it also offers consumers a channel to share their mobile purchases and experiences. 36% indicate they like to share mobile purchases and experiences online. Given the strong levels of satisfaction consumers display with their mobile purchase experience, there are opportunities for digital merchants and retailors to encourage and motivate consumers to share their positive sentiment via social media.
“Pressing the ‘buy’ button on mobile devices is now a regular occurrence the world over,” said Anna Bager, Senior Vice President, Mobile and Video, IAB. “Marketers and media agencies need to fully embrace smartphones and tablets as a critical pathway for all shopping activities and increase investment if they want to build meaningful relationships with mobile consumers, driving them from discovery to purchase.”
The report shows that credit/debit cards on mobile web and online payment services are the most popular payment methods (40% and 37%, respectively).
Mobile wallet users
Mobile wallet users are the most heavily engaged in mobile commerce, purchasing more frequently on mobile (36% weekly vs. 23%) than average mobile shoppers. In addition, they are more likely to engage with mobile ads (82% interacted vs. 76%). Driven by the ease of purchase, 18 percent have used a mobile wallet for mobile purchases in the past six months. At 47 percent, mobile wallet usage for purchases on smartphones and tablets is strongest in China, followed by Norway (42%), the U.K. (24%), and Japan (20%). Online and off, mobile wallet users have leveraged the technology to pay for a range of items, including:
Customers can protect their personal data and monetize it, entering into a one-on-one relationship with brands through a technology called "smart contracts". Smart contracts allow users to enter into data sharing agreements with brands that are “securely stored on the block chain along with the detailed terms and conditions,” |
Image copyright EPA/YONHAP Image caption K-pop music video director Cha Eun-taek has worked with some of South Korea's biggest stars
A pop music video director in South Korea has been charged in a corruption scandal that threatens to engulf the country's president, Park Geun-Hye.
Cha Eun-taek will stand trial for allegedly using his ties to the president's confidante to win lucrative projects.
The charges include abuse of power, coercion and embezzlement.
Mr Cha, 46, has worked with Gangnam Style star Psy, and South Korean boy band megastars Big Bang.
His involvement in the scandal hinges around his links to Choi Soon-sil, Ms Park's close friend and the daughter of a cult leader, who is believed to have used her status to extract more than £48m ($60m) from top firms, including Samsung.
She is accused of meddling in a wide range of state affairs, including South Korea's preparations for the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Prosecutors say Ms Park herself ordered her former economic adviser to help Mr Cha pressure companies and officials so he would win contracts.
South Korea's government has for years used K-pop artists - as South Korean pop stars are known - as a means of exporting the country's pop culture.
Image copyright Reuters Image caption Across South Korea, peaceful protesters are calling for President Park Geun-Hye to step down
Image copyright Jeon Heon-Kyun-Pool/Getty Images Image caption Police say hundreds of thousands took part in a protest on 26 November, while organisers put the figure at 1.5 million
Ms Park, whose approval rating has dropped to 4%, apologised earlier this month for putting "too much faith in a personal relationship", and has pledged to co-operate with an official investigation into the corruption.
South Korea's constitution does not allow a sitting president to be prosecuted, and Ms Park has 15 months left in her term.
But now that prosecutors have directly linked her to criminal proceedings, it is possible she could be impeached for breaking the law.
For the past five weeks, huge rallies have been held across South Korea demanding the president's resignation.
Organisers say a gathering in Seoul on 26 November drew 1.5 million people. Police estimates put the number at 270,000.
Inside South Korea's presidential scandal
South Korea's president 'heartbroken'
A friendship too far in Seoul? |
[This story contains spoilers from the season one finale of Showtime's Black Monday.]
Although Showtime’s Wall Street comedy Black Monday has been building to a real-life event — the worst single-day stock market crash in history on Oct. 19, 1987 — the show’s true stakes lie in the question of which fictional character falls to their death outside the stock exchange on that day. Sunday's season one finale resolved both that mystery and the long-simmering triangle of loyalties between reckless power trader Mo (Don Cheadle), his colleague and unresolved love interest Dawn (Regina Hall) and his protégé Blair (Andrew Rannells), who has turned vicious following the discovery that Mo has been playing him from day one.
The tables are turned on Mo in every conceivable way by the end of the season: he’s fired by Dawn and Blair, who reveal that they’ve been conspiring against him for weeks, and has to contend with the the return of his supposedly dead, definitively evil father figure Rod "The Jammer" Jaminsky (Bruce Dern). In a final blowout that typifies the show’s dark flavor of absurdist comedy, Jammer pulls a gun on Mo, Blair and Dawn just as Keith (Paul Scheer) is contemplating suicide from a balcony, sparking a struggle that ends with Mo sending Jammer falling to his death.
“There’s something very classic ‘80s and Star Wars-esque about the idea that this father figure is the person Mo has to defeat in order to get to the next step of his life,” co-creator David Caspe tells The Hollywood Reporter of that climactic moment. With the SEC closing in, Mo shares a long-overdue kiss with Dawn before fleeing the city in Blair’s Honda (a beat that brings the pair full circle from their conversation at the end of the pilot). Meanwhile, Blair takes his place at the Jammer Group alongside Dawn, who already seems to be second-guessing her decision.
Below, Caspe breaks down the resolution to the death mystery, Mo and Blair’s mirror opposite arcs through the season, and his and Jordan Cahan’s plans for a potential second season.
Rannells has mentioned that the identity of the person who died changed during production. What was the change?
When we wrote the pilot, we had some ideas of different people that it could be, but we didn’t know for sure at that point who we wanted it to be. Inevitably as you break out a season, things change. There were a few people we thought it could be as we went through the season — I feel bad saying who it would have been at different times, because I don't want that to feel like a judgement on a character or an actor, it was all story-based. But slowly it started to evolve into Jammer making the most sense as the person who dies. He’s Mo’s father figure, and there’s something very classic '80s and Star Wars-esque about the idea that this father figure is the person Mo has to defeat in order to get to the next step of his life. He has to finally shed this really detrimental father figure who’s taught him nothing but horrible lessons.
Jammer dying is also the least tragic option, whereas it being Mo, Blair or Keith is a much bleaker ending. Was that on your mind too?
Yes. As we wrote the characters we got more attached to them, and the actors loved each other, so that definitely factored in. But story-wise it really did feel like the character that made the most sense was Jammer. In some ways, having it be one of the other characters might have felt forced or unearned, and this outcome felt like it worked best with the story that we told through the season. Just from a practical standpoint, everybody is so great in the cast — and obviously Bruce Dern is amazing too, but he’s not part of the core cast — and as much as it would be a great Game of Thrones move to kill somebody off, Game of Thrones has 100 main characters, and we’ve got our core four or five. If we are lucky enough to have another season, it does feel like these are characters we fell in love with, and that the audience fell in love with, so we would want to get to continue the story with all of them. Now with that being said, one of the Lehmans may or may not have perished! We’d reveal that very early in the next year.
On the subject of season two, do you have any sense of how likely a renewal is?
We don’t, we’re just waiting, hopefully. It seems like we got some great critical response, and the fans who have found the show seem to really love it, and watching on Twitter it seems like there’s quite a few people who are into it and are wondering why nobody’s watching or has heard of it. So hopefully if we were to get another season, people would start to hear about it. A lot of times if you don’t break out right away in a crazy way, it’s between seasons one and two that people find stuff. The show is obviously written as incredibly serialized, and I think in some ways getting to watch a few in a row might be helpful for a viewer. In terms of twists and turns throughout the year, it’s definitely built to be binged.
What plans do you have for the storyline of season two?
Jordan and I haven't spoken since we finished editing [season one] a week ago, so we're both just taking a break, but we do have a few ideas. Now that Dawn and Blair have taken over the Jammer Group, I’d love to see what that looks like. Those two running a Wall Street trading firm in the '80s, they’re the two least likely types to have been in charge back then, so I think that would be interesting. And then just Mo’s climb back to the top. I think in a lot of ways Mo enjoys the climb more than the view from the top anyway, so now we’d get to see him climb his way back up. That’s the part of his backstory we never got to see: you saw who he was before he went to prison, and then what he became after his conversations in prison with Jammer turned him onto Wall Street. It’d be interesting to see how Mo climbs now, and that’ll give us a view into how he climbed initially.
The question of Blair’s sexuality became a big part of his arc, and the finale strongly suggests that he’s gay. In your mind, is that definitively the case?
He's figuring it out, which is something that we really worked on a lot with Andrew and with our writers that have gone though similar realizations, and what they said was that it is not necessarily clean and quick. We thought the most interesting story to tell with the character of Blair was just that it is ambiguous, and he is stumbling through it a little. We felt it would be false for him just to wake up one day and say, “I’m gay, I know it, and I’m done.” The way we and our writers and Andrew wanted to tell the story was a little bit more ambiguous. Again, with it only being 10 episodes and 12 months, I think it would have felt false if it was handled too quickly; in the pilot, he’s engaged and maybe has always had the feeling that something’s not quite right about his relationship with Tiff, but to take him from there all the way to being positive [about being gay] and out felt too quick to everyone. Obviously it’s very personal and everybody’s experience of it is different, but for the way we wanted to tell the story with Blair, it felt right for us.
Blair undergoes a pretty dramatic transformation through the season. How did you approach taking him from a naive rookie to this ruthless Wall Street shark?
Taking Blair from so innocent to so evil was our biggest challenge, in that the show is only ten episodes and covers a year. What can happen to this guy in that time that can change him so much? But that said, I think if anything can it's 1980s Wall Street, or even today's Wall Street, to be honest. There are probably few professions that give you such a dark view of the world. When you come out of college you have a lot of ideas about the world, and maybe a belief that people are inherently good, and then on Wall Street you see capitalism at its absolute wildest and most careless, and I think that can change a person. Blair is smart enough to know, once he sees what the landscape is, that he has to adapt or he’s done. So he chose to adapt and maybe went a little too far. But his fiancee is also monstrous, and he finds out that her parents are terrible, so I think Blair just happened to see so much negativity in the world so quickly that it stunned him into submission.
Mo and Blair’s relationship has really soured by the end of the season. What does that dynamic look like going forward?
Going into the season, we viewed it as ideally Blair would break bad, and Mo would break good. I don't know how good Mo broke, but I think he broke a little good! We did get him to a place where he proposed, and he tells two people he loves them in the finale — he tells Keith and he tells Dawn. That’s not really a phrase you would have expected to hear from that character early in the season. And I believe he got to a place where he really did love Blair as well and didn’t want to hurt him any more, but everything was in motion by that point, and it was too late.
I think in the end, Blair gave as good as he would have gotten. You can say that Mo deserved it, and he did, but Blair’s completely destroyed Mo’s life. Again, Mo was planning to do that to him, so it’s justified, but I think they’re probably even at this point. Blair took all Mo’s money, he basically ruined the one relationship that he had a chance at with Dawn, and though not Blair's fault, the Georgina play in general put Mo in the crosshairs of the SEC. Mo’s life couldn’t really be in a worse place by the end of the finale, and I can’t imagine he doesn’t want revenge. I would not want to be on the other side of Mo’s vengeance. We’ve already seen that he seems willing to do anything, and if he's willing to do anything when he’s the 11th trading firm on the block — which is probably a lot of money and represents him doing pretty well — then I can’t imagine what he’s willing to do when he’s got nothing to lose.
This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity. |
Q:
Spree - Bundle Error when pushing to heroku or elastic beanstalk
I'm a bit new to all this so this might be something obvious that I've overlooked but when I try to push my spree rails app to either heroku or beanstalk I get different errors involving bundle.
This one for Heroku:
Installing spree_core (2.0.0)
Gem::InstallError: spree_core requires Ruby version >= 1.9.3.
An error occurred while installing spree_core (2.0.0), and Bundler cannot
continue.
Make sure that `gem install spree_core -v '2.0.0'` succeeds before bundling.
!
! Failed to install gems via Bundler.
!
! Push rejected, failed to compile Ruby/Rails app
and this one for Elastic Beanstalk:
https://github.com/spree/spree_gateway.git (at 2-0-stable) is not checked out.
Please run `bundle install` (Bundler::GitError)
My gemfile is here.
https://github.com/pjsim/spree_exporting_sardinia/blob/master/Gemfile
The app both bundles and runs fine on a local server and my ruby version is 1.9.3p392 so I don't understand why it fails here. Any ideas where I've gone wrong?
A:
The default ruby on Heroku is still 1.9.2. Try adding ruby '1.9.3' to your Gemfile to address that issue.
|
Return::Type allows you to specify a return type for your subs. Type constraints
from any Type::Tiny, MooseX::Types or MouseX::Types type library are supported.
The simple syntax for specifying a type constraint is shown in the "SYNOPSIS".
If the attribute is passed a single type constraint as shown, this will be
applied to the return value if called in scalar context, and to each item in the
returned list if called in list context. (If the sub is called in void context,
type constraints are simply ignored.)
WWW: https://metacpan.org/release/Return-Type
|
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015 has been awarded to three scientists for discoveries that have transformed treatment of malaria and a few other parasitic diseases, which afflict hundreds of millions of people each year.
The drug discovered by Campbell and Omura is used to control parasites in dogs, horses and other livestock.
“Professor Campbell was centrally involved in developing the cure against river blindness”, said Patrick Prendergast, the Provost of Trinity College Dublin welcoming the announcement.
Undated file photo shows Tu Youyou, a pharmacologist with the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, working to make artemisinin, a drug therapy for malaria, in 1980s.
Close to 100 million Mectizan prescriptions are given across the globe each year, and the drug has led to the local eradication of worm-borne diseases, like river blindness, in much of South America and parts of Africa.
Lymphatic filariasis, another parasitic disease, is spread by the bites of infected mosquitoes. Still, more than 450,000 people die annually from malaria, according to the Nobel Committee’s statement. He traveled around Japan collecting soil samples in the hopes of finding a natural product to combat disease-causing microbes.
Omura is a Japanese microbiologist who isolated 50 of the most promising strains of Streptomyces for use against harmful agents. The substance was purified and named Avermectin.
The bioactive agent avermectin, was chemically modified to a more effective compound called ivermectin and marketed as a drug by pharmaceutical giant Merck (Merck Sharpe and Dohme).
Omura, an 80-year-old professor emeritus at Kitasato University in Japan, and his colleague William Campbell, 85, an Ireland-born research fellow emeritus at Drew University in the United States, shared the prize for their discovery of a new drug, Avermectin.
In 2011 we took a look at Professor Youyou Tu’s research that led to the development of Artemisinin therapy for malaria, and the key role played by mouse models of malaria infection, in a post entitled “George is OK: Thank the men who stare down microscopes!”
Ge Hong, a fourth-century physician, alchemist and herbalist, wrote a “handbook of prescriptions for emergencies” in 340AD that included a key passage on how to treat malaria with an extract made from the sweet wormwood shrub, Artemisia annua. “Campbell acquired Omura”s cultures and conducted extensive tests on farm and domestic animals. She discovered artemisinin, which has been used by millions against malaria. It has reduced overall mortality rates from the disease by 20 percent. “So it as very exciting to see that develop from the initial discovery that Omura made into a product that has now saved many thousands of lives, particularly in Africa”.
Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute “After decades of limited progress in developing durable therapies for parasitic diseases, the discoveries by this year’s laureates radically changed the situation”, says the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute, which selects Nobel Prize winners in physiology or medicine. |
C.J.
Rhodes is in his first summer as head coach of the New Market
Rebels in the Valley Baseball League. He is as assistant coach
and recruiting coordinator at Randolph-Macon College in Ashland,
Va. Rhodes helped the Yellow Jackets win the Old Dominion
Athletic Conference (ODAC) Championship and advance to the NCAA
Division III Championship.
Rhodes spent two years on the staff of the late Paul Keyes at VCU, primarily
working with the hitters and catchers as well as assisting with daily
administrative duties. He was also director for the Rams Baseball Camps. While
with the Rams, Rhodes served as an assistant coach for the Wisconsin Woodchucks
of the Northwoods League.
A
native of Williamsburg, Va., Rhodes played four years at Virginia Wesleyan
College, earning All-Conference and All-Region honors as a catcher.
Summertime in New
Market officially begins when the Rebels come into town. As my coaches and I
begin to get acquainted with the area, you can tell that people know you are not
from around here. For 10 weeks out of the year, the town of New Market opens its
doors to student-athletes and young coaches like myself and provides us with an
opportunity to be a part of a tradition unlike any other, The Valley Baseball
League. The hours, days, weeks and months of preparation have finally led to
this and now it is time for our players to arrive and for the summer to begin.
The New Market Rebels
have been a member of the Valley Baseball League since the league began in 1923.
And with the smallest community population in the entire league, you would never
know the difference with the amount of support that the Rebels receive. From top
to bottom, the New Market Rebels organization is comprised of volunteers who
take time away from their family and/or daily responsibilities, year after year,
to provide a quality experience for my players. When I was introduced to the
wonderful people of New Market as I was going through the interview process, it
was very apparent about how caring these people were towards student-athletes
that they didn’t even know. But as an organization it was important that we
agreed on one thing, that when a player leaves New Market and returns home to
his respected college program, he needs to be better than how he arrived. That
is the goal for each and every summer, and it is important that I and my staff
have that goal every day to make sure our players enjoy their experience and get
better while they are doing it.
Finally the day the
players report was here and what an exciting day for me because of the
relationship that I had built with most of them over the phone. As it is my
responsibility to recruit players for the roster, a lot goes into the
communication that I have with their present coaches, past coaches and also the
players themselves. To get a chance to finally put names to faces was exciting,
not only for myself but for members of the New Market Rebels organization also.
This roster is comprised of a variety of players all from different levels of
college baseball, that all have had success at their respective college
programs. With this being my first stint as a head coach, it was not about
getting the name on the front of the jersey, but getting the name that was on
the back of it. Being able to find players whose intangibles were their
character and their work ethic. Those were the things I was looking for out of
the players that I wanted on my team, that I believe would help us compete day
in and day out in the Valley Baseball League. |
# Copyright 2017-2017 the openage authors. See copying.md for legal info.
# Fetch project with given name from the Internet.
# Basically wraps ExternalProject and does a nested cmake invocation.
#
# Usage:
# fetch_project(
# NAME ${projectname}
# [DISABLE_UPDATES]
# ${locationspecification...}
# )
#
# Arguments:
# NAME -- custom name of the project
# DISABLE_UPDATES -- when set, don't do automatic git updates
# locationspecification -- passed to ExternalProject_Add
#
# sets in caller scope:
# ${projectname}_SOURCE_DIR -- subproject source directory
# ${projectname}_BINARY_DIR -- subproject binary directory
# ${projectname}_SUBPROJ_DIR -- everything of the subproject
# -- (including src and bin directory)
#
# You need to specify the location with options of
# ExternalProject_Add, for example:
#
# fetch_project(
# NAME yourmom
# GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/nevergonna/giveyouup
# GIT_TAG origin/master
# )
#
function(fetch_project)
cmake_parse_arguments(PROJ "DISABLE_UPDATES" "NAME" "" ${ARGN})
if(PROJ_NAME STREQUAL "")
message(FATAL_ERROR "no project name given")
endif()
set(PROJ_DIR "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${PROJ_NAME}-external")
set(PROJ_DL_DIR "${PROJ_DIR}/dl")
set(PROJ_SRC_DIR "${PROJ_DIR}/source")
set(PROJ_BIN_DIR "${PROJ_DIR}/bin")
set(PROJ_STAMP_DIR "${PROJ_DIR}/stamp")
# CLion creates this file for multiple projects
file(REMOVE "${PROJ_DL_DIR}/CMakeCache.txt")
# create the ExternalProject configuration file
# for the nested cmake call.
configure_file(
"${BUILDSYSTEM_DIR}/templates/ExternalFetch.cmake.in"
"${PROJ_DL_DIR}/CMakeLists.txt"
@ONLY
)
# run cmake to "configure" the external project.
# this prepares the download that will be done in the next step.
execute_process(COMMAND
${CMAKE_COMMAND}
"-G${CMAKE_GENERATOR}"
"-DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM:FILE=${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM}"
.
OUTPUT_QUIET
RESULT_VARIABLE config_ok
WORKING_DIRECTORY "${PROJ_DL_DIR}"
)
if(config_ok)
message(FATAL_ERROR "Failed to set up external project ${PROJ_NAME}")
endif()
# Now actually download the project.
# This does not "build" it! The "build" is the download execution.
execute_process(COMMAND
${CMAKE_COMMAND} --build .
OUTPUT_QUIET
RESULT_VARIABLE download_ok
WORKING_DIRECTORY "${PROJ_DL_DIR}"
)
if(download_ok)
message(FATAL_ERROR "Failed to download external project ${PROJ_NAME}.")
endif()
set(${PROJ_NAME}_SOURCE_DIR "${PROJ_SRC_DIR}" PARENT_SCOPE)
set(${PROJ_NAME}_BINARY_DIR "${PROJ_BIN_DIR}" PARENT_SCOPE)
set(${PROJ_NAME}_SUBPROJ_DIR "${PROJ_DIR}" PARENT_SCOPE)
endfunction()
|
It’s a familiar story: Out of an exaggerated concern about potential election fraud, a state adopts procedures that have the effect of disenfranchising perfectly qualified voters. In this case, the state of Arizona is demanding that would-be voters provide proof of citizenship beyond what Congress has required. The Supreme Court, which heard arguments about Arizona’s policy on Monday, should strike the requirement down.
In 1993, Congress enacted the National Voter Registration Act, popularly known as the “motor voter” law because, among other provisions, it allows citizens to register to vote when they apply for a driver’s license. Congress was clear about its objective: “to establish procedures that will increase the number of eligible citizens who register to vote in elections for federal office.”
Under the law, a citizen can register to vote by mailing to state election officials a form on which the applicant states, under penalty of perjury, that he or she is a U.S. citizen. The federal agency that prepares the form also tells prospective voters what information is required by particular states. Would-be voters in Arizona, for example, are informed that they must include the number of their driver’s license or other state ID or, if they lack those documents, the last four digits of their Social Security number. But if the applicant doesn’t have a state ID or a Social Security number, he or she
writes “None” on the form and the state assigns an ID number. For that subgroup of applicants no further proof of citizenship is required.
As it did with immigration, Arizona decided to “improve” on Congress’ work. In 2004 the state’s voters approved a measure requiring that those seeking to register to vote provide evidence of citizenship. According to the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund, which has led the challenge to the initiative, 31,000 would-be voters — most of them apparently citizens — subsequently had registration applications rejected. Among those rejected were people with driver’s licenses issued before 1996 and naturalized citizens who were listed as “foreigners” on a database.
This law should never have been passed in the first place because, as the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals concluded, “Arizona has not provided persuasive evidence that voter fraud in registration procedures is a significant problem in Arizona.” But that isn’t the issue before the Supreme Court. The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to override state decisions about the “times, places and manner” of congressional elections, and that is what it did when it directed the states to “accept and use” the registration form approved by the federal government. As the Obama administration points out in a friend-of-the-court brief, Congress considered — and ultimately rejected — language allowing states to require “documentary evidence of the citizenship of an applicant for voter registration.” Arizona didn’t respect that decision, but the court should. |
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I clench up every time a table of three or four people erupts in loud sustained giggling. Laughter is basically about the releasing of feelings that you’ve kept bottled up for whatever reason. Freeing these suppressed judgements and emotions from the cage is exhilarating — an occasion for pure joy. I’ve been there a few thousand times in my life, and will hopefully go there again very soon. But it’s over within five or ten seconds, max. And then I settle into “the space.” Because I don’t have that much bottled up to begin with. No healthy person does.
What good are you if you can’t be Zen about things? The Zen guy or the Bhagavad Gita gal lives 24/7 with the hum of the universe animating his/her spirit and zapping every molecule, and therefore he/she doesn’t explode in spazzy giggling fits at breakfast tables…on and on and on, dropping silverware on the floor, getting louder and louder.
It’s not “she knows too much to argue or to judge” — it’s “she knows and feels too much to giggle for 30 or 40 seconds straight.”
The fact is that anyone who succumbs to boorish and sustained giggling fits means they’ve probably got a shitload of bottled-up feelings and rage and bad memories, which obviously indicates they’re living in a fairly conflicted or repressed place, and are therefore probably miserable to some degree, not to mention immature. So if you’re the type of person who giggles in loud, prolonged, hyena-like bursts in a Swiss breakfast room at 8:25 am you’re probably a bit of an asshole. You probably need years of therapy, but if you haven’t done the therapy by now you probably never will.
Does it matter to you that you’re irritating others with your gales of hideous gaiety? Of course not. Why should it? You’re on your vacation and you worked hard to pay for it and so you can do what you want, whenever you want…right? So you’re a sociopath to boot.
Classic. Just classic. Rage, bitterness, and sweeping judgements about total strangers, this post has it all! I also happen to agree with it…
Peter Buchanan
Kind of ironic that you talk about being Zen, considering that you get a hissy fit about the tiniest things and are unable to realize that the world doesn’t follow your own personal rules…whatever you are, you are most definelty not Zen…
Can someone explain to me why “deleting” a post in Disqus apparently just results in the poster’s name being replaced with “Guest”? Anyway, sorry for the double post, this one isn’t supposed to be here anymore.
RoyBatty Returns
Bet I could make some choice sweeping generalizations about folks who wig out whenever people do more than politely laugh for some time allotment they came up with.
Jeff is doing a performance art remake of Polanski’s “The Tenant,” and this is part two—part one was the cleaning lady episode. “The gigglers are trying to turn me into Simone Schull!!!”
And yes, the “other people aren’t very Zen like me” bit is priceless.
Arthur Crittare
Zen Like Me: Why is the World Laughing?
– a new e-book by Jeffrey Wells
TheAngryInternet
Zen is the worst possible school of Buddhism to invoke in some anti-boisterous-laughter crusade. For starters, the “Laughing Buddha” motif is traditionally said to be based on a Zen monk. And then there’s this:
Another favourite motif in Zen Buddhist art is that of the ‘three laughing monks’. It relates to a traditional tale of a monk who had taken a vow never to cross the bridge connecting his island hermitage to the mainland. He was visited by two fellow monastics, and on seeing them off, they were so absorbed in conversation that the island monk had walked across the bridge before he was aware of his own actions. All three of them then collapsed into a helpless fit of laughter…The monk, so the story goes, returned to his hermitage and never broke his vow again. But neither did he brood on the one time he had broken it.
Indeed, humour in Zen Buddhism has been changed from something to be avoided if at all possible to a teaching device in its own right. Time and again we read of Zen monks and their masters laughing uproariously, of revered teachers clowning around, playing the fool, joking even about things ordinarily held sacred by other Buddhists, not excluding the Buddha himself. Again and again we read about a Zen master who ‘clapped his hands and gave a loud roar of laughter’…
Raising_Kaned
The fact is that anyone who’s bothered by others succumbing to boorish and sustained giggling
fits means they’ve probably got a shitload of bottled-up feelings and
rage and bad memories, which obviously indicates they’re living in a
fairly conflicted or repressed place, and are therefore probably
miserable to some degree, not to mention immature. So if you’re the
type of person who quietly rages while others giggle in loud, prolonged, hyena-like bursts in a
Swiss breakfast room at 8:25 am you’re probably a bit of an asshole. You
probably need years of therapy, but if you haven’t done the therapy by
now you probably never will.
There. Fixed that for ya.
Are you the kind of asshole that also complains about (the many, many beautiful) women who moan too loudly during climax? Not that you’d know about that.
Let’s be honest here: you’re just jealous of the freedom that other people express whilst “letting go” (laughter and orgasms are called “releases” for a reason, dude…they’re UNCONSCIOUS — not SELF-conscious — acts). I have been there myself, so I know what it sounds like. And it sounds a whole helluva lot like, “if I can’t enjoy myself the way you are, then you’re not allowed to, either.”
So who’s really the sociopath here who needs therapy?
MisterQuigley
Context – Jeff sits down in a cafe to write, gets frustrated at tourists laughing at the next table, equates their laughter to his inability to think of anything provocative to write about = light bulb!
Raising_Kaned
Pretty much. The reason I take JW to task so often is because I (sadly) can relate…
TRIVIA FACT: Jeff Wells was lead singer of the little-known 60s rock band Crabby Appleton. Actually, that’s not a fact, but it could be, should be.
Breedlove
Jeff, serious question, do you consider yourself a more or less happy person? Do you wake up in a good mood most mornings or a shitty one? I’m curious if you’ve ever been treated for depression or been in therapy. Not really my business, I guess.
roland1824
Everyone’s already taken you to task here, but you need to correct lumping “laughter” in together with “giggling”. Giggling and easily gigglers are there own breed and can become annoying after a while, no doubt. But earned, shared hearty laughter is a completely different animal, welcome medicine for the soul (and body–look it up).
Gabe_Toro
What is this shit about? My laugh is DELIGHTFUL.
Jason T.
Laughter is a wonderful thing and I don’t fault anyone who enjoys it. God only knows we need more of it. |
Written in the stars
IT’S one of the great love stories of the 20th century, one to put next to John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor — the love between Elizabeth Klarer and Akon, the being from the planet Meton, and the birth of their child, Ayling.
More prosaically, Klarer was born Elizabeth Woollatt on a farm in the Mooi River area in 1910 though, perhaps significantly, it was the same year that Halley’s Comet streaked across the skies.
Klarer claimed to have her first sighting of an unidentified klying object (UFO) at the age of seven, in 1917. According to her book Beyond the Light Barrier, she and an older sister were playing when they saw a meteor heading out of the sky towards them. Suddenly, a spaceship appeared, intercepted the meteor and saved their lives. Klarer had a second sighting several months later, when another spaceship intervened to save her from a tornado.
Cape Town-based science-fiction writer Lauren Beukes, author of the award-winning Zoo City, featured Klarer in her earlier non-fiction book, Maverick: Extraordinary Women From South Africa’s Past, where she outlined her story prior to the meeting with Akon. Klarer was educated at St Anne’s Diocesan College in Hilton and after matriculating, went to Italy to study art and music in Florence. She then did a four-year diploma at Cambridge University in meteorology. Klarer returned to South Africa in 1932, and married RAF pilot Captain W. Stafford Phillips, who taught her to fly.
In 1937, the couple experienced a UFO sighting. According to Beukes, “they were en route from Durban to Baragwanath airfield in a Leopard Moth, when a huge pulsating sphere with a slightly raised dome pulled level with their plane over the Drakensberg … [Stafford] immediately launched into evasive manoeuvres, ducking and banking away. The ship paced them easily, cyclically flashing through white, blue and yellow, before it flipped on its side, rolled away like a wheel and then, with a burst of light, vanished. As soon as they landed, Stafford filed a detailed report to headquarters in Pretoria. Unfortunately, the South African Air Force has no record of it.”
The couple subsequently relocated to England, when Stafford was redeployed to the DeHavilland Experimental Station in Hatfield. Klarer was employed by the RAF as a meteorologist. In 1943, she moved back to South Africa, and she and Stafford subsequently divorced. In 1946, she married Paul Klarer, an engineer, and gave birth to her son, David, in 1949. Their marriage ended in the mid-fifties.
Klarer still holidayed on the family farm and in 1954, she saw another flying saucer, this time close enough to see the occupants. Two years later, on April 6, 1956, a saucer landed on the farm, and she was taken aboard. There, she met Akon who, according to her, was the most beautiful man she had ever seen, with grey eyes and swept-back hair, silvery at the temples.
Akon took Klarer to his home planet, named Meton, in the star system Alpha Centauri. There, they became lovers and a child, a boy named Ayling, was born.
“An exhilarating happiness filled those days of quickening life within me,” wrote Klarer, “halcyon days filled with joy, with a life so precious, a part of Akon to be nurtured and loved, a life from another planet to be encompassed with the essence of love and joy that a woman knows and gives to the quickening child within her womb, when the embryo stems from the seed of love. This is the spark which creates the divine soul in human life, a divine soul born in the offspring of a true mating between a man and a woman, that true and complete love of a man for a woman and a woman for a man, which is so rarely found among human beings on Earth, who misunderstand the functions of mating and procreation in the higher octaves of sensual delight.”
Ayling remained on Meton when Klarer returned to Earth and thereafter, she met Akon every year until 1963, during the month of April. They subsequently maintained contact via telepathic communication. Every year, she would make a pilgrimage to the family farm at Rosetta, and visit what had become known as Flying Saucer Hill.
The only apparent evidence of this extraordinary liaison was a ring. “On the middle finger of her left hand,” according to a Witness report, “Klarer wore an unusual silver ring with a large crystal stone. She said it was given to her by Akon.”
Klarer detailed her experiences in her book, Beyond the Light Barrier, published in 1980, though she had earlier attracted public interest and become internationally famous. According to some sources, the British Ministry of Defence showed interest in her experiences and in 1983, she addressed the House of Lords in England and a paper by her was read at the United Nations.
Klarer was feted by UFO societies around the world and in May 1992, she spoke in Pietermaritzburg at a meeting of the Unidentified Flying Object Club, which saw hundreds turn up and many turned away because of a lack of space. According to a Witness report, “tea was cancelled ... when the crowd grew too big to cope with”.
At the meeting, Klarer gave Akon’s views “as if she had just spoken to him on the phone”. According to Klarer, Akon was “very, very angry. And his wrath knows no bounds. All this fighting among the barbarians in our society is wrong. They fight their tribal wars and Akon does not like it. Fighting is not allowed in space.”
The tone of the meeting was quasi-religious. Most present hung upon Klarer’s every word, but there were some sceptics present: “One member of the audience requested her to produce photographic evidence of life on Meton at a future meeting, and observed that it was a little odd that having travelled 4,2 million light years to another planet, Klarer met someone who looked ‘exactly like a white South African’.”
In 1963, Klarer married Aubrey Fielding, an ex-British intelligence officer, artist and art dealer. According to Klarer, “he had seen the spaceships and was 100% behind me in my work on UFOs. The flying saucers brought us together.”
Apparently, Fielding was not bothered by his wife’s love for Akon. “That’s all right with me — as long as he stays in space where he belongs,” he was reported as saying.
When Fielding died in 1981, his ashes were scattered on Flying Saucer Hill. Klarer died in 1994. Her death has not diminished interest in her. There are numerous websites featuring her experiences, and Beyond the Light Barrier remains in print, while every year, April brings stories of possible sightings of UFOs in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands.
In 2006, Rosetta, Kamberg and Nottingham Road residents held an outdoor party to mark the 50th anniversary “of the area’s favourite daughter absconding with Akon”. They even prepared a special runway in anticipation of Akon’s possible return for the celebrations. Alas, he didn’t appear, though a prankster launched a home-made UFO that saw many claim to have seen the real thing.
In April this year, The Witness reported the sister of Pietermaritzburg ufologist Kitty Smith, a good friend of Klarer, as seeing a UFO in the skies over Swartberg. Doris Scott of Franklin, eastern KwaZulu-Natal, described how six friends saw the object in the clear night sky.
Speaking to The Witness about her sister’s sighting, Smith recalled the fly-by she herself witnessed in January 1984, that she believes Akon did for her benefit at Champagne Castle.
Smith, who until then had never seen a UFO, despite her fascination with them, said Klarer had told her to go to Champagne Castle, where she had met Akon. Smith said she had seen a silent, blue silvery pulsating light, which at first appeared behind a lit-up cloud. It then moved into view, and “just came across the sky, hardly moving”.
Klarer told Smith she had spoken to Akon about doing a fly-past. “She told me that I had done research all my life, but had never had a personal sighting. She said Akon said I deserved one, and they had arranged it ... I like to think they are together now.”
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Harold & Kumar Duo Helm Fourth “Pie”
Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg, the creators of the “Harold and Kumar” films, have signed on to both pen and direct a fourth “American Pie” for Universal Pictures says Risky Biz Blog.
Producer Chris Weitz revealed last month that the project, entitled “American Reunion”, is trying to get as many former cast members back as possible with many of the actors apparently showing a strong interest in returning (though no deals are in place yet). Story details are under wraps.
Due to their commitment, Hurwitz and Schlossberg will likely bow out of directing “A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas” with newcomer Todd Strauss Schulson already being mentioned as a potential replacement. That film will start shooting this Summer. |
NPDC-1, a novel regulator of neuronal proliferation, is degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome system through a PEST degradation motif.
Neural proliferation and differentiation control protein-1 (NPDC-1) is a protein expressed primarily in brain and lung and whose expression can be correlated with the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Embryonic differentiation in brain and lung has classically been linked to retinoid signaling, and we have recently characterized NPDC-1 as a regulator of retinoic acid-mediated events. Regulators of differentiation and development are themselves highly regulated and usually through multiple mechanisms. One such mechanism, protein degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway, has been linked to the expression of a number of proteins involved in control of proliferation or differentiation, including cyclin D1 and E2F-1. The data presented here demonstrate that NPDC-1 is likewise degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, stabilized the expression of NPDC-1 and allowed detection of ubiquitinated NPDC-1 in vivo. A PEST motif (rich in proline, glutamine, serine, and threonine) located in the carboxyl terminus of NPDC-1 was shown to target the protein for degradation. Deletion of the PEST motif increased NPDC-1 protein stability and NPDC-1 inhibitory effect on retinoic acid-mediated transcription. NPDC-1 was phosphorylated by several kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Phosphorylation of NPDC-1 increased the in vitro rate of NPDC-1 ubiquitination. The MEK inhibitor, PD-98059, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated activation, also inhibited the formation of ubiquitinated NPDC-1 in vivo. Together these results suggest that retinoic acid signaling can be modulated by the presence of NPDC-1 and that the protein level and activity of NPDC-1 can be regulated by phosphorylation-mediated proteasomal degradation. |
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
_______________
m 01-10269
_______________
MARY DOUGHTEN,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
VERSUS
STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
_________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas
(4:00-CV-1799)
_________________________
February 6, 2002
Before SMITH and DEMOSS, Circuit Judges, This appeal is intended to present two ques-
and LAKE, District Judge.* tions: (1) Can a district court decide legal
issues at summary judgment? (2) Does the
PER CURIAM:** Texas Insurance Code permit an insurance
contract to exclude coverage for an insured
party’s bodily injuries sustained while riding in
*
District Judge of the Southern District of an uninsured family member’s car? We
Texas, sitting by designation. conclude that it is unnecessary to reach either
**
issue, because the plaintiff, Mary Doughten,
Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has
determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the
**
limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. (...continued)
(continued...) 47.5.4.
waived those issues by failing to raise them in avers that the district court erred in giving ef-
the district court. fect to the exclusionary clause, because it vio-
lates Texas public policy.
I.
Doughten was a passenger in her son-in- II.
law’s car when a third party rear-ended their Doughten’s failure to respond to the
vehicle, injuring her. Her son-in-law, James motion for summary judgment means that she
Gray, also was a member of Doughten’s did not raise, in the district court, the issues
household. Defendant State Farm Mutual she urges on appeal. Fifth Circuit cases do not
Automobile Insurance Company (“State consistently describe the standard for
Farm”) insured her and her vehicle and insured considering an issue raised for the first time on
Gray under a separate policy. appeal. Some panels have stated that we need
not do so “unless it is a purely legal issue and
Doughten sought and recovered money our refusal to consider it would result in a mis-
from three sources: (1) The negligent driver’s carriage of justice.” E.g., Heci Exploration
insurance carrier paid up to its third-party Co. v. Holloway, 862 F.2d 513, 518 & n.7
policy limits; (2) State Farm paid up to the (5th Cir. 1988) (emphasis added). More re-
limit of Gray’s underinsured motorists policy; cently, panels have explained that this court
and (3) State Farm paid up to the limit of can consider an issue for the first time on ap-
Doughten’s Personal Injury Protection Policy. peal if “the issue presents a pure question of
Doughten sought payment from State Farm law or [is] an issue which, if ignored, would
under her Texas personal automobile policy result in a miscarriage of justice.” E.g., United
for underinsured motorists. State Farm denied States ex rel. Wallace v. Flintco, Inc., 143
payment, and Doughten filed this suit in state F.3d 955, 971 (5th Cir. 1998) (emphasis add-
court, seeking actual damages for breach of ed). We need not resolve the conflict to
the insurance contract and extra-contractual decide whether Doughten can make new
damages pursuant to article 21.21 of the Texas arguments on appeal, because she failed to
Insurance Code. State Farm removed on the respond to the summary judgment motion
basis of diversity jurisdiction. altogether.
State Farm moved for summary judgment; The courts of appeals retain broad
Doughten did not respond. The court granted discretion to hear issues not presented to the
summary judgment based on a clause in the in- district court.1 On the facts of this case, we
surance policy that excludes payment for will not exercise that discretion, for to do so
“bodily injury sustained while occupying, or would interfere with the managerial role of the
when struck by, any motor vehicle or trailer of district court and would confuse our position
any type owned by you or any family member
which is not insured for this coverage under
the policy.” 1
Singleton v. Wulff, 438 U.S. 106, 121 (1978)
(“The matter of what questions may be taken up
Doughten alleges two errors. First, she ar- and resolved for the first time on appeal is one left
gues that declaratory judgment, rather than primarily to the discretion of the courts of appeals,
summary judgment, was proper. Second, she to be exercised on the facts of individual cases.”);
Heci, 862 F.2d at 518 & n.7 (same).
2
with that of the district court. however, State Farm would prevail, for the
reasons cogently set forth by the district court.
When a party fails to file any response to a
summary judgment motion or offer an excuse III.
for its failure, the district court should not face Doughten alleges that the court should have
reversal based on novel issues. At summary resolved the legality of the contract’s ex-
judgment, Dought en failed to make any legal clusionary clause through a declaratory
arguments or identify the fact issues necessary judgment action rather than at summary
to justify a trial. Her error went far beyond the judgment. Doughten misunderstands the
failure to raise a single legal argument and nature of a motion for summary judgment.
more resembles the failure to raise an entire
claim or defense. We have previously ignored Summary judgment is appropriate if the
defenses when argued for the first time on evidence on record “show[s] that there is no
appeal.2 genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
On appeal, Doughten does not even offer matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). The
an excuse for failing to respond to the moving party bears the initial burden of
summary judgment motions. Her failure to demonstrating an absence of evidence
respond should not permit her, effectively, to supporting the nonmovant’s case. Celotex
circumvent the district court entirely. When Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). If
exercising our discretion to hear issues first the nonmovant bears the burden of proving the
raised on appeal, we should consider how it issue at trial, the movant merely can point to
would affect judicial economy and man- the absence of evidence in the record. Id. at
agement. Payne v. McLemore’s Wholesale & 323-24. The nonmoving party may not rest on
Retail Stores, 654 F.2d 1130, 1146 (5th Cir. the mere allegations or denials of its pleadings
Unit A Sept. 1981). but must respond by setting forth specific facts
indicating a genuine issue for trial.3
The risk of interfering with the district
court’s ability to resolve cases at summary Courts should resolve disputed legal issues
judgment outweighs the slight chance of in- at summary judgment, even though they lack
justice posed by denying Doughten’s new and the power to resolve factual disputes. 4 The
dubious arguments. Even if we were to
consider Doughten’s issues on the merits,
3
Webb v. Cardiothoracic Surgery Assocs,
P.A., 139 F.2d 532, 536 (5th Cir. 1998); Figgie
Int’l, Inc. v. Bailey, 25 F.3d 1267, 1269-70 (5th
2
Estate of Martineau v. ARCO Chem. Co., 203 Cir. 1994).
F.3d 904, 913 (5th Cir. 2000) (refusing to consider
4
a limitations argument that the party had failed to Hang On, Inc. v. City of Arlington, 65 F.3d
raise when briefing a motion for summary 1248, 1257 (5th Cir. 1995) (explaining power of
judgment). Cf. Hinsley v. Boudloche, 201 F.3d district court to evaluate legal theory’s merits at
638, 645 (5th Cir. 2000) (refusing to consider summary judgment); Neff v. Am. Dairy Queen
plaintiff’s arguments for tolling the statute of Corp., 58 F.3d 1063, 1065 (5th Cir. 1995) (hold-
limitations where she had not raised them at ing that district court properly resolved question of
summary judgment). (continued...)
3
district court correct ly chose to resolve the unbroken line of cases holding that insurers
legal issue of the exclusionary clause’s validity lawfully can exclude some of a family’s
at summary judgment. We review that vehicles from coverage.6
decision de novo. Rushing v. Kan. City S. Ry.,
185 F.3d 496, 504 (5th Cir. 1999). Doughten relies on two cases to show that
the exclusion violates Texas public pol-
IV. icySSStephens v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Texas Insurance Code article 5.06-1 Co., 508 F.2d 1363 (5th Cir. 1975), and Bri-
requires automobile liability insurance to ones v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 790
include coverage against uninsured and S.W.2d 70 (Tex. App.SSSan Antonio 1990,
underinsured motor vehicles. The insured can writ denied). Neither is good law.
waive such coverage in writing. TEX. INS.
CODE ANN. art. 5.06-1 (Vernon 1981). In Stephens, 508 F.2d at 1367, we held that
Doughten argues that this statutory
requirement creates an amorphous public
policy that invalidates St ate Farm’s 5
(...continued)
exclusionary clause. Farm Mut. Ins. Co. v. Conn, 842 S.W.2d 350,
351-52 (Tex. App.SSTyler 1993, writ denied)
The language of the statute presents the (enforcing clause excluding uninsured family mem-
first major obstacle for Doughten. The statute bers’ cars from coverage against underinsured
provides that “[t]he coverages required under motorists); Tex. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v.
this Article shall not be applicable where any Tatum, 841 S.W.2d 89, 92 (Tex. App.SSTyler
insured named in the policy shall reject the 1992, writ denied) (same); Tex. Farmers Ins. Co.
v. McKinnon, 823 S.W.2d 345, 346-47 (Tex.
coverage in writing.” Id. Because the statute
App.SSBeaumont 1992, writ denied) (same).
expressly permits waiver, Doughten would
have to advance a unique reason that waivers 6
Holyfield v. Members Mut. Ins. Co., 572
of claims against uninsured family members S.W.2d 672, 673 (Tex. 1978) (establishing rule
violate public policy. She fails to do so. that insurer can refuse to insure certain vehicles
consistent with Texas statute requiring liability
Several Texas courts of appeals have ruled insurance); Farmers Tex. County Mut. Ins. Co. v.
that an insurance company can lawfully Griffin, 868 S.W.2d 861, 868-69 (Tex.
disclaim uninsured motorists liability for App.SSDallas 1994, no writ); Conlin v. State
accidents involving uncovered family Farm Auto. Ins. Co., 828 S.W.2d 332, 336-37
members.5 This rule is consistent with an (Tex. App.SSAustin 1992, writ denied); Harwell v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 782 S.W.2d 518,
520 (Tex. App.SSHouston [1st Dist.] 1990, no
writ); Berry v. Tex. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co.,
4
(...continued) 782 S.W.2d 246, 247 (Tex. App.SSWaco 1989,
contract interpretation at summary judgment writ denied); Beaupre v. Standard Fire Ins. Co.,
because it was a legal issue). 736 S.W.2d 237, 238 (Tex. App.SSCorpus Christi
1987, writ denied); Broach v. Members Ins. Co.,
5
Reyes v. Tex. All Risk Gen. Agency, Inc., 855 647 S.W.2d 374, 375 (Tex. App.SSCorpus Christi
S.W.2d 191, 191-92 (Tex. App.SSCorpus Christi 1983, no writ); Stagg v. Travelers Ins. Co., 486
1993, no writ) (upholding identical clause); State S.W.2d 399, 402-04 (Tex. Civ. App.SSBeaumont
(continued...) 1972, no writ).
