text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
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Q:
GTK# delete initialText when widget is clicked
I'm creating a search bar to search through a list. I have an Gtk.Entry that the search query would be typed into that has an intialText telling the user to type the search query there. How would I go about deleting that text when the user first clicks the widget or would there be a better widget to use?
My code so far:
Entry SearchText= new Entry("Search for item");
SearchText.Direction= TextDirection.Ltr;
SearchText.IsEditable= true;
SearchText.Sensitive= true;
ContentArea.PackStart(SearchText, false, false, 2);
A:
At least in my version of gtk# the text in the entry is initially selected so when the user starts typing it is automatically deleted. If that's not enough for you, you can for example use the FocusInEvent to clear the text, optionally re-installing it on FocusOutEvent if the user hasn't entered anything.
public class FancyEntry : Entry
{
private string _message;
public FancyEntry(string message) : base(message)
{
_message = message;
FocusInEvent += OnFocusIn;
FocusOutEvent += OnFocusOut;
}
private void OnFocusIn(object sender, EventArgs args)
{
FocusInEvent -= OnFocusIn;
this.Text = String.Empty;
}
private void OnFocusOut(object sender, EventArgs args)
{
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(this.Text))
{
this.Text = _message;
FocusInEvent += OnFocusIn;
}
}
}
|
At Least 2100 Killed in Egypt’s North Sinai in 2015
An estimated 2100 people were killed in North Sinai in 2015, including roughly 1800 described by the military as “terrorists,” 150 civilians, 40 police officers and conscripts, and 140 military personnel. Many civilians are direct victims of militant attacks or are killed by often unidentified shelling. Others were killed in the crossfires during clashes between the military and militant groups.
The estimate is a roundup based on statements by the military spokesperson as well as reporting from Aswat Masriya and Ahram Online. Because of restrictions on independent observers entering fighting zones, military statements are the primary source of information on counter-terrorism operations in Sinai. Human Rights Watch has estimated a higher total of over 3000 “terrorists” killed during the first half of 2015 alone, citing the Egyptian government.
The area has seen a surge in violence since the ouster of former President Mohammed Morsi, where militant groups like Wilayet Sinai, formerly Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis, have claimed responsibility for hundreds of deadly attacks on security forces, along with many on civilians. Presdient Sisi recently stated that terrorism takes place in less than one percent of the area of North Sinai.
Egypt has responded with a controversial “war on terrorism,” including military campaigns like September’s operation “Martyr’s Right,” which killed approximately 500 “terrorists” alone according to military statements. This and similar operations also include scores of arrested suspects, the destruction and confiscation of massive amounts of weaponry, and destroying underground tunnels to Gaza considered by the military to be a passage for arms and militants.
In another counter-terrorism operation, a buffer zone was created along the border with Gaza. The process, however, destroyed thousands of homes yet failed to adequately provide for evicted families, a move which Human Rights Watch has considered a violation of international law.
The restrictions on outside reporting make the impact of these operations on civilians hard to assess. A Mada Masr interview with a community leader in the city of Sheikh Zuwaid showed that civilians feel caught between the operations of both the military and the militants. He said that some villages associated with militants have been almost completely destroyed by shelling. Others faced long power shortages during the larger military campaigns, along with a general drying up of services and sources of livelihood.
The year 2016 has seen a rise in both attacks and counter-terrorism operations with up to 100 militants killed since the start of the year.
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Different patterns of brain activation in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease from cognitional sight: meta analysis using activation likelihood estimation.
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurological disease, frequently affecting cognitional functions. Recently, a large body of neuro-imaging studies have aimed at finding reliable biomarkers of AD for early diagnosis of disease in contrast with healthy elderlies. We intended to have a meta-analytical study on recent functional neuroimaging studies to find the relationship between cognition in AD patients and normal elderlies. A systematic search was conducted to collect functional neuroimaging studies such as positron emission therapy (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in AD patients and healthy elderlies. The coordinates of regions related to cognition were meta-analyzed using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method and Sleuth software. P-value map at the false discovery rate (FDR) of P<0.05 thresholds and the clusters with a minimum size of 200 mm(3) were considered. Data were visualized with MANGO software. Forty-one articles that explored the areas activated during cognition in normal elderly subjects and AD patients were found. According to the findings, left middle frontal gyrus and left precuneus are the most activated areas in cognitional tasks in healthy elderlies and AD patients respectively. In normal elderly subjects and AD patients, comparison of ALE maps and reverse contrast showed that insula and left precuneus were the most activated areas in cognitional aspects respectively. With respect to unification of left precuneus activation in cognitional tasks, it seems that this point can be a hallmark in primary differentiation of AD and healthy individuals. |
Providing Oncology Esthetics at Redwood Medi Spa & Wellness Centre
Oncology Esthetics is a service that offers skin care and spa treatments specifically suited to those with compromised or challenged skin, resulting from cancer and cancer treatments including chemotherapy, radiation and surgery.
Many cancer survivors find that their self-image is affected as their appearance and body experience changes with the disease and its treatments. Many chemotherapy drugs and radiation will affect the health of a patient’s hair, skin and nails. Furthermore, chemicals and preservatives in skin care products can further exaggerate these side effects.
Side effects from cancer treatments include, but are not limited to, excessively dry and fragile skin, rashes, swelling due to complications of the lymphatic system, and intense bouts of nausea and weakness. We offer safe, individualized and specialized skin care in an inviting, relaxing, compassionate and professional atmosphere.
One of the many benefits of oncology esthetics is that it can positively affect the psychology of a patient, helping to improve their self-image. Complementing traditional medicine or surgical therapies with relaxing treatments can help to contribute to a patient’s well-being. |
Epilepsy and pregnancy: a practical approach to mitigating legal risk.
Women with epilepsy are at increased risk of obstetric complications and poorer cognitive outcomes for their offspring. This article aims to provide neurologists with a practical framework for understanding, identifying, and managing legal risk when treating pregnant women with epilepsy. |
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|
Q:
Validate at least one checkbox is checked with jQuery Validator
All,
I'm trying to make sure at least one of my checkboxes is checked with jQuery Validator before I allow the user to submit the form. If I have the following code for my checkboxes:
<input type="checkbox" value="23" class="select" name="vendor_categories[]"> Test1<br />
<input type="checkbox" value="8" class="select" name="vendor_categories[]"> Test2<br />
<input type="checkbox" value="9" class="select" name="vendor_categories[]"> Test3<br />
<input type="checkbox" value="2" class="select" name="vendor_categories[]"> Test4<br />
Then I have the following jQuery code:
$("#register_vendor").validate({
ignore: "",
rules: {
vendor_email: {
required: true,
email: true
},
vendor_name: "required",
zip: {
required: true,
digits: true,
minlength: 5
}
},
messages: {
vendor_email: {
required: "<br>Please enter an email address!<br><br>",
email: "<br>Please enter a valid email address!<br><br>"
},
vendor_name: "<br>Please enter your vendor name!<br><br>",
zip: {
required: "<br>Please enter a zip code!<br><br>",
digits: "<br>You can only enter in numbers for the zipcode!<br><br>",
minlength: "<br>The zip code has to be atleast 5 digits!<br><br>"
}
},
invalidHandler: function(e, validator) {
var errors = validator.numberOfInvalids();
if (errors) {
var message = errors == 1
? 'You missed 1 field. It has been highlighted below'
: 'You missed ' + errors + ' fields. They have been highlighted below';
alert(message);
}
$('.togDesc').show();
}
});
How would I got
A:
Write a custom validation function that looks at:
if(0 === $('input.select:checked').size()){
// Error condition
}
...and raises an error if the result. Side note: having a checkbox input with a class called "select" is confusing.
