text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
|---|
uuid: 483d226d-51c7-4376-a56a-11d2d0906fca
langcode: en
status: true
dependencies:
config:
- field.storage.node.field_tax_lifecycle
- node.type.topic_page
- taxonomy.vocabulary.lifecycle
id: node.topic_page.field_tax_lifecycle
field_name: field_tax_lifecycle
entity_type: node
bundle: topic_page
label: Lifecycle
description: ''
required: false
translatable: true
default_value: { }
default_value_callback: ''
settings:
handler: 'default:taxonomy_term'
handler_settings:
target_bundles:
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sort:
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Gross total removal of adult brainstem glioma--two case reports.
Two adult patients with brainstem glioma were successfully treated surgically. A 37-year-old male had a dorsally exophytic pontine glioma developing from the fourth ventricular fundus, and another 27-year-old male an intrinsic nodular mesencephalic glioma. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging clearly visualized the tumor margin in both cases, and showed the relationship between the tumor and brainstem structure accurately. The tumors were radically excised using intraoperative evoked potential monitoring, ultrasonic surgical aspirator, and microsurgical techniques. Surgery is indicated when the tumor margin in the brainstem and adjacent region is clear, and the approach is possible without affecting the functional prognosis. |
// MonoGame - Copyright (C) The MonoGame Team
// This file is subject to the terms and conditions defined in
// file 'LICENSE.txt', which is part of this source code package.
using Android.App;
using Android.Content;
using Android.Hardware;
using Android.Views;
using Android.Provider;
namespace Microsoft.Xna.Framework
{
internal class OrientationListener : OrientationEventListener
{
/// <summary>
/// Constructor. SensorDelay.Ui is passed to the base class as this orientation listener
/// is just used for flipping the screen orientation, therefore high frequency data is not required.
/// </summary>
public OrientationListener(Context context)
: base(context, SensorDelay.Ui)
{
}
public override void OnOrientationChanged(int orientation)
{
if (orientation == OrientationEventListener.OrientationUnknown)
return;
// Avoid changing orientation whilst the screen is locked
if (ScreenReceiver.ScreenLocked)
return;
// Check if screen orientation is locked by user: if it's locked, do not change orientation.
try
{
if (Settings.System.GetInt(Application.Context.ContentResolver, "accelerometer_rotation") == 0)
return;
}
catch (Settings.SettingNotFoundException)
{
// Do nothing (or log warning?). In case android API or Xamarin do not support this Android system property.
}
var disporientation = AndroidCompatibility.GetAbsoluteOrientation(orientation);
// Only auto-rotate if target orientation is supported and not current
AndroidGameWindow gameWindow = (AndroidGameWindow)Game.Instance.Window;
if ((gameWindow.GetEffectiveSupportedOrientations() & disporientation) != 0 &&
disporientation != gameWindow.CurrentOrientation)
{
gameWindow.SetOrientation(disporientation, true);
}
}
}
} |
/* mbed Microcontroller Library
* Copyright (c) 2006-2017 ARM Limited
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
/**
* This file configures the system clock as follows:
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
* System clock source | 1- USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC (external 8 MHz clock)
* | 2- USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL (external 8 MHz xtal)
* | 3- USE_PLL_HSI (internal 8 MHz)
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
* SYSCLK(MHz) | 48
* AHBCLK (MHz) | 48
* APB1CLK (MHz) | 48
* USB capable | YES
*-----------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#include "stm32f0xx.h"
#include "mbed_error.h"
#define USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC 0x8 // Use external clock (ST Link MCO)
#define USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL 0x4 // Use external xtal (X3 on board - not provided by default)
#define USE_PLL_HSI 0x2 // Use HSI internal clock
#if ( ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL) || ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC) )
uint8_t SetSysClock_PLL_HSE(uint8_t bypass);
#endif /* ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL) || ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC) */
#if ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSI)
uint8_t SetSysClock_PLL_HSI(void);
#endif /* ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSI) */
/**
* @brief Setup the microcontroller system.
* Initialize the default HSI clock source, vector table location and the PLL configuration is reset.
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
void SystemInit(void)
{
/* Reset the RCC clock configuration to the default reset state ------------*/
/* Set HSION bit */
RCC->CR |= (uint32_t)0x00000001U;
#if defined (STM32F051x8) || defined (STM32F058x8)
/* Reset SW[1:0], HPRE[3:0], PPRE[2:0], ADCPRE and MCOSEL[2:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xF8FFB80CU;
#else
/* Reset SW[1:0], HPRE[3:0], PPRE[2:0], ADCPRE, MCOSEL[2:0], MCOPRE[2:0] and PLLNODIV bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0x08FFB80CU;
#endif /* STM32F051x8 or STM32F058x8 */
/* Reset HSEON, CSSON and PLLON bits */
RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFEF6FFFFU;
/* Reset HSEBYP bit */
RCC->CR &= (uint32_t)0xFFFBFFFFU;
/* Reset PLLSRC, PLLXTPRE and PLLMUL[3:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR &= (uint32_t)0xFFC0FFFFU;
/* Reset PREDIV[3:0] bits */
RCC->CFGR2 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFFF0U;
#if defined (STM32F072xB) || defined (STM32F078xx)
/* Reset USART2SW[1:0], USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW, CECSW, USBSW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFCFE2CU;
#elif defined (STM32F071xB)
/* Reset USART2SW[1:0], USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW, CECSW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFCEACU;
#elif defined (STM32F091xC) || defined (STM32F098xx)
/* Reset USART3SW[1:0], USART2SW[1:0], USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW, CECSW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFF0FEACU;
#elif defined (STM32F030x6) || defined (STM32F030x8) || defined (STM32F031x6) || defined (STM32F038xx) || defined (STM32F030xC)
/* Reset USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFEECU;
#elif defined (STM32F051x8) || defined (STM32F058xx)
/* Reset USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW, CECSW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFEACU;
#elif defined (STM32F042x6) || defined (STM32F048xx)
/* Reset USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW, CECSW, USBSW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFE2CU;
#elif defined (STM32F070x6) || defined (STM32F070xB)
/* Reset USART1SW[1:0], I2C1SW, USBSW and ADCSW bits */
RCC->CFGR3 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFE6CU;
/* Set default USB clock to PLLCLK, since there is no HSI48 */
RCC->CFGR3 |= (uint32_t)0x00000080U;
#else
#warning "No target selected"
#endif
/* Reset HSI14 bit */
RCC->CR2 &= (uint32_t)0xFFFFFFFEU;
/* Disable all interrupts */
RCC->CIR = 0x00000000U;
/* Enable SYSCFGENR in APB2EN, needed for 1st call of NVIC_SetVector, to copy vectors from flash to ram */
RCC->APB2ENR |= RCC_APB2ENR_SYSCFGEN;
}
/**
* @brief Configures the System clock source, PLL Multiplier and Divider factors,
* AHB/APBx prescalers and Flash settings
* @note This function should be called only once the RCC clock configuration
* is reset to the default reset state (done in SystemInit() function).
* @param None
* @retval None
*/
void SetSysClock(void)
{
#if ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC)
/* 1- Try to start with HSE and external clock */
if (SetSysClock_PLL_HSE(1) == 0)
#endif
{
#if ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL)
/* 2- If fail try to start with HSE and external xtal */
if (SetSysClock_PLL_HSE(0) == 0)
#endif
{
#if ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSI)
/* 3- If fail start with HSI clock */
if (SetSysClock_PLL_HSI() == 0)
#endif
{
{
error("SetSysClock failed\n");
}
}
}
}
// Output clock on MCO pin(PA8) for debugging purpose
// HAL_RCC_MCOConfig(RCC_MCO, RCC_MCOSOURCE_SYSCLK, RCC_MCO_DIV1); // 48 MHz
}
#if ( ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL) || ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC) )
/******************************************************************************/
/* PLL (clocked by HSE) used as System clock source */
/******************************************************************************/
uint8_t SetSysClock_PLL_HSE(uint8_t bypass)
{
RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};
//Select HSI as system clock source to allow modification of the PLL configuration
RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK;
RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_HSI;
if(HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_1) != HAL_OK) {
return 0; // FAIL
}
// Select HSE oscillator as PLL source
RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSE;
if (bypass == 0) {
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_ON; // External 8 MHz xtal on OSC_IN/OSC_OUT
} else {
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_BYPASS; // External 8 MHz clock on OSC_IN only
}
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSE;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PREDIV = RCC_PREDIV_DIV2;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL12;
if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK) {
return 0; // FAIL
}
// Select PLL as system clock source and configure the HCLK and PCLK1 clocks dividers
RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = (RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1);
RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK; // 48 MHz
RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1; // 48 MHz
RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1; // 48 MHz
if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_1) != HAL_OK) {
return 0; // FAIL
}
// Output clock on MCO pin(PA8) for debugging purpose
//if (bypass == 0)
// HAL_RCC_MCOConfig(RCC_MCO, RCC_MCOSOURCE_HSE, RCC_MCO_DIV2); // 4 MHz with xtal
//else
// HAL_RCC_MCOConfig(RCC_MCO, RCC_MCOSOURCE_HSE, RCC_MCO_DIV4); // 2 MHz with ST-Link MCO
return 1; // OK
}
#endif /* ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_XTAL) || ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSE_EXTC) */
#if ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSI)
/******************************************************************************/
/* PLL (clocked by HSI) used as System clock source */
/******************************************************************************/
uint8_t SetSysClock_PLL_HSI(void)
{
RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct;
RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct;
// Select PLLCLK = 48 MHz ((HSI 8 MHz / 2) * 12)
RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSEState = RCC_HSE_OFF;
RCC_OscInitStruct.LSEState = RCC_LSE_OFF;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSICalibrationValue = RCC_HSICALIBRATION_DEFAULT;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSI14State = RCC_HSI_OFF;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSI14CalibrationValue = RCC_HSI14CALIBRATION_DEFAULT;
RCC_OscInitStruct.HSI48State = RCC_HSI_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.LSIState = RCC_LSI_OFF;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSI; // HSI div 2
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PREDIV = RCC_PREDIV_DIV2;
RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLL_MUL12;
if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK) {
return 0; // FAIL
}
// Select PLL as system clock source and configure the HCLK and PCLK1 clocks dividers
RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = (RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1);
RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK; // 48 MHz
RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1; // 48 MHz
RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1; // 48 MHz
if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_1) != HAL_OK) {
return 0; // FAIL
}
// Output clock on MCO1 pin(PA8) for debugging purpose
//HAL_RCC_MCOConfig(RCC_MCO, RCC_MCOSOURCE_HSI, RCC_MCO_DIV1); // 48 MHz
return 1; // OK
}
#endif /* ((CLOCK_SOURCE) & USE_PLL_HSI) */
|
Idiopathic dural optic nerve sheath calcification associated with choroidal osteoma.
A 28-year-old woman presented with a choroidal osteoma in the right eye and optic atrophy in the left eye, associated with bilateral optic nerve sheath calcification and calcifications in the pineal, choroid plexus, and dura (falx and tentorium). Visual acuity, tumor size, and intracranial calcifications did not change over 16 years. The combination of bilateral optic nerve sheath calcification with multiple intracranial calcifications suggests an unexplained and generalized dural calcification process. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of choroidal ossifying tumor associated with calcified lesions of the optic nerves. Although the pathogenesis of bone formation in choroidal osteoma remains uncertain, intraocular inflammation might be one cause. |
/dts-v1/;
/ {
reserved-names = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\0bbbbbb\0ccccccccccccc";
reserved-ranges = < 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 0x0 >;
};
|
Arakaki Seishō
was a prominent Okinawan martial arts master who influenced the development of several major karate styles. He was known by many other names, including Aragaki Tsuji Pechin Seisho.
Life and martial arts
Arakaki was born in 1840 in either Kumemura, on Okinawa Island, or on the nearby island of Sesoko. He was an official in the royal court of Ryūkyū, and as such held the title of Chikudon Peichin, which denoted a status similar to that of the samurai in Japan. On 24 March 1867, he demonstrated Okinawan martial arts in Shuri, then capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, before a visiting Chinese ambassador; this was a notable event, since experts such as Ankō Asato, Ankō Itosu, and Matsumura Sōkon were still active at that time. Arakaki served as a Chinese language interpreter, and travelled to Beijing in September 1870. His only recorded martial arts instructor from this period was Wai Xinxian from Fuzhou, a city in the Fujian province of Qing Dynasty China. Arakaki died in 1918.
Kata
Arakaki was famous for teaching the kata (patterns) Unshu, Seisan, Shihohai, Sōchin, Niseishi, and Sanchin (which were later incorporated into different styles of karate), and weapons kata Arakaki-no-kun, Arakaki-no-sai, and Sesoku-no-kun.
Legacy
While Arakaki did not develop any specific styles himself, his techniques and kata are obvious throughout a number of modern karate and kobudo styles. His students included Higaonna Kanryō, founder of Naha-te; Chōjun Miyagi (宮城 長順), founder of Gōjū-ryū; Funakoshi Gichin, founder of Shotokan; Uechi Kanbun, founder of Uechi-ryū; Kanken Tōyama, founder of Shūdōkan; Mabuni Kenwa, founder of Shitō-ryū; and Chitose Tsuyoshi, founder of Chitō-ryū.
Some consider Chitō-ryū the closest existing style to Arakaki's martial arts, while others have noted that Arakaki's descendants are mostly involved with Gōjū-ryū.
References
Category:1840 births
Category:1918 deaths
Category:Japanese translators
Category:Karate coaches
Category:Okinawan male karateka
Category:Translators to Japanese
Category:19th-century translators |
Improved outcome utilizing spinal anesthesia in high-risk infants.
The development of apnea following general anesthesia in high-risk infants (less than 60 weeks postconceptual age) has been reported up to 37%, prompting the routine admission of these children following minor surgical procedures. One hundred forty high-risk infants (American Society of Anesthesiologists category greater than or equal to 2) were prospectively evaluated after undergoing surgical procedures normally performed as outpatients in low-risk babies. All patients had spinal anesthesia for their operations. The mean gestational age for these infants was 30.8 +/- 3.7 weeks (minimum, 24 weeks) with a mean birth weight of 1,466.0 +/- 638.8 g. The mean postconceptual age and weight at the time of surgery were 44.8 +/- 7.8 weeks and 3,336 +/- 1,242 g, respectively. Difficulty in administering the spinal anesthetic occurred in 6 cases (4.2%). Postoperative complications occurred in 5 children (3.8%). They were: postoperative fever (2), transient bradycardia (2), and apnea (1). The four cases of postoperative fever and bradycardia were insignificant and required no medical intervention. The single case of apnea occurred in a premature infant who received a supplemental dose of intravenous midazolam. Length of operation in these cases ranged from 15 minutes to 95 minutes (mean, 53 minutes), with two incidents of inadequate anesthesia occurring in this cohort. Mean duration of anesthesia was 146 minutes (range, 50 to 240 minutes) and was directly dependent on dosage administration of the agents. These data indicate that the use of spinal anesthesia in high-risk infants is safe and effective for surgical procedures generally performed as outpatients (3.0% minor complication rate, 0.8% major complication rate).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
<?php
/**
* Smarty plugin
*
* @package Smarty
* @subpackage PluginsModifier
*/
/**
* Smarty date_format modifier plugin
*
* Type: modifier<br>
* Name: date_format<br>
* Purpose: format datestamps via strftime<br>
* Input:<br>
* - string: input date string
* - format: strftime format for output
* - default_date: default date if $string is empty
*
* @link http://www.smarty.net/manual/en/language.modifier.date.format.php date_format (Smarty online manual)
* @author Monte Ohrt <monte at ohrt dot com>
* @param string $string input date string
* @param string $format strftime format for output
* @param string $default_date default date if $string is empty
* @param string $formatter either 'strftime' or 'auto'
* @return string |void
* @uses smarty_make_timestamp()
*/
function smarty_modifier_date_format($string, $format=null, $default_date='', $formatter='auto')
{
if ($format === null) {
$format = Smarty::$_DATE_FORMAT;
}
/**
* Include the {@link shared.make_timestamp.php} plugin
*/
require_once(SMARTY_PLUGINS_DIR . 'shared.make_timestamp.php');
if ($string != '' && $string != '0000-00-00' && $string != '0000-00-00 00:00:00') {
$timestamp = smarty_make_timestamp($string);
} elseif ($default_date != '') {
$timestamp = smarty_make_timestamp($default_date);
} else {
return;
}
if ($formatter=='strftime'||($formatter=='auto'&&strpos($format,'%')!==false)) {
if (DS == '\\') {
$_win_from = array('%D', '%h', '%n', '%r', '%R', '%t', '%T');
$_win_to = array('%m/%d/%y', '%b', "\n", '%I:%M:%S %p', '%H:%M', "\t", '%H:%M:%S');
if (strpos($format, '%e') !== false) {
$_win_from[] = '%e';
$_win_to[] = sprintf('%\' 2d', date('j', $timestamp));
}
if (strpos($format, '%l') !== false) {
$_win_from[] = '%l';
$_win_to[] = sprintf('%\' 2d', date('h', $timestamp));
}
$format = str_replace($_win_from, $_win_to, $format);
}
return strftime($format, $timestamp);
} else {
return date($format, $timestamp);
}
}
|
component {
function test(arg1){
return arg1;
}
} |
Coffe Table Photography book out now! Coffe Table Photography book out now!
999 Days Around Africa: The Road Chose Me
The process of shipping a vehicle from North America to Europe is not nearly as difficult or expensive as people assume.
Step 1: Choose a shipping method
There are two options to ship, Roll-On, Roll-Off (RoRo) and inside a container.
RoRo is usually cheaper, but it means you must give the vehicle keys to the port workers who will drive it on and off the vehicle “ferry”. Some people have no problems, others report horror stories of almost everything not bolted down being stolen. It’s common advice to separate the rear cargo section with a steel cage and padlocks, and make sure the keys you provide can not open that section.
Lots of people wind up using chains and padlocks to protect their stuff, and even then there are reports of stolen or damaged items.
I personally was not willing to take that chance, so I was happy to pay a little extra and ship the Jeep inside a shipping container.
Most 4x4s fit inside a regular 20 foot container, though be sure you check the size of the door, it’s a bit smaller than the container itself. Remember you can always lower your tire pressure to gain another inch if needed. If you can find someone to share with, it’s much cheaper to put two vehicles in a 40 foot container and split the costs.
If your vehicle is taller than the door on a 20 footer, going with a 40 foot “high cube” container is an option – the whole container and door is quite a bit taller.
Step 2: Choose a port of departure
Choose a shipping port somewhere on the East Coast of North America, as it will be cheaper and faster than shipping around from the West Coast. Common choices are Halifax, Nova Scotia, Boston, New York, and various ports in Florida.
Step 3: Choose a destination port
It’s basically the same price to ship into any port in Western Europe or the UK, pick one that suits you best. Usual candidates are Antwerp in Belgium, Bremerhaven in Germany or various options in the UK.
I chose Antwerp because it’s further South so I will spend less in gas driving to Southern Spain, and I don’t have to pay to get it across from the UK on the train.
Step 4: Gather quotes from shipping agents
Usual suspects for quotes are Seabridge, Affordable Freight and weshipcars.co.uk among many others.
It helps to be a little flexible in your destination port if you want the best price, and ships usually sail every week or two.
Be sure to ask what costs are included in the quote and what costs are not. Make sure at a minimum everything on the departure side is covered. There will likely be fees on the destination side that can’t be perfectly quoted or included in the quote – you’ll just have to go with it. (For example, I was told they would be “A few hundred dollars”… more on that in a minute)
Lock in your best option, and give yourself plenty of time to arrive at the departure port with days to spare. Rushing adds lots of unnecessary stress to the whole thing.
For paperwork the shipping agent will only need a scan of the registration and your passport. Also provide a list of everything in the vehicle (clothes, camping gear, tools, spares, etc.)
Step 5: Prepare the vehicle
Clean the vehicle until it’s perfectly spotless inside and out, especially underneath on the frame and anywhere else mud might be caked on.
Then clean it again until it shines like new.
There will be a customs inspection at the destination port, and you really want to avoid paying extra because it needs to be cleaned for agricultural reasons.
Empty the vehicle of all food.
Make sure it’s almost out of gas/diesel – shipping agents want less than 1/8 of a tank at most.
Step 6: Load the vehicle
You will have to load the vehicle at least a few days before the ship sails. It’s easy enough to drive into the container and climb out either the drivers window or out the back.
The loading company will secure the vehicle to the floor of the container, and likely disconnect the battery. Watch them seal the container so you know it’s safe, and take a photo or write down the numbers on the customs seal, and the numbers on the container.
Wave goodbye to your friend as it is taken away.
Step 7: Pay
Now the vehicle is loaded and on the way, you can pay for the shipping, and receive a receipt for that. You may or may not get your Bill of Lading now, which is the official document showing what’s in the container, and who owns it. You can get it later too, no worries.
Now it’s loaded, you can book your own plane flights. Doing so beforehand is risky incase there is an issue, and again will add to the stress of the whole thing. WestJet now fly direct from Halifax, NS to cities in Europe and the UK, it’s an extremely easy ~5 hour flight.
Step 8: Wait impatiently
Sailing time from Halifax, NS to Antwerp in Belgium is just under 2 weeks. Fly yourself to the destination, and do some touristy stuff as a backpacker for a while
Step 9: Get European “Green Card” Insurance
You must have vehicle insurance to drive in Europe, and your vehicle won’t clear customs without it. A few options for foreigners with foreign vehicles are:
http://arisa-assur.com – Who quoted me €105 Euro per month for every country in the EU. (info@arisa-assur.com)
http://alessi.com – Who quoted me €249 Euro for one month, then €105 Euro each month after that for every country in the EU plus Morocco and a few others. (alessi@alessi.com)
Step 10: Get a freight forwarder at your destination port
When shipping inside a container you can’t walk into the port to get the vehicle yourself, you must pay a freight forwarder to do this for you.
Ask your shipping line for recommendations, there are always tons to choose from. Get as many quotes as you can, prices vary a lot. I wound up paying €1449 Euro to have my Jeep taken out of the container and to clear customs, which is extremely expensive and I was not happy out how much the price kept going up for seemingly no reason. That being said, everything was done perfectly the first time with absolutely no problems.
Total Shipping Costs – 1 Jeep Wrangler in a 20 foot container Halifax, NS to Antwerp, Belgium:
Departure Side Shipping, 20 foot container Halfaix->Antwerp $1450 USD Destination Side Container inspection, Move, Intervention, Release, Unstuffing €1449 Euro TOTAL ~ $3000 USD
Drive out of the port with a huge grin on your face, and enjoy your European adventure.
Just watch out for the extremely expensive gas!
-Dan
Recommended books for Overlanding |
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buildImplicitDependencies = "YES">
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[Salt resistance and its mechanism of cucumber under effects of exogenous chemical activators].
With root injection and foliar spray, this paper studied the effects of different concentrations salicylic acid, brassinolide, chitosan and spermidine on the growth, morphogenesis, and physiological and biochemical characters of cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L. ) seedlings under 200 mmol x L(-1) NaCl stress. The results showed that at proper concentrations, these four exogenous chemical activators could markedly decrease the salt stress index and mortality of cucumber seedlings, and the decrement induced by 0. 01 mg x L (-1) brassinolide was the largest, being 63. 0% and 75. 0% , respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) , peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased significantly, resulting in a marked decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage. The dry weight water content and morphogenesis of cucumber seedlings improved, and the stem diameter, leaf number, and healthy index increased significantly. All of these suggested that exogenous chemical activators at proper concentrations could induce the salt resistance of cucumber, and mitigate the damage degree of salt stress. The salt resistance effect of test exogenous chemical activators decreased in the sequence of 0.005 -0.05 mg (L-1) brassinolide, 150 -250 mg x L (-1) spermidine, 100 -200 mg x L(-1) chitosan, and 50 -150 mg x L(-1) salicylic acid. |
piano: c8 d e f g f e d c2.
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"The assertions about Russia’s ostensible striving to weaken or to split Europe are absurd," he said. "We have spoken continually for a buildup of broad and equitable cooperation on the European continent that along the principle of equal and indivisible security."
"President Vladimir Putin’s well-known initiative to set up a common economic and humanitarian space from the Atlantic to the Pacific also aims to attain this objective," Lavrov said.
European politicians
Russia prefers not to characterize popular European politicians as populists and not to put such labels on them, Lavrov said.
"We try not to think in this way, in this paradigm of notions," he noted. "Of course, I would prefer not to use labels of this kind, I would say that we are talking about the politicians who are voted in by the majority of European citizens," the Russian minister added. "This means that with their ideas and action programs, the politicians managed to respond to the voters’ needs and to offer their methods of resolving the issues that Europe is currently facing."
"From a practical viewpoint, it is important to understand that Russian foreign policy does not have an ideological agenda, and the main criteria for estimating our partners is their readiness to develop equal and mutual relations with Russia basing on international law and mutual respect of each other’s interests," Lavrov continued. "In this sense, we do not care too much about the party or ideological affiliation of certain political forces that came into power as a result of the citizen’s democratic choice."
At the same time, the minister noted that "Russia is a European country itself, and the European Union is not only its neighbor, but also a key trade and economic partner." "Of course, we care about what happens "at our gates," he stated. "That is why we monitor the political and social processes taking place in European states."
According to him, Russia is "open for constructive cooperation with all interested partners, not only in Europe." "Moreover, we are ready to cooperate to the extent that our partners agree on," Lavrov stressed. "In this spirit, we welcome the commitment of many European countries’ governments, including Slovakia, to maintain dialogue with Russia based on mutual respect. I am sure that the overwhelming majority of European citizens are interested in a peaceful and prosperous continent, and do not wish to go back to the confrontation of the Cold War period.". |
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"name" : "362.pdf",
"metadata" : {
"source" : "CRF",
"title" : null,
"authors" : [ ],
"emails" : [ "ke.li@eecs.berkeley.edu", "malik@eecs.berkeley.edu" ],
"sections" : [ {
"heading" : "1 INTRODUCTION",
"text" : "Continuous optimization algorithms are some of the most ubiquitous tools used in virtually all areas of science and engineering. Indeed, they are the workhorse of machine learning and power most learning algorithms. Consequently, optimization difficulties become learning challenges – because their causes are often not well understood, they are one of the most vexing issues that arise in practice. One solution is to design better optimization algorithms that are immune to these failure cases. This requires careful analysis of existing optimization algorithms and clever solutions to overcome their weaknesses; thus, doing so is both laborious and time-consuming. Is there a better way? If the mantra of machine learning is to learn what is traditionally manually designed, why not take it a step further and learn the optimization algorithm itself?\nConsider the general structure of an algorithm for unconstrained continuous optimization, which is outlined in Algorithm 1. Starting from a random location in the domain of the objective function, the algorithm iteratively updates the current iterate by a step vector ∆x computed from some functional π of the objective function, the current iterate and past iterates.\nAlgorithm 1 General structure of unconstrained optimization algorithms Require: Objective function f x(0) ← random point in the domain of f for i = 1, 2, . . . do\n∆x← π(f, {x(0), . . . , x(i−1)}) if stopping condition is met then\nreturn x(i−1) end if x(i) ← x(i−1) + ∆x\nend for\nDifferent optimization algorithms only differ in the choice of the update formula π. Examples of existing optimization algorithms and their corresponding update formulas are shown in Table 1.\nIf we can learn π, we will be able to learn an optimization algorithm. Since it is difficult to model general functionals, in practice, we restrict the dependence of π on the objective function f to objective values and gradients evaluated at current and past iterates. Hence, π can be simply modelled as a function from the objective values and gradients along the trajectory taken by the optimizer so far\nto the next step vector. If we model π with a universal function approximator like a neural net, it is then possible to search over the space of optimization algorithms by learning the parameters of the neural net. We formulate this as a reinforcement learning problem, where any particular optimization algorithm simply corresponds to a policy. Learning an optimization algorithm then reduces to finding an optimal policy. For this purpose, we use an off-the-shelf reinforcement learning algorithm known as guided policy search (Levine & Abbeel, 2014), which has demonstrated success in a variety of robotic control settings (Levine et al., 2015a; Finn et al., 2015; Levine et al., 2015b; Han et al., 2015).\nOur goal is to learn about regularities in the geometry of the error surface induced by a class of objective functions of interest and exploit this knowledge to optimize the class of objective functions faster. This is potentially advantageous, since the learned optimizer is trained on the actual objective functions that arise in practice, whereas hand-engineered optimizers are often analyzed in the convex setting and applied to the non-convex setting."
}, {
"heading" : "1.1 LEARNING HOW TO LEARN",
"text" : "When the objective functions under consideration correspond to loss functions for training a model, the proposed framework effectively learns how to learn. The loss function for training a model on a particular task/dataset is a particular objective function, and so the loss on many tasks corresponds to a set of objective functions. We can train an optimizer on this set of objective functions, which can hopefully learn to exploit regularities of the model and train it faster irrespective of the task. As a concrete example, if the model is a neural net with ReLU activations, our goal is to learn an optimizer that can leverage the piecewise linearity of the model.\nWe evaluate the learned optimizer on its ability to generalize to unseen objective functions. Akin to the supervised learning paradigm, we divide the dataset of objective functions into training and test sets. At test time, the learned optimizer can be used stand-alone and functions exactly like a hand-engineered optimizer, except that the update formula is replaced with a neural net and no hyperparameters like step size or momentum need to be specified by the user. In particular, it does not perform multiple trials on the same objective function at test time, unlike hyperparameter optimization. Since different objective functions correspond to the loss for training a model on different tasks, the optimizer is effectively asked to train on its experience of learning on some tasks and generalize to other possibly unrelated tasks. It is therefore critical to ensure that the optimizer does not learn anything about particular tasks; this would be considered as overfitting under this setting. Notably, this goal is different from the line of work on “learning to learn” or “meta-learning”, whose goal is to learn something about a family of tasks. To prevent overfitting to particular tasks, we train the optimizer to learn on randomly generated tasks."
}, {
"heading" : "2 RELATED WORK",
"text" : ""
}, {
"heading" : "2.1 META-LEARNING",
"text" : "When the objective functions optimized by the learned optimizer correspond to loss functions for training a model, learning the optimizer can be viewed as learning how to learn. This theme of learning about learning itself has been explored and is referred to as “learning to learn” or “meta-\nlearning” (Baxter et al., 1995; Vilalta & Drissi, 2002; Brazdil et al., 2008; Thrun & Pratt, 2012). Various authors have used the term in different ways and there is no consensus on its precise definition. While there is agreement on what kinds of knowledge should be learned at the base-level, it is less clear what kinds of meta-knowledge should be learned at the meta-level. We briefly summarize the various perspectives that have been presented below.\nOne form of meta-knowledge is the commonalities across a family of related tasks (Abu-Mostafa, 1993). Under this framework, the goal of the meta-learner is to learn about such commonalities, so that given the learned commonalities, base-level learning on new tasks from the family can be performed faster. This line of work is often better known as transfer learning and multi-task learning.\nA different approach (Brazdil et al., 2003) is to learn how to select the base-level learner that achieves the best performance for a given task. Under this setting, the meta-knowledge is the correlation between properties of tasks and the performance of different base-level learners trained on them. There are two challenges associated with this approach: the need to devise meta-features on tasks that capture similarity between different tasks, and the need to parameterize the space of base-level learners to make search in this space tractable.\nSchmidhuber (2004) proposes representing base-level learners as general-purpose programs, that is, sequences of primitive operations. While such a representation can in principle encode all base-level learners, searching in this space takes exponential time in the length of the target program.\nThe proposed method differs from these lines in work in several important ways. First, the proposed method learns regularities in the optimization/learning process itself, rather than regularities that are shared by different tasks or regularities in the mapping between tasks and best-performing base-level learners. More concretely, the meta-knowledge in the proposed framework can capture regularities in the error surface. Second, unlike the approaches above, we explicitly aim to avoid capturing any regularities about the task. Under the proposed framework, only model-specific regularities are captured at the meta-level, while task-specific regularities are captured at the base-level."
}, {
"heading" : "2.2 PROGRAM INDUCTION",
"text" : "Because the proposed method learns an algorithm, it is related to program induction, which considers the problem of learning programs from examples of input and output. Several different approaches have been proposed: genetic programming (Cramer, 1985) represents programs as abstract syntax trees and evolves them using genetic algorithms, Liang et al. (2010) represents programs explicitly using a formal language, constructs a hierarchical Bayesian prior over programs and performs inference using an MCMC sampling procedure and Graves et al. (2014) represents programs implicitly as sequences of memory access operations and trains a recurrent neural net to learn the underlying patterns in the memory access operations. Hochreiter et al. (2001) considers the special case of online learning algorithms, each of which is represented as a recurrent neural net with a particular setting of weights, and learns the online learning algorithm by learning the neural net weights. While the program/algorithm improves as training progresses, the algorithms learned using these methods have not been able to match the performance of simple hand-engineered algorithms. In contrast, our aim is learn an algorithm that is better than known hand-engineered algorithms."
}, {
"heading" : "2.3 HYPERPARAMETER OPTIMIZATION",
"text" : "There is a large body of work on hyperparameter optimization, which studies the optimization of hyperparameters used to train a model, such as the learning rate, the momentum decay factor and regularization parameters. Most methods (Hutter et al., 2011; Bergstra et al., 2011; Snoek et al., 2012; Swersky et al., 2013; Feurer et al., 2015) rely on sequential model-based Bayesian optimization (Mockus et al., 1978; Brochu et al., 2010), while others adopt a random search approach (Bergstra & Bengio, 2012) or use gradient-based optimization (Bengio, 2000; Domke, 2012; Maclaurin et al., 2015). Because each hyperparameter setting corresponds to a particular instantiation of an optimization algorithm, these methods can be viewed as a way to search over different instantiations of the same optimization algorithm. The proposed method, on the other hand, can search over a larger space of possible optimization algorithms. In addition, as noted previously, when presented with a new objective function at test time, the learned optimizer does not need to conduct multiple trials with different hyperparameter settings."
}, {
"heading" : "2.4 SPECIAL CASES AND OTHER RELATED WORK",
"text" : "Work on online hyperparameter adaptation studies ways to choose the step size or other hyperparameters adaptively while performing optimization. Stochastic meta-descent (Bray et al., 2004) derives a rule for adaptively choosing the step size, Ruvolo et al. (2009) learns a policy for picking the damping factor in the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and recent work (Hansen, 2016; Daniel et al., 2016; Fu et al., 2016) explores learning a policy for choosing the step size. Unlike this line of work, the proposed method learns a policy for choosing the step direction as well as step size, thereby making it possible to learn a new optimization algorithm that is different from known algorithms. A different line of work (Gregor & LeCun, 2010; Sprechmann et al., 2013) explores learning special-purpose solvers for a class of optimization problems that arise in sparse coding.\nWork that appeared on ArXiv after this paper (Andrychowicz et al., 2016) explores a similar theme under a different setting, where the goal is learn a task-dependent optimization algorithm. The optimizer is trained from the experience of training on a particular task or family of tasks and is evaluated on its ability to train on the same task or family of tasks. Under this setting, the optimizer learns regularities about the task itself rather than regularities of the model in general."
}, {
"heading" : "3 BACKGROUND ON REINFORCEMENT LEARNING",
"text" : ""
}, {
"heading" : "3.1 MARKOV DECISION PROCESS",
"text" : "In the reinforcement learning setting, the learner is given a choice of actions to take in each time step, which changes the state of the environment in an unknown fashion, and receives feedback based on the consequence of the action. The feedback is typically given in the form of a reward or cost, and the objective of the learner is to choose a sequence of actions based on observations of the current environment that maximizes cumulative reward or minimizes cumulative cost over all time steps.\nMore formally, a reinforcement learning problem can be characterized by a Markov decision process (MDP). We consider an undiscounted finite-horizon MDP with continuous state and action spaces defined by the tuple (S,A, p0, p, c, T ), where S ⊆ RD is the set of states, A ⊆ Rd is the set of actions, p0 : S → R+ is the probability density over initial states, p : S × A × S → R+ is the transition probability density, that is, the conditional probability density over successor states given the current state and action, c : S → R is a function that maps state to cost and T is the time horizon. A policy π : S × A × {0, . . . , T − 1} → R+ is a conditional probability density over actions given the state at each time step. When a policy is independent of the time step, it is referred to as stationary."
}, {
"heading" : "3.2 POLICY SEARCH",
"text" : "This problem of finding the cost-minimizing policy is known as the policy search problem. More precisely, the objective is to find a policy π∗ such that\nπ∗ = arg min π Es0,a0,s1,...,sT [ T∑ t=0 c(st) ] ,\nwhere the expectation is taken with respect to the joint distribution over the sequence of states and actions, often referred to as a trajectory, which has the density\nq (s0, a0, s1, . . . , sT ) = p0 (s0) T−1∏ t=0 π (at| st, t) p (st+1| st, at) .\nTo enable generalization to unseen states, the policy is typically parameterized and minimization is performed over representable policies. Solving this problem exactly is intractable in all but selected special cases. Therefore, policy search methods generally tackle this problem by solving it approximately. In addition, the transition probability density p is typically not known, but may be accessed via sampling."
}, {
"heading" : "3.3 GUIDED POLICY SEARCH",
"text" : "Guided policy search (GPS) (Levine & Abbeel, 2014) is a method for searching over expressive non-linear policy classes in continuous state and action spaces. It works by alternating between computing a mixture of target trajectories and training the policy to replicate them. Successive iterations locally improve target trajectories while ensuring proximity to behaviours that are reproducible by the policy. Target trajectories are computed by fitting local approximations to the cost and transition probability density and optimizing over a restricted class of time-varying linear target policies subject to a trust region constraint. The stationary non-linear policy is trained to minimize the squared Mahalanobis distance between the predicted and target actions at each time step.\nMore precisely, GPS works by solving the following constrained optimization problem:\nmin θ,η\nEψ [ T∑ t=0 c(st) ] s.t. ψ (at| st, t; η) = π (at| st; θ) ∀at, st, t,\nwhere ψ denotes the time-varying target policy, π denotes the stationary non-linear policy, and Eψ [·] denotes the expectation taken with respect to the trajectory induced by the target policy ψ. ψ is assumed to be conditionally Gaussian whose mean is linear in st and π is assumed to be conditionally Gaussian whose mean could be an arbitrary function of st. To solve this problem, the equality constraint is relaxed and replaced with a penalty on the KL-divergence between ψ and π. Different flavours of GPS (Levine & Abbeel, 2014; Levine et al., 2015a) use different constrained optimization methods, which all involve alternating between optimizing the parameters of ψ and π.\nFor updating ψ, GPS first builds a model p̃ of the transition probability density p of the form p̃ (st+1| st, at, t) := N (Atst + Btat + ct, Ft)1, where At, Bt and ct are parameters estimated from samples drawn from the trajectory induced by the existing ψ. It also computes local quadratic approximations to the cost, so that c(st) ≈ 12s T t Ctst + d T t st + ht for st’s that are near the samples. It then solves the following:\nmin Kt,kt,Gt Eψ̃ [ T∑ t=0 1 2 sTt Ctst + d T t st ]\ns.t. T∑ t=0 DKL (p (st)ψ ( ·| st, t; η)‖ p (st)ψ ( ·| st, t; η′)) ≤ ,\nwhere Eψ̃ [·] denotes the expectation taken with respect to the trajectory induced by the target policy ψ if states transition according to the model p̃. Kt, kt, Gt are the parameters of ψ (at| st, t; η) := N (Ktst + kt, Gt) and η′ denotes the parameters of the previous target policy. It turns out that this optimization problem can be solved in closed form using a dynamic programming algorithm known as linear-quadratic-Gaussian regulator (LQG).\nFor updating π, GPS minimizes DKL (p (st)π ( ·| st)‖ p (st)ψ ( ·| st, t)). Assuming fixed covariance and omitting dual variables, this corresponds to minimizing the following:\nEψ [ T∑ t=0 (Eπ [at| st]− Eψ [at| st, t])T G−1t (Eπ [at| st]− Eψ [at| st, t]) ] ,\nwhere Eπ [·] denotes the expectation taken with respect to the trajectory induced by the non-linear policy π. We refer interested readers to (Levine & Abbeel, 2014) and (Levine et al., 2015a) for details."
}, {
"heading" : "4 FORMULATION",
"text" : "We observe that the execution of an optimization algorithm can be viewed as the execution of a particular policy in an MDP: the state consists of the current iterate and the objective values and gradients evaluated at the current and past iterates, the action is the step vector that is used to update\n1In a slight abuse of notation, we use N (µ,Σ) to denote the density of a Gaussian distribution with mean µ and covariance Σ.\nthe current iterate, and the transition probability is partially characterized by the update formula, x(i) ← x(i−1) + ∆x. The policy that is executed corresponds precisely to the choice of π used by the optimization algorithm. For this reason, we will also use π to denote the policy at hand. Under this formulation, searching over policies corresponds to searching over possible optimization algorithms.\nTo learn π, we need to define the cost function, which should penalize policies that exhibit undesirable behaviours during their execution. Since the performance metric of interest for optimization algorithms is the speed of convergence, the cost function should penalize policies that converge slowly. To this end, assuming the goal is to minimize the objective function, we define cost at a state to be the objective value at the current iterate. This encourages the policy to reach the minimum of the objective function as quickly as possible. We choose to parameterize the mean of π using a neural net, due to its appealing properties as a universal function approximator and strong empirical performance in a variety of applications. We use GPS to learn π."
}, {
"heading" : "5 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS",
"text" : "We store the current iterate, previous gradients and improvements in the objective value from previous iterations in the state. We keep track of only the information pertaining to the previous H time steps and use H = 25 in our experiments. More specifically, the dimensions of the state space encode the following information:\n• Current iterate\n• Change in the objective value at the current iterate relative to the objective value at the ith most recent iterate for all i ∈ {2, . . . ,H + 1}\n• Gradient of the objective function evaluated at the ith most recent iterate for all i ∈ {2, . . . ,H + 1}\nInitially, we set the dimensions corresponding to historical information to zero. The current iterate is only used to compute the cost; because the policy should not depend on the absolute coordinates of the current iterate, we exclude it from the input that is fed into the neural net.\nWe use a small neural net with a single hidden layer of 50 hidden units to model the mean of π. Softplus activation units are used at the hidden layer and linear activation units are used at the output layer. We initialize the weights of the neural net randomly and do not regularize the magnitude of weights.\nInitially, we set the target trajectory distribution so that the mean action given state at each time step matches the step vector used by the gradient descent method with momentum. We choose the best settings of the step size and momentum decay factor for each objective function in the training set by performing a grid search over hyperparameters and running noiseless gradient descent with momentum for each hyperparameter setting. We use a mixture of 10 Gaussians as a prior for fitting the parameters of the transition probability density.\nFor training, we sample 20 trajectories with a length of 40 time steps for each objective function in the training set. After each iteration of guided policy search, we sample new trajectories from the new distribution and discard the trajectories from the preceding iteration."
}, {
"heading" : "6 EXPERIMENTS",
"text" : "We learn optimization algorithms for various convex and non-convex classes of objective functions that correspond to loss functions for different machine learning models. We learn an optimizer for logistic regression, robust linear regression using the Geman-McClure M-estimator and a twolayer neural net classifier with ReLU activation units. The geometry of the error surface becomes progressively more complex: the loss for logistic regression is convex, the loss for robust linear regression is non-convex, and the loss for the neural net has many local minima."
}, {
"heading" : "6.1 LOGISTIC REGRESSION",
"text" : "We consider a logistic regression model with an `2 regularizer on the weight vector. Training the model requires optimizing the following objective:\nmin w,b − 1 n n∑ i=1 yi log σ ( wTxi + b ) + (1− yi) log ( 1− σ ( wTxi + b )) + λ 2 ‖w‖22 ,\nwhere w ∈ Rd and b ∈ R denote the weight vector and bias respectively, xi ∈ Rd and yi ∈ {0, 1} denote the feature vector and label of the ith instance, λ denotes the coefficient on the regularizer and σ(z) := 11+e−z . For our experiments, we choose λ = 0.0005 and d = 3. This objective is convex in w and b.\nWe train an algorithm for optimizing objectives of this form. Different examples in the training set correspond to such objective functions with different instantiations of the free variables, which in this case are xi and yi. Hence, each objective function in the training set corresponds to a logistic regression problem on a different dataset.\nTo construct the training set, we randomly generate a dataset of 100 instances for each function in the training set. The instances are drawn randomly from two multivariate Gaussians with random means and covariances, with half drawn from each. Instances from the same Gaussian are assigned the same label and instances from different Gaussians are assigned different labels.\nWe train the optimizer on a set of 90 objective functions. We evaluate it on a test set of 100 random objective functions generated using the same procedure and compare to popular hand-engineered algorithms, such as gradient descent, momentum, conjugate gradient and L-BFGS. All baselines are run with the best hyperparameter settings tuned on the training set.\nFor each algorithm and objective function in the test set, we compute the difference between the objective value achieved by a given algorithm and that achieved by the best of the competing algorithms at every iteration, a quantity we will refer to as “the margin of victory”. This quantity is positive when the current algorithm is better than all other algorithms and negative otherwise. In Figure 1a, we plot the mean margin of victory of each algorithm at each iteration averaged over all objective functions in the test set.\nAs shown, the learned optimizer, which we will henceforth refer to as “predicted step descent”, outperforms gradient descent, momentum and conjugate gradient at almost every iteration. The margin of victory for predicted step descent is high in early iterations, indicating that it converges much faster than other algorithms. It is interesting to note that despite having seen only trajectories of length 40 at training time, the learned optimizer is able to generalize to much longer time horizons at test time. L-BFGS converges to slightly better optima than predicted step descent and the momentum method. This is not surprising, as the objective functions are convex and L-BFGS is known to be a very good optimizer for convex problems.\nWe show the performance of each algorithm on two objective functions from the test set in Figures 1b and 1c. In Figure 1b, predicted step descent converges faster than all other algorithms. In Figure 1c, predicted step descent initially converges faster than all other algorithms but is later overtaken by L-BFGS, while remaining faster than all other optimizers. However, it eventually achieves the same objective value as L-BFGS, while the objective values achieved by gradient descent and momentum remain much higher."