4
Texas law prohibited an insurer from authority by Texas’s intermediate appellate
excluding some of an insured’s vehicles from courts favors validity.7 The district court
uninsured motorists policies while covering properly upheld the validity of the exclusionary
other vehicles. We recognized that two clause at summary judgment.
intermediate appellate courts had reached the
opposite conclusion but interpreted dictum AFFIRMED.
from the Texas Supreme Court as leaning
toward invalidity. Id.
We no longer need to rely on dictum, how-
ever, because the Texas Supreme Court has
held such clauses valid. Holyfield, 572
S.W.2d at 673. We recognized the change in
state law and upheld a vehicle exclusion in
American Economy Insurance Co. v. Tomlin-
son, 12 F.3d 505, 509 (5th Cir. 1994).
In Briones, the court invalidated an exclu-
sionary clause in an underinsured motorists
insurance contract, 790 S.W.2d at 74, that
barred insureds from recovering if the vehicle
was “available for” the insured’s “regular use,”
id. at 71. The court characterized the question
on appeal as a factual dispute over whether the
plaintiff had used the truck “regularly.” Id. at
72. Despite evidence that he had used it
regularly over five years, the court allowed
recovery. Id. at 74. The court relied heavily
on Stephens and on an interpretation of a
Texas Supreme Court case later rejected in
Holyfield. Id. See Holyfield, 572 S.W.2d at
673. The court emphasized that the employer
had provided the vehicle and that courts
should make this determination on a case-by-
case basis. Briones, 790 S.W.2d at 74.
We conclude that the Texas Supreme Court
would at least restrict Briones to its facts. The
authorities that Briones relies on have since
been discredited, and Briones itself describes
a very limited holding. Briones does not
extend to invalidate waivers of claims against
uninsured family members. The weight of
7
Cases cited supra note 5.
5
|
There’s nothing funny about an NBA lockout, but that’s not to say that it can’t inspire some hilarious TV commercials. Back in 1998, Nike and Sprite stepped up to the plate with two campaigns that brought some levity to a pretty dreadful situation. Nike’s 15- and 30-second spots featured celebrity basketball fans Spike Lee, Dyan Cannon, Jackie Chan, Steve Guttenberg and Samuel L. Jackson seeking alternative basketball outlets, while Sprite had Grant Hill and Tim Duncan (somehow in NBA jerseys) looking for work.
“We’re not taking sides on the issues that have forced the delay of the NBA season,” said Ralph Greene, Nike’s global basketball director back in October 1998. “We just want them to resolve their issues and play ball.”
While Nike’s campaign created by Wieden+Kennedy played on the NBA’s “FAN-tastic” tagline, Sprite’s satirical spots created by Lowe & Partners/SMS actually saw Hill’s reputation take a hit. At the time, many players felt that Hill should have spoken out in support of the union, but instead he remained noticeably silent. In the spots, Hill and Duncan spoofed their unemployment and lobbied viewers to call “1-800-TALL-MEN” to hire them for odd jobs such as changing light bulbs, pruning trees, walking dogs and mowing lawns. Irritated with Hill making light of the situation, the Detroit Free Press quoted an unidentified player that wasn’t too pleased.
“They’re going to be out to get him,” he said, “and the four guys I talked to really meant it. Players with a lot to lose sacrificed a lot, and the sentiment is that the league is looking out for those two (Hill and Duncan) more than most. They’re going to take some shots.”
Other than the players’ animosity, the commercials actually garned a strong response. After they began airing at the end of November, over 350,000 calls were placed to the “1-800-TALL-MEN” phone line in the first two weeks.
So without further ado, here are four of the spots from the time:
What do you think?
Follow Aron on Twitter at @the_real_aron.
Follow Dime on Twitter at @DimeMag.
Become a fan of Dime Magazine on Facebook HERE. |
Q:
How to Export an HTML table as an Excel while maintaining style and applying freeze pane
I am working on a project where an export to Excel functionality is required for a specific HTML table. The tables style needs to be maintained. Also, a metadata section needs to be added to the Excel (not present in the html table) and this section needs to be frozen.
I tried achieving this by parsing the html with JSoup and using Apache POI to create an excel file, but I could not find a way to retain the styling. The values stored in the html style tag do not directly equate to any styles in POI.
Before I started working on it, the application already had a function to export a table to excel by converting it to bytes and writing it with a FileOutPutStream and giving it an xls extension. This allows the style to be maintained, but since it is technically not an xls formatted file, I am not able to read it in with POI and apply the freeze.
Is there any way to either read in the file that the application already creates and apply the freeze, or convert the table into xls while maintaining the style and applying a freeze pane?
Alternately, if there is any way to have the table exported to a valid excel file with the styling maintained, I can then have POI read in that file and apply the freeze.
A:
I ended up achieving this by adding to my original class that created the xls file using jsoup and apache POI. I was able to retrieve the contents of the 'style' tags for all html elements as Strings using jsoup and then parse those Strings looking for font-family, font-size, etc, anything that could be applied to the Excel as formatting. For each attribute I then had to figure out how that specific html style could be transferred to a cellStyle in POI. Here is an example for font-color using rgb style:
private HSSFFont setFontColor(HSSFWorkbook wb, HSSFFont font, String colorCode) {
HSSFPalette palette = wb.getCustomPalette();
// if format is rgb(x,y,z) form, retrieve the 3 numbers within the
// parentheses
colorCode = colorCode.trim();
if (colorCode.toLowerCase().startsWith("rgb")) {
String rgbNumString = colorCode.substring(3, colorCode.length()).trim();
rgbNumString = rgbNumString.substring(1, rgbNumString.length()-1).trim();
String[] rgbNums = StringUtils.split(rgbNumString, ",");
int[] rgbInts = { Integer.parseInt(rgbNums[0].trim()),
Integer.parseInt(rgbNums[1].trim()),
Integer.parseInt(rgbNums[2].trim()) };
HSSFColor color = palette.findSimilarColor(rgbInts[0], rgbInts[1], rgbInts[2]);
short palIndex = color.getIndex();
font.setColor(palIndex);
return font;
}
return font;
}
|
In stereoscopy using a stereo camera system, a stereoscopic image pair can be obtained from two types of camera arrangements such as parallel and converging types in the camera arrangement point of view. These types are recommended to set the base distance between the two cameras to equal to interocular distance that can provide a natural depth sense. However, the distance is too big to be implemented in many application areas such as introscopy and mobile phone. In this paper, we address that the distance is one of the weighted factors inducing depth distortion under orthostreoscopic condition compared with the depth sense in parallel and converging types. In the experiment, we show that the distance will be a factor inducting a stereoscopic depth distortion in parallel and converging type. |
INTRODUCTION
============
Edible seaweeds (macroalgae) have the potential to provide a rich and sustainable source of macronutrients and micronutrients to the human diet, particularly in regions where seaweed makes a significant contribution to regular meals, eg, in Japan, where approximately one-fifth of meals contain seaweed.[@nuy066-B1] Inclusion of seaweeds in Western diets has traditionally been limited to artisanal practices and coastal communities but has gained wider consumer interest in recent years, courtesy of the health-food industry.[@nuy066-B4] The recent surge of interest in seaweed is fueled by attention on the bioactive components of seaweed, which have potential applications in the lucrative functional food and nutraceutical industries, with impetus toward the alleviation of metabolic risk factors such as hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipidemia.[@nuy066-B5] The candidate bioactive components of interest to industry include isolated polysaccharides (eg, alginate, fucoidan), proteins (eg, phycobiliproteins), polyphenols (eg, phlorotannins), carotenoids (eg, fucoxanthin), and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (eg, eicosapentaenoic acid). Scientific experiments and human studies to date have focused predominantly on brown seaweeds and derivatives, largely because of their commercial abundance and perceived sustainability.
Despite the nutritional attributes of red seaweeds such as *Porphyra* spp (also known as nori) and *Palmaria palmata* (dulse), which have a high protein content, relatively few investigations have focused on red seaweeds as a source of bioactive components. Current understanding of the health-promoting activities of red seaweeds derives from an abundance of in vitro studies and in vivo animal studies. There are only limited reports of green seaweeds contributing to dietary intake of either essential nutrients or bioactive components, despite the potential for transient algal blooms to be exploited.[@nuy066-B6]
Aquaculture is recognized as the most sustainable means of seaweed production and accounts for approximately 27.3 million tonnes (96%) of global seaweed production per annum, yet the growing demand for seaweed-based food ingredients calls for more established guidelines and regulations to ensure sustainability.[@nuy066-B7] Future considerations for stakeholder management include resource ownership; best practices for cultivation; harvesting rights/licensing; certification/validation of origin; overexploitation; biomass regrowth; environmental impacts; and the development of a sustainable value chain within the agrifood sector.[@nuy066-B2]
An abundance of commercially available seaweed products, including both whole seaweed and seaweed extracts, are marketed both directly and indirectly as value-added products for the promotion of health in the supplement market. The health claims associated with seaweed products are often based on insufficient (or completely absent) evidence from human intervention studies to substantiate such statements. Furthermore, there are considerable safety concerns related to potential adverse events associated with seaweed consumption, particularly in light of the variable and potentially dangerously high concentrations of iodine and heavy metals (including arsenic species) in certain seaweeds.[@nuy066-B8]^,^[@nuy066-B9] There is currently limited legislation to require food or supplement companies to disclose mineral, heavy metal, or iodine content of seaweed products or to provide guidance on a safe portion size of certain whole seaweeds in order to prevent excess intakes.[@nuy066-B4] Ultimately, if seaweeds are to contribute to future global food security, either in their whole form or via extraction of their nutrients, the industry should develop a sustainable heavy metal/iodine monitoring program or, alternatively, identify novel processing technologies to ensure that unsafe components such as arsenic are minimized to safe levels, thus protecting the food chain.[@nuy066-B2]^,^[@nuy066-B10]
The health benefits of seaweed, beyond the provision of essential nutrients, have been supported by in vitro studies and some animal studies; however, many of these studies have inappropriate biomarkers to substantiate a claim and have not progressed to suitably designed human intervention trials to evaluate efficacy. The limited evidence that does exist makes some seaweed components attractive as functional food ingredients, but more human evidence (including mechanistic evidence) is needed to evaluate both the nutritional benefit conferred and the efficacy of purported bioactives and to determine any potential adverse effects. Through an evaluation of the nutritional composition of edible seaweeds, this review summarizes the available evidence and outlines the potential risks and health benefits of consuming whole seaweeds, extracted bioactive components, and seaweed-based food products in humans. Additionally, it identifies future opportunities for functional food and nutraceutical applications.
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS
==========================================
A number of edible seaweeds are recognized as novel foods in Europe, although the nutritional composition of brown, red, and green seaweeds varies between species, season, and ecology of the harvesting location.[@nuy066-B15] Therefore, there is a need to characterize the composition of seaweeds in relation to the influence of location and seasonality on seaweed content. Current efforts to catalog information on the variability of nutritional composition will facilitate the identification of optimal harvesting periods and/or locations for a given species. Such information would aid the functional food industry in targeting optimal conditions for isolating specific bioactive components.[@nuy066-B16][Table 1](#nuy066-T1){ref-type="table"},[@nuy066-B17]^,^[@nuy066-B19][Table 2](#nuy066-T2){ref-type="table"},[@nuy066-B19]^,^[@nuy066-B26]^,^[@nuy066-B27]^,^[@nuy066-B29]^,^[@nuy066-B33] and [Table 3](#nuy066-T3){ref-type="table"}[@nuy066-B19]^,^[@nuy066-B26]^,^[@nuy066-B27]^,^[@nuy066-B29]^,^[@nuy066-B30]^,^[@nuy066-B36]^,^[@nuy066-B43] present the macronutrient content of multiple brown, red, and green seaweeds, respectively, and consider a 5-g serving relative to reference nutrient intakes. To provide a basis for comparison, [Tables S1 and S2](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} in the Supporting Information online present the same nutritional information for a selection of dried seaweed products commercially available throughout the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Table 1Macronutrient content of brown seaweedsReferenceSeaweedCountryDate harvestedProtein (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionLipid (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionCarbohydrate (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionFiber (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionMaehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Alaria esculenta*NorwayMay 20109.110.911.400.10--------Schiener et al (2015)[@nuy066-B17]*Alaria esculenta*ScotlandMar 2011 -- Jul 201111.041.10----72.101.39----Tabarsa et al (2012)[@nuy066-B20]*Colpomenia sinuosa*IranApr 200810.111.011.460.10----9.501.58El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Colpomenia sinuosa*EgyptApr 2011--------11.800.23----Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al (2012)[@nuy066-B22]*Colpomenia sinuosa*Iran--9.200.921.500.1132.100.62----Tabarsa et al (2012)[@nuy066-B20]*Dictyota dichotoma*IranApr 200817.731.772.940.21----10.501.75Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Durvillaea antarctica*New ZealandApr 20047.260.732.030.1558.821.13----Ortiz et al (2006)[@nuy066-B24]*Durvillaea antarctica*ChileNov 201310.401.040.800.0670.901.3671.4011.90Ortiz et al (2006)[@nuy066-B24]*Durvillaea antarctica*ChileNov 201311.601.164.300.3158.401.1256.409.40Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Ecklonia radiata*New ZealandAug 20049.600.961.800.1366.901.29----Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Ecklonia* sppNew Zealand--9.780.980.800.0669.611.34----Mišurcová et al (2010)[@nuy066-B25]*Eisenia bicyclis*Japan--------------11.151.86Paiva et al (2014)[@nuy066-B26]*Fucus spiralis*PortugalJan 20139.710.975.230.3717.590.34----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Fucus serratus*United Kingdom--17.401.741.800.13----26.204.37Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Fucus vesiculosus*NorwayMay 20106.110.613.080.22--------Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Himanthalia elongata*Spain--5.460.550.970.07--------Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Himanthalia elongata*Spain--10.951.100.930.07--------Mišurcová et al (2010)[@nuy066-B25]*Hizikia fusiformis*Japan--------------17.522.92Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Hormosira banksii*New ZealandApr 20046.070.612.630.1962.901.21----Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Laminaria digitata*NorwayMay 20105.310.530.990.07------Schiener et al (2015)[@nuy066-B17]*Laminaria digitata*ScotlandAug 2010 -- Oct 20116.900.69----70.701.36----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Laminaria digitata*United Kingdom--15.901.590.500.04--16.602.77Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Laminaria hyperborea*NorwayMay 20105.020.501.280.09--------Schiener et al (2015)[@nuy066-B17]*Laminaria hyperborea*ScotlandAug 2010 -- Oct 20116.800.68----65.501.26----Mišurcová et al (2010)[@nuy066-B25]*Laminaria japonica*Japan--------------10.451.74Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Laminaria ochroleuca*Spain--7.490.750.920.07--------Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Macrocystis* sppNew Zealand--11.021.101.560.1144.540.86----Tabarsa et al (2012)[@nuy066-B20]*Padina pavonica*IranApr 200811.831.181.790.13----11.001.83Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Pelvetia canaliculata*NorwayMay 20105.720.574.780.34--------Schiener et al (2015)[@nuy066-B17]*Saccharina latissima*ScotlandAug 2010 -- Oct 20117.100.71----63.101.21----Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Saccorhiza polyschides*Spain--13.101.310.700.05--------Rodrigues et al (2015)[@nuy066-B29]*Saccorhiza polyschides*PortugalApr 201214.441.441.100.0845.600.88----Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al (2012)[@nuy066-B22]*Sargassum ilicifolium*Iran--8.90 0.892.000.1432.900.63----Matanjun et al (2009)[@nuy066-B30]*Sargassum polycystum*Borneo--5.400.540.290.0233.490.6439.676.61Marinho-Soriano et al (2006)[@nuy066-B31]*Sargassum vulgare*BrazilJul 2000 -- Jun 200113.611.360.490.0461.601.187.741.29El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Sargassum linifolium*EgyptApr 2011--------8.590.17----Rodrigues et al (2015)[@nuy066-B29]*Sargassum muticum*PortugalApr 201216.901.691.450.1049.300.95----Peng et al (2013)[@nuy066-B32]*Sargassum naozhouense*ChinaJul 201111.201.121.060.0847.430.914.830.81Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Undaria pinnatifida*New Zealand--14.211.423.130.2245.080.87----Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Undaria pinnatifida*Spain--18.001.801.050.08--------Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Undaria pinnatifida*New ZealandApr -- Sep 200419.661.973.300.2450.400.97----Mišurcová et al (2010)[@nuy066-B25]*Undaria pinnatifida*Japan--------------9.031.51Mišurcová et al (2010)[@nuy066-B25]*Undaria pinnatifida*Japan--------------15.532.59[^1]Table 2Macronutrient content of red seaweedsReferenceSeaweedCountryDate harvestedProtein (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionLipid (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionCarbohydrate (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionFiber (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionParjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Ahnfeltia plicata*DenmarkSep 201131.103.111.100.0859.101.14----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Ceramium* sppUnited Kingdom--31.203.120.600.04----33.705.62Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Chondrus crispus*DenmarkSep 201126.402.641.000.0753.301.03----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Corallina officinalis*United Kingdom--6.900.690.300.02----9.401.57Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Delesseria sanguinea*DenmarkSep 201123.402.341.200.0951.200.98----Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Dilsea carnosa*DenmarkSep 201121.502.151.200.0953.001.02----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Dumontia contorta*United Kingdom--31.703.170.120.01----34.305.72Matanjun et al (2009)[@nuy066-B30]*Eucheuma cottonii*Borneo--9.760.981.100.0826.490.5125.054.18Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Furcellaria lumbricalis*DenmarkSep 201120.602.061.000.0755.401.07----Paiva et al (2014)[@nuy066-B26]*Gelidium microdon*Azores (Portugal)Jan 2013----2.440.17--------Marinho-Soriano et al (2006)[@nuy066-B31]*Gracilaria cervicornis*BrazilJul 2000 -- Jun 200119.701.970.430.0363.101.215.650.94El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Gracilaria compressa*EgyptApr 2011--------11.620.22----Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al (2012)[@nuy066-B22]*Gracilaria corticata*Iran--19.301.931.800.1343.00 0.83----Sakthivel & Devi (2015)[@nuy066-B34]*Gracilaria edulis*India--0.670.070.830.0610.160.208.901.48Francavilla et al (2013)[@nuy066-B35]*Gracilaria gracilis*ItalyJul 201131.003.101.980.1427.500.53----Francavilla et al (2013)[@nuy066-B35]*Gracilaria gracilis*ItalyApr 201241.004.101.400.1034.100.66----Francavilla et al (2013)[@nuy066-B35]*Gracilaria gracilis*ItalyOct 201141.004.101.380.1024.800.48----Francavilla et al (2013)[@nuy066-B35]*Gracilaria gracilis*ItalyJan 201245.004.501.120.0831.100.60----Rodrigues et al (2015)[@nuy066-B29]*Gracilaria gracilis*PortugalApr 201220.202.020.600.0446.600.90----Tabarsa et al (2012)[@nuy066-B20]*Gracilaria salicornia*IranApr 20089.580.962.000.14----10.401.73Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Gracilaria vermiculophylla*DenmarkSep 201117.801.781.300.0961.901.19----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Gracilaria verrucosa*EgyptApr 2011--------11.150.21----Rodrigues et al (2015)[@nuy066-B29]*Grateloupia turuturu*PortugalApr 201222.502.252.200.1643.200.83----Wong & Cheung (2000)[@nuy066-B36]*Hypnea charoides*Hong KongDec 199718.401.841.480.11----50.308.38Wong & Cheung (2000)[@nuy066-B36]*Hypnea japonica*Hong KongDec 199719.001.901.420.10----53.208.87Siddique (2013)[@nuy066-B37]*Hypnea musciformis*BangladeshMay 200518.641.861.270.0920.600.4037.926.32El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Hypnea musciformis*EgyptApr 2011--------11.170.21----Siddique (2013)[@nuy066-B37]*Hypnea pannosa*BangladeshMay 200516.311.631.560.1122.890.4440.596.77Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al (2012)[@nuy066-B22]*Hypnea valentiae*Iran--16.501.652.80 0.2031.80 0.61----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Jania rubens*EgyptApr 2011--------12.960.25----Fayaz et al (2005)[@nuy066-B38]*Kappaphycus alvarezii*India--16.241.620.740.0527.400.5329.404.90Kumar et al (2015)[@nuy066-B39]*Kappaphycus alvarezii*IndiaSep 2004 -- Apr 200619.251.930.640.05----14.522.42Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Mastocarpus stellatus*United Kingdom--25.402.543.000.21----16.602.77Gressler et al (2011)[@nuy066-B40]*Ochtodes secundiramea*Brazil--10.101.013.540.2545.070.87----Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Odonthalia dentata*DenmarkSep 201117.801.78------------Paiva et al (2014)[@nuy066-B26]*Osmundea pinnatifida*PortugalJan 201320.792.087.530.5417.610.34----Rodrigues et al (2015)[@nuy066-B29]*Osmundea pinnatifida*PortugalApr 201223.802.380.900.0632.400.62----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Osmundea pinnatifida*United Kingdom--27.302.734.300.31----25.604.27Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Palmaria palmata*NorwayJun 201212.261.231.360.10--------Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Palmaria palmata*DenmarkSep 201114.901.491.200.0971.001.37----Mišurcová et al (2010)[@nuy066-B25]*Palmaria palmata*United States--------------5.050.84Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Palmaria* sppSpain--13.871.391.800.13--------Parjikolaei et al (2016)[@nuy066-B33]*Phycodrys rubens*DenmarkSep 201128.802.881.300.0940.200.77----Gressler et al (2011)[@nuy066-B40]*Plocamium brasiliense*Brazil--15.721.573.630.2652.031.00----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Polysiphonia* sppUnited Kingdom--31.803.180.050.00----52.808.80Cian et al (2014)[@nuy066-B41]*Porphyra columbina*ArgentinaAug -- Oct 201024.612.460.250.02----48.028.00Sanchez-Machado et al (2004)[@nuy066-B28]*Porphyra* sppSpain--24.112.411.030.07--------Paiva et al (2014)[@nuy066-B26]*Porphyra* sppPortugalJan 200724.822.488.880.6325.370.49----Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Porphyra* sppNew Zealand--26.362.643.030.2243.990.85----Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Porphyra* sppNew ZealandMay -- Oct 200432.713.272.000.1445.400.87----Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Porphyra* sppUnited Kingdom--44.004.400.700.05----33.505.58Cofrades et al (2010)[@nuy066-B42]*Porphyra umbilicalis*Spain--39.003.90------------El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Pterocladia capillacea*EgyptApr 2011--------9.640.19----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Pterocladia capillacea*EgyptApr 2011--------11.200.22----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Pterocladia capillacea*EgyptApr 2011--------7.890.15----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Pterocladia capillacea*EgyptApr 2011--------8.060.16----Paiva et al (2014)[@nuy066-B26]*Pterocladia capillacea*Azores (Portugal)Jan 2013----4.320.31--------Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Vertebrata lanosa*NorwayJune 201211.561.161.550.11--------[^2]Table 3Macronutrient content of green seaweedsReferenceSeaweedCountryDate harvestedProtein (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionLipid (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionCarbohydrate (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionFiber (%)Percent RNI supplied by 5-g portionNguyen et al (2011)[@nuy066-B43]*Caulerpa lentillifera*Taiwan--9.260.931.570.1164.001.232.970.50Matanjun et al (2009)[@nuy066-B30]*Caulerpa lentillifera*Borneo--10.411.041.110.0838.660.7432.995.50Ratana-Arporn & Chirapart (2006)[@nuy066-B44]*Caulerpa lentillifera*ThailandMarch12.491.250.860.0659.271.143.170.53Mandlik et al (2014)[@nuy066-B45]*Caulerpa racemosa*India----------10.020.19----Kokilam & Vasuki (2013)[@nuy066-B46]*Caulerpa taxifolia*India--12.441.240.320.0223.860.46----Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Cladophora rupestris*NorwayMay 20103.420.340.760.05--------Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Cladophora rupestris*United Kingdom--29.802.981.000.07----45.707.62Rodrigues et al (2015)[@nuy066-B29]*Codium tomentosum*PortugalApril 201218.801.883.600.2632.800.63----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Codium tomentosum*EgyptApril 2011--------11.150.21----Aguilera-Morales et al (2005)[@nuy066-B47]*Enteromorpha* sppMexicoWinter 19979.450.952.240.16--------Aguilera-Morales et al (2005)[@nuy066-B47]*Enteromorpha* sppMexicoWinter 199814.101.412.270.16--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva californica*IranMarch 201515.201.523.750.27--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva californica*IranFebruary 201515.761.583.450.25--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva compressa*IranFebruary 201518.121.811.030.07--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva compressa*IranMarch 201518.641.860.900.06--------Paiva et al (2016)[@nuy066-B49]*Ulva compressa*Azores (Portugal)April 2013----1.670.12--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva fasciata*IranMarch 201514.061.410.560.04--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva fasciata*IranFebruary 201514.691.470.470.03--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva flexuosa*IranMarch 201510.551.062.820.20--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva flexuosa*IranMarch 201511.231.122.340.17--------Escobido et al (2016)[@nuy066-B50]*Ulva intestinalis*PhilippinesJanuary -- April 20165.570.560.430.0337.280.72----Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al (2012)[@nuy066-B22]*Ulva intestinalis*Iran--10.501.052.900.2135.500.68----Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Ulva intestinalis*NorwayMay 201011.331.131.620.12--------El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva intestinalis*EgyptApril 2011--------8.720.17----Wong & Cheung (2000)[@nuy066-B36]*Ulva lactuca*Hong KongDecember 19977.060.711.640.12----55.409.23Yaich et al (2011)[@nuy066-B51]*Ulva lactuca*TunisiaJuly 20078.460.857.870.56----54.909.15Maehre et al (2014)[@nuy066-B19]*Ulva lactuca*NorwayJune 20128.650.872.000.14--------Tabarsa et al (2012)[@nuy066-B20]*Ulva lactuca*IranApril 200810.691.070.990.07----5.600.93Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva lactuca*IranFebruary 201520.852.090.850.06--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva lactuca*IranMarch 201521.552.160.750.05--------Bikker et al (2016)[@nuy066-B52]*Ulva lactuca*IrelandMay 201526.302.632.110.1524.000.46----Ortiz et al (2006)[@nuy066-B24]*Ulva lactuca*ChileNovember 201327.202.720.300.0261.501.1860.5010.08Marsham et al (2007)[@nuy066-B27]*Ulva lactuca*United Kingdom--29.002.900.500.04----32.905.48El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------11.150.21----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------10.950.21----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------11.540.22----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------11.280.22----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------11.410.22----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------11.150.21----El-Said & El-Sikaily (2013)[@nuy066-B21]*Ulva lactuca*EgyptApril 2011--------10.160.20----Rohani-Ghadikolaei et al (2012)[@nuy066-B22]*Ulva lactuca*Iran--17.1 01.713.60 0.2659.101.14----Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva linza*IranMarch 201510.161.023.700.26--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva linza*IranMarch 201510.451.053.300.24--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva prolifera*IranFebruary 201519.871.996.060.43--------Pirian et al (2016)[@nuy066-B48]*Ulva prolifera*IranMarch 201520.302.036.060.43--------Ratana-Arporn & Chirapart (2006)[@nuy066-B44]*Ulva reticulata*ThailandMay21.062.110.750.0555.771.074.840.81Taboada et al (2010)[@nuy066-B53]*Ulva rigida*Spain--17.801.780.900.0642.600.8211.901.98Paiva et al (2014)[@nuy066-B26]*Ulva rigida*Azores (Portugal)April 2013----1.020.07--------Smith et al (2010)[@nuy066-B23]*Ulva stenophylla*New ZealandApril 200420.432.041.240.0955.601.07----[^3]
Protein
-------
The protein content of seaweed has gained considerable attention, given the emerging challenges to improve food security by identifying alternative and sustainable protein sources.[@nuy066-B54] As outlined in [Tables 1](#nuy066-T1){ref-type="table"}, [2](#nuy066-T2){ref-type="table"}, and [3](#nuy066-T3){ref-type="table"}, the protein content ranges from 5.02% to 19.66% in brown seaweeds; from 0.67% to 45.0% in red seaweeds; and from 3.42% to 29.80% in green seaweeds. A 5-g portion of dried brown, red, and green seaweed corresponds, respectively, to a maximum of 1.97%, 4.5%, and 2.98% of the Reference Nutrient Intake for protein. On a gram-for-gram basis, seaweeds have protein and amino acid contents comparable to those of beef; however, seaweeds are consumed in much smaller quantities.[@nuy066-B55] It should also be noted that the protein content of seaweed is often derived from total nitrogen by using a conversion factor of 6.25 (Kjeldahl method), which likely produces an overestimate, given the nonprotein sources of nitrogen in seaweed. Hence, species-specific conversion factors ranging from 3.57 to 5.72 have been proposed for seaweed.[@nuy066-B56] The amino acid composition of proteins is critical to determining the value of proteins to the human diet, particularly in achieving an adequate intake of essential amino acids. However, the digestibility of seaweed protein within the gastrointestinal tract will significantly affect the nutritional value of the protein, with protein--polysaccharide interactions reducing digestion efficiency considerably.
An overview of the amino acid contents of several brown, red, and green seaweeds is presented in Tables S3, S4, and S5 in the Supporting Information online. Seaweeds are a source of lysine,[@nuy066-B58]^,^[@nuy066-B59] an essential amino acid often present in limited quantities in terrestrial plant protein sources such as corn, maize, soy, rice, and wheat.[@nuy066-B57] An 8-g portion of *Palmaria palmata* contains up to 21.9% of the recommended daily intake of cysteine, yet the total protein content of *Palmaria palmata* varies seasonally.[@nuy066-B58] For example, protein content was reported as 21.9% in winter/spring and as 11.9% in summer/autumn, with essential amino acids constituting 26% to 50% of the protein.[@nuy066-B60] Thus, exploiting seaweeds as nonanimal protein sources may be possible through harvesting plans that optimize protein and amino acid contents.
The digestibility of protein in species of edible seaweeds, estimated by in vitro methods, is reported as follows: *Fucus vesiculosus*, 14.7%; *Laminaria digitata*, 16.9%; *Undaria pinnatifida*, 28.0%; *Chondrus crispus*, 45.0%; *Porphyra tenera*, 69.4%[@nuy066-B61]; *Palmaria palmata*, 56.0%[@nuy066-B60]; and *Porphyra columbina*, 74.3%.[@nuy066-B41] The digestibility of protein from *Undaria pinnatifida* and *Porphyra tenera* in rodents is reported as 86.1% and 86.2%, respectively, while the digestibility of *Undaria pinnatifida* protein in humans is reported as 70.0%, which is similar to the digestibility of protein from terranean plants.[@nuy066-B62]^,^[@nuy066-B63] Although data on in vivo digestibility suggest that seaweed protein is bioaccessible, protein--polysaccharide interactions within the seaweed matrix could prevent the formation of enzyme--substrate complexes and hinder proteolysis of seaweed proteins. Indeed, enzymatic treatment with xylanase and cellulase polysaccharidases improved *Palmaria palmata* protein bioaccessibility 1.7-fold and 3-fold, respectively.[@nuy066-B65] This may favor the use of seaweed protein extracts to provide the maximal protein and amino acid content, with possible food, feed, supplement, and nutraceutical applications.[@nuy066-B63]^,^[@nuy066-B64] Methods for extracting protein from brown, red, and green seaweeds are described comprehensively elsewhere; for example, the use of proteolytic and saccharolytic enzymes such as Celluclast or Shearzyme are reported to improve both protein extraction yield and endogenous digestion.[@nuy066-B66]
Up to now, the bioactivities reported in the literature pertained to peptides extracted from red seaweeds such as *Palmaria palmata* and *Porphyra* spp and from brown seaweeds such as *Undaria pinnatifida* and were associated with antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antidiabetic effects.[@nuy066-B70] Among the effects reported are cardioprotective effects such as reduced blood pressure via inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme,[@nuy066-B71] antidiabetic activity via inhibition of dipeptidyl-peptidase 4,[@nuy066-B77] and promotion of iron absorption.[@nuy066-B76] The potential application of seaweed peptides, which have antioxidant properties,[@nuy066-B75] as food preservatives has also been suggested.[@nuy066-B72] Therefore, protein extracts from seaweeds hold promise as a protein source, providing their bioactivity is validated in humans.
It is estimated that 56 million metric tonnes of algae will be required per annum as an alternative protein source by 2054, which will represent 5.94% of global protein demand.[@nuy066-B78] Given the variability of both the content and the bioavailability of protein from whole seaweeds, protein extracts may contribute substantially to nonanimal protein sources in the future.
Dietary fiber
-------------
Many populations are failing to meet daily requirements for dietary fiber intake.[@nuy066-B79]^,^[@nuy066-B80] The potential functional properties of dietary fiber are associated with the viscous and water-binding properties of fiber within the gastrointestinal tract.[@nuy066-B82] As a result, fiber has been suggested to promote satiety and weight loss; delay gastric emptying to improve glycemic control; enhance stool bulking to reduce gut transit time and increase defecation frequency; and enhance bile acid excretion, resulting in reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood.[@nuy066-B81] Dietary fiber components are also suggested to improve health via their fermentation by the colonic microbiota, which can favorably alter gut microbial composition and enhance the production of health-associated volatile fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The fiber-induced alterations to the microbiota composition and the associated metabolites produced are increasingly associated with the promotion of gastrointestinal, cardiometabolic, immune, bone, and mental health.[@nuy066-B84]
Owing to the range of proposed beneficial health effects associated with consumption of dietary fiber, there is increasing interest from the food industry in identifying sustainable, alternative sources of dietary fiber.[@nuy066-B81]^,^[@nuy066-B83] Seaweed, with its high fiber content, is a promising candidate. However, the contribution of whole seaweed to the currently recommended intake of dietary fiber, ie, 25 g/d, is limited, with a 5-g serving of brown, red, or green seaweed contributing up to 14.28%, 10.64%, or 12.10% of dietary fiber intake, respectively ([Tables 1](#nuy066-T1){ref-type="table"}, [2](#nuy066-T2){ref-type="table"}, and [3](#nuy066-T3){ref-type="table"}).[@nuy066-B79] This has led to increasing interest in the industrially applicable extraction and isolation of individual fiber components from seaweed. Seaweeds contain a diverse range of fiber components. Brown seaweeds contain alginate,[@nuy066-B85] laminarin,[@nuy066-B86] and fucoidan polysaccharides[@nuy066-B89]; red seaweeds contain agar, carrageenan, porphyran, and xylan[@nuy066-B88]^,^[@nuy066-B90]; and green seaweeds contain ulvan, xylan, and cellulose.[@nuy066-B87]
While some seaweed-derived fibers (alginate, carrageenan, and agar) have been used for decades for their emulsifying, stabilizing, and thickening characteristics to improve the sensory properties of food, there is limited interest in their application as functional dietary fibers. The existing widespread use of these seaweed-derived fibers in the food industry ensures they are safe for human consumption, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the US Food and Drug Administration. Thus, alginate isolated from brown seaweeds, long used by the food industry, is a leading candidate for application in the functional food market.[@nuy066-B91] Fucoidan was recently classified by the EFSA as a novel food,[@nuy066-B94] making it an another candidate for an emerging functional food ingredient, while suggestions that low-molecular-weight carrageenan components (\< 50 kDa) may negatively impact health (on the basis of proinflammatory properties) have tempered interest in the potential use of carrageenan as a functional ingredient.[@nuy066-B95] Other seaweed fibers, such as xylan, laminarin, and ulvan, have not received official EFSA approval, and thus more research is needed to ascertain whether these carbohydrates are safe for human consumption. Once these seaweed-derived fiber components have been deemed safe, they will likely be marketed as nutritional ingredients, provided the associated health claims are substantiated.
The majority of research on the health benefits of seaweed-derived dietary fiber components in humans has focused on potential antiobesogenic effects, including improved satiation, delayed nutrient absorption, and delayed gastric emptying, but the effects of whole seaweeds containing alginate appear to be limited.[@nuy066-B85]^,^[@nuy066-B96]^,^[@nuy066-B97] Several placebo-controlled intervention trials in humans have shown alginate consumption to significantly impact appetite and food intake. An acute study by Peters et al[@nuy066-B98] showed that an alginate drink enhanced self-reported satiety and reduced the feeling of hunger in a dose-dependent manner when compared with placebo. Another parallel study in overweight men showed that consumption of an *Ascophyllum nodosum*--enriched (4%) bread reduced energy intake by 109 kcal and 506 kcal at 4 hours and 24 hours post consumption, respectively, compared with an isocaloric placebo.[@nuy066-B99] Similar results were reported when consumption of a preload alginate drink reduced energy intake by 44 kcal following an ad libitum lunch.[@nuy066-B100] A crossover study reported that daily energy intake was reduced by 135 kcal when participants consumed alginate (1.5 g/100 mL) prior to meals,[@nuy066-B101] but no significant effect of a preload alginate drink on measures of energy intake or concentration of satiety hormones in overweight/obese individuals was reported elsewhere.[@nuy066-B102] Alginate appears to affect appetite and food intake, yet research is needed to the characterize the action of alginates by examining both the relationship between structure and function (particularly molecular weight and the ratio of guluronate to mannuronate) and the role of the gelling capacity of alginate. Research into the mechanism of action of alginate is required, given that alginate does not seem to affect gastric emptying.[@nuy066-B100]^,^[@nuy066-B102] The formulation of alginate food products organoleptically acceptable to the consumer is another consideration for industry. Longer-term studies are required to demonstrate the effects of alginate on appetite control and weight management.
There is also considerable interest in the effect of alginate on glycemic control, particularly its impact on postprandial glucose absorption. A review of the evidence by the EFSA concluded that sodium alginate failed to reduce postprandial glycemic responses without a disproportionate increase in postprandial insulinemic responses, and thus a health claim was rejected.[@nuy066-B83]^,^[@nuy066-B103] Other fibers, such as beta glucan, have received favorable EFSA opinions for their ability to reduce postprandial glucose absorption by slowing the rate of gastric emptying.[@nuy066-B83] The effect of alginate on glucose metabolism, particularly the postprandial insulinemic response, needs to be further investigated.
The recent designation of fucoidan as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration[@nuy066-B104] and as a novel food by the European Union,[@nuy066-B94] along with accumulating in vitro and in vivo evidence of fucoidan's potential antiobesogenic effects,[@nuy066-B105] make fucoidan an attractive ingredient for the functional food industry.[@nuy066-B106] Nevertheless, only 1 human study has investigated the antiobesogenic effects of seaweed-derived fucoidan. A randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial in an overweight/obese cohort showed that participants who consumed fucoidan (500 mg/d) for 3 months had significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure and LDL-C compared with those who received placebo.[@nuy066-B107] No changes in weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), adiposity, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), blood glucose, or blood triglycerides were observed; however, blood insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were increased in the fucoidan group compared with baseline values, but not compared with the placebo group. The authors suggested that fucoidan consumption downregulated expression of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) to suppress adipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling.
Conversely, evidence from animal models of obesity and diabetes suggests that low-molecular-weight fucoidan could ameliorate dyslipidemia and improve insulin sensitivity through the activation of insulin signaling pathways in adipocytes and hepatocytes.[@nuy066-B105]^,^[@nuy066-B108] Further evidence from human intervention trials is required to understand how dietary fucoidan may modulate host glucose and lipid metabolism to exert antiobesogenic and antidiabetic effects. This may also require an understanding of how the molecular weight of fucoidan affects bioactivity.
Fucoidan is also reported to have anticoagulant properties, serving as a catalyst for antithrombin-mediated and heparin cofactor II--mediated inhibition of thrombin.[@nuy066-B112] Oral administration of *Undaria pinnatifida* extract (9 g/d) with 75% fucoidan (molecular weight ≈ 713 kDa) for 12 days increased activated partial thromboplastin time, decreased thrombin time, and increased antithrombin-III compared with placebo, although the authors concluded the improvements were small and the impact of oral delivery may be limited.[@nuy066-B112] Another study investigated oral administration of fucoidan (extracted from *Laminaria japonica*, molecular weight ≈ 300 kDa) at a dosage of 400 mg/d for 5 weeks and reported a significant reduction in thrombus lysis time, although a fucoidan-specific monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay failed to detect fucoidan in the blood of study participants.[@nuy066-B115] This suggests fucoidan may not be bioavailable in humans, although in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated fucoidan to be absorbed through the small intestine.[@nuy066-B116] The anticoagulant properties of fucoidan are gaining the attention of the pharmaceutical industry, but the use of fucoidan as a food ingredient will require much more human evidence to verify safe and efficacious doses, particularly in individuals receiving anticoagulant therapy.
There is also a wealth of evidence to support an anticancer function of fucoidan, but the majority of evidence is from in vitro or animal studies and is reviewed elsewhere.[@nuy066-B117] A recent clinical trial in colon cancer patients investigated the effect of an oral fucoidan supplement (4 g twice daily) administered in conjunction with chemotherapy.[@nuy066-B118] Patients who received fucoidan had a significantly better disease control rate compared with placebo control patients but showed no change in overall response rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, adverse effects, or quality of life. While the effect on disease control rate is a notable benefit, the role of fucoidan in cancer treatment remains unknown. Advertisement of cancer treatments is prohibited in the United Kingdom,[@nuy066-B119] although legislation regarding advertisement of cancer prevention is less clear.[@nuy066-B120] Furthermore, marketing fucoidan as a food ingredient with cancer-preventive effects is extremely difficult to substantiate and may prove very difficult within the existing regulatory environment.
There is increasing interest in the potential prebiotic effect of seaweed-derived fiber, which can modulate the composition and metabolism of the colonic microbiota, as well as growing interest in the effect of fiber fermentation on human health. Several in vitro fecal batch culture studies have demonstrated the fermentability of seaweed fiber components, noting increased production of short-chain fatty acids and modulation of gut microbial communities.[@nuy066-B121] Modulation of the gut microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids have been observed in animal studies employing a seaweed fiber--containing diet.[@nuy066-B86]^,^[@nuy066-B126] However, thus far, the only health benefit associated with the prebiotic effects of seaweed fibers is the slowing of weight gain in animals on a high-fat diet.[@nuy066-B127] There is a lack of human intervention trials investigating the fermentability of seaweed fiber components and their potential to affect health outcomes.[@nuy066-B84]
Fat
---
The fat content of seaweed tends to be low relative to total dry weight. Percent fat content is highest in winter and lowest in summer, and fatty acid composition varies by season.[@nuy066-B16]^,^[@nuy066-B40]^,^[@nuy066-B128] For example, both the lipid concentration and the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of *Saccharina latissima* grown in integrated multitrophic aquaculture were highest in March and November, yet lowest in January.[@nuy066-B129] Moreover, seaweed-derived lipids are highly digestible. For example, up to 98% of the fat content of *Undaria pinnatifida* (1.5% dry weight) is digestible in adults.[@nuy066-B128]
[Tables 1](#nuy066-T1){ref-type="table"}, [2](#nuy066-T2){ref-type="table"}, and [3](#nuy066-T3){ref-type="table"} present the total fat content of several brown, red, and green seaweeds, respectively, while Tables S6, S7, and S8 in the Supporting Information online present a breakdown of the lipid content. Total lipid content ranges from 0.29% in *Sargassum polycystum*[@nuy066-B30] to 8.88% in *Porphyra* spp.[@nuy066-B26]*Porphyra* spp have the lowest saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (17.4% of total fatty acids), whereas *Plocamium brasiliense* has the highest (74% of total fatty acids).[@nuy066-B40] Monounsaturated fatty acid content relative to total fatty acid content ranged from 3.3% in *Ochtodes secundiramea* to 47.1% in *Fucus vesiculosus*.[@nuy066-B19] The PUFA content of total fatty acids ranges from 6.7% in *Ulva lactuca*[@nuy066-B51] to 69.1% in *Undaria pinnatifida*.[@nuy066-B28]*Undaria pinnatifida* also has the highest PUFA:SFA ratio (3.39). As shown in [Table S7](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} in the Supporting Information online, *Palmaria* spp had the lowest ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids,[@nuy066-B19]^,^[@nuy066-B28] whereas *Gracilaria gracilis* had the highest.[@nuy066-B35]
Dietary reference values have not been established for PUFAs collectively, but an intake of 4% of total energy is recommended for n-6 linoleic acid.[@nuy066-B130] Foods with a greater ratio of PUFAs to SFAs may be favorable for maintaining blood LDL-C within normal concentrations,[@nuy066-B83] although more human intervention studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of PUFAs in managing dyslipidemia and attenuating low-grade inflammation.[@nuy066-B131]
Evidence of bioactivity specific to seaweed lipids is limited, although male KK-Ay mice treated with 1% *Undaria pinnatifida* lipid showed a significant reduction in body weight after 4 weeks when compared with controls, while total weight of white adipose tissue was reduced in mice who consumed both the *Undaria pinnatifida* lipid and n-3 PUFA-rich scallop phospholipids.[@nuy066-B132] Other anti-inflammatory activities of seaweed lipids include the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human THP-1 macrophages by lipids derived from the red seaweeds *Porphyra dioica*, *Palmaria palmata*, and *Chondrus crispus.*[@nuy066-B133] Lipids extracted from *Gracilaria* spp also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and decreased the viability of human T-47D breast cancer cells and of 5637 human bladder cancer cells.[@nuy066-B134] Lastly, a C18 fatty acid extracted from *Ulva lactuca* was reported to exert an anticancer effect via activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway to promote scavenging of reactive oxygen species.[@nuy066-B135]
Given that consumption of whole seaweed, which has a low lipid content, is unlikely to contribute significantly to dietary fat intake, macroalgae may offer a sustainable sources of extractable PUFAs that can be further investigated for their anti-inflammatory effects on obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities. These extractable PUFAs may have prospective applications as dietary supplements or nutraceutical products.