|
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Staple offers a closer look into their latest silhouette alongside New Balance, the 575 White Pigeon v2. The kicks will be yet another limited release, with only 1,077 pairs being allocated worldwide. A release is scheduled for August 18th, 2009 at select global retailers. A full list of participating overseas stockists can be found here, while North America sees only Reed Space (NYC), Barneys (LA), and Goodfoot (Canada) as signed on official carriers. |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Glutathione *S*-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In general, GSTs act by conjugating the thiol group from glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) to compounds that possess an electrophilic center. By this mechanism, they can eliminate substrates from a cell by rendering them more water soluble and targeting those to specific GSH multidrug transporters. In insects, GSTs can be separated into two major groups: microsomal and cytosolic GSTs. The membrane-bound microsomal GSTs are structurally and evolutionarily distinct from the cytosolic GSTs [@pone.0058410-Enayati1]. The cytosolic GSTs are further classified into six major classes along with several unclassified genes [@pone.0058410-Enayati1]. Among them, sigma, omega, zeta, and theta have representatives across Metazoa whereas delta and epsilon are specific to Insecta and Holometabola, respectively [@pone.0058410-Friedman1]. In spite of low sequence homology among GST classes they have fairly similar tertiary structures, topography of active site and G-sites, and are inducible by certain insecticides and other chemicals [@pone.0058410-Enayati1], [@pone.0058410-Dirr1]. Most GSTs are cytosolic and, present in both homo and heterodimeric forms with subunit masses of 23- to 28-kDa [@pone.0058410-Gullipalli1]. Each subunit contains two domains and one active site; and within the active site there are two binding sites, one for GSH and other for hydrophobic substrate [@pone.0058410-Mannervik1], [@pone.0058410-Ivarsson1]. GSTs act on different substrates and can protect insects against various plant allelochemicals and chemical insecticides. However, not all the insect GSTs are involved in detoxification [@pone.0058410-Huang1]. They carry out a wide range of functions in cells, such as the removal of reactive oxygen species and regeneration of *S*-thiolated proteins (both of which are consequences of oxidative stress), catalysis of conjugations with endogenous ligands, and catalysis of reactions in metabolic pathways not associated with detoxification [@pone.0058410-Sheehan1].
Although many GST cDNAs have been sequenced from different insect species, little is known about functional specificities of GSTs in different classes. In mosquitoes, GSTs are characterized to play a role in metabolism of DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) [@pone.0058410-Ranson1]. And GSTs show possible protective roles against oxidative damage caused by the pyrethroids in *Nilaparvata lugens* [@pone.0058410-Vontas1]. The epsilon class GSTs from *Spodoptera litura* and *Anopheles gambaie* might be capable of detoxifying DDT and/or deltamethrin [@pone.0058410-Deng1], [@pone.0058410-Wang1].
The migratory locust, *Locusta migratoria*, is the most widespread locust species. It occurs throughout Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Frequent applications of insecticides have inevitably resulted in development of resistance in some natural populations of the locust [@pone.0058410-Ma1]--[@pone.0058410-Yang2]. However, little is known about the role of GSTs of *L. migratoria.* By searching the *L. migratoria* EST databases, we have identified 10 putative cytosolic GSTs, among which nine fall into three classes (delta, sigma, and theta), and the remaining one does not fit any of known GST classes and is tentatively designated as unclassified [@pone.0058410-Qin1]. We previously reported that one of the sigma class GSTs from *L. migratoria* might be capable of detoxifying carbaryl [@pone.0058410-Qin2]. In this study, four GSTs representing four different classes including one delta GST (LmGSTd1), one sigma GST (LmGSTs5), one theta GST (LmGSTt1), and one unclassified GST (LmGSTu1), were heterologously expressed as recombinant enzymes in *Escherichia coli* cells. We further characterized various biochemical properties of these recombinant proteins and assessed their detoxification functions against five insecticides by RNA interference (RNAi). Our results are expected to help researchers better understand biochemical properties and detoxification functions of locust GSTs.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Insect {#s2a}
------
*L. migratoria* were purchased from the Insect Protein Co., Ltd. of Cangzhou City in China and reared in the laboratory with wheat sprouts in 22×22×22 plastic cages at 28°C under 14∶10 h light : dark photoperiod.
Construction and Production of the Recombinant Plasmids {#s2b}
-------------------------------------------------------
The full cDNA sequences of *L. migratoria* GSTs were obtained in our previous study [@pone.0058410-Yang2]. The cDNA sequences were analyzed by ExPASy (<http://www.expasy.ch/>) to deduce the amino acid sequence, predict protein molecular mass and *pI*. Open reading frames (ORF) of the four GST cDNAs were amplified by PCR with corresponding primers ([Table S1](#pone.0058410.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). PCR was conducted for one cycle at 95°C for 3 min; 35 cycles, each at 94°C for 30s, 55°C for 30s, and 72°C for 1 min; and followed by one cycle at 72°C for 7 min. The amplified products were inserted into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and the plasmids were digested with restriction enzymes as shown in [Table S1](#pone.0058410.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Resulting digests were subcloned into an expression vector, pET-28a (Novagen, Madison, WI, USA). The recombinant plasmids were named pET-28a-LmGSTd1, pET-28a-LmGSTs5, pET-28a-LmGSTt1, and pET-28a-LmGSTu1. All constructs were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The recombinant plasmids harboring LmGSTs were used to transform *E. coli* BL21 (DE3) or JM109 (Invitrogen), which were grown at 37°C on Luria-Bertani (LB) media containing 100 µg/mL ampicillin. After the cell density reached 0.6--0.8 at OD~600~, isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG) was added to a final concentration of 1 mM to induce the production of recombinant proteins.
After further incubation for 4 h, cells from a 1-L culture were harvested by centrifugation, and the resulting pellet was resuspended in 90 ml 50 mM PBS buffer (pH 8.0) containing 0.5 M NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 0.05% Tween 20. The cell suspension was sonicated and centrifuged at 15,000×g at 4°C for 30 min. The supernatant (cleared lysate) was transferred to 50% slurry Ni^2+^- nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose beads (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) that were pre-equilibrated with above PBS. The Ni-NTA resin was sequentially washed using 20 ml PBS buffer with a linear gradient of imidazole from 5 to 250 mM. The recombinant *L. migratoria* GSTs was eluted with PBS containing 250 mM imidazole and dialyzed against TGE buffer (50 mM Tris, 0.5 mM EDTA, 50 mM NaCl, 5% glycerine, 1% glycine, pH 8.0). The purity of LmGSTs was evaluated by 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
GST Activity Assays {#s2c}
-------------------
The enzyme activity of LmGST recombinant proteins were assayed as described by Qin et al. [@pone.0058410-Qin2]. Ten microliters (10 µg) of protein was used in a total volume of 200 µL of a reaction mixture. The two substrates for GST, 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and reduced glutathione, were added to the reaction wells. The change in absorbance of CDNB conjugate for the first minute was measured at 340 nm and 28°C, with 10-s intervals using Multiple Mode Microplate Reader SpectraMax M5 (ε340 = 9600 M^−1^ cm^−1^) (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Controls were performed in parallel in order to correct for nonenzymatic conjugation of GSH to the substrates. Protein concentration was determined according to the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as a standard (0--4 mg/ml) [@pone.0058410-Bradford1]. Enzyme activity is presented as nmol of CDNB conjugated per min per mg protein. The apparent K~m~ and V~max~ were determined for each of four purified GSTs using non-linear regression of hyperbolic plots (V versus S). Each data point represents the average of 3 measurements. When other substrates were used in the assay for GST under the same conditions described above, changes in absorbance per min were converted into nanomoles of the substrate conjugated/min/mg protein using the molar extinction coefficient: ε345 = 8500 M^−1^ cm^−1^ for 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), ε310 = 1900 M^−1^ cm^−1^ for p-nitro-benzyl chloride (p-NBC), and ε270 = 5000 M^−1^ cm^−1^ for ethacrynic acid (ECA).
For the assay of *in vitro* inhibition of GST, the enzyme activities were measured at 28°C in a total volume of 200 µL of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 2 mM CDNB and 5 mM GSH in the presence or absence of 10 µL of appropriately diluted inhibitors, or heavy metal solutions.
Western Blot Analysis {#s2d}
---------------------
Total protein was extracted from each of 9 different tissue samples, including foregut, midgut, gastric caecum, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, muscles, spermaries and ovaries, dissected from fifth-instar nymphs in ice-cold lysis buffer (1% Nonidet P40, 1 mM EDTA, 125 mM sodium fluoride, 0.5 mM sodium vanadate, 2.5 µg/mL of aprotinin, 5 µg/mL of pepstatin, 50 µg/mL of leupeptin, 25 µM PMSF, and 25 µg/mL of Trypsin inhibitor). Protein concentration was determined according to the method of Bradford using bovine serum albumin as a standard [@pone.0058410-Bradford1].The lysates were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 15 min and supernatants were collected. Purified LmGST proteins were emulsified with Freund\'s complete adjuvant and injected subcutaneously into two 6-month old male rabbits. Booster injections of LmGSTs, emulsified with Freund\'s incomplete adjuvant were also administered. Serum was collected after the second booster and IgG was purified using Protein-A-affinity chromatography (Bio-Rad). The specificity of the primary antibody were detected ([Figure S1](#pone.0058410.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). SDS-PAGE was performed using 150 µg protein samples and precast 12% resolving and 4% stacking Tris-HCl gels (Bio-Rad). Separated proteins were then transferred to a *nitrocellulose membrane* (Millipore, Billerica, MA). After blocking (blocking solution: 5% non-fat milk dissolved in PBS +0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.4) proteins were incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-GST antibodies, at a concentration of 1∶200 (for GSTd1), 1∶500 (for GSTt1), or 1∶5000 (for GSTs5 and GSTu1). Exposure to fluorescently labeled secondary antibody (1∶3000) \[IRDye 680CW goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L), LI-COR\] was followed by scanning and detecting with LI-COR Odyssey Infrared Fluorescent System.