}, {
"heading" : "6.2 ROBUST LINEAR REGRESSION",
"text" : "Next, we consider the problem of linear regression using a robust loss function. One way to ensure robustness is to use an M-estimator for parameter estimation. A popular choice is the GemanMcClure estimator, which induces the following objective:\nmin w,b\n1\nn n∑ i=1\n( yi −wTxi − b )2 c2 + (yi −wTxi − b)2 ,\nwhere w ∈ Rd and b ∈ R denote the weight vector and bias respectively, xi ∈ Rd and yi ∈ R denote the feature vector and label of the ith instance and c ∈ R is a constant that modulates the shape of the loss function. For our experiments, we use c = 1 and d = 3. This loss function is not convex in either w or b.\nAs with the preceding section, each objective function in the training set is a function of the above form with a particular instantiation of xi and yi. The dataset for each objective function is generated by drawing 25 random samples from each one of four multivariate Gaussians, each of which has a random mean and the identity covariance matrix. For all points drawn from the same Gaussian, their labels are generated by projecting them along the same random vector, adding the same randomly generated bias and perturbing them with i.i.d. Gaussian noise.\nThe optimizer is trained on a set of 120 objective functions. We evaluate it on 100 randomly generated objective functions using the same metric as above. As shown in Figure 2a, predicted step descent outperforms all hand-engineered algorithms except at early iterations. While it dominates gradient descent, conjugate gradient and L-BFGS at all times, it does not make progress as quickly as the momentum method initially. However, after around 30 iterations, it is able to close the gap and surpass the momentum method. On this optimization problem, both conjugate gradient and L-BFGS diverge quickly. Interestingly, unlike in the previous experiment, L-BFGS no longer performs well, which could be caused by non-convexity of the objective functions.\nFigures 2b and 2c show performance on objective functions from the test set. In Figure 2b, predicted step descent not only converges the fastest, but also reaches a better optimum than all other algorithms. In Figure 2c, predicted step descent converges the fastest and is able to avoid most of the oscillations that hamper gradient descent and momentum after reaching the optimum."
}, {
"heading" : "6.3 NEURAL NET CLASSIFIER",
"text" : "Finally, we train an optimizer to train a small neural net classifier. We consider a two-layer neural net with ReLU activation on the hidden units and softmax activation on the output units. We use the cross-entropy loss combined with `2 regularization on the weights. To train the model, we need to optimize the following objective:\nmin W,U,b,c − 1 n n∑ i=1 log\n exp ( (U max (Wxi + b, 0) + c)yi ) ∑ j exp ( (U max (Wxi + b, 0) + c)j ) + λ 2 ‖W‖2F + λ 2 ‖U‖2F ,\nwhere W ∈ Rh×d, b ∈ Rh, U ∈ Rp×h, c ∈ Rp denote the first-layer and second-layer weights and biases, xi ∈ Rd and yi ∈ {1, . . . , p} denote the input and target class label of the ith instance, λ denotes the coefficient on regularizers and (v)j denotes the j\nth component of v. For our experiments, we use λ = 0.0005 and d = h = p = 2. The error surface is known to have complex geometry and multiple local optima, making this a challenging optimization problem.\nThe training set consists of 80 objective functions, each of which corresponds to the objective for training a neural net on a different dataset. Each dataset is generated by generating four multivariate Gaussians with random means and covariances and sampling 25 points from each. The points from the same Gaussian are assigned the same random label of either 0 or 1. We make sure not all of the points in the dataset are assigned the same label.\nWe evaluate the learned optimizer in the same manner as above. As shown in Figure 3a, predicted step descent significantly outperforms all other algorithms. In particular, as evidenced by the sizeable and sustained gap between margin of victory for predicted step descent and the momentum method, predicted step descent is able to reach much better optima and is less prone to getting trapped in local optima compared to other methods. This gap is also larger compared to that exhibited in previous sections, suggesting that hand-engineered algorithms are more sub-optimal on challenging optimization problems and so the potential for improvement from learning the algorithm is greater in such settings. Due to non-convexity, conjugate gradient and L-BFGS often diverge.\nPerformance on examples of objective functions from the test set is shown in Figures 3b and 3c. As shown, predicted step descent is able to reach better optima than all other methods and largely avoids oscillations that other methods suffer from."
}, {
"heading" : "6.4 VISUALIZATION OF OPTIMIZATION TRAJECTORIES",
"text" : "We visualize optimization trajectories followed by the learned algorithm and various handengineered algorithms to gain further insights into the behaviour of the learned algorithm. We generated random two-dimensional logistic regression problems and plot trajectories followed by different algorithms on each problem in Figure 4.\nAs shown, the learned algorithm exhibits some interesting behaviours. In Figure 4a, the learned algorithm does not take as large a step as L-BFGS initially, but takes larger steps than L-BFGS later on as it approaches the optimum. In other words, the learned algorithm appears to be not as greedy as L-BFGS. In Figures 4b and 4d, the learned algorithm initially overshoots, but appears to have learned how to recover while avoiding oscillations. In Figure 4c, the learned algorithm is able to make rapid progress despite vanishing gradients."
}, {
"heading" : "7 CONCLUSION",
"text" : "We presented a method for learning a better optimization algorithm. We formulated this as a reinforcement learning problem, in which any particular optimization algorithm can be represented as a policy. Learning an optimization algorithm then reduces to find the optimal policy. We used guided policy search for this purpose and trained optimizers for different classes of convex and non-convex objective functions. We demonstrated that the learned optimizer converges faster and/or reaches better optima than hand-engineered optimizers. We hope optimizers learned using the proposed approach can be used to solve various common classes of optimization problems more quickly and help accelerate the pace of research in science and engineering."
}, {
"heading" : "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS",
"text" : "This work was supported by ONR MURI N00014-14-1-0671. Ke Li thanks the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for fellowship support. The authors also thank Chelsea Finn for code and Pieter Abbeel, Sandy Huang and Zoe McCarthy for feedback. This research used the Savio computational cluster resource provided by the Berkeley Research Computing program at the University of California, Berkeley (supported by the UC Berkeley Chancellor, Vice Chancellor for Research, and Chief Information Officer)."
}, {
"heading" : "8 APPENDIX",
"text" : ""
}, {
"heading" : "8.1 TRANSFER TO OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS DRAWN FROM DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTIONS",
"text" : "We evaluate the learned neural net optimizer, which is trained on neural net classification problems on data drawn from mixtures of four random Gaussians, on neural net classification problems on data drawn from mixtures of different numbers of random Gaussians. As the number of mixture components increases, the data distributions used at test time become more dissimilar from those seen during training. As shown in Figures 5, the learned optimizer seems to be fairly robust and performs reasonably well despite deviations of data distributions from those used for training."
} ],
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"context" : "For this purpose, we use an off-the-shelf reinforcement learning algorithm known as guided policy search (Levine & Abbeel, 2014), which has demonstrated success in a variety of robotic control settings (Levine et al., 2015a; Finn et al., 2015; Levine et al., 2015b; Han et al., 2015).",
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"context" : ", 2010), while others adopt a random search approach (Bergstra & Bengio, 2012) or use gradient-based optimization (Bengio, 2000; Domke, 2012; Maclaurin et al., 2015).",
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"context" : "(2009) learns a policy for picking the damping factor in the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and recent work (Hansen, 2016; Daniel et al., 2016; Fu et al., 2016) explores learning a policy for choosing the step size.",
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"context" : "(2009) learns a policy for picking the damping factor in the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and recent work (Hansen, 2016; Daniel et al., 2016; Fu et al., 2016) explores learning a policy for choosing the step size.",
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"abstractText" : "Algorithm design is a laborious process and often requires many iterations of ideation and validation. In this paper, we explore automating algorithm design and present a method to learn an optimization algorithm. We approach this problem from a reinforcement learning perspective and represent any particular optimization algorithm as a policy. We learn an optimization algorithm using guided policy search and demonstrate that the resulting algorithm outperforms existing hand-engineered algorithms in terms of convergence speed and/or the final objective value.",
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} |
Rev-erbalpha, a heme sensor that coordinates metabolic and circadian pathways.
The circadian clock temporally coordinates metabolic homeostasis in mammals. Central to this is heme, an iron-containing porphyrin that serves as prosthetic group for enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism as well as transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythmicity. The circadian factor that integrates this dual function of heme is not known. We show that heme binds reversibly to the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha, a critical negative component of the circadian core clock, and regulates its interaction with a nuclear receptor corepressor complex. Furthermore, heme suppresses hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose output through Rev-erbalpha-mediated gene repression. Thus, Rev-erbalpha serves as a heme sensor that coordinates the cellular clock, glucose homeostasis, and energy metabolism. |
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# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
require "signet/version"
module Signet #:nodoc:
# rubocop:disable Metrics/AbcSize
# rubocop:disable Metrics/MethodLength
def self.parse_auth_param_list auth_param_string
# Production rules from:
# http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p1-messaging-12
token = /[-!#{$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR}%&'*+.^_`|~0-9a-zA-Z]+/
d_qdtext = /[\s\x21\x23-\x5B\x5D-\x7E\x80-\xFF]/n
d_quoted_pair = /\\[\s\x21-\x7E\x80-\xFF]/n
d_qs = /"(?:#{d_qdtext}|#{d_quoted_pair})*"/
# Production rules that allow for more liberal parsing, i.e. single quotes
s_qdtext = /[\s\x21-\x26\x28-\x5B\x5D-\x7E\x80-\xFF]/n
s_quoted_pair = /\\[\s\x21-\x7E\x80-\xFF]/n
s_qs = /'(?:#{s_qdtext}|#{s_quoted_pair})*'/
# Combine the above production rules to find valid auth-param pairs.
auth_param = /((?:#{token})\s*=\s*(?:#{d_qs}|#{s_qs}|#{token}))/
auth_param_pairs = []
last_match = nil
remainder = auth_param_string
# Iterate over the string, consuming pair matches as we go. Verify that
# pre-matches and post-matches contain only allowable characters.
#
# This would be way easier in Ruby 1.9, but we want backwards
# compatibility.
while (match = remainder.match auth_param)
if match.pre_match && match.pre_match !~ /^[\s,]*$/
raise ParseError,
"Unexpected auth param format: '#{auth_param_string}'."
end
auth_param_pairs << match.captures[0] # Appending pair
remainder = match.post_match
last_match = match
end
if last_match.post_match && last_match.post_match !~ /^[\s,]*$/
raise ParseError,
"Unexpected auth param format: '#{auth_param_string}'."
end
# Now parse the auth-param pair strings & turn them into key-value pairs.
(auth_param_pairs.each_with_object [] do |pair, accu|
name, value = pair.split "=", 2
if value =~ /^".*"$/
value = value.gsub(/^"(.*)"$/, '\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
elsif value =~ /^'.*'$/
value = value.gsub(/^'(.*)'$/, '\1').gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1')
elsif value =~ %r{[\(\)<>@,;:\\\"/\[\]?={}]}
# Certain special characters are not allowed
raise ParseError,
"Unexpected characters in auth param " \
"list: '#{auth_param_string}'."
end
accu << [name, value]
end)
end
# rubocop:enable Metrics/AbcSize
# rubocop:enable Metrics/MethodLength
end
|
Visiting scholars
V. Spike Peterson
Richard Hodder-Williams Visiting Fellowship 2017-18
V. Spike Peterson, Professor of International Relations in the School of Government and Public Policy at the University of Arizona, will be visiting SPAIS, supported by the Gender Research Centre and the Global Insecurities Centre, in May-June 2018. During her visit, Spike will be conducting research for her ongoing project ‘Loving Exclusions and Enduring Insecurities’, examining how the institution of marriage historically and currently shapes inequalities through the state/nation’s regulation of sexual practices, ethnic/racial relations, resource distributions, and citizenship—and hence, migration--options. Spike will be involved in a variety of activities, including a public lecture and research workshops.
Workshop 1: Intimacy, Inequality and Insecurities: Making the Connections
Workshop 2: Queering the Everyday and International Politics
Workshop 3: Political Economies of Conflict and Citizenship
And several Master Classes.
Melanie Hughes
IAS Benjamin Meaker Visiting Professor, January-February 2016.
Melanie Hughes, Associate Professor of gender and politics in the Department of Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh (USA), was an IAS Benjmain Meaker Visiting Professor in the GRC in January-February 2016. Melanie participated in many events in SPAIS, including:
10 February 1-2, school lecture on ethnic majority men's overrepresentation in politics globally.?
10 February 4-5, professional development talk for postgraduates on being a feminist academic/political sociologist, followed by drinks in a social setting.
12 February 11-1, public lecture on gender inequalities in governments worldwide, drawing on the latest edition of Women, Politics and Power, 2016.
Below are some photographs of Melanie's time in SPAIS.
Alison Bartlett
IAS Benjamin Meaker Vistiting Professor, May 2015.
Alison Bartlett teaches Gender Studies at the University of Western Australia. She is currently researching ways of remembering Australian feminist activism. Her most recent book is Things that Liberate: An Australian Feminist Wunderkammer, edited with Margaret Hednerson (2013), which 'explores objects that changed Australian women's lives throughtheir association with women's liberation, the women's movement, and feminism since 1970'. She has also published widely on feminist corporeality, maternity and postgraduate pedagogy. Alison presented a seminar on 'What is a feminist exhibition? Remembering Pine Gap and sites of feminist activism' at Bristol.
Sylvia Bashevkin
IAS Benjamin Meaker Visiting Professor, March 2014.
Sylvia Bashevkin is a professor of women and politcs in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto. Her visit was jointly sponsored by the GRC and the Global Insecurities Centre. |
---
abstract: 'In this paper, we compute and verify the positivity of the Li coefficients for the Dirichlet $L$-functions using an arithmetic formula established in Omar and Mazhouda, J. Number Theory 125 (2007) no.1, 50-58; J. Number Theory 130 (2010) no.4, 1109-1114. Furthermore, we formulate a criterion for the partial Riemann hypothesis and we provide some numerical evidence for it using new formulas for the Li coefficients.'
address:
- 'Faculty of Science of Tunis, Department of Mathematics, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia'
- 'Faculty of Science of Tunis, Department of Mathematics, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia'
- 'Faculty of Science of Monastir, Department of Mathematics, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia'
author:
- 'Sami Omar, Raouf Ouni, Kamel Mazhouda'
title: 'On the zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions'
---
[^1]
[Introduction]{}\[sec.1\] The Li criterion for the Riemann hypothesis (see. [@6]) is a necessary and sufficient condition that the sequence $$\lambda_{n}=\sum_{\rho}\left[1-\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]$$ is non-negative for all $n\in{\mathbb {N}}$ and where $\rho$ runs over the non-trivial zeros of $\zeta(s)$. This criterion holds also for the Dirichlet $L$-functions and for a large class of Dirichlet series, the so called the Selberg class as given in [@10]. More recently, Omar and Bouanani [@9] extended the Li criterion for function fields and established an explicit and asymptotic formula for the Li coefficients.\
Numerical computation of the first 100 of the Li coefficients $\lambda_{n}$ which appear in this criterion was made by Maslanka [@8] and later by Coffey in [@2], who computed and verified the positivity of about 3300 of the Li coefficient $\lambda_{n}$. The main empirical observation made by Maslanka is that these coefficients can be separated in two parts, where one of them grows smoothly while the other one is very small and oscillatory. This apparent smallness is quite unexpected. If it persisted until infinity then the Riemann hypothesis would be true. As we said above, this criterion was extended to a large class of Dirichlet series [@10] and no calculation or verification of the positivity to date in the literature made for other $L$-functions.\
In this paper, we compute and verify the positivity of the Li coefficients for the Dirichlet $L$-functions using an arithmetic formula established in [@10; @11]. Furthermore, we formulate a criterion for the partial Riemann hypothesis. Additional results are presented, including new formulas for the Li coefficients. Basing on the numerical computations made below, we conjecture that these coefficients are increasing in $n$. Should this conjecture hold, the validity of the Riemann hypothesis would follow.\
Next, we review the Li criterion for the case of the Dirichlet $L$-functions. Let $\chi$ be a primitive Dirichlet character of conductor $q$. The Dirichlet $L$-function attached to this character is defined by $$L(s, \chi)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\chi(n)}{n^{s}}, \ \ \ \ (Re(s) > 1).$$ For the trivial character $\chi = 1$, $L(s, \chi)$ is the Riemann zeta function. It is well known [@3] that if $\chi\neq1$ then $L(s,\chi)$ can be extended to an entire function in the whole complex plane and satisfies the functional equation $$\xi(s,\chi)= \omega_{\chi}\xi(1-s,\overline{\chi}),$$ where $$\xi(s,\chi)=\left(\frac{q}{\pi}\right)^{(s+a)/2}\Gamma\left(\frac{s+a}{2}\right)L(s,\chi),$$ $$a=\left\{\begin{array}{crll}0&\hbox{if}&\chi(-1)= 1\\1&\hbox{if}&\chi(-1) =-1,\end{array}\right.\ \ \ \ \hbox{and}\ \ \ \ \omega_{\chi}=\frac{\tau(\chi)}{\sqrt{q}i^{a}},$$ where $\tau(\chi)$ is the Gauss sum $$\tau(\chi)=\sum_{m=1}^{q}\chi(m)e^{2\pi im/q}.$$ The function $\xi(s,\chi)$ is an entire function of order one. The function $\xi(s,\chi)$ has a product representation $$\label{eq.1}\xi(s,\chi) =\xi(0,\chi)\prod_{\rho}\left(1-\frac{s}{\rho}\right),$$ where the product is over all the zeros of $\xi(s,\chi)$ in the order given by $|Im(\rho)|<T$ for $T\rightarrow\infty$. If $N_{\chi} (T)$ counts the number of zeros of $L(s,\chi)$ in the rectangle $0\leq Re(s)\leq1$, $0<Im(s)\leq T$ (according to multiplicities) one can show by standard contour integration the formula $$N_{\chi}(T)=\frac{1}{2\pi}T\log T+c_{1}T+O\left(\log T\right),$$ where $$c_{1}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\left(\log q-\left(\log(2\pi)+1\right)\right).$$ We put $$\lambda_{\chi}(n)=\sum_{\rho}\left[1-\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right],$$ where the sum over $\rho$ is $\sum_{\rho}=\lim_{T\mapsto\infty}\sum_{|Im\rho|\leq T}$.\
[**Li’s criterion**]{} says that $\lambda_{\chi}(n)> 0$ for all $n = 1, 2, .$ . . if and only if all of the zeros of $\xi(s,\chi)$ are located on the critical line $Re(s) = 1/2$.\
The paper is organized as follows. In Section \[sec.2\], we recall the arithmetic formula for the Li coefficients for the Dirichlet $L$-functions and we give an estimate for the error term of $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$. In Section \[sec.3\], we show that $\lambda_{\chi}(n)\geq0$ if every non-trivial zero of $L(s,\chi)$ with $|Im(\rho)|<\sqrt{n}$ satisfies $Re(\rho)=1/2$ (that is partial Riemann hypothesis) and we give an estimate for the difference $|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)|$, where $\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)$ are the partial Li coefficients. In Section \[sec.4\], we prove new formulas (integral and summation formula) for the Li coefficients $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$. Finally, in Section \[sec.5\], we report numerical computations of the Li coefficients using different formulas established in the previous sections unconditionally or under the Riemann hypothesis.
Li’s coefficients {#sec.2}
=================
Applying [@10 Theorem 2.2] for the case of the Dirichlet $L$-functions, we get the following arithmetic formula.
\[th.1\]Let $\chi$ be a primitive Dirichlet character of conductor $q>1$. We have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.2}
\lambda_{\chi}(n)&=&-\sum_{j=1}^{n}(_{j}^{n})\frac{(-1)^{j-1}}{(j-1)!}\sum_{k=1}^{+\infty}\frac{\Lambda(k)}{k}\chi(k)(\log k)^{j-1}\nonumber\\
&&\ \ +\ \ \frac{n}{2}\left(\log\frac{q}{\pi}-\gamma\right)+\tau_{\chi}(n)\end{aligned}$$ where $$\tau_{\chi}(n)=\left\{\begin{array}{crll}\sum_{j=2}^{n}(_{j}^{n})(-1)^{j}\left(1-\frac{1}{2^{j}}\right)\zeta(j)-\frac{n}{2}\sum_{l=1}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{l(2l-1)}&\hbox{if}&\chi(-1)=1,\\ \sum_{j=2}^{n}(_{j}^{n})(-1)^{j}2^{-j}\zeta(j)&\hbox{if}&\chi(-1)=-1.\end{array}\right.$$
Theorem \[th.1\] is also proved by Coffey in [@2] and Li in [@7]. The arithmetic formula above can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.3}
\lambda_{\chi}(n)&=&\left[\log\frac{q}{\pi}+\psi\left(\frac{a+1}{2}\right)\right]\frac{n}{2}+\sum_{j=2}^{n}(_{j}^{n})\frac{1}{(j-1)!}2^{-j}\psi^{(j-1)}\left(\frac{a+1}{2}\right)\nonumber\\
&&-\ \sum_{j=1}^{n}(_{j}^{n})\frac{(-1)^{j-1}}{(j-1)!}\sum_{k=1}^{+\infty}\frac{\Lambda(k)\chi(k)}{k}(\log k)^{j-1},\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $a=0$ if $\chi(-1)=1$ and 1 if $\chi(-1)=-1$, with $\psi(\frac{1}{2})=-\gamma-2\log2$, $\psi(1)=-\gamma$, $\gamma$ is the Euler constant, $\psi^{(j-1)}(1)=(-1)^{j}(j-1)!\zeta(j)$ and $\psi^{(j-1)}(\frac{1}{2})=(-1)^{j+1}j!(2^{j+1}-1)\zeta(j+1).$ Here, $\psi=\frac{\Gamma'}{\Gamma}$ denotes the digamma function.\
An asymptotic formula for the number $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ was proved in [@12 Theorem 3.1] using the arithmetic formula. Furthermore, it is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis.
\[th.2\] We have $$RH\Leftrightarrow\lambda_{\chi}(n)=\frac{1}{2}n\log n+c_{\chi}n+O(\sqrt{n}\log n),$$ where $$c_{\chi}=\frac{1}{2}(\gamma-1)+\frac{1}{2}\log(q/\pi),$$ and $\gamma$ is the Euler constant.
Here, we estimate the error term for $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ using the arithmetic formula (\[eq.2\]). Writing (\[eq.2\]) in the form $$\lambda_{\chi}(n)=\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)+E_{M},$$ where $$\label{eq.4}\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)=\frac{n}{2}\left(\log\frac{q}{\pi}-\gamma\right)+\tau_{\chi}(n)-\sum_{j=1}^{n}(_{j}^{n})\frac{(-1)^{j-1}}{(j-1)!}\sum_{k\leq M}\frac{\Lambda(k)}{k}\chi(k)(\log k)^{j-1}$$ and $$E_{M}=-\sum_{j=1}^{n}(_{j}^{n})\frac{(-1)^{j-1}}{(j-1)!}\sum_{k>M}\frac{\Lambda(k)}{k}\chi(k)(\log k)^{j-1}=-\sum_{k>M}\frac{\Lambda(k)}{k}\chi(k)L_{n-1}^{1}(\log k),$$ where $L_{n-1}^{1}$ is an associated Laguerre polynomial of degree $n-1$.\
Next, for our computation in the section \[sec.5\], we need to find $M$ such that $|E_{M}|\leq 10^{-\nu}$. An estimate for the Laguerre polynomials is due to Koepf and Schmersau [@5 Theorem 2]. Actually, they have shown that $$|L_{n}^{\alpha}(x)|<e^{x/2}\left[(n+\alpha)/x\right]^{\alpha/2}$$ for $x\in{[0,4(n+\alpha)]}$ when $n+\alpha>0$ and $\alpha$ is an integer. Then, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.33}|E_{M}|&\leq&\left|\sqrt{\frac{n}{\log M}}\sum_{m>M}^{+\infty}\frac{\Lambda(m)}{\sqrt{m}}\chi(m)\right|\nonumber\\
&\leq&\sqrt{\frac{n}{\log M}}\left\{\left|\sum_{p>M}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{\sqrt{p}}\chi(p)\right|+\left|\sum_{p^{2}>M}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{p}\chi(p^{2})\right|\right\}\nonumber\\
&&+\ \ \sqrt{\frac{n}{\log M}}\left|\sum_{p^{j}>M,j>2}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{p^{j/2}}\chi(p^{j})\right|.
\end{aligned}$$ We have $|\chi(p^{j})|<1$. Therefore, $$\left|\sum_{p>M}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{\sqrt{p}}\chi(p)\right|+\left|\sum_{p^{2}>M}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{p}\chi(p^{2})\right|\leq\left|\sum_{p>M}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{\sqrt{p}}\chi(p)\right|+\left|\sum_{p>\sqrt{M}}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{p}\chi(p)\right|\leq\frac{2}{\sqrt{M}}$$ and $$\sum_{p^{j}>M,j>2}^{+\infty}\frac{\log p}{p^{j/2}}\leq\left\{\begin{array}{crll} &\frac{\log M}{\sqrt{M}}& \hbox{if}\ \ M+1 \hbox{ is prime,}\\ &\frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}& \hbox{otherwise.}\end{array}\right.$$ Then $$\left\{\begin{array}{crll}|E_{M}|&\leq&\sqrt{\frac{n}{\log M}}\ \frac{\log M+2}{\sqrt{M}}\leq \sqrt{n}\ \frac{\log M+2}{\sqrt{M}}& \hbox{if}\ M+1 \hbox{ is prime,}\\ |E_{M}|&\leq&\sqrt{\frac{n}{\log M}}\frac{3}{\sqrt{M}}\leq3\frac{\sqrt{n}}{\sqrt{M}}&\ \hbox{otherwise.}\end{array}\right.$$ Let $M$ be such that $|E_{M}|\leq 10^{-\nu}$. Then, using the theory of the Lambert $W$ function, we choose $M$ $$\left\{\begin{array}{crll}M&=&\frac{n}{4}\ \left[W_{-1}\left(-\frac{10^{-\nu}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)\right]^{2}+4n\ 10^{2\nu}& \hbox{if}\ M+1\ \hbox{ is prime,}\\ M&=&9n\ 10^{2\nu}&\hbox{otherwise,}\end{array}\right.$$ where $W_{-1}$ denotes the branch satisfying $W(x)\leq-1$ and $W(x)$ is the Lambert $W$ function, which is defined to be the multivalued inverse of the function $w\longmapsto we^{w}$.
[Partial Li criterion]{}\[sec.3\] In the following proposition, we propose a partial Li criterion which relates the partial Riemann hypothesis to the positivity of the Li coefficients up to a certain order.
\[prop.1\] For sufficiently large $T\geq T_{1}\geq1$, if every non-trivial zero $\rho$ of $L(s,\chi)$ with $|Im(\rho)|<T$ satisfies $Re(\rho)=1/2$, then $\lambda_{\chi}(n)\geq0$ for all $n\leq T^{2}$.
We have $$\lambda_{\chi}(n)=\sum_{\rho}\left[1-\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right].$$ Then $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.8}
\lambda_{\chi}(n)&=&\sum_{\rho}\left(1-Re\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]\right)\nonumber\\
&=&\sum_{\rho; |Im(\rho)|<T}\left(1-Re\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]\right)+\sum_{\rho; T<|Im(\rho)|}\left(1-Re\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]\right)\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ Let $\rho=\beta+i\gamma$, then we obtain $$1-\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}=1-\left(\frac{1+\frac{\beta-1}{i\gamma}}{1+\frac{\beta}{i\gamma}}\right)^{n},\ \frac{1+\frac{\beta-1}{i\gamma}}{1+\frac{\beta}{i\gamma}}=\left(1-\frac{\beta}{\gamma^{2}}\right)+\frac{i}{\gamma}+O\left(\frac{1}{\gamma^{3}}\right)$$ and using binomial identity, we get $$Re\left[\left(\frac{1+\frac{\beta-1}{i\gamma}}{1+\frac{\beta}{i\gamma}}\right)^{n}\right]=\left(1-\frac{\beta}{\gamma^{2}}\right)^{n}+O\left(\frac{1}{\gamma^{3}}\right),$$ where the $O$-symbol depends on $n$. Therefore $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.9}\sum_{ |\gamma|>T}\left(1-Re\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]\right)&=&\sum_{ |\gamma|>T}\left[1-\left(1-\frac{\beta}{\gamma^{2}}\right)^{n}+O\left(\frac{1}{\gamma^{3}}\right)\right]\nonumber\\
&=&\sum_{ |\gamma|>T}\frac{n\beta}{\gamma^{2}}+O\left(\frac{1}{\gamma^{3}}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Then, the second sum in goes to 0 in absolute value as $T \to \infty$ by conditional convergence (see also Proposition \[prop.2\] below). Finally, it suffices to prove that, under the Riemann hypothesis, there exists a positive constant $c_{0}$ such that for large $T$ we have $$\label{eq.11}
\sum_{|Im(\rho)|<T}\left(1-Re\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]\right)\geq c_{0} \frac{\log T}{T}.$$ Thus, for $1\leq n\leq T^{2}$, we get $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.12}\sum_{ |\gamma|<T}\left(1-Re\left[\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}\right]\right)&\geq&\sum_{ |\gamma|<T}\frac{n^{2}}{2\gamma^{2}}\nonumber\\
&\geq&\frac{n^{2}}{2}\sum_{ |\gamma|<T}\frac{1}{\gamma^{2}}\nonumber\\
&\geq&\frac{n^{2}}{2T^{2}}\sum_{ |\gamma|<T}1\nonumber\\
&\geq&\frac{1}{2T^{2}}N_{\chi}(T).\end{aligned}$$ Recall that $$N_{\chi}(T)=\frac{1}{2\pi}T\log T+c_{1}T+O\left(\log T\right).$$ Then, equation is proved.
[**Remark**]{}
- Recall that the $10^{13}$ first zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the line $Re(s)=1/2$ (see. [@4]). Then, from Proposition \[prop.1\], we might expect that the first $10^{26}$ Li coefficients $\lambda_{\zeta}(n)$ are non-negative.
- In the section \[sec.5\], we will use the first $10^{4}$ critical zeros of the Dirichlet $L$-functions to compute the first Li coefficients $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$. Then, from Proposition \[prop.1\] above, we also might expect that the first $10^{8}$ Li coefficients are non-negative.
[**Conversely.**]{} From the work of Brown [@1], the first observation is that the first “non-trivial” inequality $\lambda_{\chi}(2)\geq0$ is sufficient to establish the non-existence of a Siegel zero for $\xi(s,\chi)$ (see [@1 Corollary 1]).\
Let $r>1$ be a real number. By the invariance of the zeros $\rho$ of $\xi(s,\chi)$ under the map $\rho\longmapsto1-\overline{\rho}$, $$\forall \ \rho,\ \ \left|\frac{\rho}{\rho-1}\right|\leq r\ \Leftrightarrow\ \forall\ \rho,\ \rho\in{D_{r}},$$ where $D_{r}$ is the closed region bounded by the lines $\{z\in{\Bbb C}:\ Re(z)=0,1\}$ and the arcs of tow circles. The second observation (see [@1 Theorem 3]) is that, for large $N\in{\Bbb N}$, the equality $\lambda_{\chi}(1)\geq0,...,\lambda_{\chi}(n)\geq0$ imply the existence of a certain zero-free region for $\xi(s,\chi)$, that is, there exist constants $N,\mu, \nu$ depending only on $q$ such that if $\lambda_{\chi}(1)\geq0,...,\lambda_{\chi}(n)\geq0$ hold, and $n\geq N$, then the zeros of $\xi(s,\chi)$ belong to $D_{r}$, where $r=\sqrt{1+T^{-2}}$ and $T=\left(\frac{n}{\mu\log^{2}(\nu n)}\right)^{1/3}$.\
Let us define the partial Li coefficients by $$\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)=\sum_{\rho;\ |Im\rho|\leq T}1-\left(1-\frac{1}{\rho}\right)^{n}$$ with a parameter $T$. An estimate for the error term $|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)|$ is stated in the following proposition.
\[prop.2\] For sufficiently large $T\geq1$, we have $$\label{eq.12}
\left|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)\right|\leq\frac{3n^{2}}{2T^{2}}\left[\frac{1}{2\pi}T\log T+\left(\frac{1}{\pi}+\log\left(\frac{q}{2\pi e}\right)\right)T+\frac{1}{2}\right].$$
Note that $\rho=\beta+i\gamma$, where $\beta$, $\gamma\in{\rb}$ and $0\leq\beta\leq1$. We have $$\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)=\frac{1}{2}Re\left[ \sum_{|\gamma|> T}\left(2-\left(\frac{\rho-1}{\rho}\right)^{n}-\left(\frac{\rho}{\rho-1}\right)^{n}\right)\right].$$ Using a binomial expansion of the inner term in the sum in the right-hand side, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.13}
Re\left[2-\left(\frac{\rho-1}{\rho}\right)^{n}-\left(\frac{\rho}{\rho-1}\right)^{n}\right]&=&Re\left[n\left(\frac{1}{\rho}+\frac{1}{1-\rho}\right)-\frac{n(n-1)}{2}\left(\frac{1}{\rho^{2}}+\frac{1}{(1-\rho)^{2}}\right)\right]\nonumber\\
&&+\ Re\left[\sum_{k=3}^{n}\left(_{k}^{n}\right)(-1)^{k-1}\left(\rho^{-k}+(1-\rho)^{-k}\right)\right].\end{aligned}$$ We have $$\frac{1}{1+\gamma^{2}}\leq Re\left(\frac{1}{\rho}+\frac{1}{1-\rho}\right)\leq\frac{1}{\gamma^{2}}$$ and $$\frac{1}{1+\gamma^{2}}-\frac{2}{\gamma^{4}}\leq Re\left(\frac{1}{\rho^{2}}+\frac{1}{(1-\rho)^{2}}\right)\leq\frac{2}{\gamma^{2}}.$$ Suppose now that $|\gamma|\geq T\geq n$, then $\frac{(n-3)}{|\gamma|}...\frac{(n-k)}{|\gamma|}\leq1$ for all $n\geq k\geq3$. Then $$\sum_{k=3}^{n}\left(_{k}^{n}\right)\frac{1}{|\gamma|^{k}}\leq2\frac{n^{3}}{|\gamma|^{3}}\sum_{k=3}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k!}=(2e-5)\frac{n^{3}}{|\gamma|^{3}}\leq\frac{n^{3}}{2|\gamma|^{3}}.$$ Therefore, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.14}
Re\left[2-\left(\frac{\rho-1}{\rho}\right)^{n}-\left(\frac{\rho}{\rho-1}\right)^{n}\right]&\leq&\frac{n}{\gamma^{2}}+\frac{n^{2}-n}{\gamma^{2}}+\sum_{k=3}^{n}\left(_{k}^{n}\right)\frac{2}{|\gamma|^{k}}\nonumber\\
&\leq&\frac{n}{\gamma^{2}}+\frac{n^{3}}{2|\gamma|^{3}}\nonumber\\
&\leq&\frac{3n^{2}}{2|\gamma|^{2}}.\end{aligned}$$ Then $$\left|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)\right|\leq\frac{3}{4}n^{2}\sum_{|\gamma|> T}\frac{1}{\gamma^{2}}.$$ We have $$\label{eq.15}
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{|\gamma|>T}\frac{1}{\gamma^{2}}\leq\int_{T}^{\infty}-\frac{d}{dt}\left[t^{-2}\right]_{t=x}\left(N_{\chi}(x)-N_{\chi}(T)\right)dx
=\int_{T}^{\infty}x^{-2}dN_{\chi}(x).$$ Furthermore, $$\begin{aligned}
\int_{T}^{\infty}x^{-2}dN_{\chi}(x)&=&\int_{T}^{\infty}x^{-2}\left[\frac{1}{2\pi}\log x+\frac{1}{2\pi}+\log\left(\frac{q}{2\pi e}\right)+\frac{1}{x}\right]dx\nonumber\\
&=&T^{-2}\left[\frac{1}{2\pi}\log T+\frac{1}{2\pi}T\log T+\frac{1}{2\pi}T+\log\left(\frac{q}{2\pi e}\right)T+\frac{1}{2}\right].\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Finally, we get $$\left|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)\right|\leq\frac{3}{2}\frac{n^{2}}{T^{2}}\left[\frac{1}{2\pi}T\log T+\left(\frac{1}{\pi}+\log\left(\frac{q}{2\pi e}\right)\right)T+\frac{1}{2}\right]$$ and Proposition \[prop.2\] follows.
For our computations at the end of this paper, we need to find $T_{0}$ such that $\left|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)\right|\leq 10^{-k}$. To do so, it suffices to find $T_{0}$ such that $$\frac{3n^{2}}{4\pi}\frac{\log T}{T}\leq \frac{10^{-k}}{3}\ \ \ \Leftrightarrow \ \ \ \frac{\log T}{T}\leq \frac{4\pi 10^{-k}}{9n^{2}}.$$ Using the theory of the Lambert $W$ function, we get $$T_{0}=-\frac{9n^{2}}{4\pi}W_{-1}\left(-\frac{4\pi}{9n^{2}}10^{-k}\right),$$ where $W_{-1}$ denotes the branch satisfying $W(x)\leq-1$ and $W(x)$ is the Lambert $W$ function which is defined to be the multivalued inverse of the function $w\longmapsto we^{w}$.
[New formulas for the Li coefficients]{}\[sec.4\] In this section, we give new formulas for the Li coefficients under the Riemann hypothesis (integral and summation formula) which will be used to compute and verify the positivity of the Li coefficients $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ under the Riemann hypothesis.\
From (\[eq.1\]) we have $$\label{eq.16}
\log\xi\left(\frac{z}{z-1},\chi\right)=\log\xi\left(\frac{1}{1-z},\chi\right)=\log \xi(0,\chi)+ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\lambda_{\chi}(n)\frac{z^{n}}{n}.$$ The number $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ does not depend on the choice of the logarithm. Rewrite (\[eq.16\]) at the point $z=-1$. Note that the region of convergence for this is an open disk of radius 2 centered at $z=-1$ and it encloses in particular the entirety of the closed unit disk, except for the point $z=1$ that is a pole of $\xi(\frac{1}{1-z},\chi)$.\
Assume that the Riemann hypothesis holds. Then, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq.17}
\log\xi\left(\frac{1}{1-z},\chi\right)&=&\log \xi(0,\chi)+ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\lambda_{\chi}(n)\frac{z^{n}}{n}\nonumber\\
&=&C_{\chi}(0)+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}C_{\chi}(n)(z+1)^{n}.\end{aligned}$$ Expanding $(z+1)^{n}$, we obtain $$\label{eq.18}
\lambda_{\chi}(n)=n\sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\left(_{n}^{j}\right)C_{\chi}(j).$$ We have $$\label{eq.19}
N_{\chi}(T)=\frac{1}{\pi}Im\left(\log\xi_{\chi}\left(\frac{1}{2}+iT\right)\right)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{C_{\chi}(n)}{\pi}\left(Im\left(\frac{2\gamma+i}{2\gamma-i}+1\right)\right)^{n},$$ where we have used the substitution $\frac{1}{2}+i\gamma=\frac{1}{1-z}$ or $z=\frac{2\gamma+i}{2\gamma-i}$. Then, since $$\left(Im\left(\frac{2\gamma+i}{2\gamma-i}+1\right)\right)^{n}=\frac{(4\gamma)^{n}}{(4\gamma^{2}+1)^{n/2}}\sin\left(n\tan^{-1}\frac{1}{2\gamma}\right)=2^{n}\cos^{n}\theta\sin(n\theta),$$ $$\cos\theta:=\frac{2\gamma}{\sqrt{4\gamma^{2}+1}},$$ we get $$\pi N_{\chi}(\gamma)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}C_{\chi}(n)2^{n}\cos^{n}\theta\sin(n\theta).$$ Using the identity $$\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\cos^{n}\theta\sin(n\theta)\sin(2m\theta)d\theta=\frac{\pi}{2^{n+2}}\left(_{m}^{n}\right),\ \ m, n\in{\nb},$$ we deduce $$\int_{0}^{\pi/2}\pi N_{\chi}(\gamma)\sin(2m\theta)d\theta=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}C_{\chi}(n)\frac{\pi}{4}\left(_{m}^{n}\right).$$ Hence, $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}C_{\chi}(n)\left(_{m}^{n}\right)=4\int_{0}^{\pi/2}N_{\chi}(\gamma)U_{m-1}(\cos(2\theta))\sin(2\theta)d\theta,$$ where $U_{m-1}$ are the Chebyschev polynomial of the second kind. Using that $$U_{m-1}(\cos\theta):=\frac{\sin(m\theta)}{\sin(\theta)},\ \ \ \cos(2\theta)=\cos^{2}\theta-\sin^{2}\theta=\frac{4\gamma^{2}-1}{4\gamma^{2}+1},$$ $$\sin(2\theta)d\theta=-2\cos\theta d(\cos\theta)$$ and that as $\gamma$ proceeds from 0 to $\infty$, $\theta$ subtends an angle from $\pi/2$ to $0$, we obtain $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}C_{\chi}(n)\left(_{m}^{n}\right)=8\int_{0}^{\infty}N_{\chi}(\gamma)U_{m-1}\left(\frac{4\gamma^{2}-1}{4\gamma^{2}+1}\right)\times\frac{2\gamma}{\sqrt{4\gamma^{2}+1}}\times\frac{2}{(4\gamma^{2}+1)^{3/2}}d\gamma.$$ Therefore, from (\[eq.18\]) we get for all $n\in{\nb}$ the following proposition.
\[prop.3\] Under the Riemann hypothesis, for $n\geq1$, we have $$\label{eq.20}
\lambda_{\chi}(n)=32\ n\ \int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{\gamma}{(4\gamma^{2}+1)^{2}}N_{\chi}(\gamma)U_{n-1}\left(\frac{4\gamma^{2}-1}{4\gamma^{2}+1}\right)d\gamma.$$
Next, we give another formula for the Li coefficient. Recall that the function $N_{\chi}(T)$ is a real step function, increasing by unity each time a new critical zero is counted: $$\label{eq.21}N_{\chi}(T)=\sum_{\rho, Im(\rho)>0}\phi(T-Im(\rho))=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\alpha_{k}\phi(T-\gamma_{k}),$$ where $\rho_{j}=\beta_{k}+i\gamma_{k},\ \gamma_{k}>0$ and $\phi(x-a)=1$ if $x\geq a$ and 0 if $x<a$. The zeros are ordered so that $\gamma_{k+1}>\gamma_{k}$ and the $\alpha_{k}$ counts the number of zeros with imaginary part $\gamma_{k}$ including the multiplicities. Simplification of the integral formula (\[eq.20\]) is stated in the following proposition.
\[prop.4\] Under the Riemann hypothesis, we have $$\lambda_{\chi}(n)=2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\alpha_{k}\left(1-T_{n}\left(\frac{4\gamma_{k}^{2}-1}{4\gamma_{k}^{2}+1}\right)\right),\ \ n\in{\nb}.$$
By (\[eq.21\]), the formula (\[eq.20\]) can be written as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\lambda_{\chi}(n)&=&32n\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\alpha_{k}\int_{0}^{\infty}\phi(\gamma-\gamma_{k})\frac{\gamma}{(4\gamma^{2}+1)^{2}}U_{n-1}\left(\frac{4\gamma^{2}-1}{4\gamma^{2}+1}\right)d\gamma\nonumber\\
&=&2n\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\alpha_{k}\int_{\gamma_{k}}^{\infty}\frac{16\gamma}{(4\gamma^{2}+1)^{2}}U_{n-1}\left(\frac{4\gamma^{2}-1}{4\gamma^{2}+1}\right)d\gamma\nonumber\\
&=&2n\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\alpha_{k}\left[\frac{1}{n}T_{n}(y)\right]_{\frac{4\gamma_{k}^{2}-1}{4\gamma_{k}^{2}+1}}^{1}\nonumber\\
&=&2\sum_{k=1}^{\infty}\alpha_{k}\left(1-T_{n}\left(\frac{4\gamma_{k}^{2}-1}{4\gamma_{k}^{2}+1}\right)\right),\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ using the following relation between the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind and the first kind $$\int U_{n}(x)dx=\frac{1}{n+1}T_{n+1}(x).$$
This is remarkable summation expression for the Li coefficients. We numerically evaluate some of the first terms by the right hand side expression and find them to be indeed close to the required values of the Li coefficients. This is reassuring, and the results are presented in the tables below.\
Under the Riemann hypothesis, from the above arguments used in the proof of Propositions \[prop.3\] and \[prop.4\], one can derive the following formula $$\lambda_{\chi}(n,T)=2\sum_{k=1}^{N}\alpha_{k}\left(1-T_{n}\left(\frac{4\gamma_{k}^{2}-1}{4\gamma_{k}^{2}+1}\right)\right),$$ where $N=[N_{\chi}(T)]$ with $[x]=x-\{x\}$ and $\{x\}$ denotes the fractional part of $x$ (the last formula will be denoted $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$). Therefore, the latter formula allows one to estimate the error term $|\lambda_{\chi}(n)-\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)|$ in Proposition \[prop.4\] by evaluating directly the partial Li coefficients as in Proposition \[prop.2\].
[Numerical computations]{}\[sec.5\]
In this section, we compute and verify the positivity of the values of $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ unconditionally or under the Riemann hypothesis. We first compute unconditionally (without assuming the Riemann hypothesis) $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)$ by using equation (\[eq.3\]) and computing prime numbers up to $M$ (see. Section \[sec.2\]). We also compute under the Riemann hypothesis $$\label{eq.22}\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)=2\sum_{k=1}^{N}\alpha_{k}\left(1-T_{n}\left(\frac{4\gamma_{k}^{2}-1}{4\gamma_{k}^{2}+1}\right)\right),\ \hbox{with}\ N=10^{4}.$$ Furthermore, we carried out the calculations for several examples of characters. Some illustrative examples are cited below. We restricted the tables below for $n\leq 40$. However, one can find the other values of $n>40$ represented in the graphs 1-4.\
[**Remark.**]{} In fact, by the summation formula (\[eq.22\]), we could compute more coefficients $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ with less time consuming way than by the arithmetic formula (\[eq.3\]), where computation of the first 50 coefficients lasted more than a week.\
Based on the tables below, we conjecture the following result.\
[**Conjecture. The coefficients $\lambda_{\chi}(n)$ are positive and increasing in $n$.**]{}\
This conjecture was partially numerical verified for the case of the Riemann zeta function (see [@2 Appendix D] and [@8]) and by the authors in a work in progress for the Hecke $L$-functions [@13].