Polyphenols
-----------
Polyphenols are highly complex, structural components of the cell wall. They are often bound to cell wall polysaccharides, protecting against oxidative damage.[@nuy066-B136] Brown seaweeds contain diverse flavonoid and phlorotannin polyphenols that vary in structure, molecular weight, and level of isomerization.[@nuy066-B137]^,^[@nuy066-B138]
The purported bioactivities of seaweed polyphenols include potential anticancer[@nuy066-B141] and antioxidant activities.[@nuy066-B140]^,^[@nuy066-B142]^,^[@nuy066-B143] Inhibition of digestive enzymes, which may prevent lipid absorption and help maintain glucose homeostasis, has also been suggested.[@nuy066-B138]^,^[@nuy066-B139]
The bioavailability of polyphenolic compounds in food varies greatly but is known to be low.[@nuy066-B144] Information about the bioavailability of seaweed-derived polyphenolic compounds is limited, but a recent human intervention trial that investigated the bioavailability of polyphenols extracted from *Ascophyllum nodosum* provided initial indications of interpersonal variation in polyphenol uptake. Polyphenols detected in serum ranged from 0.011 to 7.757 µg/mL, while the total concentration of urinary phlorotannin and its metabolites ranged from 0.15 to 33.52 µg/mL.[@nuy066-B145] The authors concluded, on basis of the absorption rate (6--24 hours), that the gut microbiota--mediated metabolism of the polyphenols could be a major contributor to the apparent interpersonal variation in polyphenol absorption. Consequently, more human studies are needed to investigate the bioavailability of polyphenols from ingested whole seaweeds, as there is potential for seaweed-derived fermentable fibers and polyphenols to exert synergistic effects on the gut microbiota and the host. Additional fundamental research to determine the extent to which the gut microbiota's metabolism of phlorotannins impacts the reported health benefits is also warranted.
There is considerable evidence from animal studies to support a role for an effect of seaweed polyphenols on glucose and lipid digestion and metabolism, giving rise to suggestions that these polyphenols may have potential in preventing diabetes and obesity-associated complications. Diabetic rats fed an ethanol extract (150 and 300 mg/kg) or a water extract (300 mg/kg) from *Sargassum polycystum* showed significant reductions in blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, blood triglycerides, and plasma atherogenic index.[@nuy066-B146]^,^[@nuy066-B147] Polyphenols from both *Ecklonia stolonifera*[@nuy066-B149] and *Ascophyllum nodosum*[@nuy066-B148] have been shown to favorably alter glucose and insulin metabolism in diabetic mouse models, while *Ecklonia cava* polyphenols significantly reduced serum and liver triglycerides and total cholesterol in a diabetic mouse model.[@nuy066-B150] Another study showed that a *Gelidium amansii* phenolic-rich extract reduced blood glucose and serum insulin and protected against the adverse effects of diet-induced obesity in mice via decreased blood triglycerides and total cholesterol.[@nuy066-B151] The mechanism of action is unknown, but current evidence supports a role in the inhibition of digestive enzymes, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase.[@nuy066-B97]^,^[@nuy066-B148]^,^[@nuy066-B152]^,^[@nuy066-B153]
There is limited evidence that seaweed polyphenols may exert antiobesogenic effects or may play a role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in healthy humans. For example, consumption of 500 mg of seaweed extract containing at least 10% polyphenols did not improve the postprandial glucose concentration after a 50-g carbohydrate load (bread) compared with placebo, but it did lower the plasma insulin incremental area under the curve in healthy adults (n = 23).[@nuy066-B154] Elsewhere, neither a 500-mg nor a 2000-mg dose of *Fucus vesiculosus* polyphenol-rich extract reduced postprandial glucose or insulin responses beyond that of the cellulose placebo after a 50-g carbohydrate load (white bread) in healthy adults (n = 38).[@nuy066-B155]
In Korean adults with increased cholesterol, however, a significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and C-reactive protein was observed compared with baseline values following treatment with *Ecklonia cava* polyphenol extract at a dosage of 400 mg/d for 12 weeks.[@nuy066-B156] Potential mechanisms of action may be associated with the inhibition of adipogenesis, as the phlorotannin dieckol has been shown to downregulate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.[@nuy066-B157]
A recent meta-analysis concluded that polyphenol-rich marine extracts could reduce fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL-C in humans, but the few interventions conducted in humans have reported inconsistent findings for the effect of seaweed polyphenols on other biomarkers associated with risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, including postprandial blood glucose, fasting insulin, HDL-C, and triglycerides.[@nuy066-B158]
With *Ecklonia cava* phlorotannins deemed safe for use as food supplements in the European Union,[@nuy066-B159] further evidence in healthy and at-risk human populations is required to ascertain the bioactivities of seaweed polyphenols.[@nuy066-B155] Efforts to optimize polyphenol extraction procedures will be crucial for maximizing the potential of seaweed polyphenols as food ingredients.[@nuy066-B160]
Fucoxanthin
-----------
Carotenoids are a group of tetrapenoid compounds in seaweeds that contribute to photosynthesis. Their antioxidant properties facilitate protection from UV damage. In seaweeds, the main carotenoid with potential application in the food industry is fucoxanthin, extracted from brown seaweeds.[@nuy066-B163]^,^[@nuy066-B164] Evidence suggests that fucoxanthin, through its antioxidant activity, may have potential as a food preservative to prevent lipid peroxidation in meat.[@nuy066-B165]
Previous research on fucoxanthin has focused on its potential as a functional food ingredient to reduce the risk of diabetes and obesity, although the evidence is derived predominantly from in vitro and animal studies. Fucoxanthin is thought to exert its effects by inhibiting the digestive enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which in turn affects lipid metabolism by modulating leptin and adiponectin, resulting in downregulation of lipogenesis and upregulation lipolysis.[@nuy066-B166]^,^[@nuy066-B167] In several in vivo animal studies, fucoxanthin supplementation was shown to reduce blood glucose, plasma insulin, body weight gain, and accumulation of lipid in the liver; to decrease insulin resistance; and to improve the plasma lipid profile.[@nuy066-B168]^,^[@nuy066-B169] Results of studies investigating the impact of fucoxanthin on cholesterol metabolism in mice have differed. Beppu et al[@nuy066-B170] reported increased serum HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and total cholesterol, while Jeon et al[@nuy066-B108] reported decreased serum cholesterol and increased fecal cholesterol following fucoxanthin diets.
The antiobesogenic effects of fucoxanthin have been reported in a human intervention trial in which consumption of fucoxanthin over 4 weeks significantly decreased BMI, body weight, and visceral fat area in mildly obese adults (BMI, 25--30 kg/m^2^), with no adverse events reported.[@nuy066-B171] However, mixed tocopherol and kelp extract components (the composition of which was undefined) were included in each capsule. Abidov et al[@nuy066-B172] found evidence to support a role for a proprietary product containing brown seaweed fucoxanthin, n-3 fatty acids, and punicic acid to exert antiobesogenic effects. Premenopausal woman with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and premenopausal women with normal liver fat who consumed the fucoxanthin product over 16 weeks showed a significant reduction in body weight, by 5.5 kg and 5 kg, respectively, compared with the placebo group. Furthermore, statistically significant improvements in liver fat content, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and C-reactive protein were observed in both cohorts that consumed the fucoxanthin product, but not in the placebo group, while significantly reduced waist circumference and serum triglycerides were observed only in the intervention group with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Interpretation of the role of fucoxanthin in this study is confounded by the additional components (omega-3 fatty acids, punicic acids derived from pomegranate seed oil) present in the treatment, and thus further study is needed to verify the effects of fucoxanthin alone.
More research in healthy human participants is needed to determine whether fucoxanthin plays a role in altering lipid metabolism or in reducing the risk of obesity. Other carotenoids present in red seaweeds, such as lutein, β-carotene, and zeaxanthin, as well as carotenoids present in green seaweeds, such as lutein, β-carotene, echinenone, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin, warrant investigation for their potential antiobesogenic, antidiabetic, or antioxidant bioactivities.[@nuy066-B33]^,^[@nuy066-B48]^,^[@nuy066-B173]
As with polyphenols, cost-effective and scalable extraction protocols must be developed to produce quantities of fucoxanthin sufficient to assess bioactive efficacy and mechanisms of action in clinical trials and to assess prospective applications as food ingredients or in supplements.
Micronutrients
--------------
Several studies indicate that seaweed consumption contributes to dietary mineral intake,[@nuy066-B1]^,^[@nuy066-B176] and a higher intake of foods containing seaweed has been associated with sufficient calcium intake to prevent osteoporosis in Korean postmenopausal women.[@nuy066-B177] In contrast, 1 report indicates no meaningful contribution to dietary intakes of sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, selenium, or copper when considering a daily portion of 5 g (dry weight) of 17 brown seaweed and 17 red seaweed food products sourced from China, Japan, and South Korea.[@nuy066-B178] This suggests wide differences in mineral content between sources, as shown by the data presented in Tables S9, S10, and S11 in the Supporting Information online.
Seaweed may be an important source of iron, as *Sargassum* spp are reported to contain 156.9 mg of iron per 100 g of dry weight, and the addition of this seaweed to both wheat- and maize-based bread increased the proportion of absorbed iron.[@nuy066-B179] Elsewhere, *Sargassum* spp improved iron absorption from a rice meal, with the iron content of the *Sargassum* spp used ranging from 81 to 290 mg/100 g of dry weight over 12 months (highest iron content in July, and lowest content in January).[@nuy066-B180]
Seaweeds are also considered a rich source of magnesium, but the bioaccessibility of magnesium varies between seaweeds. The magnesium content of *Ulva pertusa*, *Laminaria japonica*, and *Gloiopeltis furcata* is 10.47 mg/kg (41.8% bioaccessible), 6.55 mg/kg (60.8% bioaccessible), and 8.18 mg/kg (72.5% bioaccessible), respectively, under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.[@nuy066-B181] A subsequent mouse study found that magnesium from *Laminaria japonica* was absorbed most efficiently, which indicates that magnesium intake from seaweed will vary between sources.
Vitamins
--------
Multivitamin supplements are commonly used in the general population to achieve recommended daily intakes, but seaweeds may represent an abundant source of both fat- and water-soluble vitamins, as outlined in Tables S12, S13, and S14 in the Supporting Information online. For example, the vitamin A content (retinol equivalents of carotenoid content, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography) of a 5-g portion of dried seaweed varies from 14.5 μg (2% of Reference Nutrient Intake \[RNI\]) in *Ulva rigida*[@nuy066-B53] to 70.5 μg in *Fucus spiralis* (10% of RNI).[@nuy066-B26] The vitamin C content varies from 0.41 mg (1% of RNI) in *Ascophyllum nodosum* to 9.24 mg (23% of RNI) in *Undaria pinnatifida*.[@nuy066-B1] Reported folate (vitamin B~9~) content varies from 7.5 μg (3.75% of RNI) in *Ulva* spp[@nuy066-B1] to 5400 μg (2700% of RNI) in *Ulva rigida*.[@nuy066-B53] Both seasonal and geographical variations may explain such wide variation within the same genus.
Only 1 study to date has analyzed the vitamin D~3~ content of seaweeds, reporting amounts of 0.83 mg/100 g of dry weight in *Fucus spiralis* and 1.05 mg/100 g of dry weight in *Porphyra* spp.[@nuy066-B26] This equates to 41.5 μg (415% of RNI) and 63.5 μg (635% of RNI) in a 5-g dried portion of *Fucus spiralis* and *Porphyra* spp, respectively.[@nuy066-B182] Further characterization studies are required to corroborate these findings, which suggest seaweed is a valuable dietary source of vitamin D.
Seaweed is one of the few nonanimal sources of vitamin B~12~. *Enteromorpha* spp and *Porphyra* spp are reported to contain 63.58 μg and from 32.26^18[@nuy066-B3]^ to 133.8 μg[@nuy066-B184] per 100 g of dry weight, respectively. This equates to 3.18 μg (212% of RNI) and from 1.6 μg (107% of RNI) to 6.69 μg (446% of RNI) in a 5-g dried portion of *Enteromorpha* spp and *Porphyra* spp, respectively. Other studies reporting the vitamin B~12~ content of seaweeds do not specify whether the vitamin B~12~ is present in the active form that can be absorbed and utilized in humans. Seaweeds containing active vitamin B~12~ may be useful for individuals following a vegan diet, who are at risk of vitamin B~12~ deficiency.[@nuy066-B185] For example, the authors of a cohort study in children following a vegan diet for 4 to 10 years attributed healthy vitamin B~12~ status to nori consumption (*Porphyra* spp).[@nuy066-B186] Other seaweeds examined in this study, such as hijiki, wakame, and kombu, are understood to contain limited amounts of vitamin B~12~ or to contain vitamin B~12~ analogs that, because of structural differences, do not have vitamin B~12~ activity in humans.[@nuy066-B187] It has also been reported that the drying of *Porphyra* spp inactivates vitamin B~12~; therefore, processing methods may impact vitamin bioavailability.[@nuy066-B188]
In summary, seaweeds are a source of both fat- and water-soluble vitamins. Seaweed consumption may improve vitamin status; however, characterization of the vitamin content of seaweed is required to improve the development of seaweed supplements, as vitamin content varies with seaweed species, time of harvesting, and geographical location. Moreover, only a limited number of studies in humans, with few participants, have investigated the bioavailability and activity of vitamins obtained from seaweeds.
Salt
----
According to the assessment of dietary sodium in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey, adults aged 19 to 64 years consume, on average, 7.8 g, 8.0 g, and 8.6 g of salt per day in Scotland, England, and Northern Ireland, respectively, intakes that far exceed the RNIs for salt (6 g/d) and sodium (1.6 g/d).[@nuy066-B189] Of the dried seaweed products shown in [Tables S1 and S2](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} in the Supporting Information online, *Laminaria digitata* and *Palmaria palmata* have a ratio of sodium to potassium that may be favorable for their application as condiments to replace salt (1.03 and 0.84, respectively).[@nuy066-B29] However, small portion sizes of seaweed may be required to prevent excessive salt intake, given that a 5-g portion of *Laminaria digitata* can provide up to 0.35 g of salt and 0.26 g of sodium, while *Palmaria palmata* may provide up to 0.27 g of salt and 0.15 g of sodium. These amounts exceed salt and sodium quantities in an equivalent amount of bacon (0.144 g of salt and 0.0575 g of sodium), which is considered a high-salt food.[@nuy066-B190]
Iodine
------
Iodine is a trace element required for the synthesis and function of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) thyroid hormones. In Japan, where approximately 20 different types of seaweed are consumed, the majority being wakame (*Undaria* spp), kombu (*Laminaria* spp), and nori (*Porphyra* spp), iodine intake varies from 0.1 to 20 mg/d (average intake, 1--3 mg/d), which can exceed the upper tolerable limits of 600 µg/d (EFSA) and 1100 µg/d (World Health Organization).[@nuy066-B191]
The epidemiological evidence detailing the risks and benefits of iodine intake from seaweeds remains inconclusive. Seaweed consumption was associated with increased risk of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in Japanese postmenopausal women but not premenopausal women.[@nuy066-B194] However, another study found no association between seaweed consumption and total thyroid cancer risk or papillary carcinoma in premenopausal or postmenopausal women.[@nuy066-B195] Iodine-induced hypothyroidism is reported in iodine-sufficient, kelp-consuming populations of Japan,[@nuy066-B196] yet iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is also reported in individuals who consume kelp.[@nuy066-B197]^,^[@nuy066-B198] The use of seaweed supplements is not recommended for pregnant women, owing to the variability and excessive iodine content of seaweeds, with kelp-based products being of particular concern.[@nuy066-B199]^,^[@nuy066-B200] Synergy between iodine supplementation and exposure to heavy metals in seaweed, such as mercury, may also impair thyroid function through the reduction of total T3.[@nuy066-B201]
The iodine content of the seaweeds shown in Tables S9, S10, and S11 in the Supporting Information online ranges from 0.06 mg/100 g of dry weight (*Ulva lactuca*) to 624.5 mg/100 g of dry weight (*Laminaria digitata*), but many characterization studies do not quantify iodine. Desideri et al[@nuy066-B176] found that 3.3 g of *Laminaria digitata* would provide 4017% of the tolerable daily intake for iodine and suggested that habitual intake of seaweed with an iodine content exceeding 45 mg/kg of dry weight could impair thyroid function. Given that *Laminaria* spp are widely abundant, currently used as food ingredients, and have such a high iodine content, characterization of iodine in *Laminaria*-containing products is warranted. In contrast, a 5-g portion of *Porphyra tenera* is reported to provide only 80 µg of iodine.[@nuy066-B202]
Static in vitro digestion studies have reported the bioavailability of iodine in seaweed as follows: *Laminaria* spp (17%--28%), *Sargassum fusiforme* (12%), *Palmaria palmata* (10%), *Undaria pinnatifida* (2%--12%), *Himanthalia elongata* (4%), *Porphyra* spp (5%), *Ulva rigida* (2%), and cooked *Himanthalia elongata* and *Sacchoriza polyschides* (below the limit of detection).[@nuy066-B203]^,^[@nuy066-B204] Boiling has been shown to reduce the iodine content of *Alaria esculenta* (from 670 µg/g to 165 µg/g), *Palmaria palmata* (97 µg/g to 66 µg/g), and *Ulva intestinalis* (92 µg/g to 79 µg/g), information that may be beneficial for industry to provide to consumers.[@nuy066-B204]
In humans, urinary excretion of iodine following *Ascophyllum nodosum* ingestion was reported as only 33% (excretion of potassium iodide control = 59%).[@nuy066-B205] The reduced iodine bioavailability was attributed to reduced release of iodine from the seaweed food matrix (ie, iodine bound to proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and pigments). In a Caco-2 and HT29-MTX coculture, iodine uptake following in vitro digestion was only 4% to 6% (hijiki), 2% to 4% (kombu), and 4% to 7% (wakame),[@nuy066-B203] which also suggests limited liberation of iodine species, limited solubility of iodine, or limited absorption of iodine.[@nuy066-B206]
Urinary excretion of iodine from *Gracilaria verrucosa* and *Laminaria hyperborea* was reported as 101% and 90%, respectively, in an iodine-sufficient population, yet as 85% and 61.5% in an iodine-deficient population.[@nuy066-B209] Reduced urinary iodine excretion in the deficient cohort was attributed to increased iodine storage in the thyroid[@nuy066-B210]; thus, seaweed consumption may improve iodine status in those at risk of iodine deficiency, as demonstrated in vegan populations.[@nuy066-B211]^,^[@nuy066-B212]
Iodine absorption from *Laminaria japonica* is estimated as 57% to 71%, although serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly increased above the normal limits in 4 of 6 participants who consumed 15 g of *Laminaria japonica* daily for 7 to 10 days, in 4 of 14 who consumed 30 g/d for 7 to 10 days, and in 1 of 3 who consumed 15 g/d for 55 to 87 days.[@nuy066-B213] These findings corroborate previous evidence that kelp supplementation increased serum TSH over 4 weeks.[@nuy066-B214] Urinary iodide excretion increased 30-fold and 44-fold from baseline (in subgroups that received 15 g and 30 g, respectively), but returned to baseline 7 to 40 days after seaweed consumption ceased. Furthermore, iodine intake was improved without compromising thyroid function when 500 mg *of Ascophyllum nodosum* containing 356 µg of iodine was given to healthy women for 14 days.[@nuy066-B215] Urinary iodine concentrations increased significantly, reflecting sufficient intake and subsequent renal excretion. Plasma concentrations of T3, T4, free T3, and free T4 were unchanged between pre- and post-intervention, while serum TSH increased significantly, albeit within the normal range.
Some have suggested that future human intervention studies should quantify the iodine content of a seaweed food ingredient or supplement during product development, so that urinary iodine concentrations could be measured as a biomarker of iodine intake and bioavailability at time points throughout interventions.[@nuy066-B216]^,^[@nuy066-B217]
Strategies to prevent excessive iodine intake from seaweed food products include the disclosure of iodine content and the provision of cooking instructions on product labeling. Disclosure of iodine content on food labeling was reported for only 22 of 224 seaweed-containing food products on sale in the United Kingdom, while estimated content was provided for 40 products.[@nuy066-B4] Some 26 products had the potential to provide iodine in excess of the tolerable upper intake level of 600 µg/d when serving suggestions were applied, but for the remaining 162, this was unknown. Guidance about an individual's iodine status and how seaweed consumption may benefit the individual could also ensure consumer safety.
The myriad variations in iodine concentration between seaweed species, season, and harvest location present challenges to the food industry, since there is limited and conflicting information about how individual seaweeds may impact iodine status and thyroid health.
Heavy metals
------------
One concern about seaweed consumption is exposure to heavy metals such as arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, lead, rubidium, silicon, strontium, and tin.[@nuy066-B176] The contamination of seaweeds with heavy metals depends on habitat or ecology, which has led to inconsistency in research findings. Seaweeds growing in areas of contamination, often caused by industry or poor sewage systems, accumulate heavy metals from the surrounding water and rocks, but at levels that pose little risk to human health.[@nuy066-B218] However, exposure to contaminants is increased in perennial seaweeds, the regular consumption of which may lead to risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans.[@nuy066-B219]^,^[@nuy066-B220] Levels of arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium in 426 Korean dried seaweed products ranged from 0.2% to 6.7% of provisional tolerable weekly intakes when 8.5 g of seaweed was consumed per day.[@nuy066-B176]^,^[@nuy066-B218]^,^[@nuy066-B221] In 1 study, the authors called for continuous monitoring of heavy metals in seaweed-based food products, owing to differences between species in the bioabsorption of metals.[@nuy066-B221] An example of these between-species differences is evident in *Laminaria* spp. At an intake of 3.3 to 12.5 g/d, *Laminaria digitata* contains 24 to 90 µg of cadmium,[@nuy066-B176] which corresponds to 40% to 150% of the tolerable daily intake, while *Laminaria japonica* contains 0.45 to 0.80 mg/kg, which exceeds the maximum limits for seaweed products according to legislation in France (0.5 mg/kg of dry weight) and Australia/New Zealand (0.2 mg/kg of dry weight), but not in China (1.0 mg/kg).[@nuy066-B225] Tables S15, S16, and S17 in the Supporting Information online provide details of the heavy metal content of several brown, red, and green seaweeds, respectively, although information about the toxicokinetics of heavy metals ingested from seaweeds is too limited to make conclusions about potential health risks.
In a cross-sectional study of heavy metal concentrations in 3404 healthy Korean adults, urinary arsenic concentrations were significantly increased in both the second and third tertiles of seaweed consumption.[@nuy066-B226] Arsenic species were not determined in this study, but blood mercury was significantly higher in the highest consumers of seaweed versus the lowest consumers. Preliminary research shows that increased water temperatures can increase mercury absorption by fish, and the same biosorption of mercury may occur in seaweed.[@nuy066-B227] Considering global warming, trends in the heavy metal content of seaweed should also be monitored; likewise, the presence of rare earth elements, recently identified in northwest Mediterranean seaweeds, should be watched.[@nuy066-B228] The placental transfer of heavy metals from mother to fetus can cause neurological, developmental, and endocrine disorders in infants.[@nuy066-B230]^,^[@nuy066-B231] Ultimately, the extraction of bioactive or nutritional components from seaweeds may mitigate ingestion of excessive heavy metals, which can be mutagenic and carcinogenic to humans.[@nuy066-B229]
Arsenic
-------
A major consideration for the exploitation of seaweeds as health foods or functional food ingredients is the need to speciate and quantify the levels of arsenic present in seaweed products. Arsenic species may be categorized as toxic (inorganic arsenic, which are class I carcinogens), nontoxic (arsenobetaine), or potentially toxic (fat-soluble arsenic, arsenosugars, and other organoarsenicals).[@nuy066-B232] The health risks associated with inorganic hydrogen arsenate species are related to DNA damage, which predisposes cells to carcinogenesis. Consumption of inorganic arsenic has been shown to increase the incidence of lung, bladder, skin, and kidney cancers and has also been linked to skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, neurological effects, and diabetes.[@nuy066-B233]
Most arsenic species in seaweeds are arsenosugars, typically ligated to glycerol, sulfonate, or phosphonate. Arsenosugars resist degradation in the stomach and, upon entering the lower gastrointestinal tract, are metabolized to at least 12 different metabolites, including dimethylarsinate, methylarsinate, and dimethylarsinoylethanol, but the toxicity of these metabolites is unknown.[@nuy066-B232]^,^[@nuy066-B236]
Speciation and concentration of arsenic in brown seaweeds (*Ascophyllum nodosum*, *Laminaria digitata*, *Fucus vesiculosus*, *Fucus spiralis*, *Alaria esculenta*, and *Saccharina latissima*),[@nuy066-B239]^,^[@nuy066-B240] red seaweeds (*Porphyra umbilicalus*, *Chondrus crispus*, *Gracilaria vermiculophylla*, and *Palmaria palmata*), and green seaweeds (*Ulva prolifera* and *Ulva lactuca*)[@nuy066-B240] revealed that total arsenic content ranged from 4.1 to 111.0 µg/g, with the majority of arsenic present as arsenosugars (inorganic arsenic content was \< 1.0 µg/g). The exception was *Laminaria digitata*, which contained inorganic arsenic at levels of 2.8 to 20.0 µg/g (USA)[@nuy066-B240] and 2.2 to 87.0 µg/g (Ireland).[@nuy066-B239] These levels represent a large proportion of the total arsenic content of *Laminaria digitata*, reported to range from 36.0 to 131.0 µg/g of dry weight.[@nuy066-B176]^,^[@nuy066-B239]^,^[@nuy066-B240] In contrast, *Laminaria japonica* sourced from China contained inorganic arsenics at a concentration of 0.16 to 0.58 mg/kg, which is below maximum limits set by China (1.0 mg/kg of dry weight),[@nuy066-B225] France (3.0 mg/kg of dry weight),[@nuy066-B241] and Australia/New Zealand (1.0 mg/kg of dry weight). [@nuy066-B242] Such variation in inorganic arsenic contents may warrant regular testing for inorganic arsenic content in *Laminaria* spp food products.
Another recent study reported that the content of inorganic arsenic was negligible in 23 seaweed food products except for hijiki (19.83 µg/g), agar (0.06 µg/g), and nori (0.03 µg/g).[@nuy066-B235] Total arsenic concentrations in seaweed products were as follows, in descending order: hijiki (83.7 µg/g), kombu (51.2 µg/g), kelp seasoning (43.5 µg/g), arame (41.6 µg/g), wakame (34.7 µg/g), dried red seaweed (35.2 µg/g), nori (19.4 µg/g), dulse (12.1 µg/g), agar (0.23 µg/g), and kelp noodles (0.08 µg/g). The amount of inorganic arsenic in 112 edible seaweed products sold in Spain was also within safe limits, with the exception of hijiki, in which the level of inorganic arsenic ranged from 41.6 to 117.0 µg/g.[@nuy066-B243]
Inclusion of 3% hijiki powder has caused arsenic poisoning in rats,[@nuy066-B249] and the risk of hijiki to public health has led to current recommendations against the consumption of hijiki in Asia,[@nuy066-B244] Australia,[@nuy066-B246] Europe,[@nuy066-B245]^,^[@nuy066-B247]^,^[@nuy066-B248] and the United States.[@nuy066-B246] Seaweeds such as arame, wakame, kombu, and nori, however, are suggested as safe to eat because they contain inorganic arsenic at a concentration of less than 0.3 µg/g, which is encouraging for potential food ingredient applications.[@nuy066-B250]
The amounts of potentially bioaccessible arsenite, arsenate, methylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate following the in vitro digestion of *Laminaria japonica*, *Undaria pinnatifida*, *Hizikia fusiformis*, *Porphyra yezoensis*, and *Enteromorpha prolifera* were low enough to indicate no hazard of inorganic arsenic to human health.[@nuy066-B251] However, cooking of *Porphyra* spp and *Hizikia fusiforme* by baking and boiling, respectively, has been shown to increase inorganic arsenic species,[@nuy066-B252] while soaking, cooking, boiling, and washing/soaking of other seaweeds reduced total arsenic by up to 58.8%, 91.5%, 50%, and 60%, respectively.[@nuy066-B253]
Wei et al[@nuy066-B254] investigated the bioavailability of arsenic from *Porphyra* spp, reporting that total urinary arsenic peaked (average, 92.5 ng/mL) after 20 to 30 hours, resulting in a 20-fold increase in DMA before returning to normal levels after 80 hours. Another study showed that 2 arsenic metabolites, DMA and 2-dimethylarsinoyl ethanol (DMAE), were detected in the urine of 5 volunteers who consumed 20 to 25 g of *Laminaria* spp (total arsenic, 43.2 µg/g): the peak ratio of arsenic to creatinine was 228, 158, 141, 72, and 70 ng/mL, and levels normalized after 80 hours.[@nuy066-B236]
Consumption of 10 g of nori, kombu, or wakame per day for 3 days, followed by a 3-day washout period between seaweeds, resulted in increased levels of the arsenosugars DMA, thio-dimethylarsenoacetic acid (DMAA), and thio-DMAE in 24-hour urine samples obtained during the 3 days of seaweed consumption. The extent of these increases varied between seaweeds and individuals.[@nuy066-B235] Toxic thio-DMA was present only at trace levels, and the authors identified thio-DMAE and thio-DMAA as unique arsenosugar metabolites that could potentially be used as urinary biomarkers for dietary intake of arsenic from seaweeds.
The arsenosugars present in seaweed resist cooking and in vitro digestion processes and have been suggested to be absorbed, in part, into the hepatic portal system intact.[@nuy066-B255] Human studies have shown considerable differences in the rate of excretion of arsenosugars, ranging from 4% to 95%.[@nuy066-B256] The high variability associated with arsenosugar metabolism may be attributable to between-individual differences in endogenous digestion, gut microbiota composition and activity, passage across the intestinal barrier, or transformation in the liver.[@nuy066-B256] Thus, there is a need to characterize the metabolic fate of arsenosugars in order to clarify the safety associated with arsenosugar-rich seafoods.[@nuy066-B257]
While regulatory bodies have attempted to provide guidance about arsenic intake, there is a need for clearer regulation and guidance regarding the permissible arsenic content of foods. For example, the UK Food Standards Agency has advised against consuming *Sargassum fusiforme* (hijiki) because of significant food safety concerns over high levels of inorganic arsenic.[@nuy066-B248] To reduce health risks, regular environmental assessment and analysis of the arsenic species present in seaweed-containing food products may be required to ascertain the exposure to and the potential toxicity of heavy metals.[@nuy066-B221]^,^[@nuy066-B242] Indirect exposure to arsenic could also be a concern if arsenic accumulates in the food chain following the use of seaweed either as feed for livestock[@nuy066-B258] or as fertilizer.[@nuy066-B259] The majority of edible seaweeds have been reported to contain heavy metals in safe amounts. As with iodine, it has been suggested that food regulation should ensure the disclosure of heavy metal contents on food labeling and establish legal limits for the content of inorganic arsenic in seaweed.[@nuy066-B260] Cooking methods and food processing procedures may help reduce the amount of heavy metal present in edible seaweeds, but regulatory bodies and industry both face challenges. For regulatory bodies, the greatest challenge in developing safe limits is the interindividual differences in biotransformation, metabolism, and excretion of arsenic, while for industry, the greatest challenge is the high within-species variability of arsenic levels in seaweed and the potential costs of regularly monitoring product(s).
HEALTH IMPACT OF HABITUAL INTAKE OF WHOLE SEAWEEDS
==================================================
While this review highlights the lack of human intervention trials investigating the potential risks and benefits of consuming seaweed components, some observational evidence does exist. Epidemiological evidence indicates that seaweed-containing diets are inversely associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese adults.[@nuy066-B261] On the other hand, Korean men with metabolic syndrome are reported to consume significantly more seaweed than those without metabolic syndrome, although no mechanistic insight has been published.[@nuy066-B262]
Consumption of *Porphyra* spp was inversely associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women, and no association was found between *Undaria pinnatifida* consumption and breast cancer risk.[@nuy066-B265] A study by Michikawa et al[@nuy066-B194] identified a positive association between seaweed consumption and the risk of thyroid cancer (especially papillary carcinoma) in postmenopausal women, while Wang et al[@nuy066-B195] did not find an association between seaweed intake and thyroid cancer incidence in either premenopausal or postmenopausal women. Case-controlled studies by Hoshiyama et al[@nuy066-B266]^,^[@nuy066-B267] implicated an inverse relationship between seaweed consumption and stomach and colon cancer; nevertheless, interpretation warrants caution in light of the low sample power of the studies.
An inverse association was also reported between *Undaria pinnatifida*, *Sargassum fusiforme*, and *Porphyra* spp intake and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in pregnant Japanese women (n = 1002).[@nuy066-B268] The study did not measure iodine intake or iodine status, which would have contributed to the knowledge of iodine intake from seaweeds during pregnancy, since current recommendations in Australia and New Zealand limit brown seaweed intake to 1 portion per week in pregnant women.[@nuy066-B269] There are also concerns about the potential for seaweed to contribute to foodborne infections, as noted by reports of norovirus contamination of *Enteromorpha* spp[@nuy066-B270] and the presence of polycavernoside A toxin in *Gracilaria edulis*.[@nuy066-B271]^,^[@nuy066-B272]
Current Asian populations are reported to consume less seaweed than previous generations, shifting toward a high-energy, low-fiber Westernized diet that promotes the development of metabolic syndrome and has increased the number of iodine-deficient individuals in Japan.[@nuy066-B273]^,^[@nuy066-B274] One recent intervention study in a European population concluded that *Palmaria palmata* consumption could improve iodine status in adults, as serum TSH was significantly increased (within the normal clinical range) following *Palmaria palmata* intake of 5 g/d for 28 days.[@nuy066-B275] The authors of this study highlighted the need to characterize seaweed composition when undertaking human interventions to help ascertain which components of seaweed affect health, immune function, and disease risk. While the evidence from observational studies reviewed here may indicate potential benefits, the outcomes must be viewed with considerable caution. Randomized controlled trials with suitable biomarkers, as well as supportive in vitro and in vivo animal studies, are warranted to verify previous observations and eludicate the mechanisms of action of edible seaweeds in humans.
CONCLUSION
==========
Edible seaweeds are a rich and sustainable source of macronutrients (particularly dietary fiber) and micronutrients, but if seaweeds are to contribute to future global food security, legislative measures to ensure monitoring and labeling of food products are needed to safeguard against excessive intakes of salt, iodine, and heavy metals.
While heavy metal concentrations in edible seaweeds are generally below toxic levels, bioaccumulation of arsenic is a risk, and more studies of heavy metal toxicokinetics are needed. A trade-off between iodine and/or heavy metal ingestion and the amount of whole seaweed needed to obtain meaningful amounts of PUFAs, protein, or dietary fiber may limit the recommended portion size. Therefore, the extraction of individual components from the complex seaweed matrix is a legitimate strategy to create added-value products, particularly since novel bioactive components extracted from seaweeds are increasingly studied as potential agents to combat noncommunicable diseases.
Looking ahead, more human intervention studies with defined health-related endpoints are needed to establish how chronic consumption of whole seaweeds and their extracted bioactive components affects human health. Mechanisms of action must also be elucidated to substantiate any future health claims associated with seaweed consumption and to support applications within the food and nutraceutical industries.
Supplementary Material
======================
######
Click here for additional data file.
*Author contributions*. All authors (P.C., C.O'H., P.J.M., E.M.M., and P.J.A.) contributed significantly to the work's conception, design, and interpretation. P.C. and C.O'H. performed the data collection. All authors participated in the writing and critical revision of the manuscript in a manner sufficient to establish ownership of the intellectual content. All authors read and approved the version of the manuscript submitted.
*Funding/support*. This review was funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) under Ireland's National Development Plan 2007--2013, via The PreMara Project, project no. 13F511. P.C. is a recipient of a Department for Employment and Learning Northern Ireland (DELNI) postgraduate studentship. C.O'H. is undertaking an InterTradeIreland FUSION program between Ulster University and VOYA Products Ltd.
*Declaration of interest*. C.O'H. is an employee of VOYA Products Ltd. The remaining authors have no relevant interests to declare.
Supporting Information
----------------------
The following Supporting Information is available through the online version of this article at the publisher's website.
*[Table S1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Nutritional information for a selection of seaweed products sold throughout the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland**
*[Table S2](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Nutritional information for a selection of seaweed products sold throughout the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland**
*[Table S3](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Amino acid content of brown seaweeds**
*[Table S4](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Amino acid content of red seaweeds**
*[Table S5](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Amino acid content of green seaweeds**
*[Table S6](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Lipid content of brown seaweeds**
*[Table S7](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Lipid content of red seaweeds**
*[Table S8](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Lipid content of green seaweeds**
*[Table S9](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Essential minerals present in brown seaweeds**
*[Table S10](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Essential minerals present in red seaweeds**
*[Table S11](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Essential minerals present in green seaweeds**
*[Table S12](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Vitamin content of brown seaweeds**
*[Table S13](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Vitamin content of red seaweeds**
*[Table S14](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Vitamin content of green seaweeds**
*[Table S15](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Heavy metal content of brown seaweeds**
*[Table S16](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Heavy metal content of red seaweeds**
*[Table S17](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}* **Heavy metal content of green seaweeds**
[^1]: *Abbreviation*: RNI, Reference Nutrient Intake.
[^2]: *Abbreviation*: RNI, Reference Nutrient Intake.
[^3]: *Abbreviation*: RNI, Reference Nutrient Intake.
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---
abstract: 'We use high-resolution inelastic neutron scattering to study the low-temperature magnetic excitations of electron-doped superconducting Pr$_{0.88}$LaCe$_{0.12}$CuO$_{4-\delta}$ ($T_c=21\pm 1$ K) over a wide energy range ($4$ meV$\le\hbar\omega\le 330$ meV). The effect of electron-doping is to cause a wave vector ($Q$) broadening in the low-energy ($\hbar\omega\le 80$ meV) commensurate spin fluctuations at ($\pi$,$\pi$) and to suppress the intensity of spin-wave-like excitations at high energies ($\hbar\omega\ge 100$ meV). This leads to a substantial redistribution in the spectrum of the local dynamical spin susceptibility $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$, and reveals a new energy scale similar to that of the lightly hole-doped YB$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6.353}$ ($T_c=18$ K).'
author:
- 'Stephen D. Wilson'
- Shiliang Li
- 'H. Woo'
- Pengcheng Dai
- 'H. A. Mook'
- 'C. D. Frost'
- Seiki Komiya
- Yoichi Ando
title: 'High Energy Spin Excitations in Electron-Doped Superconducting Pr$_{0.88}$LaCe$_{0.12}$CuO$_{4-\delta}$ with $T_c=21$ K'
---
High-transition-temperature (high-$T_c$) superconductivity in copper oxides occurs when sufficient holes or electrons are doped into the CuO$_2$ planes of their insulating antiferromagnetic (AF) parent compounds [@kastner]. Given the close proximity of AF order and superconductivity, it is important to understand the evolution of magnetic excitations in the AF ordered parent insulators upon chemical doping to produce metals and superconductors, as spin fluctuations may play a crucial role in the mechanism of superconductivity [@scalapino]. For the undoped parent compounds, where AF order gives a diffraction peak at wave vector ${\bf Q}=(\pi,\pi)$ or $(0.5,0.5)$ (Fig. 1a), spin waves at energies ($\hbar\omega$) below 60 meV found by neutron scattering show commensurate excitations around $(\pi,\pi)$ because of the large AF nearest neighbor exchange coupling ($J_1> 100$ meV, Figs. 1a,1c, and 3a) [@hayden96; @bourges97; @coldea]. Upon hole-doping to induce metallicity and superconductivity, the low-energy spin fluctuations of La$_{2-x}$(Sr,Br)$_x$CuO$_4$ (LSCO) form a quartet of incommensurate peaks at wave vectors away from $(\pi,\pi)$ [@cheong; @yamada98; @tranquada; @christensen] that may arise from the presence of static or dynamic spin stripes [@kivelson]. For hole-doped YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+x}$ (YBCO) with $x\geq 0.45$, the magnetic excitation spectra have a commensurate resonance at $(\pi,\pi)$ and incommensurate spin fluctuations similar to that of LSCO below this resonance [@rossat; @mook; @fong; @dai; @bourges; @hayden; @stock]. For energies above the resonance, the excitations are spin-wave-like for $x\leq 0.5$ [@bourges; @stock] and become a “box-like” continuum at $x=0.6$ [@hayden]. In the extremely underdoped regime ($x=0.353$, $T_c=18$ K), Stock [*et al.*]{} [@stock1] showed that spin fluctuations are commensurate around $(\pi,\pi)$ and have a damped spin resonance around 2 meV.
While the evolution of spin excitations in hole-doped superconductors has become increasingly clear, it is crucial to determine the evolution of spin excitations in electron-doped materials, as particle-hole symmetry is an important ingredient of any theory purporting to explain the mechanism of high-$T_c$ superconductivity. Unfortunately, due to the difficulty of growing large high-quality single crystals required for inelastic neutron scattering experiments, there exist only a few studies exploring the low-energy ($\hbar\omega\leq 10$ meV) spin dynamics in electron-doped materials such as Nd$_{1.85}$Ce$_{0.15}$CuO$_4$ (NCCO) [@yamada99; @yamada], and consequently the overall magnetic response of electron-doped materials remains largely unknown. Recently, we began to systematically investigate the evolution of AF order and magnetic excitations as Pr$_{0.88}$LaCe$_{0.12}$CuO$_{4-\delta}$ (PLCCO) is transformed from the as-grown AF insulator into an optimally electron-doped superconductor ($T_c=25$ K) without static AF order through an annealing process with a minor oxygen content $\delta$ modification [@dai05; @kang05; @wilson05]. We chose first to study underdoped PLCCO ($T_c\sim 21$ K, $T_N\sim 40$ K) for two reasons. First, this material is between the as-grown AF insulator and optimally doped PLCCO and therefore has a larger magnetic signal than that of the optimally doped PLCCO [@dai05; @kang05; @wilson05; @fujita]. Second, Pr$^{3+}$ possesses a nonmagnetic singlet ground state in PLCCO, different from the Nd$^{3+}$ magnetic ground state in NCCO [@boothroyd].
In this Letter, we report the results of inelastic neutron scattering measurements that probe the low-temperature ($T=7$ K) dynamic spin response of electron-doped PLCCO ($T_c=21\pm 1$ K) for energies from $4$ meV to $330$ meV. We determine $Q$ and $\omega$ dependence of the generalized magnetic susceptibility $\chi^{\prime\prime}({\bf Q},\omega)$ [@hayden96]. We find that the effect of electron doping into the AF insulating PLCCO is to cause a wave vector broadening in the low-energy commensurate magnetic excitations at $(\pi,\pi)$, consistent with that of the NCCO [@yamada99; @yamada]. At high energies ($\hbar\omega\geq 100$ meV), the excitations are spin-wave-like rings, but with a dispersion steeper than that of the undoped Pr$_2$CuO$_4$ [@bourges97] and with a significant reduction in the spectral weight of the local dynamical spin susceptibility $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ [@hayden96]. A comparison of PLCCO and lightly doped YBCO ($x=0.353$) [@stock1] reveals that the energy scale for $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ in both materials is at $\sim$2 meV, lower than the $\sim$18 meV for the optimally doped LSCO [@christensen].
![ Pictorial representation of the dispersions of the spin excitations in the a) insulating Pr$_2$CuO$_4$ and b) superconducting PLCCO. b) Magnetic susceptibility measurements of $
T_c$’s in arbitrary units for the seven samples. The inset shows unit cell with exchange couplings $J_1$ and $J_2$. d-g) one-dimensional cuts through the spin excitations at $\hbar\omega=200\pm 15$ meV along the $[\overline{1},1]$, $[1,1]$, $[1,0]$, $[0,1]$ directions. ](fig1.eps)
![$S({\bf Q},\omega)$ in the $(H,K)$ plane at a) $\hbar\omega=4\pm 1$, b) $71.5\pm 3.5$, c) $150\pm 10$, d) $200\pm 15$, and e) $240\pm 15$ meV. The incident beam energy $E_i=40$, 115, 200, and 400 meV data have counting times of 18, 60, 44, and 76 hours respectively with a source proton current of 170 $\mu$A. f-j) Narrow ${\bf Q}$-cuts passing through $(0.5,0.5)$ along the dashed line directions shown in a-e). Upper open triangles in j) show a thicker cut at $\hbar\omega=315\pm 15$ meV along the $[1,1]$ direction (integrated from -0.2 to 0.2 along the $[\overline{1},1]$ direction). Solid lines are the calculated one-magnon cross sections from the linear spin wave fit to the data with $J_1=162$ meV and $J_2=0$. Horizontal bars below each cut show the instrumental resolution.](fig2.eps)
We grew seven high quality (mosaicity $<1^\circ$) PLCCO single crystals (with a total mass of 20.5 grams) using the traveling solvent method in a mirror image furnace. To obtain superconductivity, we annealed the as-grown nonsuperconducting samples in a vacuum ($P< 10^{-6}$ mbar) at $T=765\pm 1$$^\circ$C for four days. While both ends of the same cylindrical shaped crystal were found to have identical $T_c$’s, there are small ($\pm1$ K) differences in $T_c$’s for separately annealed samples. Figure 1c shows magnetic susceptibility measurements on all seven crystals used in our neutron experiments. They have an average $T_c = 21\pm 1$ K. For the experiment, we define the wave vector ${\bf Q}$ at $(q_x,q_y,q_z)$ as $(H,K,L)=(q_xa/2\pi,q_ya/2\pi,q_zc/2\pi)$ reciprocal lattice units (r.l.u) in the tetragonal unit cell of PLCCO (space group $I4/mmm$, $a=3.98$, and $c=12.27$ Å). The seven PLCCO crystals were co-aligned to within 1$^\circ$ in the $[H,H,L]$ zone using HB-1/HB-1A triple axis spectrometers at the High-Flux-Isotope reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Our inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed on the MAPS time-of-flight spectrometer with the incident beam parallel to the $c$-axis ($L$-direction) of PLCCO at the ISIS facility [@hayden]. Four different incident beam energies of $E_i=40$, $115$, $200$, and $400$ meV were used, and the scattering was normalized to absolute units using a vanadium standard.
Figure 2 summarizes images of neutron scattering intensity $S({\bf Q},\omega)$ centered about $(\pi,\pi)$ at $T=7$ K in units of mbarns/sr/meV/f.u. without any background subtraction. At the lowest energy ($\hbar\omega=4\pm 1$ meV) probed (Fig. 2a), the scattering consists of a strong peak centered at $(\pi,\pi)$ with some phonon contamination evident at larger wave vectors. A constant-energy cut through the image reveals a commensurate peak on a flat background (Fig. 1f). The peak is significantly broader than the instrumental resolution (horizontal bar) and gives a correlation length of $\sim$70 Å. Upon increasing energy, the peak at $(\pi,\pi)$ broadens in width (Fig. 2b) and weakens in intensity (Fig. 2g). With further increase in energy to $\hbar\omega=145\pm 15$ meV, the scattering becomes a spin-wave-like ring (Figs. 2c and 2h). One-dimensional cuts through Fig. 2d at $\hbar\omega=200\pm 15$ meV along four different directions (Figs. 1d-g) confirm that the scattering is indeed isotropic and symmetric around $(\pi,\pi)$ like spin waves. With increasing energy, the ring continues to disperse outward until magnetic scattering is no longer discernible at $\hbar\omega=315\pm 15$ meV (Fig. 2j).