Synthesis of dsRNA and Performance of RNAi {#s2e}
------------------------------------------
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized and RNAi was performed as described in an established protocol [@pone.0058410-Qin2]. Briefly, C-terminal alpha helical domain fragment of each *L. migratoria GST* was obtained by PCR from the full-length cDNA clone using sequence-specific primers ([Table S1](#pone.0058410.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). dsRNA was synthesized using T7 RiboMAX Express RNAi System (Promega) according to manufacturer's instructions. Then, 2 µL of dsRNA (1.5 µg µL^−1^) from target genes or green fluorescent protein (GFP) control was injected into the abdomen between the second and third abdominal segments of each second-instar nymph (3 days old) by using a microsyringe. The efficiency of RNAi was examined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) using specific primers ([Table S1](#pone.0058410.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). For each locust GSTs RNAi assay, 250--300 nymphs were injected with dsRNA of GFP or GSTs. The nymphs from either control or treatment group were reassigned into 5 different insecticides groups, and each was exposed to each of five different insecticides including DDT, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, deltamethrin, and malathion at 24 h after injection. About 50--60 nymphs from the control or locust GSTs dsRNA- injected group were randomly divided into three subgroups, each with 15--20 insects as a biological sample for each insecticides bioassay. And a droplet of 2 µL of acetone containing DDT (220 ng/µL), chlorpyrifos (6.5 ng/µL), carbaryl (17 ng/µL), deltamethrin (0.5 ng/µL), or malathion (85 ng/µL), was topically applied onto the abdomen between the second and third sterna of each nymph. Mortality was recorded at 24 h after topical applications. Nymphs were considered dead if they were not able to move in a coordinated way when touched with a brush.
Results {#s3}
=======
Sequence Analysis of *L. migratoria* GSTs {#s3a}
-----------------------------------------
The detailed information of complete cDNA, the predicted molecular mass, and their estimated p*I* of four *L. migratoria* GSTs are summarized in [Table 1](#pone-0058410-t001){ref-type="table"}. The complete cDNA of LmGSTs are from 680 to 1100 bp. The open reading frames (ORF) are from 609 to 696 bp with a coding capacity of 202--231 amino acid residues. The predicted molecular masses of these deduced proteins are from 23.1 to 26.6 kDa. The estimated *pI* values range from 5.57 to 7.76.
10.1371/journal.pone.0058410.t001
###### Summary of molecular properties of four *L. migratoria* GSTs.
{#pone-0058410-t001-1}
GenBank accession number Gene name Length of cDNA (bp) ORF(bp) Number of deduced amino acid residues Molecular mass (kDa) pI
-------------------------- ----------- --------------------- --------- --------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------
HM131834 *lmGSTd1* 866 657 218 24.8 5.57
HM131840 *lmGSTs5* 680 609 202 23.1 5.72
HM131843 *lmGSTt1* 1100 696 231 26.6 7.63
HM131835 *lmGSTu1* 799 645 214 24.3 7.76
*L. migratoria* GSTs show the characteristics of other insect GSTs. Specifically, multiple alignments of locust GSTs along with *A. gambiae*, *Bombyx mori*, and *Apis mellifera* GSTs revealed several key residues that are conserved across different insect orders ([Fig. 1](#pone-0058410-g001){ref-type="fig"} A--C). The LmGSTu1 showed similar GSH binding site and the electrophilic-binding site to delta class GSTs ([Fig. 1A](#pone-0058410-g001){ref-type="fig"}). These residues constituted the putative GSH binding site and the electrophilic-binding site in the deduced amino acid sequence for the GSTs within their corresponding classes.
{#pone-0058410-g001}
Heterologous Expression and Purification of *L. migratoria* GSTs {#s3b}
----------------------------------------------------------------
LmGSTd1 and LmGSTs5 were heterologously expressed in transformed *E. coli* JM109 with the pET-28a vector after 1 mM IPTG induction, whereas LmGSTt1 and LmGSTu1 were expressed in transformed *E. coli* BL21 (DE3). SDS-PAGE analysis of the cell lysate revealed that four LmGSTs were expressed in soluble forms ([Fig. 2A--D](#pone-0058410-g002){ref-type="fig"}). We finally obtained about 40--50 mg for each highly purified LmGSTs from *E. coli* cells with an approximate 1.3--5.6-fold purification. The recoveries were more than 50% ([Table S2](#pone.0058410.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The specific activities of the final preparations ranged from 1.77 to 14.29 µmol/min/mg protein. The molecular mass of purified LmGSTs were estimated to be approx. 27--30 kDa by SDS-PAGE ([Fig. 2A--D](#pone-0058410-g002){ref-type="fig"}). These are slightly larger than that predicted (23.1--26.6 kDa on the basis of its amino-acid composition) due to a 3.5 kDa vector-derived tag that is present on the N-terminal of the expressed proteins.
{#pone-0058410-g002}
Characterization of Recombinant *L. migratoria* GSTs {#s3c}
----------------------------------------------------
Kinetic analysis was carried out with 5 mM GSH and 0.15--0.5 mM different substrates at pH 7.5 and the results are summarized in [Table 2](#pone-0058410-t002){ref-type="table"}. LmGSTd1 conjugated CDNB about 20- and 28,000-fold faster than LmGSTu1 and LmGSTt1, respectively. On the other hand, LmGSTs5 conjugated pNBC about 3-, 23-, and 109-fold faster than LmGSTd1, LmGSTu1, and LmGSTt1, respectively. Moreover, LmGSTs5 conjugated DCNB about 7.5- and 18-fold faster than LmGSTu1 and LmGSTd1, respectively ([Table 2](#pone-0058410-t002){ref-type="table"}). The activities of four LmGSTs were undetectable when ECA was used as a substrate.
10.1371/journal.pone.0058410.t002
###### Kinetic parameters of four *L. migratoria* GSTs heterologously expressed in *E. coli* as determined using selected substrates.
{#pone-0058410-t002-2}
LmGST CDNB pNBC DCNB
--------- ------------ ----------- ------------ -------------- ------------ ------------
LmGSTd1 0.5±0.025 5000±151 6.38±0.57 49.02±3.66 1.00±0.087 0.40±0.053
LmGSTs5 1.17±0.29 3889±962 0.47±0.083 156.19±18.44 1.73±0.24 7.41±0.96
LmGSTt1 4.73±0.35 0.18±0.03 7.85±1.08 1.43±0.13 ND ND
LmGSTu1 0.25±0.025 250±21 1.58±0.17 6.77±0.74 0.73±0.064 0.98±0.10
Values are expressed as means ± SE of three independent experiments.
Km: concentration of substrate that produces half-maximal velocity.
ND: activity was not detected.
The enzymatic properties of LmGSTs were determined using the purified LmGST enzyme with CDNB and GSH as substrates. The optimal pH of the four GSTs ranged between pH 7.0 and 9.0 ([Fig. 3A](#pone-0058410-g003){ref-type="fig"}). Their thermostabilities were determined by preincubating each enzyme solution at various temperatures for 30 min before the residual activity was assayed. These GSTs were relatively stable during incubations at temperatures below 40°C ([Fig. 3B](#pone-0058410-g003){ref-type="fig"}). Theta GST is the most heat-tolerant protein; the residual activity was about 80% after the enzyme was incubated at 50°C for 30 min. The pH stability assessed by preincubation of the enzyme solution at various pHs at 4°C for 24 h before residual activity was assayed. The stabilities of these GSTs at different pH conditions varied significantly ([Fig. 3C](#pone-0058410-g003){ref-type="fig"}). Most LmGSTs retained activities at pH between 4.0 and 9.0, whereas LmGSTt1 retained more than 80% of its original activity at alkaline conditions.