-------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
$\chi$(mod3)
$n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)\ $ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$ $n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)$ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$
1 0.05316 0.056442 19 17.18050 17.16170
2 0.22763 0.22542 20 18.58480 18.69100
3 0.14844 0.50592 21 20.01400 20.24310
4 0.89344 0.89624 22 21.46700 21.81300
5 1.35725 1.39404 23 22.94280 23.39600
6 2.12951 1.99635 24 24.44030 24.98820
7 2.98573 2.69962 25 25.95870 26.58590
8 3.91334 3.49978 26 27.49700 28.18600
9 4.40970 4.39225 27 29.05460 29.78580
10 5.94841 5.37202 28 30.63070 31.38330
11 7.04344 6.43371 29 32.22460 32.97700
12 8.18382 7.57163 30 33.83580 34.56580
13 9.36580 8.77987 31 35.46370 36.14940
14 10.58620 10.05230 32 37.10770 37.72780
15 11.84230 11.38280 33 38.76730 39.3014
16 12.81150 12.76510 34 40.44210 40.87120
17 14.45250 14.19300 35 42.13150 42.43870
18 15.80260 15.66050 36 43.83530 44.00550
-------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
![ Case of $\chi$ (mod3)[]{data-label="fig:1"}](graphmod3){height="8cm"}
-------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
$\chi$(mod5)
$n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)\ $ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$ $n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)$ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$
1 0.13183 0.08562 21 25.37770 26.21450
2 0.29872 0.34152 22 27.08610 27.92160
3 0.91468 0.76482 23 28.81730 29.60960
4 1.58476 1.35081 24 30.57020 31.27780
5 2.63432 2.09300 25 32.34400 32.92720
6 3.66199 2.98332 26 34.13770 34.56020
7 4.77362 4.01225 27 35.95070 36.18030
8 5.95664 5.16902 28 37.78220 37.79200
9 7.06010 6.44188 29 39.63160 39.40090
10 8.50254 7.81828 30 41.49820 41.01320
11 9.85298 9.28519 31 43.38150 42.63540
12 11.24880 10.82930 32 45.28090 44.2746
13 12.68620 12.43740 33 47.19590 45.93760
14 14.16200 14.09650 34 49.12610 47.63100
15 15.67350 15.79410 35 51.07100 49.36130
16 17.68370 17.51860 36 53.03020 51.13410
17 14.45250 19.25930 37 55.00320 52.95430
18 20.40000 21.00670 38 56.98980 54.82600
19 22.03340 22.75260 39 58.98950 56.75210
20 23.69300 24.49030 40 61.00210 58.73450
-------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
![Case of $\chi$ (mod5)[]{data-label="fig:1"}](graphmod5){height="7cm"}
--------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
$\chi$(mod20)
$n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)$ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$ $n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)$ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$
1 0.695021 0.319128 21 39.93370 41.70260
2 1.68502 1.24419 22 42.33530 44.31350
3 2.99412 2.68343 23 44.75970 46.59570
4 4.48123 4.50032 24 47.20580 48.55720
5 6.10005 6.53527 25 49.67270 50.26430
6 7.82087 8.63067 26 52.15960 51.83150
7 9.62565 10.65500 27 54.66570 53.403100
8 11.50180 12.52230 28 57.19040 55.12930
9 13.32220 14.20280 29 59.73290 57.14130
10 15.43400 15.72450 30 62.29260 59.52940
11 17.47760 17.16450 31 64.86910 62.32740
12 19.56650 18.63130 32 67.46160 65.50710
13 21.69710 20.24300 33 70.06980 68.98220
14 23.86610 22.10320 34 72.69310 72.62260
15 26.07070 24.28030 35 75.33110 76.27560
16 28.54690 26.79300 36 77.98350 79.79060
17 30.57800 29.60520 37 80.64970 83.04340
18 32.87670 32.63050 38 83.32940 85.95580
19 35.20320 35.74610 39 86.02230 88.50750
20 37.55600 38.81360 40 88.72800 90.73760
--------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
![Case of $\chi$ (mod20)[]{data-label="fig:1"}](graphmod20){height="7cm"}
--------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
$\chi$(mod60)
$n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)\ $ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$ $n$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{\chi}(n,M)$ $\lambda_{\chi}(n,N)$
1 1.12226 0.48626 21 51.46920 50.88960
2 2.78363 1.86950 22 54.42010 52.52830
3 4.64204 3.94169 23 57.39370 54.44350
4 6.83662 6.41363 24 60.38910 56.86290
5 8.84658 8.98530 25 63.40530 59.89590
6 11.11670 11.41720 26 66.44150 63.50750
7 13.47080 13.58380 27 69.49700 67.53000
8 15.89630 15.49640 28 72.57090 71.70750
9 18.06830 17.28820 29 75.6628 75.7637
10 20.92710 19.16770 30 78.77180 79.47310
11 23.52000 21.35250 31 81.89750 82.71770
12 26.15820 24.00100 32 85.03940 85.51520
13 28.83810 27.16160 33 88.19690 88.00960
14 31.55630 30.75170 34 91.36950 90.42920
15 34.31030 34.57380 35 94.55690 93.02160
16 37.56690 38.36300 36 97.75850 95.98430
17 39.91620 41.85530 37 100.97400 99.40850
18 42.76420 44.85610 38 104.20300 103.25300
19 45.64000 47.29300 39 107.44500 107.35200
20 48.54210 49.23760 40 110.70000 111.46000
--------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------- -- --
![Case of $\chi$ (mod60)[]{data-label="fig:1"}](graphmod60){height="7cm"}
[**Acknowledgements**]{}. The authors would like to thank Maciej Radziejewski and Mark Coffey for their many valuable comments about the published paper.
[99]{}
, [*Li’s criterion and zero-free regions of $L$-functions,*]{} Journal of Number Theory [**111**]{} (2005) 1-–32. , [ *Toward verification of the Riemann hypothesis: Application of the Li criterion,*]{} Math. Phys. Anal. Geom. [**8**]{} (3) (2005) 211–255. , [*Multiplicative Number Theory,*]{} Springer-Verlag, New York, (1980). , [*The $10^{13}$ first zeros of the Riemann zeta function, and zeros computation at very large height,*]{} available at http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Miscellaneous/zetazeros1e13-1e24.pdf, October 2004. , [*Bounded nonvanishing functions and Bateman functions,*]{} Complex Variables [**25**]{} (1994) 237–259. , [*The positivity of a sequence of numbers and the Riemann hypothesis,*]{} J. Number theory [**65**]{} (2) (1997) 325–333. , [*Explicit formulas for Dirichlet and Hecke $L$-functions,*]{} Illinois J. Math. [**48**]{} (2) (2004) 491–503. , [*Li’s criterion for the Riemann hypothesis - numerical approch,*]{} Opuscula Mathematica [**24**]{} (1) (2004) 103–114. , [*Li’s criterion and the Riemann hypothesis for function fields,*]{} Finite Fields and Their Applications [**16**]{} (6) (2010) 477–485. , [*Le critère de Li et l’hypothèse de Riemann pour la classe de Selberg,*]{} J. Number Theory [**125**]{} (1) (2007) 50–58. , [*Erratum et addendum à l’article, “Le critère de Li et l’hypothèse de Riemann pour la classe de Selberg” \[J. Number Theory [**125**]{} (2007) 50–58\],* ]{} J. Number Theory [**130**]{} (4) (2010) 1098–1108. , [*The Li criterion and the Riemann hypothesis for the Selberg class II*]{}, J. Number Theory [**130**]{} (4) (2010) 1109–1114. , [*On the zeros of Hecke $L$-functions,*]{} Preprint, 2011.
[^1]: 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11M06,11M26, 11M36.\
Keywords and Phrases: Dirichlet $L$-functions, Li’s criterion, Riemann hypothesis.
|
Modesto Korean Kitchen
Driving around Modesto, I noticed a flyer posted on a random telephone pole advertising Korean food. I was looking for a new place to try for lunch, so Korean sounded good, and I thought I would give the place a shot. The restaurant is called 'Korean Kitchen' located on the corner of Coffee Road at Floyd, it is a somewhat don-descript place located in a strip mall. On the inside, the place is somewhat plain but clean. When I arrived, I was somewhat surprised because the owner does not appear Korean, later he told me his wife and co-owner is Korean, and she does the cooking.
The menu was pretty standard, I decided on the grilled marinated chicken breast lunch special for $7. The food came out promptly and everything looked tasty. The grilled chicken was plump, juicy, and delicious, it was nicely carmelized and tasted of the korean marinade and spices. The lunch came with some yummy side dishes including 3 types of kimchi, marinated sprouts/broccoli, anchovies, rice, and salad. The cabbage Kimchi was awesome, it tasted super fresh, and had the perfect balance of cold, crunchy, bitter and spicy/sweet, and the marinated broccoli was also very good. The owner mentioned the kimchi was homemade.Kudos to his wife. Based off of my lunch, I give the place a 4/5. I returned a different day, but this time for dinner, and I ordered the beef shortribs. The short ribs had potential, but were poorly cooked because they were somewhat burnt,and tasted slightly bitter and uneven; but the meal was saved by the awesome sides dishes that I previously mentioned. The place seemed pretty dead both times, which is unfortunate because the food is pretty good, and I definitely will go back. As far as I know, it is the only Korean restaurant between Modesto and Merced.
Overall I give the place 3.5/5, it would have been 4, if it werent for the burnt short ribs. If you go, I recommend experimenting with the menu, since every item may not be a winner, but I think the side dishes are worth the visit alone.
Sorry to report that the Korean Kitchen (AKA Korean BBQ) on Coffee Road has gone out of business due to a lack of customers to support it. The closest Korean Restaurants are now located in Stockton, Pleasanton, Santa Clara, and San Jose. There used to be a small Korean Restaurant in Atwater years ago that had very good food. Guess there are not that many people in and around Modesto that have a taste for Korean food...too bad, it's great. The local North China Restaurant on Standiford used to offer a great bowl of Korean Black Bean Noodles, but the new owners no longer offer it.
hubby says that at least as of two months ago or so when he was working at Castle (in Atwater) that the Korean restaurant, Kim's, is still there, and decent for home-style lunches. He's been bugging me to go with him sometime to get a second opinion, but he now works downtown Merced instead of Atwater so the incentive isn't there.
A search on other sites confirms that it is still there, as of August:
Kim's Restaurant161 Atwater BoulevardAtwater
I am sorry I somehow missed or had forgotten the original post on Korean Kitchen; I definitely miss the cuisine since moving to the area. Perhaps this will be push I need to try Kim's for myself...(I will admit to being skeptical about a Korean place in Atwater; it did seem unlikely).
You are correct, after my last post I did some more searching and found several posts on places like YELP that advised that Kim's in Atwater was still open.
The reviews all seemed to be very positive in that the place was still kind of a small hole in the wall restaurant located in a small strip mall, but the food tended to be great! I will take the time make a trip to Atwater, maybe with some friends, to give Kim's a try again.
There are several Japanese restaurants around Modesto that seem to be doing well, but guess Korean food has just not caught on that much yet. The bad reviews posted on the Korean Kitchen sure did not help the cause. The location was another negative factor. |
Size is enlarged by using a larger needle. Needles and gauge given above are for the S/M size. The L size requires a US 13 / 9.0 mm needle and a gauge of 10 st and 14 rows = 4” in stockinette stitch.
Like some other loop-d-loop pieces, this vest was originally developed for boutique production with these criteria in mind: It must be obviously hand-knit with prominent full-fashioning marks, be quick to knit by hand but a pain to do on a factory machine, look modern yet nod to fashion history, be rustic yet clean in styling, and emphasize the lines of the female form. The shaping in the front and back of the bodice, an exercise in aligning paired decreases and increases, creates a directional hourglass in the fabric. It is reminiscent of the triangular corseted bodice worn above a farthingale, the bell-shaped hoopskirt of the Elizabethan era. I can also imagine this vest in a space-age color for a techno, sci-fi look. |
//
// JDSnowViewController.m
// WJDStudyLibrary
//
// Created by wangjundong on 2017/5/17.
// Copyright © 2017年 wangjundong. All rights reserved.
//
#import "JDSnowViewController.h"
#import "JDSnowView.h"
@interface JDSnowViewController ()
@end
@implementation JDSnowViewController
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
self.title =@"下雪效果";
JDSnowView *snow = [[JDSnowView alloc]initWithFrame:self.view.bounds];
[self.view addSubview:snow];
// Do any additional setup after loading the view.
}
@end
|
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House intelligence committee chairman Rep. Devin Nunes (R-Calif.) said in March he had not seen any evidence to back President Donald Trump's claim that the Obama administration wiretapped him during the 2016 campaign and suggested the news media were taking the president's tweets too literally. A few days prior, Trump tweeted, "Is it legal for a sitting President to be 'wire tapping' a race for president prior to an election? Turned down by court earlier. A NEW LOW!"
Nunes: I've not seen evidence of wiretapping, media may be taking Trump tweets too literally
Mar 08, 2017
House intelligence committee chairman Rep. Devin Nunes (R-Calif.) said in March he had not seen any evidence to back President Donald Trump's claim that the Obama administration wiretapped him during the 2016 campaign and suggested the news media were taking the president's tweets too literally. A few days prior, Trump tweeted, "Is it legal for a sitting President to be 'wire tapping' a race for president prior to an election? Turned down by court earlier. A NEW LOW!"
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Virginia Democrat Danica Roem, the US’s first openly transgender state representative, gave a thank-you speech following the announcement of her win on Tuesday, November 7. She beat Bob Marshall, who had served in Virginia’s House of Delegates since 1992. Marshall introduced a “bathroom bill” earlier in the year, requiring people to use only the restroom that matched their biological sex. The bill was not passed. This video shows Roem’s victory speech at the election night watch party. “To every person who’s ever been singled out, who’s ever been stigmatized, who’s ever been the misfit… This one’s for you,” Roem said to a crowd of cheering supporters. |
Unless you eat takeout every night (wouldn't that be nice?), it's a given: Your kitchen is going to accumulate grease and grime. With a little upkeep, however, and a few household items, you can prevent the yucky stuff from taking over your cabinets and counters! Here's how:
1) Fill a bowl with two cups of warm water and two tablespoons of blue Dawn, then use the solution to give your cabinets a good wipe-down. (A magic eraser can help tackle really stubborn grease!)
2) Make a paste out of water and baking soda and gently scrub the cabinets once more. (You can also use a mixture of Borax, vinegar, and hot water to clean your cabinets.)
3) After wiping the paste from the cabinets, add one cup of white vinegar to your Dawn-water solution, and wipe the cabinets again. |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Bio-based economy is urgently being driven by the changing global climate and the increasing demand of renewable biofuels and oleochemicals^[@CR1]--[@CR3]^. Microalgae, photosynthetic cell factories with high photosynthetic efficiency, are essential for capturing and recycling the global carbon dioxide, and potentially convert it into biomass over time and distance. In addition, microalgae can be exploited in wastewater treatment and biofuel production due to their advantages of nitrogen and phosphorus loading, no competition with food production, high oil content, and rapid growth rate^[@CR4],[@CR5]^. Alternatively, microalgae are also considered as the promising cell factories producing profitable natural pigments and lipids in food fields, and offsetting the cost in various treatments during cultivation and harvesting^[@CR6]^. Consequently, environmental issues and food revenues make microalgal production a matter of overall consideration. One of the most obvious examples is the conversion of process-compatible products always negatively affects cell growth. Recently, optimized culture strategies and genetic engineering approaches have been developed for alleviating the potential conflict between biomass concentration and its valuable products^[@CR2],[@CR7]^. However, the obstacle still remains as productivity of biomass and associated lipids and pigments is controlled by a set of complex but poorly understood environmental and genetic factors^[@CR1]^. Furthermore, considering the challenges of applicability and validity under Algae Raceway Integrated Design, microalgal production is needed to coordinate environmental conditions in agricultural and industrial processes^[@CR8],[@CR9]^, and thus commercialization are very different. To efficiently address environmental issues with considerable economic benefits, understanding of underlying relationship between the conditions and cell behavior is essential.
Microalgae excel in adapting to environment or saving energy for survival under various environmental conditions^[@CR10]--[@CR12]^. Among the condition factors, light and nutrient have been reported to take charge in the important physiological and morphological responses^[@CR13]^. Though light is essential for photosynthesis, the solar-to-biomass conversion efficiency is \<6% for most photosynthetic organisms^[@CR4],[@CR14]^. Up till now, light intensity, light quality, and light cycle have been tested in order to confirm their best implementation in cell growth, reproduction and accumulation of high-value products^[@CR15]^. On the other hand, nutrient is involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, where modes of repletion, starvation, recovery and recycle are considered as valid strategies for increasing the productivity of biomass and high-value products^[@CR16]^. Furthermore, coordinating advantages of light and nutrient brings out various powerful strategies for microalgal cultivation such as light-increment culture, flashing-light culture, mixing-light culture, fed-batch culture, gradient-fed culture, semi-continuous culture, and nutrient-starvation stress culture^[@CR17]--[@CR20]^. However, since most reported cultivations are carried out in a black-box model through a single chemical reaction of nutrient into biomass, precision and adaptability of the strategies proposed above are limited in the realistic cultivation. In this case, global understanding between cell behavior and cell metabolism responding to a certain environmental factor is needed for achieving a higher biomass value.
In a cell factory, dynamics of biomass component and metabolite analysis have revealed that light and nutrient cause compositional shifts through carbon partitioning and central carbon metabolism^[@CR18]^. Variations in light and nutrient would lead algal cells to grow at a steady-growth state or redistribute carbon sinks for survival. For instance, previous study stated sufficient nutrient preferably increased the biomass, while excess light and nitrogen starvation favored in the accumulation of lipid and carotenoid by elevating pyruvate availability^[@CR17],[@CR18]^. Consider excess light has a great potential to promote accumulation of carotenoid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). It concludes that elevated intracellular carbon availability is beneficial for biosynthesis of lipid and secondary metabolite^[@CR18],[@CR21]^. However, given the fact that elevated carbon availability under stress condition is at the expense of cell growth^[@CR18]^, it is essential to systematically investigate the relationship between carbon efficiency and path rate of the products, since efficient exogenous carbon ensures the cell reproduction and sufficient intracellular carbon availability helps to gain revenues from lipid and secondary metabolites. At the molecular level, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and synthetic pathways of lipid and carotenoid share pyruvate and acetyl-CoA as carbon precursors, which can be consumed at a fast rate once the synthetic genes are upregulated^[@CR4]^. However, the path rates under different environmental factors are seldom studied, limiting the metabolic regulation to suppress or remove the pathways with high-energy consumption. Furthermore, no report has focused on the significant influence of exogenous carbon on cell behaviors and metabolism. Exogenous carbon molecule is the key factor to link cell growth and product accumulation through its complex influence on carbon availability and path rate of carbon metabolism^[@CR4]^. When tolerating stress conditions, algal cells commonly pave ways for lipid accumulation through protein degradation, which provides carbon skeletons, energy molecules (adenosine triphosphate, ATP), and reducing power (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADPH)^[@CR4]^. In addition, as cellular protein stoichiometry is largely dependent on nitrogen availability^[@CR22]^, the supplied carbon is then linked to the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) stoichiometric ratio, which is reported to range from 6:1 to 15:1 as a result of acclimatization and subsistence^[@CR23],[@CR24]^. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the relations among nutrient, light, and C/N balance at the molecular level will no doubt deliver great productivity improvements, and then blaze a new frontier in microalgal production for the highest revenue.
The objective of the current study is to comprehensively understand the influence of light and nutrient on microalgal production in carbon partitioning at the molecular level. First, a kinetic model is established to explore the changes of carbon partitioning under different light intensities, followed by a determination of photosynthetic characteristics. Then, transcriptomics and ^13^C tracer-based metabolic flux analysis (^13^C-MFA) are applied to explain the carbon behaviors in central carbon metabolism. In combination with light, exponential fed-batch cultures providing different C/N ratios are designed to explore complex interactions of carbon source, carbon availability and path rates of central carbon metabolism. Such interactions are finally described through metabolic flux analysis and targeted metabolites of precursors for lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis. The results of this study will potentially overcome the conflicts between biomass concentration and high-value product yield, and make it possible to accurately design cultivation processes of microalgae for the highest revenue.
Results {#Sec2}
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Carbon distribution impacted biomass accumulation {#Sec3}
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As light is an essential source for photosynthetic activity, its change in intensity potentially influences the biomass concentration^[@CR15]^. As shown in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, the effect of light intensity on biomass was evaluated in the aspect of carbon partitioning. Comparing with heterotrophic culture, mixotrophic culture enhanced biomass concentration as the intensity increased to 150 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, and subsequently reduced at 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^. In addition, intensity at 50 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, as the most suitable light intensity, induced the highest growth rate with the maximal biomass at 72 h. The previous study suggested excess light could restrain cell growth by changing carbon partitioning and limiting photosynthetic efficiency^[@CR18]^. As shown in Fig. [1b](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, protein content tended to decline as the time extended, which was more obvious under excess light. Accordingly, carbohydrate and lipid contents were increasing as the culture time went on, and reached the highest at 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^. The decreased protein would lead to growth retardation or even cell death^[@CR4]^. Interestingly, although protein degradation at heterotrophic culture was slower than those at 150 and 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, its lipid accumulation rate was the highest among the cultures. The changes of carbon partitioning under dark and light conditions followed different rules.Fig. 1Effect of light intensity on cell behavior.Growth profiles (**a**) and changes of carbon partitioning in protein (**b**), carbohydrate (**c**), and lipid (**d**) under different light intensities. Photosynthetic characteristics of *F*~v~*/F*~m~ (**e**), ETR (**f**) and NPQ (**g**), pigment content (**h**) and composition (**i**), Rubisco activity (**j**), ROS level (**k**), and NADPH oxidase activity (**l**) under different light intensities. The metabolites: Chl *a* chlorophyll *a*, Chl *b* chlorophyll *b*. Post-hoc comparison, different superscript letters indicate significant difference (*p* \< 0.05), *N* = 3.
Therefore, a kinetic model was designed to explore the dynamic changes of carbon partitioning. As shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}, values of *D*~P~, *α*~C~ and *Y*~CX,max~ were all the highest at 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, which suggested excess light induced carbon flux from protein to carbohydrate and then to lipid. However, *D*~P~ in dark was close to that at 50 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, whereas *α*~C~ and *Y*~CX,max~ were lower than those at 50 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, which revealed carbon flux was oriented from protein into lipid directly as the time extended under heterotrophic culture. Therefore, elevated carbon availability for lipid biosynthesis was mainly due to the degraded protein molecules both under excess light and darkness. Moreover, *Y*~PX,max~ and *μ*~glucose~ were at a higher level under heterotrophic culture, which suggested that direct connection of protein and lipid might be beneficial for the conversion of glucose into protein. Therefore, numerous researches suggested that heterotrophic cultivation was an efficient and sustainable approach for some microalgae to produce lipids^[@CR4],[@CR6]^.Table 1Coefficients of the model for carbon partitioning.Coefficient0 μEm^−2^s^−1^50 μEm^−2^s^−1^300 μEm^−2^s^−1^*Y*~PX,max~ (g g^−1^)0.3300.3260.317*D*~P~ (×10^−2^ h^−1^)0.1390.1370.310*Y*~CX,max~ (g g^−1^)0.2860.3530.396*α*~C~ (×10^−2^ h^−1^)0.6041.1304.424*μ*~L,max~ (h^−1^)0.0470.0460.048*μ*~glucose~ (h^−1^)0.0480.0440.017
Photosynthesis begins with the activation of assimilative pigment centralized by light harvesting antenna complex. Its activity ensures a higher CO~2~ uptake rate and biomass concentration^[@CR4]^. As shown in Fig. [1e--g](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, *F*~v~*/F*~m~ and ETR under darkness and excess light were both lower than those under suitable light intensity. As *F*~v~*/F*~m~ is a stressing indicator and ETR represents electron transfer, their decreases suggested darkness and excess light inhibited photosynthesis^[@CR18]^. NPQ under darkness (*p* = 0.041) and excess light (*p* = 0.005) was significantly higher that revealed more energy was quenched as thermal dissipation. Accordingly, reported researches revealed that excess light damaged the photosystem of *Chlamydomonas reinhardtii* and heterotrophic culture limited the photosynthesis of *C. zofingiensis*^[@CR18],[@CR25]^. In addition, as 0.03% CO~2~ (V/V) in air was not sufficient for the rapid growth under mixotrophic culture, the photosynthetic efficiency could not achieve the maximum due to the tough limitation by CO~2~^[@CR26]^. Besides, the exogenous glucose was also revealed to trigger chloroplasts degradation and decrease photosynthesis of *C. zofingiensis*^[@CR25],[@CR27]^. By comparing photosynthetic characteristics under darkness and excess light, light intensity at 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^ created a more severe stress condition that largely limited photosynthetic efficiency, as its *F*~v~*/F*~m~ was lower (*p* = 0.001) and NPQ was higher (*p* = 0.035) than those at 0 µE m^−2^ s^−1^. In addition, Rubisco-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is the first enzyme involved in Calvin cycle, which largely determines the photosynthetic carbon assimilation. As shown in Fig. [1j](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, Rubisco activity at 0 µE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* = 0.002) and 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* \< 0.001) was reduced significantly compared with that at 50 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, suggesting the photosynthetic carbon assimilation was limited. Furthermore, the limited CO~2~ potentially reduced the assimilative capacity under the mixotrophic culture^[@CR26]^. Therefore, the speediest cell growth under 50 µE m^−2^ s^−1^ could be attributed to the higher *μ*~glucose~ and the highest level of Rubisco activity. On the other hand, *μ*~glucose~ and Rubisco activity were the lowest at 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, which revealed that elevated carbon availability for lipid biosynthesis was mainly due to the conversion of carbon partitioning under mixotrophic culture with excess light.
Light harvesting antenna complex in microalgae is commonly comprised of about 80% chlorophyll and 20% the rest pigments, which account for around 5% of biomass^[@CR4]^. Pigment content and composition influence photosynthetic efficiency and cell growth. As shown in Fig. [1h, i](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}, excess light and darkness suppressed pigment accumulation. As chlorophyll *a* and chlorophyll *b* are major light harvesting pigments, their decreases in pigment composition could also cause a limited photosynthetic efficiency^[@CR28]^. In addition, energy for cell metabolism under heterotrophic culture is from respiratory action^[@CR29]^. However, O~2~ could be converted into reactive oxygen species (ROS) by electron transfer of NADPH oxidase^[@CR30]^. The intracellular ROS at 0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* = 0.001) was significantly higher than that at 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with active NADPH oxidase. Therefore, heterotrophic culture had a great potential to produce large amounts of NADPH and achieve high ROS levels, which were beneficial for lipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the highest ROS level was achieved at 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^. In addition to the active NADPH oxidase, the limited CO~2~ and sufficient O~2~ under excess light were both prone to induce photorespiration that delivered electrons to O~2~ and finally generated ROS. Consequently, mixotrophic culture with excess light was the worst condition for cells, which was in accordance with the results of *F*~v~*/F*~m~, ETR and NPQ.
Central carbon metabolism influenced product biosynthesis {#Sec4}
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The algal cells displayed different carbon behaviors and photosynthetic properties as light developed to excess, which meant light acted as a key factor to control the cell metabolism. Nine high-quality transcript profiles were generated with high reproducibility among the three biological replicates (Supplementary Fig. [1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). As shown in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis suggested heterotrophic culture had more powerful influences on ribosome biogenesis comparing with mixotrophic culture. It upregulated the biosynthesis of 90S pre-ribosome components, which might determine the different cellular morphologies under the various culture modes (Supplementary Fig. [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Subsequently, the differential genes involved in amino acid (12 numbers), carbohydrate (10 numbers) and lipid (9 numbers) metabolism were screened. Heterotrophic culture had a great capacity to promote the absorption of extracellular nitrate by upregulating *Cz08g30210*, and the performance of assimilatory nitrate reduction was enhanced by potentially accelerating amino acid metabolism. Moreover, *Cz13g11170* and *Cz04g15230* regulating fructose and mannose metabolism from fructose-6-phosphate were downregulated. Since results of carbon partitioning revealed *C. zofingiensis* under heterotrophic culture tended to guide carbon flux from protein into lipid directly, the changing genes might then be in the charge of this carbon behavior. However, heterotrophic culture had less influence on the photosynthetic capacity (Supplementary Fig. [2](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). In addition, excess light limited the photosynthetic efficiency by regulating large amounts of genes associated with photon capture, photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation (Supplementary Fig. [3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Almost all genes involved in light capture and electron transport were downregulated under excess light. However, capacity of lipid biosynthesis was enhanced by upregulating *Cz04g05080*, which was beneficial for the accumulation of hexadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid and octadecenoic acid. In addition, as darkness and excess light upregulated *Cz01g40120* that promoted pathway from pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate, they had the potential to enhance the carbon availability for product biosynthesis. The Goatools (GO) was then applied to summarize the functional genes. Comparing with light intensity at 50 µE m^−2^ s^−1^, darkness and excess light both regulated genes related to cell death and apoptotic process, suggesting they influenced the cell cycle progression. The previous study stated that the programmed cell death involved H~2~O~2~ in various ways and excess of H~2~O~2~ led to changes in gene expression and cell death^[@CR31]^. Therefore, excess light exhibited more significant impacts to downregulate the relative genes, which was mainly ascribed to the highest level of ROS. In addition, regulation of Wnt signaling pathway was beneficial for cell division and survival, and its downregulation in *Cz13g05130*, *Cz17g13110*, and *Cz07g27090* at 0 µE m^−2^ s^−1^ revealed that heterotrophic culture induced cell growth, whereas limited its division for biomass accumulation. As phospholipids could be transferred to diacylglycerol for triacylglycerol synthesis, the downregulation of *Cz03g23260*, *Cz03g23240*, and *Cz03g23250* at both 0 and 300 µE m^−2^ s^−1^ suggested the triacylglycerol synthetic metabolism was suppressed to some extent.Fig. 2Comparison of transcriptome analysis of *C. zofingiensis* comparing under 0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^, 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ and 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^.KEGG enrichment analysis by comparing 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with 0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (**a**), and 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (**b**). Differentially expressed genes enriched in KEGG by comparing 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with 0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (**c**), and 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (**d**). Go enrichment analysis by comparing 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with 0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (**e**), and 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ with 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (**f**). *N* = 3.
For detailed description of cell behavior and metabolism, central carbon metabolism was then analyzed to reveal the relationship between cell behavior and path rate of carbon flux map under different light intensities (Supplementary Fig. [4](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). As shown in Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"}, the path rates to carotenoid and lipid were both enhanced under excess light. Combining with the highest *D*~P~, the lowest *μ*~glucose~ and Rubisco activity, excess light had a greater potential to distribute intracellular carbon molecules into valuable products from protein. Although darkness triggered a higher path rate to lipid than the most suitable light intensity, it restricted the path rate to carotenoid, which was in consistent with the changes of pigment content and composition (Fig. [1h, i](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Considering the highest *μ*~glucose~ and lowest *α*~C~, darkness paved the way to lipid biosynthesis by rapidly converting glucose to protein and then into lipid. Moreover, light exhibited more powerful capacity to induce PUFAs accumulation, for path rates to C16:3, C16:4, C18:3, and C18:4 under light were higher than those in dark. As path rates to C16:0 and C18:1 in dark were higher than those under suitable light intensity, heterotrophic culture is of great significance for algal-derived biofuel production, due to its advantages in higher lipid content and better fatty acid profile. Energy source and consumption were different under the various treatments. As shown in Fig. [3a](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, ATP for biosynthesis largely increased under excess light, which was mainly attributed to the reasons that lipid biosynthesis required more energy than protein and carbohydrate at the same carbon molecules, and algal cells tended to save energy under stress conditions^[@CR4]^. As the glucose uptake rate was limited under excess light, the NADPH from pentose phosphate (PP) pathway was then decreased, whereas its use for lipid biosynthesis was increased (Fig. [3c](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, algal cell chose lipid biosynthesis as a valid approach to pull through stress conditions. In addition, NADPH used for lipid biosynthesis was also enhanced under heterotrophic culture than that under suitable light, in agreement with the change of lipid content. Since excess light boosted cell respiration with more ATP molecules from NADH (*p* = 0.045) and FADH~2~ (*p* = 0.005), it might then result in the highest ROS level (Fig. [3b](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The most suitable light had less influence on cell respiration, which could get a higher biomass concentration in combination with the energy from photosynthesis (Fig. [1e, j](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}).Table 2Path rates of precursors for carotenoid and lipid, as well as rate of fatty acid under different light intensities^a^.Path rate (×10^−1^)0 μEm^−2^s^−1^50 μEm^−2^s^−1^300 μEm^−2^s^−1^Carotenoid precursor0.24 ± 0.010.39 ± 0.020.58 ± 0.03Lipid precursor15.62 ± 0.7812.05 ± 0.6014.97 ± 0.75C16:05.34 ± 0.273.91 ± 0.203.98 ± 0.20C16:11.91 ± 0.101.45 ± 0.071.12 ± 0.06C16:21.64 ± 0.081.36 ± 0.071.02 ± 0.05C16:30.34 ± 0.020.79 ± 0.040.72 ± 0.04C16:40.03 ± 0.000.24 ± 0.010.27 ± 0.01C18:010.20 ± 0.518.02 ± 0.4010.73 ± 0.54C18:110.01 ± 0.507.36 ± 0.3710.15 ± 0.51C18:24.51 ± 0.233.95 ± 0.204.15 ± 0.21C18:31.36 ± 0.072.02 ± 0.102.02 ± 0.10C18:40.06 ± 0.000.13 ± 0.010.13 ± 0.01^a^Values are means ± SD, *N* = 3.Fig. 3Effect of light intensity on cofactors and anaplerotic reaction.Changes of cofactor conditions as ATP consumption (**a**), ATP source (**b**), NADPH source and consumption (**c**), and anaplerotic reaction (**d**) under different light intensities. Post-hoc comparison, different superscript letters indicate significant difference (*p* \< 0.05), *N* = 3.
Anaplerotic reaction in cell can balance Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP), PP pathway, and TCA cycle^[@CR32]^. The fraction of oxaloacetate was enhanced greatly from phosphoenolpyruvate, while decreased largely from malate under excess light (Fig. [3d](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). As clockwise TCA cycle performs to product energy, whereas the reverse is capable of providing intermediate metabolites for biosynthesis^[@CR33]^, fraction changes of oxaloacetate revealed that excess light boosted carbon availability by promoting the reverse cycle. Accordingly, fraction of pyruvate from malate and fraction of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate were tremendously increased under excess light. Since pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate were the central intermediate metabolites linking EMP, PP pathway, TCA cycle, and biosynthesis of lipid and carotenoid, excess light potentially increased the carbon availability by reducing the rigidity of central carbon metabolism. Oppositely, heterotrophic culture strengthened performances of glycolysis and TCA cycle as a means to increase the carbon availability^[@CR33]^.
High C/N ratio boosted productivity of high-value products {#Sec5}
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Although carbon availability can be increased under stress conditions, the strategy to ensure its rapid consumption may be of great significance for the continuous cell progression. Therefore, nitrogen-repletion fed-batch culture (NRFC) and nitrogen-starvation fed-batch culture (NSFC) to regulate cellular C/N balance were applied to create two physiological steady-growth states of algal cells, one for green growth stage and the other for lipid biosynthesis. As shown in Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, NRFC and NSFC increased biomass concentration with no significant difference under heterotrophic culture (*p* = 1.000), which might be due to the low requirement for protein biosynthesis. At 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^, NRFC significantly heightened biomass concentration more than NSFC (*p* \< 0.001). Our previous study revealed that nitrogen starvation limited the photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient absorption, leading to a lower cell growth rate than those under nitrogen repletion, and thus the complete nutrients were profitable for the green growth^[@CR18]^. Interestingly, at 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^, NSFC largely improved biomass concentration with one-fold increase than NRFC at 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^, which was close to that obtained by NRFC at 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* = 0.211). The enhanced biomass accumulation might be ascribed to the active metabolic networks under nitrogen starvation, which reversely induced more carbon molecules absorbed into cells. It could be concluded that nitrogen repletion worked against rapid cell growth under the stress conditions, which then broke the routine that setting suitable environment was the best choice for the highest cell activity and biomass in microalgal production.Fig. 4Effect of NRFC and NSFC on cell behavior.Growth profiles of *C. zofingiensis* under at NRFC (**a**) and NSFC (**b**). Pigment composition at NRFC (**c**) and NSFC (**d**), as well as pigment and carotenoid contents at NRFC (**e**) and NSFC (**f**). Fatty acid profile at NRFC (**g)** and NSFC (**h**), fatty acid saturability at NRFC (**i**) and NSFC (**j**), as well as astaxanthin and lutein content at NRFC (**k**) and NSFC (**l**). The metabolites: Chl *a* chlorophyll *a*, Chl *b* chlorophyll *b*, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid, SFA saturated fatty acid. Post-hoc comparison, different superscript letters indicate significant difference (*p* \< 0.05), *N* = 3.
Moreover, NSFC at 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ increased the content and productivity of high-value products (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} and Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}). As shown in Fig. [4c--f](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, although excess light promoted carotenoid proportion in pigment, it significantly reduced pigment contents comparing with those at 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* \< 0.05). However, NSFC at 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ resulted in a higher carotenoid content than NRFC (*p* = 0.044), which was close to that under a suitable condition (*p* = 0.175). The fed-batch cultures also influenced fatty acid profiles. Considering the stability and caloricity of oil quality, contents of C16:0 and C18:1 were the important indicators for biodiesel^[@CR34]^. As shown in Fig. [4g, h](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, heterotrophic culture increased biodiesel performance under NSFC, and made no difference under NRFC. Notably, although excess light reduced biodiesel performance under NSFC, it enhanced the performance under NRFC. Therefore, cellular C/N ratio that could construct different intracellular microenvironment was an important index for algal-derived biodiesel production. Similarly, difference C/N ratios led to the different effects of darkness and excess light on monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and PUFA (Fig. [4i, j](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Darkness and excess light both acted opposite effects on MUFA. Excess light significantly decreased PUFA content (*p* = 0.004) under NRFC, while showed no effect (*p* = 0.109) under NSFC. In addition, NRFC significantly increased astaxanthin content (*p* \< 0.001) and decreased lutein content (*p* \< 0.001) at 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (Fig. [4k](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}). Since combination of excess light and NSFC enhanced biomass, lipid and astaxanthin accumulation, it brought out the highest productivity of fatty acids and astaxanthin. Comparing with the productivity under suitable conditions, C18:2 was improved by 63.20% and other PUFAs were increased at least one fold, as well as astaxanthin realized a 2.49-fold increase (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}).Table 3Productivity of high-value products of C. zofingiensis^a^.ProductsNRFC (mg L^−1^ h^−1^)NSFC (mg L^−1^ h^−1^)0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^C16:02.45 ± 0.092.17 ± 0.201.56 ± 0.112.81 ± 0.622.20 ± 0.134.03 ± 0.03C16:10.02 ± 0.000.03 ± 0.000.02 ± 0.000.02 ± 0.000.04 ± 0.000.15 ± 0.02C16:20.62 ± 0.020.47 ± 0.040.23 ± 0.010.75 ± 0.160.50 ± 0.061.03 ± 0.04C16:30.41 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.060.32 ± 0.020.49 ± 0.100.54 ± 0.091.22 ± 0.06C16:40.08 ± 0.000.08 ± 0.000.13 ± 0.000.000.15 ± 0.030.30 ± 0.01C18:00.36 ± 0.000.78 ± 0.100.34 ± 0.030.59 ± 0.120.36 ± 0.011.65 ± 0.06C18:14.79 ± 0.164.62 ± 0.483.73 ± 0.305.74 ± 1.234.07 ± 0.286.32 ± 0.21C18:22.86 ± 0.092.31 ± 0.241.54 ± 0.103.18 ± 0.682.55 ± 0.193.77 ± 0.07C18:30.18 ± 0.010.10 ± 0.010.06 ± 0.000.14 ± 0.030.16 ± 0.010.28 ± 0.02C18:40.14 ± 0.010.11 ± 0.010.12 ± 0.000.13 ± 0.030.13 ± 0.020.28 ± 0.01Lutein (×10^−1^)1.30 ± 0.071.85 ± 0.080.69 ± 0.041.01 ± 0.021.36 ± 0.071.46 ± 0.07Astaxanthin (×10^−2^)2.30 ± 0.012.52 ± 0.192.72 ± 0.282.56 ± 0.492.22 ± 0.128.80 ± 0.79^a^Values are means ± SD, *N* = 3.
Key roles of carbon availability and path rate for product {#Sec6}
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The outstanding advantage of NSFC was that it could achieve a comparable biomass with that under suitable environment and the highest productivity of the most valuable products. This interesting phenomenon might be related to the accessible carbon and nitrogen molecules. As shown in Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, NSFC could boost the acetyl-CoA and pyruvate contents under different light intensities. Since acetyl-CoA and pyruvate were the central intermediate metabolites in carbon metabolism, their improvement suggested that intracellular carbon availability was enhanced. Acetyl-CoA was the main precursor for lipid synthesis and could be oxidized in the TCA cycle to produce NADH, FADH~2~, ATP, and CO~2~. Pyruvate molecules was the central metabolite in carbon-alternative pathways as it could be orientated into carotenoid, alanine, leucine, and valine, and other amino acids through TCA cycle and oxaloacetate metabolism. The sufficient extracellular carbon molecules and active anaplerotic reaction further contributed to this enhancement, and it could be concluded as the result of disturbing the former C/N balance. Nitrogen starvation guaranteed the pathways stay active for biosynthesis of lipid and astaxanthin. Their productivities, therefore, could be largely increased as long as intracellular carbon molecules were sufficient. However, normally applied stress conditions, such as excess light and nitrogen starvation, provided carbon molecules by promoting the degradation of intracellular proteins. As cultivation time went on, the cellular morphology finally kept at a relatively steady level with a certain fixed biomass composition^[@CR4]^. As could be seen from Fig. [5b, g, h](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, NSFC, with a higher ROS level, had no significant influence on protein content comparing with NRFC under excess light (*p* = 0.128). However, it limited carbohydrate accumulation that provided precursors and energy for lipid biosynthesis. Therefore, the residual protein, source of carbon molecules, then performed the critical role for subsistence and would not degrade in spite of the fact biosynthetic capacity of lipid and astaxanthin had yet reached the highest. Although transcriptional level and path rate of fatty acid biosynthesis revealed that excess light accelerated lipid accumulation preferably, algal cells inherently constrained carbon molecules as residual protein substances to guarantee their survival advantages. The improved carbon availability induced by NSFC under excess light was guided into lipid directly, not through the transfer station of carbohydrate, which was more efficient for glucose utilization. Therefore, feeding carbon source under stress conditions could emphatically provide a rapid direction for converting nutrients into high-value products, which then had less influences on biomass accumulation.Fig. 5C/N balance regulates central metabolites and carbon partitioning, carotenoid synthetic pathway and cofactors.C/N molecular ratio (**a**) and changes of protein (**b**), carbohydrate (**c**) and lipid (**f**) at NRFC and NSFC. Pyruvate (**d**), and acetyl-CoA (**e**) content at NRFC and NSFC. Cofactors of ROS level after 4 days (**g**) and 7 days (**h**), as well as the NADPH source and consumption (**i**) at NRFC and NSFC. Carotenoid product of lycopene (**j**), α-carotene (**k**), and β-carotene (**l**) content at NRFC and NSFC. Post-hoc comparison, different superscript letters indicate significant difference (*p* \< 0.05), *N* = 3.
Another benefit of NSFC was it constructed a stressing environment through nitrogen starvation, which made it possible for the rapid biosynthesis of lipid and astaxanthin, as well as for continuous cell cycle progression. As shown in Fig. [5j](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}, darkness and excess light promoted lycopene accumulation, the main precursor for carotenoid biosynthesis^[@CR35]^. However, its content under NSFC was rarely detected, which might indicate a fast carbon-conversion rate in carotenoid biosynthesis. As α-carotene was the precursor for biosynthesis of lutein, whose content was the highest at 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^, its decrease under darkness and excess light suggested these conditions were beneficial for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites^[@CR35]^. In addition, NSFC significantly decreased lutein content at 0 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* = 0.009) and 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^ (*p* = 0.021), while it had no significant influence under excess light (*p* = 0.058). However, unlike the lutein biosynthesis, the lower precursor β-carotene resulted in a higher astaxanthin content, which revealed that biosynthesis of lutein was in a carbon-storage manner and astaxanthin as a carbon-usage form.
Discussion {#Sec7}
==========
It is now universally acknowledged that valuable product accumulation in microalgae cannot go without efficient carbon conversion among the main carbon sink^[@CR36]^. Harnessing cultivation condition and environment is considered as a useful approach to produce the products purposefully. However, by assessment of biomass component in a black box, accuracy and validity of the approach are challenged for the lack of comprehensive understanding of carbon behaviors^[@CR37]^. The same treatments will then exhibit different influences on biomass and product accumulation.
As could be obtained from this study, carbon availability and path rate of central carbon metabolism were two fundamental factors in microalgal production. The protein degradation through TCA cycle provided carbon molecules and energy for biosynthesis of lipid and carotenoid. The path rates of α-Ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate from succinate, fumarate and malate apparently increased under excess light contrasting with 50 μE m^−2^ s^−1^, ascribed to the insufficient biosynthesis of protein or its degradation^[@CR38]^. Then, results from kinetic model, transcriptome analysis and ^13^C-MFA suggested there was in dire need of the reservation of carbohydrate and lipid to confirm the survival advantages, and elevated carbon molecules were guided into these carbon sinks. However, darkness downregulated *Cz16g00050*, *Cz02g14160*, *Cz13g05150*, *Cz04g09090*, *UNPLg00257*, and *Cz01g09160* that participated into lipid synthesis, which demonstrated that the increased lipid content was attributed to the elevated carbon availability (Supplementary Fig. [5](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). Similarly, although excess light downregulated *Cz02g32280* involving conversion of lycopene from phytoene (Supplementary Fig. [6](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}), it increased lycopene and astaxanthin content. Consequently, carbon availability exhibited a higher potential for controlling product biosynthesis. However, once the protein content reduced to threshold value for cell survival, intracellular carbon availability was the major limiting factor for product biosynthesis and cell reproduction. The C/N ratio was increased under this circumstance. In this situation, algal cell stopped to grow and maintained necessary substances and energy for survival, even though they were capable of the next cell cycle progression (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}). To overcome the insufficient source of carbon molecules and energy for cell metabolism, NSFC could simultaneously realize sufficient carbon molecules and high path rates for biosynthesis of lipid and astaxanthin. Although the C/N ratio was further increased, NSFC tremendously increased the biomass concentration and contents of lipid and astaxanthin. The increase of acetyl-CoA and pyruvate, without any side effects on protein content, potentially expedited the utilization of the available carbon molecules, as well as affected fatty acid and carotenoid biosynthesis. Ultimately, the algal cell tended to regrowth in forms of biomass accumulation (Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}).Fig. 6Schematic diagram of relationship between central carbon metabolism and cell behavior.The carbon metabolites: G6P glucose-6-phosphate, F6P fructose-6-phosphate, 6PG 6-Phosphogluconic acid, GAP glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3PG 3-Phosphoglycerate, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate.