Figure 3a summarizes the dispersion of spin excitations determined from the cuts in Figs. 2f-j. The dashed boxes show the positions of crystalline electric field (CEF) excitations arising from the Pr$^{3+}$ rare earth ions in the tetragonal structure of PLCCO [@boothroyd]. Compared to intensities of Pr$^{3+}$ CEF levels, Cu$^{2+}$ spin fluctuations in PLCCO are extremely weak and cannot be separated from the strong Pr$^{3+}$ scattering at certain CEF energy positions. For reference, figure 3b shows an energy cut along ${\bf Q}=(0.5,0.5,L)$ for the $E_i=115$ meV data in which it is clear that CEF intensities at $\hbar\omega\approx 20$, 85 meV are significant relative even to the incoherent elastic scattering.
To estimate the strength of the magnetic exchange coupling, we consider a two-dimensional AF Heisenberg Hamiltonian with the nearest ($J_1$) and the next nearest ($J_2$) neighbor coupling (Fig. 1c). Since the zone boundary spin fluctuations sensitive to $J_2$ were unobservable (Fig. 2j), we set $J_2=0$ and determined that $J_1=162\pm 13$ meV renders the best fit to the data for $\hbar\omega\ge 100$ meV. The corresponding calculated one-magnon cross sections are plotted as the solid lines in Figs. 2h-2j, and the resulting dispersion relation is shown as the solid line in Fig. 3a. At high energies ($\hbar\omega\ge 100$ meV), the calculated spin wave dispersion coincides fairly well with the data, but the value of $J_1$ is considerably larger than the hole- (La$_2$CuO$_4$, $J_1=104$, $J_2=-18$ meV) [@coldea] and electron- (Pr$_2$CuO$_4$, $J_1=121$ meV) [@bourges97] doped parent compounds (Fig. 3a). Assuming as-grown insulating PLCCO has similar AF exchange coupling as Pr$_2$CuO$_4$ [@bourges97], our data suggest that the high energy spin fluctuations in electron-doped PLCCO disperse faster than the spin waves of the insulating compound. Therefore they are unlikely to arise from the weak static AF order in the material [@dai05].
Although high energy spin excitations in PLCCO are spin-wave-like, the observed scattering for $\hbar\omega\le 80$ meV is substantially broader than those predicted by the linear spin-wave theory (Fig. 3a). A cut at $\hbar\omega=8\pm 1$ meV through the $(\pi,\pi)$ point along the $[\overline{1},1]$ direction confirms this point (Fig. 3c). For energies below 20 meV, the dispersion of spin fluctuations has a nearest neighbor coupling of $J_1=29\pm 2.5$ meV (dash-dotted line in Fig. 3a). Therefore, the dispersion of PLCCO can be separated into two regimes. For energies ($4\le\hbar\omega\le 80$ meV), the excitations are broad and weakly dispersive. For $\hbar\omega\ge 100$ meV, the fluctuations are spin-wave-like with $J_1$ larger than that of the insulating parent compound.
![a) The dispersion of spin excitations in PLCCO. Points connected by solid lines denote only one continuous peak centered around $(\pi,\pi)$ and represent the FWHM of a Gaussian fit with the instrument resolution deconvoluted. Solid boxes show energy levels of Pr$^{3+}$ CEF scattering. Solid, dotted, dashed, dash-dotted lines show dispersions from linear spin-wave fits with various exchange couplings. b) Log vs. linear energy-cut averaged from $H=0.45$ to 0.55 along the $[1,1]$ direction and from $H=-0.05$ to 0.05 along the $[\overline{1},1]$ direction. CEF and phonon contamination energies are marked by arrows. c) ${\bf Q}$-cut along the $[\overline{1},1]$ direction with $\hbar\omega=8\pm1$ meV with a Gaussian fit in a blue dashed line and the calculated one-magnon cross section in solid red with $J$ = 121 meV.](fig3.eps)
In addition to determining the dispersion of spin excitations in PLCCO, the absolute spin susceptibility $\chi^{\prime\prime}({\bf Q},\omega)$ measurements in Fig. 2 also allow us to calculate the energy dependence of the local susceptibility $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$, defined as $\int \chi^{\prime\prime}({\bf Q},\omega) d^3Q/\int d^3Q$ [@hayden96; @dai99]. Figure 4a shows how $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ varies as a function of $\hbar\omega$ for electron-doped superconducting PLCCO. Similar to hole-doped materials [@hayden96; @tranquada; @christensen; @hayden; @stock; @stock1; @dai99], electron-doping suppresses the spectral weight of spin fluctuations in PLCCO at high ($\ge 50$ meV) energies. For energies below 50 meV, $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ increases with decreasing energy and does not saturate at $\hbar\omega=4\pm 1$ meV, the lowest energy probed on MAPS. Assuming that the $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ in crystals of MAPS experiments ($T_c = 21\pm 1$ K) is similar to that of the previously studied $T_c=21$ K PLCCO sample [@dai05; @kang05; @wilson05], we can normalize the low-energy magnetic response of the $T_c=21$ K sample obtained on SPINS spectrometer at NIST to that of the MAPS data. The outcome, shown as inset of Fig. 4, reveals a new energy scale of 2-3 meV for superconducting PLCCO.
![Energy dependence of local susceptibility $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ in PLCCO determined from integration over wave vector of the observed magnetic scattering around $(\pi,\pi)$ [@hayden96; @dai99]. The dashed line shows $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)\times 1/5$ for La$_2$CuO$_4$ [@hayden96]. Since ${\bf Q}$-cuts were made along the $[\overline{1},1]$ direction, the background scattering can be approximated by a constant. The blue triangles indicate normalized cold neutron triple-axis data on a $T_c=21$ K PLCCO at energies below 3 meV obtained on the SPINS spectrometer at NIST center for neutron research [@wilson05]. The inset shows an expanded view of $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ vs $\hbar\omega$ at low energies. The solid line is a damped Lorenztian on a constant background. ](fig4.eps)
We are now in a position to compare the spin excitations of electron-doped PLCCO with that of the hole-doped LSCO [@tranquada; @christensen] and YBCO [@bourges; @hayden; @stock; @stock1; @dai99]. For hole-doped materials such as LSCO [@cheong; @yamada98; @tranquada; @christensen] and YBCO with $x\ge 0.45$ [@dai; @bourges; @hayden; @stock], the low-energy spin fluctuations are incommensurate and display an inward dispersion toward a resonance point with increasing energy. This is not observed in electron-doped materials. Instead, spin fluctuations in PLCCO have a broad commensurate peak centered at $(\pi,\pi)$ at low-energies ($\le 50$ meV) which disperses outward into a continuous spin-wave, ring-like scattering at high energies ($\ge 100$ meV), similar to lightly doped YBCO with $x=0.353$ [@stock1]. At present, it is not clear how theoretical models based on spin stripes [@kivelson] can reconcile the differences in spin excitations between the hole- and electron-doped materials.
For hole-doped LSCO with $T_c=38.5$ K, the mean-squared fluctuating moment $\left\langle m^2\right\rangle=\int \chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)d\omega$ integrated up to 40 meV is $\left\langle m^2\right\rangle=0.062\pm0.005$ $\mu_B^2$f.u.$^{-1}$ [@christensen]. For comparison, $\left\langle m^2\right\rangle$ calculated from $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ up to 40 meV is only $0.024\pm 0.003$ $\mu_B^2$f.u.$^{-1}$ in PLCCO, about three times smaller than that of LSCO. The total fluctuating moment integrated from 0 to 300 meV (Fig. 4) gives $\left\langle m^2\right\rangle=0.089\pm0.009$ $\mu_B^2$f.u.$^{-1}$, a value an order of magnitude larger than the static moment squared (0.0016 $\mu_B^2$f.u.$^{-1}$) [@dai05]. Since the total moment sum rule for spin-$1\over2$ Heisenberg model requires one-magnon fluctuating moment squared to be smaller than the ordered static moment squared [@lorenzana], the observed high-energy spin-wave-like excitations are unlikely to arise from the small ordered moment.
In the standard Hubbard model and its strong-coupling limit, the $t$-$J$ model with only the nearest-neighbor hopping $t$, there should be complete particle-hole symmetry and therefore the electron- and hole-doped copper oxides should behave identically. The observed large difference between incommensurate and commensurate spin fluctuations in hole- [@cheong; @yamada98; @tranquada; @christensen] and electron-doped materials [@yamada99; @yamada; @dai05; @kang05; @wilson05] has mostly been attributed to their differences in the strength of second nearest-neighbor ($t^\prime$) and third ($t^{\prime\prime}$) nearest-neighbor hopping. This also explains their differences in Fermi surface topology within the $t$-$J$ model [@li03; @tohyama; @yuan], although it may also be due to their proximity to two different quantum critical points [@onufrieva]. In the most recent calculation using the slave-boson mean-field theory and random phase approximation [@yuan], incommensurate spin fluctuations at $(0.3\pi,0.7\pi)$ have been predicted for optimally doped NCCO. However, this is not observed in our PLCCO (Figs. 2a-2e). Similarly, the energy dependence of the $\chi^{\prime\prime}({\bf Q},\omega)$ at ${\bf Q}=(\pi,\pi)$ has been predicted to exhibit a peak between $0.1\omega/J$ [@li03; @yuan] and $0.4\omega/J$ [@tohyama]. While qualitatively similar to the predictions, $\chi^{\prime\prime}(\omega)$ in Fig. 4 has a peak at a much smaller energy of $0.02\omega/J$. Comparison of future calculations in absolute units with our data should determine whether itinerant magnetism models can account quantitatively for the observed dynamic susceptibility in superconducting PLCCO.
This work is supported by the U. S. NSF DMR-0453804 and DOE Nos. DE-FG02-05ER46202 and DE-AC05-00OR22725 with UT/Battelle LLC.
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Sunday, July 31, 2005
Colorful car owned by one of our freelancers. I thought he had painted it himself but he said it was originally a yellow car painted over by volkswagen, one of 175, as part of a commercial promotion. My brain can't remember the year, now.
If you follow the white lines of the parking lot straight back, the first patch of green is the field haunted by Pepe the skunk. Beyond it is a paved drive and another field used by Paco the skunk and the four miniature Pacos.
Saturday, July 30, 2005
Phoebe jumps onto my bed and I start into semi-comatose awakeness for a few brief seconds. I have been dead to the world in undreaming sleep for only four hours and I need at least three more, but this is her daily ritual. She circles the bedcovers to give my face a quick slurp and is gone. I don't mind too much. Dogs need their schedules. My daily rituals are what keep the fabric of my own life from unraveling during the hectic summer months.
The first and most important ritual of the day is tea. Two cups of water zapped for two and a half minutes in the microwave and dumped unceremoniously into a small blue willow teapot along with a bag of black chai tea and left to brew while I boot up my mac and check my e-mail. I love seeing the hot golden liquid flow from the spout of the teapot into my mug. Some milk and a sachet of saccharine and I have my tea. The first cup is usually the best one; it's still too hot to gulp and so I can savor it. By the time I get to the second one, it's cool enough I swallow it greedily in just a few great swigs; for the caffeine, not for the flavor.
Tea in other forms follows my day and week. Upon arrival at work I fill my two empty plastic Ozarka bottles with tap water and stuff a bag of herbal raspberry tea into each to steep until I begin working. It helps me drink the slightly soapy-tasting water that comes from the tap. On weekends I've begun brewing rooibois, diluting it with ice cubes and squeezing a lemon into it. It tastes exactly like traditional ice tea except it is just sweet enough so it doesn't need sugar. I recently learned rooibois has become very popular because it appears in "The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency" series of books by Alexander McCall Smith. I've just received the first book of the series on CD so I can listen to it at work. We shall see about the rooibois!
Thursday, July 28, 2005
Note from my boss yesterday: Our daily list of "things to do." He didn't even have time to type it.
I've been given the day off but not for a good reason. It's more than 3 days that our proofing system has been down. In the printshop every minute the press is down is money lost. In pre-press the same goes for the imagesetter. Our onsite operation has only one customer and they're not the forgiving kind. The techs brought in a new worm drive and new laser heads for the XP and they still can't make it work, so they've retrieved our ancient proofer from the bowels of storage and are trying to make it live again. If it does, the next three days & nights will be a marathon of catching up. We'll know by Monday, I think, if we still have jobs.
ARE EVERYWHERE! They are so cute - exact miniature replicas of the adults and just as deadly with their spray (so I hear). The ones we've seen are about six to eight inches long with bushy tails longer than they were. Sunday there were four of them rolling around on the east side of the warehouse in the field usually occupied by the adult I call "Paco". They scooted away in single file when they saw us but only went about 15 feet and started wrestling again like kittens or puppies. Last Thursday on the west side of the building along the bottom of "bluebonnet hill" we saw three more independent youngsters diligently digging for food. I've read that crickets and grasshoppers are a favorite food of skunks and crickets are especially plentiful right now. Grasshoppers are showing up but not in large numbers. June Bugs are also suddenly abundant.
Last night we saw a possum running as if for its life. We think there is a predator in the area, probably a coyote or bobcat. One night last week an adult skunk who saw us ran quickly for quite a distance before disappearing into some brush down the road. After we walked a little farther we saw a pair of eyes reflecting from "bluebonnet hill" that looked like something much larger than a skunk or opossum. IT watched US and then faded into the brush. spooky!
Photos are from Mary's Wildlife Page. She has more photos of skunks & opossums. The possums we see aren't nearly so cute.
Wednesday, July 27, 2005
Witnessing one corporation blatantly trying to screw another one was a shock. The aftermath is making life miserable for us drones who do production.
At the heart of the matter is this Kodak XP Proofing System. We had two ten-year-old Kodak proofers and Kodak convinced the powers-that-run-my-office this new one would be twice as fast with better quality. So we bought one. First we thought it was funny there was no documentation for the software. Then when something went wrong a few weeks after installation someone peering at the innards found a sticker dated 2002. We had paid for a new machine and received a three-year-old refurbished one. The installer 'fessed up and All Hell broke loose with the powers-that-run-my-office. Threats of lawsuits (according to the grapevine) convinced Kodak to replace the machine with the machine we had paid for.
I think they screwed us again. We haven't had the machine run for an entire week yet without something going wrong. There are only two technicians for the entire southwest u.s. so we often have to wait while they fly their guy in from Colorado or Oklahoma. Now that we're in the midst of our major summer crunch our "fast machine" has been inoperable for over 36 hours and the technician can't find the problem. We are steadily falling behind schedule. Our customer was understanding yesterday but today or tomorrow will be a different story.
Saturday, July 23, 2005
Nando peered through the grimy kitchen window at the chain-link fence that was bothering him. He was a slightly built young man of twenty-three who almost looked muscular under his baggy clothes but if you looked closely you could tell whatever tone there was to his body came from leftover youth and not from working out. His name was really Fernando but people who knew him mostly called him Nando.
The house he dwelt in was a clapboard-sided two-bed one-bath that had been built in the 1940s when the neighborhood was young and solid working-class couples raised kids who went on to own bigger and nicer houses in newer neighborhoods that radiated ever more outward from the city’s core and the owners here, much like their abodes, gradually grew older and more decrepit. The owners died and were buried, the houses gained new lives as rental properties, and the neighborhood fell farther into disrepair until it became “the hood.”
This house had belonged to Nando’s grandmother, he thought. Sometimes he didn’t remember. His parents had rented it out after she died but when the last tenant left Nando had been allowed to move in. His folks didn’t want to throw him out onto the street but they didn’t want him at their house with their two teenaged children.
At the moment Nando was obsessed with the chain-link fence that encircled the back yard. His next-door neighbor, a thirty-something black man who had moved in only two months ago, had erected a six-foot wooden fence across the back of his yard that abutted the alley. Nando envied that fence. He couldn’t stop thinking about how nice it looked with the wide dog-eared pickets and golden brown stain. He thought it might be fun to throw a softball against the fence and hear it thud against the boards. He thought it would be convenient to throw his empty beer cans over the fence into the alley. Man, that was a nice fence, and he wanted one for his own yard.
Mr. Miller was playing a video game inside his house when he heard an odd metallic noise. It wasn’t exactly a “clang” nor was it exactly a “clink,” but something in between. Was it his water pipes? The gutter? He heard it a second time and then it became regular.
Clank.
Clank.
Clank.
Mr. Miller opened his back door and saw his young Hispanic neighbor hacking at the chain-link fence with a machete. He was somewhat startled. He suspected the young man used drugs but he seemed harmless. He walked over to Nando, who continued to abuse the thick metal pole that constituted the fence’s top rail.
“Hey, bro, whatcha got goin’ on here?” asked Mr. Miller calmly.
“I’m gonna take down this fence and get me a new one,” replied Nando.
“The way you’re goin’ I think it’s going to take you a while.”
Nando did not reply and continued to hack, but the cadence slowed a bit.
“Well, good luck,” said Miller and returned to his video game.
The noise abruptly stopped and when Miller looked outside, the machete was on the ground and Nando had disappeared.
Wednesday, July 20, 2005
yes, it turns out the office mummy is quite a ham! It's tough having a cadaver on the premises when you just don't know what to do with it. Mummy sits on a stool an no one notices. Mummy perches on a cubicle and stares over the walls, preventing people doing their work. Mummy circulates among the cubes producing screams. It's only a matter of time before mummy gets locked away.
Saturday, July 16, 2005
The remnants of Hurricane Dennis have given us thunderstorms every day for the last six days. I was at work every day but yesterday so I finally got a front-row seat. I like thunderstorms but Phoebe does not. She wants to see what's going on but the crashes frighten her. I sat on the back steps until the sheets of driven rain pushed me back to just inside the doorway. Even there I was getting misted. The storm must have lasted 45 minutes as the lightning got closer and closer. If you count the seconds between the time you see the flash to the time you hear the crash there's a formula that'll tell you how far away it is. If you see and hear at the same time you're at the point of impact. Yesterday the noise was so loud my heart stopped. The impact was so fast I couldn't even flinch. The storm passed but about 9pm the power went out all over the neighborhood. Today I found more than 29,000 people were affected. Things are so dark and so quiet. Phoebe doesn't like thunder and she didn't know what to do about the black hole that our house became. She's uncomfortable around flashlights. I wasn't sure it would be safe to walk around the neighborhood in the dark so after enjoying the darkness for about 30 minutes I thought I'd take a short nap. It was at least 6 hours before my normal bedtime but I'm tired from extra hours at work. Phoebe jumped on the bed with me and snuggled up next to me and went to sleep. This is totally out of character for her. I guess she was a little freaked out. It was nice having my puppy there, though. We napped for about an hour and then we got up and I lit a candle. It was getting really stuffy inside the house even with the window open. The rain had cooled the temperature by 20 or 30 degrees but had left that oppressive humidity behind. The moon had risen; it was almost half full so it was quite a bit lighter outside, so we sat out there again. About 11:30 the power came on again.Now I had light again I finished reading this book. It went really fast & I liked reading it. It's sort of a murder mystery narrated by the protagonist, an autistic fifteen-year-old. The character is a genius at math and at solving puzzles but finds it extremely difficult to live around people. I identify with characters like that.
Thursday, July 14, 2005
DC has been using his newest "gas price" widget in Tiger to try to find cheap gas. You type in your zip code and it gives you the five lowest prices and their locations. So far he has been chasing phantoms; when he finds the gas station the price is no lower than it is elsewhere. He was going to try again yesterday on his way home from work. It's hard to believe someone's selling it for $1.80 when I can't see any for less than $2.19. I felt a small piece of luck fell my way on Tuesday when I filled my tank for $2.21 a gallon while I watched a tanker truck replenishing the station's supply. When I passed the same station in the wee hours following work the price had increased to $2.23.Ed & I saw two possums last night near a pond we hadn't noticed before. We were just checking out a small stand of junipers and were crossing a soupy swath of turf when we saw the first possum. It seemed awfully scraggly and small - not fat like the other one we saw a few weeks back. Then we saw there was a large pond beyond the slight ridge we were climbing. Ed joked about alligators and suddenly there was something swimming in the dark water! I thought "cottonmouth"! We trained our flashlights on it and it came closer a few times but not close enough to see clearly. We could tell it was some kind of mammal, so we guessed "possum". We heard but did not see half a dozen or more turtles plopping into the water. We crossed the street and waded through some more watery muck to one of the canals and spotted a huge bird flying silently over the water. In the dark it looked as large as an egret, but was most likely an owl. Was it a barn owl or a great horned owl? Do opossums swim? Do skunks swim? Our night walks are giving my brain as well as my legs exercise as I try to research these creatures of the night.
We've decided 11-11:15pm isn't a good time for wildlife viewing because the tractor-trailer rigs are finishing their last run of the day and there's too much noise. Last night we realized 12:30am isn't good, either. There was so much traffic around the warehouse it must be when the shift changes. The pond was far enough from the road you didn't notice the cars much but our circuit around the warehouse was positively dangerous as we had to avoid 6 or 8 speeding cars. We only saw one skunk on the premises.
Monday, July 11, 2005
Ed & I went out at midnight last night and saw three skunks. One was a farily large one on the northeast corner at the far edge of the field abutting our parking lot. We have seen a skunk only once before on this side of the warehouse. This one ran away as did the previous one so we think it may be the same individual. Most of the skunks just look at us and keep doing what they're doing. Last night we also saw two smaller skunks on the west side of the building where we usually see them. They were foraging in their "regular" locations.
I've now become extremely irritable. I'm always tired and we may be going to a six-day work week this week. Of course the extra money will be nice but as I do every year I question whether or not it's worth the loss of my sanity for two or more months.
Sunday, July 10, 2005
My eyes and back are both too tired to spend much time sitting at the computer at home but I'm not having a problem reading, so that's what I'm doing. Maybe along with the audio books I'm listening to at work I'll get a massive injection of culture.
Saturday, July 09, 2005
Ed & I are continuing our nightly excursions around the warehouse an hour or so past the witching hour - or should I say the skunking hour? Our chief companions are kildees and striped skunks. On the best nights we may see three skunks and an owl. Once we saw a possum, but it scurried up a tree and hid itself so well we gave up trying to find it with a flashlight. The skunks aren't usually afraid but we don't get too close to them either. One night a skunk was rooting in the dirt directly in front of a ground-level spotlight and I got about five feet away to get a good view but walked away without it noticing me. We have learned the owls tend to perch on top of the tall spotlights located in the parking lot or along the street, probably to get a good view of potential prey. We think they, or it, is a barn owl. We don't know if it's a single bird or if there are several. It's amazing how silently they fly. We've spotted another smaller bird that's probably an owl. We saw fewer skunks last week and thought maybe the weekend fireworks exhibitions might have disturbed them a bit. Or maybe they are trying to avoid us. We're going to schedule some walks before midnight to see if there's a bigger party then. Supposedly baby skunks are usually born in May and may stay with their mother for up to a year but the skunks we have seen have all been solo explorers and none of them seem small enough to be juveniles. I'm not finding much detailed information about skunks on the web and haven't yet found a book about skunks that's not written for children. Adults want to know, too!
Wednesday, July 06, 2005
Ed & I took a long break from work to check out the fireworks from nearby Pioneer Square in Las Colinas on Monday night. I toted my tripod through the dark field adjacent to the warehouse to experiment. The camera was not cooperative. Shutter lag increased tenfold so I couldn't snap the shots I wanted. I tried to anticipate but the shutter lag was never consistent. I was able to try some different exposures and got a few interesting shots. I think this was my favorite - a handheld shot after I got disgusted with the whole shutter thing.
Sunday, July 03, 2005
Hot! Hot! Hot! I found the "Hot Tamale" package on the parking lot at work and knew I had to use it for something. This collage wasn't what I had in mind, but think it works pretty well to convey the furnace raging outdoors.
It's happy fourth of july holiday for most folks, I reckon, but for me the first few days of july take my mind back to a few hot summer days in 1863 when more than 50,000 soldiers wearing blue and grey were killed near a peach orchard in Pennsylvania. Last year I listened to an audio tour of Gettysburg called "on hallowed ground" and I recommend it for students of that battle, who like myself, have never been to that sacred place. I do hope to see it someday and hope the carnivals of entertainment planned for the surrounding area are kept hid from view. The movie "Gettysburg" was a pretty good rendition of one of my favorite books, "The Killer Angels," by Michael Shaara, but I think I'll go read a few pages right now, since my creativity level seems pretty low.
Friday, July 01, 2005
When I was thirteen my family joined the hordes of Dallas' "white flight" and moved several miles to a new neighborhood inside the westerly edges of the city limit. It was a hastily constructed neighborhood, one of many developments springing up to house anglo families trying to escape the newly integrated schools closer to the inner city. We had never lived in a new house so it was exciting for my brother and me even though the house itself was somewhat shoddy and the neighborhood was sorely lacking trees and had only rudimentary lawns. There was a nicely-wooded park down the street with a small creek that afforded an occasional crawdad if you were patient enough to sit on the concrete drainage pipe for several hours with a scrap of bacon tied to a string.
There were two brothers named Bill who lived across the street and 6 or 8 houses up the block. We thought it was funny they were both named Bill but we didn't know much about divorce and the mixed families that resulted from second marriages. The only single parents you saw on tv in the sixties were single because their spouse had died like the dad on "My Three Sons" or "The Courtship of Eddie's Father." So sad. There were also single guys who inherited their nieces or nephews like the swingers on "Bachelor Father" and "Family Affair." There didn't seem to be any single moms though except for Diahann Carroll on "Julia." She was the first single mom I remember seeing (again as a result of death, not divorce) and also the first African-American woman to star in a tv show. I sometimes wonder at the messages these shows must have sent, as if being a single parent was cool if you were a white man but was only acceptable for women if you were black. And divorce was something reserved for movie stars.
The two Bills on Wisteria Street came to be called "Big Bill" and "Little Bill." Little Bill was younger and he was the mean one who harassed other kids and would take their bikes from them when he felt like it. Big Bill would rescue you from the clutches of his half-brother if he was around, but he disappeared from time to time so you couldn't rely on his help. You were better off just riding the other direction if Little Bill was outside. The Bills' family moved away after a year or so and I forgot about them until my friend Jean started dating Big Bill about ten years later.
Bill was a sweet guy, nice-looking, and he always had plenty of money. He took Jean out every weekend and sometimes during the week, too, and was almost like a dad to Jean's five-year-old daughter. They took family vacations on the beach at Galveston. This was quite a switch for Jean, whose deadbeat ex-husband had never earned enough money to move them out of Jean's grandmother's roach-infested house and who now never paid child-support and rarely bothered to even visit his adorable blond daughter. Jean and Bill were happy and had just become engaged to be married when Bill jumped off the edge of sanity and stripped away the facade of his life.
One morning when he should have been at work, Bill came to Jean's home, talking a mile a minute and pacing incessantly as he babbled about people coming after him. Worried, Jean phoned her brother, Des, who was also Bill's friend. It took about ten minutes for him to drive to Jean's. When Bill saw Des pull into the driveway, he ran from the house to his own car, shouting for everyone to keep away. At breakneck speed, he started his car and backed around his friend's car to get out of the driveway, throwing gravel in every direction in a frantic effort to leave. Jean's brother had been waving his arms shouting "it's me, let's talk" to no avail. In a few moments, Bill was out of the driveway and out of sight. They could still hear the car as its tires screeched on asphalt and hard concrete and suddenly there was Bill again in front of the house, the car flying up over the curb into Jean's front yard where she and her brother still stood. They now had to dodge the oncoming car and Bill dug deep circular ruts in the lawn with his tires as he spun around the yard two or three times and was then gone again. It would be almost 24 hours before they would see him again.
What no one knew then was that Bill was a manic-depressive, that he had gone off his medication, and that he had exacerbated his manic condition by ingesting a large amount of cocaine. He was spotted several times during the day in neighborhoods of his friends and family and finally corralled after the bulk of the cocaine had faded from his bloodstream. The truth about Bill's medical condition came out and he was institutionalized in a psych ward for three months. When he came out he wasn't the same. The medication that was supposed to level out his mood swings made him impotent and depressed. Jean felt helself pulling away from him though she hoped Bill would get back to "normal." One day Bill asked to borrow a handgun from his brother. A few days after that he turned the tv volume up loud in his house, walked into a closet in the back bedroom and shot himself. |
Q:
Is it possible to RenderPartial a default or error View if the specified View is not found?
I am using MVC3.
I am wondering whether it is possible to render an error View if the specified View is absent.
ie if "MyTableX" is absent:
RenderPartial("MyTableX");
would return "Error.cshtml" as the Partial View, saying something like "Partial View not found" in the page.
A:
You can do something based off of this - the trick is in getting the view path.
A missing view returns an InvalidOperationException. So we really need to determine if the view is missing or if it's caused from something different. One way is to figure out how to get the IView in the filter, cast it to a RazorView and grab the path off of it - or the 'hacky' way is to do the below code, but actually look for "the view" and "was not found" in the exceptions message. Its ugly, I know, but if you want something that works tonight, thats all I got before I head to bed, otherwise try to get the view info from that filter.
This code from Phil Haack in this link may help in trying to get the path name, a quick test yielded I wasn't able to get the IView because my filterContext.ParentActionViewContext was null.
Retrieve the current view name in ASP.NET MVC?
So I wrote this basic one, but again, anything throwing an InvalidOperationException will cause this.
Also note a missing 'MissingView.cshtml" could cause an infinite loop here (untested assumption)
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method | AttributeTargets.Class, Inherited = true, AllowMultiple = true)]
public class ViewCheckFilterAttribute : FilterAttribute, IExceptionFilter
{
public void OnException(ExceptionContext filterContext)
{
var exception = filterContext.Exception;
if (exception is System.InvalidOperationException)
{
//ideally here we check to ensure view doesn't exist as opposed
//to something else raising this exception
filterContext.Result = new ViewResult
{
ViewName = "~/Views/Shared/MissingView.cshtml"
};
filterContext.ExceptionHandled = true;
}
}
}
|
Fungal endophyte diversity in soybean.
To determine the identity and diversity of endophytes in soybean plants using culture-dependent (CD) and culture-independent (CI) methods. Stem samples were collected from three field-grown soybean cultivars grown to a reproductive stage in Minnesota, USA. Samples were surface disinfested, and CD and CI methods were used to assess the endophytes. For the CD method, fungi were isolated and grouped based on colony morphology, and the rDNA ITS region was sequenced to identify the cultures. The most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36%), Alternaria (13%), Diaporthe (9%) and Epicoccum (9%). For the CI method, DNA was extracted from the stems, and the ITS region was amplified, cloned and sequenced for identification. The most prevalent genus detected using CI method was Cladosporium (85%). Soybean contains a diverse array of endophytic fungi that were identified in this study. The CD method detected greater endophyte diversity (H' = 2·12) than the CI method (H' = 0·66). The results improve our understanding of the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi that likely have different kinds of interactions with soybean plants. The results suggest that CD and CI methods should be used to study endophytes in soybean and perhaps other annual crop plants. |
St. Paul's F.C.
St. Paul's F.C. is a football club based on the Channel Island of Jersey. They are affiliated to the Jersey Football Association and play in the Jersey Football Combination Premiership.
The club has a rich history of producing Jersey's finest players, with the likes of Graeme Le Saux and Brett Pitman coming through the ranks to become established professional footballers. In the 2009-10 season, they became the first club to win all six competitions in one season, by winning the league, 4 cups and the Upton (an inter-island cup final between the league champions of Jersey and Guernsey).
In 2015, they created history by winning the Upton 9-0 against Guernsey Northerners, the biggest win in the history of the Upton.
In 2018, two players have represented the England national football C team, Euan Van De Vliet and Harry Curtis
References
External links
Official website
Category:Football clubs in Jersey |
Healthy and Humane Dishes Are Great News for Compassionate Celebrities
London – PETA just received word from Anton Manganaro, head chef of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), that organisers of the annual awards ceremony (the BAFTAs) have created an extraordinary, mouth-watering, animal-free menu sure to delight vegan A-listers such as Casey Affleck, Alan Cumming, Woody Harrelson, Thandie Newton, Joaquin Phoenix, and Natalie Portman .
The plant-based menu will feature a mixed-grain salad with pickled vegetables, beetroot relish, and pea shoots – and that's just the tip of the iceberg! Guests will also be offered a chickpea masala served with a croquette and coriander cress, and dessert is a coconut panna cotta with a fresh raspberry and basil salad.
"We're hailing the plant-based menu at this year's BAFTA ceremony as outstanding", says PETA Director Elisa Allen. "Nominees who don't win on the night can still be awarded a gorgeous vegan meal – which is golden for their health, animals, and the environment."
PETA – whose motto reads, in part, that "animals are not ours to eat" – notes that, in addition to sparing many animals every year the horrors of the abattoir, vegans are less prone to suffering from cancer, obesity, and diabetes than meat-eaters are. They also have a lower carbon footprint. These are just some of the reasons why millions of British people are going vegan and why the number of requests for PETA's free vegan starter kit increases every year.
For more information, please visit PETA.org.uk. |
Wojciech Gumiński
Wojciech Gumiński (born 10 February 1989) is a Polish handball player for KS Azoty-Puławy and the Polish national team.
References
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Gorzów Wielkopolski
Category:Polish male handball players |
Q:
anaconda spyder restarts with old arguments
I had run some CNN code in my spyder but I interrupted that action in between after some epochs.
now when I restart my kernel, if I run any code, so it is automatically starting that old CNN code & starts training that old model.
(sorry for my bad english)
whatever I can do, I did it, made new env, reinstalled spyder, python, tensorflow, keras but nothing working
and on same environment am using jupyter notebook & it is working perfectly
A:
in spyder 4.0 they have changed by-default cell executing to F9
those who used spyder 3.0, they were used to execute cell with ctrl+ enter or shift+enter
u can still change it
Tools -> Preferences - Keyboard Shortcuts
same problem people were facing here
https://github.com/spyder-ide/spyder/issues/8994
|
Our garden is growing both plants and children’s minds!
Thanks to the support of parent volunteers and educators, this garden is providing our students with a ‘living classroom’ where they can connect with nature, learn about where their food comes from, and explore concepts such as environmental stewardship, healthy living and community development. #goirwin #tldsblearns #livingclassroom |
Reduction in recalcitrant pulmonary hypertension after operation for atrial septal defect.
We present the case of a patient with atrial septal defect and severe pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary artery peak pressure greater than 110 mm Hg. Open lung biopsy was done prior to the corrective operation, and pathological findings in the small pulmonary arteries included "musculoelastosis" and complete occlusion of 70% of these small arteries and arterioles. The atrial septal defect was closed, and long-term oral prostacyclin therapy was initiated. Pulmonary artery peak pressure decreased to 65 mm Hg 2 years after the operation. This case demonstrates that in a patient with 70% complete occlusion of small pulmonary arteries and arterioles resulting from "musculoelastosis," not only is surgical intervention possible but also pulmonary artery pressure decreases in the long term after operation. |
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Informal red meat marketing : a case study in the Western Cape townships
Karaan, Abolus Salam Mohammad (1993-08)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 1993.
Thesis
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal red meat trade was investigated as it occurs in the townships of
the Cape Town metropole. To achieve this, an interactive research
approach was followed, initially involving months of observation before
scientific and empirical analysis was conducted.
The informal marketing activities were described and analysed with the
purpose of establishing its strengths; weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats. Criteria of efficiency and effectiveness were constantly
employed. ln this regard, the prevailing system was tested against
consumer needs and preferences. A large degree of consistency was
found between the nature of supply by the informal sector and the nature
of demand from its target consumer base. On this basis, it was deduced
that the informal red meat marketing system has the potential to further
contribute to development and township food security.
The informal marketing system, how~ver, operates under specific
constraints. These were identified and subsequently recommendations
were made to alleviate these constraints, in order to maximise the
contribution of informal red meat trade to local development. |
Dynarex Corp., has introduced a broad range of Disposable Lab Coats and Jackets. These unisex coats and jackets come in a several colors and made of a breathable, non-woven polypropylene material. The Disposable Lab Coats and Jackets are tear-, puncture- and penetration-resistant, as well as latex free.
The Cardinal Health SmartGown™ has been proven the only breathable, fully impervious surgical gown to pass the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) Level 4 requirements, the company announces.
In recent independent tests conducted by Nelson Laboratories in accordance with American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/AAMI Standard PB70:2003, results confirmed that other breathable surgical gowns that claim to be fully impervious provide only AAMI level 3 protection.
The new RoyalSilk surgical gown is made from a unique and proprietary fabric that is softer to the skin than other surgical gowns, improving comfort for clinicians. Intended for general procedures that involve moderate to minimal fluid, the RoyalSilk™ gown provides AAMI Level 3 protection from blood, liquid and other potentially infectious material.
Gowns made with DuPont Suprel® fabric provide both comfort and protection. This innovative fabric, born from a composite technology, combines a high level of protection with a silky smooth texture that glides easily without catching or grabbing, providing greater freedom of movement. Gowns made from DuPont Suprel are available from Medline Industries, Inc.
Secure-Fit is a patented technology designed to protect caregivers from fluid contamination that can result from glove slip-down during surgery. Caregivers can feel confident that they are wearing a surgical gown with Secure-Fit because of its visually distinctive deep blue coloration on sleeve of select the company’s ULTRA Non-Reinforced and MICROCOOL surgical gowns.
The Tronex PE Coated, Fluid Impervious Isolation Gowns are hand sewn with meticulous craftsmanship and care to ensure a high strength and durability. They feature fitted knit cuffs, a full back and ties at the neck and waist. The gowns’ polyethylene coating provides fluid impervious protection while the unique combination of highly breathable and comfortable non-woven materials assures exceptional softness with lightweight protection.
SmartGown surgical gowns deliver the highest level of protection as well as a responsive membrane to help keep users cool and comfortable throughout the longest procedures. The gowns incorporate an innovative breathable, impervious fabric that not only allows water vapor to escape, but responds to increasing temperatures by increasing the amount of water vapor it allows to escape.
PolyWear Personal Protective Disposable Gowns are made of a linear low polyethylene film and feature an full-length open back design incorporating a tear-away feature for quick and easy removal. A contoured thumb loop secures gown sleeves under the employee’s protective glove. One-piece construction with a single heat-sealed seam behind its sleeves reduces the potential for “pass-through” of fluids and other contaminants.
These fluid resistant gowns are knee length and comprised of fluid resistant fabric. They feature knit cuffs, a preacher collar and ties in the back. One size fits all. All Nixon products, including P.P.E related goods, lab coats, scrubs and linens are available on a rental basis. Nixon assumes the up-front costs for all products and replaces them automatically.
FluidGard Procedure Gowns are designed to provide comfort as well as protection. The gowns are made from SMS, a multi-layer material composed of varying layers of spunbonded and meltblown polypropylene. SMS is a breathable fabric with a high tensile strength that makes it difficult to rip or puncture.
FluidGard Procedure Gowns are designed to provide comfort as well as protection. The gowns are made from SMS, a multi-layer material composed of varying layers of spunbonded and meltblown polypropylene. SMS is a breathable fabric with a high tensile strength that makes it difficult to rip or puncture.
SECURE-FIT is a technology designed to protect caregivers from fluid contamination, which can result from glove slip-down during surgery. SECURE-FIT refers to the patented, slip-resistant coating on the sleeve of select ULTRA Non-Reinforced and MICROCOOL Surgical Gowns. Caregivers can feel confident that they are wearing a surgical gown with SECURE-FIT because of its visually distinctive deep blue coloration on the sleeves.
BARRIER wearing apparel features an extensive range of single-use items for personal protection including disposable scrubs, masks, headwear, glasses and goggles. The disposable scrubs are made from a proprietary non-woven material which rivals cotton in comfort and wearability, with sizes from small to 4XL.
Convertors® surgical gowns now have color-coded packaging to reflect the gown’s classification level according to AAMI Standard PB70:2003 Liquid Barrier Performance of Protective Apparel. This enables the hospital staff to quickly and easily choose the correct Convertors surgical gown for the level of protection necessary for any given procedure. |
Q:
Compojure app not sending CSRF by default
I'm using reagent and compojure to make a toy webapp and I can't figure out why my server isn't sending out a CSRF cookie. Other answers and several blog posts seem to imply that the default settings for compojure now send the CSRF token and that manually resending it is actually a bug. When I try to hit the POST /art endpoint I get back a 403 Forbidden response. None of the pages get the cookie with the CSRF token in it so I can't send it with the POST request. Any advice?
;;server.clj
(ns my-app.server
(:require [my-app.handler :refer [app]]
[environ.core :refer [env]]
[ring.adapter.jetty :refer [run-jetty]])
(:gen-class))
(defn -main [& args]
(let [port (Integer/parseInt (or (env :port) "3000"))]
(run-jetty app {:port port :join? false})))
;; handler.clj
(ns my-app.handler
(:require [compojure.core :refer [GET POST defroutes]]
[compojure.route :refer [not-found resources]]
[hiccup.page :refer [include-js include-css html5]]
[my-app.middleware :refer [wrap-middleware]]
[environ.core :refer [env]]))
(defroutes routes
(GET "/" [] loading-page)
(GET "/about" [] loading-page)
(GET "/art" [] loading-page)
(POST "/art" request {:sent (:body request) :hello "world"})
(resources "/")
(not-found "Not Found"))
(def app (wrap-middleware #'routes))
;;middleware.clj
(ns stagistry.middleware
(:require [ring.middleware.defaults :refer [site-defaults wrap-defaults]]
[prone.middleware :refer [wrap-exceptions]]
[ring.middleware.reload :refer [wrap-reload]]))
(defn wrap-middleware [handler]
(-> handler
(wrap-defaults site-defaults)
wrap-exceptions
wrap-reload))
I threw the code itself on github here since I still can't see what's wrong.
A:
Other answers and several blog posts seem to imply that the default settings for compojure now send the CSRF token and that manually resending it is actually a bug.
(wrap-defaults site-defaults) applies the ring-anti-forgery middleware. This will only add a CSRF token to each ring browser session and look for the token on POST requests. If the token is missing the middleware will return a 403 for the request. Adding the token to your form or ajax/whatever post requests is up to you, the price of freedom. :)
From the ring-anti-forgery docs:
By default, the token is expected to be in a form field named '__anti-forgery-token', or in the 'X-CSRF-Token' or 'X-XSRF-Token' headers.
For example try adding this route:
(GET "/someform" request (html5 (ring.util.anti-forgery/anti-forgery-field)))
The anti-forgery-field helper will add a hidden input field with the CSRF token as its value, which is picked up by the middleware if the form is posted. To access the token directly you can either use ring.middleware.anti-forgery/*anti-forgery-token* or look it up in the session of the current request map:
(-> request :session :ring.middleware.anti-forgery/anti-forgery-token)
The global var (and by extension the helper) is bound to the handler context though, you can't access it from outside or from another thread in the same context.
Simple curl header example:
Get the CSRF token:
$ curl -v -c /tmp/cookiestore.txt http://localhost:3000/someform
Set the token via header and post some stuff:
$ curl -v -b /tmp/cookiestore.txt --header "X-CSRF-Token: ->token from prev. req<-" -X POST -d '{:foo "bar"}' localhost:3000/art
|
Effects of ulinastatin on postoperative systemic inflammatory response of recipients of rat small bowel transplantation.
We sought to evaluate the effects of ulinastatin on postoperative systemic inflammatory responses of recipients of rat small bowel transplantations (SBT). Twenty-four recipients of rat heterotopic SBT were randomly divided into a control group and a treated group. Ulinastatin (50,000 U/kg(-1)/d(-1)) was injected intravenously 30 minutes before graft revascularization. Measured variables included plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) on postoperative days 1 and 3. Administration of ulinastatin attenuated the postoperative increases in plasma concentrations of TNF, IL-6, and CRP. Ulinastatin attenuated the postoperative systemic inflammatory response of rat recipients of SBT. |
Q:
Display multiple values without comma
How do I display my Tags values as post tags like this example?
PRODUCT TABLE
+----+--------+--------------------------+
| ID | Name | Tags |
+----+--------+--------------------------+
| 1 | Shirt | Shirt,Clothes,Blue-Shirt |
| 2 | Shoes | Shoes,Red-Shoes |
| 3 | Jacket | Jacket,Clothes |
+----+--------+--------------------------+
CODE
<?php
$result= mysql_query("SELECT * FROM product") or die (mysql_error());
while ($rows = mysql_fetch_array ($result))
{
?>
<div class="post">
Product name : <?php echo $rows['name']; ?>
<ul class="tags">
<li>Tagged :</li>
<li><a href="#"><?php echo $rows['tags']; ?></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<?php } ?>
My code has given this result.
A:
try this:
<div class="post">
Product name : <?php echo $rows['name']; ?>
<ul class="tags">
<li>Tagged :</li>
<?php $tg = explode(",", $rows['tags']);
foreach($tg as $t){
echo '<li><a href="#">'.$t.'</a></li>';
} ?>
</ul>
</div>
|
Hutchinson Community College (Hutchinson, Kan.) defensive tackle Toby Johnson is ready to take the next step.
The 6-foot-4, 305-pound defender is currently in his last semester at Hutchinson, and says that he is on the cusp of being ready to enroll at the college of his choice this summer.
"I have to finish up a couple of credit hours. I have to get Public Speaking and Psychology," said Johnson. "Right now I'm doing real well in both. I just have to finish up those classes to graduate. I'm going to finish up and tell everybody not to worry. I'm going to get the job done."
Classwork isn't the only thing that the Georgia native has to finish.
Johnson is in the homestretch of his recruitment, and hosted an assistant coach last night that would love to develop him at the next level in Georgia defensive line coach Chris Wilson.
"It went well," said Johnson of Monday's in-home visit with Wilson. "We sat around talking, and talking it up. We talk about stuff other than football. We talk about school work, and staying on top of my rehab and all that stuff."
Wilson and Johnson aren't strangers, as the UGA assistant was recruiting the Banneker High School product when he was employed at Mississippi State.
The history between the two has allowed Johnson to form a high opinion of Wilson.
"I think he is a good coach," he said. "I like him a lot because he knows a lot about the game. He is a good defensive minded coach. We have a great relationship."
Georgia head coach Mark Richt made the trip to Mississippi recently to meet with Johnson's mother, Barbara Fairley, and she came away with high praise for the UGA head man.