{#pone-0058410-g003}
The inhibitory effects of GST inhibitors including ECA and reactive blue (RB) on LmGSTs were examined with CDNB and reduced GSH as substrates. The results from inhibition experiments on LmGSTs indicated that both of the GST inhibitors inhibited the enzymes considerably, and that residual activity decreases with increasing concentrations of inhibitors ([Fig. 4](#pone-0058410-g004){ref-type="fig"}). ECA showed I~50~ values in the similar µM range against LmGSTd1, LmGSTt1, and LmGSTu1 ([Table S3](#pone.0058410.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), whereas it showed relatively poor inhibition to LmGSTs5. In contrast, RB showed more than 34-fold greater potency against LmGSTs5 ([Table S3](#pone.0058410.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). On the other hand, LmGSTt1 was relatively poorly inhibited by RB as compared with other *L. migratoria* GSTs ([Table S3](#pone.0058410.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#pone-0058410-g004}
Inhibition study showed that the recombinant LmGSTs5 was sensitive to heavy metals ([Fig. 5](#pone-0058410-g005){ref-type="fig"}). The residual activity of LmGSTt1 was decreased significantly in the presence of 50 µM CuSO~4~ ([Fig. 5](#pone-0058410-g005){ref-type="fig"}). The residual activities of LmGSTs5 and LmGSTt1 decreased significantly with exposure time in the presence of 50 µM heavy metals. While no significant inhibited effects were observed in LmGSTd1 and LmGSTu1 after heavy metals treatment ([Fig. 5](#pone-0058410-g005){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0058410-g005}
Tissue-specific Expression Patterns of GSTs in *L. migratoria* {#s3d}
--------------------------------------------------------------
Tissue-specific expression patterns of the four *L. migratoria* GST proteins were analyzed in nine different tissues, including foregut, midgut, gastric caecum, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, muscles, spermaries and ovaries by using western blot. Our results indicated that all the four classes of GST were expressed in all tissues examined, although there were some noticeable variations in expression levels among different tissues ([Fig. 6](#pone-0058410-g006){ref-type="fig"}). LmGSTd1 appeared to be strongly expressed in all these tissues. The maximum expression of four *L. migratoria* GST proteins was observed in Malpighian tubules and fat bodies. High expressions of GSTs were also detected in the midgut, gastric caecum, and hindgut. However, lower expression of LmGSTs5 was observed in the foregut and muscles. In contrast, LmGSTu1 was expressed mainly in the midgut, gastric caecum, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, and fat bodies, whereas the expression of LmGSTt1 was virtually undetectable in the foregut.
{#pone-0058410-g006}
Effect of *L. migratoria* GST Gene Silencing on Locust Susceptibility to Insecticides {#s3e}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our qRT-PCR analysis of each *LmGST* transcript at 24 h after the injection of *L. migratoria* GST dsRNA showed a significant decrease as compared with that of each corresponding control, indicating an effective silencing of *L. migratoria* GSTs by RNAi. Furthermore, the injection of each of four dsRNA did not show any effect on the transcript level of other locust GST genes, indicating a specific silencing of each of these genes by RNAi ([Fig. 7](#pone-0058410-g007){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0058410-g007}
Insecticide bioassays showed that nymph mortalities in response to carbaryl treatment increased significantly (28 and 12%) after *LmGSTs5* and *LmGSTu1* were silenced, respectively. The nymph mortalities in response to malathion treatment increased from 13.9 to 40% after *LmGSTs5* was silenced, whereas the nymph mortalities in response to chlorpyrifos treatment increased from 39.4 to 57.5% after *LmGSTu1* was silenced ([Fig. 8](#pone-0058410-g008){ref-type="fig"}). Neither deltamethrin nor DDT showed significant changes in nymph mortalities after each of the four *LmGST* genes were silenced ([Fig. 8](#pone-0058410-g008){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0058410-g008}
Discussion {#s4}
==========
It is well known that GSTs are a large family of multifunctional enzymes involved in the detoxification of hydrophobic and electrophilic toxicants including many drugs, herbicides and insecticides. There are at least 41 DmGSTs found in *Drosophila melanogaster* [@pone.0058410-Saisawang1], 37 AgGSTs in *A. gambiae* [@pone.0058410-Ding1], 12 AmGSTs in *A. mellifera* [@pone.0058410-Corona1] and 23 BmGSTs in *B. mori* [@pone.0058410-Yu1]. In our previous study, 10 GSTs were identified from *L. migratoria*. Among the 10 GSTs, nine were classified to three different cytosolic classes, including 1 in delta, 7 in sigma, 1 in theta, and the remaining one was designated as unclassified [@pone.0058410-Qin1]. In this study, we selected one *LmGST* gene from each of the three classes and the unclassified group as the class representatives to biochemically characterize their heterologously expressed recombinant GSTs and functionally analyze their corresponding genes by using RNAi.
The cytosolic GSTs in most organisms are all dimeric with subunit molecular masses from 21 to 29 kDa [@pone.0058410-Mannervik1]. Our predicted molecular masses of *L. migratoria* GSTs were in accordance with those previously reported. The kinetic parameters of *L. migratoria* GSTs were similar to corresponding GST classes from *Anopheles dirus* [@pone.0058410-Jirajaroenrat1], *A. gambiae* [@pone.0058410-Ranson2], *Bemisia tabaci* [@pone.0058410-Rauch1], *B mori* [@pone.0058410-Yamamoto1], *Culex pipiens* [@pone.0058410-Samra1], *D. melanogaster* [@pone.0058410-Sawicki1], and *Hyphantria cunea* [@pone.0058410-Yamamoto2]. In the present study, we revealed optimal pH of the locust GSTs ranging between 7.0 and 9.0. Although most eukaryotic GSTs are known to have optimal pH ranging between 6.0 and 6.5 [@pone.0058410-Clark1], some reports suggest that insect GSTs also have considerable activities at higher pH. For example, *Corcyra cephalonica* GST has an optimal pH 8.3 [@pone.0058410-Gullipalli1]. A recombinant GSTt1 expressed in *E.coli* from *B. mori* showed broadly optimal pH ranging between 4.0 and 9.0 [@pone.0058410-Yamamoto1]. Since it has been reported that locusts have alkaline internal environment after feeding [@pone.0058410-Harrison1], the GSTs with optimal pH in the alkaline range may be related to their functions.
The potency of ECA as GST inhibitor towards CDNB has been observed in earlier experiments with insects at similar inhibition level, e.g. *N. lugens* (40 nM), *Blattella germanica* (350 nM), *C. pipiens* (2.5 µM), *Spodoptera frugiperda* (150 nM), and *B. tabaci* (5.8 µM) [@pone.0058410-Rauch1], [@pone.0058410-Samra1], [@pone.0058410-Vontas2]--[@pone.0058410-Yu3]. ECA has a ketone moiety that forms a conjugate with GSH through a GST-catalyzed Michael addition reaction. This reaction is thermodynamically more favorable than the conjugation of CDNB to GSH via an addition-substitution reaction [@pone.0058410-Awasthi1]. Thus, ECA can function to deplete GSH. Although the amino acid sequence comparisons indicated that both LmGSTs5 and LmGSTs3 are sigma-class GSTs, these GSTs showed unique inhibition profiles [@pone.0058410-Qin2], suggesting that their substrate preferences may also be unique.
Copper (Cu^2+^) easily catalyzes the oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of GST (Christie and Costa, 1984). Cadmium (Cd^2+^) forms more stable coordination complexes with GST [@pone.0058410-Christie1]. The inhibitory effect of Cu^2+^ and Cd^2+^ of the soluble GST forms has been reported previously [@pone.0058410-Serafini1], [@pone.0058410-Lyubenova1]. The addition of CuCl~2~ and CdCl~2~ 0.2 mM to the incubation mixture inhibits GST activity by 82 and 37%, respectively *in vitro* from rat liver [@pone.0058410-Dierickx1]. GSTs in *Calystegia sepium* are inhibited by cadium ions only at concentrations higher than 100 µM [@pone.0058410-Lyubenova1]. However, little is known about which GST class is susceptible to inhibition by Cu^2+^ and Cd^2+^. Previous study presents the inhibition of a mu-class GST of the marine shrimp *Litopenaeus vannamei* by Cu^2+^ and Cd^2+^ [@pone.0058410-SalazarMedina1]. Nevertheless, our study showed that sigma GST appeared to be the most sensitive to inhibition by both Cu^2+^ and Cd^2+^ in *L. migratoria*.