One important point needs to be considered when providing extracellular carbon molecules was the ROS level. ROS were reported to be favorable for lipid and astaxanthin, while against for cell growth^[@CR18]^. To increase the ROS level, heterotrophic culture induced the NADPH oxidase to be more active, and mixotrophic culture under excess light improved photorespiration and NADPH oxidase activity. Numerous studies stated algal cells were able to recover from nutrient starvation to green vegetative cell^[@CR39]^. The recovery reduced the ROS level and downregulated the path rates of lipid and astaxanthin. Oppositely, strategies to enhance carbon availability whereas decrease nitrogen availability further promoted lipid and astaxanthin accumulation with the highest ROS level. Our study suggested although algal cells reached a high ROS level, the sufficient carbon molecules and energy could impel the cell progression. Therefore, feeding extra carbon source under excess light was attractive in microalgae cultivation, especially for outdoor cultivation. The high sunlight intensity could be utilized efficiently for a higher productivity of the high-value products.
Normally, stress-based strategies were capable of enhancing the biomass value by upregulating path rates of lipid and several carotenoids, whereas largely reacting against cell growth or even inducing cell death. Since the strategies elevated available carbon molecules through conversion of the main carbon sinks^[@CR26]^, they greatly damaged the cellular environmental homeostasis. Once protein content achieved threshold value for survival, process of product accumulation would be interrupted and the disturbed environmental homeostasis could no longer support the next cell progression. The intracellular carbon availability was then the limiting factor for microalgal production under such stress-based strategies. Therefore, harnessing C/N balance in microalgal production possessed the following three meanings: (1) guarantee a suitable condition for rapid cell growth; (2) construct a stressing environment for product biosynthesis, and (3) provide enough carbon availability and high ROS level for both rapid cell growth and product biosynthesis. Regulating cellular C/N ratio was critical in microalgal production as it could realize a higher lipid and astaxanthin contents without affecting cell growth. This study then overcame the biggest conflict between biomass concentration and accumulation of high-value products in microalgal production.
Methods {#Sec8}
=======
Cultures and growth {#Sec9}
-------------------
*Chromochloris zofingiensis* (ATCC 30412) was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). The strain was cultured in BG-11 media. The cultures were incubated in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL Kuhl media at 25 °C for 4 days and illuminated with a continuous light intensity of 30 μE m^−2^ s^−1^. *C. zofingiensis* grows well in Kuhl medium, which consists of (per L): KNO~3~ 2.02 g, NaH~2~PO~4~·2H~2~O 0.7 g, Na~2~HPO~4~·12H~2~O 0.181 g, MgSO~4~·7H~2~O 0.247 g, CaCl~2~·2H~2~O 14.7 mg, FeSO~4~·7H~2~O 6.95 mg, H~3~BO~3~ 0.061 mg, MnSO~4~·H~2~O 0.169 mg, ZnSO~4~·7H~2~O 0.287 mg, CuSO~4~·5H~2~O 0.0025 mg, (NH~4~)~6~M~O7~O~24~·4H~2~O 0.01235 mg. The pH value was adjusted to 6.5 prior to autoclaving.
The seed cells were grown in Kuhl with 5 g L^−1^ glucose as the carbon source. The cells were cultivated in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of growth media at 23 °C under continuous illumination of 0, 30, 50, 150, and 300 μE m^−2^ s^−1^. During fed-batch culture, the feeding media and conditions were set according to our previous study^[@CR40]^. For metabolic flux analysis of the labeled group, 20 and 100% U-13C glucoses were set as the carbon source and 1 mL seed cells were washed and inoculated in 100 mL labeled media for cell growth. The other conditions were same as the unlabeled.
Model development {#Sec10}
-----------------
### Model development of carbon partitioning {#Sec11}
The model was constructed to predict storage carbon behaviors based on the following assumptions: (1) the cultivation conditions were constant, (2) the extracellular metabolites during the exponential growth phase were seldom and had no inhibitory effect on microalgae, (3) nitrogen was the only limited factor for carbon partitioning, and (4) carbohydrate and lipid concentrations were proportional to the biomass concentration. The behaviors of the carbon sinks (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid) were initially designed based on the general physiological change of microalgae. The nutrients in the media were absorbed and assimilated into protein and carbohydrate firstly. During the growth stage, a part of protein was degraded and converted into carbohydrate, lipid and other functional compartment. Partial carbohydrate was reallocated into lipid, especially as the environmental conditions got worse. Therefore, the global carbon flux can then be simplified into two specific fluxes, which lead to the final production of lipid. The model was established as the following equations:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{P}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = Y_{{\mathrm{PS}}}\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}S}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} - D_{\mathrm{P}}Q_{\mathrm{P}}$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{C}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = Y_{{\mathrm{CS}}}\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}S}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} - \alpha _{\mathrm{C}}Q_{\mathrm{C}}$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{L}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = Y_{{\mathrm{CL}}}\alpha _{\mathrm{C}}Q_{\mathrm{C}} + Y_{{\mathrm{PL}}}D_{\mathrm{P}}Q_{\mathrm{P}}$$\end{document}$$where *Q*~P~, *Q*~C~, and *Q*~L~ were the content of protein, carbohydrate and lipid respectively (g L^−1^), *Y*~PX~ and *Y*~CX~ represented the protein and carbohydrate yields on biomass concentration respectively (g g^−1^), *Y*~CL~ and *Y*~PL~ represented carbohydrate and protein yields on lipid yield respectively (g g^−1^), *t* was the cultivation time (h), *S* was the substance concentration (g L^−1^), *D*~P~ and *α*~C~ were the conversion rate of protein and carbohydrate (h^−1^) respectively. Then, the above equations could be converted into:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{P}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = Y_{{\mathrm{P}}X}\mu X_{\mathrm{0}}{\mathrm{exp}}(\mu t) - D_{\mathrm{P}}Q_{{\mathrm{P0}}}{\mathrm{exp}}(\mu _{\mathrm{P}}t)$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{C}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = Y_{{\mathrm{CX}}}\mu X_{\mathrm{0}}{\mathrm{exp}}(\mu t) - \alpha _{\mathrm{C}}Q_{{\mathrm{C0}}}{\mathrm{exp}}(\mu _{\mathrm{C}}t)$$\end{document}$$$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}Q_{\mathrm{L}}}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} = \frac{{\mu _{{{\mathrm{C}}}}}}{{\mu _{\mathrm{L}}}}\alpha _{\mathrm{C}}Q_{{\mathrm{C0}}}{\mathrm{exp}}(\mu _{\mathrm{C}}t) + \, \frac{{\mu _{{{\mathrm{P}}}}}}{{\mu _{\mathrm{L}}}}D_{\mathrm{P}}Q_{{\mathrm{P0}}}{\mathrm{exp}}(\mu _{\mathrm{P}}t)$$\end{document}$$where *μ* was the specific growth rate of (h^−1^), *μ*~P~, *μ*~C~, and *μ*~L~ were the specific generating rate of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid (h^−1^) respectively, *X*~0~ was initial cell concentration (g L^−1^). The rates were influenced by protein content and could be described as:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu = \mu _{{\mathrm{max}}}\left( {1 - \frac{{Q_{{\mathrm{P}},{\mathrm{min}}}}}{{Q_{\mathrm{P}}}}} \right)$$\end{document}$$
Therefore, indexes of *Y*~PX~ and *Y*~CX~ were also influenced by the protein content.
### Exponential fed-batch culture {#Sec12}
To increase biomass of *C. zofingiensis*, exponential fed-batch culture was used to supply sufficient nutrients during the exponential growth phase. The feeding nutrients during cultivation were fixed at the initial concentrations, respectively. Therefore, extracellular products were seldom produced and consumption of substance and energy was low for cell maintenance during the phase. The fed-batch culture containing nitrogen was named as nitrogen-repletion fed-batch culture (NRFC), whereas without nitrogen was defined as nitrogen-starvation fed-batch culture (NSFC). The model was expressed as the following equation:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}S}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}} \, = F_{\mathrm{S}} - \frac{1}{{Y_{{\mathrm{XS}}}}}\frac{{{\mathrm{d}}X}}{{{\mathrm{d}}t}}$$\end{document}$$where *F*~S~ was the feeding concentration of substrate and *Y*~XS~ was biomass yield on substrate. When the nutrient concentration was maintained constantly, equation was described as:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$F_{\mathrm{S}} = \frac{1}{{Y_{{\mathrm{XS}}}}}\mu X_0\exp \left( {\mu t} \right)$$\end{document}$$
Then, the volume was used as the feeding index, Eq. ([9](#Equ9){ref-type=""}) could be described as the following equation:$$\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$V_{{\mathrm{FS}}} = \frac{1}{{Y_{{\mathrm{XS}}}}}\mu X_0\exp \left( {\mu t} \right)V_0/C_{{\mathrm{FS}}}$$\end{document}$$where *V*~FS~ was the feeding rate (mL h^−1^), *C*~FS~ was the nutrient concentration in feeding media (g L^−1^) and *V*~*0*~ was the initial cultivation volume (mL).
Analysis {#Sec13}
--------
### Protein, carbohydrate, and lipid {#Sec14}
The lipid, carbohydrate, and protein were determined as previously described^[@CR18]^. The lipid was extracted and determined by measuring the weight. The carbohydrate was extracted and determined by phenol sulfuric acid method. The protein was extracted and collected to measure the protein concentration by protein assay kit (Bio-Rad \#5000002, Hercules, USA).
### Precursors for lipid and carotenoid {#Sec15}
For determination of acetyl-CoA content, acetyl-CoA was extracted by 1 mol L^−1^ perchloric acid and measured by the acetyl-CoA assay kit (Sigma, MAK039). For determination of pyruvate content, pyruvate was extracted and measured by the pyruvate assay kit (Sigma, MAK071).
### Pigment contents {#Sec16}
The pigment contents were determined photometrically^[@CR41]^. The cells were collected by centrifugation at 13,000 × *g* for 5 min. The pellet was then redissolved with 99.9% methanol and incubated at 45 °C for 24 h in dark. The extract was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was used to measure the absorbance at 470, 652.4 and 665.2 nm. The pigment concentrations were calculated according to the previous study^[@CR41]^.
The carotenoids were extracted by acetone and analyzed by HPLC (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) that was equipped with a Shiseido CAPCELL PAK C18 5 μm column (4.6 × 250 mm) and a 2998 photodiode array detector (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The operational parameters were set according to the pervious study^[@CR42]^.
### Quantum yield of photosystem II and ROS {#Sec17}
The maximum quantum yield (*F*~v~*/F*~m~) of the photosystem II and electron transport rate (ETR) were measured by a pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometer (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) according to the previous study^[@CR18]^. The ROS levels were determined with the ROS assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China) as previously described^[@CR18]^. The fluorescence was immediately measured by a fluorescence microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
### Enzyme activity {#Sec18}
The cells were collected and centrifuged for 5 min at 5000 rpm under 4 °C. Then, cell pellets were grinded under liquid nitrogen. For determination of Rubisco activity, the samples were extracted and measured according to instruction of Rubisco assay kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China). For determination of NADPH oxidase activity, the samples were extracted and measured according to kit's instruction (GENMED SCIENTIFICS INC, USA).
RNA sequencing and differentially expressed gene analysis {#Sec19}
---------------------------------------------------------
Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, <https://www.thermofisher.com/>). The RNA quality and concentration were examined using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) and NanoDrop 2000C (Thermo Scientific). Then mRNA purification was carried out using Sera-mag Magnetic Oligo(dT) Beads (Thermo Scientific). The transcriptome libraries were prepared using the TruseqTM RNA sample pre Kit (Illumina, <https://www.illumina.com>) and sequenced for 2 × 150-bp runs (paired-end) using a Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing system (Illumina, <https://www.illumina.com>) by Majorbio (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, China. Reads were aligned to the *C. zofingiensis* genome^[@CR43]^ (<https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/pz/portal.html#!info?alias=Org_Czofingiensis_er>) with HISAT2 (<https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/hisat2/index.shtml>). Reads mapping to more than one location were excluded.
Gene expression was measured as the numbers of aligned reads to annotated genes using RSEM software and normalized to FPKM values. The DEGs were identified using DESeq2 software (<http://biocounductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DESeq2.html>). Genes were considered to be significantly differentially expressed if their expression values showed at least a two-fold change with an FDR adjusted *P*-value \< 0.05 between control and experimental conditions. KEGG and Go enrichment analysis were carried out using KOBAS (<https://kobas.cbi.pku.edu.cn/nome.do>) and Goatools (<https://github.com/tanghaibao/GOatools>) respectively.
^13^C tracer-based metabolic flux analysis {#Sec20}
------------------------------------------
^13^C-MFA was calculated based on the biomass component to establish the biomass reaction (Supplementary Tables [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}--[S3](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}). The each nucleotide content was obtained from published literature^[@CR43]^. The labeled amino acids was measured by GC-MS (7890B-5977B, Agilent). The glucose uptake was set as 100 to compare the different influences of cultures on central carbon metabolism. The abundance of labeled amino acid was modified by analyzing 100% U-^13^C glucose, although the contribution of CO~2~ to biomass was low (Supplementary Fig. [7](#MOESM1){ref-type="media"}).
Statistics and reproducibility {#Sec21}
------------------------------
All the experiments were conducted in at least three biological replicates to ensure the reproducibility. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS software. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to detect the significant differences from the respective control groups for each experimental test condition.
Reporting summary {#Sec22}
-----------------
Further information on research design is available in the [Nature Research Reporting Summary](#MOESM3){ref-type="media"} linked to this article.
Supplementary information
=========================
{#Sec23}
Supplementary Information Peer Review File Reporting Summary
**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
=========================
**Supplementary information** is available for this paper at 10.1038/s42003-020-0900-x.
This research was financially supported by Key Realm R&D Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2018B020206001) and Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen (No. KQTD20180412181334790).
H.S. and F.C. conceived, designed, and drafted the paper. H.S. and Y.R. contributed kinetic model and fed-batch culture. H.S. and H.Z. contributed metabolic flux analysis. H.S. and X.M. contributed transcriptome analysis. X.L. and Y.L. contributed measurement of photosynthetic characteristics. F.C. critically revised the manuscript.
RNA-seq data have been deposited and are available under accession number PRJNA612734. The data underlying metabolic flux analysis are provided as supplementary information. Other relevant data supporting the findings are available with supplementary materials or from the authors upon reasonable requests.
The authors declare no competing interests.
|
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Pearly penile papules: treatment with the carbon dioxide laser.
Pearly penile papules are frequently occurring lesions located over the corona and sulcus of the penis. They are asymptomatic and are considered to be acral angiofibromas. Some individuals, disturbed by their presence, request removal of the lesions. Even after patients are assured of the benign nature of the process and its relatively high incidence, prominent lesional involvement may still cause significant psychological distress. Two patients with pearly penile papules have been successfully treated with the carbon dioxide laser. A review of the literature and description of treated cases are presented. |
Set to release in the first half of 2016, PlayStation VR will reportedly be priced as a new gaming platform.
When GameSpot asked Sony Worldwide Studios President Shuhei Yoshida for more specific details about Sony’s upcoming virtual reality device though, he said it was too early:
Well, we’re still not ready for a date and price, but the hardware has been going very well. It’s pretty much done, but the team in Tokyo is working hard to get the system software and the SDK done and continually improve it, to make sure that the experience is great for customers and developers. We also want to make sure that when we launch we also have a good selection of games, so it’s a bit too early to sort out a price and date.
For comparison, Sony announced the PlayStation 4’s $399 price tag five months before launch, with the official launch date in multiple regions announced three months ahead of time.
In a follow up question, Yoshida revealed that they pretty much agree with the Oculus, HTC Vive, and Valve people about caring so much for the future of virtual reality “and we want all of us to do the right thing. When we release to the consumer, it needs to be really good.”
Also discussing PlayStation VR in an interview with VG247, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe President Jim Ryan said, “Well, we’ve said it’s the first half of 2016 [for a release date]. We’re not altering that statement.”
Asked about the price of PS VR potentially being comparable to a console, he replied, “Andy House has made a statement along those lines.”
VG247 then brought up a concern about Sony’s commitment to VR, what with the recent news about their dwindling support for PlayStation Vita. According to Ryan, Sony sees VR as something long term:
I think it’s very hard to make concrete promises about something that is completely untried and unproven. But I think what we can say is that we’re taking this very seriously. We do view it as something that will be of considerable long-term importance. I’m aware that might come across as a bit mealy-mouthed, but I think that’s probably about as much as I can say.
Do you think Sony will reveal more about PlayStation VR at PlayStation Experience in December?
[Source: GameSpot, VG247] |
Fall Semester 2011 Wrap Up
Xavier University Men's Club Volleyball | January 16, 2012
With another season underway, XUVBC has kicked off the first half of the year in full force.With nine returning members and six newcomers, we have a vast array of weapons that allow us to succeed not only on the court but off as well.At the beginning of the year team meeting, we established seven team goals: 1. Get into the Gold Division at the National Championships; 2. Win at least one tournament throughout the season; 3. Lead all clubs in service hours again; 4. Fundraise $6000; 6. Become Nationally Ranked; and 7. Win the Best Club of the Year Award.
Our main focus has always been our on court performance, but XUVBC prides itself in giving back to the community.Last year, we accumulated 350 service hours amongst eight guys, setting us far a part from the rest of club sports! In this first semester alone, we have already surpassed our total service hours from last year as we have over to 500 hours already!To date, we have volunteered at our annual Week of Welcome Sand Volleyball Tournament, Class of 2015 Manresa group leaders, the Reggae Run, the Xavier Graduate Student Association Charity Ball, the Holiday Project: Adopt-A-Family, X-treme Fans, and heck we were even sentenced to another day in prison!
On November 5th, 2011, XUVBC was fortunate enough to scrimmage Luther Luckett Correctional Complex (a medium security prison) for a second straight year.For the returners, knowing what to expect we couldn’t wait to head down to Kentucky and play some volleyball.For the newcomers, it may have been a nervous experience walking into a building surrounded by several layers of barbed wire and watchtowers, but they didn’t turn back.The LLCC team remembered XUVBC from last year and were more than excited to play us.We won both matches, but the outcome of the game was not our motive; we wanted to embrace the opportunity and learn something form the experience.During our intermixed match, where we split our team up and played alongside the inmates, we had the opportunity to teach them some skills and strategies to the game, which they were beyond grateful for.After playing, we had a chance to speak with the inmates about their decisions in life and how they have dealt with the choices they have made. At the end of the day, both sides benefitted from the experience: we gave the inmates some solid competition, and they provided us with valuable life lessons.
As for our goal of fundraising $6,000, we have raised more than 2/3 of what we projected.Through our Domino’s Fundraiser, the Inaugural Xavier Open, donations, and gear sales, we have raised close to $4,500.For second semester, we have a number of opportunities lined up in hope of generating some more funds for the club.
Let’s not forget why everyone joined the team though: to compete.XUVBC has competed in two tournaments and two scrimmages.In our first match of the season, we traveled down to the University of Kentucky. Playing in two matches, we lost the first match 2-1, but came back strong in the second and won 2-0.Over family weekend, we hosted the Inaugural Xavier Open!In hosting the first tournament in the club’s history (of which many more are to come), ten teams from across the Midwest competed as the entire day was jam packed with thrilling games.XUVBC finished 3rd overall, losing a three set barnburner to Ball State’s A team.For our first tournament action, we definitely set the predecessor for a great season!A few weeks later we went down to LLCC.LLCC prepared us mentally as the following weekend we made the drive up to East Lansing, Michigan to compete in the annual Back to the Hardwood Classic at Michigan State University for the second year in a row.Dominance on day one led to an undefeated pool play performance as we went 4-0.Capturing one of the top spots in the Gold Bracket, we squared off against the University of Michigan on the second day of competition.Dominating Michigan placed us in the quarterfinals against Ohio State for the second straight year.The Buckeyes got the better of us again though, and we ended up taking 5th place out of 26 schools.
If this first semester is any indicator of how the season will turn out, then we cannot wait to lace up the shoes and hit the courts.Keep an eye on XUVBC next semester, because the next time you look, we might just be holding up some hardware and be nationally ranked!I would like to thank all of our family, friends, advisors, and fans for helping us through every thing so far this season.Whether it was through donations, helping us run our tournament, or the undying support we’ve received, we are beyond grateful.Without the help of so many people and my right hand man, Mike Czopek, I couldn’t run this club to where we have brought it today. Thank you all for everything and I hope everyone enjoys the holidays with their families Xavier Nation! |
Obesity in old age.
Many older people in developed countries are overweight or obese. The prevalence is increasing as more people reach old age already overweight. Obesity in old age is associated with increased morbidity and a reduction in quality of life. The relative increase in mortality is less in older than young adults and the body weight associated with maximal survival increases with advancing age. Although intentional weight loss by overweight older people is probably safe and beneficial, caution should be exercised in recommending weight loss to overweight older people on the basis of body weight alone. Methods of achieving weight loss in older adults are the same as in younger adults. Weight loss diets should be combined with an exercise program to preserve muscle mass, as dieting results in loss of muscle as well as fat, and older people have reduced skeletal muscle mass in any case. Weight loss drugs have not been extensively studied in older people, and there is the potential for drug side effects and interactions. Weight loss surgery appears to be safe and effective, albeit slightly less so than in younger adults, but little is known about the outcomes of such surgery in those over 65 years. |
Cemented Thompson hemiarthroplasty versus cemented Exeter Trauma Stem (ETS) hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular hip fractures: a randomised trial of 200 patients.
Numerous different designs of hemiarthroplasty are available but few have been compared within the context of a randomised controlled trial. Two-hundred patients presenting with a displaced intracapsular fracture of the hip were randomised to receive either a cemented Thompson hemiarthroplasty or a cemented smooth tapered stem hemiarthroplasty (Exeter Trauma Stem). All operations were undertaken or directly supervised by one surgeon using the same operative approach. Patients were followed up for 1 year from injury by a research nurse blinded to the treatment used. The smooth tapered stem was felt to present less operative difficulties compared to the Thompson prosthesis. There were no other statistically significant differences in outcomes between the two prostheses. |
Service Bar
Details
The Service Bar is a modern American kitchen and bar with a nostalgic, mid-western sensibility. Located at Middle West Spirits in Columbus, Ohio.
Fueled by a passion to draw deeper connections between food and spirits, the Service Bar delivers an experience that is refreshingly innovative, much of that due to carefully placed hints of nostalgic flavors and techniques.
Executive Chef Avishar Barua’s creations are both balance and tribute to his Midwestern upbringing and Bangladeshi roots.
His fresh interpretation of familiar flavors is the culmination of an impressive career, with roles at New York’s Mission Chinese and WD-50, and locally at 1808 American Bistro and Veritas. At Middle West’s Service Bar, Chef Barua and his team elegantly translate the foundations of great cuisine into inventive dishes for all to enjoy. |
[The nodular necrotizing dermatitis].
Preferring to the antecedent sparse literature an observation of "dermatitis nodularis necrotica" is described in a 15 year old girl with constipation showing the typical coarse-nodular necrotizing exanthema especially on the extremities. Histologically there was a perivasculitis with prevailing excessive cellular infiltrates (reticulum cells, granulocytes). Immunological tests (immunoelectrophoresis, fluorescence-histology in skin and intestinal biopsy) were negative. On the other hand staphylococcus aureus (as detected in skin scratches and by intracutaneous tests) seemed to play an etiologic role. Thus "dermatitis nodularis necrotica", on clinical grounds somewhat similar to papulo-necrotic tuberculids, seems to be a bacteride with secundary alterations of the skin vessels and not a variant of primary vasculitis. |
Weather Forecast
Envirothon team tackles nitrate levels in water
Members of the 2010 Envirothon team are front, from left, Rachel Fineday and Sophie Shogren, and back, from left, Brennan Larson, Dan Pike, Alex Renner and Christian Ridlon. (Submitted photo)
This year's Envirothon topic - nitrate contamination in water - hit home for the Park Rapids students involved in the competition this spring.
The city of Park Rapids has been dealing with high nitrate levels in water for several years, having to shut down some shallow wells recently.
The Envirothon is a competition that tests teams from different schools on four core subjects of forestry, soils and land use, aquatic ecology and wildlife, along with a current issue on an environmental subject, which changes every year. Each team must also prepare an oral presentation on the current topic, which is presented to a panel of judges.
The Park Rapids team, consisting of Danny Pike, Alex Renner, Sophie Shogren, Rachel Fineday, Brennan Larson and Christian Ridlon, had to study nitrate levels in ground water and figure out possible solutions. Park Rapids High School Ecology teacher Kevin Young recruited the students and helped them compete in the regional competition in Bemidji in April and state competition in Deerwood last week.
"We looked at older tests and discovered that digging a deep well would be the best option," Shogren said.
"That, along with working with farmers in the area," Renner said.
That's the same solution the city of Park Rapids came up with for the short term. A deep well was drilled to replace some of the water previously pumped by shallow wells that tested high for nitrates.
"It really helped our research to have something similar going on here," Pike said.
Most of this year's team also participated in the Envirothon last year and were familiar with the process. The team worked on an oral presentation for the competition and worked together to answer 20 questions at each of five learning stations.
Some of the students hope to be involved in the Envirothon next year as well.
"It's a real neat way to get people involved and thinking about the environment," Shogren said.
Area Envirothon competitions are administered by the state's Soil and Water Conservation Districts, in partnership with conservation organizations, educators, and other natural resource agencies.
The School Forest Committee helped defray costs associated with the Envirothon, along with the Hubbard County Coalition of Lake Associations, Mantrap Valley Conservation Club Auxiliary and Minnesota Power.
Marilyn Berry, from the National Resources Conservation Service in Park Rapids, was instrumental in organizing the Envirothon, the students said.
"We just want to thank everyone who helped us in Bemidji and at state," Shogren said. |
/**
* Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.
*/
#include <aws/ecs/model/DescribeTaskSetsRequest.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/json/JsonSerializer.h>
#include <utility>
using namespace Aws::ECS::Model;
using namespace Aws::Utils::Json;
using namespace Aws::Utils;
DescribeTaskSetsRequest::DescribeTaskSetsRequest() :
m_clusterHasBeenSet(false),
m_serviceHasBeenSet(false),
m_taskSetsHasBeenSet(false),
m_includeHasBeenSet(false)
{
}
Aws::String DescribeTaskSetsRequest::SerializePayload() const
{
JsonValue payload;
if(m_clusterHasBeenSet)
{
payload.WithString("cluster", m_cluster);
}
if(m_serviceHasBeenSet)
{
payload.WithString("service", m_service);
}
if(m_taskSetsHasBeenSet)
{
Array<JsonValue> taskSetsJsonList(m_taskSets.size());
for(unsigned taskSetsIndex = 0; taskSetsIndex < taskSetsJsonList.GetLength(); ++taskSetsIndex)
{
taskSetsJsonList[taskSetsIndex].AsString(m_taskSets[taskSetsIndex]);
}
payload.WithArray("taskSets", std::move(taskSetsJsonList));
}
if(m_includeHasBeenSet)
{
Array<JsonValue> includeJsonList(m_include.size());
for(unsigned includeIndex = 0; includeIndex < includeJsonList.GetLength(); ++includeIndex)
{
includeJsonList[includeIndex].AsString(TaskSetFieldMapper::GetNameForTaskSetField(m_include[includeIndex]));
}
payload.WithArray("include", std::move(includeJsonList));
}
return payload.View().WriteReadable();
}
Aws::Http::HeaderValueCollection DescribeTaskSetsRequest::GetRequestSpecificHeaders() const
{
Aws::Http::HeaderValueCollection headers;
headers.insert(Aws::Http::HeaderValuePair("X-Amz-Target", "AmazonEC2ContainerServiceV20141113.DescribeTaskSets"));
return headers;
}
|
Earlier in the day, Obama will stop in Connecticut to push for an increase in the federal minimum wage, an issue he has made a centerpiece of his domestic agenda.
About 25 donors have shelled out as much as $32,400 to attend a small “round-table discussion” with Obama in Cambridge and another 70 donors have given $5,000 to $20,000 to attend a fund-raising dinner later in the evening at Artists for Humanity in South Boston.
President Obama is swooping into Boston to raise money for the Democratic National Committee on Wednesday, less than a week after Governor Chris Christie of New Jersey and former governor Mitt Romney held a major fund-raiser for the Republican Party in Boston.
Governor Deval Patrick, who has sought an increase in the minimum wage in Massachusetts, is planning to join the president at that event at Central Connecticut State University in New Britain and attend the fund-raisers in Cambridge and Boston.
Obama’s fund-raising swing comes as he faces a crisis in Ukraine, as well as problems closer to home.
Massachusetts, which pioneered universal health insurance when Romney was governor, is among the states struggling to adapt to the more complex requirements of the Affordable Care Act, the federal version of that law signed by Obama. The state is facing a backlog of thousands of applications for subsidized coverage, and the website for its health exchange has been plagued with error messages since it was revamped in October.
But Obama’s loyal backers say that, despite the troubles, they are eager to support him.
“I’m always interested in seeing the president of the United States,” said Alan D. Solomont, a former ambassador to Spain and Andorra under Obama who is planning to attend at least one of Wednesday’s fund-raisers.
Woody Kaplan, a major benefactor of the Democratic Party, who lives in the Back Bay, said heavily Democratic Boston is always friendly territory for the president.
“Boston has been incredibly supportive of Obama in both elections, and I think he feels at home with us,” said Kaplan, who said he cannot attend Wednesday’s events because he has already given the party the maximum amount allowable under federal law.
Obama does not plan to hold any public events while in town, and his fund-raiser in Cambridge will be closed to the press. But his dinner in South Boston will be open to select media, meaning his remarks there will be made public.
Philip W. Johnston, a former chairman of the state Democratic Party, said Obama is using his local stops solely to help his party retain control of the US Senate and avoid losing seats in the US House in the mid-term elections in the fall.
Most of the pivotal races are in other states, but both national parties are closely invested in what is expected to be a competitive fight for the Sixth Congressional District seat currently held by US Representative John F. Tierney, a Salem Democrat. Tierney is facing a challenge in the Democratic primary from a political newcomer, Seth Moulton, and a potential rematch against Republican Richard Tisei, a former state senator who narrowly lost to Tierney in 2012.
Michael Levenson can be reached at mlevenson@globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @mlevenson. |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Biodegradable and bio-based polymers have recently drawn more and more attention in several applications, including composites \[[@CR1]--[@CR3]\], packaging \[[@CR4]\] and medicine \[[@CR5]\]. Polyesters are considered to be one of the most important classes of biomaterials \[[@CR6]\]. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), linear polyester, is extensively tested in medicine and tissue engineering, due to its biodegradability, non-toxicity and biocompatibility \[[@CR7], [@CR8]\]. PLA is a thermoplastic relatively easy to process. In addition, its mechanical properties are similar to commonly used synthetic polymers. Physicochemical properties of PLA depend on a stereoisomeric form of polymer \[[@CR9]\]. Lactic acid (LAc), a repetitive unit of PLA, consists of two optical isomers: D(−)LAc and L(+)LAc. Homochiral PLA is a semi-crystalline, isotactic polymer (PLLA and PDLA). Polymerization of D- and L-LAc mixture leads to the formation of heterochiral, atactic PLDLA with amorphous properties.
The PLA is susceptible to hydrolysis and under the conditions of the human body enzymatically decomposes into LAc, which occurs naturally in living organisms. In the citric acid cycle, LAc is converted into carbon dioxide and water \[[@CR10]\]. Thanks to good mechanical properties that allow PLA to endure the stresses applied in a human body; it is commonly used in implants for bone fixation and absorbable surgical sutures \[[@CR11]\].
In tissue engineering, PLA has been utilized as material for drug delivery microspheres \[[@CR12], [@CR13]\] and scaffolds \[[@CR14], [@CR15]\] for cell growth. It is required for scaffold to support regeneration of the tissue in the place of the defect and then degraded when the healing is completed. PLA could be easily made in various forms and shape, including microspheres and fibers with diameter that ranges from nanometers to micrometers. The main advantage of forming 2D and 3D fibrous scaffolds is a strong anisotropy of properties that allows to adapt material to specific requirements, a very high surface area, and the possibility of creating complex microstructures with specific pores and density \[[@CR16]\]. Thanks to the ability to control the physicochemical properties of fibers; also through the degree of crystallinity, modifications of the volume and surface of the fibers, it is possible to modulate the biological response \[[@CR17]\].
Here, we report the fabrication of PLA fibers modified with inorganic particles (ZnO, SiO~2~, TiO~2~) using the electrospinning method (ES). This technique involves electrostatic forces to generate polymer solution jets and induce the ejection through a spinneret. An electrical potential is applied between the tip of a needle and a grounded collector. In order for the polymer jet to be ejected, the electric field must overcome the surface tension of the drop. The fiber morphology is influenced by many parameters, especially concentration of the polymer, molecular weight, distance between tip and collector, solvent content, flow rate, applied voltage and temperature \[[@CR18]--[@CR20]\].
PLA exhibits disadvantages in some key aspects, such as hydrolysis and degradation under UV light exposure \[[@CR21]\], what limits its applicability. The resistance to aging is a key factor for outdoor and medicine applications (packaging, stitches, bandage, sterilization). UV stability of PLA-based materials has attracted a lot of attention recently \[[@CR21]--[@CR23]\]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies in the literature regarding the influence of UV exposure on the properties of PLA nanocomposite fibers. We hypothesized that modification of fibers with inorganic particles (SiO~2~, ZnO and TiO~2~) can affect the stability of PLA. ZnO and TiO~2~ are effective absorbers of UV \[[@CR24], [@CR25]\] and are commonly used as UV-screen agents in sunblocks. Zhang reported that ZnO nanoparticles can stabilize poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) matrix and hinder the photodegradation of polymer \[[@CR26]\].
Experimental {#Sec2}
============
Materials {#Sec3}
---------
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA, IngeoTMBiopolymer 3251D) with molecular weight *M* = 70,000--120,000 g mol^−1^ was purchased from NatureWorks LLC, USA. Dichloromethane (DCM) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A., Gliwice, Poland. Ceramic particles: ZnO particles (1 μm), SiO~2~ nanaoparticles (12 nm) and TiO~2~ nanoparticles (100 nm) were purchased from Merck KGaA, Germany.
Preparation of PLA-based solutions for electrospinning process {#Sec4}
--------------------------------------------------------------
PLA-based solutions for electrospinning process (ES) with concentrations 11, 13 or 15% (w/v) were prepared by dissolving polymer in binary-solvent system of DCM and DMF (2.5:1 v/v or 3:1 v/v). Solution was stirred for 24 h using magnetic stirrer at about 50 °C. Next, ceramic particles powder (ZnO, TiO~2~ or SiO~2~) was added and solution was ultrasonicated for 10 min. Next, PLA solution was stirred for another 24 h. The concentration of inorganic particles was 6 mass%, beyond that content solution retained its rheological properties.
Electrospinning process {#Sec5}
-----------------------
PLA-based nonwoven was formulated through electrospinning process (ES) using apparatus constructed at Department of Biomaterials and Composites, AGH, Poland. The solution was sonicated for 10 min before injection into 10 mL syringe. A high voltage--power supply (0--25 kV) was used to generate an electric field between needle (0.7 mm) and cylindrical, rotating collector (width: 5 cm) covered with aluminum foil. The system was encased in a special chamber that allowed to perform ES process at constant temperature (50 °C) and humidity (10%). The spinning time of nonwovens was 1 h.
Aging test {#Sec6}
----------
The aging test was carried out by exposing PLA and PLA-composite nonwovens to UV light. Samples were placed into the chamber equipped with UV-C lamp (35 W cm^−2^). Air circulation was forced in the chamber (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}) to remove ozone, which was forming from oxygen by UV irradiation during aging test. The presence of ozone could accelerate degradation of PLA nonwoven. The equivalent of exposure time to UV radiation was calculated from the average exposure the Earth to Sun's UV radiation (62 W m^−2^ \[[@CR27], [@CR28]\]). One hour in the aging chamber equals 5645 h of exposure to solar radiation, assuming that the Sun shines continuously and all UV irradiation reaches the Earth's surface. The samples were exposed to UV light for 15 min, 1 and 4 h.Fig. 1The chamber for UV aging test, equipped with UV-lamp and system of distilled water vessel, pump and piping system forcing air circulation
Characterization {#Sec7}
----------------
Surface morphology of PLA nonwovens and composites fibers was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM, Nova NanoSEM 200) with an accelerating voltage of 18 kV. Samples were mounted onto special holders and coated with conductive carbon layer prior to SEM analysis. Images analysis software (ImageJ) was applied to determine fiber's diameters and distribution of fibers' directions in nonwovens. For each material, 30 fibers were measured. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were taken using DSC1 (Mettler Toledo) in dynamic mode (atmosphere: nitrogen, 200 mL min^−1^, heating and cooling rates: 10 K min^−1^, temperature range: − 30--180 °C). Samples (6 mg) were sealed in aluminum pans and placed in the equipment sample chamber. Fourier-transform infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR) of PLA and composite nonwovens before and after different times of UV light aging were recorded using Tensor 27 equipment with ATR mode (diamond crystal), in range 4000--600 cm^−1^, at resolution 4 cm^−1^. For each sample, 64 scans were performed.
Results and discussion {#Sec8}
======================
Optimization of electrospinning parameters {#Sec9}
------------------------------------------
Diameter, quality and direction of fiber arrangement can be controlled by parameters such as polymer concentration in solution, solvents, electrical field voltage, or collector rotation speed. The needle-collector gap influences jet flying time and evaporation of the solvents. Binary-solvent system (DCM and DMF) was used to fabricate PLA-based nonwovens. The SEM images were used to evaluate the quality (morphology and diameter) of obtained PLA fibers. All of the fibers had smooth and defect-free morphology. It was observed that ratio of solvent had a great influence on the fiber diameter (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}). Thinner fibers were obtained using ratio 2.5:1, regardless of the polymer concentrations. The other optimized parameter was gap between tip of needle and collector, and polymer concentration. As expected, the diameter of the fibers decreased with increasing needle-collector distance, as shown in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}a. This was due to the longer time that the solvents had to evaporate. Also, in most cases, increasing the polymer concentration resulted in obtaining fibers with increased diameters (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}b). Based on the SEM images, the following parameters were selected to obtain fibers modified with ceramic particles: concentrations of PLA---13%, gap between tip of needle and collector---5 cm, ratio of DCM and DMF---2.5 to 1.Fig. 2Average diameter of PLA fiber fabricated using: **a** different gap between needle and collector, **b** PLA concentration
Impact of UV aging on fibers morphology {#Sec10}
---------------------------------------
The morphology of the composite fiber was examined using SEM (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}). The pure PLA fibers exhibited smooth and defect-free surface, as shown in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}a. However, diameter distribution was wide, from 1.5 to 5.5 μm, with average diameter 2.91 μm (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}a). It was found that ceramic additives caused a reduction in average fiber diameter. For SiO~2~, TiO~2~ and ZnO, it was 2.12, 1.40 and 2.79 μm, respectively, as well as narrowing the distribution (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}b--d). Figure [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}b, c shows that adding SiO~2~ and TiO~2~, in contrast to ZnO, changed the morphology significantly. In both cases, the fiber surface was wrinkled and defected.Fig. 3SEM images of PLA-based nonwovens before and after UV aging test (10 min, 1 h and 4 h: **a** pure PLA, **b** PLA/SiO~2~, **c** PLA/TiO~2~, **d** PLA/ZnOFig. 4Fiber diameter distribution and fiber alignment distribution plots of: **a** PLA, **b** PLA/SiO~2~, **c** PLA/TiO~2~, **d** PLA/ZnO fibers after different times of UV exposure. *Y*-axis indicates the direction of the collector's rotation
The morphology of fibers after UV degradation was evaluated as well. Exposure of PLA fibers to irradiation for 10 min and 1 h did not significantly affect their morphology. After 4 h, broken and bent fibers were observed (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}a). A similar phenomenon occurred in composites with SiO~2~ and TiO~2~ (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}b, c). The PLA/ZnO fibers behaved differently under the UV exposure. Changes in morphology were much more significant. Fibers fused together and the original microstructure was completely destroyed after 4 h, as shown in Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}d. In addition, the change in the distribution of the fiber alignment was also the most significant (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}d). Before the degradation, fibers were arranged almost parallel to each other, but after degradation crossed fibers appeared (Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}d). However, broken fibers weren't observed even after 4 h of UV exposure.
Fibers in PLA nonwoven were arranged parallel to the direction of the collector rotation in major part, as shown in Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}a (*y*-axis). The aging process resulted with a slight change, the chart became a little wider, but in the range not exceeding 5% after 10 min of UV exposure. With longer aging time, the fibers broke during relaxing and changed the orientation, which is clearly visible on the graph for 4 h of UV exposure. This phenomenon was intensified even more in the case of composite fibers modified with TiO~2~ and SiO~2~ (Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}b, c). Addition of ceramic particles did not promote receiving oriented nonwovens. They generate additional stresses in the fiber. When fiber broke under the UV radiation, it relaxed and changed its direction to a more favorable energetically. This effect is the most significant for PLA/SiO~2~ nonwoven.
The presence of ceramic particles led to larger deviations in the orientation of the nonwovens. This effect was most significant in the case of fibers with the addition of SiO~2~ particles. The spectrum of distribution of fibers collected on the collector during the ES process was the widest. The aging process also evidently led to a change in the direction of the fiber.
Impact of UV aging on fibers thermal properties {#Sec11}
-----------------------------------------------
Figure [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows DSC curves of pure PLA fibers and fibers with ceramic particles addition. PLA is a crystalline polymer. For pure PLA, three phase transitions were clearly visible on the DSC curve (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}a): glass transition with recrystallization (63.0--69.3 °C), cold recrystallization (77.0--94.4 °C), recrystallization before melting and melting (159.1--172.5 °C). These transformations were very clear, followed by each other at certain intervals of temperature. This demonstrated that well-oriented and structurally homogeneous fibers formed the nonwoven layer.Fig. 5DSC curves of PLA-based nonwovens before and after UV aging: **a** PLA, **b** PLA/SiO~2~, **c** PLA/TiO~2~, **d** PLA/ZnO
The UV degradation induced structural changes in polymer, what is directly translated into thermal properties of PLA, which can be seen in Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}a. The energy of phase transformations decreased with the aging time. A decrease in glass transition temperature (*T*~g~) is due to the less need for fiber to go into a highly elastic state.
Ceramic's additions have a significant impact on the degradation process under the UV radiation (Fig. [5](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}b--d). It seems that TiO~2~ even accelerated the degradation of polymer structure. Addition of ceramic's particles significantly reduced the temperatures of transformation processes and their energy. After 4 h in aging chamber, the transformations were almost invisible on the curve. Only ten degree separated melting from glass transition with recrystallization. Energy of melting decreased as the sample holding time in aging chamber increased. Similar situation was observed for fibers modified with SiO~2~. The exception here is ZnO; in this case, the drop is insignificant. The drop of melting energy after 4 h wasn't that significant. This is consistent with SEM images; PLA/ZnO fibers were the least degraded. The exact values of phase transitions' energies are shown in Fig. [6](#Fig6){ref-type="fig"}.Fig. 6Changes of melting, glass transition and cold recrystallization energy during UV aging time
Significant differences were also noted in the case of recrystallization energy. Over time, the recrystallization energy decreases, with the exception of PLA/ZnO nonwoven. In this case, a slight increase in energy was observed. After 4 h, the energy value doubled. The opposite trend was noted for the composite fibers modified with TiO~2~ particles. After the initial increase, the transformation energy dropped significantly.
Melting of PLA/ZnO composite began at a slightly higher temperature compared to pure PLA and other composites. The energy also remained constant throughout the aging test. This can be explained by the greater proportion of the crystalline phase in the polymer. For this reason, no cold recrystallization was observed. ZnO nanoparticles may have acted as place of nucleation starting and promoted the crystallization of PLA.
The positive impact of ZnO particles on PLA stability was also demonstrated by the lack of a significant increase in glass transition energy. In fact, the value remains almost the same for 4 h of degradation. This may indicate improved stability of the composite fibers. In other cases, including pure PLA, the energy value increases several times. The most dynamic changes were observed for TiO~2~.
TiO~2~ particles are used as a material absorbing UV radiation in sunlight \[[@CR29], [@CR30]\]. Therefore, it was expected that this type of nanoparticles should provide the best protection against photodegradation. Even though the effectiveness of UV absorption of TiO~2~ is very high, TiO~2~ at the same time emits photoelectrons that can be involved in the production of peroxides and other reactive oxygen species (ROS---reactive oxygen species) \[[@CR31]\].
Also, SiO~2~ did not improve the stability of the polymer against UV irradiation. Of all the ceramic particles tested, SiO~2~ is the most transparent to UV radiation. Phase transition energies also fell the fastest in this case. Also, the presence of SiO~2~ in the fibers promoted their degradation due to the possibility of UV radiation passing through the SiO~2~ grains (present on the surface and inside the fiber). In addition, the PLA/SiO~2~ nonwoven had the lowest cold crystallization energy. This may indicate a large amount of the crystalline phase.