"She was pretty impressed with him," said Johnson. "She was real fired up about it. She just said how much she loved him. She said he was pretty calm, and she felt good about him. She felt like he could get me to the next level."
The four-star defensive tackle told UGASports recently that he may make a decision before Signing Day, but later said that National Signing Day - Feb. 6 - would be when he would likely announce.
Apparently that's no longer true. Johnson said he has plans to take two more official visits, but since there is only eight days until National Signing Day, it appears that his recruitment will end a week later than he had originally planned.
"This weekend I will be taking a trip to Auburn. The next week, I'll be taking one to Mississippi State. Mississippi State will get my last one," said Johnson. "I plan on making a decision on February 13. It just gives me time because this week I was going to try and rush and put both of them in with Mississippi State on Thursday and Friday and Auburn on Saturday and Sunday. It wasn't going to give me enough time to sit down and think about things after my visits. I want to give everybody a fair shot."
With three visits in the books and two left to take, Johnson says that nothing has changed in regards to his leader.
"Georgia still my leader until I take some visits to some other schools," said Johnson. "Oklahoma, Mississippi State, Auburn, and Georgia are who I am considering."
The JUCO standout visited UGA well over a month ago and says there are a number of factors that have kept the Bulldogs on top.
It's a lot of stuff with why Georgia is my leader," he said. "I just felt so comfortable with the guys when I went down there. I really love the coaching staff. The coaches are great. I just enjoyed my time down there."
He insists, however, that although he has a leader, he will take his final two visits before making an announcement.
"I'm going to take those two visits and then decide," he said. "I will know then." |
According to a report from the New York Times, Facebook backed a bill that would make Internet giants responsible for sex trafficking occurring on their platforms simply to make Google look bad.
A recent article from the New York Times titled “Delay, Deny and Deflect: How Facebook’s Leaders Fought Through Crisis,” analyses how Facebook has dealt with a number of crises throughout the past few years and the methods they use to undermine competition.
In November 2017, Facebook came out in favor of a proposed bill that would make Internet giants responsible for sex trafficking happening on their platforms. This would mean that any social media networking sites which were used by sex traffickers to conduct illegal business could be liable for not preventing the trafficking from taking place on their platform. The bill, known as SESTA, was passed into law in early 2018. Its passage led to the closure of backpage.com, notorious for sex trafficking ads, just a month later.
Facebook’s decision to support the SESTA bill was apparently not due to some altruistic desire to do good, but rather to make their competitor, Google, look bad for publicly disagreeing with the bill.
The article states: |
Here's a really handy little tool to keep on hand if you have
one of the great older Whirlpool-built dryers. It's made for both 29" (wide) and
27" models.
Hang this card inside the drum (instructions are included) and run the dryer for
15 seconds or so. If you open the door and the card has fallen off, airflow
through your vent system is OK. If the card's still hanging, it's time to get to
work cleaning the vent ducting - and probably the inside of the dryer, too.
Poor airflow, usually from lint buildup, is the #1 cause of
problems with dryers, and is responsible for more dryer-related fires than any
other cause.
This is one of the items I no longer stock, but they're still
available on Ebay from my distributors,
HERE
(I've shortened the LONG Ebay URL to make it easier to deal with)
"Nothing astonishes men so much as common sense and plain
dealing" - Ralph Waldo Emerson |
/*
* Copyright 2009 Max Ishchenko
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package net.ishchenko.idea.nginx.parser;
import com.intellij.extapi.psi.ASTWrapperPsiElement;
import com.intellij.lang.ASTNode;
import com.intellij.lang.LanguageUtil;
import com.intellij.lang.ParserDefinition;
import com.intellij.lang.PsiParser;
import com.intellij.lexer.Lexer;
import com.intellij.openapi.project.Project;
import com.intellij.psi.FileViewProvider;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiElement;
import com.intellij.psi.PsiFile;
import com.intellij.psi.tree.IElementType;
import com.intellij.psi.tree.IFileElementType;
import com.intellij.psi.tree.TokenSet;
import net.ishchenko.idea.nginx.lexer.NginxElementTypes;
import net.ishchenko.idea.nginx.lexer.NginxParsingLexer;
import net.ishchenko.idea.nginx.psi.impl.*;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
/**
* Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
* User: Max
* Date: 04.07.2009
* Time: 14:39:39
*/
public class NginxParserDefinition implements ParserDefinition {
@NotNull
public Lexer createLexer(Project project) {
return new NginxParsingLexer();
}
public PsiParser createParser(Project project) {
return new NginxParser(project);
}
public IFileElementType getFileNodeType() {
return NginxElementTypes.FILE;
}
@NotNull
public TokenSet getWhitespaceTokens() {
return NginxElementTypes.WHITE_SPACES;
}
@NotNull
public TokenSet getCommentTokens() {
return NginxElementTypes.COMMENTS;
}
@NotNull
public TokenSet getStringLiteralElements() {
return NginxElementTypes.STRINGS;
}
@NotNull
public PsiElement createElement(ASTNode node) {
IElementType type = node.getElementType();
if (type == NginxElementTypes.DIRECTIVE) {
return new NginxDirectiveImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.CONTEXT_NAME) {
return new NginxDirectiveNameImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.DIRECTIVE_NAME) {
return new NginxDirectiveNameImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.DIRECTIVE_VALUE) {
return new NginxDirectiveValueImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.DIRECTIVE_STRING_VALUE) {
return new NginxDirectiveValueImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.INNER_VARIABLE) {
return new NginxInnerVariableImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.COMPLEX_VALUE) {
return new NginxComplexValueImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.CONTEXT) {
return new NginxContextImpl(node);
} else if (type == NginxElementTypes.LUA_CONTEXT) {
return new NginxLuaContextImpl(node);
}
return new ASTWrapperPsiElement(node);
}
public PsiFile createFile(FileViewProvider fileViewProvider) {
return new NginxPsiFileImpl(fileViewProvider);
}
public SpaceRequirements spaceExistenceTypeBetweenTokens(ASTNode left, ASTNode right) {
final Lexer lexer = createLexer(left.getPsi().getProject());
return LanguageUtil.canStickTokensTogetherByLexer(left, right, lexer);
}
}
|
/********************************************************************
KWin - the KDE window manager
This file is part of the KDE project.
Copyright (C) 2006 Lubos Lunak <l.lunak@kde.org>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*********************************************************************/
#ifndef KWIN_UNMANAGED_H
#define KWIN_UNMANAGED_H
#include <netwm.h>
#include "toplevel.h"
namespace KWin
{
class Unmanaged
: public Toplevel
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
explicit Unmanaged();
bool windowEvent(xcb_generic_event_t *e);
bool track(xcb_window_t w);
bool hasScheduledRelease() const;
static void deleteUnmanaged(Unmanaged* c);
QRect bufferGeometry() const override;
int desktop() const override;
QStringList activities() const override;
QVector<VirtualDesktop *> desktops() const override;
QPoint clientPos() const override;
QSize clientSize() const override;
QRect transparentRect() const override;
Layer layer() const override {
return UnmanagedLayer;
}
NET::WindowType windowType(bool direct = false, int supported_types = 0) const override;
bool isOutline() const override;
bool setupCompositing() override;
public Q_SLOTS:
void release(ReleaseReason releaseReason = ReleaseReason::Release);
protected:
void debug(QDebug& stream) const override;
bool shouldUnredirect() const override;
void addDamage(const QRegion &damage) override;
private:
~Unmanaged() override; // use release()
// handlers for X11 events
void configureNotifyEvent(xcb_configure_notify_event_t *e);
QWindow *findInternalWindow() const;
bool m_outline = false;
bool m_scheduledRelease = false;
};
} // namespace
#endif
|
We have great news from Arizona!
The Arizona House passed the Convention of States Article V application last week by a vote of 32-26.
Our team in AZ did a great job this year spreading the word about the Convention of States movement and building support within the legislature; and our sponsor, Representative Kelly Townsend, was an invaluable asset in the House.
"The states are about to take their freedom back," said Linda Brickman, Arizona's Legislative Liaison. "The federal government, through many different administrations, has been encroaching on our liberties as citizens and states. We need to protect and preserve our Constitution as our founding fathers created it. Let’s step forward and stand up to the Supreme Court and full federal government. Let’s become a States United once again through an Article V Convention of States." |
Political Puppet Show
Rick Santorum will hold a party tonight in Steubenville, Ohio, which he and his supporters hope will be a “Super Tuesday” victory celebration. Yet the latest polls indicate that Mitt Romney could win the Ohio Republican primary and, coming on the heels of Romney’s narrow win last week in Michigan, a Buckeye State victory might be enough to effectively clinch the nomination as the GOP Establishment’s “It’s His Turn” candidate. Whoever wins the Ohio primary, however, the result of today’s vote will be actual news, in contrast to the ridiculous ginned-up controversy that has swirled around Rush Limbaugh for the past week. And the story of how “SlutGate” became such an all-consuming affair is worth re-examining chiefly because it demonstrates the operational methodology of what the late Andrew Breitbart called the “Democrat-Media Complex.”
Go back to Saturday, Jan. 7, when ABC broadcast from Saint Anselm’s College in Manchester, N.H., a debate among six Republican presidential candidates, with George Stephanopoulos and Diane Sawyer as moderators. After the first commercial break in the broadcast, seemingly out of the blue, Stephanopoulos posed this question to Romney: “Senator Santorum has been very clear in his belief that the Supreme Court was wrong when it decided that a right to privacy was embedded in the Constitution. And following from that, he believes that states have the right to ban contraception.… Governor Romney, do you believe that states have the right to ban contraception? Or is that trumped by a constitutional right to privacy?”
For those unfamiliar with constitutional law, it is necessary to explain that Stephanopoulos was referring to the Supreme Court’s 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut decision. An 1879 law forbidding the sale of contraceptives in Connecticut was invalidated because, as Justice William Douglas wrote on behalf of the court’s 7-2 majority, it violated “penumbras, formed by emanations” which Douglas claimed to have discovered lurking in the Bill of Rights. Conservative legal scholars have long mocked this unusual doctrine of the Griswold ruling as a travesty of judicial activism in which the Supreme Court struck down a longstanding state law by creating from whole cloth a “right to privacy” — a right utterly unknown to the Americans who actually wrote and ratified the Constitution and Bill of Rights. Despite its legal implausibility, however, Griswold laid the foundation on which was subsequently built the constitutional “right” to abortion (Roe v. Wade, 1973) and eventually the “right” to homosexual sodomy (Lawrence v. Texas, 2003).
Rick Santorum is a 1986 graduate of Dickinson School of Law who spent years crafting legislation in Congress and is therefore fully qualified to discuss this legal history, but what was taking place in New Hampshire that Saturday night in January was not a seminar on constitutional law. It was a Republican presidential debate, and the ABC News moderator who raised this question about contraceptives and “the right to privacy” is a veteran Democratic Party operative. The television career of Stephanopoulos is merely an extension of his work as a communications director for Bill Clinton’s 1992 presidential campaign and subsequently in the Clinton White House. Like the late Tim Russert (a lifelong Democrat who worked for Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Mario Cuomo) and Chris Matthews (a former aide to Democrats Jimmy Carter and Tip O’Neill), Stephanopoulos is merely one of many who have followed the well-trod path from Democratic operative to liberal media star.
Indeed, what Breitbart dubbed the Democrat-Media Complex represents a revolving door, so that no one was really surprised when Jay Carney, the former Washington bureau chief of Time magazine, became White House press secretary in the Obama administration. Nor, for that matter, does anyone make much of the fact that (a) Carney was a frequent roundtable guest on ABC’s This Week during Stephanopoulos’s tenure as host of that Sunday show, and (b) Carney’s wife Claire Shipman is a senior correspondent for ABC’s Good Morning America, the same program for which Stephanopoulos now serves as co-host. Such direct personal and professional connections between the Democratic Party and major national news organizations are so common as to pass unnoticed in the day-to-day business of politics. Any Republican who makes mention of these facts as potentially significant can expect to be derided as a paranoid conspiracy theorist if he voices the suspicion that perhaps Democrats in the media are using their influence to help their fellow Democrats in political office.
Such a suspicion, however, was hard to avoid on that January night when Stephanopoulos raised the topic of contraception during the New Hampshire GOP debate. Four days earlier, Santorum had edged the longtime Republican frontrunner Romney in the Iowa caucuses. Although Santorum is a staunch conservative who has defended the pro-life doctrines of his Catholic faith, contraception had played no role whatsoever as an issue in the Republican campaign until Stephanopoulos asked his question in Manchester. That question, however, seemed to be the signal-flare that launched a carefully orchestrated effort to make contraception a major topic of public controversy, an effort that has been pushed relentlessly for the past two months by Democrats and their media friends. The past week’s “SlutGate” firestorm about Rush Limbaugh’s comments — which led to a number of advertisers canceling their ads on his nationally syndicated radio program — is merely a sideshow to the main event, namely the apparent attempt by Democrats to derail Santorum’s challenge to Romney for the Republican presidential nomination.
Ginning up a phony controversy about contraception permitted the Democrat-Media Complex to change the subject in the GOP campaign. Santorum had offered himself to Republican primary voters as a “full-spectrum conservative,” contrasting his record with Romney’s on a host of issues, including the 2008 Wall Street bailout and global-warming theory. Most especially, however, Santorum had criticized the former Massachusetts governor for his “Romneycare” scheme, saying that Romney had provided the template for Obama’s own national health-care plan. This would make it impossible, Santorum repeatedly said, for Romney to provide the kind of “stark contrast” necessary to defeat Obama in the general election campaign. Santorum argued that if the central issue of the 2012 election was to be the repeal of Obamacare — as many conservatives hoped it would be — then it would be the height of folly for Republicans to nominate Mitt Romney as Obama’s opponent. Even without the class-warfare arguments that would be made against Romney’s background with Bain Capital and his support for the Wall Street bailout, the nomination of Romney would be tantamount to giving away to the Democrats the entire issue of compulsory government-run health-care insurance.
Such was the central argument of Santorum’s campaign coming out of Iowa, where his late-December surge had catapulted him from sixth place to serious contender in barely three weeks. Santorum’s speech on the night of the Jan. 3 caucuses won him widespread praise, a flood of contributions came pouring into his campaign coffers, and the former Pennsylvania senator arrived in New Hampshire as the hot new celebrity of American politics. After months of being ignored as a hopeless “second-tier” candidate, Santorum’s belated emergence as a GOP contender presented serious problems for Obama’s re-election campaign. Democrats did not publicly acknowledge this fact until more than a month later, however, when a Feb. 17 Washington Post article disclosed that the Obama campaign was troubled by Santorum’s appeal to working-class voters in the industrial Midwest. The grandson of an Italian immigrant coal miner, Santorum had an “ability to connect with the population that is most disillusioned with Obama: white, blue-collar voters,” the Post reported. For months, Team Obama had been preparing for the 2012 campaign with the presumption they would be running against Romney, who would be easy to caricature as an out-of-touch wealthy elitist. Santorum’s surprising surge for the first time caused the Democrats to re-target their opposition research efforts to one of Romney’s GOP rivals.
In light of these revelations and subsequent developments, the Jan. 7 debate question from Stephanopoulos about contraception and the “right of privacy” seems far more significant than it did at the time, when many commentators dismissed it as silly and irrelevant. It is now possible to discern how Stephanopoulos, Jay Carney, and other members of the Democrat-Media Complex have manipulated this phony contraceptive controversy, up to and including the Feb. 27 appearance of Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke before a meeting of the House Democratic Steering Committee. Byron York of the Washington Examiner has explained that this followed an attempt by Democrats to add Fluke as a witness for a Feb. 16 hearing of the House Oversight and Reform Committee. The attempted last-minute addition to the witness list would have prevented members and their staff from adequately researching Fluke’s background. Democrats may have been attempting to conceal Fluke’s history as a left-wing activist, including her assertion in a law journal article that insurance policies that don’t pay for sex-change surgery are guilty of “heterosexist” discrimination.
At a Democrats-only meeting last week, Fluke claimed to have surveyed her fellow students and found that 40 percent said they “struggled financially” because Georgetown denied insurance coverage for contraception, which Fluke asserted “can cost a woman over $3,000 during law school.” This claim was quickly debunked by John McCormack of the Weekly Standard, who called a local D.C. pharmacy and confirmed that a month’s supply of birth-control pills cost only $9. This fact reinforced the absurdity of an Obama administration proposal to compel insurance companies to pay for contraception, without any “conscience” exception for Catholic institutions. As Santorum has often said, requiring health insurance to cover contraception — a relatively low-cost item — is like requiring auto insurance to cover the cost of oil changes or wiper blades. Fluke’s deceptive testimony should have been seen as an attempt by Democrats to manufacture phony evidence in support of the Obama administration’s policy. Instead, when Rush Limbaugh used “slut” and “prostitute” to describe Fluke on his radio show, the Democrats and their media allies manufactured a phony controversy over Limbaugh’s alleged “misogyny,” which served to distract from the original phony controversy over the supposed struggles of students to pay for their own contraceptives.
For two months, then, liberals have manipulated public opinion to their benefit: First, to portray Santorum as an “extremist” in order to make him unacceptable to GOP primary voters, and then to generate absurd fears among women voters that Republicans are conspiring to deny them access to contraception. Finally, as an unexpected bonus, they were able to damage and demonize their longtime bête noire, Rush Limbaugh, by making a martyred victim of the deceptive witness Fluke. In each scene of this masterful marionette show, the liberal charade has been applauded by certain Republicans who were either too blind to see the puppeteer’s strings or else too stupid to understand the script.
Amid all this phony political stagecraft, America lost Andrew Breitbart, one of the few conservatives who understood how the Democrat-Media Complex operates, and who figured out how to fight back. Maybe GOP primary voters in Ohio will decide to fight back today. That would most certainly be shocking news to Stephanopoulos, Matthews, Carney & Company, as well as to those Republicans who have been cheerfully playing their assigned roles in the show. |
Catalan ‘Independence’ – A Tool of Capital Against Labour
Part II
Dear anti anti-Semitic reader, take heed lest the following facts, bigoted and odious as they most outrageously are, offend thine eyes!
Many of the world’s richest financial elites are Jewish. They have a state all to themselves; it’s called Israel. It is no ordinary state. Its agents control the world’s great powers and the minds of the masses through monopoly media. It is a fact few will dare to admit, but facts are facts. And as as the cliché goes, facts are stubborn things!
So what interest does Israel have in Catalonia?
The Jerusalem Post reported on the 24th of November, 2014 that ‘Israel and Germany may be the key to initially financing a Catalan state independent of Spain’. Barcelona’s High Court Judge Santiago Vidal told the Israeli newspaper:“ Another state (Israel) will serve as our temporary bank”. For those requiring further exegesis, Jewish money, that is to say international High Finance will ensure the survival of ‘independent’ Catalan.
No doubt, there are plenty hoodutionairy Catalans on the streets of Barcelona donning Palestinian scarves and chanting leftist songs from the Spanish Civil War. Former Greek Finance Minister Vanis Varoufakis has even turned up to assure everyone that the whole thing is ‘left-wing’ and ‘progressive’. He did the same during the Nuit Debout movement in Paris, before dashing off Che Guevara-like to meet… ahem… Emmanuel Macron!
What middle-class Palestinophile leftists have trouble understanding is that Zionism is only partially a project of occupying the Middle East. Zionism is in fact much more; it is a project of global domination. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has made their intentions crystal clear: “Israel must become a world power”.
Israel must become, as Sheihk Imran Hosein has put it, “the new ruling state in the world”. Open borders; mass immigration; the destruction of the nation-state, destruction of the family; in short, globalisation is the process whereby all the world’s states collapse into the institutions of the world-state presided over by the sacerdotal ‘chosen ones’. It’s not so difficult to achieve when you can boast, as Netanyahu has, that “ We have America”.
Pax judaica
A 2014 Haaretz article ran the headline: ‘Viva Catalonia, Viva Israel’. The article refers to Lopez Tena, one of the Catalan Zio-pendence movement’s leaders who is an Israeli loyalist. The following extract limns a glorious tableau of globalisation’s Israeli-dominated future:
‘Spain will not easily give up its crown jewel, but Lopez Tena is losing no time in making a promise that Europe’s new member state will be very friendly to Israel. In that too it will separate itself from its rival in Madrid. And here is another message. Just as Catalonia will soon be the state of the Catalan people, Israel is first and foremost the state of the Jewish people. There is no future for a binational state. The latest victory of the separatists in Quebec, Canada, the continuing efforts to dismantle the Belgian kingdom, and the national referendum to take place in Scotland in 2014 are only a few examples that prove this. Neither a federation nor a confederation, nor autonomy, nor cantons.Binationalism is dead. Visca (Viva in Catalan ) Israel, Visca Catalonia.
The Jews expel Spain!
Catholic Spain was never a happy place for Jews – except perhaps when they were opening the gates to the Islamic conquests of Andalusia in the 8th century AD!
During the Spanish Inquisition, Jewish fake converts(conversos or Maranos) to Christianity were corrupting the Catholic Church from within, threatening to bring down all of Christendom. In his book A History of the Maranos Jewish scholar Cecil Roth argues that the Catholic Church was justified in its suspicions of the conversos . The Spanish Inquisition, far from being a ‘reign of terror’, was in fact a genuine attempt by the Catholic Church to stamp out corruption and heresy.
In a similar way to the so-called ‘red terror’ in the Soviet Union, the Catholic Church and Spanish Kingdom had been infiltrated by inveterate enemies, operating at the highest levels of Church and State. Like the Soviet Government, the Catholic Church sought to limit executions of its enemies, not maximise them.
The Jews were eventually expelled from Spain in 1492 under the Alhambra Decree; first to Portugal and then to Holland. Powerful Jews such as international diplomat Joseph Nassi, the father of Zionism ( or perhaps Nass-ism!), were instrumental in provoking the Dutch Revolt of 1568 to 1648 which brought down the Spanish Empire.
When Marano (crypto) Jews in the Netherlands contributed to the development of modern banking with promissory notes promoting usury on a grand scale, the Spanish Empire’s gold and silver-based economy declined rapidly.
In his 1911 book Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben, translated as The Jews and Modern Capitalism, the German sociologist showed how Jews were the brains behind the modern capitalist mode of production.
Capitalism killed the Spanish Empire; it is now killing the Spanish people.
Post-Catholic, neoliberal Spain is a moribund entity. The Spanish government is beginning to look pathetic, blaming the Kremlin’s media outlets for its woes. To be sure, Wikileaks Julian Assange has been making extremely incendiary and irresponsible statements about civil war in Spain should the independence agenda fail and Russian media are giving him a platform.
Russian media, so truthful in many regards, has simply ignored the criminality pushing for Catalonian independence. Though, to their credit, their Spanish language reports have mentioned Mr. Soros and his colour revolutionaries.
Most people on the left have been, ONCE AGAIN, dupes of Zionist psychological warfare. Israeli observers (organisers) of the Catalan elections have said they are “shocked” by the brutality of the Spanish police. Israelis are, of course, extremely pacifist!
Jordi Pujol and los cabalistas!
Billionaire gangster politician Jordi Pujol is the father of the Catalan independence movement. He has been implicated in massive financial scandals with off-shore accounts and a litany of public service corruption. Pujol is a close collaborator of Catalonia’s powerful Jewish community. He apparently sent four of his children to an Israeli Kibbutz. He says he is Catholic, but only God knows!
In 1985 he founded the Assembly of European Regions (AER) with French historian and politician Edgar Faure, which advocated the breaking up of Europe’s nations into regions under the control of a federal European state. The policy of divide and conquer has already been carried out with ruthless determination in the Middle East, where Israel’s power and territory has continued to expand. Israeli agencies encourage mass immigration into Europe but call immigrants in Israel ‘infiltrators’.
In recent years Catalonia has become somewhat of an Eldorado for wealthy Jews, with synagogues and ancient Jewish quarters restored. It is certainly a positive thing to see Jewish culture being celebrated and respected, but the fanatical Zionism of Catalonia’s leaders is a matter of concern.
If Catalonia succeeds in breaking from Spain, more micro-states will emerge and they are all likely to be characterised by a zealous devotion to the Jewish State. One only has to read the separatist literature in France’s Brittany, where Israel is constantly invoked as a model society.
As the phony war on terrorism intensifies, with mass migration into Europe and Israeli operatives ‘securing’ our public spaces, we are witnessing the Gaza-fication of the world. Micro-states will become like prisons for European citizens under the pretext of ‘security’. The mobility of Europeans will continue to be restricted while armies of Jihadists cross into Europe playing the Jewish victim card.
An Assembly of European Regions would bring us one step further towards a European federal state dominated by Jewish money and its Middle Eastern empire. The Jews already have their own European parliament.
Wikileaks director Julian Assange has been making highly incendiary statements about Catalan’s independence. Wikileaks’ links to Israel are deep and complex. I have pointed that out for many years. Assange may not be a willing agent of Israel but Wikileaks, like Wikistrat and Wikipedia are all manipulated by the Zionist entity.
The obvious sign of an Israeli shill is the peremptory dismissal of any investigations of 911 or the origins of the war on terror. Jewish dissident gatekeepers tend, more often than not, to have a deep allergy to the word ‘conspiracy.’
Madrid’s relationship with Tel Aviv has soured in recent years over accusations by Israeli think tanks that Spain is financing Palestinian liberation movements. Spanish courts have also called for the arrest of Israeli generals for war crimes and crimes against humanity.
The tense relations between Spain and Israel are something to consider in light of the recent ‘Islamic State’ attacks in Spain, given the fact that Israel has admitted supporting the Islamic State in Syria and false flag terrorism is, after all, an Israeli specialty.
When we speak, however, of a souring of Spanish/Israeli relations, we do not mean that Spain refuses to submit to Jewish supremacy. On the contrary, since 2012, a Jew who can trace his ancestry to Medieval Spain may automatically become a Spanish citizen.
One should not be under the impression that the criticism of the reactionary, independence movement in Catalonia implies that the Spanish government is somehow ‘resisting imperialism’. The Rajoy regime is rotten to the core. In fact, many analysts suspect they may even be secretly collaborating with the Catalan separatists.
If Spain is to survive this century it will need to call for a new non-violent, political and ideological Inquisition and move towards a non-usurious economic Catholicism (in the Greek sense of that term) but at this late hour, we are all on Noah’s Arc heading for Eurotopia, drifting in an unholy sea of conversos. |
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The fall of the Israeli peace movement and why leftists continue to fight
The fall of the Israeli peace movement and why leftists continue to fight
‘Peacenik’ is widely used as a slur in Israel. Here four campaigners explain their demise and why they hold on
It’s a sad-looking protest. A few dozen members of Israel’s beleaguered peace movement mill around on a road in east Jerusalem, holding signs in Arabic, English and Hebrew declaring: “Stop the occupation.” Older, well-dressed intellectual leftwingers with grey hair and round spectacles mingle with a scruffier younger crowd.
One man with a cigarette dangling in his mouth rings a cowbell. A few Israeli police look on with bored expressions. Traffic meanders by as normal. Everyone seems to know each other. Another person sitting on the side of the road gestures to a journalist. “Do I have shit on my head?” he asks, looking up for birds on power lines overhead.
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Recently, user terminals such as electronic devices (e.g., a mobile device, a mobile phone, a smart phone, and a tablet Personal Computer (PC)) have one or more cameras and provide a function of photographing an image such as a still picture or a moving picture by using the one or more cameras.
The function of photographing the image provides a function of automatically detecting a focus of the image. As a method of automatically detecting a focus of an image, a contrast detection method is widely used.
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Summary: The coronavirus pandemic is both a foreign policy and a public health issue — and the Trump administration’s mismanagement on both fronts has cost tens of thousands of American lives and trillions of dollars to our economy.
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The conventional wisdom about political campaigns is that voters don’t care about foreign policy.
Political consultants advise their clients to focus on “kitchen table” issues like jobs, health care, education and safe neighborhoods and schools.
I’ve long believed that this piece of campaign orthodoxy was based on a false premise: the problem isn’t that voters don’t care about international issues, it’s that so few of our candidates have the expertise and communications skills to talk about foreign policy in a way that connects to those kitchen table issues.
Voters are smarter than political consultants think they are; candidates aren’t as smart on foreign policy as they should be, given the world we live in today.
The success — or failure — of American foreign policy has an impact on every kitchen table issue.
The coronavirus pandemic is both a foreign policy and a public health issue — and the Trump administration’s mismanagement on both fronts has cost tens of thousands of American lives and trillions of dollars to our economy. It is dominating our conversations with friends and family — it is, in most American households, quite literally a kitchen table issue.
So, will 2020 be a year in which voters care about foreign policy? On Monday, National Security Action (a group founded by former Obama administration officials to advise Democrats on foreign policy) released a new poll conducted by Hart Research of likely voters in battleground states for the Senate and presidential elections in November, including Colorado. Its findings suggest that Donald Trump — and those who have endorsed him, like vulnerable Colorado Republican Sen. Cory Gardner — may pay a price at the ballot box.
The poll was conducted before the escalation of the coronavirus crisis in the United States last month, and it suggests that voters were already concerned about Trump’s conduct of foreign relations.
Indeed, the advantage that Republicans have historically had in public polling about foreign policy (one that has been stubbornly resilient since Reagan), seems to be melting away under Trump’s mismanagement.
The over 1,200 voters who took part in the poll self-reported who they voted for in the 2016 election — 47% voted for Trump, 46% for Clinton, and 5% for third-party candidates, and it included a large group of self-identified undecided voters looking to November’s election.
A plurality of those polled — 46% — say that re-electing Trump would make us less safe, while only 40% say another Trump term would make us more safe. Meanwhile, 44% say that electing a Democrat would make us more safe, while only 35% say it would make us less safe.
The poll found that 56% of the sampled voters say Trump has made the United States less respected in the world, including a staggering 64% of independent voters.
Half of Democrats and 45% of independents see standing up for our values related to human rights and democracy as a key issue in deciding who to vote for in November (more than a third of Republicans do, too). Meanwhile, over half of undecided voters assess that Trump “cozies up to dictators, abandoning our allies and betraying our values.”
Voters question Trump’s competence and his motives, as 61% of voters believe that Trump refuses to listen to facts from military advisers, intelligence officials, scientists and policy experts.
Over two-thirds of voters — and 77% of independents — want a president to emphasize diplomacy and working with other countries over military strength when confronting global challenges, and by a 22-point margin — 49% vs. 27% — voters think Trump has made it more likely, rather than less likely, that the United States will go to war.
The impeachment trial over Trump’s attempt to use military assistance to coerce Ukraine, as well as Trump’s family’s murky business dealings have also left an impression with voters: a majority — 55% — think it’s definitely or probably true that Trump’s foreign policy is about what’s good for Trump, even when it goes against America’s interests and security.
Perhaps one reason for the conventional wisdom about voters not caring about foreign policy has been that most voters don’t have enough background to be able to understand the ins and outs of trade deals or Middle East peace. (In my experience, neither do most members of Congress.) But voters do understand that war is costly and should only ever be a last resort.
They understand that America’s standing in the world matters, and that when we live up to the values on which our democracy was founded we have more influence in the world and more ability to deliver for the American people.
They understand that there are real threats in the world — terrorism, dictators, climate change, nuclear weapons, pandemics — and that Trump’s combination of recklessness, ignorance and narcissism is like getting in a car with a drunk driver.
American families depend on a federal government that can navigate global challenges so that they can focus on kitchen table issues. Now, more than ever, we are seeing the consequences that befall us when we don’t have a steady, principled, competent hand at the helm.
The Obama administration supported the Assad dictatorship against the democratic opposition in Syria. With over a half million killed and millions displaced, Obama fiddled while the opposition literally burned! The US has supported every absolute monarchy in the Middle East since 1946. Obama was hardly an exception. But Obama took this anti-democratic policy even further. He actually tilted toward Iran regionally in the vain hope of altering Tehran's hegemonic drive for regional supremacy. Of course, this policy failed. As did any hope of deterring the Islamic Republic from its program to develop a nuclear weapon sometime within the next eight to ten years. The JCPOA was a regional disaster because it assures that nuclear weapons proliferation -- and the missiles to deliver them -- will advance through Iran and then into Turkey, Saudi Arabia and perhaps Jordan and Egypt. Biden will probably be elected, but he will face the prospect of a Middle East on the nuclear brink if he continues with the totally discredited Obama nuclear policy. The Democratic Party ran away from democracy in the Middle East in pursuit of its sweetheart nuclear deal with Iran. Nearly every Syrian knows this. As does the entire Arab Sunni world. Trump hasn't acted much better in a pursuit of democratic values, but at least he recognized how deeply flawed the JCPOA actually was. On this issue, Biden will find America's traditional Middle East allies in strange alignment and in tacit agreement: The Iran nuclear deal will need to be renegotiated or all hell will probably break loose. Now that General Gantz will become Israel's defence minister -- and by October 2021 its prime minister -- the new Biden Administration will have to deal with a center-left politician who (like Netanyahu) understands the dangerous precedents of Iran appeasement. Biden will be ill served if he attempts to revive Obama's naive and dangerous Middle East delusions. It will be Biden's task to offer a balanced and just alternative to the JCPOA that all parties can embrace. If however, he continues to move left -- against Israel and the Sunni Arab states, and once again toward Iran -- the US will find its position weakened by the shrewd opportunist in the Kremlin and even perhaps the leadership in Beijing. Biden will definitely not have the luxury of resting on the false laurels of the highly over-confident Obama foreign policy in the Middle East. However, if he does, he will be in for a very rude awakening.
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The World Unpacked is a weekly foreign policy podcast, hosted by Laura Lucas Magnuson, that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here. |
Some friendships transcend lifetimes. In A Dog’s Journey, the sequel to the heartwarming global hit A Dog’s Purpose, beloved dog Bailey finds his new destiny and forms an unbreakable bond that will lead him, and the people he loves, to places they never imagined. Bailey (voiced again by Josh Gad) is living the good life on the Michigan farm of his “boy,” Ethan (Dennis Quaid) and Ethan’s wife Hannah (Marg Helgenberger). He even has a new playmate: Ethan and Hannah’s baby granddaughter, CJ. The problem is that CJ’s mom, Gloria (Betty Gilpin), decides to take CJ away. As Bailey’s soul prepares to leave this life for a new one, he makes a promise to Ethan to find CJ and protect her at any cost. Thus begins Bailey’s adventure through multiple lives filled with love, friendship and devotion as he, CJ (Kathryn Prescott), and CJ’s best friend Trent (Henry Lau) experience joy and heartbreak, music and laughter, and few really good belly rubs.
Some friendships transcend lifetimes. In A Dog’s Journey, the sequel to the heartwarming global hit A Dog’s Purpose, beloved dog Bailey finds his new destiny and forms an unbreakable bond that will lead him, and the people he loves, to places they never imagined. Bailey (voiced again by Josh Gad) is living the good life on the Michigan farm of his “boy,” Ethan (Dennis Quaid) and Ethan’s wife Hannah (Marg Helgenberger). He even has a new playmate: Ethan and Hannah’s baby granddaughter, CJ. The problem is that CJ’s mom, Gloria (Betty Gilpin), decides to take CJ away. As Bailey’s soul prepares to leave this life for a new one, he makes a promise to Ethan to find CJ and protect her at any cost. Thus begins Bailey’s adventure through multiple lives filled with love, friendship and devotion as he, CJ (Kathryn Prescott), and CJ’s best friend Trent (Henry Lau) experience joy and heartbreak, music and laughter, and few really good belly rubs.
Some friendships transcend lifetimes. In A Dog’s Journey, the sequel to the heartwarming global hit A Dog’s Purpose, beloved dog Bailey finds his new destiny and forms an unbreakable bond that will lead him, and the people he loves, to places they never imagined. Bailey (voiced again by Josh Gad) is living the good life on the Michigan farm of his “boy,” Ethan (Dennis Quaid) and Ethan’s wife Hannah (Marg Helgenberger). He even has a new playmate: Ethan and Hannah’s baby granddaughter, CJ. The problem is that CJ’s mom, Gloria (Betty Gilpin), decides to take CJ away. As Bailey’s soul prepares to leave this life for a new one, he makes a promise to Ethan to find CJ and protect her at any cost. Thus begins Bailey’s adventure through multiple lives filled with love, friendship and devotion as he, CJ (Kathryn Prescott), and CJ’s best friend Trent (Henry Lau) experience joy and heartbreak, music and laughter, and few really good belly rubs. |
22 Jump Street: Every Sequel Poster Revealed!
At the end of 22 Jump Street, filmmakers Chris Miller and Phil Lord just kind of put it out there and by "it" we mean every possible sequel idea that could ever be. Sure, in the movie Channing Tatum and Jonah Hill comment about the building being constructed at 23 Jump Street -- a direct dig at a possible sequel headquarters for our comedic cop duo.
But, then Lord and Miller took it a step further after the film's credits and told us what we can "expect" from every sequel to the film that gave us these fantastic 22 Jump Street quotes. And we have it below!
Given our love for the first film and their unforgettable 21 Jump Street quotes, we adore the idea of Hill and Tatum going to medical school for 24 Jump Street and even beauty school for 42 Jump Street: Beauty School and its tag line: "Dye Hard!"
Be sure to watch 21 Jump Street online and witness the madcap comedy brilliance of Lord, Miller, Tatum and Hill and here's hoping we really do get 31 Jump Street: Ninja Academy! |
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Q:
Induction proof, help please?
I have a problem that I need to prove using induction. Prove that a surjective function has at least as many members in its domain as it does in its codomain.
Do I begin by using the axiom of choice?
Thanks.
A:
If you need to use induction then it is probably that your function is between finite sets. In that case you don't need the axiom of choice. For the general case, you do need the axiom of choice. But you can't really use induction either. Since there seem to be a dispute on why induction is not a valid method for the infinite case, let me spell out the reason.
The reason you can't use induction is that in order to pass from a set of cardinality $\kappa$ to a set of cardinality $\kappa^+$, and in order to use the induction hypothesis (and that's where induction really works, otherwise using the word induction won't make it a proof by induction), you will have to start with a set of cardinality $\kappa^+$ and remove some part of it. Removing a part of cardinality less than $\kappa^+$ won't change the cardinality and therefore you cannot use the induction hypothesis; removing a part of cardinality $\kappa^+$ doesn't guarantee that you end up with a set of cardinality less than $\kappa^+$ in order to use the induction hypothesis; and if you do remove almost the entire set, then in order to deduce from the induction hypothesis on $\kappa$ to the case of $\kappa^+$ you have to actually assume that the case of $\kappa^+$ was correct to begin with -- thus begging the question.
Moreover, if you are not intending to use the axiom of choice then the claim is consistently false; that is to say it is perfectly possible that there is a set which can be mapped onto a strictly larger set than itself when the axiom of choice fails. So you have to use the axiom of choice in order to prove this claim, and if you do -- then you might as well use it directly. As in Peter's answer on this page.
In any case, for the issue of finite sets, here is some elaborated hint:
Suppose $f\colon A\to B$ is a surjection, we prove by induction that if $A$ has $n$ members then $B$ has no more than $n$ members.
For $n=1$ this is trivial because $A$ is a singleton, so $B$ must be a singleton as well. Suppose this is true for $n$, and let $A$ be a set of size $n+1$.
Pick some $a\in A$, and consider $A'=A\setminus\{a\}$. If $f\upharpoonright A'$ is still a surjection onto $B$, then we can use the induction hypothesis to conclude that $B$ has at most $n$ members and we are done.
In the other case, $f\upharpoonright A'$ is not surjective. Conclude that there is some $b\in B$ such that $f\upharpoonright A'\colon A'\to B\setminus\{b\}$ is a surjection, therefore $B\setminus\{b\}$ has at most $n$ members and therefore $B$ has at most $n+1$ members as wanted.
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Capturing linear intermediates and C-terminal variants during maturation of the thiopeptide GE2270.
Thiopeptides are ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified peptides with potent activity against Gram-positives. However, only GE2270 has yielded semisynthetic derivatives under clinical investigations. The pbt gene cluster from the GE2270 producer Planobispora rosea was successfully expressed in the genetically tractable Nonomuraea ATCC39727. Gene deletions established that PbtO, PbtM1, PbtM2, PbtM3, and PbtM4 are involved in regiospecific hydroxylation and methylations of GE2270, leading to the generation of various derivatives with altered decorations. Further deletions established that PbtH and PbtG1 are involved in C-terminal amide and oxazoline formation, respectively. Surprisingly, preventing either step resulted in the accumulation of linear precursors in which the pyridine-generated macrocycle failed to form, and only one of the pyridine-forming serine residues had been dehydrated. Often, these linear precursors present a shortened C terminus but retain the full set of methylation and hydroxylation decorations. |
A woodcut of Mother Louise, a popular 17th-century alewife in England. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
When the anti-diversity memo by (now former) Google employee James Damore went viral, all I could think of was medieval brewing. In the memo, Damore argued that women as a gender just aren't as mentally fit as men to be good programmers. Appropriately, the rebuttals to Damore have focused on two issues. First, he's wrong on the science. Second, he ignores the specific history of coding and gender. Both critiques are accurate and important. As a historian, though, I'd like us to broaden the discussion away from technology and the last 50 years, and recognize that the exclusion of women from coding fits perfectly into centuries of labor history. It turns out that, whenever an occupation becomes profitable, women get cut out.
Damore seems to have bought into the conclusions of the worst kinds of evolutionary psychology. As a discipline, "evopsych" too often depends on inventing biological explanations for observed reality, rather than considering influences from culture and society. In the memo, Damore argues that "science" shows men are evolved to be more suited to computer programing. Science, of course, shows nothing of the sort. People who actually study the neuroscience of gender disagree with Damore's conclusions. Moreover, as many folks quickly pointed out, women were the first coders. Programming was initially regarded as an extension of secretarial work, but men took over when the profession's status (and pay) began to rise. "Computer girls" were replaced by "computer geeks" thanks to social factors, not biological ones. So much for Damore's ideas.
The gradual exclusion of women from coding is not a modern story. Instead, it's just one of the more recent manifestations of what historian Judith Bennett calls the "patriarchal equilibrium." Essentially, Bennett argues that, while women's experiences change, their status generally remains stuck behind that of men. Bennett has elaborated this idea through decades of work on medieval brewing, textile production, and other areas that reveal gendered hierarchies in medieval and early-modern society.
Take brewing. In 14th-century England, women did most of the brewing, as Bennett first explores in a 1986 article on the village alewife. These brewsters made ale, which spoiled quickly after the cask was broached, so they would keep some for their family and sell the rest. Often, the small profits from these sales would enable them to buy ale, in turn, from other women while they waited to make a new batch. But then beer arrived in England from the Low Countries. Thanks to the preservative power of hops, it could be brewed and sold at commercial scale. The village alewife was gradually replaced by larger and larger brewing enterprises, requiring access to capital. Although there were exceptions, men had much easier access to capital than women. By the end of the 15th century, men dominated medieval English brewing.
One could tell a similar story about weaving, only in reverse. In the 14th century, weaving was a high-status, high-profit trade. Most weavers were men. Industrialization turned weavers into a lower-status occupation, so early-modern textile weavers in factories were generally women. It would be a mistake, as Bennett argues in her book History Matters, to merely observe the change in occupation—women become weavers—and thereby argue that women's material or cultural status had improved. Change in occupation, she writes, does not mean transformation of status.
Title page for John Skelton's poem The Tunning of Eleanor Rumming, from the 1624 printing. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons)
In Bennett's account, then, the "patriarchal equilibrium" is the continual social phenomenon of devaluing of women's work, and devaluing women in other ways, even as technology and conditions of life change. The mechanisms by which better jobs go to men vary case by case and era by era, but the outcome is consistent.
When the Google story broke, I emailed Bennett to ask for her reactions. She wasn't at all surprised: "This coding story is an old story—in employment and so much else, power moves toward power. The shocking thing about coding-and-gender is that it is such a dramatic version of that old story, and that it happened on our watch." Bennett recalls that, during the late 1980s and '90s, feminist scholars were talking about the rising gender imbalance in computer programing even as it took place. As she wrote to me, "We know this pattern; we can now discern it early; and we've not yet figured out how to stop it."
So why can't we stop it? Bennett suggests that we need to move past the kinds of simplistic explanations proposed by Damore—and she says we also need to move past the idea that pervasive gender inequality is inevitably a simple function of deliberate discrimination. In any given case, multiple factors come together to make patriarchal equilibrium "so damned sticky." She explains, "PE [patriarchal equilibrium] involves much more than jobs and labor." Culture, family, law, politics, and more all shape the opportunities for women.
Bennett suggests that gender inequality in tech, for example, emerges of out factors including generalized misogyny (think Gamergate), hyper-sexualization of girls that discourages investment in technological training, and even the oddly masculine "categorization of coders as 'nerds.'"
Back to brewing—the craft beer revolution of the last few decades has provided opportunities for women to enter the industry, despite the modern cultural associations of beer with manliness. The Pink Boots society, an organization dedicated to supporting women in the beer industry, has been growing over the last decade. But patriarchal equilibrium is rearing its head in that industry as well, not because individual men are driving out individual women, but because Big Beer is attacking Craft Beer. Right now, Anheuser-Busch InBev, the beer giant, is purchasing craft breweries. There's not a single woman on its management team.
Want to untangle those sticky webs? Along with diversity initiatives, neuropsych debunking evopsych, and a lot of political activism, we need to understand how contemporary problems fit into the past. It's too easy to look at just programming, which feels so modern, and focus on the details of the computer industry alone. In fact, we need to fight against gender inequality across society, not letting anyone off the hook (including Google), but also not pretending Google is some kind of isolated case. Want to diversify STEM? Start by reading more history. |
Benefits of Biking!
August 2, 2015
For the past two years my boyfriend and I have taken up biking and we have really grown to love it. Sometimes we use our bikes for joy riding through our local park for stress relief and other times we use them specifically for exercise.
We have both ridden in a 50 mile ride and really enjoyed it… So we decided this year we would like to shoot for completing a century (100 miles)! And today was the day to get started on our training journey!
Our usual rides are as short as 12 miles and as long as 25 miles. Today we agreed that a 30 mile ride would be a great place to start so that’s exactly what we did!
Luckily, we have plenty of country back roads in Alabama and are able to ride 30 miles without riding in circles. Instead we get to see farming fields, livestock, and enjoy beautiful weather! Believe it or not, it was actually not all that humid today!
The shot below is my boyfriend trailing behind his brother and his brother’s coworker. It is so nice to have like-minded people to bike with on a beautiful Saturday morning.
When biking, you immediately begin to notice 3 things:
Leg muscles are completely engaged!
Heart rate increases – yes the cardio!
Arms and shoulder muscles also become engaged!
Biking is excellent resistance exercise for legs. The quads, hamstrings and glutes will work hard like never before! Especially as you climb hills and fight the head wind. You will definitely be sore the first few times biking until your muscles have grown stronger in order to push you further.