It is recognized that the expression of GSTs can change in different developmental stages and tissue types, and can be affected by feeding behavior and genetic factors of an organism [@pone.0058410-Zou1]. Western blot analysis with antibodies generated against a *C. cephalonica* GST (CcGST) showed maximum expression of CcGST protein in fat bodies [@pone.0058410-Gullipalli1]. Our data are consistent with their findings by showing that the maximum expressions of the four *L. migratoria* GST proteins were observed in Malpighian tubules and fat bodies. The protein expressions of LmGSTd1, LmGSTs5, and LmGSTt1 in all tissues examined were consistent with their mRNA levels reported in our previous study [@pone.0058410-Qin1]. However, high protein expressions of LmGSTu1 were observed in the hindgut and fat bodies other than midgut, gastric caecum, and Malpighian tubules. The mRNA of *LmGSTu1* was highly expressed in the latter [@pone.0058410-Qin1]. Insects have long been known to excrete toxins via the Malpighian (renal) tubules, and the expressions of several GST genes have been found to be enriched in Malpighian tubules [@pone.0058410-Dow1]. On the other hand, the fat bodies of insects are considered to be a major metabolic center and perform a large number of complex cellular functions [@pone.0058410-Keeley1]. High expression of LmGSTs in the midgut, gastric caecum and hindgut, which are generally exposed to a variety of xenobiotics through food, suggests that the LmGSTs might play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics.
Indeed, the function of GSTs is generally considered to be the detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, and GSTs are involved in intracellular transport, biosynthesis of hormones and protection against oxidative stress [@pone.0058410-Enayati1]. Though GSH-dependent DDTase activity was discovered in several insect species, such as *Musca domestica* (housefly) [@pone.0058410-Clark2], *D. melanogaster* [@pone.0058410-Tang1], *A. gambiae* [@pone.0058410-Ranson1], *A. dirus* [@pone.0058410-Udomsinprasert1], and *Aedes aegypti* [@pone.0058410-Lumjuan1], detoxification of DTT was not observed by any of the four locust GST genes based on our RNAi experiments followed by DDT bioassay. Nevertheless, the detoxification roles of several *LmGST* genes against carbaryl, malathion, and chlorpyrifos have been evidenced by RNAi in this study.
Carbaryl is a member of the widely used carbamate insecticides. Like all carbamate insecticides, carbaryl acts as an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an important enzyme involved in cholinergic neurotransmission in all animals including vertebrates and insects [@pone.0058410-Gunasekara1]. Carbaryl is not considered be metabolized via GST in previous study [@pone.0058410-Ferrari1]. However, as validated by LmGSTs3 [@pone.0058410-Qin2] and LmGSTs5 RNAi followed by insecticides bioassay, our results indicated that sigma GSTs in *L. migratoria* play a significant role in carbaryl detoxification. It has been well established that organophosphate (OP) insecticides are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and hydrolases. However, there is a growing body of evidences that GSTs also play an important role in OP detoxification [@pone.0058410-Wang2]. The action of GSTs on OP insecticides can lead to activation or detoxification [@pone.0058410-Miyamoto1]. Thiono-type OP insecticides, such as malathion, are not AChE inhibitors and require metabolic activation to become strong irreversible inhibitors of AChE *in vivo*. This activation mainly occurs through the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes, but subsequent reactions generally involve phase II reactions catalyzed by the enzymes such as GST. Our results indicate that LmGSTs5 is involved in malathion detoxification.
Chlorpyrifos, another widely used OP insecticide, is activated to chlorpyrifos oxon by cytochrome P450 enzymes and undergoes deethylation and dearylation, in human hepatocytes, or in *vivo* [@pone.0058410-Fujioka1]. The metabolism yields a large number of metabolites which can be ultimately conjugated by GSH through GSTs. The locust mortalities after carbaryl and chlorpyrifos treatments increased after LmGSTu1 were silenced. It suggested that the unclassified LmGST played significant roles in both carbaryl and chlorpyrifos detoxification.
In conclusion, four GSTs representing different classes from *Locusta migratoria* were heterologously expressed in *E. coli* and biochemically characterized in this study. LmGSTt1 differed from other three GSTs at optimal pH, thermostability, and pH stability. The maximum expression of the four GSTs was observed in Malpighian tubules and fat bodies as evaluated by western blot. Our study suggest that sigma GSTs in *L. migratoria* play a significant role in carbaryl detoxification. LmGSTs5 also involved in malathion detoxification. The unclassified LmGST played significant roles in both carbaryl and chlorpyrifos detoxification. Studies such as this may lead to a more informed insecticide design strategy that takes into account the likelihood of degradation by the detoxification enzymes of the pest insect. However, genome-wide search of all the GST genes in *L. migratoria* followed by functional analysis is needed in future research.
Supporting Information {#s5}
======================
######
The specificity of the primary antibody of four *L. migratoria* GST proteins was detected using western blot.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Primers for PCR of GST genes contained restriction enzyme sites of *L. migratoria.*
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Summary of the purification of LmGSTs from *E. coli* cells.
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Median inhibition concentrations (I~50~) of ethacrynic acid and reactive blue against LmGSTs.
(DOCX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: GQ EM JZ KYZ. Performed the experiments: GQ MJ TL. Analyzed the data: GQ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GQ XZ YG. Wrote the paper: GQ KYZ.
|
117 S.W.3d 866 (2003)
Ex parte Antonio Dwinal HALE, Applicant.
No. 74357.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas, En Banc.
October 8, 2003.
*867 Antonio Dwinal Hale, pro se.
Jeri Yenne, DA, Angleton, Matthew Paul, State's Atty., Austin, for State.
Before the court en banc.
WOMACK, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
The issue in this case is whether the applicant should be given credit on a subsequent sentence for the time during which he was erroneously released on mandatory supervision when he should have continued to be imprisoned under the previous sentence.
I.
On November 5, 1991, the applicant was sentenced to seven years in prison for burglary. On August 8, 1992, he unlawfully carried a weapon in prison, an offense for which he was sentenced to eight years' imprisonment on September 22, 1994. As the law requires, the judgment in the weapon case specified that the sentence not begin until the completion of the first sentence.[1]
Taking into account a credit for pre-sentence confinement in jail, the burglary sentence began on October 7, 1991. The applicant was not approved for parole on that sentence, so the law required him to serve the seven-year burglary sentence "day-for-day" in prison,[2] that is, until October 6, 1998. At that time, the second sentence (for the weapon violation) should have begun.
The problem is that the applicant was not in fact confined in prison, serving the seven-year burglary sentence, until the sentence ended on October 6, 1998. He was incorrectly released to mandatory supervision *868 twice. On December 12, 1994, he was erroneously released by prison officials who had not received the commitment papers for the second sentence. (The papers arrived six weeks after the release.) He stayed out until February 3, 1996, when he was arrested and returned to prison for violating the terms of mandatory supervision.
On October 4, 1996, his release to mandatory supervision on the burglary conviction was reinstated. This action was incorrect, since he should not have been released on mandatory supervision on any sentence other than the last one[3]in this case, the cumulated sentence for the weapon offense. He stayed out on that erroneous release until February 19, 2001, when he was arrested for violation of conditions of mandatory supervision. (On February 27, 2001, he was sentenced to six months in state jail for unauthorized use of vehicle.)
II.
For the time he spent out of prison, the applicant says he should be given credit against his sentence as though he were in prison. Why? Because, he says, he was not at fault and cannot be penalized for leaving prison when he was told to do so. We agree that he should not be penalized for what happened. The question is, would he be penalized by being required to serve the sentence that was entered against him without credit for the time he spent at home?
This question was answered without difficulty when it first arose, in 1891, in Ex parte Wyatt. "The fact that he was allowed to go at large by the sheriff illegally for more than 10 days, and that if during that time he had been in prison the judgment would have been discharged, does not give him the right to claim a discharge simply on account of the fact that the 10 days for which he should have been imprisoned had already elapsed."[4] We adhered to that answer for forty years or more.[5]
Without referring to those decisions, we gave a different answer in 1953 with our decision in Ex parte Griffin.[6] In Griffin, we quoted a statement made by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in 1913 that a jail inmate "did no more than any other intelligent human being would have done under like circumstancesthat is, to go home when the court who had sentenced him, the county attorney who had prosecuted him, and the sheriff who had incarcerated him told him he could do so."[7]
When the conflict between Griffin and the earlier decisions was pointed out later in 1953, in Ex parte Morgan, we distinguished the decisions by referring again to Griffin's lack of fault. We also added a second reason.
In the Wyatt case it was the prisoner who asked for the leniency which we held the sheriff had no authority to grant him. This was not so in the Griffin case. There the judge sent the officer *869 to bring the prisoner before him, and then told the prisoner to go home just as was done in the case at bar.
Therein lies the distinction that we tried to make clear in the Griffin case.