Impact of UV aging on fibers chemical structure {#Sec12}
-----------------------------------------------
The effect of UV aging on the chemical structure of PLA-based fibers was examined by the FITR-ATR method. ATR spectrum of PLA nonwoven is shown in Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}. Typical bands of PLA can be found in the range 3000--2800 cm^−1^ (asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations in CH~3~, CH~2~ and CH groups), at 1382.0 cm^−1^ (symmetric bending vibration of C--H) and 866.1 cm^−1^ (stretching vibration of C--C). Another characteristic peak at 1750.8 cm^−1^ corresponded to C=O groups \[[@CR32]\]. Bands at 1181.3 cm^−1^ and 1084.4 cm^−1^ can be assigned to C--O--C vibrations of ester groups \[[@CR33]\]. After aging changes in spectra weren't significant. There was no appearance of new peaks as the result of polymer degradation. Only decrease in some band intensity was observed (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}a).Fig. 7FTIR-ATR spectra of: **a** PLA fibers and composite fibers with: **b** ZnO, **c** TiO~2~, **d** SiO~2~, before and after different time of UV exposure
The spectra of different composite nonwovens looked similarly to this made of pure PLA (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}b--d). The main bands of ceramic fillers could be overlapped and covered by the bands from the polymeric matrix. In addition, method (ATR) chosen to study the effect of photodegradation on composites chemical structure measures only a thin layer having direct contact with the crystal. The infrared analysis of PLA after UV aging test did not show any significant changes of the spectrum or formation of new bands. The characteristic bands of the PLA decreased their intensities, due to the photodegradation of the polymer structure (smaller graphs show peaks for C--H stretching vibrations in PLA chains). In the case of pure PLA fibers, the intensity of bands in the range 3000--2800 cm^−1^ clearly decreased after just 10 min of UV exposure. However, an intensity of whole spectra did not change in a significant way even after 4 h (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}a). For composites with ZnO, an intensity of the C--H stretching vibrations decreased more gradually over time. After 10 min, the change seems to be less rapid than in the case of pure PLA (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}b). Again, the decrease in peaks in this area was also observed for PLA composites with TiO~2~ and SiO~2~. However, in these cases, the changes are much more significant, and after 4 h of UV exposure, the bands almost completely disappeared. Polymer degradation is also indicated by gradual disappearance of peaks in the whole range of spectra (Fig. [7](#Fig7){ref-type="fig"}c, d).
The UV absorbers in the form of ceramic nanoparticles were added to slow down the UV degradation of poly(lactic acid). Only ZnO protected the polymer matrix against photodegradation.
Conclusions {#Sec13}
===========
The nanocomposite fibers based on poly(lactic acid) were produced successfully by an electrospinning method. The parameters of process (concentration of polymers, gap between needle and collector, ratio of solutions) were optimized to obtain defect-free microfibers. It turned out that the chosen method is very sensitive to changing process conditions. The diameter of the fibers can be easily controlled by increasing the distance between the needle and the collector. The longer solvent evaporation time results in smaller diameter fibers. The addition well dispersed ceramic powders to PLA-based solution completely changed nature of the produced fibers. Ceramic materials, known as UV absorbent, were incorporated into polymer matrix to slow down the aging process. Stability of PLA is a key aspect for using this biopolymer as packaging material and in tissue engineering. The protective effect was noticed only for ZnO particles. The addition of ZnO significantly increased the proportion of crystalline and amorphous phases in the fabricated PLA-based fibers and changed the mechanism of the photodegradation. Similar impact was noticed in the case of TiO~2~ and SiO~2~. These additives significantly changed the microstructure of the nonwovens and accelerated matrix degradation. They caused cracking and breaking of fibers.
**Publisher\'s Note**
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This work was supported by the Grant No 15.11.160.019 (Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology).
|
Jewish organizations and leaders in the US criticize (ECI) for anti-CAP advertisement.
Dear Reader,
As you can imagine, more people are reading The Jerusalem Post than ever before.
Nevertheless, traditional business models are no longer sustainable and high-quality publications,
like ours, are being forced to look for new ways to keep going. Unlike many other news organizations,
we have not put up a paywall. We want to keep our journalism open
and accessible and be able to keep providing you with news
and analyses from the frontlines of Israel, the Middle East and the Jewish World.
BERLIN – Jewish organizations and leaders in the US including the American
Jewish Committee, the Anti- Defamation League and Alan Dershowitz have
criticized the conservative Washington-based Emergency Committee for Israel
(ECI) for using quotes from them without permission in a full-page New York
Times advertisement published last week. The advertisement accuses
charities of funding the Center for American Progress (CAP), a Democratic Party
affiliated think tank, and Media Matters (MM), a liberal watchdog
organization.
ECI asked readers and donors in the ad to contact the
charities and ask why funds are being used to support “bigotry” and “anti-Israel
extremism” in connection with work of CAP and Media Matters.
The AJC,
which was quoted in the ad talking about perceived bias against Israel in
several specific CAP media products, issued a statement saying, “No one from the
sponsoring group [ECI], an ideologically-driven organization to judge from its
ads and other public activities, sought AJC’s consent to include reference to us
in today’s ad.”
CAP officials have “acknowledged the inappropriateness of
such bias” and they have implemented personnel and policy changes, the AJC
noted.
Abraham H. Foxman, national director of the Anti-Defamation
League, told JTA that the ADL quote slamming CAP in the ad for anti- Semitism
was issued before CAP dealt with prejudices against Israel in its
publications.
“After we raised concerns, initially we felt that the
Center for American Progress took the matter seriously and understood the
anti-Semitic nature of raising dual-loyalty canards and made sure terms like
‘Israel-firster’ were deleted from the Twitter accounts of CAP staffers where
they appeared,” Foxman wrote in an email to The Jerusalem Post.
Harvard
law Prof. Alan Dershowitz told The Boston Globe that he did not authorize the
use of his quote for the ECI ad. “MM is doubling down. MJ [Rosenberg] is
seeking support from left. CAP is trying hard to undo damage. Very
different responses from them requires different responses from their critics,”
Dershowitz said in an email to the Post on Thursday.
Critics accuse MJ
Rosenberg of using anti-Semitic language to denigrate supporters of
Israel.
Combined Jewish Philanthropies (CJP), an umbrella US Jewish
philanthropy organization, wrote that the ad “unjustly attacked” the
charity.
Barry Shrage, CJP’s president, described the ad as “misguided
attacks on CJP,” in an email to the Post on Tuesday. “We also made clear the
guidelines that we follow when authorizing grants that are recommended by donors
participating in our Donor Advised Fund Program.”
According to the CJP,
“Donations cannot be made to any organization that opposes Israel’s right to
exist as a Jewish and democratic state or advocates for boycotts, divestments
and sanctions [BDS].”
Jason Edelstein, the communications director for
the Jerusalem-based organization NGO Monitor, told the Post, “This is another
example in which donors don’t really know how their funding is being used. It
again shows the need for transparency, independent analysis and careful
monitoring regarding the activities of NGOs. Basically, the funding in this
instance occurred year after year without any critical questions being
asked.”
ECI executive director Noah Pollak told the Globe, “Every quote
in ECI’s ad was accurate, in proper context, correctly attributed to its source,
and taken from widely read publications.”
The Jerusalem Post Customer Service Center can be contacted with any questions or requests:
Telephone: *2421 * Extension 4 Jerusalem Post or 03-7619056 Fax: 03-5613699E-mail: subs@jpost.com
The center is staffed and provides answers on Sundays through Thursdays between 07:00 and 14:00 and Fridays only handles distribution requests between 7:00 and
13:00
For international customers: The center is staffed and provides answers on Sundays through Thursdays between 7AM and 6PM
Toll Free number in Israel only 1-800-574-574
Telephone +972-3-761-9056
Fax: 972-3-561-3699
E-mail: subs@jpost.com |
711 F.2d 102
83-2 USTC P 13,531
C. Rosemary CROUSE and June M. Brown, Administrators of theEstate of K. Isabel Turner, Deceased, Appellants,v.UNITED STATES of America, Appellee.
No. 82-2402.
United States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.
Submitted May 20, 1983.Decided July 7, 1983.
Glenn L. Archer, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Michael L. Paup, William S. Estabrook, Thomas A. Gick, Attys., Tax Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for appellee; Richard C. Turner, U.S. Atty., Des Moines, Iowa, of counsel.
William Sidney Smith, Gregory L. Biehler, Smith, Schneider & Stiles, P.C., Des Moines, Iowa, for appellants.
Before ROSS, ARNOLD and JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM.
1
Rosemary Crouse and June M. Brown appeal from the district court's1 order granting summary judgment against them in their action to recover penalties imposed upon the estate of K. Isabel Turner. The penalties were assessed against the estate for the failure to file a timely return, and for the late payment of estate taxes due. The motion was tried on stipulated facts.
2
K. Isabel Turner died intestate on July 17, 1975. The appellants were appointed administrators and retained an attorney to aid them in settling the estate. Counsel advised them of the obligations assumed by an administrator, including the personal duty to sign and file an estate tax return within nine months of the date of death. 26 U.S.C. § 6075(a) (1976). In addition to this warning, Rosemary Crouse was the administrator of her mother's estate and in that capacity properly filed a return and paid the estate taxes that were due. Ms. Crouse's mother died seven months prior to K. Isabel Turner.
3
In this case, however, the estate tax return was not filed until March 21, 1978. The total tax due was computed to be $118,109.98. The sum of $56,557.00 was assessed as interest on the late payment of the tax, penalties for the late payment of the tax, and penalties for the late filing of the return.
4
The appellants contend that the imposition of the penalties under section 6651(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code was improper as the failure to file was due to "reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect," 26 U.S.C. § 6651(a)(1) (1976). The essence of the argument is that reliance on counsel to file the return was reasonable under the facts of this case.
5
The facts argued to support a conclusion that the appellants' behavior was reasonable are the following. The appellants sought out and retained an attorney to help settle the estate within a few days of K. Isabel Turner's death. The appellants were both aware of the filing deadline and in the spring of 1976 questioned their attorney about the taxes and in return received assurances that "all steps were being taken." In October of 1976 (at this point the appellants clearly knew the return was late) they once again met with the attorney to discuss the late filing of the return. Their attorney told them "No problem, no problem." At this time Mrs. Brown signed a check made out to the I.R.S. in the amount of $118,209.98 and left it with the attorney. The bank statements received by the appellants indicated that this check was never cashed.
6
In May of 1977 the attorney informed the appellants that the I.R.S. had lost the first check and that he was checking into the situation. The appellants then prepared a second check, and it too never cleared the bank. It was not until March 1978 that this situation clarified itself when an associate of the attorney discovered the executed checks and was unable to verify the filing of a return. The I.R.S. was then contacted and the taxes paid.
7
The district court relied upon this court's decisions in Boeving v. United States, 650 F.2d 493 (8th Cir.1981) and Estate of Lillehei v. Commissioner, 638 F.2d 65 (8th Cir.1981), when it granted the appellee's motion for summary judgment. We affirm on the basis of the cases cited above and on the more recent case of Smith v. United States, 702 F.2d 741 (8th Cir.1983). In the Smith case the administrator's attorney mistakenly assumed the federal filing deadline was one year. The return was actually filed several months late. Id. at 742. This court refused to find that the administrator's reliance on the mistaken advice of counsel was reasonable, once again stating that the duty to file a return was "personal and nondelegable." Id. at 743. We are unable to find anything in the facts of this case which would distinguish it from our prior decisions. While it is true that in this case the attorney lied on several occasions, this is tempered by the fact that the appellants had a greater knowledge of and experience with the estate tax laws than did the appellant in Smith. In addition, the appellants were long aware that the estate taxes had not been paid, and yet did not take positive action to insure that the law was complied with. We accordingly affirm the district court.
1
The Honorable Donald E. O'Brien, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Iowa
|
Legacies (2018)
In a place where young witches, vampires, and werewolves are nurtured to be their best selves in spite of their worst impulses, Klaus Mikaelson’s daughter, 17-year-old Hope Mikaelson, Alaric Saltzman’s twins, Lizzie and Josie Saltzman, among others, come of age into heroes and villains at The Salvatore School for the Young and Gifted.
The exploits of FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully who investigate X-Files: marginalized, unsolved cases involving paranormal phenomena. Mulder believes in the existence of aliens and the paranormal… |
<!-- <Snippet_graphicsmm_StateExampleMarkupWholePage> -->
<Page xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
x:Class="Microsoft.Samples.Animation.TimingBehaviors.StateExample"
Background="LightGray">
<StackPanel Margin="20">
<TextBlock
Name="ParentTimelineStateTextBlock"></TextBlock>
<TextBlock
Name="Animation1StateTextBlock"></TextBlock>
<Rectangle
Name="Rectangle01"
Width="100" Height="50" Fill="Orange" />
<TextBlock Name="Animation2StateTextBlock"></TextBlock>
<Rectangle
Name="Rectangle02"
Width="100" Height="50" Fill="Gray" />
<Button Content="Start Animations" Margin="20">
<Button.Triggers>
<EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Button.Click">
<BeginStoryboard>
<Storyboard RepeatBehavior="2x" AutoReverse="True"
CurrentStateInvalidated="parentTimelineStateInvalidated" >
<DoubleAnimation
Storyboard.TargetName="Rectangle01"
Storyboard.TargetProperty="Width"
From="10" To="200" Duration="0:0:9"
BeginTime="0:0:1"
CurrentStateInvalidated="animation1StateInvalidated"/>
<DoubleAnimation
Storyboard.TargetName="Rectangle02"
Storyboard.TargetProperty="Width"
From="10" To="200" Duration="0:0:8"
BeginTime="0:0:1"
CurrentStateInvalidated="animation2StateInvalidated" />
</Storyboard>
</BeginStoryboard>
</EventTrigger>
</Button.Triggers>
</Button>
</StackPanel>
</Page>
<!-- </Snippet_graphicsmm_StateExampleMarkupWholePage> --> |
[A case of perforative peritonitis complicated with lung and intestinal severe tuberculosis].
A 27-year-old man was admitted to our hospital in September 18, 2000, complaining of fever, cough, appetite loss and body weight loss. He was diagnosed as advanced lung tuberculosis, because of chest X-ray findings and positive acid-fast bacilli in his sputum. He was administrated rifampicin (RFP), isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol (EB). Two days after starting treatment he complained of abdominal pain and the signs of perforating peritonitis. Emergency laparotomy was performed and we observed multiple ulcers and a perforation of ileum. We resected a part of distal ileum and ascending colon and made ileostomy. Histopathologic examination of resected ileum and colon showed multiple ulcers and epithelioid cell granulomas with caseous necrosis. Many acid bacilli were identified from the lesion by specially stained tissue sections. He was administrated streptomycin and INH by injection post-operatively while oral administration was impossible. Six days after the first operation, we found the signs of perforation in another part of the ileum. So we were obliged to perform second laparotomy and resect the part involved. Five days after the second operation, he was able to take RFP, INH, and levofloxacin per oral route. On February 8, 2001 we performed ileocolonal reconstruction with side to side anastomosis and closed ileostomy at the third laparotomy. He had continued chemotherapy and went back to Korea in April 7, 2001. Although intestinal tuberculosis has sharply declined in Japan thanks to development of effective antituberculous drugs, we should keep in mind that it could be a possible cause of the acute abdomen. |
Certain food processing operations require adding processing fluids to a foodstuff. U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,795, for example, discloses a method using ammonia and/or carbon dioxide to modify the pH of a meat product. The treatment disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,795 has been shown to decrease pathogenic microbe content in meat products. U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,838 also discloses a process in which a pH modifying material such as gaseous or aqueous ammonia is applied to meat products as part of an overall process that includes freezing and physically manipulating the pH modified meat product.
Treatment processes that expose foodstuffs to a processing fluid may require a controlled and consistent application of the processing fluid. Depending upon the treatment process, underexposure may not provide the desired results, while overexposure to the processing fluid may produce undesirable results. In the pH adjustment processes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,871,795 and 6,389,838 for example, portions of the meat product being treated may be overexposed to the pH adjusting fluid while other portions of the meat product may be exposed to very little or none of the pH adjusting fluid. The overexposed portions may absorb sufficient adjusting fluid to affect the taste of the treated product and to produce a residual pH adjusting material odor. Underexposed portions of the meat product may not exhibit the desired pathogenic microbe inhibiting effect. |
Error: Couldn't open file '/var/www/court-listener/alert/assets/media/pdf/2009/05/18/Orenshteyn_v._Citrix_Systems.pdf': No such file or directory.
|
Pirelli World Challenge have had their pre-season test at COTA over the weekend.
With thanks to the Facebook pages of Dragonspeed, K-Pax and the PWC here’s some of the 2015 contenders getting their first public airings.
Here’s one of the first pair of K-Pax Mclaren 650S GT3, the black car below is the second car
Cadillac were present too with the first public maps for their new GT3 spec weapon the ATSV.R
Turner Motorsport fielded their new Swisher liveried BMW Z4 GT3, one of a pair bound for the Series
Dragonspeed fielded a trio of Mercedes SLS AMG GT3 for the test, Henrik Hedman, Eric Lux and Frankie Montecalvo will race in the Benz trio whilst the team’s single Cup class Porsche the cars will be raced in a rather unusual cammo-style livery by young Richard Gomez Jr. |
[Congenital esophago-bronchial fistula in the adult: a case report].
A 45-year-old female with congenital esophago-bronchial fistula was reported. She had suffered from common cold and recurrent bouts of coughing during meals since infancy. An esophago-bronchial fistula was detected by esophagography accidentally. The fistula was connected with right lower lobe bronchus (B6). CT scan showed the cystic change of the right lower lobe. The fistula was surgically removed and right lower lobe lobectomy was carried out. The adhesion of the lower lobe to the chest wall was recognized, but there were no inflammatory signs around the fistula. The isolation of the fistula was very easy. The postoperative course was uneventful. |
Q:
why sizeof...(T) so slow? implement C++14 make_index_sequence without sizeof...(T)
I found implement of C++14 make_index_sequence 'algorithm':
template< int ... > struct index_sequence{ using type = index_sequence; };
template< typename T> using invoke = typename T :: type ;
template< typename T, typename U > struct concate;
template< int ...i, int ... j>
struct concate< index_sequence<i...>, index_sequence<j...> >
: index_sequence< i... , (j + sizeof ... (i ) )... > {};
// \ /
// ----------
// I think here is slowly.
template< int n>
struct make_index_sequence_help : concate<
invoke< make_index_sequence_help<n/2>>,
invoke< make_index_sequence_help<n-n/2>>
> {};
template<> struct make_index_sequence_help <0> : index_sequence<>{};
template<> struct make_index_sequence_help <1> : index_sequence<0>{};
template< int n> using make_index_sequence = invoke< make_index_sequence_help<n> >;
int main()
{
using iseq = make_index_sequence< 1024 > ; // successfull
using jseq = make_index_sequence< 1024 * 16 > ; // a lot of compile time!!!
using kseq = make_index_sequence< 1024 * 64 > ; // can't compile: memory exhauted!!!
};
But, when I replace sizeof...(i) to concrete number from 'concate', then make_index_sequence< 1024 *64> -compiled very fast.
template< int s, typename T, typename U > struct concate;
template< int s, int ...i, int ...j >
struct concate< s, index_sequence<i...>, index_sequence<j...> >
: index_sequence< i..., ( j + s ) ... > {};
// and
template< int n >
struct make_index_sequence_help : concate<
n / 2 ,
invoke< make_index_sequence_help< n / 2 > >,
invoke< make_index_sequence_help< n - n/2 > >
>{};
Q: Why sizeof ... (i ) so slow ?
I test with gcc 4.8.1
Update:
For first case: ( only 1024 and 1024*16 ).
g++ -Wall -c "ctx_fptr.cpp" -g -O2 -std=c++11 -ftime-report
Execution times (seconds)
garbage collection : 0.06 ( 1%) usr 0.00 ( 0%) sys 0.06 ( 0%) wall 0 kB ( 0%) ggc
preprocessing : 0.03 ( 0%) usr 0.04 ( 2%) sys 0.09 ( 1%) wall 293 kB ( 0%) ggc
parser : 10.41 (97%) usr 1.61 (95%) sys 12.01 (96%) wall 2829842 kB (99%) ggc
name lookup : 0.12 ( 1%) usr 0.04 ( 2%) sys 0.23 ( 2%) wall 7236 kB ( 0%) ggc
dead store elim1 : 0.01 ( 0%) usr 0.00 ( 0%) sys 0.00 ( 0%) wall 0 kB ( 0%) ggc
symout : 0.15 ( 1%) usr 0.00 ( 0%) sys 0.15 ( 1%) wall 12891 kB ( 0%) ggc
unaccounted todo : 0.00 ( 0%) usr 0.01 ( 1%) sys 0.00 ( 0%) wall 0 kB ( 0%) ggc
TOTAL : 10.78 1.70 12.55 2850835 kB
For second case: ( all 1024, 1024*16 and 1024 * 64 )
g++ -Wall -c "ctx_fptr.cpp" -g -O2 -std=c++11 -ftime-report
Execution times (seconds)
preprocessing : 0.02 ( 2%) usr 0.01 ( 5%) sys 0.05 ( 4%) wall 293 kB ( 0%) ggc
parser : 0.54 (45%) usr 0.10 (53%) sys 0.71 (50%) wall 95339 kB (58%) ggc
name lookup : 0.47 (39%) usr 0.04 (21%) sys 0.47 (33%) wall 20197 kB (12%) ggc
tree PRE : 0.01 ( 1%) usr 0.00 ( 0%) sys 0.00 ( 0%) wall 1 kB ( 0%) ggc
varconst : 0.00 ( 0%) usr 0.01 ( 5%) sys 0.00 ( 0%) wall 17 kB ( 0%) ggc
symout : 0.17 (14%) usr 0.03 (16%) sys 0.18 (13%) wall 47092 kB (29%) ggc
TOTAL : 1.21 0.19 1.41 163493 kB
A:
The compilation is slow and uses a lot of memory because you are recursively expanding templates. This is being done at compile time, it creates a large number of types, and this can use a lot of memory. It is not caused by sizeof or any other individual statement. It is the recursion that causes every bit of the template expansion to be expensive.
I've hit this exact same problem with VC++ -- I found that my compiles would get arbitrarily slow as I passed in larger constants to a template function that I wrote.
Of course, in my case I was trying to make the compiler run slowly. But still, maybe this will be helpful:
https://randomascii.wordpress.com/2014/03/10/making-compiles-slow/
|
package com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.compat.crafttweaker;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.TouhouLittleMaid;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.api.util.ItemDefinition;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.api.util.ProcessingInput;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.crafting.AltarRecipe;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.crafting.AltarRecipesManager;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.crafting.ReviveMaidAltarRecipe;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.crafting.SpawnMaidRecipe;
import com.github.tartaricacid.touhoulittlemaid.init.MaidBlocks;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import crafttweaker.IAction;
import crafttweaker.annotations.ZenRegister;
import crafttweaker.api.item.IIngredient;
import crafttweaker.api.item.IItemStack;
import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
import net.minecraft.util.NonNullList;
import net.minecraft.util.ResourceLocation;
import net.minecraftforge.oredict.OreDictionary;
import stanhebben.zenscript.annotations.ZenClass;
import stanhebben.zenscript.annotations.ZenMethod;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
/**
* @author TartaricAcid
* @date 2020/1/10 16:12
**/
@ZenClass("mods.touhoulittlemaid.Altar")
@ZenRegister
public class AltarZen {
public static final List<IAction> DELAYED_ACTIONS = Lists.newLinkedList();
@ZenMethod
public static void addItemCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, IItemStack output, IIngredient... input) {
DELAYED_ACTIONS.add(new AddItemCraftRecipe(id, powerCost, output, input));
}
@ZenMethod
public static void addMaidSpawnCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, IIngredient... input) {
DELAYED_ACTIONS.add(new AddMaidSpawnCraftRecipe(id, powerCost, input));
}
@ZenMethod
public static void addMaidReviveCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, IIngredient... input) {
DELAYED_ACTIONS.add(new AddMaidReviveCraftRecipe(id, powerCost, input));
}
@ZenMethod
public static void addEntitySpawnCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, String entityId, IIngredient... input) {
DELAYED_ACTIONS.add(new AddEntitySpawnCraftRecipe(id, powerCost, entityId, input));
}
@ZenMethod
public static void removeRecipe(String id) {
DELAYED_ACTIONS.add(new RemoveRecipe(id));
}
@Nonnull
public static ItemStack toItemStack(IItemStack itemStack) {
Object internal = itemStack.getInternal();
if (!(internal instanceof ItemStack)) {
TouhouLittleMaid.LOGGER.error("Not a valid item stack: " + itemStack);
return ItemStack.EMPTY;
}
return (ItemStack) internal;
}
@Nonnull
public static Stream<ItemStack> toItemStacks(IItemStack itemStack) {
ItemStack raw = toItemStack(itemStack);
if (raw.getMetadata() == OreDictionary.WILDCARD_VALUE) {
NonNullList<ItemStack> items = NonNullList.create();
raw.getItem().getSubItems(raw.getItem().getCreativeTab(), items);
return items.stream();
} else {
return raw.isEmpty() ? Collections.EMPTY_LIST.stream() : Stream.of(raw);
}
}
private static ProcessingInput[] toProcessingInput(IIngredient... ingredient) {
ProcessingInput[] processingInputs = new ProcessingInput[ingredient.length];
for (int i = 0; i < processingInputs.length; i++) {
processingInputs[i] = new CTIngredientInput(ingredient[i]);
}
return processingInputs;
}
public static class AddItemCraftRecipe implements IAction {
private final String id;
private final float powerCost;
private final IItemStack output;
private final IIngredient[] input;
AddItemCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, IItemStack output, IIngredient[] input) {
this.id = id;
this.powerCost = powerCost;
this.output = output;
this.input = input;
}
@Override
public void apply() {
AltarRecipesManager.instance().addItemCraftRecipe(new ResourceLocation(id), powerCost, toItemStack(output), toProcessingInput(input));
}
@Override
public String describe() {
return "Add altar item craft recipe: " + id;
}
}
public static class RemoveRecipe implements IAction {
private final String id;
RemoveRecipe(String id) {
this.id = id;
}
@Override
public void apply() {
AltarRecipesManager.instance().removeRecipe(new ResourceLocation(id));
}
@Override
public String describe() {
return "Delete altar item craft recipe: " + id;
}
}
public static class AddMaidSpawnCraftRecipe implements IAction {
private final String id;
private final float powerCost;
private final IIngredient[] input;
public AddMaidSpawnCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, IIngredient[] input) {
this.id = id;
this.powerCost = powerCost;
this.input = input;
}
@Override
public void apply() {
AltarRecipesManager.instance().addRecipe(new ResourceLocation(id), new SpawnMaidRecipe(powerCost, toProcessingInput(input)));
}
@Override
public String describe() {
return "Add maid spawn craft recipe: " + id;
}
}
public static class AddMaidReviveCraftRecipe implements IAction {
private final String id;
private final float powerCost;
private final IIngredient[] input;
public AddMaidReviveCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, IIngredient[] input) {
this.id = id;
this.powerCost = powerCost;
this.input = input;
}
@Override
public void apply() {
ProcessingInput[] before = toProcessingInput(input);
ProcessingInput[] after = new ProcessingInput[before.length + 1];
after[0] = ItemDefinition.of(MaidBlocks.GARAGE_KIT);
System.arraycopy(before, 0, after, 1, before.length);
AltarRecipesManager.instance().addRecipe(new ResourceLocation(id), new ReviveMaidAltarRecipe(powerCost, after));
}
@Override
public String describe() {
return "Add maid revive craft recipe: " + id;
}
}
public static class AddEntitySpawnCraftRecipe implements IAction {
private final String id;
private final float powerCost;
private final String entityId;
private final IIngredient[] input;
public AddEntitySpawnCraftRecipe(String id, float powerCost, String entityId, IIngredient[] input) {
this.id = id;
this.powerCost = powerCost;
this.entityId = entityId;
this.input = input;
}
@Override
public void apply() {
AltarRecipesManager.instance().addRecipe(new ResourceLocation(id),
new AltarRecipe(new ResourceLocation(entityId), powerCost,
ItemStack.EMPTY, toProcessingInput(input)));
}
@Override
public String describe() {
return "Add altar entity spawn craft recipe: " + id;
}
}
}
|
The Vermont Statutes Online
Subchapter
002
:
VILLAGE OFFICIALS
(Cite as: 24 App. V.S.A. ch. 213, § 23)
§
213-23. Duty of Clerk
The Clerk
shall keep a record of all meetings and proceedings of the corporation and of
the Board of Trustees; and give copies of the same when required upon payment
of reasonable fees. The Clerk shall warn all meetings of the legal voters of
the corporation, by posting notices thereof containing a statement of the
business proposed to be transacted, in three or more public places within the
limits of the corporation at least six days before the time of meeting. |
Q:
where can I get plugin.jar
I need plugin.jar so that I can use
import netscape.javascript.*;
I already have JRE 7.6 running on my mac in eclipse. But the plugin is not there. Is there a way to import it directly from eclipse? Else, where would I find it?
A:
Search for the plugin.jar normally located in your jre\lib folder. You will need to include that one explicitly in your eclipse project I guess
btw. don't forget to set the MAYSCRIPT attribute on your applet tag in order to explicitly enable java-js communication which normally is disabled by default for security reasons
|
Novel heterozygous nonsense GLI2 mutations in patients with hypopituitarism and ectopic posterior pituitary lobe without holoprosencephaly.
GLI2 is a transcription factor downstream in Sonic Hedgehog signaling, acting early in ventral forebrain and pituitary development. GLI2 mutations were reported in patients with holoprosencephaly (HPE) and pituitary abnormalities. The aim was to report three novel frameshift/nonsense GLI2 mutations and the phenotypic variability in the three families. The study was conducted at a university hospital. The GLI2 coding region of patients with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) or combined pituitary hormone deficiency was amplified by PCR using intronic primers and sequenced. Three novel heterozygous GLI2 mutations were identified: c.2362_2368del p.L788fsX794 (family 1), c.2081_2084del p.L694fsX722 (family 2), and c.1138 G>T p.E380X (family 3). All predict a truncated protein with loss of the C-terminal activator domain. The index case of family 1 had polydactyly, hypoglycemia, and seizures, and GH, TSH, prolactin, ACTH, LH, and FSH deficiencies. Her mother and seven relatives harboring the same mutation had polydactyly, including two uncles with IGHD and one cousin with GH, TSH, LH, and FSH deficiencies. In family 2, a boy had cryptorchidism, cleft lip and palate, and GH deficiency. In family 3, a girl had hypoglycemia, seizures, excessive thirst and polyuria, and GH, ACTH, TSH, and antidiuretic hormone deficiencies. Magnetic resonance imaging of four patients with GLI2 mutations and hypopituitarism showed a hypoplastic anterior pituitary and an ectopic posterior pituitary lobe without HPE. We describe three novel heterozygous frameshift or nonsense GLI2 mutations, predicting truncated proteins lacking the activator domain, associated with IGHD or combined pituitary hormone deficiency and ectopic posterior pituitary lobe without HPE. These phenotypes support partial penetrance, variable polydactyly, midline facial defects, and pituitary hormone deficiencies, including diabetes insipidus, conferred by heterozygous frameshift or nonsense GLI2 mutations. |
Q:
Expressão regular para Java (validando senha)
Preciso de uma expressão regular para validar a seguinte senha:
A senha deve conter pelo menos um elemento de cada:
Mais do que 6 caracteres;
Letras maiúsculas e minúsculas;
Números;
Caracteres especiais.
Atualmente, eu tenho isso:
if(senha.matches("(^|$)[a-z]+(^|$)[0-9]")) {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, senha.matches("(^|$)[a-z]+(^|$)[0-9]"));
}
else {
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, senha.matches("(^|$)[a-z]+(^|$)[0-9]"));
}
A:
Tem que ser expressão regular? Pergunto isso porque determinar que usar expressão regular é necessário me parece ser um caso de problema XY.
Se o uso de expressões regulares não for obrigatório, você pode fazer isso:
public static boolean senhaForte(String senha) {
if (senha.length() < 6) return false;
boolean achouNumero = false;
boolean achouMaiuscula = false;
boolean achouMinuscula = false;
boolean achouSimbolo = false;
for (char c : senha.toCharArray()) {
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
achouNumero = true;
} else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') {
achouMaiuscula = true;
} else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {
achouMinuscula = true;
} else {
achouSimbolo = true;
}
}
return achouNumero && achouMaiuscula && achouMinuscula && achouSimbolo;
}
E isso ainda tem a vantagem de que se você precisar alterar o critério do que é considerado uma senha forte, é bem mais fácil de se mexer nisso do que em uma expressão regular.
|
Enzymatic processing of uracil glycol, a major oxidative product of DNA cytosine.
A major stable oxidation product of DNA cytosine is uracil glycol (Ug). Because of the potential of Ug to be a strong premutagenic lesion, it is important to assess whether it is a blocking lesion to DNA polymerase as is its structural counterpart, thymine glycol (Tg), and to evaluate its pairing properties. Here, a series of oligonucleotides containing Ug or Tg were prepared and used as templates for a model enzyme, Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment (exo-). During translesion DNA synthesis, Ug was bypassed more efficiently than Tg in all sequence contexts examined. Furthermore, only dAMP was incorporated opposite template Ug and Tg and the kinetic parameters of incorporation showed that dAMP was inserted opposite Ug more efficiently than opposite Tg. Ug opposite G and A was also recognized and removed in vitro by the E. coli DNA repair glycosylases, endonuclease III (endo III), endonuclease VIII (endo VIII), and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase. The steady state kinetic parameters indicated that Ug was a better substrate for endo III and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase than Tg; for endonuclease VIII, however, Tg was a better substrate. |
// Copyright 2017 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ==============================================================================
package ctrl
import (
"testing"
"google.golang.org/api/cloudresourcemanager/v1beta1"
)
const sampleEtag = "ab12e56"
const sampleVersion = 51
const sampleTPUServiceAccount = "compute-123987@compute.gserviceaccounts.com"
func TestBindingPresent(t *testing.T) {
policy := &cloudresourcemanager.Policy{
Etag: sampleEtag,
Version: sampleVersion,
Bindings: []*cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/owner",
Members: []string{
"user:user1@example.com",
},
},
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/editor",
Members: []string{
"user:user2@example.com",
},
},
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/logging.logWriter",
Members: []string{
"serviceAccount:" + sampleTPUServiceAccount,
},
},
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/storage.objectAdmin",
Members: []string{
"serviceAccount:" + sampleTPUServiceAccount,
},
},
},
}
cp := &ResourceManagementCP{}
modifiedPolicy := cp.addAgentToPolicy(sampleTPUServiceAccount, policy)
if modifiedPolicy != nil {
t.Errorf("modified policy was not nil, got: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
}
}
func TestBindingAbsent(t *testing.T) {
policy := &cloudresourcemanager.Policy{
Etag: sampleEtag,
Version: sampleVersion,
Bindings: []*cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/owner",
Members: []string{
"user:user1@example.com",
},
},
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/editor",
Members: []string{
"user:user2@example.com",
},
},
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/storage.admin",
Members: []string{
"domain:example.com",
},
},
},
}
cp := &ResourceManagementCP{}
modifiedPolicy := cp.addAgentToPolicy(sampleTPUServiceAccount, policy)
verifyState(t, sampleEtag, sampleVersion, modifiedPolicy)
b := findBindingForRole(modifiedPolicy, "roles/owner")
if b == nil {
t.Errorf("No roles/owner found in modified policy: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
} else {
if b.Members == nil || len(b.Members) != 1 || b.Members[0] != "user:user1@example.com" {
t.Errorf("Members for roles/owner incorrect, got: %#v, want: [user:user1@example.com]", b.Members)
}
}
b = findBindingForRole(modifiedPolicy, "roles/editor")
if b == nil {
t.Errorf("No roles/editor found in modified policy: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
} else {
if b.Members == nil || len(b.Members) != 1 || b.Members[0] != "user:user2@example.com" {
t.Errorf("Members for roles/editor incorrect, got: %#v, want: [user:user2@example.com]", b.Members)
}
}
b = findBindingForRole(modifiedPolicy, "roles/storage.admin")
if b == nil {
t.Errorf("No roles/storage.admin found in modified policy: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
} else {
if b.Members == nil || len(b.Members) != 2 || b.Members[0] != "domain:example.com" || b.Members[1] != "serviceAccount:"+sampleTPUServiceAccount {
t.Errorf("Members for roles/storage.admin incorrect, got: %#v, want: [domain:example.com, serviceAccount:compute-123987@compute.gserviceaccounts.com]", b.Members)
}
}
b = findBindingForRole(modifiedPolicy, "roles/logging.logWriter")
if b == nil {
t.Errorf("No roles/logging.logWriter found in modified policy: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
} else {
if b.Members == nil || len(b.Members) != 1 || b.Members[0] != "serviceAccount:"+sampleTPUServiceAccount {
t.Errorf("Members for roles/logging.logWriter incorrect, got: %#v, want: [serviceAccount:compute-123987@compute.gserviceaccount.com]", b.Members)
}
}
}
func TestPartialBinding(t *testing.T) {
policy := &cloudresourcemanager.Policy{
Etag: sampleEtag,
Version: sampleVersion,
Bindings: []*cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/owner",
Members: []string{
"user:saeta@google.com",
},
},
&cloudresourcemanager.Binding{
Role: "roles/editor",
Members: []string{
"serviceAccount:" + sampleTPUServiceAccount,
},
},
},
}
cp := &ResourceManagementCP{}
modifiedPolicy := cp.addAgentToPolicy(sampleTPUServiceAccount, policy)
if modifiedPolicy != nil {
t.Errorf("modified policy was not nil, got: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
}
}
func TestBindingPresentServiceRoleOnly(t *testing.T) {
policy := &cloudresourcemanager.Policy{
Etag: sampleEtag,
Version: sampleVersion,
Bindings: []*cloudresourcemanager.Binding{{
Role: "roles/owner",
Members: []string{"user:saeta@google.com"},
}, {
Role: "roles/tpu.serviceAgent",
Members: []string{"serviceAccount:" + sampleTPUServiceAccount},
}},
}
cp := &ResourceManagementCP{}
modifiedPolicy := cp.addAgentToPolicy(sampleTPUServiceAccount, policy)
b := findBindingForRole(modifiedPolicy, "roles/storage.admin")
if b == nil {
t.Errorf("No roles/storage.admin found in modified policy: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
} else {
if b.Members == nil || len(b.Members) != 1 || b.Members[0] != "serviceAccount:"+sampleTPUServiceAccount {
t.Errorf("Members for roles/storage.admin incorrect, got: %#v, want: [serviceAccount:compute-123987@compute.gserviceaccounts.com]", b.Members)
}
}
b = findBindingForRole(modifiedPolicy, "roles/logging.logWriter")
if b == nil {
t.Errorf("No roles/logging.logWriter found in modified policy: %#v", modifiedPolicy)
} else {
if b.Members == nil || len(b.Members) != 1 || b.Members[0] != "serviceAccount:"+sampleTPUServiceAccount {
t.Errorf("Members for roles/logging.logWriter incorrect, got: %#v, want: [serviceAccount:compute-123987@compute.gserviceaccount.com]", b.Members)
}
}
}
func findBindingForRole(policy *cloudresourcemanager.Policy, role string) *cloudresourcemanager.Binding {
for _, binding := range policy.Bindings {
if binding.Role == role {
return binding
}
}
return nil
}
func verifyState(t *testing.T, originalEtag string, originalVersion int64, modified *cloudresourcemanager.Policy) {
if originalEtag != modified.Etag {
t.Errorf("policy etag was modified, got: %s, want: %s", modified.Etag, originalEtag)
}
if modified.Etag == "" {
t.Errorf("policy does not have an etag, got: %s", modified.Etag)
}
if originalVersion != modified.Version {
t.Errorf("policy version was modified, got: %d, want: %d", modified.Version, originalVersion)
}
if modified.Version == 0 {
t.Errorf("policy version should be non-zero, got: %d", modified.Version)
}
}
|
WALLACE: How hard do you think President Obama would be to defeat in 2012? PALIN: It depends on a few things, say he played — I got this from Buchanan — say he played the war card. Say he decided to declare war on Iran or decide to really come out and do whatever he could to support Israel–which I would like him to do. That changes the dynamics of what we can assume will happen between now and three years. Because I think if the election were today, Obama would not be elected.
WALLACE: You’re not suggesting that Obama would cynically play the war card? PALIN: I’m not suggesting that, I’m saying if he did, things would dramatically change if he decided to toughen up and do all that he can to secure our nation and secure our allies. I think people would shift their thinking a bit.
The question Wallace asked was basically "what does Obama need to do to win in 2012". The question Palin answered, also too, was "what does Obama need to do get votes from teabagging nutjobs like you?"
Only if she were answering that question does her answer make any sense whatsoever. Because God knows that every red-blooded teabagger loves them some war against Ay-rabs. If it involves killin' Ay-rabs, that's okayfine by them, you betchya.
It's a scary and depressing thought that there might, just maybe, be enough people in this country that a far right wing actress like Sarah Palin could earn the Republican nomination for president.
It's enough to make you start taking German lessons. Or French. Or Spanish.
I'm just sayin'... |
Introduction
============
Behçet\'s disease (BD) is characterized by recurrent aphthous stomatitis, genital ulcers, and various skin lesions. BD can also involve other systems such as ocular, gastrointestinal, articular, neurological and cardiovascular systems. The frequency of cardiovascular involvement is estimated to be 4-46%.[@B1][@B2] Common vascular manifestations are thrombophlebitis and arteritis, which occur in as many as one-third of the patients.[@B3] Aseptic endocarditis is a rare manifestation of BD and is mostly found in the form of intracardiac thrombus or endomyocardial fibrosis.[@B3][@B4]
Nonrheumatic tricuspid valve stenosis (TS) is extremely rare, and to our knowledge, it has never been reported in the English literature in patients with BD. We describe a case of a female BD patient with aseptic tricuspid valve (TV) endocarditis presenting as TS.
Case
====
A 39-year-old female was admitted to Kyungpook National University Hospital with a 3-month history of dyspnea on exertion and abdominal distension. Vital signs were normal and evidence for infectious disease was absent. Signs of right heart failure such as pitting edema, palpable liver and neck vein distension were noted on physical examination. She had been diagnosed with BD four years ago. Although her previous clinical courses fluctuated, she did not show any signs or symptoms of BD since one year before admission. At the time of admission, evidence of BD disease exacerbation was absent; ESR 20 mm/hr (reference 0-20 mm/hr), Ferritin 71.50 ng/mL (reference 13-150 ng/mL).
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed normal left ventricular function, normal aortic and mitral valve function, morphology, and a moderate to large amount of pericardial effusion. Right atrium was dilated. Pericardiocentesis was performed. However, precise evaluation of right heart was difficult on TTE due to poor echo window. Transesophageal echocardiography showed severe TS with an ill-margined echogenic mass, and a mild to moderate amount of pericardial effusion ([Figs. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Blood cultures for the detection of microorganisms were negative. Any other possible causes of TS, such as cardiac tumors, carcinoid syndrome, marantic endocarditis, and Wegener\'s granulomatosis were not detected.
Symptoms of right heart failure gradually progressed despite the appropriate steroid and immunosuppressive therapy.[@B5] She was operated for TS. The thickened TV was removed and was replaced with an artificial valve (Edwards-MIRA 31 mm). Blood cultures and cultures of the excised valve were negative for microorganisms. Pathologic examination showed valvulitis consisting of fibrinoid necrotic material and inflammatory cells ([Figs. 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). The special stains revealed no bacteria or fungi in the excised valve. These pathologic findings were consistent with those of previous reports presenting aseptic endocarditis in BD.[@B6][@B7]
After the TV replacement, she remained free from symptoms of right heart failure with immunosuppressive therapy and anticoagulant therapy.
Discussion
==========
Endocarditis in BD may be limited to the valve leaflets or may spread to the ventricular or atrial wall and can result in serious complications, such as valvulopathy, organized thrombus or endomyocardial fibrosis.[@B3][@B4][@B9] However, most cases of endocarditis in BD were detected in the form of organized thrombus or endomyocardial fibrosis.[@B3][@B4] Not only an intracardiac thrombus but also a massive endomyocardial fibrosis could cause serious functional obstruction of the TV.[@B3][@B4][@B9] However, overt TS due to valvulitis has not been reported, even though the affected valve leaflets could either be thickened or replaced by fibrous tissues. Also, we could not find any evidence of other combined sequelae of endocarditis, such as intracardiac thrombosis, endomyocardial fibrosis or valvulopathy of other valves.
McDonald et al.[@B10] reported for the first time, a case of endocarditis involving the normal mitral and aortic valves in a patient with BD. These lesions were clinically silent, and were found during autopsy. Histologic examination of these valves showed mononuclear infiltration with a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes and no fibrin deposits. Madanat et al.[@B6] reported a case of BD and endocarditis with left atrial thrombosis mimicking myxoma. Postoperative pathologic examination revealed yellowish valvulitis involving the mitral valve leaflet with deep ulcerations on the valve surface, covered by fibrinous and necrotic masses with a significant growth of granulation tissue. In other case reports of endocarditis in BD, several granulomas were found within the central portion of the vegetations and polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes infiltrated the small vessels near the vegetations.[@B7] In our case, the pathologic examination showed vegetations, consisting of fibrinoid necrotic material, granulation tissue, and inflammatory cells, which were predominantly mononuclear cells. Small arteries and arterioles in the subintimal area showed irregular thickening of the wall. Evidence of active vasculitis was not seen in the excised tissues. These pathologic findings are consistent with those of previous reports. Therefore, TS was caused due to valvulitis as a possible sequelae of endocarditis in BD.
As in this case, the cardiac lesions in BD might progress insidiously in the absence of concurrent signs or symptoms of BD, or they were even diagnosed at autopsy.[@B10][@B11] Therefore, it might be difficult to detect endocarditis in the early stage. These findings suggest that screening for cardiac involvement is required for early detection of endocarditis or other heart diseases in patients with BD.
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.
{#F1}
{#F2}
{#F3}
{#F4}
|
Studies on the epitope of neuronal growth inhibitory factor (GIF) with using of the specific antibody.
Human neuronal growth inhibitory factor (GIF), a metalloprotein classified as metallothionein-3, is specifically expressed in mammal central nervous system (CNS). In these Studies the specific antibody to human GIF was prepared and used to search the epitope of human GIF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sequence comparison. The result of ELISA showed the epitope of human GIF may locate on a octapeptide (EAAEAEAE) in the alpha-domain of human GIF, and the result of nerve cell culture indicated that the biological activity of GIF may be affected by the specific antibody. |
Spin torque transfer technology, also referred to as spin electronics, which is based on changing magnetic state of the system by momentum transfer from conduction electrons, is a recent development. Spin torque RAM or ST RAM is a non-volatile random access memory application that utilizes spin torque technology. Digital information or data, represented as a “0” or “1”, is storable in the alignment of magnetic moments within a magnetic element. The resistance of the magnetic element depends on the moment's alignment or orientation. The stored state is read from the element by detecting the component's resistive state.