The cardio side is really great also. On flat road, your heart rate will stay up consistently as you stay pedaling. But in hilly areas, you begin HIIT training (high intensity interval training). That is when the heart rate stays elevated for about a minute or so (pedaling uphill) and then your heart rate will begin to fall (coasting downhill). Learn more about HIIT training HERE from the American College of Sports Medicine.
It is EXTREMELY important to stay hydrated while biking. We stopped for refills a few times during our ride.
Below you see my boyfriend and his brother relaxing while taking a quick break for water refills at a local country coffee shop. This was about 13 miles into the ride.
I would recommend biking for many reasons. It has helped me stay in shape, relieve stress, and made my relationship stronger with my boyfriend. When couples do activities together, it gives them a chance to talk and have fun together which is so important for a healthy relationship. I had one of my former patients tell me that since he has lost weight, he no longer goes home and sits in front of the TV. Him and his wife go for an evening walk to discuss their day which he strongly believes has improved his marriage.
The benefits of biking are endless. If it is something you would like to try, start slow. Use a stationary bike first. Once you have built up your cardiovascular system and some leg muscle, then move to the outdoors. Start slowly and work on biking balance before speed. Practice turns, stopping, and changing gears. Always review biking safety tips. Click HERE to see 10 helpful tips for cyclists. And once you feel comfortable, pedal on!
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Welcome!
I’m Tamar, a registered dietitian living in Alabama, fascinated by food, fitness, and travel. My goal for this blog is to help people learn more about how to live a long, healthy, and peaceful life to the fullest. Read More… |
The Newbie’s Guide to Learning Clojure - fogus
http://www.elangocheran.com/blog/2012/03/the-newbies-guide-learning-clojure/
======
andrewvc
Well, the site won't load for me, but so long as we're on the topic of clojure
newbie stuff, I just put together a simple project on github to demonstrate
lazy-evaluation for those new to clojure by visualizing elementary cellular
automata. I tried to annotate the source quite heavily to make it clear what's
going on.
It can be found here: <https://github.com/andrewvc/clj-automata>
------
elangoc
Sorry for the site loading so slow. I submitted this a week ago and thought it
got ignored into Hacker News oblivion. Back then, I added a cache plugin, but
I guess that's not enough.
I woke up this morning surprised to see it's on the front page a.t.m. I'm
going to troublehshoot right now.
I also have the dirt-cheap lowest VPS option on Rackspace -- is that the
problem? If anybody has immediate ideas on how to make my server not be so
slow, pass them along (and thanks for reading!)
~~~
octopus
If you want performance on a low end VPS you could use a static website
generator like Jekyll, Hyde, nanoc etc ...
~~~
elangoc
... aaand we're back, with more RAM. Thanks, great suggestions, will try them
out!
------
bgilroy26
[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=en&gl=US...](http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl=en&gl=US&nomo=1&biw=800&bih=442&q=cache:f9cX8Bnzy6UJ:http://www.elangocheran.com/blog/2012/03/the-
newbies-guide-learning-clojure/+the-newbies-guide-learning-clojure)
I was having trouble getting reception, here is the Google cache if others are
in a similar situation.
~~~
bobobjorn
same here, why dont people just use github or other usefull hosting for their
blogs :-/
~~~
gukjoon
I think the site load time is an allegory for how long it takes for the JVM to
start up.
There are some good links in this blog. If you are a Clojure newbie,
definitely check out the text-only cache of this blog.
I also want to note that "Clojure newbie" has many meanings, depending on
which direction you approach Clojure from. Depending on whether you come from
Java, LISP, Python or nothing, you will start with different tracks. I would
recommend that Java programmers actually start with protocols and reify,
typically billed as advanced subjects, then the concurrency primitives, before
getting into macros and advanced LISP stuff.
~~~
bdunbar
What do you suggest for a 'nothing' category?
By 'nothing' I mean that I'm a sysadmin, knows a smattering of PERL, a little
BASH, a lot of this and that over the years.
~~~
elangoc
In my life, I've learned and used the following languages, in this order:
Logo, Basic, Pascal, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, Clojure. Each time that I
learned the next language, I thought it was a great improvement on the
previous, and I wondered what I had been spending my life doing with the
previous language.
My experience is that with Clojure is a testament to pretty much everything in
"Beating the Averages" (<http://www.paulgraham.com/avg.html>) It's hard to
know for sure, but I have a feeling that I will end up using Clojure far much
longer than the rest of those languages, combined.
If you are contemplating learning a language for one-off commands and sysadmin
scripts, then I kind of prefer Ruby over Python and Perl for expressiveness
and readability. Most Rubyists are of the Rails persuasion, but I still have
never learned Rails.
------
rmanocha
I would also add that a newbie should check out clojure-koans
(<https://github.com/functional-koans/clojure-koans#readme>) and try to solve
some of the Project Euler problems (<http://projecteuler.net/problems>). Both
of these have been great resources for me to get the basics of the language.
|
Postcards From The Proud Highway
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A compendium of hard-worn advice that Thompson was writing for Playboy when he died from the May 2005 issue
This article was originally published in the May 2005 issue of Playboy magazine.
What follows is the final collaboration between Hunter Stockton Thompson and Playboy, based on a series of interviews he gave to Assistant Editor Tim Mohr last December. The two spent the better part of a week at Owl Farm analyzing a variety of subjects, from firearms to physical fitness, all of which interested Thompson deeply. “To live outside the law you must be honest,” Bob Dylan wrote, but you must also possess great sensitivity to your environment and a wide range of esoteric skills and wisdom. In his 67 years on earth Thompson made himself an expert in matters great and small and loved nothing more than to expound on what he had learned. This assignment was interrupted by his death on February 20, but we could think of no better tribute to a great American writer than to present this small storehouse of vital knowledge in his own words. This is for old fans as well as those who may have come to the party only recently. - The Editors
Freedom is a challenge. You decide who you are by what you do. It’s like a question, like a fork in the road. An ongoing question you have to keep answering correctly. There’s a touch of the high wire to it. I’ve never been able to walk high wires, but I get the feeling.
The only way to drive is at top speed, with a car full of whiskey. It takes commitment, especially out here with so many deer and elk around. Car lights paralyze deer. You’ve got to lean on the horn, brace on the wheel and stomp on the accelerator. When you hit the brakes the front of the car dips down—that will put the beast into your windshield. Now, the significant impact will still occur if you step on the gas, but you’re not helpless. It’ll still destroy your grille and lights, but—unless it’s a bull elk—it will kick the animal out of the way. Hitting the beast head-on will move it instead of popping it up onto the windshield.
It’s the swerving that gets people killed.
You know how powder snow is great for skiing? It’s great for driving, too. You just have to know the limitations of the car if you’re going to drive on snowy roads. Once you’ve done 360s and drifts, you know what the road is like. And I always test the brakes, just to be sure I’m not going to go 400 feet when I think I have a grip. Once you get yourself into a full-bore drift, just downshifting won’t get you out of it. A combination of things can, but downshifting alone can get you out of it only on asphalt. And Jesus, driving on “all-weather” tires… I can’t imagine driving on those. I use studded snow tires. The metal studs sound like a tank and wreak havoc on the roads, but they are like bear claws. The difference between hitting your brakes in a blizzard with snow tires and the all-weather tires they put on rental cars? Goddamn.
I set the speed record on Saddle Road—in Kona, on the Big Island of Hawaii—in a heavy rainstorm. There are always going to be things like monsoons when you’re trying to set a speed record. What do you do? Think better of it? Come back another day? Your life will change on decisions like that. I take a street-fighter mentality, an Ohio riverboat gambler attitude: It’s out of the question to go back or turn around.
Never hesitate to use force. It settles issues, influences people. Most people are not accustomed to solving situations by immediate and seemingly random applications of force. And the very fact that you are willing to do it—or might be—is a very powerful reasoning tool. Most people are not prepared to do that. You can establish the right reputation in this regard—you might, right in the middle of a conversation, just swat some motherfucker across the room. Make his blood shoot out in big spurts. I’m giving away trade secrets here.
I’ve been beaten worse in New York City than I ever was by the Hells Angels. I used to go out looking for punch-ups in New York. It was worth it just to see an oncoming mob of angry preppies. These weren’t fights. There was nothing personal about it. I didn’t hate the people. I was just a brawler. It was good American fun. It was all frivolous. There wasn’t any right or wrong. Just fucking Saturday-night whoopee.
I’m doomed all my life to violent actions. I’m closely associated with the gods of the underworld—not crime so much but the underworld.
My parents weren’t gun people. Growing up I didn’t know much of anything about guns except that my parents didn’t want me to have a .22. A BB gun was okay. But I found a .22 anyway. I would shoot at lights out of the back of my house, out my bedroom window. There was an alley between the houses. There were light bulbs on the brick garages in the alley. They had metal grilles protecting them, like jail bars, so it was kind of a trick to hit the bulbs.
It was extremely dangerous. Some kid who shouldn’t have had a gun, experimenting, shooting out of his bedroom, shooting down into the alley. I had no intention of doing anything other than putting out light bulbs. But I think about it now and think about what could have happened. The odds are going to catch up to you sometime if you keep shooting into the same passageway.
When I got to the military all I knew was the .22. The most accurate weapon in my house is an Olympic pellet gun—single shot, .17 caliber, pneumatic. I can hit a dime across the living room with it. It was given to me by the Mitchell brothers. I would pack it when I worked at their cinema. At the time it was the standard for Olympic shooting competitions.
For conditioning gunstocks, linseed is a good natural oil, but it has a tendency to be sticky. Tung oil is the thing.
I used to get most of my meat from game. A wild boar running out in the open is kind of rare. But it makes for a hell of a hunting day. All this fear of cooking pork rare? Shit on that. With wild boar you just cut it into steaklike slabs, more like pork chops, and cook it on a grill. It’s delicious. One of the best things I’ve ever had. Dressing the animal is a huge part of it. First kill it by surprise so the adrenaline doesn’t get released from the glands. A frightened animal tastes a lot worse than a peaceful one. You want to take it when it’s grazing, not when it’s running or panicked.
With a good rifle it’s the shock more than the tissue damage that kills them. The shock sends out death rays all through the body. The animal can’t operate. It’s too much trauma on the nervous system.
I took all the Hells Angels photographs. Those were all mine. But I learned after trying for years that I could not keep the same focus as a photojournalist. The myth of “take your own pictures, write your own story” didn’t work for me. As a photographer I had to keep getting longer and longer lenses. I didn’t like to get up close. I didn’t want to get in people’s faces because you couldn’t talk to them much after that.
I don’t play cards much. Only once in a while for fun, to play around. I like to gamble where my own knowledge helps me—where if I’m smart about my betting I can affect my chances of winning. Unlike slot machines or dice games.
With sports betting it’s always better to strike at the partisan, the home crowd, the emotional bettors. Go into a hostile town at night, visiting, and bet against the desperate, emotional bettors—they’ll give you points, and that’s the way to win at gambling. And the way to lose is to be one of those emotional bettors.
As a kid I played football, basketball, baseball. I was very much into it. I didn’t start gambling until after I quit playing. But about halfway through high school I decided to fuck football and become a criminal. I made my choice between the sports life and the criminal life. Once you quit playing, you need that competitive factor. I don’t give a fuck about a game unless I have a bet on it. You have to see it as an opportunity. Nongamblers see it as a chance to lose—and often feel they can’t afford to lose. A gambler sees it as an opportunity that can’t be passed up. Hell, go into debt.
Ed Bradley came out here one day and beat me for about $4,000 on a basketball game. I think it started as a hundred-dollar bet. But we kept doubling up. I paid him, of course. After all, I would have looked askance—and mentioned it in public—if he hadn’t paid me. That’s what makes it fun: the reality of it, having to pay up. It’s good for it to hurt. Being labeled a cheater or a welch is much more painful to a gambler than getting beat up in the parking lot.
It’s extremely bad karma to brag about things you’ve gotten away with. I’m a great believer in karma in a profound sense: You will get what’s coming to you.
All the King’s Men, by Robert Penn Warren, is one of my all-time favorite books. If you don’t know the book you should grab it and read it as soon as possible because it will teach you a lot of things. The Ginger Man, by J.P. Donleavy, was one of my seminal influences. It was kind of a password in certain circles. The Ginger Man got the piss beat out of him more than a few times, as I recall. The reading experience is important: All the King’s Men, George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Gatsby is 55,000 words long—amazing economy in a book like that. With Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas I was determined to make it shorter than that. I may have failed. I think I beat it. But it’s like the speed record on Saddle Road: I’m not sure I still hold it. In fact, I’m sure I don’t if I could do it just by getting my hands on a Ferrari.
I get tremendous pleasure from reading aloud and having other people read to me. I like to hear how other people hear things. I like women’s voices, foreign accents. There’s a music to it.
When you’re reading aloud, just remember that you want to understand it yourself. You have to hear it. That’s the key to other people comprehending. You’ve got to hear the music. You need to hit each word. Not the way journalists read but with a dramatic rendering. It takes awhile. It’s easier to comprehend when you creep along, like driving in second gear. The listener should be impatient for what’s coming next.
For the better part of two years, while I was working as a copy boy at Time magazine—after my time in the Air Force—I took courses at Columbia and the New School. I had the fiction editor of Esquire, Rust Hills, as a creative-writing professor at Columbia. I still have a note from him saying, “Never submit anything to Esquire ever again. You’re a hateful, stupid bastard. Esquire hates you.” It was kind of a shock at that age.
In Orwell’s 1984, rigidity is imposed by the will of the state. Whereas with soma, in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, it’s the will of the people. I’ve always operated on that second theory. Nobody is stealing our freedoms. We’re dealing them off. That’s the dark side of the American dream. I’ve always seen myself as a carrier of the torch against that urge. I always took it for granted. Just like I always took it for granted that if I wanted to run for president I could. I could do it. It’s a nice way to think for most of your life, to be able to sustain that. Attitude counts for a lot.
When you push a car off a cliff and blow it up, be sure to roll the windows down to avoid shrapnel. Also, strip the license plate so you’re not billed for the cleanup.
My class in high school was the first one in the history of Louisville Male High to have girls in it, though still no blacks. I fell in love with a cheerleader. I can’t say it was distracting—I was just not in the habit of going to class. But I wasn’t cutting school to go back and jack off in an alley and eat cotton candy. My friends and I would go drink beer and read Plato’s parable of the caves. We would go to taverns and read things like All the King’s Men. Yes sir, it was a smart gang. When a judge at juvenile court sent me off to prison, I saw there was not a lot of future in jail. That is a vital piece of knowledge. I’ve never been back. I’ve been in holding tanks and such, but they’ve never convicted me.
My original job in the Air Force was repairing avionics and electronics. We were like the candy man: If your machine was out, you had to wait for us. And 90 percent of the problems were vacuum tubes. This was before solid-state engineering. So you’d replace a tube or two and they thought you were fucking Einstein. Machines would come back to life; planes would fly. Just pull a tube and stick another one in there. It was a cinch.
The military was kind of your friend in those days. You could jump a ride on military air-transport planes. If the plane was empty you could take people with you –even a girl. You could travel with the base football team, sitting on those paratrooper seats along the sides of the aircraft, against the tin walls.
At my station, Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, we had Bart Starr as the starting quarterback of the base football team. Everybody served. We had a bunch of all-Americans on the team. People went from the Eglin Eagles to the Green Bay Packers.
The draft civilized the military. It wasn’t a permanent status; it was service. It has a civilizing effect—you have a whole different attitude when you’re in there for two years. And so does the top brass. The abolition of the draft was a momentous event. When you abolish the draft you’ve got mercenaries.
When I was in the Air Force I would take classes on the base. One of the classes I took was for something that terrified me more than anything in life: public speaking. It was terrifying. I don’t know how I ever became a sought-after speaker.
When the Hells Angels book came out I was forced to go out and do publicity for it. It was still hard for me. They told me that if I could write a convincing article I could write a speech. I’d seen senior officers try to master public speaking in order to get promoted to field-grade positions—it was like survival for them. Succeed or die. Public speaking was a required skill. But when I got the sports editorship at the base newspaper—because the guy who was doing it was drunk, busted for the third time for pissing in public—I never had to master it.
One problem I have with public speaking is the sound system—I rarely get there in time to do a sound check. So the sound ends up distorted or you lose the bass.
Grapefruit is vital to my lifestyle. I eat grapefruits, oranges, lemons, kiwis. I also need something green with every meal—some vegetables on the plate. Even if it’s just some sliced tomatoes and green onions in a pinch. It’s both aesthetic and healthy. If I take a look at a plate and see brown, gray, white, I can’t eat it. I want to see some red and green.
Drink six to eight glasses of water a day. When you don’t drink enough water you lose your taste for it. When you’re chronically dehydrated the body misses it, but it has a self-fooling mechanism where you don’t think about it. Then you have to reeducate your taste buds for it. At first you can’t drink much pure water. I’ve worked up to five or six glasses a day. At first I could barely do one.
I had started the hydration process before I broke my leg in Hawaii at Christmastime in 2003. Everybody had been telling me. I was going into the Aspen Club—to the sports medicine department—to learn to walk after my spinal surgery earlier that same year. I wasn’t supposed to recover from that.
I’ve really enjoyed my body. I’ve used it. One of the things I’ve been most impressed with in my life is the resiliency of the human body: They did both my spinal surgery and my leg surgery without putting any metal in me. No metal, Bubba.
A lot of doctors are reluctant to take responsibility for me. Nobody wants to be the doctor who killed Hunter Thompson. I don’t trust the medical establishment, but I do trust individual doctors. I’m straight with doctors. They have to learn that they can talk to me straight, too. There’s no point in trying to conceal anything. I appreciate the ones who take risks on me, and I have to look out for the chickenshits.
Most physicians are quacks. In Hawaii, when I broke my leg, they wouldn’t give me any painkillers because I’d been drinking. Alcohol is supposed to be dangerous with painkillers. But depending on the person, that can be unnecessarily dogmatic. Body weight makes a big difference. If I sit around here doing hit for hit of almost anything except acid with a 100-pound woman, she’ll get twice as ripped as me.
Anyway, the doctors wouldn’t give me painkillers. They wanted me off the island. Nobody wanted responsibility. The doctors, the university where I spoke, the organizers of the marathon I was covering, the hotel where I stayed—they all wanted me out. It was hell. When they tried to load me onto a full commercial flight, they jammed my broken leg into the fuselage of the plane. I was the last to board. Imagine the wonderment of the other 200 passengers upon hearing this incredible uproar at the front of the aircraft—my ever-increasingly violent screams. All those passengers delayed 45 minutes, unable to see what was going on and unable to get up from their seats. Finally the airline had to give up. I’ve learned that when you get that mean, most people try to get away from it. And if they are assigned to handle you physically, they really want to get away from it.
I was helpless when I got back from Hawaii. I had to shit in buckets. I had to learn how to move between wheelchairs. I had to learn to walk for the second time in one year. That was survival. It’s very hard controlling your environment when you’re in a wheelchair. Or in pain.
There are some advantages to being in a wheelchair but only when you can get out of it. It can be a wonderful way to travel. But not as nice as in a private jet. I’d do just about anything in this world to avoid flying commercial.
Most drugs have been very good to me. I use drugs, and if I abuse them, well, show me where. What do you mean abuse them, you jackass? What’s abuse? Like most anything else, it’s about paying attention. It’s simple. It’s not some exotic school of thought I picked up somewhere; it’s paying attention. Concentrating. It’s something you have to do your whole life.
I watch it and make sure people can handle things. You have to be super aware of who is fucked-up, who is angry. Not at you necessarily, but who is dangerous. Who is not the same friendly guy you were talking to yesterday. See how different things affect different people. Then avoid them if you have to, or keep an eye on them. You can help people at some stage of their anger, but there’s a point beyond which you can’t do anything.
Steroid-based nasal spray can turn you into a monster.
The worst side of drug use is getting the drugs. Yeah, the police are my drug problem. You just can’t travel with drugs anymore. That forces you to get your drugs from the local market when you go to a strange town. That affects the people you spend time with.
I’ve never made a nickel or dime off drugs. Never sold them. That’s vital to the karma. Keeping a balance—not getting greedy. I would also feel somehow responsible for my clients. And most full-time dealers I’ve known have spent time in prison. It’s part of the bargain. You have to put some of that profit away—probably half of it—against the day when you have to make a big bail or pay a lawyer. The one thing the Hells Angels did religiously was pay their bail bondsman. Every month, every bill. He’s the guy who would be right there when anybody got busted. Call him anytime day or night, anywhere. He’d always come get you.
I don’t advocate drugs and whiskey and violence and rock and roll, but they’ve always been good to me. I’ve never advised people who can’t handle drugs to take them, just as people who can’t drive well should not drive 80 miles an hour on any road. That’s a point.
I have no patience for malevolent drunks. No patience. Drugs, drink, it’s no excuse. Booze is probably the most dangerous substance—it’s so available, and it’s easy to get really wrecked. I felt a sense of amusement when I first read a book called Nation of Drunkards. It’s a beautiful book—in the rare-book category. It’s a history of alcohol and the forming of America. The nation really was conceived in a river of booze.
There’s a basic difference in consumers of whiskey or any other substance, and that is the difference between being a binger and a chipper. I have understood for many years that I’m a chipper. The binger sets time aside to get wasted, to go on a binge. The chipper, like me, just does it all the time. It takes awhile to get settled in your patterns like I am—if you live that long.
Taking on groups of people was the ultimate fun. And then running off with their women. The Genghis Khan approach. It was romantic. I got the shit kicked out of me a lot. But it was fun. That’s an unhealthy attitude—which is why I don’t recommend it to other people.
Getting into rumbles without having any idea what you’re doing is dangerous. I did it, but I learned. There are some basic rules. For one thing, any crowd or gang can murder you—no matter what kind of crowd. A crowd of schoolgirls can kill you.
Fighting gangs of people is very risky. If you ever get caught trying to defend yourself, attack one person in the crowd. Just try to kill that person. Concentrate, like a shark. Don’t attack randomly. I’ve found that’s about the only way to fight a mob. Kill one of them, or try, or seem eager or willing to. People will want to kill you for doing that, but it usually turns the momentum of a senseless brawl where you’re just a soccer ball. When the soccer ball can attack you and bite your cheek off, the game changes.
I was ahead of the game when I realized that if I tried to kill one person the rest would back off.
You want to take on a large one. Take on a symbolic leader, the spokesman, the bully. A swift and violent kick to the nuts after a glass of water to the face is always good—and I mean a crotch twister, boy. There’s a big difference between a sort of snap-kick to the nuts and one with a follow-through, where you go all the way through the crotch with force. Use the leg—hit with a higher part than the foot so there’s a narrow point of impact.
Though it’s probably better to stay out of rumbles, I miss it in a way. I hate bullies and like to take them on. There’s that red line. It becomes like a two-minute drill in a playoff game. There’s no reason, just survival. It’s game time. I’ve frightened myself and other people with the extremes to which I can carry it.
Just because you give up fighting with your knuckles doesn’t mean you give up fighting. That’s the deadly serious underbelly of gonzo—the fist inside the glove. I’m still every bit as willing to take on a fight. You just have to figure out where and when. You need to know by gut instinct when the numbers are against you. You need to choose your battles—and your battleground—carefully. You don’t want to volunteer to be destroyed. Pick your spots.
And there’s no reason to see it all as a battle anyway.
That old thing about “this kid has a lot of talent” will take you a long way. But eventually it has to pay off. Potential will run out—and it can run out suddenly.
I’m usually not sensitive to pain. I have a high tolerance for it. But I’ve never thought of pain as an option in any kind of dentistry question. Pain has always been a given. An assumption. Pain? Of course you’ll have pain if you do a root canal. I’ve never had dentistry without pain—until a recent epiphany that is going to be one of the main clinical discoveries of our time.
I don’t fear the dentist. It’s just not someplace I’d choose to go. You don’t look forward to a root canal. They put that rubber dam across your mouth. You can’t talk to the dentist. You can’t say, “What the fuck are you doing?” One of my problems is that I’m too conscious of what he’s doing. I kind of critique him as he’s going along. I make the classic mistake of dumb people: I think I know more than the dentist.
I want as little pain as possible. My dentist—a half-bright quack; not a bad dentist but a simple one—will not give anybody pain pills. He hates giving me the gas. I don’t have much use for the gas anyway, though the first whiff or two can be nice.
Turns out music is really the best remedy for pain. Not just music but dominant music, top volume. I hadn’t fucked around with headphones since the 1970s, but recently I introduced music on a scale that I had not thought of before. It was with a little CD Walkman. I finally figured out how to turn it up to top volume. I used this Discman properly for the first time. Boom. I had my own studio, my own speakers.
I did have a normal quotient of whiskey. But I wouldn’t say the whiskey was a factor. Another ingredient was the weed I thought I’d try. When I finally told the dentist, “Goddamn it, your stuff sucks. I’m going to go out and smoke some weed in the car,” he said, “Yeah, that’s the way to do it.” It’s not like he’s a goddamn Jesus freak of some kind. Now they say, “Of course you should have self-medicated. You should have done it all along.”
Be sure to self-medicate. I used to think of needing painkillers after dentistry. Ho-ho.
I could barely get into the dentist’s chair. I was as high as four dogs. In a good mood. But it was hard to get to the chair and socked in. I felt like I was in command of the world. I had my sunglasses on. I had the CD player in my crotch. I had a strong drink of Chivas Regal and ice in easy reach to my left.
None of the things you’re normally conscious of—probes, sticking cotton in your mouth, the pain of the injections—mattered once I turned the music on. At top volume you can’t ignore it. The music is louder and more intense than the pain. And then when he brought in the drill—which you can normally feel even if it’s not always painful… nothing.
Hot damn! I was so excited about my discovery that I tried to tell the dentist about it while I was in the chair. But I had that rubber in my mouth. So I just put the fucking headphones back on.
When addressing a former president, Mr. President is the proper form. But I also call one Jimmy. Of course, some of them are best addressed as Swine.
Humor is important—I can’t think of anything much more important. Not necessarily to make people laugh but to make them smile. I find that if I can laugh with someone or get them to laugh with me, that’s an immediate bond. It’s not something I write down or memorize before I go out. It becomes a habit, a survival technique.
Making your enemies laugh once is no big trick. But making them laugh twice, three times, against their better judgment, makes them notice.
It’s like when you shoot a gun in public. The first shot doesn’t get people’s attention. Hell, I don’t notice a shot unless it’s right outside my window. But the second shot gets everybody’s attention.
When it comes to clothes, it’s easier to talk about the dark side of the American dream in a clown’s garb than a clergyman’s. But dressing with a sense of humor has its drawbacks. I have a shirt covered with fishing lures—they’re silver rubber minnows. Sometimes when I’m wearing it I’ll reach down to scratch my rib and feel this scaly shit. God, what a shock. I’m used to finding weird things wrong with me—what the fuck is that?—but not scales.
I like the way sunglasses look, but I seldom wear really dark glasses. I’ve found that if people can see my eyes through the lenses it’s more comfortable. I try not to have my costume be a problem for me or other people.
I’ll wear Chucks with a tuxedo. Is that confrontational? There are times when I’ll wear a blazer for no particular reason. They have good pockets. It’s easy, comfortable.
I love what people call my Coat of Many Colors, which I bought at Abercrombie & Fitch in the early 1970s. Every once in a while I wish I had bought the pants, too. It’s a hunting outfit, sort of a precursor to those blaze orange outfits. It’s a very well-made coat—it has a game bag that folds out of the back. The bag’s waterproof, plastic lined—you can shoot a duck and pop it into the pouch. It’ll carry ice for drinks. And it doesn’t leak blood. Somewhere in there are loops for shotgun shells.
I’ve always bought, been treated to or stolen the highest-quality clothing I can. Shit, it saves a lot of money not having to go out and buy new shirts every year.
When I carry a gun it’s always in a shoulder holster. That’s when you want to have looser-fitting coats. There are times when it’s better not to be obvious with your gun—most of the time, really. Unless you’re out shooting with people or doing something where other people have guns, it’s better not to advertise it.
Total darkness and no clothes is the only way to swim. Swimming in clothes seems almost obscene to me.
Choosing the right friends is a life-or-death matter. But you really see it only in retrospect. I’ve always considered that possibly my highest talent—recognizing and keeping good friends. And you better pay attention to it, because any failure in that regard can be fatal. You need friends who come through. You should always be looking around for good friends because they really dress up your life later on.
In the end, it’s not so much how to succeed in life as it is how to survive the life you have chosen.
I’m too old to adopt conceits or airs. I have nothing left to prove. It’s kind of fun to look at it—instead of a personal challenge to the enemy out there, just enjoy the evidence. I can finally look at it objectively. Not “Who is this freak over here?” but “Who am I?” I’ve gotten to that point where it’s take it or leave it. Whatever way I’ve developed seems okay to me on the evidence. So what if the score is against me? I’ve been on the battlefield for a long time. I suppose I always will be—just my nature. |
/** @file
*****************************************************************************
Declaration of serialization routines and constants.
*****************************************************************************
* @author This file is part of libff, developed by SCIPR Lab
* and contributors (see AUTHORS).
* @copyright MIT license (see LICENSE file)
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef SERIALIZATION_HPP_
#define SERIALIZATION_HPP_
#include <istream>
#include <map>
#include <ostream>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
namespace libff {
/*
* @todo
* The serialization is fragile. Shoud be rewritten using a standard, portable-format
* library like boost::serialize.
*
* However, for now the following conventions are used within the code.
*
* All algebraic objects support either binary or decimal output using
* the standard C++ stream operators (operator<<, operator>>).
*
* The binary mode is activated by defining a BINARY_OUTPUT
* preprocessor macro (e.g. g++ -DBINARY_OUTPUT ...).
*
* Binary output assumes that the stream is to be binary read at its
* current position so any white space should be consumed beforehand.
*
* Consecutive algebraic objects are separated by OUTPUT_NEWLINE and
* within themselves (e.g. X and Y coordinates for field elements) with
* OUTPUT_SEPARATOR (as defined below).
*
* Therefore to dump two integers, two Fp elements and another integer
* one would:
*
* out << 3 << "\n";
* out << 4 << "\n";
* out << FieldT(56) << OUTPUT_NEWLINE;
* out << FieldT(78) << OUTPUT_NEWLINE;
* out << 9 << "\n";
*
* Then reading back it its reader's responsibility (!) to consume "\n"
* after 4, but Fp::operator<< will correctly consume OUTPUT_NEWLINE.
*
* The reader should also consume "\n" after 9, so that another field
* element can be properly chained. This is especially important for
* binary output.
*
* The binary serialization of algebraic objects is currently *not*
* portable between machines of different word sizes.
*/
#ifdef BINARY_OUTPUT
#define OUTPUT_NEWLINE ""
#define OUTPUT_SEPARATOR ""
#else
#define OUTPUT_NEWLINE "\n"
#define OUTPUT_SEPARATOR " "
#endif
inline void consume_newline(std::istream &in);
inline void consume_OUTPUT_NEWLINE(std::istream &in);
inline void consume_OUTPUT_SEPARATOR(std::istream &in);
inline void output_bool(std::ostream &out, const bool b);
inline void input_bool(std::istream &in, bool &b);
inline void output_bool_vector(std::ostream &out, const std::vector<bool> &v);
inline void input_bool_vector(std::istream &in, std::vector<bool> &v);
template<typename T>
T reserialize(const T &obj);
template<typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const std::vector<T> &v);
template<typename T>
std::istream& operator>>(std::ostream& out, std::vector<T> &v);
template<typename T1, typename T2>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const std::map<T1, T2> &m);
template<typename T1, typename T2>
std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, std::map<T1, T2> &m);
template<typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const std::set<T> &s);
template<typename T>
std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, std::set<T> &s);
} // libff
#include <libff/common/serialization.tcc>
#endif // SERIALIZATION_HPP_
|
Umut Güneş
Umut Güneş (born 16 March 2000) is a Turkish professional footballer. He currently plays as a midfielder for Alanyaspor.
Professional career
On 15 August 2019 Güneş signed a professional contract with Alanyaspor on 15 August 2019. Güneş made his professional debut with Alanyaspor in a 5-0 Süper Lig win over MKE Ankaragücü on 30 November 2019.
References
External links
DFB Profile
Category:2000 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Albstadt
Category:Turkish footballers
Category:Turkey youth international footballers
Category:Turkey under-21 international footballers
Category:German footballers
Category:German people of Turkish descent
Category:Alanyaspor footballers
Category:VfB Stuttgart II players
Category:Süper Lig players
Category:Association football midfielders |
; <<>> DiG 9.9.5-3ubuntu0.8-Ubuntu <<>> AXFR br. @d.dns.br. +nocomments +nocmd +noquestion +nostats +time=15
;; global options: +cmd
; Transfer failed.
|
The EU migration governance architecture is struggling to control migratory flows to Europe. The EU and its Member States need to commit to a broad spectrum of operational interventions and progressive policy options.
The EU migration governance architecture is struggling to control migratory flows to Europe. In order to stay in the driver’s seat and maximise the positive impact of migration, the EU and its Member States need to commit to a broad spectrum of operational interventions and progressive policy options.
This paper, written by Nils Feller, guest author at the Jacques Delors Institute – Berlin, presents a set of recommendations to better manage migration and to strengthen third country cooperation in EU migration management. |
Copyright and the RIAA
The Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act (CBDTPA) doesn’t roll off the tongue now, but in 2002, it was every bit as frightening in its potential to transform digital technology as SOPA and PIPA were. The CBDTPA would have prohibited any kind of technology that could be used to read digital content without DRM. (I’ll repeat that, because it seems important and kind of amazing.) Nothing — no computer, no e-reader, no iPod, no TV or DVD player — could exist without DRM. Every machine would have a piracy detection system built-in.
This wouldn’t have just prohibited file-sharing and burning mix CDs. The only makers of culture, software, or scholarship who could afford a system of total DRM would be giant companies. It was using the specter of lawless pirates and starving artists to make a naked power grab in the sphere of intellectual property.
"There are a lot of people, a lot of powerful people, who want to clamp down on the internet."
Aaron called the RIAA’s strategy of lawsuits and legislation "copyright terrorism," a pretty loaded term less than a year after Al-Qaeda’s September 11 attacks. The world was increasingly politically paranoid, with mandatory DRM of a piece with airport security theater and combatants detained without trial. When you read his blog posts from this time, it seems obvious that this experience fundamentally changed how he thought about these problems and his own role in helping to solve them. It wasn’t downloading MP3s on Napster or hanging out with Cory Doctorow and Larry Lessig that made Aaron a critic of the copyright industry and a political activist; it was the conjunction of the CBDTPA and the War on Terror.
In 2003, when the CBDTPA was withdrawn after a "truce" between the music and computer industries, Aaron was only further jaded. What had been a fierce fight by him and his colleagues at Creative Commons, the EFF, the FSF, and elsewhere had turned into a piece of kabuki theater for Washington lobbyists, where one industry pretended to ignore DRM and the other industry pretended to ignore fair use. In an argument between two giants, neither could be trusted to be an honest broker. What’s more, both would claim the mantle of the people, and credit for any compromise.
Years later, when the precursors to what became SOPA started to circulate in Washington, and the content and computing industries began to throw glancing jabs at each other, Aaron had seen this script before. Sure enough, he would say, technology lobbyists were primarily interested in making the bill "better," less damaging to their companies’ bottom lines, rather than defending the web and its users. As he said in 2012 in his "How We Stopped SOPA" speech:
It will happen again. Sure, it will have yet another name, and maybe another excuse, and it will do its damage in a different way. But make no mistake: the enemies of the freedom to connect have not disappeared. The fire in those politicians’ eyes hasn’t been put out. There are a lot of people, a lot of powerful people, who want to clamp down on the internet. And to be honest, there aren’t a lot who have a vested interest in protecting it from all of that... We won this fight because everyone made themselves the hero of their own story. Everyone took it as their job to save this crucial freedom... If we forget that, if we let Hollywood rewrite the story so that it was just big company Google who stopped the bill, if we let them persuade us that we didn’t actually make a difference, and we start seeing it as someone else’s responsibility to do this work, and it’s our job to just go home and pop some popcorn and curl up on the couch to watch Transformers — well then, next time, they might just win. Let’s not let that happen.
Aaron had already been a political activist before SOPA. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, he joined the Progressive Change Campaign Committee, He was part of the PCCC’s original team in January 2009 and stayed until August 2010, helping develop its technology and working for Wall Street reform. That experience and the urgency of the SOPA fight helped him form his own political organization, Demand Progress. But in many ways, this was a continuation of those copyright fights from the early 2000s. Spinning the story of the SOPA fight after the fact, he would say that by 2010, he "didn’t care about copyright," that the issue had grown "too small" for him compared to health care or financial reform. But that’s a downright fib. Aaron was deeply interested and engaged in those larger issues, but never stopped caring about copyright. SOPA simply raised his visibility along with the stakes. |
Lula (avocado)
The 'Lula' avocado (Persea americana 'Lula') is an avocado cultivar that originated in south Florida.
'Lula' became a widely propagated avocado after its introduction due to favorable characteristics, including its eating qualities.
History
The original tree reportedly grew from a 'Taft' avocado seed planted in 1915 on the property of nurseryman George B. Cellon in Miami, Florida, and was named after Cellon's wife, Lula Cellon. DNA analysis has indicated 'Lula' was likely the result of a cross between Guatemalan and Mexican type avocados. The tree first fruited in 1919 and was recognized for its excellent eating qualities. Propagation of 'Lula' began in 1921.
'Lula' became recognized for its excellent eating qualities, steady production, and cold hardiness. It did have a drawback however in that the fruit was susceptible to scab. 'Lula' was widely propagated both for the commercial trade and home growing. It continues to be sold on a large scale despite the availability of newer cultivars, and it is often used as a rootstock for grafted avocado trees.
'Lula' trees are planted in the collections of the USDA's germplasm repository in Miami, Florida.
Description
'Lula' fruit has a glossy green skin and is pear-shaped. The flesh has high oil content, around 12-16%. The fruit matures from October to February in Florida. 'Lula' produces A-type flowers.
References
Category:Avocado cultivars |
The broad outlines of the film “Promised Land” could have been found in numerous towns in the region in recent times. A landman, in the person of Steve Butler (played by Matt Damon), turns up in a struggling Pennsylvania farm town trying to convince local landowners to sign gas leases.
That might have been an easy task were it not for an outsider environmentalist named Dustin Noble, played by John Krasinski, who turns up to work against Butler’s goal, not to mention the efforts of a local teacher Frank Yates, played by Hal Holbrook.
Butler also has a partner, played by Frances McDormand, and there’s a love interest, played by Rosemarie DeWitt, who veers from the landman to the environmentalist.
Here’s what those who follow the battle over hydraulic fracturing will want to know: does the movie make the drilling industry look bad? The answer is, it depends on whom you ask.
In a review published in The Idaho Statesman, Cary Darling writes, “You don’t have to know much more than the most rudimentary synopsis—fracking for natural gas comes to an impoverished Pennsylvania farming community, trouble ensues—to know where it’s going from start to finish. Spoiler alert: Energy companies aren’t your friend, according to ‘Promised Land.’”
But an assessment of the movie written by Tom Wilbur, a journalist who has been covering fracking in Pennsylvania for several years and authored the book, “Under the Surface: Fracking, Fortunes, and the Fate of the Marcellus Shale,” wrote, “The movie is not, despite what some hope and others fear, a case against shale gas development in general or fracking in particular.”
Then there’s the question of whether “Promised Land” works as a film. It has received some fairly positive reviews, but nearly all of them mention a “twist” in the third act that comes across as a bit over the top.
Rodrigo Perez, in blogs.indiewire.com, writes “(slight **spoiler alert**) in an unfortunate third-act decision—the environmentalist is discredited and then a shadier corporate plot is revealed—degrades the narrative, and the moral shades of gray turn black and white. This is, of course, to force Butler’s hand, show him that his convictions are built on lies, but the screenplay really overtips itself here.”
Andrew C. Revkin, in a review titled “The Unfulfilled Promise of ‘Promised Land’ in The New York Times blog writes, “Unfortunately, any prospects of a compelling denouement evaporate in the film’s final act, when the plot veers cartoonishly, doing for the gas industry what John Grisham has long done for big law firms.”
Wilbur was not so harsh, and said his favorite scene was between the landman and a struggling farmer. “As they sit across the kitchen table, the farmer—a hardworking and earnest family man struggling to preserve his way of life against the flow of economic forces—clearly knows why Butler has come, and he implores Butler to say what he wants to hear. Butler, a little surprised at how easy this all is, obliges: ‘You could be a millionaire.’ The farmer’s reaction is what I find compelling. No words, but only a look of humble sincerity and raw hope that I found heart rending.”
“Promised Land” opened in New York, Los Angeles and a few other cities on December 28, and opens nationwide on January 4. |
Q:
LINQ to SQL eager loading with conditions
I'm trying to learn LINQ to SQL and i've found out about the LoadWith function. All the examples i've found will load all records from the table you specify in the LoadWith function e.g.
var dlo = new DataLoadOptions();
dlo.LoadWith<Blog>(b => b.Posts);
this.LoadOptions = dlo;
What I would like to know is if it's possible to load in this example only the last blog post?
I've tried
dlo.LoadWith<Blog>(b => b.Posts.Max());
But it doesn't like that syntax.
A:
You can do it using AssociateWith. This will work:
var options = new DataLoadOptions();
options.AssociateWith<Blog>(b =>
b.Posts.Where(
p1 => p1.SomeColumn == b.Posts.Max(p2 => p2. SomeColumn)
));
Also, if you will be loading the info into a separate class or can use an anonymous one you can just do the query as:
var query = from b in context.Blogs
//probably some where you already have
select new MyBlogs // or with no type in case it is anonymous
{
AColumn = b.AColumn, //map any other values
LatestPost = b.Posts.Where(
p1 => p1.SomeColumn == b.Posts.Max(p2 => p2. SomeColumn)
)).ToList()
}
|
Bug Description
Downloading your own branch owned by a team doesn't label the upload correctly in the branch.conf, leaving the branch broken and uploading to the branch going to a new location. This can be very confusing and needs fixing. |
Human Resources Manager
Job Summary
The incumbent will ensure effective people management and development of human capital through the implementation of various HR processes, policies and procedures and improving workforce productivity and staff morale.
Minimum Qualification: Bachelor
Experience Level: Management level
Experience Length: 5 years
Job Description
Reports to: Chief Executive Officer
Purpose of the Role:
The purpose of the role is to ensure effective people management and development of human capital through the implementation of various HR processes, policies and procedures and improving workforce productivity and staff morale.
Key Accountabilities:
1) To develop, align the HR strategy to the business strategy and implement the execution plans.
2) Advising the Group and reporting line on a wide variety of personal and human resources issues, as well as hands-on management of the function.
3) Prepare HR budget in conjunction with Finance Manager, monitor expenditure and take appropriate actions to ensure that the budget is not exceeded.
4) Align the Group HR policies and procedures in line with country regulations and laws
5) Review and implement end to end HR processes to ensure best in class and eliminate waste and duplication of efforts.
6) Ensure that the country has adequate budget to support training and development and in creating a learning organization.
7) To ensure that the budget is in place to support talent management process that include talent identification, succession plans, career guides, cross border moves and plans for bridging the talent gaps.
8) Implement a performance management system that aligns individual KPAs to the country KPAs and KPIs. Ensure that line managers have the desired competencies to drive performance management.
9) In conjunction with the Group conduct research on remunerations packages offered in the local market and offer recommendation to the Group in respect of increasing levels of payment and benefits to ensure the continued acquisition and retention of staff with the skills necessary to support reward and recognition.
5) Advanced analytical skills, with an ability to research and synthesize HR information and broad ranges of Group Strategies
6) Full understanding of country labour laws and regulations as well as Union management.
7) Deep understanding of the role of Human Capital in delivering business goals and objectives
8) Proven team player with the ability to work in a fast-paced environment
9) Ability to build relationships with the internal and external stakeholders.
10) Strong communication skills, both verbal and written.
11) Excellent leadership and Organizational skills.
12) Highly computer literate in excel, word power point etc.
13) Ability to support the country team in raising staff engagement.
Additional Information:
Job holder should seek to develop strong relationships with those performing a similar role at peer group businesses/banks and to join any appropriate industry forums that will enhance job performance and understanding.
Arising from the above, job holder will need to be willing and be able to speak on the topic of Human Capital Management at conferences and the like which will enhance both personal and the Group reputation.
Multi-cultural awareness and the ability to interact with a wide range of differing levels and sectors of staff, society, social and business, is an essential characteristic of the person holding this position. |
The studio looks to the past to predict the future
CCP Games, creator of the equally famous and infamous EVE Online, had a lot to celebrate last week. Mere minutes from their offices in Reykjavik Iceland, at the Harpa concert hall, they hosted their 14th Fanfest: a celebration of the game and its fans by way of a three-day event.
But the studio is coming off of a rather uncharacteristic past few years, having invested so much in VR, only to watch its investment stagnate. CCP managed to hit several milestones with VR, as EVE: Valkyrie was not only the first game to break the cross-platform VR barrier, but it also brought us into the surface of EVE's planets with the Ground Rush expansion. Sparc, a competitive sports project, was the first non-EVE thing the company had ever done. The future looked bright, and then in October of 2017, CCP pulled the plug on both the pair of games and the studios involved.
As CEO Hilmar Pétursson noted at the Fanfest 2018 keynote, it was time to refocus. Pétursson had spent so much time working on VR that he didn't have time to play EVE, something he vowed to correct just last week when he announced he had recently returned to the game.
To make sense of these shifting tides, I spoke to several key members of CCP staff about where they were going and where they've been.
While the situation may seem dire on the outside, the mood at this year's Fanfest was as bright as ever. Every attendee I spoke to was happy that VR was kicked to the curb, and in the words of one player: "it's great to see EVE as the main focus now."
And EVE was the focus of every talk, keynote, and the closing ceremony. Beyond a brief mention of the death of VR and the existence of Project NOVA from Pétursson, the focus was all EVE Online all the time. Amidst cheers from fans and worried murmurs I watched the announcements flow, and was witness to the constant callouts of various corporations (guilds) and alliances (collections of corporations) from CCP. The company explained in a press briefing that this is the biggest Fanfest to date, and that they expect EVE Vegas to grow even further in 2018.
Fanfest itself is going through some changes. There won't be an event in 2019 in favor of another, smaller fan-focused gathering somewhere in Europe. This is on top of "EVE Down Under" in Australia, a still undisclosed east coast event, and of course, EVE Vegas, which was just dated for October 19-21.