Any other holding than that in the Griffin case and this case would be fundamentally unsound for two reasons: (1) It would require one who had requested no relief, but who had been told to leave his place of confinement by those who confined him, to refuse to leave and demand that he be allowed to finish serving his sentence at that time in order to ever be free from the clutches of the law. Such conduct on the part of a prisoner would be inconsistent with human nature as we know it. (2) It would place in the hands of those charged with enforcing the law the power to keep a prisoner in a form of peonage by requiring him to serve his sentence at whatever times and for such length of time as the whim of the officer might dictate.[8]
The first reason says nothing more than already has been said, and to which all agree: such a prisoner has done nothing wrong and should not be penalized. It advances not one step toward deciding whether requiring the prisoner to serve his sentence would be such a penalty. The first flaw in our Griffin decision is that it stopped at the first step of the reasoning.
The decision of the Oklahoma Court on which we relied in Griffin made no such mistake. After taking the first step of the analysis, which was that the prisoner was released without fault on his part, the Oklahoma Court gave the reason for its holding. In the Oklahoma case, a county court sentenced a person to serve 30 days in jail and to pay a $50 fine, but the court apparently ordered him released later that day, which it had no authority to do.[9] About four months later the court issued another commitment to jail, and the prisoner sought habeas corpus. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals gave him relief, saying:
[A] rule could not be established, technical or otherwise, holding him to be an escape [sic] and liable to reincarceration, without placing in the hands of county courts, sheriffs, and prosecuting attorneys the power to defeat every judgment of a court of record entered in this state, and permit them to harass and impose upon the unfortunate members of our citizenship, who happen to be convicted and sentenced for crime, during an endless period, by placing them in jail today and releasing them tomorrow, with or without cause, as their caprice might suggest. The petitioner in this case was in the custody of the sheriff and subject to his call at all times until the expiration of the prison sentence, and was in legal effect a "trusty." We do not suggest that the action of the officers was prompted to by corrupt motives, but it makes no difference what prompts the act; the rule of law is the same. There is no statute authorizing such conduct, and there should be none.[10]
*870 Here the Oklahoma court said what we reiterated in our second reason in Morgan, that the decision is necessary to protect prisoners from being harassed by release and reimprisonment. None of these statements is true today. It is time to reexamine these reasons in light of changes in our constitutions and statutes.
Today Texas has statutes that authorize the release of prisoners to mandatory supervision by the executive branch of state government.[11] The actions in our case were erroneous exercises of an authorized power. They were not unconstitutional exercises of the executive power of clemency by local officials. They did not place in the hands of county courts, sheriffs, and prosecuting attorneys the power to defeat every judgment of a court of record in our state.
In fact, since the Oklahoma court's decision in 1913, the power to release prisoners on conditions has been given to trial courts[12] as well as the executive.
Like the Oklahoma court's holding, the holding of this Court in 1912 was that a judicial release of a convicted person was an intrusion on the executive power. The first suspended-sentence legislation, which was enacted in 1911,[13] was held unconstitutional because it infringed on the executive's power to pardon after conviction. The defect in the act was that, after the jury had assessed punishment, the trial judge was to decide whether to suspend the sentence. The Court of Criminal Appeals found this discretion "but an indirect exercise of the power to pardon," which was reserved to the executive.[14]
The legislature responded with the Suspension of Sentence Act of 1913,[15] which is usually called "the Suspended Sentence Law." It took the discretion away from the judge by requiring the suspension of sentence when the jury recommended it in their verdict. This act was found to be within the legislature's constitutional power to fix the punishment for crimes, and within the judiciary branch's authority to assess punishment.[16] The present statute that authorizes "jury-recommended" probation[17] is the descendant of the Suspension of Sentence Act.
In 1931 when a statute gave the courts the power to receive a plea of guilty in a felony case without a jury, the same statute also gave them authority, without the verdict of a jury, to suspend a sentence that was not more than five years in felony cases other than murder, perjury, burglary of a private residence at night, robbery, arson, incest, bigamy, seduction, or abortion.[18] This Court never addressed the constitutionality of the 1931 act. In order to remove any doubt about whether the 1931 act intruded on the governor's power to pardon, the executive article of the Texas *871 Constitution, Article IV, was amended by the addition of section 11A in 1935:
The Courts of the State of Texas having original jurisdiction of criminal actions shall have the power, after conviction, to suspend the imposition or execution of sentence and to place the defendant upon probation and to reimpose such sentence, under such conditions as the Legislature may prescribe.
This section has been described as a limited authority for the courts to grant clemency.[19] It was not self-enacting, and it required enabling legislation.[20]
The first legislation that gave judges a general authority to grant probation was the Adult Probation and Parole Law of 1947.[21] The probation that was authorized by that statute was essentially like today's community supervision.
When the Code of Criminal Procedure was revised in 1965, the probation portion of the Adult Probation and Parole Law of 1947 became Article 42.12 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the old Suspension of Sentence Act was repealed.[22]
These laws evince a decision by the people, expressed through their constitution and representatives, that society is well served by conditional release from jail and prison.
In each form of conditional release (probation, parole, and mandatory supervision) no credit against a sentence is given for the time spent on conditional release.
Also since 1913, the Constitution of our country has been interpreted to protect persons who are released, from reincarceration without due process of law.[23] These constitutional holdings protect a convicted person from Griffin's spectre of the jailer who, acting on "caprice," would "harass" him by releasing and reincarcerating him will-he, nil-he.[24]
It is common that persons who have been conditionally released are incarcerated after a violation of the conditions of release.[25] They are required to serve their *872 sentences without credit for the time spent in release. Yet no one with any experience in the processes of criminal law can doubt that the overwhelming majority of defendants prefer to be conditionally released rather than incarcerated. They do not see these releases as a system for officers of government "to harass and impose upon the unfortunate members of our citizenship, who happen to be convicted and sentenced for crime, during an endless period, by placing them in jail today and releasing them tomorrow, with or without cause, as their caprice might suggest." Conditional releases are highly desired alternatives to incarceration. For the overwhelming majority of defendants, release is not the penalty; incarceration is. Our files do not bulge with petitions from prisoners complaining of being punished by being released, and demanding to be imprisoned.
The Oklahoma court said an inmate who was released without authority of law should be thought of as a "trusty," an inmate who is incarcerated but is given lesser restriction on his freedom so that he can perform tasks for the jail or prison. That characterization may have been the best analogy under the law of Oklahoma in 1913, but it is completely wrong for our case under our law in our time. A person who is erroneously released under supervision is not a trusty inmate; he is a releasee who is serving an unauthorized conditional release. The law that should apply to such a person is not the law that governs inmates; it is the law that governs releasees.
During the years that have passed since our Griffin decision, constitutional and statutory law has changed so greatly that its reasoning simply fails to apply. We overrule that outmoded case and other cases that have repeated its holding,[26] and we disapprove the recitation of its reasoning as dicta in other cases.[27]
*873 IV.
The limits on the period of conditional release are set by statute. For mandatory supervision, the period "is computed by subtracting from the term for which the inmate was sentenced the calendar time served on the sentence."[28] A person may not be supervised after that period expires. Under the law that was applicable to a releasee at the time that the applicant's release was revoked, "If a person's parole, mandatory supervision, or conditional pardon is revoked, the person may be required to serve the remaining portion of the sentence on which the person is released. The remaining portion is computed without credit for the time from the date of the person's release to the date of revocation."[29]
In the present case, the applicant's seven-year burglary sentence began on October 7, 1991. He was erroneously released to mandatory supervision on December 12, 1994.[30] At that point, the applicant had served 1162 days of his 2557-day sentence. He was arrested for violating the conditions of mandatory supervision on February 3, 1996, and he remained incarcerated for 244 more days, which brought the total length of his incarceration for the burglary offense to 1406 days. Then, on October 4, 1996, he was again erroneously released to mandatory supervision. He remained on this second release until he was arrested for a new offense (unauthorized use of a motor vehicle) on February 18, XXXX-XXXX days later. That is 447 days after the applicant's period of supervision on the burglary offense would have expired, had his release been proper.
Because we hold that the statute that should apply to the applicant is the statute that applied to prisoners who were released on mandatory supervision at the time the applicant was erroneously released, we hold that the applicant's burglary sentence was discharged when his period of supervision on that sentence would have expired.