The magnetic element, in general, includes a ferromagnetic pinned layer (PL), and a ferromagnetic free layer (FL), each having a magnetization orientation. A non-magnetic barrier layer is therebetween. The magnetization orientations of the free layer and the pinned layer define the resistance of the overall magnetic element. Usually the orientation of the PL is fixed by the strong exchange coupling of an antiferromagnetic layer which is immediate contact with the PL. The resistance is changed by changing the orientation of the FL. One particular type of such an element is what is referred to as a “spin tunneling junction,” “magnetic tunnel junction cell”, “spin torque memory cell”, and the like. When the magnetization orientations of the free layer and pinned layer are parallel, the resistance of the element is low (RL). When the magnetization orientations of the free layer and the pinned layer are antiparallel, the resistance of the element is high (RH). The magnetization orientation is switched by passing a current perpendicularly through the layers. The current direction is different for writing “1” or ‘0”. To write “1” (RH) the current flows from the PL to FL, and reversed to flow from FL to PL to write “0” (RL).
Many magnetic elements store only two states or data bits, i.e., “0” and “1”. Some magnetic elements, often referred to as multi-bit elements, are configured to store multiple states or data bits, i.e., four bits “00”, “01”, “10” and “11”. One configuration for a four bit multi-bit element has two magnetic tunnel junctions combined, so that the magnetic element has two free layers and two pinned layers. The two free layers have different resistances, so that four different resistances are available for the overall resistance of the element. Other designs of multi-bit elements can be used. |
Mumbai, Sep 18 : Bollywood amateur Harshvardhan Kapoor on Tuesday said that he prefers to accumulate his skincare accepted simple but regular.
“I accumulate things actual basal with a approved moisturiser and sunblock cream. If cleanshaven, I use aftershave. If I accumulate a beard, which is my present look, I use bristles oil to accumulate beard soft. Since I accept acute skin, I am actual acquainted about articles that I use,” added the amateur who started his career in Bollywood with “Mirzyan” in 2016.
According to the actor, during his adolescence, he had to face abounding bad bark days.
As the amateur has become the face of Godrej Cinthol admonishment accumulating for men forth with Arpinder Singh (gold medallist, Asian Games 2018), back asked about how he feels associated with cast Cinthol, Harshvardhan replied: “Since the cast is in the business for absolutely some time it holds cornball value. |
Off-Pump Double Coronary Artery Bypass in a 14-Year-Old With Kawasaki Disease.
A 14-year-old male patient with a history of atypical Kawasaki disease at age 2 presents with triple vessel giant coronary aneurysms. Over the last several years, he began experiencing angina and dyspnea on exertion, which was a result of fully occluded right coronary and left circumflex arteries and 90% stenosis in the left anterior descending artery. He underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass using the left and right internal mammary arteries. At 18-month follow-up, there is no evidence of ischemia. Off-pump bypass is a feasible option for surgical management of the stenotic and occlusive complications of Kawasaki disease. |
[Instrument for evaluating the actions of leprosy control in Primary Care].
The study aimed to construct and validate an instrument to assess the leprosy actions control in primary care from the perspective of community health agents (CHA). This is a methodological study to validate instruments, based on the Classical Test Theory. The instrument was administered to 380 CHA of three municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, in the period from July to December 2012. In the stage of face and content validity 17 items of the instrument were reduced. The factor analysis extracted eight factors that accounted for a percentage of 35.7% of the total variance. The principal components analysis allowed the elimination of eight items that showed no adaptation to the factors defined. The overall Cronbach alpha for the 57 items was 0.858. We conclude that the instrument is valid to evaluate the performance of primary care in leprosy control in the experience of ACS. |
6.21.2007
Yet another faulous fun-filled adventurous day in the majestic land of Iraq, where all that glitters is gold.
We walked through more abandoned wastelands, ghost towns from street corner to street corner, with nothing but trash and discarded anythings. If its locked, break it open. We are denied no access. Broken glass and dried shit crunches under my boots. The stench of they city is inescapable, its just that most times you're used to it, until it strikes with more intensity and catches you off guard.
We found a litter of puppies, timid and paranoid, but not as animated as that little kid. I took a knee and pet a few of them, all huddled together, for a minute. After a minute, they seemed to realize that it was slightly enjoyable, and that I just maybe wasn't going to eat them.
I also found a few wooden mallets, like Looney Tunes type mallets, but more on that in just a bit.
We were inside a building with some IPs (Iraqi Police), bored and talking shit as best as the language border would allow us, when the familiar pop of gunfire broke out. In seconds, it turned into an all out John Woo firefight. Now, mind you, I'm young and very stupid, maybe a little reckless. Which is why I grabbed my rifle and stumbled up to my feet (the gear, mind you) and decided that I wanted to play.
"Let's go, IPs! Yallah!"
They all looked at me like they wanted to say, "Dude, not such a good idea. Let's just kick it in here," but I wasn't having any of it. Not that I'm some badass or something, please. Far from it.
Under the sun and I'm on a knee, scanning and looking and holding my hand out impatiently while I wait for my turn to play with the binoculars. Rifles, machine guns, a BOOM now and then, and my dear god I just want to see where its going down. Where the good guys are, and more importantly, where the bad guys are.
Fucking palm fronds are blocking what's left of the view, after all the other buildings. I'm scanning rooftops, adjusting my posture, the knee pads NEVER sit exactly right and for a second I wonder if I'm going to blow the seam in the groin of my pants again.
Let me just reiterate that there are lots of guns firing at each other. Loud noises, pop crack boom snapsnapsnap, and there I am, bargaining with the fates. "Come on, just give me ONE. One positive ID, one asshole with an AK trying to act stupid, that's all I ask. Just ONE FUCKING GUY." I've got all this ammo on me, and the magazine I have in my rifle is 30 rounds of straight tracers. I don't know who loaded the mag like that, but when I saw it in our tent, I had to snatch it up for myself. Tracers are awesome. I stop thinking about my tacers as I peer through binoculars and fidget restlessly. Rooftops. Rooftops. Sandbags? Damn, IPs. Ooh! PEOPLE ON A ROOFTOP!!! Shit, they're just watching. Fuck, I bet those motherfuckers have a perfect fucking view, too! They probably have a perfect line of sight to these bomb-laying squirts of Jaeger-shit, and here I am with my thumb up my ass.
The gunfire stops.
Now, though it may sound sick, its the truth. I was bummed. If you've seen Jarhead and remember how frustrated they became when they couldn't kill anyone, well it was similar to that. Its not that I just want to kill a human being just to do it, that's stupid. I don't want to kill any random person, god no. I sure DO want to kill the assholes who are screwing this country six ways to oblivion. Is that so wrong? Ultimately, probably. But I don't care. This place isn't going to calm down if I say please, and this place isn't going to calm down if I lay waste to a hundred assholes, but the latter is my job, and it sounds a hell of a lot more effective than the former.
I walk inside, visibly disappointed. The IPs see this and attempt to console me, or atleast convince me that we don't need to go out there and kick some ass, or some New Age mumbo jumbo like that. By this point, they had decided that I was fucking nuts. Which is ok in my book. I want those guys on their toes and watching their asses and staying in line, and especially not getting in our way or EVER underestimating us.
When we finally left and returned to the FOB, we climbed out of the stryker and started cleaning it out and restocking water. I decided that I wanted to play with my Mirth Mallet some more. And this is WHY it's called the Mirth Mallet:
I took an unopened can, some sort of energy drink in a baby-sized can, and set it down on the dirt in our motor pool. I then reared back and dropped my hammer of justice onto it, causing it to explode in a beautiful cascade of splattering golden energy goodness. The can was annihilated, and looked as if it exploded from within, which it might have.
Stupid to you, probably, but I found this to be absolutely hilarious. Maybe I was just in that laughing mood, but come on, that jerkoff Gallagher is pretty damn funny. Watching him is one thing, but doing it, well that takes it to a whole new level. Seriously, go get a hammer or something, preferably a mallet, and smash things. Things that splash work exceptionally well. If you don't think its fun, well then you're old.
The Iraqi kids love to watch us break things like doors. Well wait til they get a load of me.
Your writing skills have jumped several levels and your sense of humor is at it's best. You'll be happy to know (if you don't already) that the biggest battle since 2003 is going well in Baqubah. Michael Yon is in the thick of it with your buddiesw from Fort Lewis.
"I am with 3-2 Stryker Brigade Combat Team. I’ve run a few missions with them in Baghdad, and they have fought all over Iraq. This Brigade has much recent combat experience, and is expertly commanded. A person does not need to even meet the commanders (though I do each day) to know they are running a tight ship. The professionalism of 3-2 is particularly high, and they are very competent fighters who are maximizing their assets, including the incredible Stryker vehicles."
http://michaelyon-online.com/wp/surrender-or-die.htm
That professionalism he speaks of applies to your unit as well. Keep up the good work Suspect. Don't zig when you should zag.
Thanks for writing reality, propaganda aside. Goes without saying that you think of your safety. You are all heroes already. And if you find something to make a laugh at the end of the day, go for it! 4/2 mom
How To Condemn Your Soul
Episode II
This is a continuation of the blog originally hosted at eleven-bravo.blogspot.com. Through a twist of fate, I was not given the MOS 11B, instead I became an 11C. Calling a blog eleven-bravo when I'm 11C is moot.
The old blog contains the first phase of my brief army career. This is the second, the deployment.
It is also crap.
Cover Your Ass
You can't trust everything you read or take it all for face value. NO ONE has the entire view of the Iraq war. There are millions of pieces of the puzzle, perspectives from all sides and it can never be fully understood. This perspective comes from me, a young, uneducated, barely-passable Infantryman. This isn't the news. It's just a look through another set of eyes, nothing more.
Details are omitted to protect OPSEC. Here's a stolen disclaimer.
This website is privately operated and was designed to provide personal information, views and commentary about the authors experiences in Iraq and elsewhere. The images depicted and opinions expressed on this website are solely those of the author and contributors and not those of any agency of the United States Government, expressly including, but not limited to, the Department of Defense, the United States Army, or the United States Army Reserve. The site is not designed, authorized, sanctioned, or affiliated, by or with, any agency of the United States Government, expressly including, but not limited to, the Department of Defense, the United States Army, or the United States Army Reserve. Users and abusers accept and agree to this disclaimer in the use of any information accessed in this website. |
This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 8860726.
The Traveling Trash Men Take on Cleanup Effort in Baltimore
John Rourke, CEO of Jupiter, Fla.-based All American Sanitation, retired from the U.S. Army in 2015 and started his trash collection business in 2017. Recently, Rourke and his company teamed up with Allstar Aggregates, Maggio Environmental and Gruntworks Clothing to create The Traveling Trash Men, an operation to help clean up America.
Rourke served in the Army for 16 years and was raised by his father who was a New York City police officer and then commander of the America Legion in Jupiter for 25 years before he passed away. Throughout his life, Rourke was constantly taught the importance of giving back and helping others in need.
Over the summer, President Donald Trump took to social media and tweeted about the “disgusting” and “dirty” city of Baltimore. At first, Rourke brushed off the president’s comments as political hyperbole, but then he began looking through hashtags on Instagram from Baltimore residents and started watching videos about how bad the situation truly is.
“It was really bad and very surprising to me to see that a city in the United States of America has this much garbage on the streets,” explains Rourke. “If I see something terrible is happening and I feel like I can help, I need to help. I thought, ‘I know garbage people—we have to be able to do something.’”
Rourke called his friend who owns West Palm Beach, Fla.-based Allstar Aggregates, which also owns Maggio Environmental Services on Long Island, N.Y. Shortly thereafter, they made their way to Baltimore after obtaining permission from the city to bring in a garbage truck and dump at the landfill.
“When I spoke to the city’s Department of Public Works (DPW), they couldn’t believe I wanted to come there with a garbage truck and pick up garbage for free,” says Rourke. “They approved us to dump at the landfill for free and store our truck at their yard. They mapped out an area with the most 311 calls (the city’s bulk trash and illegal dumping line) where most complaints were coming from.”
When The Traveling Trash Men arrived in Baltimore, a total of eight volunteers began going block by block picking up litter and going into the alleys, which were completely overwhelmed with bulk trash. Within the first 30 minutes of being on the ground and picking up trash, two men overdosed in front of Rourke and his team. An area resident saw what was happening and ran out of her house with Narcan, and Rourke and his team administered the drug, saving both men.
Traveling Trashmen Twitter Image
After that incident, the team went alley by alley over the course of three days, collecting nearly 21 tons of garbage, according to Rourke.
“On the main streets, you’re finding bottles, cans, paper products and cups, but when you get in those back alleys, it’s strictly illegal dumping,” he explains. “People come out at night with dump trailers and dump loads into the alley instead of paying to dump their larger items, like a couch, TV or recliner.”
Rourke says the city needs to install cameras in these areas that are getting hardest hit by illegal dumping. He also suggests the city install roll-offs or dumpsters on the ends of those streets or implement a pay for recycling program.
Baltimore City Councilman Leon Pinkett III, who represents the Seventh District, found out that Rourke and his team were initiating in a cleanup project in one of the communities that he represents in west Baltimore and decided to help.
“We participate and assist in organizing cleanups throughout the district, so that’s not unusual,” explains Pinkett. “But when I heard about the work that they were doing and the fact that they had traveled from as far as Florida to assist us, I felt obliged to not only thank them personally but to lend my efforts to the cleanup.”
“It was incredible what we were able to accomplish over just a few days,” he adds. “The passion and commitment displayed by John and all of the volunteers allowed us to clear away tons of trash in a section of the city that is suffering from sanitation issues, many of which are caused by individuals who use this community as a dumping ground.”
As of right now, the city relies on its 311 system to report illegal dumping; however, Rourke says that system is completely overwhelmed and can’t keep up with incoming calls.
“A number of neighborhoods have become areas targeted by illegal dumpers,” explains Pinkett. “These are communities in east and west Baltimore that have had to deal with a chronic dumping problem pervasive in the city. This problem tears at the fiber of communities that are trying to overcome a variety of challenges and drains the city of much-needed resources while we try to deal with this illegal activity.”
“There is definitely a need for residents in many of our communities to be educated on how we should properly dispose of our waste,” he says. “While we as a city have a chronic illegal dumping problem, we also have far too many residents who don’t respect our communities and their neighbors.”
Pinkett adds there isn’t an adequate level of enforcement and penalties to discourage the illegal dumping that is happening across the city.
“We need to increase the level of fines and penalties that are incurred by violators and increase the number of enforcement officers that are investigating these cases,” he says.
“Lastly, we need to evaluate our systems and make certain that the city’s agencies are operating as efficiently as possible, and that we are using technology where appropriate and deploying resources in an effective manner,” adds Pinkett.
Baltimore was the first U.S. city cleanup The Traveling Trash Men tackled as a group. Before that, they did hurricane relief, and most recently, they’ve been helping in the Bahamas since Hurricane Dorian hit. The group has been collecting donations and sending food and supplies down to the Bahamas via helicopter.
Traveling Trashmen Twitter Image
Moving forward, the mission for The Traveling Trash Men is to clean up different cities based on votes by residents on social media.
“Our plan is to go to a different city and partner with a hauler there,” explains Rourke. “We would love to get haulers to partner with—that’s the ultimate goal. If you can help, you should. These cities are overwhelmed with garbage. In the United States of America, it shouldn’t be that way.” |
Q:
Unity3D removing project references in MonoDevelop
I am trying to use Mono.Data.Sqlite in my Assembly-CSharp-firstpass project. In MonoDevellop, I right click on the project, edit references, and add Mono.Data.Sqlite to the references. If I build from Mono, everything goes smoothly and and no errors are produced.
When I move back to Unity3D, I always get the error saying that Mono.Data.Sqlite cannot be found. If I then close Unity + Mono and reopen both, the reference to Mono.Data.Sqlite is gone!
Anyone know what is going on?
A:
So after further Googling and Doc reading:
Unity3D rebuilds the project files every time something changes in the Scene/Assets. This means that the added references were being reset and they couldn't be found by Unity.
The solution is to find the needed DLLs (Mono.Data.Sqlite in my case) and copy them to the Asset folder of the project.
|
A Facile Reduction Method for Roll-to-Roll Production of High Performance Graphene-Based Transparent Conductive Films.
A facile roll-to-roll method is developed for fabricating reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based flexible transparent conductive films. A Sn2+ /ethanol reduction system and a rationally designed fast coating-drying-washing technique are proven to be highly efficient for low-cost continuous production of large-area rGO films and patterned rGO films, extremely beneficial toward the manufacture of flexible photoelectronic devices. |
OleandriMykonos, Greece
Rarity Gallery
KALOGERA 20 - 22, Mikonos 846 00
RARITY GALLERY was established in the center of Mykonos in
1995. It was the first in Greece to exhibit the works of
internationally acknowledged contemporary artists. The main goal
of the gallery is to offer an original, selected and carefully
composed aesthetic experience to strenght the appreciation of
contemporary art, while valorize the artists, their exposure and
reputation.
Kalua
Paraga Beach Mykonos, Mikonos 846 00
Kalua has been a must-visit summer destination in Mykonos for
more than 10 years. Located right on the stunning Paraga
Beach, one of the smallest and loveliest beaches in the island,
it is the ultimate setting for a relaxing cocktail, a delightful meal
or an unforgettable party.
Our motto is simple yet strong: “Every day is a beach party”!
Since 2001 Kalua has been rapidly embraced by the Mykonian
lovers and has established itself as one of the hottest summer
places in the island. We feel proud to have been referenced
by Britain’s Mr. and Mrs. Smith luxury travel services, as one
of the top 10 Beach Bars of the World!
Kalua is the ultimate summer destination in Mykonos and a
place that you should definitely consider visiting while in the
island. Our team works hard to provide you a truly unique
experience that combines exceptional food, great
entertainment and moments of relaxation.
We promise to make your visit one to remember!
Caprice of Mykonos
Little Venice, Chora Mikonos 846 00, Greece
The Caprice bar, one of 10 - according to Newsweek - best
bar in the world, located in the most beautiful part of Mykonos
town , in Little Venice .
The traditional architecture of the area , the recognizable at
first glance palette of colors , unique flower arrangements and
fruit in the characteristics of vases , tables and mirrors , the
famous and innovative fruit sticks that adorn the famous
Caprice cocktails, wisely icy shots the unexpected , updated
and timeless musical imprint , spontaneous and unexpectedly
hot , erotic atmosphere ..
Guzel
Mykonos Town, Seafront Mykonos, Mykonos 84600
Perfectly positioned on the Mykonos waterfront, Guzel
overlooks the beautiful Aegean Sea, offering unparalleled
views of the stunning Mykonian sunset, and indeed sunrise.
Guests can truly experience the Greek culture when visiting
Guzel. The impeccable service, traditional décor and Mykonian
elite who frequent the bar, create a vibrant atmosphere in
which guests are made to feel completely welcome.
Guzel is perfect for celebrating a special occasion, in true
Myconian style.
paradise club
Paradise beach, post box 511, Mikonos 846 00
The Paradise Club is the biggest nightclub on the island of
Mykonos and one of the most famous clubs in Europe.
Thousands of party goers embark on the island every year,
ready to enjoy a night out at the stunning open air club in true
paradise. With three stages, including an exclusive VIP area,
swimming pool & main deck, on a beautiful island, whilst
dancing to the hottest tunes being spun by the world’s best
DJ’s. It makes for an amazing night out to be had by all! Come
meet people from all over the world at the party of all parties!
Super paradise
Super Paradise Beach, Super Paradise Area 846 00
Located some 6 km south east of Mykonos Town, Super
Paradise beach is the most alternative and anti-conformist
beach on the island. Virtually void of hotels, the exclusivity and
unique ambiance of Super Paradise beach have made it a
favourite hot spot not only for gay but also for straight visitors.
Nude tolerant and in specific spots “nudists only”, Super
Paradise beach is set in a wide bay, where the echoes of the
restaurant and the disco bar emit the energy and vibrancy of
Mykonos all day long.
Space Club
Lakka square, Mykonos 846 00, Grèce
With capacity of about 1.000, it is one of the biggest clubs of the
Greek islands. Dance music every night from DJs Gogo and A.M.
Every Wednesday Space Club in collaboration with Space Ibiza on
the decks is Vudu and Cherano, while Sundays are dedicate to
R&B. Every week you will find there a guest DJ of the international
scene. If you are looking for something
Tel: +30 2289022400
Galleraki Cocktails-bar
MICHAIL SOLOMOU , Mykonos, Cyclades, Grèce
In a lounge with a capacity of 200 people we can host all your
parties and company events providing the best service possible.
Les Moulins à vent de Mykonos
Probably the most characteristic Mykonos windmills . Originally 16
in number , they were used to grind agricultural crops . The five
overlooking Mykonos town are probably the most famous.
Ile de Delos
Grèce
This is a small island entirely the UN website WITH Archaeological
ruins of temples, theaters, homes and public buildings.
Delos is a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. There are excursions
Daily SINCE Mykonos town .
Delos Is a must.
Ile de Rinia
Grèce
The Isle of Rhenea e Rinia is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea,
located
In the Cyclades archipelago Immediately to the west of the island
of
Delos , 9 km to the southwest of the island of Mykonos , Whose It
Depends
administratively , and 140 km south -is Athens .
Eglise Panagia Paraportiani
Mykonos, Grèce
By the sea , on a small cliff , this church all whitewashed
seduced by its simplicity, although construction is not lacking in
corners. A simple little bell, too, in the openwork spire seems
fragile to dominate the sound of the waves beating "Little
Venice" .
Church lighthouse at the entrance of the old port , it
contributes greatly to the charm of Mykonos , in the
background , the row of windmills.
Begun in 1425 , the church in its present form was completed
in the 17th century. First four chapels at the base of the fifth
church built over it.
Panagia Paraportiani means " Our Lady of the Gate of side " ;
Indeed , the church opened laterally in the " Kastro " , the
fortified village, which it is the major remaining
Monastere de Panagia Tourliani
Place du village d'Ano Mera, Mykonos, Grèce
To the main square of the village of Ano Mera present the
magnificent monastere de Panagia Tourliani . The simplicity of its
sober and linear architectural , decorated with a red dome and tall
tower of marble from Tinos designed by craftsmen , which
distinguishes it from all that can be seen on the island
Sol y Mar
Kalo Livadi 86400, Mykonos
By a name meaning “Sun and Sea”, SOLYMAR is located at
one of the best Mykonos’ beaches, Kalo Livadi.
SOLYMAR’s design blends harmoniously with the magnificent
scenery.
Well known Chef Marios Tsouris, combines the Mediterranean
cuisine with ethnic elements and creates a highly sophisticated
gastronomy.
Colours, scents, sea and of course, SOLYMAR’s staff will be
the best reason for your return…
Nice’n Easy
Kalo Livadi, Mykonos, 846 00
At 'nice n easy' Mykonos, a contemporary Cycladic Cuisine is
served using high quality Farm-To-Table ingredients. The
emphasis on eating organically grown food that is healthy for
you and the environment is at the forefront of every recipe on
the menu. Many of the meat products served are brought in
from nice n easy's own buffalo farm located in Kerkini Lake,
Greece. This spacious restaurant seats up to 250 people with
plenty of room for an intimate setting or large groups. If dining
on the beach is your desire, there are 200 beach beds and
umbrellas just steps away.
Taverna Nikos
Nikos Tavern is one of the oldest restaurants on the island with
leading experience in the kitchen by Mr Nikos. Since 1976, a
synonym of Mykonos. Kitchen Mykonian with the note and the
company of our pelicans: Peter, Chris and George.
interni
Matoyiannia, Mykonos
Interni Restaurant, remains the most enduring value of the
"island of winds" when it comes to gastronomy high
requirements. The most beautiful garden in Matogiannia is
inspired and designed by renowned designer Paola Navone,
combined with a personal touch from owner Nikos Varveris.
This is an ideal destination for dinner & drinks in the heart of
the island, set against the Cycladic sky.
The long presence of Interni restaurant on site, ensures
variety in culinary creations, quality food and excellent service
while at the same time they can organize and carry out on site,
your event ideas and proposals that suit you, for your own
unique, magical evening!
The Kitchen is basically Mediterranean, coupled with flavors
from around the world and comes with a wide range of wines
with selections from all five continents, while the menu is
updated every year with fresh ideas and a vital element of high
quality ingredients.
Matsuhisa
School of Fine Arts District
84600 Mykonos
Synonymous with legendary signature dishes such as
Tiradito, Black Cod with Miso and New Style Sashimi, chef
Nobu’s restaurants revolutionized the image of Japanese
cuisine in the Western World, establishing a “New Style
Japanese cuisine” colored with South American & Western
influences, in some of the most glamorous venues and
locations throughout the world. - See more at:
http://www.belvederehotel.com/nobu-matsuhisa-
mykonos#sthash.xkQi5Txq.dpuf
Ulmus
Ftelia Mykonos 846 00
“Ulmus” restaurant opened in May 2013 in order to offer its
guests unique Mediterranean dishes. Took the name from the
latin word ulmus that means elm tree. Totally harmonized with
the hotel daily serves food created by the Chef and his team.
Starting the day with a rich breakfast served in the dining room
and continue with a light lunch menu that we have created for
you. As the sun sets you can enjoy a beautiful dinner next to
our pool waterfall with dishes even for the most demanding.
From classical dish like pesto linguini to cooking innovations
like Mojito salmon and “Ulmus” pizza, compose our restaurant
menu. Organic products are being used to prepare most of
our dishes.
Good food needs a good bottle of wine, that’s why we gave
much attention to our cellar. Wines from the best areas in
Greece with the finest grape varieties, waiting anxiously in
their bottles to be opened in order to complete the flavors of
the food with their savor.
Matoyianni Street
La petite Venise
Mykonos, Grèce
Mitropoleos Georgouli , in the city of Mykonos. Location pour a
good sit down and relax. In many cafes and restaurants very
enjoyable.
Castle Panigirakis
Mikonos 846 00, Grèce
Castle Panigirakis, a historic property protected by the Ministry of
the Environment
Located on the heights of Mykonos town , the Castle Panigirakis
listed building is in the heart of manicured gardens with paved
paths and OFFERING A panoramic view of the Aegean Sea .
Village Ano Mera
Mykonos, Grèce
Ano Mera is the second bigger village after Mykonos Town and is
one of the oldest villages of Mykonos. It is a quiet village where
locals are continuing their every day life without being interrupted
by a crowd of tourists, as is happening all the time in the capital.
Platis Gialos
Mykonos, Grève
Platis Yialos is one of the most popular beaches of the island,
filling with thousands of people during summer time attracted
by the golden sand and the wonderful turquoise crystalline
waters. Platis Gialos is a fully organized beach, with many
hotels lined in front of the beach.
Quite a nice, long beach, offering sun beds, umbrellas, water
sports facilities and many restaurants and bars. You can enjoy
a drink on the beach on loungers with seats and table. It is
reachable by local bus leaving every half an hour from the
capital. From Platis Gialos, regular taxi-boats go to the
beaches of the southern coast which are Paranga, Agrari, Elia,
Paradise and Super Paradise.
Kalo Livadi
Kalo Livadi 84600, Grèce
Kalo Livadi is one of the longest beaches in Mykonos and quite
popular for the facilities and the parties. It is found between
Kalafatis and Elia beach, located 10 km from Mykonos Town and
2 km from Ano Mera. The vast beauty of the exotic waters and
the idyllic setting mark the landscape of this beach.
Lia
Lia, Mykonos, Grèce
Lia is the end of the tourist beaches and the last to be reached
by road at 14km from Mykonos town. It is much less crowded
that the others and a spot for a little solitude. Bamboo
windbreaks line the sandy beach and there are some excellent
fish tavernas here.
Furthest from town and accessible only by private vehicle or
taxi, Lia beach is a perfect place to escape the crowds. Its
undeveloped state and single restaurant make it possible to
enjoy the natural cycladic landscape surrounding this beautiful
beach.
Agios Sostis Beach
Mykonos, Grèce
A perfect sandy beach swimming pour June Its position on the
island, in a protected cove asures aussi That washes rubble not
too earth, He Is Done quite clean . Bring a water bottle with you
when you go there, It Is allthough tavern June nearby, but the
beach is long and you maybe want to Search Private location at
the end of the beach, where you IF want to swim naturist style.
Paranga Beach
Mykonos, Grèce
One of the prettiest beaches on Mykonos island ELIA BEACH
easily accessible by bus from Mykonos town and with a regular
boat service from Platys Gialos beach. Big luxury spa hotels but
also small family hotels and bungalows provide beach side
refreshment and accommodation. Very Good restaurants.
Kalafatis
Mykonos, Grèce
One of the earliest established beaches, this beautiful bay and
long sweeping Kalafatis beach has become famous to wind
surfers who enjoy a good offshore breeze.
Services included
Concierge service
Daily Cleaning
Assistance with luggage to / from the property, both at arrival and departure
Check-in and check-out asssistance
Property features
DVD
TV
Hifi
Wi-Fi and Satellite
Pool
Air-conditionned in some bedrooms
Seaview
Distances
Airport: Mykonos Airport (JMK) , 20 minutes by car
Town: 10 minutes by car
Beach: 4 Metres
GRREK TRADITIONAL VILLA OVERHANGING ELIA BEACH
Located on the well known island of Mykonos, the villa is the
ideal place for relaxing holidays and to enjoy the stunning
panoramic views over Elia beach and the Aegean sea. At
only 10 minutes drive from Ano Mera and 20 minutes from
Mykonos, you will be able to discover and fully appreciate
the
Greek charms of these famous cities.
With a perfect mix of Greek traditional style and modern
features, the villa offers the best comfort in the atmosphere
of Mykonos. But if the tastefully decorated interiors will
conquer your heart, the large terrace with swimming pool, the outdoor dining area and the panoramic view will blow
your mind. |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The scheduling of the group elevator systems, which has been used for vertical transportation at high-rise buildings, has an important place in our daily lives. Aiming to give rapid service to the crowd population in the building, such systems have very complex structure. One of the issues that people usually complain inside building is vertical transportation service of the building \[[@B1]\]. The studies on this topic continue for a long time, and important developments are provided.
The group elevator systems are structures, which elevate the population in the building from one floor to another by using more than one cabin in the widest sense. Generally managed from one control center in a coordinated manner, such systems are finding optimal ways according to the condition of calls, and they apply such ways on cabins. However, the width of the optimal way space makes this problem hard to solve in the best way. Because there are the option of *n* ^*p*^ different ways in a building having *n* storey and *p* cabin \[[@B2], [@B3]\]. Actually, what is expected from the group elevator systems is the average performance of such cabins instead of individual performance of elevator. In addition, the basic criteria at such performances are to minimize the average waiting time of passengers and energy consumption values of cabins \[[@B3], [@B4]\]. Generally, by considering such parameters, the most optimum way is selected from the way space, and these are applied to the system. Actually, there are many factors, which affect average waiting time; these can be counted as lack of some information like number of passengers, elevator speed, and so on. For instance, the passengers have to wait new coming elevator for a long time because they missed the elevator a few minutes ago. In addition to this case, although no one uses elevator because of call of any empty floor, the passengers often wait for closing the doors \[[@B5]\]. All of this and similar circumstances are caused by lack of traffic information, and those waiting directly affect the average waiting time. However, despite all such circumstances, average waiting time can be approximately calculated as shown in the following equation \[[@B6], [@B7]\]: $$\begin{matrix}
{\text{AWT} = 0.4\,\text{INT},\quad\text{for}{\,\,}\text{car}{\,\,}\text{loads} < 50\%,} \\
{\text{AWT} = \left\lbrack {0.4 + \frac{1.8\, P}{\text{CC}} - 0.77^{2}} \right\rbrack\text{INT},\quad\text{for}{\,\,}\text{car}{\,\,}\text{loads} > 50\%,} \\
\end{matrix}$$ where AWT, average waiting time, *P*, numbers of passenger, INT, interval (the main floor average time), and CC, car capacity.
For the most suitable car allocation at the past, although some mathematical approaches are thought, today soft computing techniques and artificial intelligence algorithms are often applied to this kind of system. In addition, such calculations can be made in shortest time with advanced computer systems, and the most optimum car can be allocated to the users \[[@B3]\].
One other criterion of the group elevator systems is energy consumption values in cabins. Although the energy consumption of the elevator occurs at the moment of stop start, it consists of two sections as travel and standby position. The consumption during travel (stop-travel-start) compromises more than 70% of total energy consumption \[[@B8]\]. The most important problem here is irregular energy consumption of cabins. For example, working of elevators without any pattern causes some cabins to operate more and to wear off. This parameter is considered in applications to be made for the removal of this condition, and load distribution of cabins is attempted to be equalized in parallel with average waiting time. Generally, it is very hard to determine daily energy consumption of elevator. However, Schroeder makes many measurements in many elevators and creates a formula to calculate this value. In ([2](#EEq2){ref-type="disp-formula"}), according to the Schroeder method, daily energy consumption amount of an elevator has been given. In this equation, TP shows general course time, and this term varies depending on drive mechanism type and speed of elevator \[[@B7]\]. The strongest point in the Schroeder method is to determine the ST value. Because the incoming calls are not known earlier, accordingly, how much the lifts operate during day is not predetermined. For this reason, this value is determined by either making certain measurements or by using certain approaches \[[@B7], [@B9]\]. Because the energy consumption of elevators is mostly caused by stop-start movements, this value directly affects the equation \[[@B9]\] $$\begin{matrix}
{\text{EC} = N\ast\frac{R\ast\text{ST}\ast\text{TP}}{3600},} \\
\end{matrix}$$ where EC is energy consumption (kWh/day), *N* is cabin number, *R* is motor ratings (kW), ST is daily start number, and TP = time factor.
The most important factor affecting both the average waiting time of passengers and energy consumption in group elevator systems is traffic time of buildings \[[@B2], [@B9]\]. This is very important issue because passengers use elevators much in certain hours, and they rarely use cabins in rest of their times. In the observations, 4 different traffic times are determined in any building, and such traffic hours and passenger density created depending on those hours are considered in either real world or computer simulations. Depending on those hours, the first of created density is uppeak, and it includes the hours when people come to work at mornings at the office building \[[@B1], [@B4], [@B6], [@B8]\]. The calls made in traffic are generally upward position, and these upward calls reach peak points at mornings. The second traffic movement is downpeak. This situation includes arrival time from work, and calls from floors are generally downward \[[@B5], [@B9]\]. Other traffic time is seen at lunch times. It contains the time frame at which building population is going out at lunch break and is coming back to work \[[@B10]\]. Traffic condition is random situation between floors. This traffic condition is caused by passing of people inside building between floors, and it is traffic condition, which is seen during working hours \[[@B3], [@B8]\].
There are various studies made in literature on group elevator systems. Either reduction of average waiting time of passengers or reduction of energy consumption is wide in literature. In such studies on which certain traffic conditions are considered, the soft computing techniques like genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, particle swarm optimization, and artificial intelligence \[[@B4], [@B6], [@B8]\]. However, sheer number of parameters in elevator systems, width of solution space, and failure to determine incoming calls earlier make scheduling problem hard to solve \[[@B2], [@B3]\]. Despite these lacks, an important development has been performed from the first day of appearance of group elevator systems, and still continues to develop. Some studies, which have been made on literature within scope of working has been examined, such studies have been classified as aim, used method, traffic condition, number of elevator, and simulation forms. However, some lacks have been found in studies performed in literature in this classification. This study aims at elimination of lacks in literature with this study, and brings a new point of view to the solution of scheduling problems for group elevator systems. Two examples have been given to the studies which have been made in the literature [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}.
As seen in [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}, the procedures in the studies made in literature are performed over one algorithm with certain number of cabins. These limitations bring many problems. For example, subjecting to only one algorithm does not guarantee that the application always gives best results. Because each algorithm has different ways to reach better, and for this reason, the best results, which have been found by each algorithm, are different from each other. In this kind of system, it is evident that better results can be obtained by using different algorithms together. One other lack in the studies made on group elevator systems is limited number of cabins. This situation is directly associated with use of only one algorithm in the system. The largest lack here is that the algorithm selected gives better results in the designated number of algorithm. However, the results are reverse from one expected when you exclude the number of cabins. This study makes clear all this and similar conditions, and the studies made on literature gains new dimension. The artificial immune systems, genetic algorithms, and DNA computing algorithm have been used in the study performed for reduction of average waiting time of passengers and providing energy efficiency in group elevator systems. In addition to these methods, an estimation algorithm has been developed, the relation of such methods has been provided with fuzzy logic, and the most suitable algorithm has been aimed according to the calls and cabin conditions of the system in adaptive way. The results which have been obtained from fuzzy logic are sent to the microprocessor-based experiment set, and the performance and accuracy of the system have been observed. The system procedure and methods used for control algorithm, which is recommended in 2nd section within scope of this study, have been examined; the simulation results and test results which have been obtained from these algorithms in 3rd section have been given. The obtained results are assessed in 4th and final section of the study.
2. Proposed Approach {#sec2}
====================
The group elevator systems have a very complex structure. The sheer number of input parameters and many options as output makes these systems hard to solve. Especially the conditions as unknown building population or unknown floor by a passenger are basic factors in creation of wide solution space. However the developed electronic and computer world is useful for similar problems and used to solve this. Especially, making computational procedures about milliseconds makes detection of most suitable option from wide solution space.
There are some basic principles required to perform by system while group elevator systems are in service. These principles, which have been given in list below, are considered in this study.The elevator cannot pass up cabin call. It must complete these until all calls in present direction, and the cabin calls in reverse direction must be ignored in this process. After present direction of elevator returns reverse, the rest of calls must be completed.If there is enough space inside cabin before change of direction of system, it can collect floor calls in same direction.If there is no one at the point where floor call is made, this floor call can be ignored.It is required to do less stop-start movement as much as possible to provide energy efficiency of system. To perform this, no more than one cabin goes to the same floor call.It is required to do feasibility study before for population inside building and frequency to use elevator by this population in order to increase efficiency of methods to be used in the system.
This study aims at reduction of average waiting time of passengers and providing energy efficiency. The proposed control approach primarily consists of 3 main modules. The first module is optimization module, and calls are evaluated here according to the 4 different optimization methods. The results which have been obtained from the assessment made according to the average waiting time and energy efficiency are sent to the 2nd module, the fuzzy module. In this module, the method to be applied on call pool is determined, and optimum way must be given as exit. The optimal way obtained from the fuzzy module is sent to the hardware module and is tested on experiment set. A flow diagram is given in [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, which summarizes the system.
2.1. Optimization Module {#sec2.1}
------------------------
A group elevator system is modeled with modules designated within scope of this study. The optimization methods, which are often used in wide problems where solution space is wide, are used within scope of study. Three different optimization methods and 1 estimation algorithm are used in this performed optimization module. As optimization methods, clonal selection algorithm, genetic algorithms, and DNA computing algorithm are used from artificial immune system.
### 2.1.1. Clonal Selection Algorithm {#sec2.1.1}
The artificial immune algorithms which are proposed by taking human immune system as example incorporate negative and clonal selection algorithms. While negative selection algorithm is used in determination of undesired situations, the clonal selection algorithms are often used in optimization and pattern recognition problems \[[@B11], [@B12]\]. The pseudocode of the clonal selection algorithm, which has been used for optimization purpose in this study, has been given below.
Step 1The antibodies compromising body antibody repertoire constitute the initial solution set.
Step 2Degree of similarity of antibodies is calculated.
Step 3*n* pieces of highest similar antibody are selected.
Step 4Proportional to the degree of similarity of the *n* pieces of the selected antibody, the high degree of similarity cloning of antibody is carried out.
Step 5Antibodies with a high degree of similarity are exposed to the mutation as a manner to become less.
Step 6The degrees of similarity of mutated clones are determined.
Step 7*n* pieces of highest similar antibody are selected again.
Step 8Change of *d* pieces of antibodies in lowest degree of similarity with newly produced antibodies is realized.
### 2.1.2. Genetic Algorithm {#sec2.1.2}
Genetic algorithms are search and optimization methods are aiming to find the best result from the problem space in the widest sense \[[@B13], [@B14]\]. Offering extremely fast and efficient solutions, this method has been used in this study as one of the optimization methods, which have been used during simulation. A pseudocode, which summarizes the operating principle of genetic algorithms, is given below.
Step 1Initial population of randomly generated sequences of binary numbers.
Step 2A certain amount of element is selected for the solution.
Step 3Crossing is applied to new population.
Step 4Mutation process is applied for the same population.
Step 5Affinity values of elements of these populations are found.
Step 6[Step 2](#step20){ref-type="statement"} is repeated until it reaches the maximum number of transactions.
### 2.1.3. DNA Computing Algorithm {#sec2.1.3}
DNA computing algorithm is a method, which is mainly used in literature, and it is soft computing technique used in solution of the NP hard problems \[[@B15], [@B16]\]. The operating principle of this method used in this study as assessment criteria is similar to the genetic algorithms, and the pseudocode which summarizes this algorithm is given below.
Step 1First population is created.
Step 2DNA sequences are converted to numeric values.
Step 3Affinity value is calculated for each element.
Step 4Crossing process is applied to individuals in the population and the new population is obtained.
Step 5Mutation of the enzyme is applied to new population.
Step 6Mutation of the virus instead of the deleted elements is applied.
Step 7Affinity value of population is determined. If newly found population value is better than original value, it is changed and it is continued from 3rd step until maximum procedure number is reached.
### 2.1.4. Proposed Estimation Algorithm {#sec2.1.4}
Within the scope of the study, an estimation algorithm has been proposed in order to bring a different point of view to group elevator systems. Together with this algorithm, it has been aimed to enable the energy efficiency of the cabins. Since the results obtained by optimization methods used bring overload to some cabins, it causes some cars work more and some cars work less. This is an undesired situation and it both directly reflects to average waiting time and energy consumption values of the cabins. In principle, it is expected from an elevator system that energy consumption values should resemble each other so that all the cabins can work efficiently to decrease waiting time of the passengers. For this reason, a diagram, which summarizes the estimation algorithm performed, has been given in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}.
Proposed estimation algorithm considers the longest route that the elevators can follow. As it is shown in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}, left side of the triangle shows upper direction, and right side of the triangle shows the down direction. The rectangles present in these sides show the instant position of the cabins and rounds show the calls made. The longest route that the elevators can follow is to go to the top floor and turn back to the ground floor, and this situation has been shown with an arrow in the triangle. In other words, the cabins in the triangle move clockwise and calls settle into the edges of the triangle according to the directions. Proposed estimation algorithm is based on answering calls available to the current direction of movement of the cabins. Pseudocode, which summarizes working principle of this algorithm, has been given below.
Step 1Determine number of user floor, number of cabins, position of cabins, and their directions.
Step 2Randomly directed calls are created.
Step 3Calls at ground floor are always arranged upwards and calls at top floor of building are arranged downwards.
Step 4Cabins and randomly produced calls are placed on triangle according to directions.
Step 5The arrival time to calls is calculated according to affinity function of cabins.
Step 6Calls having low arrival time are shared to proper cabins and these calls are deleted from call pools.
Step 7If there are remaining calls, proceed from the 5th step.
Step 8Proceed from [Step 2](#step2000){ref-type="statement"} until maximum iteration number is reached.
2.2. Fuzzy Module {#sec2.2}
-----------------
Another part in proposed control algorithm for group elevator systems is fuzzy module. The diagram which summarizes fuzzy systems consisting of generally four fundamental parts has been given in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"} \[[@B17], [@B18]\].
Fuzzy module in the system takes energy consumption values and average waiting time coming from optimization module and sends to fuzzy part. In step of fuzzification, there is energy membership input function and average waiting time membership input function. The input functions have been given in [Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}.
The values obtained from membership input function are sent to inference part to be evaluated. Here, Mamdani method is used and the system has defined 25 different rules for this procedure. The values obtained from inference part are sent to clarification part to be converted into reel values. In this part, optimal route is defined according to exit membership functions defined. In [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"} given below, rule base used in fuzzy module has been given and membership exit function has been shown in [Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}.
2.3. Hardware Module {#sec2.3}
--------------------
The final part of the practice performed within the scope of the study is hardware part. In this part, optimal path coming from fuzzy logic module has been evaluated in the microprocessor-based experiment set and the accuracy of the system is tested. Also, led mechanism connected to experiment set represents a building and the cabins in the building. The practice made with this module has been brought into practicable condition by taking from being simulation. A diagram, which summarizes a hardware module used in the system, is as given in [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}.
3. Experimental Results {#sec3}
=======================
Within the scope of the study done, it has been aimed to decrease the average waiting time of the passengers and enable energy efficiency with proposed control approach. In direction of these purposes, the application performed has been performed by using 3 modules and the results are perceptibly observed. Simulation stage of the application has been prepared in a computer environment with Windows 7 operating system including 2,53 GHZ speed, 4 GB RAM, Intel Core i5. The study done has been performed in Matlab R2009b platform. An experiment set has been used for hardware stage of the application. This experiment set has been worked in 20 MHZ speed, and RS-232 serial communication line in 9600 bandwidth has been used for communication. The results coming from simulation stage are transmitted to microprocessor-based experiment set through serial communication line. In addition to this, in order to be able to define the starting status of the cabins and let them make call after the system starts, a numeric keypad is used. Building and cabin specifications used as base at simulation stage are as given in Tables [2](#tab2){ref-type="table"} and [3](#tab3){ref-type="table"}.
With the application performed within the scope of the study, total average waiting times and energy efficiencies of the cabins have been calculated. Random 500 numbers of calls have been created within the frame of the application, and approximately 80% of these calls have been arranged as to be downside and upside to be able to obtain up and down traffic condition. For traffic condition in inter floors, half of 500 numbers of calls have been arranged so as to be downward and the other half has been arranged so as to be upward. The distribution of the calls according to the floor has been shown in [Figure 8](#fig8){ref-type="fig"}.
Depending on the number of floors, the number of the calls increases. In the study done, if there is nobody in the floor to be made, the cabins are enabled to pass over this call. In order to perform this purpose, 20% of the current calls have been cancelled, computational procedures are started after this point. The cancellation of invalid calls provides an important advantage regarding energy efficiency and average waiting time. In [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"}, average waiting time changing to the floor situations and algorithms have been shown.