I spoke to Paul Elsy (CCP Falcon), Senior Community Manager at CCP about the new plan, and he seemed rather excited about the move to more Fanfests. "As the program director of Fanfest I know a little bit about this. As you may have seen Iceland is becoming a really expensive country again, the exchange rate is crazy. Remember, Fanfest is coming back in 2020. We're kind of just hitting the pause button. There's always little gatherings when it comes to EVE fans...we're everywhere. There's so many solid gatherings in Germany and the UK, so we're spoiled for choice when it comes to the European Fanfest, but people will be celebrating regardless. It's going to be a bloody busy year, especially since EVE Vegas is approaching Iceland's Fanfest in terms of attendance. It's still all about getting destroyed and celebrating spaceships...and playing blackjack a lot. I don't think we couldn't do Vegas, it's become a real hallmark of the calendar. I couldn't imagine a world where we don't go to Vegas as a company."
CCP is also doubling down on EVE-centric team members, re-focusing some of that budget, and I had the chance to speak to a relatively new hire. David Ecker (CCP Shreddy), Live Producer for EVE explains that he continues to work on The Agency, an interface that helps players find things to do in the EVE universe. "Back in the day, in the old era of gaming, I'm thinking the end of which was 2008, you would ship a game and then never go back to it. But ever since then the landscape has changed and you need to keep supporting your game. CCP has been really receptive to that idea, which is why you've seen EVE survive so long. We're constantly looking at things to change, tweak, and introduce." That mentality includes updates big and small, like the upcoming expansion Into the Abyss.
Sæmundur Hermannsson (Saemi), Brand Manager at CCP helped explain why they think the game will never die. "Passion, that's it. Fans have such a strong opinion on the game, and they're coming to Iceland through the middle of winter just to talk about it. The very first Fanfest happened soon, so the link between the community wasn't instant, but natural. The biggest challenge for us is to keep them informed. These guys, they're geniuses, they know more about EVE than most of us. It's no secret and it shouldn't be. That relationship has had its ups and downs, and the players have been mad, something I totally understand, as you can't be mad if you aren't passionate. They're the lifeblood of the game and why we're here."
Following up I asked him if there was such a thing as too forthcoming, and his response was interesting: "There are pockets of things we need to be open about, absolutely. For instance balancing issues, that's something the community wants to know about. I play a lot of FPS games myself, and I know the feeling of coming in and having something undocumented show up. Players can lose a fight because something wasn't documented, that's a horrible experience. On the other hand there is some things they don't need to always know, as EVE Online is a living world. This is a real thing, not just raw code. Take the new expansion...we want small reveals, so we don't spoil things. We as a company have a fun time revealing things too. We want to see their faces when we do it."
Brenton Hooper (CCP Larkin) a designer for EVE, works specifically on the universe of the game, and in his words "the tapestry of EVE's relationships." He thinks Into the Abyss is going to change the way players, both old and new, look at EVE. "We've had heaps of feedback so far already! People are excited about the potential of mutators (randomized upgrades that can power-up or power-down pieces of your ship), as you can earn them even just a few hours in, the only requirement is that you have a cruiser. You can go in, earn filaments and do these randomized pieces of abyssal deadspace almost right away."
The idea of randomized dungeons is fascinating, and something several MMOs, including World of Warcraft, are moving toward (and funnily enough, mutators are a lot like the Titanforged mechanic in WoW, but with an EVE twist that it can screw you). Hooper goes on to explain the concept of abyssal deadspace further, noting: "it's a mix of procedurally generated content and deliberate design. It's actually something we're excited for, and we're keen on possibly looking at inserting into other older aspects of the game. It's not something we're announcing right now, we're just looking at it. We want to keep these as accessible as possible and bring new people in."
As for VR, there doesn't seem to be as much hope. Pétursson explained to attendees that although CCP is proud of the work they've done and that the medium is still ahead of its time, it just isn't ready yet on the consumer side. It's a pretty frank admission, especially since so many other studios aren't willing to drop that hammer, and again, it's allowed CCP to take one foot out of VR and promptly plant both legs into EVE proper.
EVE Online isn't going anywhere anytime soon. As one of the pioneers of VR they took a risk, and based on my chats with various members of CCP staff, it was a calculated one. The company is set to move offices across Reykjavik as soon as the building is ready, and there's talk of shifting the gigantic EVE monument indoors to protect it from the elements. In a way, that notion sort of sums up CCP as a company. They're willing to protect their legacy by any means, and will continue tirelessly to balance development with fan interaction. |
Q:
On submit form, return false not working
When I submit the form I got an alert message. When I accept the alert it will submit the form anyway. Returning false is ignored.
Onclick can not be used. I try with var x = document.forms["form"]["fname"].value;
and still same.
<form id="f" method="post" name="form" onsubmit="return validateForm();" action="#">
<input type="text" name="fname" id="test" />
<input type="submit" value="submit"/>
</form>
<script type="text/javascript">
function validateForm() {
var x = document.getElementById('test').value;
if (x == null || x == 0 || x == "0") {
alert("Stop");
return false;
}
}
</script>
A:
Instead of <input type="submit" value="submit"/> use <input type="button" value="Submit" onclick='validateForm()'/>.
In your JS:
<script type="text/javascript">
function validateForm() {
var x = document.getElementById('test').value;
if (x == null || x == 0 || x == "0") {
alert("Stop");
}
else
document.form.submit();
}
</script>
|
// CodeContracts
//
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
//
// All rights reserved.
//
// MIT License
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED *AS IS*, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#region Assembly System.Windows.dll, v2.0.50727
// C:\Program Files\Reference Assemblies\Microsoft\Framework\Silverlight\v4.0\Profile\WindowsPhone\System.Windows.dll
#endregion
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
//using System.Windows.Controls;
namespace System.Windows
{
// Summary:
// Manages states and the logic for transitioning between states for controls.
public class VisualStateManager : DependencyObject
{
// Summary:
// Identifies the System.Windows.VisualStateManager.CustomVisualStateManager
// dependency property.
//
// Returns:
// The identifier for the System.Windows.VisualStateManager.CustomVisualStateManager
// dependency property.
public static readonly DependencyProperty CustomVisualStateManagerProperty;
// Summary:
// Initializes a new instance of the System.Windows.VisualStateManager class.
public VisualStateManager();
// Summary:
// Gets the value of the System.Windows.VisualStateManager.CustomVisualStateManager
// attached property.
//
// Parameters:
// obj:
// The element from which to get the System.Windows.VisualStateManager.CustomVisualStateManager.
//
// Returns:
// The System.Windows.VisualStateManager that transitions between the states
// of a control.
//
// Exceptions:
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// obj is null.
public static VisualStateManager GetCustomVisualStateManager(FrameworkElement obj);
//
// Summary:
// Gets the value of the VisualStateManager.VisualStateGroups attached property.
//
// Parameters:
// obj:
// The element from which to get the VisualStateManager.VisualStateGroups.
//
// Returns:
// The collection of System.Windows.VisualStateGroup objects that is associated
// with the specified object.
//
// Exceptions:
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// obj is null.
public static IList GetVisualStateGroups(FrameworkElement obj);
//
// Summary:
// Transitions the control between two states.
//
// Parameters:
// control:
// The control to transition between states.
//
// stateName:
// The state to transition to.
//
// useTransitions:
// true to use a System.Windows.VisualTransition to transition between states;
// otherwise, false.
//
// Returns:
// true if the control successfully transitioned to the new state; otherwise,
// false.
//
// Exceptions:
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// control is null.
//
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// stateName is null.
public static bool GoToState(Control control, string stateName, bool useTransitions);
//
// Summary:
// Transitions a control between states.
//
// Parameters:
// control:
// The control to transition between states.
//
// templateRoot:
// The root element of the control's System.Windows.Controls.ControlTemplate.
//
// stateName:
// The name of the state to transition to.
//
// group:
// The System.Windows.VisualStateGroup that the state belongs to.
//
// state:
// The representation of the state to transition to.
//
// useTransitions:
// true to use a System.Windows.VisualTransition to transition between states;
// otherwise, false.
//
// Returns:
// true if the control successfully transitioned to the new state; otherwise,
// false.
protected virtual bool GoToStateCore(Control control, FrameworkElement templateRoot, string stateName, VisualStateGroup group, VisualState state, bool useTransitions);
//
// Summary:
// Raises the System.Windows.VisualStateGroup.CurrentStateChanged event on the
// specified System.Windows.VisualStateGroup.
//
// Parameters:
// stateGroup:
// The object on which the System.Windows.VisualStateGroup.CurrentStateChanging
// event
//
// oldState:
// The state that the control transitioned from.
//
// newState:
// The state that the control transitioned to.
//
// control:
// The control that transitioned states.
//
// Exceptions:
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// stateGroup is null.-or-newState is null.-or-control is null.
protected void RaiseCurrentStateChanged(VisualStateGroup stateGroup, VisualState oldState, VisualState newState, Control control);
//
// Summary:
// Raises the System.Windows.VisualStateGroup.CurrentStateChanging event on
// the specified System.Windows.VisualStateGroup.
//
// Parameters:
// stateGroup:
// The object on which the System.Windows.VisualStateGroup.CurrentStateChanging
// event
//
// oldState:
// The state that the control is transitioning from.
//
// newState:
// The state that the control is transitioning to.
//
// control:
// The control that is transitioning states.
//
// Exceptions:
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// stateGroup is null.-or-newState is null.-or-control is null.
protected void RaiseCurrentStateChanging(VisualStateGroup stateGroup, VisualState oldState, VisualState newState, Control control);
//
// Summary:
// Sets the value of the System.Windows.VisualStateManager.CustomVisualStateManager
// attached property.
//
// Parameters:
// obj:
// The object on which to set the property.
//
// value:
// The System.Windows.VisualStateManager that transitions between the states
// of a control.
//
// Exceptions:
// System.ArgumentNullException:
// obj is null.
public static void SetCustomVisualStateManager(FrameworkElement obj, VisualStateManager value);
}
}
|
1. Introduction
===============
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) involves the death of the cellular portion of the femoral head, with subsequent bone structure changes and the collapse of the femoral head that leads to bone fracture and dysfunction of the hip joint.^\[[@R1]\]^ Multiple risk and pathogenic factors have been implicated in the development of nontraumatic ONFH. However, the concrete pathogenesis of nontraumatic ONFH is still widely unknown, although some macroscopic risk factors have been associated with nontraumatic ONFH including corticosteroid usage, alcohol intake, infections, marrow infiltrative diseases, and coagulation defects.^\[[@R2]\]^
Previous studies have indicated that alcoholism is potentially a primary cause of osteoporotic fractures and low bone density, and might eventually lead to alcohol-induced ONFH.^\[[@R3]\]^ It was suggested that alcohol and steroid-induced ONFH are both due to intraosseous hypertension caused by adipose cell hypertrophy and proliferation, which may result in decreased blood supply to the femoral head.^\[[@R4]\]^ Some studies have also suggested that chronic alcohol consumption may decrease the release of osteoprotegerin (OPG) by inhibition of osteoblasts, hormones, and cytokines that might induce the activation of osteoclasts and the OPG receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B-ligand (RANKL) pathway, and also bone resorption.^\[[@R5]\]^ Fine osseous blood supply to the femoral head can induce benign bone metabolism and maintain the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Chronic alcohol consumption may lead to the interruption of the osseous blood supply and osteonecrosis.^\[[@R6]\]^ Based on our findings, we suggested that ethanol consumption can increase the risk of ONFH occurrence and that the OPG-RANKL pathway might be the most important mediator of alcohol-induced ONFH.
It has been suggested that the OPG/RANK/RANKL pathway impairs angiogenesis as a mechanism of nontraumatic ONFH.^\[[@R5],[@R7]\]^ OPG, which is expressed by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family and is a soluble receptor that inhibits osteoclastogenesis by binding to RANKL.^\[[@R8],[@R9]\]^ An abnormal OPG/RANKL ratio was found in a number of skeletal diseases that are characterized by extensive osteoclast activity including rheumatoid arthritis and osteonecrosis.^\[[@R10]\]^
Genetic variations that are considered biologically normal could influence protein transcription, expression of related factors, immunoreaction, and contribute to individual susceptibilities to certain pathological diseases.^\[[@R11]\]^ Over the past few decades, a number of candidate genes have been investigated and linked with nontraumatic ONFH, such as *OPG*, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), *RANK*, and *RANKL*, which regulate the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts.^\[[@R12],[@R13]\]^ Also, previous studies have identified *OPG* polymorphisms that were associated with multiple cancers, vertebral fractures, and bone mineral density (BMD).^\[[@R14],[@R15]\]^
In summary, prior findings led us to investigate the association between *OPG* and *RANKL* polymorphisms and alcohol-induced ONFH.
2. Materials and methods
========================
2.1. Study population
---------------------
All of the cases and control individuals were members of the north area of China population in men, and case group conducted in our study comprised of only alcohol-drinking male individuals who were all long-term alcohol users for more than 10 years, having a dose more than 400 mg per week; however, control group consisted of normal male individuals. Alcohol-induced ONFH cases were recruited between January 2013 and May 2015 from the Zhengzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Traumatology Hospital in Zhengzhou, and the control participants were enrolled from the Zhengzhou Medical Center in Henan.
2.2. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
-------------------------------------
The diagnosis of ONFH was made according to the following criteria proposed by the Research Committee^\[[@R16]\]^: (1) collapse of the femoral head without join space narrowing or acetabular abnormality on radiographs, including the crescent sign; (2) demarcating sclerosis in the femoral head without joint space narrowing or acetabular abnormality; (3) "cold in hot" on bone scans; (4) low-intensity band on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; band-like pattern); and (5) trabecular and marrow necrosis on histology. Nontraumatic femoral head osteonecrosis was diagnosed in any patient meeting 2 or more of the 5 criteria. Subjects who were diagnosed with ONFH before alcohol intake, showed nontypical MR images that did not satisfy the diagnostic criteria including low band-like signals in the femoral head on T1-weighted images, patients who suffered from a hip joint disease or direct trauma during the alcohol intake period, and patients who did not agree to be enrolled in this study were excluded.^\[[@R17]\]^
The control male subjects were defined by the following criteria: those having no hip pain and anteroposterior and frog-leg lateral pelvic radiographs that did not show any lesions. All persons related to the enrolled patients were excluded from the control group.
2.3. Clinical data and demographic information
----------------------------------------------
We used a standard epidemiological questionnaire and in-person interviews to collect personal data, including residential region, age, and education status, and also the history of medication use (including oral corticosteroids), alcohol consumption, osteopathic diseases, and underlying medical conditions (hyperlipidemia). Regarding alcohol consumption, we collected information regarding age at the start and end, typical frequency of drinking, and the usual volume of alcohol intake by beverage type. The case information was collected through a consultation with the treating physicians or from a medical chart review. All of the participants signed an informed consent agreement. The Zhengzhou TCM Traumatology Hospital Human Research Committee for Approval of Research Involving Human Subjects approved the use of humans in this study.
2.4. Selection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and genotyping methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The majority of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected was not previously reported; however, some SNPs were associated with other diseases such as BMD, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Paget disease of bone. The minor allele frequencies of all of the SNPs were \>5% in the Hap Map of the Chinese Han Beijing population. Extraction of DNA from whole blood samples was performed using the Gold Mag-Mini Whole Blood Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Gold Mag Co., Ltd., Hainan City, China), and the DNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer.
We designed primers for amplification and extension reactions using Sequenom MassARRAY Assay Design 3.0 Software (Sequenom Inc., San Diego, CA)^\[[@R18]\]^ (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Genotyping was performed using the Sequenom MassARRAY RS1000 system according to the manufacturer\'s protocol. After the experimentation progress mentioned above, data management and analysis were conducted using Sequenom Typer 4.0 software.^\[[@R18],[@R19]\]^
######
Characteristics of controls and alcohol-induced ONFH cases in male individuals.
2.5. Statistical analysis
-------------------------
Microsoft Excel and the SPSS 18.0 statistical package (SPSS, Chicago, IL) were utilized to execute the statistical analyses. A *P* value of less than 0.05 indicated statistically significant differences. We performed the 2-side chi-square tests to compute the genotype frequencies of case and control individuals.^\[[@R20]\]^ Unconditional logistic regression analysis with an adjustment for age was used to test odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)^\[[@R21]\]^ through that the results were more credible. The association of *OPG* and *RANKL* SNPs with the risk of ONFH was tested in dominant and recessive models, and also codominant and log-additive effects.
3. Results
==========
We conducted a case-control study involving 335 patients and 335 normal individuals to identify a potential association between *OPG* and *RANKL* polymorphisms and alcohol-induced ONFH. Twenty-four SNPs in these 2 genes were all in Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium (*P* ≤ 0.05). The associations between SNP genotypes and the susceptibility of alleles to alcohol-induced ONFH were all evaluated by chi-square analysis, the results of which are shown in Table [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
######
Basic information on *OPG* and *RANKL* SNPs.
We assumed that the minor allele of each SNP was a risk factor compared with the wild-type allele. Different genetic analysis models were applied to analyze the associations between SNPs and alcohol-induced ONFH risks using unconditional logistic regression. The results indicated that 3 SNPs (rs1032128, rs11573828, and rs2200287) were associated with an increased risk of alcohol-induced ONFH. Additionally, the rs11573856, rs3134056, and rs1564861 SNPs were thought to protect against the occurrence of alcohol-induced ONFH. We discovered notable associations conferring increased risks between 3 SNPs (rs1032128, rs11573828, and rs2200287) and alcohol-induced ONFH that had different genotype distributions in the recessive model (rs1032128: OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.00--2.22, *P* = 0.04 for G/A; rs11573828: OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.07--10.30, *P* = 0.03 for T/C; rs2200287: OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.53--8.47, *P* = 0.003 for T/C). Furthermore, the results were still remarkable when calculated using the unconditional logistic regression analyses adjusted for age (rs1032128: adjusted OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.00--2.22, *P* = 0.04 for G/A; rs11573828: adjusted OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.06--10.26, *P* = 0.03 for T/C; rs2200287: adjusted OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.56--8.69, *P* = 0.002 for T/C). Three SNPs rs11573856, rs3134056, and rs1564861 all conferred protective effects against the occurrence of alcohol-induced ONFH in the dominant model (rs11573856: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52--0.98, *P* = 0.04; rs3134056: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52--0.97, *P* = 0.03; rs1564861: OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53--0.99, *P* = 0.04) and when adjusted for age in the dominant model (rs11573856: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.51--0.97, *P* = 0.03; rs3134056: adjusted OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51--0.96, *P* = 0.02; rs1564861: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52--0.98, *P* = 0.03) (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}).
######
Logistic regression analysis of the association between SNPs and risk of alcohol-induced ONFH.
Pair-wise linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was performed for *OPG* using the polymorphisms detected in this study. The LD pattern was analyzed using the parameters *r*^2^ and D'. Two main linkage blocks were observed across the locus (Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Block 1 comprised of the 5 closely linked SNPs rs11573856, rs1485286, rs3102725, rs1905786, and rs1032128. Next, we analyzed the association between inferred haplotypes and alcohol-induced ONFH risk among the individuals and found no risk haplotypes between the 6 SNPs in block 1. Block 2 comprised of the 7 closely linked SNPs rs3134056, rs3134058, rs11573856, rs11573849, rs3102731, rs11573828, and rs1564861. A risk was confirmed between the haplotype "AAGTGTA" in the 7 SNPs in block 2 and alcohol-induced ONFH, even when adjusted by age (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.08--2.19, *P* = 0.01; and adjusted OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.08--2.19, *P* = 0.01). A protective effect was confirmed between the haplotype "GAAGGCC" in the 7 SNPs in block 2 and alcohol-induced ONFH, even when adjusted by age (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.53--0.98, *P* = 0.004; and adjusted OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52--0.97, *P* = 0.03; Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). Furthermore, the formations of the primers were shown in Table [5](#T5){ref-type="table"}.
{#F1}
######
Multiple gene haplotype frequencies and the association with the risk of alcohol-induced ONFH.
######
The formation of primers.
4. Discussion
=============
Chronic alcohol consumption can induce the occurrence of alcohol-induced ONFH, which is one of the most important risk factors. Additionally, several genetic polymorphisms that are associated with susceptibility to alcohol-induced ONFH have been identified.^\[[@R22]\]^ Although each polymorphism may only contribute to a small relative risk of alcohol-induced ONFH, the combination of several polymorphisms and other risk factors may be more impactful. To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the association between alcohol-induced ONFH and *OPG* and *RANKL* polymorphisms. In this study, we detected 24 SNPs in *OPG* and *RANKL* and concluded that polymorphisms in *OPG* (rs1032128 and rs11573828) and in *RANKL* (rs2200287) might increase the risk of alcohol-induced ONFH. However, certain SNPs (rs11573856, rs3134056, and rs1564861) in *OPG* might confer protective effects.
The associations between OPG and *RANKL* polymorphisms and alcohol-induced ONFH found in the present study can be explained by the possible effect of ONFH on the OPG/RANKL ratio. First, both *OPG* and *RANKL* are members of the family of soluble TNF receptors. OPG is produced by osteoblasts and binds RANKL to prevent it from binding to RANK on osteoclasts and from subsequently causing cell activation,^\[[@R5]\]^ and is secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).^\[[@R23]\]^ Second, recent experimental and epidemiological data strongly supported the theory that the ratio of OPG: RANKL, which is secreted by impaired endothelial cells, underlies a possible link between the osseous and vascular systems.^\[[@R24]\]^ Alcohol has an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts, and alcohol consumption might decrease the differentiation of MSCs into OPG. Hence, alcohol may indirectly decrease OPG expression, reduce the negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation, and block the pathophysiological induction of bone resorption. Moreover, ethanol consumption might influence the osseous blood supply to the femoral head by inducing vascular endothelial cell necrosis and cause the blood in the femoral head to be hypercoagulable. At the same time, OPG expression might have decreased because vascular endothelial cell necrosis decreased. In other words, reduced OPG expression might have reduced its ability to inhibit the progress of osteolysis, inducing bone formation and destroying the *OPG/RANKL* ratio, which gradually resulted in alcohol-induced ONFH.
A previous study supported the theory that *OPG* polymorphisms, including the rs1032128 SNP, were associated with volumetric BMD and bone geometry, which suggested that rs1032128 might influence serum levels of the N-terminal propeptide of procollagen I (PINP).^\[[@R25]\]^ Furthermore, an *OPG* polymorphism (SNP rs1485286) has proven to be a strong candidate for the regulation of susceptibility to Paget disease of bone because the mutation increases bone turnover, and this association turned out to be stronger in females when males and females were subsequently analyzed separately.^\[[@R26],[@R27]\]^ However, some SNPs were not investigated, including rs11573828.^\[[@R27]\]^ Furthermore, a recent study reported that the rs11573856 SNP in *OPG* has nothing to do with BMD and osteoporotic fracture and it did not destroy the *OPG/RANKL* ratio.^\[[@R28]\]^ We also concluded that the rs11573856 SNP was not associated with increased risk of alcohol-induced ONFH; however, it might be a protective factor. Some previous studies found that rs2200287 in *RANKL* was associated with BMD mainly in the femoral neck in postmenopausal women, but was not found in males.^\[[@R29],[@R30]\]^ In our study, we found that rs2200287 was also associated with alcohol-induced ONFH in males.
The combination of our results and other findings indicated that alcohol consumption together with *OPG* and *RANKL* polymorphisms increased the susceptibility to ONFH.
Despite the power of the current study, some limitations were inherent in the case-control study. First, because our sample size (335 patients and 335 normal individuals) was not large relative to the alcohol-induced ONFH association studies published to date, we did not stratify the population by the amount of alcohol consumption, and we did not confirm that this locus was significant in drinkers. The negative results of major SNPs in this study might convert into positive findings when we increase the alcohol-induced ONFH sample size, which could make the conclusions more powerful. Second, the heterogeneity of alcohol consumption and comorbidities were not evaluated in this study, but evaluation of heterogeneity in drinking behaviors contributed to progress in elucidating the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced ONFH in other studies.^\[[@R31]\]^ Third, in our study, we enrolled cases and matched controls in the same hospital so that selection bias can be avoided. In this case, this bias was not meaningful because the difference in the distribution of demographic segmentation and genetic frequencies were dissolved into nothingness. Last, alcohol-induced ONFH can be classified into different clinical stages to allow subgroup analysis for further study; however, it might make collecting samples more difficult.
Bonferroni correction is one of the most important multiple tests. When we used Bonferroni correction to our data, we found that there were no statistically significant associations between *OPG* and *RANKL* SNPs and alcohol-induced ONFH. This may be due to our sample size insufficiency and strict filtering criteria of SNPs and the weak point of Bonferroni correction test. Bonferroni correction test depends upon the amount of tests performed so that the results may be easier to be negative as long as more and more tests are performed. In this case, significant positive data may be deemed nonsignificant effects, and the results may be false-positive.
5. Conclusions
==============
In conclusion, we provided new evidence for the association between SNPs and haplotypes of *OPG* and *RANKL* and alcohol-induced ONFH. These findings indicated that genetic variants of *OPG* and *RANKL* play an intricate role in the development of alcohol-induced ONFH and that the interaction of *OPG* and *RANKL* loci might be more important than a single locus. Thus, this study might offer important insights into the etiology of alcohol-induced ONFH.
Acknowledgments
===============
It is our great honor to express heartfelt thanks to all of the patients and individuals for their participation. We are also grateful to the clinicians and other hospital staff who contributed to the blood sample and data collection for this study.
YL and YW contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81160228 and 81260284).
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
|
1942–43 Panhellenic Championship
The 'Union of Greek Athletes' started a League in Athens and Piraeus under the supervision of the German occupation army. During that period EPO had disbanded so the Union of Greek athletes () decided to organize the Pan-Hellenic Championship 1942/1943. The championship started in January 1943 and the games were held at Kaisariani (Athens). After short time the championship stopped, because of EPO having been re-established and taken over Greek Football organisation. At that point AEK was leading the championship having won three out of their first four games, two of which against their traditional rivals Olympiakos and Panathinaikos.
AEK - Proodeftiki (3-1)
AEK - Apollon Smyrnis (2-1)
AEK - Olympiakos (1-2)
AEK - Panathinaikos (4-1)
EPO and UGA disagreed on whether the event held so far should be considered as official or not, so the championship restarted.
AEK - Atromitos (6-0)
AEK - Arion Kolonakiou (12-1)
AEK - Ethnikos (3-1)
AEK - AE Pangratiou (4-0)
AEK - Asteras Athinon (1-1)
AEK - Thiseas (8-2)
AEK - Amina Ambelokipon (9-3)
The championship was abandoned once more, due to disagreement between the Greek Football Federation and the UGA. At that time AEK was leading the league with a record of:
1. AEK 20 7 6-1-0 43:8 +35
References
Category:1942–43 in Greek football
Category:Superleague Greece seasons
Greece |
Malignant narcissism
Malignant narcissism is a psychological syndrome comprising an extreme mix of narcissism, antisocial personality disorder, aggression, and sadism.[1] Often grandiose, and always ready to raise hostility levels, the malignant narcissist undermines organizations in which they are involved, and dehumanizes the people with whom they associate.[2]
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Meet Helen Lavretsky, Professor of Psychiatry at UCLA, who speaks about a recently completed a pilot study of Kundalini yoga vs memory training in older adults with subjective memory complaints and mild cognitive impairment.1,2 Patients assigned to yoga practice for 12 weeks with daily meditation for 12 minutes in weekly one hour classes did better than those who participated […]
Originally posted on Karen Woodall: The Family Separation Clinic regards the problem of alienation in a child as one which is caused by many factors and one which is a spectrum experience. This means that the alienation response in the child ranges from mild to severe and that the psychologically split state of mind which…
I want to start off by saying that you know your parents and I don’t. I don’t have a “one size fits all” response that will magically get them to allow you to go to therapy.That being said, if you’re reading this, you are wondering how to tell your parents you want to see counselor […]
So I wanted to ask, can a psychopath know that they’re a psychopath? The reason I ask is because the last few years I have started to become aware of what I’m doing, I don’t feel bad or anything but I just know it’s not normal. The last few years I have noticed that I […]
Throughout my life, it’s always been pretty hard for me to make and keep lasting friendships. People are quick to bail when things get real, and being a victim of multiple mental illnesses, I’m not the easiest person to maintain a relationship with. I try my best to be a good friend and have done […]
Have you ever noticed that when something bad happens to you or to someone close to you in your life (like a son or daughter, or a parent), some friends might offer help, while others disappear? This seemingly becomes more the case as we get older. I was reading this interesting essay in The New […]
When friends abandon you in times of need.I’m really not referring to how I often feel about the loss of my loving husband, though I certainly have asked that question, if not aloud, then in my heart more times than I can say. What I’m talking about are people who walked away when my husband […] |
Grow Hoodie - Marine Stripe
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Beagleboard in India costs 3500 Rupees less ...
It is great to know that IDA systems will be shipping beagleboards in India for just Rs 8999 http://www.idasystems.net/beagle_board
In the past beagleboards were available for 12500 Rs, thanks for Gerald Coley, CircuitCo and IDA to work together in getting the cost down for India.
IDA systems is also announced as official distributor for Beagleboards http://beagleboard.org/buy. So any one in India can get local support for beagleboards and shipping should be fast with no lead times like before. |
[Methemoglobinemia following blockade of the brachial plexus with prilocaine (Xylonest)].
A case report of methemoglobinemia induced by an overdosage of prilocaine is given. The causes, possibilities and dangers of therapy of prilocaine-induced methemoglobinemia are discussed. |
Vascular cognitive impairment and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a new paradigm.
In this review, we propose that vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), with relevance for the global HIV population, is fundamentally and clinically linked to the persistence of mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in ageing people living with HIV infection (PLWH). After placing our review within the context of the general literature on HIV and ageing, we review non-VCI risks for dementia in ageing PLWH. We then present the recently updated VCI nomenclature and show that the neuropsychological and neuroimaging phenotypes of VCI and HAND are largely overlapping, suggesting that further research is needed to accurately distinguish them. We further link VCI and HAND at the mechanistic level by advancing the innovative proposal that the neuro-vascular unit (NVU) may represent the primary target of HIV-related brain injury in treated HIV infection. To this, we add the fundamental impact of mild and major VCI on the NVU. Importantly, we show that the potential contribution of vascular damage to overall brain damage in ageing PLWH is probably much higher than currently estimated because of methodological limitations, and because this research is only emerging. Finally, because all VCI risk factors are more prevalent, premature, and sometimes accelerated in the HIV population at large, we conclude that the probable total burden of VCI in the global HIV population is higher than in the general population and would need to be compared to chronic conditions such as type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis to account for the disease chronicity and lifelong treatment effects. Therefore, this review is also a call to action. Indeed, it is fully established that this amount of VCI burden is a major risk factor for dementia at aged 60+. |
Uruguay aprobó en 2013 una ley que permite la producción de marihuana por privados bajo control estatal, el cultivo hogareño para autoconsumo y la formación de clubes de siembra cooperativa (Ecos)
El Director Nacional de Policía de Uruguay, Mario Layera, dijo que la ley de regulación de la marihuana aprobada en 2013 no implicó directamente una caída del tráfico de esa droga y que el narcotráfico ha generado un aumento de asesinatos.
"El año pasado tuvimos los niveles históricos más altos de incautación en el país proveniente de otra región. Con lo cual entendemos que el tráfico hacia Uruguay no se ha resentido de una manera notable", comentó Layera en una entrevista con la radio local El Espectador, sobre la vigencia de la ley de la marihuana.
En diciembre, la Brigada de Narcóticos local indicó que la droga más incautada en 2016 fue marihuana, con una confiscación de 4,305 toneladas hasta el 18 de diciembre (2,52 toneladas en 2015), seguida de la cocaína con 144,4 kilos.
Uruguay aprobó en 2013 una ley que permite la producción de marihuana por privados bajo control estatal, el cultivo hogareño para autoconsumo y la formación de clubes de siembra cooperativa, entre otros. Sin embargo, hasta ahora el principal problema fue la venta en farmacias que está retrasada y aún no pudo ser implementada por problemas logísticos.
El Director Nacional de Policía de Uruguay, Mario Layera, dijo que la ley de regulación de la marihuana aprobada en 2013 no implicó directamente una caída del tráfico de esa droga y que el narcotráfico ha generado un aumento de asesinatos
Además, Layera sostuvo que a partir del tráfico de drogas constatado en los últimos tiempos se dio un aumento de "los niveles en cuanto a delitos y homicidios".
"La tasa de aumento criminal, que la ubicamos del 2005 en adelante, fue creciendo bajo la base de fenómenos que significa la oferta y el consumo de drogas", indicó.
En los últimos años, la policía constató el aumento de asesinatos, principalmente de hombres jóvenes, que determinó en muchos casos que se trataban de ajustes de cuentas entre personas vinculadas al narcotráfico.
Por otra parte, Layera también dio a conocer que hubo autoridades amenazadas debido a las nuevas estrategias y medidas aplicadas por las autoridades para combatir el crimen organizado.
"Varias autoridades del Ministerio del Interior han sido amenazadas además de jueces, fiscales y algunas personalidades de los Derechos Humanos", subrayó.
Con información de AFP
LEA MÁS:
El gobierno uruguayo considera que la cata de marihuana es ilegal y sancionará a quienes la ofrezcan |
Austin Eulberg, wresting at 160 pounds, earned points for Dell Rapids when he defeated Trevor Hallman in a 7-1 decision.
Reinhiller stayed undefeated on the day by pinning Logan Amundson in two minutes and 55 seconds.
Tiernan earned his second pin of the day against Tri-Valley’s Willie Heiberger in one minute and 15 seconds.
Rounding out the Quarrier winners was Jacob Haberger, who pinned Bradly Johnson in three minutes an 20 second in the 285-pound slot.
Dell Rapids’ Maxwell and Jacob Eining won by forfeit at 220 pounds and 182 pounds, respectively.
Saturday, Quarrier wrestlers were in Brookings for the Les Tlustos Invitational.
Maxwell was the lone champion for Dell Rapids. He earned a first place finish in the 220-pound class after pinning Class A’s second-ranked Trey Crisp-Peterson of Washington High School in one minute and 18 seconds.
Reinhiller and Tiernan both earned eighth-place finishes.
"The Brookings Invite is a very tough tournament,” said Craig Jorgensen, Quarrier head coach. “Leon, Brock and Reice wrestled well. We lost some close matches that would have put a few more wrestlers on the award stand. Overall, we are improving and hopefully get where we need to be in a few weeks.” |
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How Common Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer -- cancer of the colon or rectum -- is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 56,730 Americans will die of colorectal cancer this year. Colorectal cancer is also one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States; approximately 146,940 new cases will be diagnosed in 2004. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and in women.
Who Is at Risk?
The risk of developing colorectal cancer increases with advancing age, with more than 90% of cases occurring in persons aged 50 years or older. Other risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease, a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or colorectal polyps, and certain hereditary syndromes. Lifestyle factors that may contribute to increased risk of colorectal cancer include lack of regular physical activity, low fruit and vegetable intake, a low-fiber and high-fat diet, obesity, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use.
Screening can detect precancerous polyps so they can be removed before they turn into colorectal cancer. Screening also can find colorectal cancer early, when the chance for a full recovery is very high. If you’re 50 or older, talk to your doctor and get screened for colorectal cancer.
Want to read more?
"You might look and feel fine, but you need to get the inside story. Colorectal cancer often has no symptoms, so please get tested. I did." Katie Couric, Co-Founder EIF’s National Colorectal Cancer Research Alliance |
1. Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Cell Membrane Antigens
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to human tumor-associated differentiation antigens offer promises for the "targeting" of various antitumor agents such as radioisotopes, chemotherapeutic drugs, and toxins. Order, in "Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Detection and Therapy", Baldwin and Byers, (eds.), London, Academic Press (1985)!.
In addition, some monoclonal antibodies have the advantage of killing tumor cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the presence of human effector cells or serum Hellstrom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7059-7063 (1986)!, and there are a few monoclonal antibodies that have a direct antitumor activity which does not depend on any host component Drebin et al., Oncogene 2:387-394 (1988)!.
Many monoclonal antibodies reactive with carcinoma-associated antigens are known see, e.g., Papsidero, "Recent Progress In The Immunological Monitoring Of Carcinomas Using Monoclonal Antibodies", Semin. Surg. Oncol., 1 (4):171-81 (1985); Schlom et al., "Potential Clinical Utility Of Monoclonal Antibodies In The Management Of Human Carcinomas", Important Adv. Oncol., 170-92 (1985); Allum et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies In The Diagnosis And Treatment of Malignant Conditions", Surg. Ann., 18:41-64 (1986); and Houghton et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies: Potential Applications To The Treatment Of Cancer", Semin. Oncol., 13(2):165-79 (1986)!.
These known monoclonal antibodies can bind to a variety of different carcinoma-associated antigens including glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins see, e.g., Fink et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies As Diagnostic Reagents for The Identification And Characterization Of Human Tumor Antigens", Prog. Clin. Pathol., 9:121-33 (1984)!.
For example, monoclonal antibodies that bind to glycoprotein antigens on specific types of carcinomas include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,737,579 (monoclonal antibodies to non-small cell lung carcinomas), U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,894 (monoclonal antibodies to human breast cancer), U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,827 (monoclonal antibodies to human gastrointestinal cancer), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,352 (monoclonal antibodies to human renal carcinoma).
Monoclonal antibody B72.3, which is one of the antibodies studied the most, recognizes a tumor-associated mucin antigen of greater than 1,000 kd molecular weight that is selectively expressed on a number of different carcinomas. Thus, B72.3 has been shown to react with 84% of breast carcinomas, 94% of colon carcinomas, 100% of ovarian carcinomas and 96% of non-small cell lung carcinomas see Johnston, "Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies In Clinical Cytology As Exemplified By Studies With Monoclonal Antibody B72.3", Acta Cytol., 1(5): 537-56 (1987) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,282, issued to Schlom et al.!. Another patented monoclonal antibody, KC-4, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,930!, recognizes an approximately 400-500 kd protein antigen expressed on a number of carcinomas, such as colon, prostate, lung and breast carcinoma. It appears that neither the B72.3 nor KC-4 antibodies internalize within the carcinoma cells with which they react.
Monoclonal antibodies reactive with glycolipid antigens associated with tumor cells have been disclosed. For example, Young et al., "Production Of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific For Two Distinct Steric Portions Of The Glycolipid Ganglio-N-Triosylceramide (Asialo GM.sub.2)", J. Exp. Med., 150: 1008-1019 (1979) disclose the production of two monoclonal antibodies specific for asialo GM.sub.2, a cell surface glycosphingolipid antigen that was established as a marker for BALB/c V3T3 cells transformed by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. See, also, Kniep et al., "Gangliotriasylceramide (Asialo GM.sub.2) A Glycosphingolipid Marker For Cell Lines Derived From Patients With Hodgkin's Disease", J. Immunol., 131(3): 1591-94 (1983) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,391 (monoclonal antibody to human malanoma).
Other monoclonal antibodies reactive with glycolipid antigens on carcinoma cells includes those described by Rosen et al., "Analysis Of Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Differentiation Antigens Using A Panel Of Rat Monoclonal Antibodies", Cancer Research, 44:2052-61 (1984) (monoclonal antibodies to human small cell lung cancer), Varki et al., "Antigens Associated with a Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies", Cancer Research 44:681-87 (1984); (monoclonal antibodies to human adenocarcinomas of the lung, stomach and colon and melanoma), and U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,827 (monoclonal antibodies to human colon adenocarcinoma). See, also, Hellstrom et al, "Antitumor Effects Of L6, An IgG2a Antibody That Reacts With Most Human Carcinomas", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:7059-63 (1986) which describes the L6 monoclonal antibody that recognizes a carbohydrate antigen expressed on the surface of human non-small cell lung carcinomas, breast carcinomas and colon carcinomas.
Antibodies to tumor-associated antigens which are not able to internalize within the tumor cells to which they bind are generally not useful to prepare conjugates with antitumor drugs or toxins, since these would not be able to reach their site of action within the cell. Other approaches would then be needed so as to use such antibodies therapeutically.
Additional monoclonal antibodies exhibiting a high specific reactivity to the majority of cells from a wide range of carcinomas are greatly needed. This is so because of the antigenic heterogeneity of many carcinomas which often necessitates, in diagnosis or therapy, the use of a number of different monoclonal antibodies to the same tumor mass. There is a further need, especially for therapy, for so called "internalizing" antibodies, i.e., antibodies that are easily taken up by the tumor cells to which they bind. Antibodies of this type find use in therapeutic methods for selective cell killing utilizing antibody-drug or antibody-toxin conjugates ("immunotoxins") wherein a therapeutic antitumor agent is chemically or biologically linked to an antibody or growth factor for delivery to the tumor, where the antibody binds to the tumor-associated antigen or receptor with which it is reactive and "delivers" the antitumor agent inside the tumor cells see, e.g., Embleton et al., "Antibody Targeting Of Anti-Cancer Agents", in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection and Therapy, pp. 317-44 (Academic Press, 1985)!.
2. Immunotoxins
Immunotoxins have been investigated as a new approach for treating metastatic tumors in man Pastan and FitzGerald, Science 254:1173-1177 (1991); FitzGerald and Pastan, Seminars in Cell Biology 2:31-37 (1991) and Vitetta et al., Science 644:650 (1987)!. Pseudomonas exotoxin A ("PE") is a cytotoxic agent produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that kills cells by ADP-ribosylating elongation factor 2, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis Iglewski et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:2284-2285 (1975)!.
PE is a polypeptide comprising three domains Allured et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1320-1324 (1986)!.
Domain I encodes the cell-binding ability; domain II encodes the proteolytic sensitivity site and the membrane translocation ability; and domain III encodes the ADP-ribosylation activity of the toxin Hwang et al., Cell 48:129-136 (1987), Siegall et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264:14256-14261 (1989)!. By removing domain I from PE, a truncated 40 kDa toxin is formed ("PE40") Kondo et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263:9470-9475 (1988)!.
PE40 is weakly toxic to cells because it lacks the cell binding domain for the PE receptor Id.! For conjugation of this molecule to an antibody, the amino terminus of PE40 is modified to include a lysine residue to form "LysPE40" Batra et al., supra!. Immunotoxins using PE, have shown promise in preclinical models using human tumor xenografts in nude mice Batra et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8545-8549 (1989); and Pai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3358-3362 (1991)!.
Several internalizing antibodies reacting with lymphocyte antigens are known. In contrast, such antibodies are rare when dealing with solid tumors. One of the few examples of an internalizing antibody reacting with carcinomas is an antibody disclosed in Domingo et al., "Transferrin Receptor As A Target For Antibody-Drug Conjugates," Methods Enzymol. 112:238-47 (1985). This antibody is reactive with the human transferrin-receptor glycoprotein expressed on tumor cells. However, because the transferrin-receptor is also expressed on many normal tissues, and often at high levels, the use of an anti-transferrin-receptor antibody in an antibody-drug or antibody-toxin conjugate may have significant toxic effects on normal cells. The utility of this antibody for selective killing or inhibition of tumor cells is therefore questionable. Another internalizing antibody is BR64 (disclosed in co-pending patent applications U.S. Ser. No. 289,635, filed Dec. 22, 1988, and Ser. No. 443,696 filed Nov. 29, 1989, and incorporated by reference herein), which binds to a large spectrum of human carcinomas.
3. Chimeric Antibodies
The cell fusion technique for the production of monoclonal antibodies Kohler and Milstein, Nature (London) 256:495 (1975)! has permitted the development of a number of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive with antigens, including previously unknown antigens.
However, murine monoclonal antibodies may be recognized as foreign substances by the human immune system and neutralized such that their potential in human therapy is not realized. Therefore, recent efforts have focused on the production of so-called "chimeric" antibodies by the introduction of DNA into mammalian cells to obtain expression of immunoglobulin genes Oi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:825 (1983); Potter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7161; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6581 (1984); Sahagan et al., J. Immunol. 137:1066 (1986); Sun et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:214 (1987)!.
Chimeric antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules comprising a human and non-human portion. More specifically, the antigen combining region (variable region) of a chimeric antibody is derived from a non-human source (e.g. murine) and the constant region of the chimeric antibody which confers biological effector function to the immunoglobulin is derived from a human source. The chimeric antibody should have the antigen binding specificity of the non-human antibody molecule and the effector function conferred by the human antibody molecule.
In general, the procedures used to produce chimeric antibodies involve the following steps:
a) identifying and cloning the correct gene segment encoding the antigen binding portion of the antibody molecule; this gene segment (known as the VDJ, variable; diversity and joining regions for heavy chains or VJ, variable, joining regions for light chains or simply as the V or variable region) may be in either the cDNA or genomic form; PA1 b) cloning the gene segments encoding the constant region or desired part thereof; PA1 c) ligating the variable region with the constant region so that the complete chimeric antibody is encoded in a form that can be transcribed and translated; PA1 d) ligating this construct into a vector containing a selectable marker and gene control regions such as promoters, enhancers and poly(A) addition signals; PA1 e) amplifying this construct in bacteria; PA1 f) introducing this DNA into eukaryotic cells (transfection) most often mammalian lymphocytes; PA1 g) selecting for cells expressing the selectable marker; PA1 h) screening for cells expressing the desired chimeric antibody; and PA1 i) testing the antibody for appropriate binding specificity and effector functions.
Antibodies of several distinct antigen binding specificities have been manipulated by these protocols to product chimeric proteins e.g. anti-TNP: Boulianne et al., Nature 312:643 (1984); and anti-tumor antigens: Sahagan et al., J. Immunol. 137:1066 (1986)!. Likewise, several different effector functions have been achieved by linking new sequences to those encoding the antigen binding region. Some of these include enzymes Neuberger et al., Nature 312:604 (1984)!, immunoglobulin constant regions from another species and constant regions of another immunoglobulin chain Sharon et al., Nature 309:364 (1984); Tan et al., J. Immunol. 135:3565-3567 (1985)!.
4. Modifying Genes in Situ Encoding Monoclonal Antibodies
The discovery of homologous recombination in mammalian cells permits the targeting of new sequences to specific chromosomal loci. Homologous recombination occurs when cultured mammalian cells integrate exogenous DNA into chromosomal DNA at the chromosome location which contains sequences homologous to the plasmid sequences Folger et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1372-1387 (1982); Folger et al., Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:123-138 (1984); Kucherlapati et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3153-3157 (1984); Lin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1391-1395 (1985); de Saint Vincent et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2002-2006 (1983); Shaul et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3781-3784 (1985)!.
The potential for homologous recombination within cells permits the modification of endogenous genes in situ. Conditions have been found where the chromosomal sequence can be modified by introducing into the cell a plasmid DNA which contains a segment of DNA homologous to the target locus and a segment of new sequences with the desired modification Thomas et al., Cell 44:419-428 (1986); Smithies et al., Nature 317:230-234 (1985); Smith et al., Symp. Quant. Biol. 49:171-181 (1984)!. Homologous recombination between mammalian cell chromosomal DNA and the exogenous plasmid DNA can result in the integration of the plasmid of in the replacement of some of the chromosomal sequences with homologous plasmid sequences. This can result in placing a desired new sequence at the endogenous target locus.