At the time that the burglary sentence was discharged, the applicant's stacked sentence for the weapon offense should have started, but because he was not incarcerated, the time credit accrued only toward his period of supervision. Had the applicant spent the next eight years on supervision without a violation of his conditions, he would have discharged his weapon sentence as well. Instead, because his supervision was revoked, he was not eligible for credit under the statute that applied to prisoners who were released at the time he was released.[31] Therefore the applicant accrued no credit toward incarceration on the weapon sentence for his time spent on release.
We hold that the sentence for the applicant's burglary offense has expired and that he began accruing incarceration credit on the sentence for the weapon offense when he was arrested on February 18, 2001.
*874 All other relief requested in this application is denied.
NOTES
[1] "If a defendant is sentenced for an offense committed while the defendant was an inmate in the institutional division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice and the defendant has not completed the sentence he was serving at the time of the offense, the judge shall order the sentence he was serving for the subsequent offense to commence immediately on completion of the original offense." TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 42.08(b).
[2] See Ex parte Kuester, 21 S.W.3d 264 (Tex.Cr. App.2000). Accord, Ex parte Millard, 48 S.W.3d 190, 193 (Tex.Cr.App.2001).
[3] See Ex parte Ruthart, 980 S.W.2d 469, 473 (Tex.Cr.App.1998) ("an inmate serving consecutive sentences is not eligible for mandatory supervision on any but the last of his consecutive sentences").
[4] Ex parte Wyatt, 29 Tex.App. 398, 400, 16 S.W. 301, 301 (1891).
[5] See Ex parte Cooper, 115 Tex.Crim. 620, 621, 27 S.W.2d 159, 159 (1930) (unauthorized release by sheriff); Ex parte Lawson, 98 Tex. Crim. 544, 544, 266 S.W. 1101, 1101 (1924) (unauthorized release by federal prison).
[6] 158 Tex.Crim. 570, 258 S.W.2d 324.
[7] Id. at 572, 258 S.W.2d 324 258 S.W.2d at 325 (quoting Ex parte Eley, 9 Okla.Crim. 76, 80, 130 P. 821, 823 (1913)).
[8] Ex parte Morgan, 159 Tex.Crim. 241, 246-47, 262 S.W.2d 728, 731 (1953).
[9] "When a judgment is pronounced and no appeal taken, and a commitment issued and the prisoner delivered to the custody of the county jailor, there are only three ways for him to be released lawfully until the judgment is satisfied: First, by habeas corpus, on the ground that the judgment is void; second, by order of the court, when the judgment is vacated or set aside upon lawful grounds; third, by parol or pardon from the Governor." Ex parte Eley, 9 Okla.Crim. at 79, 130 P. at 822.
[10] Id., at 80-81, 130 P. at 822.
[11] See, e.g., Tex. Gov't Code § 508.147.
[12] See, e.g., Tex. Const. art. IV, § 11A ("probation"); Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.031 ("work release program"); id., art. 42.033 ("sentence to serve time during off-work hours"); id., art. 42.034 ("county jail work release program"); id., art. 42.035 ("house arrest"); id., art. 42.036 ("community service"); id., art. 42.12 ("community supervision").
[13] Act of March 11, 1911, 32nd Leg., R.S., ch. 44, 1911 Tex. Gen. Laws 67.
[14] Snodgrass v. State, 67 Tex.Crim. 615, 150 S.W. 162, 166 (1912).
[15] Act of February 11, 1913, 33rd Leg., R.S., ch. 7, 1913 Tex. Gen. Laws 8.
[16] See Baker v. State, 70 Tex.Crim. 618, 158 S.W. 998 (1913).
[17] Tex.Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.12, § 4.
[18] See Act of April 9, 1931, 42nd Leg., R.S., ch. 43, § 4, 1931 Tex. Gen. Laws 65, 66.
[19] See State ex rel. Smith v. Blackwell, 500 S.W.2d 97, 101 (Tex.Cr.App.1973) ("This section of the Constitution is a limited grant of clemency to the courts by the people and does not encompass the general authority to grant commutation and pardons").
[20] State v. Klein, 154 Tex.Crim. 31, 224 S.W.2d 250 (1949).
[21] Act of June 21, 1947, 50th Leg., R.S., ch. 452, 1947 Tex. Gen. Laws 1049.
[22] See Code of Criminal Procedure Act, 59th Leg., R.S., ch. 722, § 1, art. 54.02, sec. 1, 1965 Tex. Gen. Laws, vol. 2, 317, 563. The parole portion of the 1947 Adult Probation and Parole Law is now in Tex. Gov't Code ch. 508.
[23] See Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972) (parole revocation). Accord, Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973) (probation revocation).
[24] See Ex parte Eley, 9 Okla.Crim. at 80-81, 130 P. at 822, quoted above at 869; Ex parte Downey, 471 S.W.2d 576 (Tex.Cr.App.1971) (adopting statements in White v. Pearlman, 42 F.2d 788 (10th Cir.1930), that a rule to the contrary would subject prisoners to "peonage" at the "whim" of jailers).
[25] In State Fiscal Year 2002, 54,725 motions to revoke probation were filed in the district courts, 29,261 of which were granted, 19,311 of which were denied, and 7,232 of which were otherwise disposed of. Office of Court Administration, Texas Judicial System Annual Report-State Fiscal Year 2002 157 (2002). The Department of Criminal Justice took in "between the state jail and institutional division-more than 50,000 people a year.... And about 21,000 of those are probation revocations, and about 11,000 are parole revocations." Gary Johnson, Executive Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, quoted in Ed Timms, Study Projecting Surge in Inmates, Dallas Morning News, Jan. 15, 2003, at 1A.
[26] Ex parte Busby, 67 S.W.3d 171 (Tex.Cr. App.2001) (credit for period of shock probation that trial court granted after its jurisdiction had expired); Ex parte Millard, 48 S.W.3d 190 (Tex.Cr.App.2001) (credit for period of parole after erroneous release); Ex parte Dunn, 976 S.W.2d 208 (Tex.Cr.App. 1998) (credit for period on bail pending appeal, but only after the time the applicant notified the trial court of his whereabouts); Ex parte Smiley, 730 S.W.2d 757 (Tex.Cr.App. 1987) (credit for period of mandatory supervision when no detainer from another charge had been sent to the prison); Stasey v. State, 683 S.W.2d 705 (Tex.Cr.App.1985) (credit for premature portion of shock probation that trial court granted before it had jurisdiction); Ex parte Hudson, 655 S.W.2d 206 (Tex.Cr. App.1983) (credit for time of erroneous release from the jail of another county); Ex parte Morris, 626 S.W.2d 754 (Tex.Cr.App. 1982) (per Teague, J., with seven judges concurring in the result) (attempting to rephrase the rule); Ex parte Hurd, 613 S.W.2d 742 (Tex.Cr.App.1981) (credit for time of release from prison because no detainer was sent to prison); Ex parte Pizzalota, 610 S.W.2d 486 (Tex.Cr.App.1980) (credit for time of release from prison in disregard of detainer); Ex parte Tarlton, 582 S.W.2d 155 (Tex.Cr.App. 1979) (credit for time of release from prison after county of subsequent conviction failed to notify prison that appeal had been withdrawn); Ex parte Bates, 538 S.W.2d 790 (Tex. Cr.App.1976) (credit for time of release from prison after county of subsequent conviction failed to notify prison that conviction had been affirmed on appeal); Ex parte Esquivel, 531 S.W.2d 339 (Tex.Cr.App.1976) (same); Ex parte Downey, 471 S.W.2d 576 (Tex.Cr. App.1971) (credit for time of release from prison when notification of subsequent conviction had not yet arrived at prison); Ex parte Morgan, 159 Tex.Crim. 241, 262 S.W.2d 728 (1953) (credit for time of release from jail after sentence when trial court, without authority, ordered release).
[27] These include Ex parte Kuester, 21 S.W.3d 264, 272 (Tex.Cr.App.2000) (stating the rule in dictum), and Ex parte Iglehart, 535 S.W.2d 185 (Tex.Cr.App.1976) (no credit for time of release during which applicant contested extradition).
[28] Tex. Gov't Code § 508.148.
[29] Id., § 508.283(c) (enacted by Act of May 21, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 165, § 12.01, sec. 508.283, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 327, 435-46), relettered subsection "(b)" by Act of May 10, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 62, § 10.34, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 127, 333, amended for revocations that occur on or after September 1, 2001 by Act of June 14, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 856, § 7, 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 1704, 1705.
[30] He was not paroled, however, so the stacked sentence for the weapon charge did not start at this time.
[31] See note 29 and accompanying text, supra.
|
Argentinian film tonight at library
The next feature in the Jamestown Philomenian Library’s international film series will be shown on Thursday, March 22, at 7 p.m. The featured movie will be “Familia Rodante,” a 103-minute Argentinian film that translates to “Rolling Family.”