The performance of algorithms according to the number of traffic peak hours and floors is shown in [Figure 9](#fig9){ref-type="fig"}. In the application performed, 3 different traffic times, genetic algorithm, DNA computing algorithm, artificial immune system algorithm, and estimation algorithm have, respectively, been applied. At practice stage, total 11 different floor conditions have been considered, and algorithms through 2, 3, 4, and 5 cabins for each floor have been applied. Average waiting times obtained for each cabin and floor have been added separately and divided into total cabin number. When [Table 4](#tab4){ref-type="table"} is examined, it has been seen that waiting time increases in parallel with the floor number. Furthermore, the performances that algorithms have shown under different traffic conditions are different from each other. For example, while artificial immune system algorithm gives the best result in uppeak traffic condition, estimation algorithm in downpeak traffic algorithm shows the best performance. There are so many factors which affect average waiting times in group elevator systems. As the complete of factors such as number of passengers or hall calls are not known, it cannot completely be calculated regarding which algorithm that provides the best solution. With this study done, a system with adaptive structure has been created and significant results have been obtained from the point of waiting time and energy efficiency.
Another parameter within the scope of the study done is the energy efficiency of the cabins. One of the most important disadvantages of the group elevator systems is the lowness in energy performances arising from working principles. 70% of the energy that elevator systems consumed occurs while the cabins stop and start. Furthermore, this stop and start movements are seen more frequent in some cabins compared to the others. This situation causes some cabins to consume more energy and wear down. In principle, it is expected from group elevator systems that total energy to be consumed is provided to be stably distributed to the cabins according to the stop-and-start number. Because of working principles of optimization methods, some cabins are overloaded. With the study performed, this situation is aimed to be removed and the energy is provided to be distributed as efficiently. An example of the energy distributions that the cabins consumed has been shown in [Figure 10](#fig10){ref-type="fig"} according to the traffic and algorithm conditions.
As it can be understood from the figure, there is an unbalanced load distribution between the cabins according to the optimization methods. With the proposed estimation algorithm, this situation is prevented and it has been enabled to make the cabins share the calls equally. The equal distribution of the calls to all the cabins provides a significant efficiency from the point of energy. By this means, a development occurs in the usage times of the cabins and the wearing times of the cabins extremely decrease.
It is expected from group elevator systems that average waiting time of the system and energy efficiency should be provided at the same time. Because of the fact that in some circumstances, while average waiting time is good, energy efficiency shows inverse proportion to this time. To prevent this situation, a fuzzy system has been designed. The fuzzy system designed takes energy values and average waiting times coming from 4 different algorithms to the traffic conditions as input parameter. Then, it evaluates these parameters and provides the most optimal path to be determined. The basic purpose in fuzzy system designed is to find the lowest average waiting time and the best result of energy efficiency. In [Table 5](#tab5){ref-type="table"}, the values rising from fuzzy logic and the methods to be applied according to these values have been shown.
Thanks to this performed study, an adaptive approach is developed related to group elevator control systems. It is aimed at making this approach reduces the average waiting time of passengers and provides energy efficiency. The proposed adaptive approach and four different algorithms are combined and fuzzy logic module of the system and the results from these different algorithms are provided to evaluate. In [Figure 11](#fig11){ref-type="fig"}, traditional methods on group elevator control systems and changing total average waiting times depending on number of floors of proposed adaptive approach.
These findings obtained in simulation platform are sent to the experiment set and the accuracy of the system has been tested. [Figure 12](#fig12){ref-type="fig"} shows the computing time passing from simulation platform to the experiment set according to the floor number and traffic condition for each algorithm separately.
4. Conclusions {#sec4}
==============
The elevator systems have a structure that constantly renews itself since day one of the emergence. Today, the increase of high-rise buildings is the biggest factor for this situation. Group elevator control systems which were developed in order to provide faster service to resident are computerized to provide both time saving and energy efficiency. Group elevator control systems which have very large place in the literature are not incomplete in terms of efficiency because all of parameters are not taken into consideration.
In this study, an immune system-based approach for the control of group elevator control systems is conducted, and reducing of the average waiting times of passengers and providing of energy efficiency of system are aimed to provide. In the scope of this study, the adaptability of this application to all building structure is aimed to provide by creating building models from 10 floors to 20 floors and from 2 cabins to 5 cabins. In the next step, calls randomly generated according to traffic hours are sent to optimization module which includes immune system algorithm, genetic algorithm, and DNA computing algorithm to determine average waiting times and energy consumption values of cabins. The average waiting time and cabin energy consumption values that they are acquired from optimization module due to each algorithm are sent to fuzzy system module which is designed in the scope of the study to determine system performance. The optimum way for formed building models and traffic hours are aimed to determine by providing obtained values of fuzzy system. Finally, this optimum way obtained from fuzzy module is tested with hardware module.
This adaptive and dynamic control approach for elevator systems provides efficiency approximately between 5% and 20% on average waiting times of passengers in comparison with traditional methods. In addition to this, a significant gain was achieved related to energy efficiency which is another expected parameter in elevator systems, provided that calls to cabins are as evenly distributed as possible. Future studies target to further increase the efficiency of the system and perform these applications which are performed on a real elevator system.
![The closest two studies in literature (a) \[[@B2]\] (b) \[[@B4]\].](TSWJ2013-805343.001){#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
{#fig4}
{#fig5}
{#fig6}
{#fig7}
{#fig8}
{#fig9}
{#fig10}
{#fig11}
{#fig12}
######
Rule base of fuzzy logic module.
Input Energy consumption
---------------------- -------------------- ---- ---- ---- ----
Average waiting time
VS NH NH NL NL ZR
S NH NL NL ZR PL
M NL NL ZR PL PL
L NL ZR PL PL PH
VL ZR PL PL PH PH
######
Building parameters.
--------------------- ---------------
Number of elevators From 10 to 20
Number of cabins From 2 to 5
Floor height 3,5 m
Building type Office
Building population 500
Building occupancy 80%
--------------------- ---------------
######
Cabin parameters.
------------------------- -----------
Cabin rate 13 person
Velocity 1,6 m/sn
Door open 3 sn
Door close 4 sn
Passenger transfer time 1,2 sn
One floor passing time 2,2 sn
------------------------- -----------
######
Average waiting time of passengers (s).
Floor GA DNA AIS EA
------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------
10 52,1 75,1 68,7 **44,8** 71,5 66,2 44,4 69,9 **45,7** 48,5 **42,7** 46,8
11 59,2 87,7 79,7 53,3 82,7 78,3 **51,2** 82,2 76,3 57,2 **50,4** **55,4**
12 **62,3** 101,5 91 63,5 100,6 **79,6** 62,8 97,5 86,5 65,9 **59,2** 85,5
13 72,9 117,2 **103,7** 67,6 **115,7** 108,5 **63,6** 122,8 109,2 74,5 108,3 104,1
14 78,3 135,9 **110,9** 75,9 133,1 111,4 76,4 **128,8** 115,4 **75,4** 179,7 114,3
15 **88,3** 159,9 127,6 89,4 **154,1** 124,7 89,2 159 **119** 97,6 192,6 186,6
16 93,8 174,6 137,9 **91,1** 172,8 134,7 93,9 **167,9** 129,2 107,3 203,9 192,2
17 **97,5** 198,4 147,2 99 196,2 149,5 98,4 188,3 **137,2** 122,5 **185,8** 218,4
18 109,6 211,1 **154,3** **107,1** 211,3 161,1 109,1 **200** 157,6 133,8 231,1 233,6
19 115,7 **234,4** 171,6 115,7 235,3 174,5 **112,2** 242,4 **161,3** 147,1 243 248,6
20 188,5 250 186,8 189,3 249 **179,6** 185 245,9 181,2 **162,1** **239,3** 256,1
######
The results obtained from the fuzzy controller.
Floor GA DNA AIS EA
------- ----------- ---------- ------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
10 −27,5 −26,7 −27,2 −26,1 −22,7 −26,1 **−28,0** **−27,5** **−28,0** −25,8 −26,0 −25,9
11 −24,8 −21,1 −22,7 −24,7 −20,1 −24,7 **−26,6** −23,4 −24,4 −25,2 **−25,2** **−25,2**
12 −24,8 −10,5 −21,1 −22,0 −14,2 −22,0 −23,9 −16,5 −20,2 **−25,0** **−25,0** **−25,0**
13 −21,4 −3,1 −10,3 −19,5 −6,11 **−19,5** −20,9 −2,84 −7,30 **−25,1** **−7,96** −10,8
14 −18,5 0,25 −6,17 −18,6 **0,03** **−18,6** −16,7 2,92 0,35 **−22,1** 15,1 −3,17
15 **−17,5** 9,56 2,31 −16,3 **6,76** **−16,3** −12,2 8,09 1,22 −16,5 19,6 17,3
16 −11,7 15,2 6,91 **−16,4** 12,3 **−16,4** −16,1 **11,3** 2,26 −4,37 24,3 19,8
17 −**6,97** 25,7 8,54 −6,5 22,2 **−6,58** −6,4 **17,8** 6,64 8,4 20,1 24,5
18 0,33 26,9 12,6 0,6 **24,0** **0,64** **−1,1** 26,3 11,6 11,6 25,1 25,0
19 4,9 26,3 16,2 3,3 25,3 **3,30** **0,7** 25,4 15,5 15,7 **23,1** 22,7
20 22,19 **24,1** 21,4 22,5 25,2 22,5 21,6 25,3 20,3 **18,7** 27,8 **20,1**
[^1]: Academic Editors: P. Agarwal, S. Balochian, V. Bhatnagar, and Y. Zhang
|
Go to school! Don't let 20 accounts dictate your future.You'll then be 22 with a degree and all sorts of doors will begin to open for you. Many of us including myself are stuck with our current lifestyle because where else could we go without an education and make the kind money we do. Does'nt mean we enjoy it any more, we must do it to maintain our current life styles. Just my opinion.
go take some business classes and economics too also some drafting wouldnt hurt even though you like what you do you could fall off your mower and loose your legs then what will you do to make money you need to feed the brain plus college is a lot more fun than high school the chicks drink more and are allways horny. god do i wish i was still there |
‘Veep’ Season 3 Trailer: Operation Lady POTUS Is Go!
On the heels of the first new trailer for HBO's third season of 'Veep,' we've got a brand new trailer for the upcoming season of the hilarious series, with Julia Louis-Dreyfus returning as Selina Meyer, everyone's favorite Vice President. And this time around, with the President declining to run for a second term, it looks like it's Selina's time to make a run for the Oval Office -- but she may need to trim the fat, first. That's where new recurring star Diedrich Bader comes in.
The former 'Drew Carey Show' and 'Office Space' star joins this season, and in the new trailer above we see him giving Selina some campaign advice -- namely, that she pretty much needs to fire her entire staff, whom he's deemed entirely useless ... even Amy and Sue! And it looks like poor Gary is getting some advice of his own from his doctor, who tells him he should go ahead and quit his job if he wants to live.
With the President leaving office, Selina will be trying to make a run for the White House this season, but will we see her sitting pretty by 2015? 'Veep' (and all your favorite characters, like that jerk-face Jonah) returns to HBO on April 6, so tune in and find out if Selina can become "the most powerful person on Earth." |
As a conventional suspension apparatus for a vehicle, a torsion beam type rear suspension apparatus which has a torsion beam coupled between right and left rear wheels, and a pair of trailing arms which are formed into a planar shape to allow a displacement in the widthwise direction of the vehicle body and extend from the two end portions of the torsion beam in the longitudinal direction of the entire vehicle body is known (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-283114). In this suspension apparatus, the free end portions of the trailing arms are supported on a vehicle body frame via bushings, and the rear end portions of the trailing arms are joined to the right and left end portions of the torsion beam by welding.
The torsion beam type rear suspension apparatus is mounted in a light car or the like since it has a simple structure and is inexpensive. Also, such rear suspension apparatus can decrease the floor height and can assure a broad rear cargo space or the like, since the coil spring level can lower by disposing the center of the coil diameter of each coil spring not immediately above the trailing arm or torsion beam but to have an offset on the front or rear side of the vehicle body with respect to the torsion beam. Hence, demands in recent wagon and box type vehicles are increasing.
However, in the technique of the aforementioned reference, when a spring seat or its bracket is formed at a corner portion, the actual effective length of the trailing arm becomes short, and torsional elasticity increases, resulting in poor riding comfort. For this reason, each trailing arm may be prolonged in correspondence with a decrease in effective length, but such long trailing arm disturbs layout efficiency. On the other hand, the torsion beam may be prolonged. However, the torsional elasticity of the torsion beam then becomes too low, resulting in poor driving stability, or the mechanical strength of that portion of the torsion beam on which the torsional stress is concentrated must be increased and may lead to high cost resulting from an increase in weight.
In the suspension apparatus in which the center of the coil diameter of each coil spring is disposed to have an offset on the front side of the vehicle body with respect to the torsion beam, since the torsion of the torsion beam is larger than that of the suspension apparatus in which the center of the coil diameter of each coil spring is disposed to have an offset on the rear side of the vehicle body, the separation of the joint surface between the spring seat and torsion beam becomes large. Even when their joint strength is increased, the torsional stress is concentrated, and the joint surface of the torsion beam cracks. |
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|
// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All Rights Reserved. Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
using System;
using System.Composition;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Host.Mef;
namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Host
{
[ExportWorkspaceServiceFactory(typeof(IProjectCacheService), ServiceLayer.Default)]
[Shared]
internal class ProjectCacheServiceFactory : IWorkspaceServiceFactory
{
public IWorkspaceService CreateService(HostWorkspaceServices workspaceServices)
{
var hostService = workspaceServices.GetService<IProjectCacheHostService>();
return new Service(hostService);
}
private class Service : IProjectCacheService
{
private readonly IProjectCacheHostService _hostService;
public Service(IProjectCacheHostService hostService)
{
_hostService = hostService;
}
public IDisposable EnableCaching(ProjectId key)
{
return _hostService != null
? _hostService.EnableCaching(key)
: null;
}
}
}
}
|
NOS-HS - The Power of Narratives
About the project
The project The Power of Narratives: Democracy and Media in Political Turmoil is led by Höfði Reykjavík Peace Centre and funded by the Joint Committee for Nordic Research Councils in the Humanities and Social Sciences (NOS-HS).
The primary objective of the project is to create a multidisciplinary network of Nordic academics focusing on the discourse on immigration issues and national identity in the Nordic countries and the impact of political narratives in a rapidly changing media environment. By pooling expertise from the different Nordic countries, the project will initiate and promote new critical research on the role of political narratives, and how the portrayal in the mainstream media has affected the far right parties’ capacity to further their agenda and make electoral advances.
Höfði Reykjavík Peace Centre coordinates the project in cooperation with two other universities, Linköping University and the University of Helsinki.
Pia Hansson, Director of Höfði Reykjavik Peace Centre, Auður Örlygsdóttir, Project Manager at Höfði Reykjavík Peace Centre, Guðmundur Hálfdanarson, Professor of History and Dean of the School of Humanities, Jón Ólafsson, Professor in Comparative Cultural Studies, and Kristín Loftsdóttir, Professor in Anthropology at the University of Iceland coordinate the project on behalf of Höfði Reykjavík Peace Centre and the University of Iceland, in cooperation professors from the partner universities, Suvi Keskinen, Porfessor at the University of Helsinki and Catrin Lundström, Associate Professor at Linköping University.
Guðmundur Hálfdanarson is the PI of this NOS-HS project, professor of history and Dean of the School of Humanities at the University of Iceland. He holds a Ph.D. degree in history from Cornell University, and has taught at the University of Iceland since 1990. His main fields of research are European social and political history, with special emphasis on the history of nationalism. In 2005– 2010, he co-coordinated the research network of excellence, CLIOHRES.net, which was funded by the 6th Framework Programme.
Suvi Keskinen is Academy Research Fellow Professor of Ethnic Relations and Nationalism at the University of Helsinki. Her research interests include post/decolonial feminism, critical race and whiteness studies, politics of belonging, nationalism, welfare state, political activism and gendered violence. She currently works as Academy Research Fellow, conducting the research project Postethnic Activism in the Neoliberal Era: Translocal Studies on Political Subjectivities, Alliance-Building and Social Imaginaries, funded by the Academy of Finland (2014-2019). She also lead the research projects The Stopped - Spaces, Meanings and Practices of Ethnic Profiling, funded by the Kone foundation (2015-2018) and Intersectional Border Struggles and Disobedient Knowledge in Activism (2018-2022), funded by the Academy of Finland.
Catrin Lundström is Research Fellow at Linköping University where she focuses on inequality and privilege from intersectional perspectives. Of particular interest is how race and whiteness is negotiated within different contexts and how ideas of whiteness are linked to the idea of being Swedish.
Kristín Loftsdóttir is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Iceland. Kristín's research focuses on racism, mobilities, whiteness, gender and ideas of 'Europe'. She has conducted research in Iceland, Niger and Belgium. Her current project is 'Mobilities and Transnational Iceland'.
Jon Olafsson is Professor in the department of Comparative and Cultural Studies at the University of Iceland. His research is focused on democracy, political participation, dissent, reconciliation, and social criticism.
Since defending his PhD dissertation The True Colors of Finnish Welfare Nationalism in October 2015, Niko Pyrhönen has worked as senior researcher in the Finnish Institute of Migration and postdoctoral researcher at the Swedish School of Social Science. His current research project, funded by Helsingin Sanomat foundation, deals with right-wing populist hybrid media mobilization practices and narratives in the 'alt-right' news outlets in the United States, France and the Nordic countries.
The third and last meeting in the project took place in Iceland in April 2019 when the consortium organised and participated in two panels at the conference Mobilities and Transnationalism in the 21st century on 28 - 30 April, 2019 in Hotel Radisson Blu Saga, under the title The Power of Narratives: Democracy and Media in Political Turmoil.
The conference brought together scholars from different fields interested in various forms and expressions of mobility and transnationalism. The conference included three keynote lectures by: Mimi Sheller, Professor of Sociology at Drexel University, Liz Fekete, Director of the Institute of Racial Relations and Sharon Macdonald, Professor in Social Anthropology at Humboldt University. More than 70 different presentations were grouped in 19 sessions.
The Power of Narratives: Democracy and Media in Political Turmoil
Populist rhetoric in many European countries has been characterized by growing anti-immigration sentiment and erosion of trust in the political establishment. It is a widespread belief that the Trump and Brexit campaigns achieved their victories on the basis of demagoguery and disinformation, undermining traditional democratic politics through cynical abuse of the media, as well as the fundamental role of the media as a channel for reliable information and open democratic discussion. There is a clear necessity to address these new and alarming realities by e.g. exploring “post-truth politics” and the impact of “alternative facts” in political discourse and opinion formation. In particular it is important to better understand how current populism is affecting the way Europe – and the rest of the world – is dealing with new and pressing political challenges such as immigration, a growing number of refugees and social and economic inequality.
Today’s media market has created various “online spheres” for deliberation. Has this allowed for the realization of a functioning public sphere, i.e. a place for open democratic debate? Or can it be argued that these spheres aren’t diverse enough and have instead become more like “echo chambers” where people are increasingly just communicating with people they already agree with? This panel will explore ways of changing the narrative in an increasingly fragmented society, focusing on democratic theory, particularly on the most recent discussion on political epistemologies.
How do we change the narrative and utilize it to build bridges between different societal groups in a changing media environment, and what is the role of the academia?
Moderator: Guðmundur Hálfdánarson, PI of the NOS-HS project, professor of history and Dean of the School of Humanities at the University of Iceland.
Truths about immigration and race: epistemologies of right-wing populism
Ben Pitcher, Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Westminster, UK
While responsibility for their prominence might lie with mainstream politicians and media, it is hard to contest the impact of right-wing populist ideas on contemporary debates around immigration. Drawing on the contemporary example of Brexit Britain, I begin by arguing that populist racism has installed a range of hegemonic ‘truths’ about immigration that are widely accepted by a diverse range of political and cultural actors. Even those who ostensibly oppose the racism of the far right will often draw upon, and remain trapped within, the political grammar of right-wing populism.
Having established the significance of right-wing populist ideas in establishing these ‘truths’ about immigration and race, I go on to consider the ambivalent and conflicted status of truth within right-wing populist discourse itself. I describe some broader structural affinities that connect together the realm of conspiracy theories and ‘alternative facts’ with racial prejudice and innuendo: both are resistant to empirical facts, depending as they do on beliefs that refute or deny ‘official’ accounts of the world and on an investment in truths that cannot be spoken. I suggest that such positions have in common an opposition to authority and a refusal to accept the established terms of debate in liberal democracy and civil society: they are not interested in winning arguments, but in denying their legitimacy. I explore the importance of the realm of subjectivity, anecdote and felt experience in giving expression to such truths, and the ways in which they mirror the rhetoric of those who give voice to the experience of racism and discrimination. Finally, I reflect on the implications of right-wing populist orientations to truth for an effective politics of anti-racism.
Bio
Dr Ben Pitcher is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Westminster, UK. He has written extensively on race, politics and popular culture, and is currently writing a book about the cultural politics of prehistory. He is author of Consuming Race (2014) and The Politics of Multiculturalism (2009).
Gwenaëlle Bauvois, Lecturer in ethnic relations and researcher at CEREN research center (Swedish School of Social Sciences), University of Helsinki and Niko Pyrhönen, Senior Researcher in the Finnish Institute of Migration and postdoctoral researcher at the Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki
During the 2000s, right-wing populist parties across the Nordic countries have increasingly added economic arguments in their political rhetoric for the purpose of justifying an anti- immigration agenda. In addition to its function as a justificatory resource, this welfare nationalist framing of anti-immigration mobilization has helped the parties in appealing to a divergent electorate of blue and white collar workers. For the former, questioning immigrants’ deservingness to welfare redistribution carries the promise of better availability of the scarce redistributive resources, whereas the allure of lower tax burden can be harnessed to electrify the middle classes.
The recent years, however, have seen many types of intransigent anti-immigration rhetoric channeled to potential electorates via countermedia, the ‘ultrapartisan‘ outlets that position themselves against the ‘elitist’ mainstream media (Ylä-Anttila, Bauvois, Pyrhönen, 2019). In this paper, we study, firstly, how these protagonists of immigration control - both the countermedia outlets and the discussants - narrate the role of the state to its citizens and other denizens, and, secondly, the extent to which welfare nationalist arguments against immigration can be considered a Nordic phenomenon.
We collect one month of coverage from three countermedia outlets Kansalainen (FI), BreitbartNews (US) and Fdesouche (FR), comparing the absolute and relative frequencies of articles that mention specific (i) immigration, (ii) redistribution and (iii) immigration and redistribution keywords. We then analyze the top shared articles and their comments quantitatively, axially coding the subject matter using ATLAS.ti.
Bio
Dr. Gwenaëlle Bauvois is a lecturer in ethnic relations and researcher at CEREN research center (Swedish School of Social Sciences), University of Helsinki. She completed her PhD in Sociology at the University of Eastern Finland in 2007. Her research interests include ethnic relations, nationalism, populism and social media. Her current research project is entitled Mobilizing 'the Disenfranchised' in Finland, France and the United States. Post-truth public stories in the transnational hybrid media space.
Since defending his PhD dissertation The True Colors of Finnish Welfare Nationalism in October 2015, Niko Pyrhönen has worked as senior researcher in the Finnish Institute of Migration and postdoctoral researcher at the Swedish School of Social Science. His current research project, funded by Helsingin Sanomat foundation, deals with right-wing populist hybrid media mobilization practices and narratives in the 'alt-right' news outlets in the United States, France and the Nordic countries.
Kristín Loftsdóttir, Professor in Anthropology at the University of Iceland
The rise of populist movements with strong anti-migration agenda have made racism more visible in various European countries, in the form of violence and hateful acts toward economic migrants, refugees and citizens with a minority background. The presentation focuses on the process of racialization, which naturalizes more hateful expressions of racism by assigning particular types of bodies to particular spaces. I stress the need to recognize racism as a part of the wider social and cultural context that populist movements operate within in the Nordic countries and beyond and the need to focus on racism as not only something having to do with migrant “others.” I exemplify this by focusing on one particular production of whiteness, Blue Lagoon promotional material, but as several scholars have shown, the Nordic or Nordic countries are generally associated with “whiteness” (Lundstrom and Hubenette 2011; Hervik 2018; McIntosh 2015; Loftsdóttir 2015). In Iceland, the tourism industry has been booming for the last ten years, a favorable destination of especially from the US and UK. The presentation asks if this material takes part in creating Iceland as a “white” and “safe” space for a more privileged part of the world.
Bio
Kristín Loftsdóttir is Professor in Anthropology at the University of Iceland. Kristín's research focuses on racism, mobilities, whiteness, gender and ideas of 'Europe'. She has conducted research in Iceland, Niger and Belgium. Her current project is 'Mobilities and Transnational Iceland'.
One picture, eight thousand words: the King’s Fountain and the narratives of intercultural nationalism in Portugal
Marta Araújo, Senior Researcher at the Centre for Social Studies of the University of CES – University of Coimbra
I analyse the narratives around a painting entitled ‘King’s Fountain’, which constructs a heterogeneous nation by emphasising the high proportion of Black Africans living in 16th century Lisbon. The image has been widely deployed in the memorialization of colonialism, and I will focus on four different instances: 1) The publication ‘Black People in Portugal: centuries XVI to XIX’ by the National Commission for the Commemoration of Portuguese Discoveries (1999), where the painting occupies a central position; 2) History textbooks in compulsory schooling, where the picture is illustrative of the wider depoliticisation of colonialism and enslavement; 3) The media controversy around the challenging of the authenticity of the painting, when it was included in the exhibition ‘Lisbon – Global City of the Renaissance’ in early 2017; 4) The exhibition ‘Racism and Citizenship’ at the Monument for the Discoveries in Lisbon, also in 2017, the first public exhibition on racism in democratic Portugal. Despite its nuances and variations, the uses of the painting sustain a narrative that projects the Portuguese as ‘pioneers of globalisation’, with a historical vocation for interculturality – offsetting race/power. I draw on Fortier’s (2008) notion of ‘multicultural nationalism’, which inscribes multiculture at the core of the project of the nation, to argue that the increasing mobilisation of such images of historical diversity functions as an alibi against accusations of institutional racism, and that ‘intercultural dialogue’, rather than multiculturalism, acts as an effective strategy in evading the need for political change.
Bio
Marta Araújo is Senior Researcher at the Centre for Social Studies of the University of Coimbra, where she integrates the Research Group 'Democracy, Citizenship and Law' and lectures in doctoral programmes. She is Invited Researcher at the University of Helsinki (2018-2010) and Invited Lecturer at the Black Europe Summer School (International Institute for Research and Education - IIRE, Amsterdam). Marta obtained her PhD from the University of London in 2003 and has published internationally, being currently in the Editorial Board of publications on sociology, race and education in Brazil, Britain, Portugal and the United States. She has also been actively engaged in outreach activities with grassroots movements and schools. Her research work addresses the (re)production and challenging of Eurocentrism and racism in two complementary lines: 1) Eurocentrism, knowledge production, history dissemination, and political struggles; 2) Public policy, racial inequality and struggles for racial justice, with a particular interest on education.
The second meeting of the consortium, workshop and open seminar was held in Helsinki on December 4 2018. This time the focus was on the rise of authoritarian nationalism and post-truth politics.
The Inviolable Truths of Race: How the Populist Right Set the Terms of the Debate on Immigration, and Why We Let Them Do ItDr. Ben Pitcher, Senior Lecturer in History, Sociology and Criminology at the University of Westminster, UK
Disinformation, “konspiratsia” and fake news: The epistemic structureJón Ólafsson, Professor in Philosophy and Comparative Cultural Studies at the University of Iceland
Chair: Suvi Keskinen, Academy Research Fellow, Professor, Centre for Research on Ethnic Relations and Nationalism (CEREN), University of Helsinki.
Democratic politics in the Western world have come under the spell of right wing populism and its divisive rhetoric. From Brazil to Russia – across the US and Great Britain movements have risen with leaders claiming fight for the common people against indifferent, self-serving and corrupt elites, with racism and xenophobia playing an important part in populist debates.
This workshop focuses on the way in which populist racisms are changing the terms of political debate, establishing a common political grammar that is shared by a range of politicians, journalists and commentators across a wide political spectrum. It considers the challenges faced by an anti-racist politics when it is framed by the far-right as a cause of political elites. It uses populist racism as a heuristic to consider some deep-rooted myths of national identity, cultural entitlement, and the racial politics of the welfare state.
The discussion will consider technological changes that put a strain on media discussion by the infiltration of fake news and disinformation, adding to the challenges of finding a common ground for discussion. Particular attention will be given to the concept of “fake news” which is used both to describe a growing social media industry associated with racist and xenophobic types of populism and by right wing nationalists to characterize the mainstream media. The concept will be explored from an epistemic as well as a historical perspective. Is there a substantive difference between today’s structure of disinformation and methods employed in the past for agitation and propaganda purposes?
Key questions/topics: What is the effect of the recent changes in the structure of nationalistic narratives and how does it affect public debate? What role does the welfare state play in the discourse on immigration in the Nordic countries and how did it affect the Vote Leave campaign? Is it possible to find a common ground for discussion on the development of modern western societies in light of growing sentiment of anti-establishment and suspicion towards academic and political elites in a changed media environment? Will “truths” and “facts” survive the current post-truth climate of public discourse?
Kick-off meeting in Norrköping
The project started with a meeting of the consortium in Norrköping on April 25 and an open seminar where the focus was on radical right-wing narratives and their manifestations.
Racisms without Racism? On Ignorance and DenialMarta Araújo, University of London, UK, and University of Coimbra, PortugalThe notion of ‘racisms without racism’, proposed by David T. Goldberg, encapsulates the assumption that racism would, if left alone, evaporate from Westernized societies. This stems from an understanding of racism as born out of prejudice and ignorance. Here it is argued that this view has invisibilized the persistence of institutionalized racism and portrayed struggles against racism as the problem.
Marta Araújo’s research integrates studies of Democracy and Human Rights and looks at of Eurocentrism and racism knowledge production, history teaching, and political struggles, as well as in public policy.
An Alternative World: Racism and Migration in the PresentKristín Loftsdóttir, University of IcelandRacism should be seen as part of the wider social and cultural context that populist movements operate within. Their claim of “non-racism” gain legitimacy through discourses of race and difference that are generally not recognized as racist but seen as constituting ‘common sense’. This is discussed from three angles: Covert racism; re-stitching of time, and ‘crisis talk’ as key to mobilization of populist movements.
Kristín Loftsdóttir is a professor of Anthropology. She has focused on racism, whiteness, mobility and crisis. Her most recent publication is the co-edited Messy Europe: Crisis, Race and Nation-State in a Postcolonial World (Berghahn, 2018) and Exotic Iceland: Coloniality, Crisis and Europe at the Margins (Routledge, 2018). |
Goats (film)
Goats is a 2012 comedy-drama film directed by Christopher Neil and written by Mark Poirier based on his 2000 novel Goats. The film stars David Duchovny, Vera Farmiga, Graham Phillips, Keri Russell, Justin Kirk, and Ty Burrell. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2012, and was given a limited release in the United States on August 10, 2012, by Image Entertainment.
Plot
Fifteen-year-old Ellis Whitman (Graham Phillips) is leaving his home in Tucson, Arizona, for his freshman year at Gates Academy, an East Coast prep school. He leaves behind Wendy (Vera Farmiga), his flaky, New Age mother and Goat Man (David Duchovny), a weed-smoking goat trekker and botanist. Goat Man is the only real father Ellis has ever known, since his biological father, Frank (Ty Burrell), left when he was a baby.
Upon arriving Gates Academy, Ellis befriends his roommate Barney Cannel (Nicholas Lobue), a cross-country runner, and Rosenberg, who usually does not get anything higher than a C in his classes, but is smart enough to sneak in marijuana. Ellis also takes an interest in Minnie (Dakota Johnson), a local girl who works in the school library; his friends often refer to her as a prostitute, according to rumors. Meanwhile, Goat Man and Wendy have been incommunicado, which Barney points out often. On a phone call, Ellis discovers that his mother has a new boyfriend named Bennet (Justin Kirk), who is rude and disrespectful.
One day, Ellis receives a letter in the mail from his long-estranged father from Washington, DC, requesting for Ellis to spend Thanksgiving dinner with him. Ellis decides to fly to Washington with Barney, who is also having Thanksgiving with his mother there. Ellis finally meets his father and his father's pregnant and kind-hearted wife, Judy (Keri Russell). One night, Ellis gets a call from Barney telling him that he is in possession of marijuana. Ellis sneaks out for the night, but Frank finds out that he left. On the way back from his flight from DC, Barney and Ellis get drunk and fight with each other in their dorm room, resulting in a dent in the wall which costs Wendy $700 and Ellis to end up in the school hospital. Afterwards, Ellis begins to get closer to Minnie.
Over Christmas break, Ellis returns to Tucson, but feels betrayed by Goat Man when he discovers that he slept with their young but malicious neighbor, Aubrey (Adelaide Kane). His relationship with adults he grew up with is now challenged.
Cast
David Duchovny as Javier / Goat Man
Vera Farmiga as Wendy Whitman
Graham Phillips as Ellis Whitman
Ty Burrell as Frank Whitman
Keri Russell as Judy Whitman
Justin Kirk as Bennet
Dakota Johnson as Minnie
Alan Ruck as Dr. Eldridge
Anthony Anderson as Coach
Nicholas Lobue as Barney Cannel
Steve Almazan as Jesus
Adelaide Kane as Aubrey
Olga Segura as Serena
Minnie Driver as Shaman (uncredited)
Production
In May 2010, it was reported that Ty Burrell and Anjelica Huston had signed on to star in the film. In January 2011, it was announced that David Duchovny and Vera Farmiga had been cast in leading roles for the film. That same month, Keri Russell, Minnie Driver and Will Arnett were cast in supporting roles. Arnett and Huston later dropped out of the cast, for unknown reasons, before filming began. Producer Daniela Taplin Lundberg commented on the casting, "Goats is that wonderful combination of hilarious and poignant, and we're so thrilled that actors as distinguished as this ensemble have responded to the script with such passion." Principal photography for the film took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Tucson, Arizona, and Watertown, Connecticut in February 2011.
Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2012. Shortly after, on February 7, 2012, the film was acquired by Image Entertainment for domestic distribution in the United States. The film was released in a limited release in the United States on August 10, 2012.
Reception
The film received generally negative reviews from film critics. Goats holds a 20% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. On Metacritic, the film has a 38 out of 100 rating, based on 13 critic reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Robert Abele from The Los Angeles Times wrote, "A coming-of-age story featuring Vera Farmiga as a narcissistic New Age mom, David Duchovny as her pot-smoking Jesus-bearded goat herder/poolman and Ty Burrell as the divorced dad with the new wife, would appear to have all sorts of behavioral flavors to chew on. Alas, Goats – to borrow from the traits of its titular ruminants – nibbles on a lot of stuff it never gets around to digesting." Sara Stewart of The New York Post wrote, "There's a particularly irritating type of rich-boy coming-of-age movie in which any emotional growth is reflected in only the slightest tweak on the handsome protagonist's stony visage. If I were Holden Caulfield, I might call it lousy. It's the type of strummy-guitar-scored indie that's flypaper for quirky actors like Farmiga and Duchovny, who are given too much time to indulge their characters' back stories and to show off, respectively, their primal scream and goat imitation."
Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Mark Jude Poirier adapted the screenplay from his own lively 2001 coming-of-age novel. As directed by Christopher Neil, Goats reports the same events but loses the flavor of the journey." The New York Times Stephen Holden wrote, "If the aimless characters in Goats didn't feel so uncomfortably lifelike, it would be tempting to heap scorn on this wispy screen adaptation of Mark Jude Poirier's 2001 novel, directed by Christopher Neil from a screenplay by Mr. Poirier. Ms. Farmiga gives a bravely unsympathetic performance as the hysterical, self-pitying Wendy, who is filled with rage at her ex-husband, Frank. For all its verisimilitude, Goats doesn't add up to much."
References
External links
Category:2012 films
Category:2010s comedy-drama films
Category:American films
Category:American independent films
Category:American comedy-drama films
Category:American coming-of-age films
Category:Films based on American novels
Category:Films set in Tucson, Arizona
Category:Films set in Washington, D.C.
Category:Films shot in New Mexico
Category:Films shot in Arizona
Category:Films shot in Connecticut |
MIAMI – “I believe that one has to be consistent right up to the end,” Fidel Castro wrote in his resignation letter Tuesday, and he was. The world may long argue whether the Cuban president was a communist or a social reformer, a mad tyrant or a visionary savior, but no one will ever doubt that he was a shrewd survivor who left power just as he ruled: on his own terms.
Defying the expectations – and, in many cases, the hopes – of an eternally bemused world, Castro bowed out not a step or two ahead of an enemy tank or a mob of angry voters, but on a timetable of his own choice, handing Cuba over like a family heirloom to his little brother.
He outlived the Soviet Union, the nation that inspired him, succored him and sometimes betrayed him. He outlasted nine U.S. administrations that tried, with varying degrees of enthusiasm, to topple him. He outstayed dozens of unelected dictators, from Augusto Pinochet to Saddam Hussein, who came and went while he ruled in Havana.
Aside from his aversion to elections – the bullets fired on his behalf were better than ballots, Castro said, for “it is not only with a pencil marking a ballot, but also with blood, that a people can take part in a patriotic life” – he was anything but rigid in his ideology.
If economic times were hard, he might crack the door to permit private restaurants and small businesses, then slam it shut with a two-hour speech denouncing the creeping revisionism of Havana hot-dog vendors. If there was a current of political restlessness, he might allow dissidents to speak up a little, then jail them. If he needed a favor from Washington, he might reach out, then lash back with something like the Mariel boatlift. Castro was so flexible when it came to political tactics that scholars and journalists argue to this day whether he’s a Marxist-Leninist or simply a guileful practitioner of “wily political opportunism,” as one historian put it.
But of his survival skills, there was no dispute. Castro withstood Mafia hitmen, CIA-backed invasions, the collapse of world communism, a four-decade U.S. economic embargo and the mortal hostility of millions of his own countrymen. If he had regrets, as Frank Sinatra used to sing, they were too few to mention. “I distrust the seemingly easy path of apologetics or its antithesis of self-flagellation,” he wrote in his farewell letter.
That, too, is consistent. Castro has never apologized: not in 1953, when he sent his first rag-tag band of followers on a suicidal attack against a military barracks that ended with nearly all of them tortured, dead or both. (“History will absolve me,” he proclaimed in a speech at his trial that was partly cadged from Adolf Hitler.) Not in 1961, when he went on TV to tell the Cuban people he had been deceiving them all along and he drew his inspiration not from Marti but Marx. Not in 1963, when his attempt to install Soviet missiles on his island came so breathtakingly close to ending in nuclear war that even his allies in Moscow were rattled.
Hardship, he explained, was the lifeblood of the revolution. “I feel my belief in sacrifice and struggle getting stronger,” Castro told his countrymen. “I despise the kind of existence that clings to the miserly trifles of comfort and self-interest.”
At the beginning, at least, many believed. When Castro rode into Havana on a tank Jan. 8, 1959, after toppling the inept dictator Fulgencio Batista, the streets were filled with cheering throngs. So strong was Castro’s charisma that millions of Cubans continued to support him even as he jailed, exiled or executed political opponents and even apostate followers.
Barely 31, sporting a beard and a jaunty cigar, he seemed – not just to Cubans, but to followers all over the world – to mark a clean break with a corrupt, imperial past. His quick political collision with the United States over nationalization of U.S.-owned companies on the island only enhanced his underdog romanticism.
But Cuban political and economic independence proved just as illusory as the elections Castro promised in the early days of the revolution. Over the next five decades, the island would be yoked more firmly to first the Soviet Union and later Venezuela than it ever was to the United States, its economy surviving only on the $6 billion a year subsidies from friends flush with oil money.
His blood feud with the United States muffled criticism of Castro overseas, where resentment of Washington’s power festered. At home, it was more difficult. As political freedoms wilted under the watchful eye of Cuba’s ministry of the interior and the economy crumbled under the weight of Castro’s eccentric micromanagement, millions of Cubans either bolted (3 million, more than a fifth of the population, now live outside the country) or retreated into sullen despair.
By the 1990s, the island’s suicide rate had tripled from pre-revolutionary levels, and one of every three pregnancies ended in abortion. The birth rate has dropped so low that Cubans are not even replacing themselves: Women average less than two children apiece.
“There are a number of factors feeding into the birth rate,” said Lisandro Perez, a Florida International University sociology professor who studies Cuba. “But one of them is certainly that having children is an investment in the future, and a lot of Cubans aren’t willing to do that.”
Many economists believe Cuba, caught in a pincer of economic and demographic failures, is no more than a year or two from a major crisis, much worse than the one it faced when the Soviet Union collapsed. If so, Castro’s political timing is once again perfect.
“He’s leaving behind a mess,” said Edward Gonzalez, an emeritus political science professor at UCLA who consults for the Rand Corporation. “And now someone else will have to clean it up.” |
Drawing fractals in the browser with L-systems and ES6 - jlukic
https://eng.qualia.com/drawing-fractals-in-the-browser-with-l-systems-and-es6-6cecfd74e084
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fayeli
Thats super cool!!!!!!
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Keeping your eye on the process: body image, older women, and countertransference.
Research on body image and older women has grown in the past decade. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding body image, older women, and countertransference. This article provides 7 case examples of racially and ethnically diverse women over 60, drawn from MSW student and agency staff supervision, and participant feedback from a national conference on aging workshop. Themes related to loss and grief, adult daughter and aging mother issues, incest, anger, disability, personality disorders, phobic reactions, and shame are discussed. Recommendations and implications for social work practice, education and research are provided. |
Increasingly, people are collaborating around the globe on a variety of media, including presentations, documents, videos, graphs and photographs. Generally, large flat panel displays in a conference room are an excellent source to view media including Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations. Additionally, some furniture may include touch screen input devices so users can view video directly on the surface of a table top. Often such large items are very expensive and provide limited support for collaboration between users in remote locations. Individuals would benefit from being able to break free from these restrictions and gain a big screen virtual or augmented reality experience that is shared between both co-located users and remote users. |
About Us
James Ladd is still on the lam this morning, and prison officials say he could be hundreds of miles away—or in their back yard. There’s no indication that Ladd might return to Yadkin County, where he killed two men in 1981and was sentenced to three life terms.
Ladd, 51, was serving the three consecutive life sentences in connection with robbery and shooting deaths of the two men on a Yadkin County farm when he escaped Sunday while working outside Tillery Correctional Center in Halifax County, a farm bordered on one side by the Roanoke River. But Interstate 95 runs through the middle of Halifax County, and with some luck, Ladd could be several states away—at least. Prison officials say that others who have tried escape from the farm have drowned in the Roanoke. Ladd had been operating a tractor on the prison farm Sunday morning, and that tractor was found abandoned on the farm just before noon. NC DOC spokesman Keith Acree said Ladd became eligible for parole last year, after serving 30 years in prison, but he was denied parole in January 2011 and is scheduled for his next parole review in 2014. His prison behavior included only minor infractions, most recently for unauthorized tobacco use, and had won Ladd assignment to the farm which allowed him to work outside of the prison's walls. Acree said Ladd is now considered dangerous and should not be approached. Acree described Ladd as a white male with graying hair and a beard, which he may have shaved since his escape. He’s 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs about 140 pounds, has blue eyes, and was last seen wearing green pants and a white t-shirt, but may also have a pair of black pants. Anyone who spots the inmate is instead asked to contact local authorities. |
Services
Smoke seen for miles after major barn blaze
FIREFIGHTERS tackled a barn blaze which destroyed hay, animal feed and a lorry.
Five fire engines from Weymouth, Dorchester, Bridport, Yeovil and Hamworthy tackled the fire at Church Farm in Martinstown earlier this afternoon.
Firefighters said the fire started accidentally in a HGV articulated lorry that was in the barn milling wheat.
The lorry was destroyed in the blaze.
No one was injured and no animals were harmed.
There was a barn of cows close to the location of the barn but they were fine.
Readers reported seeing smoke four miles away from the blaze.
Station manager Louis Minchella said crews were called at around 4.30pm and around 35 firefighters were involved in tackling the blaze.
He said he could see the large column of black smoke before he even got in his car at headquarters in Poundbury.
He said: "On arrival there were two crews in attendance from Weymouth and Dorchester tackling either side of the fire."
The barn contained hay, diesel, animal feed and a small amount of fertiliser- as well as the HGV.
More crews were called and assisted and firefighters used water jets, CAFS foam and used breathing apparatus to tackle the fire.
The farmer had a static water tank the crews used too.
Station manager Minchella said: "Water was our main concern here and the contents of the farm- including the diesel and fertiliser."
Fire crews extinguished the blaze and stayed on scene damping down and doing a controlled burn of the hay in the barn.
Station manager Minchella said he was very pleased with the way the crews had worked in a remote location.
He said: "In a remote situation the crews have done very well to tackle the fire.
"The crews have worked very hard to bring the fire under control.
"The incident will be scaled down now and we will be allowing a controlled burn of the remaining hay in the barn."
He added that the cause of the fire was accidental.
He said: "It started in an HGV articulated lorry that was in the barn milling wheat."
A spokesman for Dorset Fire and Rescue Service has confirmed this morning that the full extent of the damage included an agricultural HGV vehicle, hay, animal feed, bails of straw, fertiliser, 5,000 litres of diesel, five tonnes of soya and rape seed and 15 tonnes of wheat.
Fire crews return to the scene later today to check the area is safe and see if there is anything they can do to assist the farmer.
Comments
Witch Hazel
9:16pm Fri 20 Jun 14
Oh dear.... a great loss in more ways than one and a lot of hard work from the fire services.... but luckily no - one hurt and the animals safe. Expect everyone could do with a well earned pint with this hot weather!
Oh dear.... a great loss in more ways than one and a lot of hard work from the fire services.... but luckily no - one hurt and the animals safe. Expect everyone could do with a well earned pint with this hot weather!Witch Hazel
Oh dear.... a great loss in more ways than one and a lot of hard work from the fire services.... but luckily no - one hurt and the animals safe. Expect everyone could do with a well earned pint with this hot weather!
Score: 8
Mrjon1
5:27pm Fri 20 Jun 14
Can see the smoke from Weymouth currently
Can see the smoke from Weymouth currentlyMrjon1
Can see the smoke from Weymouth currently
Score: 2
AALLEEXX
6:16pm Fri 20 Jun 14
It was obviously Mance Rayder...
It was obviously Mance Rayder...AALLEEXX
It was obviously Mance Rayder...
Score: 0
saildorset
9:01pm Fri 20 Jun 14
Saw the smoke from National Coastwatch Station, Portland Bill. I must admit, due to the amount of smoke it looked a lot closer than Martinstown, thought initially nearer, perhaps Granby, Chickerell.