The process of homologous recombination has been evaluated using genes which offer dominant selection such as NEO and HPRT for a few cell types Song et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6820-6824 (1987); Rubinitz and Subramani, Mol. Cell Biol. 6:1608-1614 (1986); and Liskay, Cell 35:157-164 (1983)!. Recently, procedures for modifying antibody molecules and for producing chimeric antibody molecules using homologous recombination to target gene modification have been described Fell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:8507-8511 (1989); and co-pending U.S. patent applications Ser. No. 243,873 filed Sep. 14, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,244 and Ser. No. 468,035 filed Jan. 22, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,238, assigned to the same assignee as the present application, all of which are incorporated by reference herein!.
5. Monoclonal Antibodies in Therapy
The most direct way to apply antitumor monoclonal antibodies clinically is to administer them in unmodified form, using monoclonal antibodies which display antitumor activity in vitro and in animal (such as humans, dogs, cows, pigs, horses, cats, rats, and mice) models. Most monoclonal antibodies to tumor antigens do not appear to have any antitumor activity by themselves, but certain monoclonal antibodies are known which mediate complement-dependent cytotoxicity (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), i.e. kill human tumor cells in the presence of human serum as a source of complement see, e.g. Hellstrom et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:1499-1502 (1985)!, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) together with effector cells such as human NK cells or macrophages.
To detect antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity monoclonal antibodies are tested for lysing cultured .sup.51 Cr-labeled tumor target cells over a 4-hour incubation period.
Target cells are labeled with .sup.51 Cr and then exposed for 4 hours to a combination of effector cells (in the form of human lymphocytes purified by the use of a lymphocyte-separation medium) and antibody, which is added in concentrations varying between 0.1 .mu.g/ml and 10 .mu.g/ml. The release of .sup.51 Cr from the target cells is measured as evidence of tumor-cell lysis (cytotoxicity). Controls include the incubation of target cells along or with either lymphocytes or monoclonal antibody separately.
The total amount of .sup.51 Cr that can be released is measured and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is calculated as the percent killing of target cells observed with monoclonal antibody plus effector cells as compared to target cells being incubated along. The procedure for complement-dependent cytotoxicity is identical to the one used to detect antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity except that human serum, as a source of complement, (diluted 1:3 to 1:6) is added in place of the effector cells.
Monoclonal antibodies with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity are considered for therapeutic use because they often have anti-tumor activities in vivo. Antibodies lacking antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity in vitro, on the other hand, are commonly ineffective in vivo unless used as carriers of antitumor agents.
The ability of a monoclonal antibody to activate the host's complement may prove to be therapeutically beneficial not only because tumor cells may be killed, but also because the blood supply to tumors may increase, thus facilitating the uptake of drugs see Hellstrom et al., "Immunological Approaches to Tumor Therapy: Monoclonal Antibodies, Tumor Vaccines, and Anti-Idiotypes, in Covalently Modified Antigens and Antibodies in Diagnosis and Therapy", Quash & Rodwell, eds., Marcel Dekker, pp. 15-18 (1989)!.
Among mouse monoclonal antibodies, the IgG2a and IgG3 isotypes are most commonly associated with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Antibodies having both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activity have high selectivity for killing only the tumor cells to which they bind and would be unlikely to lead to toxic effects if non-specifically trapped in lung, liver or other organs. This may give such antibodies an advantage over radiolabeled antibodies or certain types of immunoconjugates.
Therapeutic modalities directed to treating tumors are commonly available. For example, chemotherapy is an effective treatment for selected human tumors. However, with chemotherapy only modest progress has been made for treating the majority of carcinomas, including carcinomas of breast, lung, and colon.
The introduction of monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology in the 1970s raised hopes that tumor-specific MAbs could be used to target anti-tumor agents and provide more effective therapy (K. E. Hellstrom, and I. Hellstrom, in: Biologic Therapy of Cancer: Principles and Practice, V. T. DeVita, S. Hellman, and S. A. Rosenberg, Eds. (J. P. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991) pp. 35-52).
6. Immunoconjugates in Therapy
Various immunoconjugates in which antibodies were used to target chemotherapeutic drugs (P. N. Kularni, A. H. Blair, T. I. Ghose, Cancer Res. 41, 2700 (1981); R. Arnon, R. and M. Sela, Immunol. Rev. 62, 5 (1982); H. M. Yang and R. A. Resifeld, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 85, 1189 (1988); R. O. Dilman, D. E. Johnson, D. L. Shawler, J. A. Koziol, Cancer Res. 48, 6097 (1988); L. B. Shih, R. M. Sharkey, F. J. Primus, D. M. Goldenberg, Int. J. Cancer 41, 832 (1988); P. A. Trail, et al., Cancer Res. 52, 5693 (1992)), or plant and bacterial toxins (I. Pastan, M. C. Willingham, D. J. Fitzgerald, Cell 47, 641 (1986); D. D. Blakey, E. J. Wawrzynczak, P. M. Wallace, P. E. Thorpe, in Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Prog. Allergy, H. Waldmann, Ed. (Karger, Basel, 1988), pp. 50-90) have been evaluated in preclinical models and found to be active in vitro and in vivo.
However, activity of these MAbs was usually assessed against newly implanted rather than established tumors and was typically superior to matching, but not optimal, doses of the unconjugated drug.
Although conjugates have been described with anti-tumor activity against established tumors that were superior to that of an optimal dose of unconjugated drug, the therapeutic index was low and superior activity was achieved only at or near the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the conjugate (P. A. Trail, et al., Cancer Res. 52, 5693 (1992)).
The results of clinical studies of drug and toxin conjugates (i.e., immunoconjugates) have also been disappointing, particularly for solid tumors (E. S. Vitetta, R. J. Fulton, R. D. May, M. Till, J. W. Uhr, Science 238, 1098 (1987); H. G. Eichler, Biotherapy 3, 11 (1991); E. Wawrzynczak, Br. J. Cancer 64, 624 (1991); G. A. Pietersz and I. F. C. McKenzie, Immunol. Rev. 129, 57 (1992)).
Very few antibodies are able to kill tumor cells by themselves, that is, in the absence of effector cells or complement as in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. BR96 is such an antibody, because it can kill cells by itself at an antibody concentration of approximately 10 .mu.g/ml or higher. Such antibodies are of particular interest since they can interfere with some key event in the survival of neoplastic cells.
Presently, chemotherapeutic agents, by themselves, do not distinguish between malignant and normal cells. They are absorbed by both cell types. Tumors that are detected early on such as acute lymphocytic leukemia and lymphomas are highly susceptible to drugs.
Tumors that are hidden until growth has reached a plateau, such as cancer of the lung and colon, have little sensitivity to drugs. Normal cells with high growth fraction are inevitably attacked by today's anti-cancer drugs, explaining the prevalence of severe side effects in the gastrointestinal tract and of hair loss. This holds true whether the cytotoxicity of the drug is due to alkylation, intercalation, or disruption of biosynthesis/antimetabolites.
The molecules of the invention, e.g., the immunotoxins, are homogeneous molecules that retain the specificity of the cell binding portion with the cytotoxic potential of the toxin.
It is thus apparent that antibodies, antibody conjugates and immunotoxins that display a high degree of selectivity to a wide range of carcinomas, have anti-tumor activity, and are capable of being readily internalized by tumor cells, may be of great benefit in tumor therapy. |
p53 overexpression and K-ras gene mutations in primary sclerosing cholangitis-associated biliary tract cancer.
Cholangiocarcinoma occurs frequently in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We evaluated the incidence and prognostic significance of p53 protein overexpression and K-ras gene mutations in patients with biliary tract cancer and PSC. p53 protein expression was determined in specimens from 12 patients with biliary tract cancer, using the antibody, D07. K-ras mutations were detected using DNA sequencing and a mutation ligation assay. Accumulation of p53 protein was detected in 6 of 12 tumors (50%). K-ras mutations were detected in 4 of 12 tumors (33%). Overall survival in patients with p53-negative tumors was significantly longer (P < 0.05) than that in patients with p53-positive (mutant) tumors. Similarly, overall survival was significantly longer (P < 0.05) in the absence of a K-ras mutation than in patients with a tumor containing a K-ras mutation. Mean interval from the time of diagnosis of PSC until the diagnosis of biliary tract cancer was significantly shorter (P < 0.05) in patients with p53 overexpression than in those patients without p53 overexpression (2 versus 47 months). p53 overexpression and K-ras mutations occur commonly in patients with PSC and biliary tract cancer and are associated with a shortened survival. Patients with longstanding PSC are less likely to have these genetic alterations and may have a better prognosis. |
Conductometric properties of linear polyelectrolytes in poor-solvent condition: the necklace model.
We present a set of low-frequency electrical conductivity measurements of solutions of differently charged, salt-free polyelectrolytes in poor- and in good-solvent conditions, in the semidilute concentration regime. The data have been analyzed and discussed in light of the necklace model for hydrophobic polyelectrolytes recently proposed by Dobrynin et al. [Macromolecules 29, 2974 (1996)] that predicts the chains to collapse into spheroidal cores connected by narrow strings. By varying the quality of the solvent, we have measured the polyion equivalent conductance lambda(p) in an extended concentration range in the semidilute regime and have demonstrated that this parameter is influenced by the polyion chain conformation, giving further support, when the poor-solvent condition prevails, to the picture of a string of electrostatic blobs. On the contrary, in good-solvent condition, the electrical conductivity data are in reasonable good agreement with the picture of an extended chain consisting of a collection of electrostatic blobs. These electrical conductivity measurements, in light of scaling theory, furnish new experimental support for the necklace model for hydrophobic polyions in poor solvents. |
Metabolic studies of [18F-alpha-methyl]tyrosine in mice bearing colorectal carcinoma LS-180.
Brain and tumor uptake of [18F-alpha-methyl]tyrosine (18F-AMT) and the incorporation into each of four fractions (lipid, RNA, DNA and protein) were investigated in mice bearing LS180 colorectal carcinoma. Homogenized tissues were analyzed by the fractionation method into an acid-soluble fraction (ASF) and an acid-precipitable fraction (APF). The APF was further investigated to assess the incorporation of 18F-AMT into each fraction. Incorporation into four fractions of brain and tumor at 60 min post-injection was 20 and 12%, respectively; 10% of the activity was incorporated to lipid in brain and 5% in tumor. There was 5, 2 and 2% incorporation with RNA, DNA and protein, respectively. Metabolites in ASF were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. There was only one radioactive peak, which corresponded to 18F-AMT. The incorporation of 18F-AMT into lipid was twice that of 18F-AMT in tumor. The uptake of 18F-AMT in tissues was rapid and accomplished before 30 min, and then slowly diffused in blood. These results implied that 18F-AMT was metabolized to protein to only a small extent and trapped as intact 18F-AMT in cells up to 60 min. We conclude that 18F-AMT is a promising tracer for tumor imaging and quantification of the transport rate using two-compartment models. |
One of Britain’s leading cancer scientists has had £3.5m in grant money revoked after allegations of bullying by 45 current and former colleagues.
Prof Nazneen Rahman, who resigned from her post at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) in London last month, is the first scientist to be sanctioned under anti-bullying rules introduced by the Wellcome Trust this year. In a letter to the ICR, her former colleagues accused her of “serious recurrent bullying and harassment” and creating an “intimidating and humiliating” working environment.
Rahman, who was awarded a CBE in 2016 for services to medical sciences, announced she would step down as head of genetics and epidemiology at the ICR after an independent investigation into the claims. In response, the Wellcome Trust confirmed it would terminate or transfer what remained of £7.5m of funding that had been awarded to Rahman.
The case comes as concerns mount about the levels of bullying and harassment in academia after a recent spate of investigations at laboratories the US and Germany.
Former colleagues who had raised complaints about Rahman said they welcomed the move by the Wellcome Trust but added that more clarity was need in cases, such as this one, in which those accused of bullying resign before disciplinary action has been taken.
One of the complainants, who wishes to remain anonymous, said: “The practice of people resigning ahead of definitive disciplinary judgment leaves significant ambiguity and opportunity for them to return to funding in a short space of time.”
The latest investigation was prompted after a letter signed by 45 current and former colleagues claimed Rahman’s behaviour had caused psychological harm and career damage, with 22 of the individuals claiming to have been bullied directly. The signatories, who have chosen to remain anonymous, said the ICR had known about the “exceptionally high” number of allegations against Rahman, dating back 12 years, but had failed to act.
However, Rahman also has supporters, who describe a different picture of the workplace dynamics. “She provides a motivating, creative and exciting working environment where we are both challenged and supported to develop our strengths and skills,” said Ann Strydom, a scientific programme manager.
Strydom and others said Rahman had nurtured the skills of her staff, encouraged flexible working and been supportive at times of personal stress.
In response to the Wellcome Trust sanction, Rahman said: “My team and I will complete our Wellcome-funded research prior to my leaving ICR in October. We are working with ICR and Wellcome to ensure science and patients can benefit from our work.”
The Wellcome Trust said the ICR had not shared the full details of the investigation, but that a summary of the findings had given “considerable cause for concern”. The investigation recommended that a disciplinary hearing was warranted, but owing to Rahman’s resignation this did not take place.
“As we have been given information that raises serious concerns we have decided that her Wellcome grants will be terminated or transferred to other investigators,” the Wellcome Trust said.
It added that Rahman would also be barred for two years from applying for funding from Wellcome and from sitting on any of its advisory committees or boards.
“Wellcome takes bullying and harassment very seriously,” the charity said. “Unacceptable behaviour causes significant harm, stops people achieving their full potential and stifles good research.”
Speaking anonymously, an academic who complained about Rahman said the sanctions were “a weak position. In reality two years is no time at all.”
A spokeswoman for the ICR said: “We believe an open and supportive working environment is essential for our work to defeat cancer. We welcome the efforts being made by the Wellcome Trust and others to improve the culture of the scientific community.”
Have you experienced bullying in academia? Share your stories here. |
South Korea confirms first case of Wuhan virus
South Korea is the fourth country to confirm an infection of a new virus which is believed to have emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province. File photo: AFP |
Q:
How to make one of three inputs type button requierd required
My problem is that I have one form with some fields and three inputs type button, they all represents one message. I want to make chooseing one of three messages required. My code is bellow:
<input id="poruka1" type="button" class="hm_datumibtn poruka" name="poruka1" value="Pored mene, sve želje " >
<input id="poruka2" type="button" class="hm_datumibtn poruka" name="poruka2" value="Pored sebe, sve želje " >
<input id="poruka3" type="button" class="hm_datumibtn poruka" name="poruka3" value="Pored tebe, sve želje " >
Do you have any idea how can I solve this kind of problem?
<script>
function upis(){
//var datum = $(this).find('.datum').val();
//var poruka = $(this).find('.poruka').val();
//var poruka = $(this).attr('value');
if (poruka_forma.poruka1.value == '' && poruka_forma.poruka2.value == ''&& poruka_forma.poruka3.value == '') {
alert('You have to choose message.');
return false;
}
else {
myForm.submit();
}
var ime = document.getElementById("ime").value;
var ime_slavljenik = document.getElementById("ime_slavljenik").value;
var elementsdate = document.getElementsByClassName("selected_date");
var datum = elementsdate[0].value;
var elements = document.getElementsByClassName("selected");
var poruka = elements[0].value;
//var poruka = document.getElementById("poruka").value;
//var datum = document.getElementById("datum").value;
//var poruka = document.getElementById("poruka").value;
//var email = document.getElementById("email").value;
//var dataString = "ime="+encodeURIComponent(ime)+"&ime_slavljenik="+encodeURIComponent(ime_slavljenik);
$.ajax({
type:"post",
url: "upis.php",
cashe: false,
//data: dataString+'&datum='+datum+'&poruka='+poruka,
data: {ime:ime,ime_slavljenik:ime_slavljenik,datum:datum, poruka:poruka},
success: function(data){
//window.alert(data);
document.getElementById("placefortableanketa").innerHTML = data;
},
error: function (req, status, err) {
console.log('Something went wrong', status, err);
}
})
return false;
}
</script>
A:
I think you might want to use <input type="radio" /> instead. Example:
<form>
<input type="radio" id="radio_btn_1" name="radio_btn" value="choice_1" required="required" checked="checked" /><label for="radio_btn_1">Choice 1</label><br />
<input type="radio" id="radio_btn_2" name="radio_btn" value="choice_2" required="required" /><label for="radio_btn_2">Choice 2</label><br />
<input type="radio" id="radio_btn_3" name="radio_btn" value="choice_3" required="required" /><label for="radio_btn_3">Choice 3</label><br />
</form>
You can add required attributes to make them required. Also, adding checked attributes will make a radio button selected by default.
You can also use <label> with for attribute. When that label is clicked, it selects a radio button that it refers to by id in its for attribute.
Edit: I saw your comment that you don't want to use radio buttons because of the design. You can actually hide the radio buttons, and just use <label> with for attributes. Example:
<style>
#radio_btn_1:checked + label{background-color:red;}
#radio_btn_2:checked + label{background-color:red;}
#radio_btn_3:checked + label{background-color:red;}
</style>
<form>
<input style="display:none;" type="radio" id="radio_btn_1" name="radio_btn" value="choice_1" required="required" checked="checked" /><label for="radio_btn_1">Choice 1</label><br />
<input style="display:none;" type="radio" id="radio_btn_2" name="radio_btn" value="choice_2" required="required" /><label for="radio_btn_2">Choice 2</label><br />
<input style="display:none;" type="radio" id="radio_btn_3" name="radio_btn" value="choice_3" required="required" /><label for="radio_btn_3">Choice 3</label><br />
</form>
|
Everyone at one time has misplaced their keys or became confused regarding what the key unlocked. Keys may be misplaced by busy mothers, fathers, students or any person who carries keys from their home, workplace, or other locations. Misplaced keys may be dropped, misplaced, or placed somewhere by the person that owns the keys. Misplaced keys result in having to rekey the lock, replace spare keys, and programming new keys.
Keys may also be utilized by real estate companies, brokers, sellers, buyers, renters, and family residents. Agents and sellers struggle to collect all the keys in a timely manner. Buyers struggle to get and identify all the keys that should be transferred to them from the seller. Keys may be utilized for entrance doors, garages, storage sheds, lawn mowers, equipment, and mailboxes. Proper and relatively easy identification and distinguishing of keys is also a critical problem as well.
Current key rings and key organizers are noisy, clunky, and time-consuming to fumble with to find the right keys to use, particularly if one has not used the key in a prior instance. Each key is typically not labelled, so it may take several attempts to match the correct key to the locked structure or vehicle. Additionally, if the key rings get lost, it may be extremely difficult to replace the entire set of keys on the key rings or organizers.
For the foregoing reasons, a key organization apparatus would be very useful to a wide spectrum of users, primarily anyone that may utilize any keys. A solution to the problem of misplaced keys and secure key storage is therefore needed by providing a key organization apparatus that physically organizes keys in one physical place.
Accordingly, a key organization apparatus is disclosed, which includes a sheet with labelled pockets. |
Mark Konecny
Mark Konecny (born April 2, 1963) is a former American football running back. He played for the Miami Dolphins in 1987 and for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1988.
References
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Chicago
Category:Players of American football from Illinois
Category:American football running backs
Category:Alma Scots football players
Category:Miami Dolphins players
Category:Philadelphia Eagles players
Category:National Football League replacement players |
Our company is highly acclaimed in the field of manufacturing and supplying of Casting Boundary gate. Constructed utilizing the hi tech machineries and modern tools, these Casting Boundary gate are produced using steel as the chief constituent. Widely demanded by our clientele, these Casting Boundary gate are in sync with the current trends and are extremely versatile and highly reliable. Furthermore, these Casting Boundary gate require least maintenance |
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Lecture: Making the World’s Superpower and the Military-Industrial Complex Accountable for War Crimes
Date
Monday, March 24, 2014
Location
CCR Senior Staff Attorney Katherine Gallagher will give a talk as part of the San Diego State University Charles W. Hostler Institute on World Affairs Lecture Series titled, "Making the World’s Superpower and the Military-Industrial Complex Accountable for War Crimes" on March 24th.
Katherine focuses on holding individuals, including US and foreign government officials, corporations, and private military contractors, accountable for serious human rights violations. Her cases include ICC Vatican Officials Prosecution; Arar v. Ashcroft; and Estate of Atban v. Blackwater. She previously worked at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and was a member of the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice for the international Criminal Court. She is Vice President on the International Board of the International Federation for Human Rights.
What: Lecture on Making the World’s Superpower and the Military-Industrial Complex Accountable for War CrimesWhere: Peterson Gym 242 at San Diego State UniversityWhen: Monday, March 24th from 4-6:50 p.m. PST |
If you haven’t tried surfing in your life, you better ignite your surfing experience by planning a wonderful surf trip to Costa Rica. Wondering why? Keep reading to unlock persuasive answers.
Listen up all you surfing lovers – Costa Rica is one of the best places for indulging in surfing experience across the world. It’s a beautiful country shrouded with beautiful rainforests, immaculate beaches, a luxury defining resort which guarantees hassle-free vacations with your beloved or family.
For dynamic surfing sports, Costa Rica surf spots offer a large variety of breaks to suit any level of surfer. One can enjoy plenty of other adventure activities at the surfing camps in Costa Rica for any budget. Costa Rica offers everything from luxurious health spas, buzzing nightlife, and family-friendly beaches.
Costa Rica is a Central American country and is blessed with tropical weather conditions throughout the year. This Central American country is nothing short of magical, and if you were thinking of giving surf trips to Costa Rica, DO NOT!
We give you the best reasons that would definitely convince you and your partner to jump on the surfing trip to Costa Rica.
But Before That, Get to Know Why Surf Trip to Costa Rica is Worth Taking!
Long stretches of golden sandy beaches, year-round sunshine, friendly locals on the beach, and diverse waves for beginner or pro surfers, what’s not to love about surf trips to Costa Rica we don’t know!
Flick through the Reasons that Makes Costa Rica the best Surfing Destination
Take In The Worth Cherishing Surfing Lessons
It doesn’t matter when you have learned surfing coaching because there is no other destination that Costa Rica matches with its vibes. Imagine relaxing on stunning golden sand beaches, wandering through lush green rainforests. A Surf trip to Costa Rica incorporated beautiful nature and gave tourists a profound understanding of Afro African Culture. When it comes to surf holidays, Costa Rica can’t be beaten.
You would be surprised to know that some of the best surf breaks beaches in Costa Rica are perfect for beginners as well as experienced surfers. If you want to learn surf coaching in Costa Rica, head to Jaco Beach, Witch’s Rock, Tamarindo, Santa Teresa, and more!
Matches Within Your Budget
The first thought that comes to your mind when you plan for a surfing trip to any destination is that expense. You all take a look and review whether the destination you are choosing for surfing suits your budget or not! But in Costa Rica, you don’t have to think much. Wondering why? The Costa Rica Surf Resorts comes in a range of choices – be it be solo backpackers to the couple seeking luxurious and private setting experience, Costa Rica has something for everyone.
Also read: 6 Top Igatpuri Resorts You Would Love To Book After Nationwide Lock down
If you too are planning for a solo trip to Costa Rica, then it’s not wrong to say that you can unlock great surfing lessons without shedding your money much while booking your stay at the surf resorts that are cheap, comfortable, and close to the beach. However, luxury seekers can book from the impressive selection of resorts and hotels equipped with spa treatments.
Costa Rica Has Thriving Surf Culture
Everyone in Costa Rica knows about surfing since their inception because they have seen tourists coming to Costa Rica across the world to enjoy surfing the waves. Since the beginning of the 70’s when trailblazing surfers discovered that Costa Rica is the place to enjoy surfing, this Central American country bookmarked itself to provide the world-class surf breaks, peaceful atmosphere, and fully secured surfing experience from the qualified instructors. Just tell them whether you are a beginner or a pro, they will assist you accordingly!
Diversity Of Waves For All Levels
Admit it, believe it. According to the famous travel magazines, the country of Costa Rica has been straight up geographically blessed for surfing. With world-class surfing beaches that are spread across 800 miles of Caribbean and Pacific coastline, the pristine blue waters in Costa Rica remains warm throughout the year and welcomes both beginners surfers as well as pro surfers. A few of the best Costa Rica surf camps are found in famous Surf Towns in Costa Rica were trying and testing your adrenaline nerves is one of the best things to do in Costa Rica.
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Jam-Packed With Afro African Culture & Beautiful Landscape
Apart from its diversified waves, pristine blue waters, luxe, and affordable surf resorts that are destinations in themselves, Costa Rica also has a fire to keep you busy for a couple of days out on a Costa Rica trip itinerary for 6-7 days. You can book an all-inclusive Costa Rica itinerary to explore a beautiful landscape, rainforests, and much more! Simply put, Costa Rica is a beautiful country, and there’s a lot to watch besides surfing only!
Best Selling Costa Rica Surf Resorts –
Selina Surf Camp
Located in the famous surf town of Nosara, Selina Surf Camp is tucked. The staff at this surf resort offers a 6 to 7-night surf package starting at £396* onwards in which delicious morning meals, dinner, stay, a surfboard with equipment, free surfing lessons, tips by instructors are provided. Selina Surf Camp is nestled amongst the trees and sits right on the sand, which makes it the best resort to get access to surfing.
Witch’s Rock Surf Camp
Boasting of being one of the best-surfing resorts in Tamarindo – the famous surf town in Costa Rica, Witch’s Rock Surf Camp has everything from a coffee shop, restaurants to surf shops, which makes it all the more favorable. They have options for individuals as well as family/corporate bookings, so check them out! Did we mention that Witch’s Rock Surf Camp package consists of morning meals, dinners, surfing lessons, and tips, and airport transfers?
So, We Are Saying….
Costa Rica is nothing short of a paradise for surfers, natural landscape lovers. So, tell us in the comments section – when are you putting Costa Rica on your bucket list!
Common FAQs about Costa Rica Surf Trip:
Q1: Is Costa Rica good for surfing?
For surfers, Costa Rica is a paradise place to visit without making a hole in your pocket.
Q2: Are there sharks in Costa Rica?
Yes! Sharks are present in Costa Rica, but you’re not asked to swim in those regions. Better you book your surfing trip to Costa Rica from the trip planners.
Q3: Should I stay in Costa Rica to surf?
Choose to stay at the famous surf towns like Dominical, Jacó, Tamarindo, and similar! |
Fatal gastroenteritis associated with coronaviruslike particles.
The role of human enteric coronaviruses in infantile gastroenteritis is controversial. We detected coronaviruslike particles in the intestinal contents and within the epithelial cells of the ileum in a 15-month-old infant who had postmortem evidence of severe enteritis. Ultrastructural findings consistent with in vivo coronavirus replication in the human small intestine support a causative role for this agent in gastroenteritis. |
Habeo Tiny House For Sale
Hunt, TX | 285 Sq Ft | $69,000
From Habeo Tiny Homes is this 24' home on wheels with an eye-catching exterior! The home has all RV-style hookups, making this home easy to set up whether you're using it for travel or permanent living. |
Blake Island -- Thumbnail History
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Blake Island, a 476-acre Washington State Park, lies in Puget Sound approximately eight miles from downtown Seattle. It is located in east central Kitsap County, four miles off Alki Point, between the south end of Bainbridge Island and the north end of Vashon Island. Blake Island, with its five miles of beach shoreline and magnificent views of the Olympic Mountains and Seattle skyline, is only accessible by boat. The island was an ancestral camping ground of the Suquamish Indian tribe. Later, it was logged and eventually sold to William Trimble and his family. Tragedy ended the Trimble family's interest in Blake Island. After years of neglect, the property became a marine state park in 1959.
The Explorers
In 1792, Captain George Vancouver of the British Royal Navy was in the Pacific Northwest, exploring and charting Puget Sound, when he noted “a small, round island” in his journal but neglected to give it a name. Early inhabitants called it High Island, although the island’s maximum elevation is only 160 feet.
In 1841, Lt. Charles Wilkes of the United States Exploring Expedition, charted and officially named Blake Island, probably in honor of George Smith Blake who was in charge of the United States Coast Survey (1837-1848) during the time of the Wilkes expedition. The local settlers, however, referred to it as Smuggler's Island.
Blake Island was an ancestral camping ground of the Suquamish Indian tribe and legend has it Chief Seattle (178?-1866) was born there.
Cutting Down the Trees
In the mid-1800s, the island was owned and logged by G. A. Meigs and W. P. Sayward, who operated a big saw mill at Port Madison on Bainbridge Island. Most of the timber produced in the Puget Sound region was being shipped to San Francisco, the largest market for forestry products on the West Coast.
After the timber supply was exhausted, and the island was no longer a source of revenue, Meigs stopped paying property taxes to Kitsap County. Eventually, the taxes became so far delinquent that Kitsap County, to avoid taking over the property, forgave approximately $2,000 in interest, to secure settlement. Apparently Meigs was having other difficulties meeting his financial responsibilities. A Seattle bank finally foreclosed against Meigs and took possession of Blake Island, along with other properties.
The Trimble Era
Around the turn of the twentieth century, William Pitt Trimble (1863-1943), an attorney and real estate financier, purchased Blake Island. Born in Cynthiana, Kentucky, Trimble came to Washington state in 1890 from Cincinnati, Ohio, making his home in Seattle in 1892. He married Cannie Webb Ford (1871-1929) of Covington, Kentucky, in 1897 and they had five children: Ford, William Jr., Mary, Augusta, and Webb. Trimble was a genius in real estate promotion and became a millionaire. By 1920, he was one of the wealthiest men in Seattle, with extensive commercial real estate holdings in the central business district.
After acquiring the property, the Trimbles renamed it Trimble Island. They were the first to build a house and lived there continuously from 1917 through 1923, spending these years making Trimble Island one of the most beautiful private estates in the country. William Pitt Trimble planned ultimately to give the island to Seattle as a municipal park, “a green fragment of nature surviving in a world of progress and subdivisions.” The Trimbles also had a splendid house at1019 Terry Avenue and maintained year-round residences in New York and Washington D. C.
The Trimble “mansion” was a rambling two-story house of 12 rooms, with five fireplaces on the main floor. The living room was 35 by 40 feet, with large Douglas fir ceiling beams. Across the front of the house was a broad verandah that overlooked the large front lawn and extensive formal gardens sloping gently toward the water. The estate also had a vegetable garden, a large pasture for horses, and a cement tennis court. Three caretakers maintained Trimble Island all year-round.
An Island Garden
Cannie Trimble established the island as an ad hoc bird and wildlife sanctuary. The discharge of firearms was forbidden. Local residents claimed that during hunting season, deer would swim to the island from the Kitsap Peninsula, seeking refuge. In the summer, when the family was living on the island, William Trimble commuted daily from his private boat landing to Seattle aboard his 50-foot yacht, Athena.
Trimble Island even had its own post office, with William Pitt Trimble duly appointed as postmaster. The boats that plied the waters of Puget Sound, picking up and delivering mail, stopped regularly at Trimble’s Landing. Potable water, food, and other supplies were delivered to the island every week.
During the Prohibition era in Washington state (1916-1933), bootleggers and rumrunners sometimes tried to take refuge on the island. The Trimbles would often hear the subdued sound of powerboats, probably from Canada, traveling at night, without lights. Occasionally, they heard the muffled sound of a rowboat; squeaking oarlocks and a keel grating on the beach rocks. It was the three caretaker’s job to make sure these nocturnal visits did not occur too often.
In 1924, the Trimbles moved back to Seattle, establishing their residence at 1206 University Street, but maintained Trimble Island as their private summer retreat.
Tragedy and Misfortune
On December 7, 1929, tragedy struck the Trimble family. Cannie Trimble was drowned in a freak accident when the family automobile plunged off the King Street Pier into Elliott Bay. Her husband, William Trimble, and sons Ford and William Jr., survived the mishap but the family never went back to Trimble Island to live.
The estate was abandoned and, over the years, was systematically vandalized and plundered. On a chilly afternoon in the late 1940s, Don Winslow and Keith Williams, two South Kitsap High School students, landed on the island in a 16-foot homemade boat. The boys visited the deteriorating Trimble house and built a fire in the massive fireplace to warm up. They left after a couple of hours and returned to the mainland. During the night, the old house burned to the ground, most likely caused by a smoldering chimney fire or errant embers.
The Great Depression (1929-1939) added to William Trimble’s misfortune. Real estate lost much of its value and he found himself “property poor.” In 1936, in an effort to recoup some of his fortune, Trimble traded the island to the United National Corporation, an investment company, for the Medical-Dental Building in Tacoma. Most of his fortune gone, Trimble retired to a small house on Capitol Hill where he lived alone until his death on March 19, 1943.
The Decades of Neglect
After the Trimble family left, the island reverted to its original name, Blake Island. The property, untended during the next two decades, became a tangle of natural vegetation in a forest of second (and perhaps third) growth alder and hemlock trees. Only the enormous stumps remained of the giant cedar and fir trees that had covered the island in the 1800s. On May 11, 1954, the United National Corporation, owners of Blake Island, changed its name to the United Pacific Corporation.
Blake became a forbidden island, ringed with “Private Property-Keep Off,” and “No Trespassing” signs. Even so, small boats prowled around the island, landing on the beach for picnics and minor exploration. During World War II (1940-1945) there was an unsubstantiated rumor that Blake Island was being used for an ammunition dump. Navy cargo ships were sometimes anchored offshore, leading people to believe the whole center of the island was stacked with explosives. Plus, the Manchester Naval Supply Depot and the Bremerton Naval Shipyard were only a short distance away.
In 1958, controversy arose when a private concern showed an interest in developing an exclusive housing project, luxury resort-hotel, and yacht harbor on Blake Island. Washington State Land Commissioner Bert Cole believed the island, adjacent to such a populated region, should be preserved and developed for the use of the general public. He proceeded to gather all the details for acquiring the property from the United Pacific Corporation. During the early planning stages, Blake Island was even considered as the site for Seattle’s “Century 21 Exposition” (1962), but ruled out as impractical.
An Island Park for Washington
In January 1959, the Kitsap County Auditor’s office recorded a deed transferring title to 355 acres of property, with 14,000 feet of tideland, from the United Pacific Corporation to Washington state. The state traded timber in Mason County valued at $250,000 for the Blake Island property valued at $300,000. The state already held title to 120 acres on the southern end of the island as common school land.
On August 4, 1959, the Washington State Board of Natural Resources, acting on the recommendation of Commissioner Cole, set aside all of Blake Island for a park. The Washington State Parks and Recreation Department immediately set about developing the island into a state park, creating camping facilities, installing sanitary facilities, and developing a water supply from underground springs.
Tillicum Village
In 1961, Seattle caterer William “Bill” Hewitt (1917-2002) came up with an idea for Blake Island State Park: Tillicum Village, a tourist attraction to showcase Northwest Coast Indian arts, culture, and food. Hewitt built a giant cedar-lined longhouse with a restaurant, a performance area for Northwest Indian dancing, and a gift shop on the northeast side of the island. Since the village was only accessible by boat, he also built a 324-foot public pier with a 180 foot float.
When completed, Hewitt turned ownership of the facility over to the Washington State Parks and Recreation Department, with the understanding he would be allowed operate Tillicum Village as a concession. The entire Tillicum Village complex was operational in June 1962, in time for the Century 21 Exposition. Although not affiliated with any tribal entity, 70 percent of the Tillicum Village’s employees are of Native American ancestry.
Approximately 100,000 people visit Blake Island State Park every year, arriving mostly on the tour boats from Seattle waterfront piers 55 and 56, just eight miles (about 45 minutes) away. Meetings and conferences are held in the longhouse, most importantly the November 1993 "summit" of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation conference (APEC), attended by United States President Bill Clinton and the Presidents or Prime Ministers of the People's Republic of China, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Indonesia, South Korea, The Philippines, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and Thailand, plus high officials from Taiwan and Hong Kong.
Most visitors use the State Park for outdoor recreation. There are 12 miles of hiking trails on the island, mostly old service roads. The longest trail, 4.5 miles, circumnavigates the island on the bluffs above the beach. Located on a trail behind Tillicum Village, the foundations of the Trimble family home, and a few other remnants of the estate, can still be seen. Blake Island is truly the most unique state park in the Puget Sound region.
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The hotel is located between Colleferro and Artena, 30km away from Rome.Rooms are medium in size and furnished in a traditional style. They are decorated in cream colour and give a comfortable. All rooms are sound-proof and the bedspreads and the curtains are well-coordinated. |
Missing Michigan Children Jan 2018
Help us find 5 missing Michigan teenagers that disappeared in January of 2018. Two of them are young girls from Kalamazoo.
It's impossible to imagine what the families of these missing teens are going through. Not to mention, what the missing teens themselves are going through. If you have any information that can help us bring one of these kids home please call 911 or your local law enforcement agency.
1
Deylin Martinez Banegas
Last Seen In Kalamazoo (Deylin may travel to Louisiana or California. She has a mole under her left nostril.)
Deylin is a 17-year old Hispanic female who was last seen on January 7th, 2018. |
package com.sequenceiq.it.cloudbreak.util.azure;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import com.sequenceiq.it.cloudbreak.util.wait.CompletableWaitUtil;
import rx.Completable;
public class AzureInstanceActionExecutor {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AzureInstanceActionExecutor.class);
private final List<String> instanceIds;
private final Function<String, Completable> instanceAction;
private final Function<String, AzureInstanceActionResult> getInstanceActionResult;
private final int timeoutValue;
private final TimeUnit timeoutUnit;
private AzureInstanceActionExecutor(
List<String> instanceIds,
Function<String, Completable> instanceAction,
Function<String, AzureInstanceActionResult> getInstanceActionResult,
int timeoutValue,
TimeUnit timeoutUnit) {
this.instanceAction = instanceAction;
this.getInstanceActionResult = getInstanceActionResult;
this.instanceIds = instanceIds;
this.timeoutValue = timeoutValue;
this.timeoutUnit = timeoutUnit;
}
public void execute() {
new CompletableWaitUtil(
Completable.merge(instanceIds.stream().map(instanceAction).collect(Collectors.toList())),
timeoutValue,
timeoutUnit,
() -> instanceIds.parallelStream()
.map(getInstanceActionResult)
.collect(Collectors.toList())
).doWait();
}
public static AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder builder() {
return new AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder();
}
public static class AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder {
private Function<String, Completable> instanceAction;
private Function<String, AzureInstanceActionResult> instanceStatusCheck;
private List<String> instanceIds;
private int timeoutValue;
private TimeUnit timeoutUnit;
/**
* Required
*
* @param instanceIds ids of instances to execute the action on
* @return the builder
*/
public AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder onInstances(List<String> instanceIds) {
this.instanceIds = instanceIds;
return this;
}
/**
* Required
*
* @param action to carry out on the instances
* @return the builder
*/
public AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder withInstanceAction(Function<String, Completable> action) {
this.instanceAction = action;
return this;
}
/**
* Required
*
* @param getInstanceActionResult - checks if the action has reached the desired end state
* @return the builder
*/
public AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder withInstanceStatusCheck(Function<String, AzureInstanceActionResult> getInstanceActionResult) {
this.instanceStatusCheck = getInstanceActionResult;
return this;
}
public AzureInstanceExecutorBuilder withTimeout(int timeout, TimeUnit timeoutUnit) {
this.timeoutValue = timeout;
this.timeoutUnit = timeoutUnit;
return this;
}
/**
* Will create the AzureInstanceExecutor.
* Required arguments: instanceIds, instanceAction, instanceStatusCheck
*
* @return AzureInstanceExecutor
* @throws NullPointerException if any of the required arguments are missing
*/
public AzureInstanceActionExecutor build() {
if (instanceIds == null || instanceAction == null || instanceStatusCheck == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("Arguments of AzureInstaneExecutor should not be null");
}
return new AzureInstanceActionExecutor(instanceIds, instanceAction, instanceStatusCheck, timeoutValue, timeoutUnit);
}
}
}
|
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effect of equality and diversity policies on the gender pay gap in UK public sector. The study is evaluated using secondary data from Labour Force Surveys (LFS), Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) and Workplace Employees Relations Survey (WERS) which compares the presence of equality and diversity policies with the simultaneous gender pay gap in UK public sector in order to determine the extent to which these policies have affected the gender pay gap in UK public sector. |
The Greens
The Reliability Test
Author: Jackson Janes
It’s two months before the German election on September 24, and the Green Party is struggling to gain traction. Recent polls project single-digit support, with few indications of improvement. Not too long ago, speculation about a government led by Angela Merkel with the Green Party as a coalition partner was not unusual. That option seems less likely now, particularly with an apparent resurgence of the Free Democratic Party (FDP). And a remake of a coalition between the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Greens is probably out of reach given the low polling figures of both parties at this point. Of course, that could change. While anything can happen in today’s volatile political environment, the Greens appear to be facing another legislative term in the opposition seats in Berlin.
However, the Greens are stronger than they look at the national level—a trend that has been particularly observable in the past decade. Today the Greens are represented in the parliaments of fourteen states and in governing coalitions in ten state governments. Baden-Württemberg has a popular Green minister-president. The Greens have also shown flexibility in political coalitions, aligning with both the Christian Democrats (CDU) and the SPD in state and local governments. That has a lot to do with the decentralized and divergent nature of political issues—voters in Schleswig-Holstein have different concerns than those in Bavaria—but it also has to do with the competencies of states (Länder) versus the federal government. Green Party candidates may find greater resonance at different levels of government. Still, in the past three national elections, the Greens have not been as successful as they were in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when they helped the SPD win twice and joined it in the governing coalition for seven years.
First emerging in 1980 as a party primarily focused on environmental issues, the Green Party’s agenda has widened to include a spectrum of domestic issues and foreign policy positions. Under the leadership of then foreign minister Joschka Fischer, the Greens broke with a pacifist position and were supportive of German intervention in the Balkan wars. More than a decade later, the Greens have taken tough positions against the Russian annexation of Crimea and its intervention in Ukraine. However, there remains a good deal of intra-party frictions over policy directions.
In some ways, the Greens have seen some their primary agenda adopted by the two larger political parties who have devoted more attention to environmental issues as well as other social topics, such as same sex marriage, education, support for family policies, and, more recently, refugee issues. That has left the Greens challenged to redefine the party profile in a political arena in which party affiliation is less coherent and reliable among voters than it was in previous decades.
As of now, the Greens are dangerously close to the 5 percent hurdle they pass to stay represented in the Bundestag. Recent state elections do not all bode well. On the one hand, the Greens were unable to stay in the state parliament of Saarland in its most recent election. They also lost their coalition with the Social Democrats in Germany’s largest state, North Rhine-Westphalia. On the other, they did better in Schleswig-Holstein and are now part of a three-way coalition in Kiel with the CDU and the FDP. While such a coalition may be a less likely outcome on September 24, it does pose a precedent that could work nationally. To do so, the Green Party, which has always been an internally fractious party, will have to secure the support of its base.
While the chancellor might prefer a coalition with only the FDP, a coalition also including the Greens might conceivably be attractive to cover a larger number of agenda items. One of them is going to have to be the sustainability of the European project and on that issue, it is possible that consensus could be forged. Another might be the further evolution of the so-called Energiewende toward more renewable energy sources. And a third might be the continuing effort to forge a strategic approach to Germany’s global responsibilities.
Should Merkel lose her current lead in the polls, another scenario might be a coalition of SPD/FDP/the Greens. But combining those choices together would be a combustible mixture. One very knotty problem connected with all of those scenarios is the distribution of federal ministries within such combinations. That would be extremely complicated in the competition for power.
The two leading candidates of the Greens—Cem Özdemir and Katrin Göring-Eckardt—are experienced politicians. They are both seen as centrists within the party ranks and able to reach out to multiple constituencies. Both aim to reach a high enough level in the elections to have the cards to negotiate a coalition, be it with Merkel or in a larger arrangement with the CDU/CSU and the FDP. Göring-Eckhardt grew up in East Germany and might be able to strengthen the base in that region. Özdemir is the son of an immigrant family and exemplifies the changing fabric of German society. He also has the skills to handle foreign policy agendas. But both need to appeal to a larger set of voters to bring the party back into government.
The Greens have been out of governing power in Berlin for twelve years. The leadership wants another opportunity. The shifting sands of the political arena could make it possible. But the party has to make clear to voters why it can help deliver what many voters want: reliability. Merkel has been able to take advantage of that need so far. If they are going to be players again, the Greens need to figure out how they can convey that same message.
Dr. Jackson Janes is the President of AICGS. Follow him on Twitter @DrJJanes.
The views expressed are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. |
Q:
XML background image in layout
This is ridiculous, no error, I already did the same on some other projects and works fine but it still shows nothing...
Someone knows why my background image is fine in the editor (in the Android Studio editor it shows the background image), but when I run the app on my device, it shows the only white background with just my 2 buttons...
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context="com.example.ale.mediaspectrumplayer.MainActivity"
android:background="@drawable/background">
<Button
android:id="@+id/ID_MediaPlayer_Button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="48dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:layout_marginStart="24dp"
android:text="@string/main_MediaPlayer"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/ID_SpectrumView_Button"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.0"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/ID_SpectrumView_Button"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginBottom="48dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
android:text="@string/main_SpectrumView"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.25"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent" />
</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>
Neither with code it works and I dunno why (layout.setBackgroundResource(R.drawable.background), and neither with image view and scale fitXY...that's absurd
A:
Sometimes, if the image you are using to set as background is of high resolution or is heavy, system just avoids loading it to save the memory. In case you want that image in the background of the whole content, you have to set an image view whose height and width matches that of the parent layout. Then use an image loading library eg : Picasso, Glide etc to efficiently load the high resolution image in that ImageView without burdening the system
|
Free Nolan County, Texas Topo Maps & Elevations
Free printable Nolan County, TX topographic maps, GPS coordinates, photos, & more for popular landmarks in Nolan County including Sweetwater, Roscoe, and Blackwell.
County Borders
US Topo Map Quadrants
The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) publishes a set of topographic maps of the U.S. commonly
known as US Topo Maps. These maps are seperated into rectangular quadrants that are
intended to be printed at 22.75"x29" or larger.
The map now contains brown squares outlining nearby US Topo Map quadrants.
Clicking anywhere within a quandrant will display an info window with the map name, as
well as links to download the map to your computer, or order a waterproof printed map.
Don't show this message again
US Topo Maps covering Nolan County, TX
The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) publishes a set of the most commonly used topographic maps of the U.S.
called US Topo that are separated into rectangular quadrants that are printed at 22.75"x29" or
larger. Nolan County is covered by the following US Topo Map quadrants. |
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