Saw the smoke from National Coastwatch Station, Portland Bill. I must admit, due to the amount of smoke it looked a lot closer than Martinstown, thought initially nearer, perhaps Granby, Chickerell.saildorset
Saw the smoke from National Coastwatch Station, Portland Bill. I must admit, due to the amount of smoke it looked a lot closer than Martinstown, thought initially nearer, perhaps Granby, Chickerell.
Score: -1
Zummerzet Lad
9:38pm Fri 20 Jun 14
How come Yeovil involved as a fair distance from Martinstown plus of course not part of Dorset Fire & Rescue
How come Yeovil involved as a fair distance from Martinstown plus of course not part of Dorset Fire & RescueZummerzet Lad
How come Yeovil involved as a fair distance from Martinstown plus of course not part of Dorset Fire & Rescue
Score: -5
Dorset Mitch
2:07pm Sat 21 Jun 14
Zummerzet Lad wrote…
How come Yeovil involved as a fair distance from Martinstown plus of course not part of Dorset Fire & Rescue
I expect yeovil are the nearest available water carrier (like a milk tanker, carries bulk amount of water)
[quote][p][bold]Zummerzet Lad[/bold] wrote:
How come Yeovil involved as a fair distance from Martinstown plus of course not part of Dorset Fire & Rescue[/p][/quote]I expect yeovil are the nearest available water carrier (like a milk tanker, carries bulk amount of water)Dorset Mitch
Zummerzet Lad wrote…
How come Yeovil involved as a fair distance from Martinstown plus of course not part of Dorset Fire & Rescue
I expect yeovil are the nearest available water carrier (like a milk tanker, carries bulk amount of water)
Ipsoregulated
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LAUGHTER IS THE BEST MEDICINE...
Believe dreams can come true! Peace and Blessings... Peace... and... Blessings!
Do You Think I'm Funny and Entertaining? Please Donate. Thank You!
Friday, October 24, 2008
Funniest Talk Show Host... Craig Ferguson
Bob (the Scientologist I met at the Tonight Show who has a energy plan for Obama but he's voting for McCain) picked me up yesterday....
Bob framed my Daily News article... he got one last year and kept it all this time... how sweet.... We picked up Steve (Jewish Veteran) from the mobile home park and went to lunch.... DENNY'S (black people love Denny's) Bob's wife sent me an Anklet... how sweet... Steve got the tickets... hee hee heeGot a drink at the Farmers Market....Victoria Secret was packed with body guards... Heidi Klum was at the store... Grading of my Craig Ferguson experience...
The wait wasn't so bad... the Pages are nice but don't know anything... we asked two different CBS Pages " Is there special seating for handicap" both said I don't know... not let me find out... just... I don't know... (F )
The security guard licked his lips at me... for a long time... to make sure I saw his nasty Az... and you should see the way he takes the wand and goes over the women if they beep while going through the metal detector... ( F) sick... no security guard was that tasteless and disgusting... NEVER... at The Tonight Show with my Boo... NEVER
The Audience coordinator tells us what is going to happen (A) and how long we will be waiting here (A) said that we will hear and he said " Shit and Fuck"... so if you are not an adult or you just don't like this kind of language you should leave ( A)
The warm up guy Chunky B ... warmed us up outside... ( I started to warm up a little...) most people never heard of Craig Ferguson... Chunky asked us to laugh anyways... (A)
Steve was in a wheel chair and we were the last to go... through an elevator and around the world to get to the studio...(F) I wasn't in the best of moods because "It wasn't the Tonight Show with Jay Leno"...
we were in the front row (A) Chunky B told great jokes and passed out lots-o-candy (A)... but he was way too long (C) He passed out Blue M&M's with Craig Ferguson face on it to those who came down and did a talent... and T-Shirts...(B)
We saw a great clip of passed shows (A) ( I don't know why the Tonight Show didn't do that... so many little things could just ... whatever I am not talking about the Tonight Show) Craig Ferguson... is FIRE... Craig is handsome... and was so close to us... the studio holds 113... tiny studio... the stage manager was cool and spoke to us... (A) there was a woman camera person...(A) never seen that before... they taped two monologues with no guest... (A) the interviews are usually boring...
Thursday and Friday's monologue (A +) Craig improv(ed) so much... he said hi to me... then looked in the camera " Hello lady with the big cleavage" so I know he just made that up... FIRE (A)
Craig told us had to fly to Vegas so they already taped the guest for two days...He changed his tie in front of us... cracking us up the whole time... (Craig wore the same suit )
The only thing is... Craig Ferguson... shoes were dusty! (F)... no way would Jeff B. ( Master of Late Night Wardrobe) would EVER EVER let Jay Leno walk on stage with unpolished shoes...
So George( Craig wardrobe guy... F-) get it together... no dusty shoes.. need to polish... I mean spit shine buddy!
Craig talked about Jay and Kevin Eubanks ( that should air tonight Friday)... funny...
the Chunky B... shook hands with everyone as they left and said thank you so much for coming...If you ever come to California... you must see the Tonight Show with Jay Leno before he leaves ( dumb move NBC) and PLEASE PLEASE go see Craig Ferguson...
one day Craig will have a big studio and will have lost the intimacy that helps make the audience feel like "we were special..." you know... when the show truly becomes a job and routine....
and people come out of the wood work for favors and money ...but now Craig can still walk around and he is unchanged...
As long as he stay sober ... ( He use to be a crack head or something) Craig will be King of Late Night one day...
right now... Furguson is amazing... Craig captures you and you wonder " What is he going to say or do next" He was making stuff up off the cuff...
Craig inspired me to just go for it say whatever... I could go to Craig's show every day... even with his dusty shoes...
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is going away... the end of that classic Talk Show that every one's parents use to watch... if Jay was retiring and not going to another network... it would help Conan but Jay will have another show that is not the Tonight Show... Conan isn't classy Tonight Show... blah blah blah... (you have big shoes to fill with your clown feet Conan but... do your best)Craig is different... not as young as Conan ( I think) and younger that Jay... Craig has a fresh spin on Late Night and everyone should see him while he loves what he does...
Jimmy Kimmel show is great (B)... the wait is (F) way to hot on the side walk... wouldn't want to wait there over and over again only because of the sidewalk wait plus no seating at all outside... Bill Maher... Great Show filmed at CBS... Fire! ( would love to go back) Tonight Show with Jay Leno ... over all the best studio... comfortable seats... the wait outside has lots-o-seating... A+Show ... FIRE!
About Me
My name is GloZell. My mother’s name is Gloria and my father’s name was Ozell, and that’s how I got my name, GloZell. I have one Opera-singing sister, DeOnzell. I am the latest YouTube sensation, "The Queen of YouTube", and TV personality! I offer entertainment services such as stand-up comedy, acting, voiceover, singing and MC/Mistress of Ceremony/Hosting.
***To Hire GloZell, please send your booking request to her Talent Manager, SK Simon, Email: GloZell@gmail.com.
***Please visit GloZell.com for everything GloZell!
***GloZell's Bio. GloZell is one of the hottest, young comedians to date. She has the ability to make any situation funny. She is "The Queen of YouTube" with 2,000+ videos, more than 2.7 Million Subscribers and over 486 Million Views! GloZell has performed at the The World Famous Comedy Store, The Improv, The Laugh Factory, Showtime at the Apollo, Steve Harvey Talent Show, J. Anthony Brown's J Spot Comedy Club, and the list goes on!
GloZell is also a SAG actress with numerous credits for national commercials, television, and film. GloZell received her Bachelor of Fine Art in Musical Theatre from the University of Florida. Go Gators and Go GloZell! |
A truck suspected to be carrying contraband timber ran a checkpoint in Kyauktaga, Pegu Division, on Saturday, leaving one forestry official injured.
The incident is the latest in a spate of violent confrontations between law enforcement officials and illegal loggers in the township, which is situated 160 kilometres north of Rangoon.
A forestry official in Kyauktaga told DVB that the department’s personnel and police were manning a checkpoint in the town of Myochaung on a road parallel to the Rangoon-Mandalay Highway when a convoy of six construction vehicles, accompanied by several motorbikes, came along around 6am on 3 September. The vehicles refused to stop when signaled to do so, and ran over the road block, hitting a forestry staffer on his arm.
“The checkpoint is active between 6pm and 6am. A forestry employee was injured in the incident that took place on Saturday morning at the checkpoint,” said the official, adding that police have opened an investigation into the case.
On 1 July, DVB reported that law enforcement officials had opened fire on trucks carrying illegal timber as they tried to run a checkpoint in Myochaung. It is unknown whether this was the same checkpoint where Saturday’s incident occurred.
A 9 August feature story titled The Fight for Pegu’s Forests Gets Violent, by Htet Kaung Linn of Myanmar Now, describes several cases where forestry officers have faced down illegal loggers in the Kyauktaga area.
It noted that while the new government, led by the National League for Democracy, proposed a one-year moratorium on logging in major forest areas, the Ministry of Resources and Environmental Conservation issued a 10-year logging ban for the Pegu [Bago] Range, in recognition of the dire situation of its forests.
“The 475-kilometre stretch of mountains in central Burma was once densely forested and populated with wildlife, but now faces some of the worst logging and poaching in the country,” wrote Htet Kaung Linn.
He added: “Minister of Resources and Environmental Conservation Ohn Win told parliament on 29 July that government operations against loggers had increased in the past six months and netted 15,000 tons of illegal timber, including 1,274 tons in Pegu Division.”
Meanwhile, in Sagaing Division’s Katha District, trucks carrying illegal timber were seized by forestry officials on 2 September. According to the forestry department in the Katha town of Indawgyi, four trucks carrying timber weighing 18 tons in total were stopped by forestry and police officials at a road checkpoint in the village-tract of Gwegyi on Friday morning.
Related Stories
The officials detained a man identified as Kyaw Soe, who was in one of the trucks. The drivers managed to escape on foot.
A ban on the export of Burmese timber was put into effect on 1 April 2014. Then in April this year, a total ban on logging was enacted by the new Aung San Suu Kyi-led government in a bid to save Burma’s forests. |
Interactions of ionic liquids with hydration layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): comprehensive analysis of biophysical techniques results.
Here, we report comprehensive analysis of biophysical technique results for the influence of ionic liquids (ILs) containing the same cation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim(+)), and commonly used anions such as SCN(-), BF4(-), I(-), Br(-), Cl(-), CH3COO(-) and HSO4(-) on the phase transition temperature of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) aqueous solution. Further, the effect of these ILs on bovine serum albumin (BSA) has also been studied. The modulations in UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectra, fluorescence intensity spectra, viscosity (η), hydrodynamic diameter (dH), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs clearly reflect the change in the hydration state of PNIPAM in the presence of ILs. The observed single phase transition of PNIPAM aqueous solution at higher concentration of IL is the result of weak ion-ion pair interactions in IL. |
After a significant drop in the last several years, the annual deforestation rates in Brazil raised 28% for the period August 2012-July 2013, according to INPE, the Brazilian Spatial Institute.
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The total area deforested in 2012-2013 is 5,843 km2 - a trend led by the states of Mato Grosso, Roraima, Maranhão, and Pará.
The area cleared in Mato Grosso rose 52% from 757 km2 in 2012 to 1,149. The area cleared in Pará rose 37% from 1,741 km2 to 2,379 km. For Roraima deforestation increased 49% from 124 km2 to 185 km2. Maranhão registered 269 km2 cleared in 2012 and 382 km2 in 2013, an increase of 42%.
Only three states out of 10 in the Brazilian Amazon - Acre, Amapá and Tocantins - registered a drop in deforestation. In Acre state, the illegally deforested area fell 35% from 305 km2 to 199 km2. For Amapá, deforestation fell 60% from 27 km2 in 2012 to just 11km2 in 2013. In Tocantins,deforestation fell 17% from 52 km2 in 2012 to 43km2 in 2013.
The announcement was made by the Brazilian Environment Ministry, Izabella Teixeira, in a press conference held on November 14 in Brasilia:
"Unfortunately there has been an increasing trend in deforestation rates in some states, but I would like to emphasize that the government commitment is to reverse this trend and any increase tendency."
"What we want is to eliminate illegal deforestation in the Amazon. For this we need the support of governments and society."
In Pará state illegal mining is the main cause of deforestation, Teixeira added. She also mentioned a new dynamic of illegal action: large areas are cleared and abandoned, then after three years groups of people come back to occupy the area, possible a new type of land grabbing. Another driver of deforestation is the clearance of selected trees for illegal logging under the canopy.
Through a partnership with the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO), Brazil government is cooperating to strength the deforestation monitoring in other Amazon countries.
Francisco Oliveira, director of the Department of Policies to Reduce Deforestation at the Brazilian Environment Ministry, said the Amazon countries had developed a deforestation map of the entire Amazon region for 2010-2012.
"It is important to share with other countries the Brazilian experience in monitoring illegal deforestation. We offer a consistent system and we hope that this will collaborate to their public policies to face illegal deforestation." |
Want to find out about a movie before you spend your hard-earned money on it? MovieReviewMaven will tell you the good, the bad, the ugly and the inspiring, so you can decide if it's right for you or your family.
Thursday, August 11, 2016
He Named Me Malala will break your heart and inspire you
In a Nutshell: This
true story is one that needs to be told. Unfortunately, the film is underwhelming considering the importance of
the subject material. It is informative,
but not engrossing enough to create raving fans or high box office sales.
The film is a powerful educational tool for teenagers and
even comes with free discussion guides for teachers to use in a classroom
setting. #WithMalala Hopefully, teens, especially girls, will be
inspired and motivated to make a positive difference in the world.
Uplifting theme:
Stand
up for what is right. Stand up for
rights.
Countless
unsung heroes have paid the price for freedom.
“It’s
better to live like a lion for one day than to live like a slave for a
hundred years.” – Malala
“It is
so hard to get things done in this world.
You try and too often it doesn’t work, but you have to continue and
you never give up.” – Malala
“Change
matters.” – Malala’s father
Education
is power. Malala’s father stated,
“When you educate a girl, it transforms her. It transforms our world.” So true.
“There’s
a moment when you have to choose whether to be silent or to stand up.” -
Malala
Things I liked:
It was
smart to use animation sequences to separate the past from the present, as
the film jumps back and forth in time.
Malala’s
father is truly remarkable. The film explains that his family pedigree
only included the names of men for 300 years, until he was the first to
add his daughter’s name to it. He has such a better way of seeing the
world than is common in his culture.
He has done a lot for women’s rights and forward thinking.
It’s
impressive to hear the profound things Malala says and then remember that
she is still a teenager. She received
the Nobel Peace Prize and was listed in the Top 100 Most Influential
People by Time magazine.
I
thought it was interesting that, although Malala would be killed if she
returned to Pakistan, she still wanted to go back. She said, “I miss the dirty streets.”
There
are so many positive lessons to be gleaned from Malala’s story and
life. Her father stammers sometimes
and she said that she was impressed with his persistence and never let his
speech impediment slow him down.
She suggested to him that he simply choose another word when he
stumbles on a particular word, but instead, he persists until he finally
gets it right. Impressive man.
Things I didn’t like:
Sometimes
it’s hard to understand Malala’s accent.
It
took me awhile to get into the movie, but by the end, I was glad I spent
the time to learn more about Malala and her story.
The
beautiful home in England where Malala’s family now lives and all of the
media coverage make you wonder who it was
who pushed for all of the attention and how much money was made
from her story. Some people have
been critical of Malala’s father, saying that he orchestrated all of the
coverage in order to gain money and notoriety. When confronted with that criticism, Malala
stated, “My father gave me the name Malala. He did not make me Malala. I chose this life.” Good answer.
It
feels more like a documentary than a feature film.
Malala’s
little brother talks about how she slaps him every day. She explains it’s a loving gesture. I understand the filmmakers were trying
to show her playful relationship with her siblings, but considering the film is
about violence, I wouldn’t have highlighted that interaction.
A clip
shows Malala saying, “I believe there is no difference between a man and
woman,” but then immediately says, “A woman is more powerful than a
man.” Huh? While Malala says some very insightful
things in the film, that inconsistent logic shouldn’t have been included.
There isn't very much humor, so the movie can feel very heavy after awhile.
Interesting and
inspiring lines:
“Dear
sisters, don’t be fooled by superstitions.” – radio host who inspired
Malala as a young girl
“School
was my home.” – Malala (Her father
was a school teacher, so she spent many hours playing and studying in the
school where he taught.)
“I
think she’s not independent and free because she’s not educated.” – Malala
said this about her mother
“I
think she’s addicted to books.” – Malala’s brother said this about her. Later, she explains “One book can change
the world.”
“I saw
her completion in me and I saw my completion in her.” – Malala’s father
said this about when he first met his wife.
“God
is not that tiny.” – Malala
An
interviewer asked Malala’s father who shot her. He answered, “It was not a person. It was an ideology.”
In
speaking about the Taliban, Malala stated, “They were not about
faith. They were about power.”
“If my
rights are violated, and I keep silent, I should better die than live.” –
Malala’s father
“Let
us pick up our books and our pens.
They are our most powerful weapons.” – Malala
“A
conscience exists in the world that extends beyond all boundaries.” –
Malala’s father
TIPS FOR PARENTS
Young
children may be bored. The topics
are serious, political, and often dark.
There
is a scene that describes when Malala and some of her classmates were shot
on a school bus. You see some blood
on the bus, which could be frightening for young children.
There
is some live footage of past events, but most of the violent history is
shown in animation. |
Food, Diet and Fat Binders – All you need to know about XLS-Medical Max Strength
Last year I had the pleasure to trail XLS-Medical Max Strength. I know now not everyone is comfortable with fat binders or even knows what they are and what they do, so I asked some of you if there is something you would like to know to put your mind in ease. Thanks to Jodie Relf, an XLS-Medical dietician, I can today share with you the answers to all those questions which were bothering you… so here you go… all you need to know about XLS-Medical in one post.
How do they work?
New XLS-Medical Max Strength is our most effective product yet. It is up to 33% more effective than XLS-Medical Fat Binder for weight loss so now you can reach your weight loss goal even faster*. It is the first product to reduce calorie intake from carbohydrates, sugar and fat, ideal for those that want to lose weight fast*. XLS-Medical Max Strength’s active ingredient is Clavitanol a patented organic plant based complex which reduces the break down and absorption of dietary carbohydrates, sugar and fat. The combined sugar blocker, fat blocker and carb blocker formula results in reduced calorie intake which helps you to lose more weight than dieting and exercise alone. In addition, XLS-Medical Max Strength lowers blood glucose and insulin levels, which helps in curbing food cravings and with blood glucose management.
Who should take them?
This product is recommended for adults over 18 years of age, unless you are pregnant or breastfeeding or have a BMI (Body Mass Index) below 18.5kg/m2. The use of this product by adolescents 12-18 years old should be supervised by healthcare professionals. If you are diabetic, or have hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients or have a medical condition, you should consult your healthcare professional.
There are several on the market how do I know which is best?
The XLS-Medical range has a variety of products; our website has a product selector tool that will help you choose the right product.
Are they regulated and tested?
XLS-Medical is the No.1 weight loss brand in Europe** and has helped thousands of dieters achieve their weight loss goals. XLS-Medical Max Strength is naturally derived from an organic plant source and is clinically proven. Because of the way XLS-Medical works, it does not interfere with the body’s natural workings and it’s gentle on your system and is very well tolerated. Because it’s certified as a Medical Devices Class IIb, it has passed rigorous safety tests according to international standards.
Can I take 2/4 to double the effect?
It is not recommend that you exceed the recommended dose of 4 tablets per day.
If I have a big greasy pizza do I need to take double dose to take all the fat away?
We would not recommend taking a double dose as you should not exceed 4 tablets per day.
Do I have to change my diet to take them?
We would always recommend in making healthy diet and lifestyle changes. If you struggle with adopting a healthy diet why not start by making small changes such as:
– Having smaller portions
– Cutting down on ‘white/refined carbohydrates’ and replacing them with brown rice, wholegrain breads, pastas and cereals, sweet potatoes, quinoa.
– Start preparing more meals from scratch instead of ready meals/take-out
– Swap unhealthy snacks for healthier options e.g. replace crisps with baked crisps, popcorn or rice cakes with low fat cheese/humus, have a bite size chocolate instead of a normal sized bar.
What sort of benefits can I expect to see?
You may benefit from a decrease in your weight, waist circumference and body fat percentage, as well as less cravings for sugary foods.
Are there any side effects?
XLS-Medical Max Strength is very well tolerated. Because it’s certified as a Medical Devices Class IIb, XLS-Medical Max Strength has passed rigorous safety tests according to international standards.
The active ingredient Clavitanol™ reduces the digestion of dietary carbohydrates, which may lead to flatulence (passing of gas) in some individuals during the first few days of consumption. This is not a cause for concern as it will dissipate as soon as the body adapts to the increased amount of undigested carbohydrates.
What if I miss a day because I’m distracted?
Obviously that’s not ideal; however you can just start again the next day. It can take a while to get in to the habit of taking the tablets 30 minutes before meals, here are a few things you could try to help remind you:
– Keep the small pill box in your hand bag so that it’s always with you when you’re out and about
– Keep the container somewhere obvious e.g. on top of your refrigerator.
– Stick a post-it to remind you somewhere you’ll see it e.g. on your desktop at work or close to the cutlery draw at home
– If you tend to have your meals at a similar time every day set a reminder on your phone for 20-30 minutes before your meal.
Are they expensive?
The tablets cost around £84.99 for one month’s supply (120 Tablets) – that’s around £2 per day which is what you may spend on your morning coffee. Look out for special deals as it is often on offer at Boots/Superdrug/Amazon.
Are they a golden ticket to pig out whenever I am bored or just want to eat junk food?
Definitely not – if you use them in this way you will more than likely end up consuming more calories than you previously did which means you will not lose weight. It is also important to start making healthy lifestyle changes to help achieve the full benefits.
How long do I have to take them before I would look good on the catwalk?
Your target should always be a healthy weight loss of around 2lbs per week, ensure that your end goal is also realistic and healthy, aim for a BMI of 18.5kg/m2 – 24.9kg/m2.
Do they cause any mood swings like some diet pills do?
Because XLS-Medical Max Strength is a medical device it works mechanically as opposed to pharmacologically – this means that it works alongside, or with your body without affecting the chemistry of the human cells and would therefore make mood swings unlikely.
If it takes all the sugars and fat away from the food what is the point in eating what’s left?
Food typically contains a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients, such as carbohydrates, sugars, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. XLS-Medical Max Strength works by reducing the breakdown of the carbohydrates, sugars and fats, and does not stop all nutrients being absorbed.
Can I take them to prevent me from becoming fat?
XLS-Medical Max Strength cannot prevent you from becoming fat if you are not maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Once you have reached your healthy weight goal, XLS-Medical Max Strength can be used in conjunction with a healthy lifestyle to help you maintain your weight. We know this can be especially troublesome it can be hard when you’re away on holiday or if you’re headed out for a meal that will be higher in calories than usual.
I hope this Q&A session provided you will the answers you were looking for, if not, leave me a comment and I am sure we can get it answered as well. |
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|
// bsltf_nonassignabletesttype.h -*-C++-*-
#ifndef INCLUDED_BSLTF_NONASSIGNABLETESTTYPE
#define INCLUDED_BSLTF_NONASSIGNABLETESTTYPE
#include <bsls_ident.h>
BSLS_IDENT("$Id: $")
//@PURPOSE: Provide an attribute class to which can not be assigned.
//
//@CLASSES:
// bsltf::NonAssignableTestType: non-assignable test type
//
//@SEE_ALSO: bsltf_templatetestfacility
//
//@DESCRIPTION: This component provides a single, unconstrained
// (value-semantic) attribute class, 'NonAssignableTestType', that does not not
// support assignment. This is particularly valuable when testing container
// operations that works with non-assignable types.
//
///Attributes
///----------
//..
// Name Type Default
// ------------------ ----------- -------
// data int 0
//..
//: o 'data': representation of the class value
//
///Usage
///-----
// This section illustrates intended use of this component.
//
///Example 1: Demonstrating The Type Cannot Be Assigned To
///- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
// Suppose we wanted to show 'NonAssignableTestType' can't be assigned to:
//
// First, we create two 'NonAssignableTestType' objects, 'X' and 'Y':
//..
// NonAssignableTestType X(1);
// NonAssignableTestType Y(2);
//..
// Now, we show that assigning 'X' from Y will not compile:
//..
// X = Y; // This will not compile
//..
#include <bslscm_version.h>
#include <bsls_keyword.h>
namespace BloombergLP {
namespace bsltf {
// ===========================
// class NonAssignableTestType
// ===========================
class NonAssignableTestType {
// This unconstrained (value-semantic) attribute class does not
// provide an assignment operator.
// DATA
int d_data; // integer class value
private:
// NOT IMPLEMENTED
NonAssignableTestType& operator=(const NonAssignableTestType&)
BSLS_KEYWORD_DELETED;
public:
// CREATORS
NonAssignableTestType();
// Create a 'NonAssignableTestType' object having the (default)
// attribute values:
//..
// data() == 0
//..
explicit NonAssignableTestType(int data);
// Create a 'NonAssignableTestType' object having the specified
// 'data' attribute value.
// NonAssignableTestType(const NonAssignableTestType& original) = default;
// Create a 'SimpleTestType' object having the same value as the
// specified 'original' object.
// ~NonAssignableTestType() = default;
// Destroy this object.
// MANIPULATORS
void setData(int value);
// Set the 'data' attribute of this object to the specified 'value'
// ACCESSORS
int data() const;
// Return the value of the 'data' attribute of this object.
};
// FREE OPERATORS
bool operator==(const NonAssignableTestType& lhs,
const NonAssignableTestType& rhs);
// Return 'true' if the specified 'lhs' and 'rhs' objects have the same
// value, and 'false' otherwise. Two 'NonAssignableTestType'
// objects have the same if their 'data' attributes are the same.
bool operator!=(const NonAssignableTestType& lhs,
const NonAssignableTestType& rhs);
// Return 'true' if the specified 'lhs' and 'rhs' objects do not have the
// same value, and 'false' otherwise. Two 'NonAssignableTestType'
// objects do not have the same value if their 'data' attributes are not
// the same.
// ============================================================================
// INLINE AND TEMPLATE FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
// ============================================================================
// ----------------------------------
// class NonAssignableTestType
// ----------------------------------
// CREATORS
inline
NonAssignableTestType::NonAssignableTestType()
: d_data(0)
{
}
inline
NonAssignableTestType::NonAssignableTestType(int data)
: d_data(data)
{
}
// MANIPULATORS
inline
void NonAssignableTestType::setData(int value)
{
d_data = value;
}
// ACCESSORS
inline
int NonAssignableTestType::data() const
{
return d_data;
}
// FREE OPERATORS
inline
bool operator==(const bsltf::NonAssignableTestType& lhs,
const bsltf::NonAssignableTestType& rhs)
{
return lhs.data() == rhs.data();
}
inline
bool operator!=(const bsltf::NonAssignableTestType& lhs,
const bsltf::NonAssignableTestType& rhs)
{
return lhs.data() != rhs.data();
}
} // close package namespace
} // close enterprise namespace
#endif
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright 2013 Bloomberg Finance L.P.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ----------------------------- END-OF-FILE ----------------------------------
|
Shortly before Diablo III's console release, it looks like Blizzard has something up their sleeves for the title, which has yet to see an expansion pack. After recently trademarking 'The Dark Below,' a teaser site opened today with little else to see but a faint background and a Book of Tyrael quote... but the Diablo font is unmistakable, as is the trademark listed near the bottom.
President Michael Morhaime had recently promised a Diablo-related announcement at the upcoming gamescom event in Germany. Could Diablo III be getting a (rather morbid) expansion in the near future?
The PS3 and Xbox 360 versions of Diablo III will release on September 3rd. |
This game looked absolutely amazing, but it's the realistic feel that made Assassin's Creed one of the games of the show. The crowded city streets looked and felt alive, and the actions of ordinary citizens created a world that was perhaps more believable than anything else on the floor. People stop and stare when you act suspiciously, gather around when you create a scene, and flee in terror when something violent goes down. Kill someone important enough and they might just try to stop you from fleeing. The animations and reactions were like nothing else on the show floor. It's safe to say that immersion-breaking, brick-dumb game AI is at the top of Assassin's hit list. We're definitely prepared to look the other way when that hit goes down. Speaking of death, it only takes one well-placed strike to end a life here -- yours or your enemy's -- so it appears the game also has plans to eliminate video game conventions of lifebars and repetitive combination attacks as well.
With a degree of freedom similar to something like Grand Theft Auto, the game gives its main character an incredible degree of mobility, letting you climb anything that sticks out more than a couple of inches. This allows for some incredible acrobatic escapes, but hiding in plain sight could work even better. Mirroring the incredibly slick sequence in the game's trailer, the assassin was able clasp his hands in holy reverence and hide in plain sight amongst a group of monks -- much cooler than crouching in a shadowy corner. Assassin's Creed showed a lot of promise in its brief performance, and a strange possibility of a high-tech, virtual reality hook. We'll definitely be watching this one closely.
Here's the link to the page of Assassin's Creed: http://www.gamespy.com/articles/709/709100p10.html |
New county commissioners visit D.C.
Discuss marijuana, money, broadband with peers, feds
WASHINGTON Two La Plata County commissioners spent this week taking local issues to the national level during a legislative conference in Washington, D.C.
Commissioners Julie Westendorff and Gwen Lachelt participated in the National Association of Counties 2013 Legislative Conference, discussing topics such as sequestration, marijuana, wildfires, budgets and broadband with other county commissioners, a Cabinet member and the Colorado congressional delegation.
I found it a really valuable experience, Lachelt said during an interview in a Senate office buildings cafeteria Wednesday.
Westendorff said she came to the conference hoping to speak with county officials in Washington state about their new law legalizing recreational marijuana, which is similar to one recently passed in Colorado.
She also spoke with New Mexico officials to see if they had any concerns about marijuana crossing the border from Colorado, she said.
On the federal level, Westendorff said she asked Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack about rules governing industrial hemp and their interplay with marijuana laws. Vilsack told her that hed already spoken with U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder about it, she said.
I was really pleased to know theyd had that conversation, Westendorff said.
Lachelt said Colorado commissioners also discussed broadband in the state.
Eagle-Net Alliances federally funded project to build high-speed communication lines to schools and government buildings across Colorado has been suspended since early December because of environmental concerns, and the company was the subject of federal and state hearings last week.
Eagle-Net is supposed to build a fiber-optic line to Silverton, where there is no high-speed Internet, but has not done so yet.
Westendorff said a lack of broadband in places such as Silverton can hurt the regions economy. Businesses need a high-speed connection to function in rural areas, she said.
Its not about watching Netflix really fast, she said. Its not just about playing games and watching movies.
Lachelt and Westendorff said they are concerned about the effect of the sequester cuts on La Plata County, particularly on the federal Payments in Lieu of Taxes Program. The PILT program gives federal money to local governments to help make up for the lost property taxes that cannot be collected for federal lands.
In terms of other cuts, the county cannot raise taxes without voter approval under Colorados Taxpayers Bill of Rights legislation that removes the ability to respond to reality in a timely fashion, Westendorff said.
Because county governments must have balanced budgets unlike the federal government local officials are left to make on-the-ground choices of where to tighten.
Theyre leaving it up to the counties to make the hard decisions, Lachelt said.
Stefanie Dazio is a student at American University in Washington, D.C., and an intern for The Durango Herald. You can reach her at sdazio@durangoherald.com. |
The deal has unleashed a flurry of antitrust concerns since it was announced March 20. It calls for AT&T to pay $25 billion in cash to Deutsche with the balance to be paid using AT&T common stock in a deal that would transfer 33.7 million T-Mobile customers to AT&T... |
Forgan Smith Ministry
The Forgan Smith Ministry was a ministry of the Government of Queensland and was led by Labor Premier William Forgan Smith. It succeeded the Moore Ministry on 18 June 1932, seven days after Arthur Edward Moore's CPNP government was defeated at the 1932 state election. The ministry was followed by the Cooper Ministry on 16 September 1942 following Forgan Smith's retirement from politics.
First ministry
On 18 June 1932, the Governor, Sir Leslie Orme Wilson, designated 10 principal executive offices of the Government, and appointed the following Members of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland to the Ministry as follows:
Second ministry
Labor was re-elected at the 1935 election and the Ministry was reconstituted on 21 May 1935.
Third ministry
Labor was re-elected at the 1938 election and the Ministry was reconstituted on 12 April 1938.
Fourth ministry
Labor was re-elected at the 1941 election and the Ministry was reconstituted on 16 April 1941. The Ministers served until the resignation of William Forgan Smith on 16 September 1942 and the formation of a new ministry under Deputy Premier Frank Cooper.
John O'Keefe died on 27 January 1942. On 9 February, Arthur Jones was appointed to the Ministry.
References
Category:Queensland ministries
Category:Australian Labor Party ministries in Queensland |
Football fans have booed and jeered a minute's silence that was held in memory of the people who lost their lives in the Paris terrorist attacks.
At least 132 people were killed during a series of attacks in the French capital on Friday and militant group IS have claimed responsibility for the atrocity.
The Republic of Ireland hosted Bonia & Herzegovina in a Euro 2016 play-off at the Aviva Staidum, Dublin on Tuesday night but the pre-planned moment of reflection was disrespected by a minority of those in attendance.
Moment of silence for victims of tragic incident in Paris last Friday now taking place #rip — FAI (@FAIreland) November 16, 2015
The crowd initially took several moments to quieten down before the referee blew his whistle to begin the silence, but booing could soon be heard once it had started.
The noise was believed to have been generated in the away end of the stadium.
Paris tributes from around the world 24 show all Paris tributes from around the world 1/24 People observe a minute of silence in tribute to victims of Friday's attacks in Paris in front of French embassy, near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin Reuters 2/24 French Minister for Higher Education and Research Thierry Mandon, French Education Minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, French President Francois Hollande and French Prime Minister Manuel Valls observe a minute of silence at the Sorbonne University in Paris AFP/Getty Images 3/24 People observe a minute of silence in front of the Le Carillon cafe in Paris, to pay tribute to victims of the attacks claimed by Islamic State AFP/Getty Images 4/24 Passengers at St Pancras International Station in London during a minute's silence across Europe to mark the victims of Friday's attacks in the French capital PA 5/24 Barack Obama and David Cameron observe a minute of silence at the G20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey EPA 6/24 Candles and flowers form a peace symbol at the Place de la Republique in Paris Jeremy Selwyn 7/24 People gathered to remember the victims at Notre Dame in Paris on Sunday AP 8/24 A couple pay their respects outside the Bataclan in Paris on Sunday Jeremy Selwyn 9/24 Flowers left outside the French Embassy in London Nigel Howard 10/24 Floral tributes at the Place de la Republique in Paris Jeremy Selwyn 11/24 The Archbishop of Paris, Andre Vingt-Trois, says mass at the Notre Dame Cathedral on Sunday Reuters 12/24 Formula 1 drivers observe a minute of silence before the Brazilian Grand Prix in Sao Paulo on Sunday Reuters 13/24 La Moneda presidential palace in Chile illuminated in the colours of the French flag AFP/Getty Images 14/24 Ben McLemore of US basketball team the Sacramento Kings shows his support for Paris Getty Images 15/24 American football player Cliff Avril of the Seattle Seahawks walks on to the field with a French flag in honour of the victims ahead of a game on Sunday Getty Images 16/24 The London Eye lit up in blue, white and red on Saturday AFP/Getty Images 17/24 A woman with her lips painted in the French national colors in front of the French embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, on Sunday EPA 18/24 Pakistani activists shout slogans during a protest against IS militants near the French consulate in Karachi, Pakistan, on Sunday EPA 19/24 The arch of London's Wembley Stadium has also been illuminated in blue, white and red lights AFP/Getty Images 20/24 Egyptian, French, Lebanese and Russian flags are projected on to the the Great Pyramid of Giza. IS has claimed responsibility for Friday night's attacks in Paris, Thursdays's twin powerful suicide bombings that tore through a crowded Shiite neighborhood of Beirut, and bringing down a Russian jetliner over Egypt's Sinai region earlier this month AP 21/24 A woman takes a picture as the obelisk at Plaza Francia in Caracas, Venezuela, is lit up in the French colours Reuters 22/24 A moment of silence is observed before Sunday's American football game between the Kansas City Chiefs and the Denver Broncos in Denver, Colorado Getty Images 23/24 Novak Djokovic of Serbia and Kei Nishikori of Japan observe a minute's silence before their tennis match at the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals at the O2 Arena 24/24 Pupils at Harris Academy, Battersea observe a minute silence in remembrance of those that died in the terrorist attacks in Paris Glenn Copus 1/24 People observe a minute of silence in tribute to victims of Friday's attacks in Paris in front of French embassy, near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin Reuters 2/24 French Minister for Higher Education and Research Thierry Mandon, French Education Minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem, French President Francois Hollande and French Prime Minister Manuel Valls observe a minute of silence at the Sorbonne University in Paris AFP/Getty Images 3/24 People observe a minute of silence in front of the Le Carillon cafe in Paris, to pay tribute to victims of the attacks claimed by Islamic State AFP/Getty Images 4/24 Passengers at St Pancras International Station in London during a minute's silence across Europe to mark the victims of Friday's attacks in the French capital PA 5/24 Barack Obama and David Cameron observe a minute of silence at the G20 Summit in Antalya, Turkey EPA 6/24 Candles and flowers form a peace symbol at the Place de la Republique in Paris Jeremy Selwyn 7/24 People gathered to remember the victims at Notre Dame in Paris on Sunday AP 8/24 A couple pay their respects outside the Bataclan in Paris on Sunday Jeremy Selwyn 9/24 Flowers left outside the French Embassy in London Nigel Howard 10/24 Floral tributes at the Place de la Republique in Paris Jeremy Selwyn 11/24 The Archbishop of Paris, Andre Vingt-Trois, says mass at the Notre Dame Cathedral on Sunday Reuters 12/24 Formula 1 drivers observe a minute of silence before the Brazilian Grand Prix in Sao Paulo on Sunday Reuters 13/24 La Moneda presidential palace in Chile illuminated in the colours of the French flag AFP/Getty Images 14/24 Ben McLemore of US basketball team the Sacramento Kings shows his support for Paris Getty Images 15/24 American football player Cliff Avril of the Seattle Seahawks walks on to the field with a French flag in honour of the victims ahead of a game on Sunday Getty Images 16/24 The London Eye lit up in blue, white and red on Saturday AFP/Getty Images 17/24 A woman with her lips painted in the French national colors in front of the French embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark, on Sunday EPA 18/24 Pakistani activists shout slogans during a protest against IS militants near the French consulate in Karachi, Pakistan, on Sunday EPA 19/24 The arch of London's Wembley Stadium has also been illuminated in blue, white and red lights AFP/Getty Images 20/24 Egyptian, French, Lebanese and Russian flags are projected on to the the Great Pyramid of Giza. IS has claimed responsibility for Friday night's attacks in Paris, Thursdays's twin powerful suicide bombings that tore through a crowded Shiite neighborhood of Beirut, and bringing down a Russian jetliner over Egypt's Sinai region earlier this month AP 21/24 A woman takes a picture as the obelisk at Plaza Francia in Caracas, Venezuela, is lit up in the French colours Reuters 22/24 A moment of silence is observed before Sunday's American football game between the Kansas City Chiefs and the Denver Broncos in Denver, Colorado Getty Images 23/24 Novak Djokovic of Serbia and Kei Nishikori of Japan observe a minute's silence before their tennis match at the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals at the O2 Arena 24/24 Pupils at Harris Academy, Battersea observe a minute silence in remembrance of those that died in the terrorist attacks in Paris Glenn Copus
Jeers and chanting were also distinguishable while some members of the crowd urged those making the noise to remain silent.
Fans then began to clap before referee Bjorn Kuipers appeared to cut the 60 seconds short, which prompted large sections of the crowd to boo in what seemed to be an attempt to condemn those who had failed to observe the silence.
You can watch the video of the minute's silence below: |
# Translation of Odoo Server.
# This file contains the translation of the following modules:
# * web_diagram
#
# Translators:
# Martin Trigaux, 2019
# Ivan Yelizariev <yelizariev@it-projects.info>, 2019
#
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Odoo Server saas~12.4\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2019-08-12 11:32+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-08-26 09:15+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Ivan Yelizariev <yelizariev@it-projects.info>, 2019\n"
"Language-Team: Russian (https://www.transifex.com/odoo/teams/41243/ru/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: \n"
"Language: ru\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<12 || n%100>14) ? 1 : n%10==0 || (n%10>=5 && n%10<=9) || (n%100>=11 && n%100<=14)? 2 : 3);\n"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:73
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:160
#, python-format
msgid "Activity"
msgstr "Мероприятие"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:192
#, python-format
msgid ""
"Are you sure you want to remove this node ? This will remove its connected "
"transitions as well."
msgstr ""
"Вы уверены, что хотите удалить этот узел? Это также приведет к удалению его "
"связанных переходов."
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:172
#, python-format
msgid "Are you sure you want to remove this transition?"
msgstr "Вы уверены, что хотите удалить этот переход?"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:73
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:110
#, python-format
msgid "Create:"
msgstr "Создать:"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_view.js:16
#, python-format
msgid "Diagram"
msgstr "Диаграмма"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/xml/base_diagram.xml:5
#, python-format
msgid "New Node"
msgstr "Новый узел"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:143
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:160
#, python-format
msgid "Open:"
msgstr "открыть:"
#. module: web_diagram
#. openerp-web
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:110
#: code:addons/web_diagram/static/src/js/diagram_controller.js:143
#, python-format
msgid "Transition"
msgstr "Переход"
|
Is KAUST Saudi Enough?
By
A Saudi princess has attacked the flagship university set up by her own uncle, the king of Saudi Arabia, as a “disaster” because it does not educate enough local students.
Basmah bint Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud told Times Higher Education that her country needs to embrace mass higher education rather than bringing in Western scholars to educate an “elite” – a model she claims is used by the King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST), which started teaching in 2009 backed by a $10 billion endowment from the monarch himself.
Princess Basmah lives in London and has called before for legal gender equality in the kingdom, where women are banned from driving and must be accompanied in public by a male chaperone. Educated in the UK, Switzerland and Beirut, she is the daughter of King Saud (and reportedly his 115th and last child), the elder brother of the current king, who ruled from 1953 to 1964.
At a conference on Gulf education held in London she told Times Higher Education that KAUST was for the “elites of the elites of the elites of the elites – of not even Saudi Arabia.”
The graduate institution has set up a generous scholarship program to attract foreign students and has managed to draw in international faculty, reportedly using top salaries and in some cases tailor-made labs. It was set up by the king with the aim of rekindling science and learning in the Arab world, and is free of many of the discriminatory laws against women in effect in the rest of the country.
But Princess Basmah asked why the university was not educating more Saudis. “It’s a disaster… you see Japanese and Chinese coming to learn in Saudi Arabia and the Saudi Arabian [students] have no … right to go there,” she said – adding that those Saudi students who did attend were still drawn from a tiny elite.
Brian Moran, dean of graduate affairs at KAUST, countered that at the university’s most recent commencement ceremony in December last year, 37 percent of the students were Saudis.
Speaking during a debate at the Gulf Education Conference 2014, held last month, Princess Basmah also argued that the region was going “backwards” by attempting to attract more scholars from abroad. Instead, the Gulf should use “the people that we have” and that there were “beautiful minds in our countries that we [do] not recognize.”
She claimed that the West had a commitment to an equal education for all citizens that was lacking in the Gulf. “Educate the masses, this is where everybody should start,” she said.
But asked by Times Higher Education if her rhetoric about equality meant she believed men and women should be educated on campus together in Saudi Arabia, Princess Basmah said that this segregation was “not an issue at all.”
She said she was calling for “equality to learn for both sexes in the same way, the same manner, the same subjects, the same opportunities, that’s what I was talking about – I was not talking about having both sexes together.” She added that universities for women in Saudi Arabia were “much better” than those set aside for men. |
No bathroom is complete without towel bars. Towel bars are the finishing touch of design to the home bathroom. Now towel bars are available in so many different styles and colors, and can be matched to the faucet or shower fixtures easily. Whether one or two bars or with a decorative shelf included, towel bars can add a modern looks or a classical feel to the bathroom. |
Q:
How to configure pub sub for multiple subscribers with Rhino Service Bus?
I am trying to set up pub-sub between 1 publisher and multiple subscribers using Rhino Service Bus. However, all I ever seem to get is competing consumers (where messges are distributed between 1 consumer or the other, but not sent to both).
My current publisher configuration looks like this (Note: I'm using the new OnewayRhinoServiceBusFacility so I don't need to define a bus element in the sender)
<facility id="rhino.esb.sender" >
<messages>
<add name="My.Messages.Namespace" endpoint="msmq://localhost/my.queue"/>
</messages>
</facility>
My current subscriber configuration looks like this:
<facility id="rhino.esb.receiver" >
<bus threadCount="1" numberOfRetries="5" endpoint="msmq://localhost/my.queue" DisableAutoQueueCreation="false" />
<messages>
<add name="My.Messages.Namespace" endpoint="msmq://localhost/my.queue" />
</messages>
</facility>
I have 2 simple command line apps which start up publisher and subscriber. I just copy and paste subscriber bin to set up 2 subscribers. My message handler looks like this:
public class DummyReceiver : ConsumerOf<MyMessageType>
{
public void Consume(MyMessageType message)
{
// ......
}
}
Any ideas? Cheers
A:
Doh! Was using Send instead of Publish in my producer code. Had copied it from another example and forgot to change.
So, for reference my publisher code is like this:
var container = new WindsorContainer(new XmlInterpreter("RhinoEsbSettings.xml"));
RhinoServiceBusFacility facility = new RhinoServiceBusFacility();
container.Kernel.AddFacility("rhino.esb", facility);
var bus = container.Resolve<IStartableServiceBus>();
bus.Start();
MyMessageType msg = new ...
bus.Publish(msg);
And my consumer startup code is like this:
var container = new WindsorContainer(new XmlInterpreter("RhinoEsbSettings.xml"));
container.Register(Component.For<ConsumerOf<MyMessageType>>().ImplementedBy<DummyReceiver>().LifeStyle.Transient.Named("Consumer"));
RhinoServiceBusFacility facility = new RhinoServiceBusFacility();
container.Kernel.AddFacility("rhino.esb", facility);
var bus = container.Resolve<IStartableServiceBus>();
bus.Start();
|
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