The film is a comedy-drama about a wedding invite from an estranged sibling that inspires a grandmother to assemble her family and embark on a road trip in a broken down caravan. |
{"Access Configuration","Åtkomstkonfiguration"}.
{"Access Control List Configuration","Konfiguera ACL"}.
{"Access control lists","ACL"}.
{"Access Control Lists","ACL"}.
{"Access denied by service policy","Åtkomst nekad enligt lokal policy"}.
{"Access rules","Åtkomstregler"}.
{"Access Rules","Åtkomstregler"}.
{"Action on user","Handling mot användare"}.
{"Add Jabber ID","Lägg till Jabber ID"}.
{"Add New","Lägg till ny"}.
{"Add User","Lägg till användare"}.
{"Administration","Administration"}.
{"Administration of ","Administration av "}.
{"Administrator privileges required","Administrationsprivilegier krävs"}.
{"A friendly name for the node","Ett vänligt namn for noden"}.
{"All activity","All aktivitet"}.
{"Allow this Jabber ID to subscribe to this pubsub node?","Tillåt denna Jabber ID att prenumerera på denna pubsub node"}.
{"Allow users to change the subject","Tillåt användare att byta ämne"}.
{"Allow users to query other users","Tillåt användare att söka efter andra användare"}.
{"Allow users to send invites","Tillåt användare att skicka inbjudningar"}.
{"Allow users to send private messages","Tillåt användare att skicka privata meddelanden"}.
{"Allow visitors to change nickname","Tillåt gäster att kunna ändra smeknamn"}.
{"Allow visitors to send status text in presence updates","Tillåt gäster att skicka statustext som uppdatering"}.
{"All Users","Alla användare"}.
{"Announcements","Meddelanden"}.
{"anyone","Vemsomhelst"}.
{"April","April"}.
{"August","Augusti"}.
{"Backup Management","Hantera säkerhetskopior"}.
{"Backup of ","Backup av"}.
{"Backup","Säkerhetskopiera"}.
{"Backup to File at ","Säkerhetskopiera till fil på "}.
{"Bad format","Dåligt format"}.
{"Birthday","Födelsedag"}.
{"Change Password","Ändra lösenord"}.
{"Change User Password","Andra användarlösenord"}.
{"Chatroom configuration modified","Chattrum konfiguration modifierad"}.
{"Chatrooms","Chattrum"}.
{"Choose a username and password to register with this server","Välj ett användarnamn och lösenord för att registrera mot denna server"}.
{"Choose modules to stop","Välj vilka moduler som skall stoppas"}.
{"Choose storage type of tables","Välj lagringstyp för tabeller"}.
{"Choose whether to approve this entity's subscription.","Välj om du vill godkänna hela denna prenumertion."}.
{"City","Stad"}.
{"Commands","Kommandon"}.
{"Conference room does not exist","Rummet finns inte"}.
{"Configuration","Konfiguration"}.
{"Configuration of room ~s","Konfiguration för ~s"}.
{"Connected Resources:","Anslutna resurser:"}.
{"Connections parameters","Uppkopplingsparametrar"}.
{"Country","Land"}.
{"CPU Time:","CPU tid"}.
{"Database","Databas"}.
{"Database Tables at ","Databas tabell pa"}.
{"Database Tables Configuration at ","Databastabellers konfiguration"}.
{"December","December"}.
{"Default users as participants","Gör om användare till deltagare"}.
{"Delete message of the day on all hosts","Ta bort dagens meddelande på alla värdar"}.
{"Delete message of the day","Ta bort dagens meddelande"}.
{"Delete Selected","Tabort valda"}.
{"Delete","Ta bort"}.
{"Delete User","Ta bort användare"}.
{"Deliver event notifications","Skicka eventnotifikation"}.
{"Deliver payloads with event notifications","Skicka innehåll tillsammans med notifikationer"}.
{"Description:","Beskrivning:"}.
{"Disc only copy","Endast diskkopia"}.
{"Displayed Groups:","Visade grupper:"}.
{"Dump Backup to Text File at ","Dumpa säkerhetskopia till textfil på "}.
{"Dump to Text File","Dumpa till textfil"}.
{"Edit Properties","Redigera egenskaper"}.
{"ejabberd IRC module","ejabberd IRC-modul"}.
{"ejabberd MUC module","ejabberd MUC modul"}.
{"ejabberd Publish-Subscribe module","ejabberd publikprenumerations modul"}.
{"ejabberd SOCKS5 Bytestreams module","ejabberd SOCKS5 Bytestrem modul"}.
{"ejabberd vCard module","ejabberd vCard-modul"}.
{"ejabberd Web Admin","ejabberd Web Admin"}.
{"Elements","Elements"}.
{"Email","Email"}.
{"Enable logging","Möjliggör login"}.
{"Encoding for server ~b","Encoding för server ~b"}.
{"End User Session","Avsluta användarsession"}.
{"Enter list of {Module, [Options]}","Skriv in en lista av {Module, [Options]}"}.
{"Enter nickname you want to register","Skriv in smeknamnet du vill registrera"}.
{"Enter path to backup file","Skriv in sökväg till fil för säkerhetskopia"}.
{"Enter path to jabberd14 spool dir","Skriv in sökväg till spoolkatalog från jabberd14"}.
{"Enter path to jabberd14 spool file","Skriv in sökväg till spoolfil från jabberd14"}.
{"Enter path to text file","Skriv in sökväg till textfil"}.
{"Enter the text you see","Skriv in sökväg till textfil"}.
{"Enter username, encodings, ports and passwords you wish to use for connecting to IRC servers","Skriv in användarnamn och textkodning du vill använda för att ansluta till IRC-servrar"}.
{"Erlang Jabber Server","Erlang Jabber Server"}.
{"Error","Fel"}.
{"Example: [{\"irc.lucky.net\", \"koi8-r\", 6667, \"secret\"}, {\"vendetta.fef.net\", \"iso8859-1\", 7000}, {\"irc.sometestserver.net\", \"utf-8\"}].","Exempel: [{\"irc.lucky.net\", \"koi8-r\", 6667, \"secret\"}, {\"vendetta.fef.net\", \"iso8859-1\", 7000}, {\"irc.sometestserver.net\", \"utf-8\"}]."}.
{"Export data of all users in the server to PIEFXIS files (XEP-0227):","Exportera data av alla användare i servern till en PIEFXIS fil (XEP-0227):"}.
{"Export data of users in a host to PIEFXIS files (XEP-0227):","Exportera data av användare i en host till PIEFXIS fil (XEP-0227):"}.
{"Family Name","Efternamn"}.
{"February","Februari"}.
{"Fill in fields to search for any matching Jabber User","Fyll i fält för att söka efter jabberanvändare"}.
{"Fill in the form to search for any matching Jabber User (Add * to the end of field to match substring)","Fyll i formuläret för att söka efter en användare (lägg till * på slutet av fältet för att hitta alla som börjar så)"}.
{"Friday","Fredag"}.
{"From","Från"}.
{"From ~s","Från ~s"}.
{"Full Name","Fullständigt namn"}.
{"Get Number of Online Users","Hämta antal inloggade användare"}.
{"Get Number of Registered Users","Hämta antal registrerade användare"}.
{"Get User Last Login Time","Hämta användarens senast inloggade tid"}.
{"Get User Password","Hämta användarlösenord"}.
{"Get User Statistics","Hämta användarstatistik"}.
{"Group ","Grupp "}.
{"Groups","Grupper"}.
{"has been banned","har blivit bannad"}.
{"has been kicked because of an affiliation change","har blivit kickad p.g.a en ändring av tillhörighet"}.
{"has been kicked because of a system shutdown","har blivit kickad p.g.a en systemnerstängning"}.
{"has been kicked because the room has been changed to members-only","har blivit kickad p.g.a att rummet har ändrats till endast användare"}.
{"has been kicked","har blivit kickad"}.
{" has set the subject to: "," har satt ämnet till: "}.
{"Host","Server"}.
{"If you want to specify different ports, passwords, encodings for IRC servers, fill this list with values in format '{\"irc server\", \"encoding\", port, \"password\"}'. By default this service use \"~s\" encoding, port ~p, empty password.","Om du vill specifiera textkodning för IRC-servrar, fyll i listan med värden i formatet '{\"irc server\", \"encoding\", port, \"password\"}'. Som standard används \"~s\", port ~p, no password."}.
{"Import Directory","Importera katalog"}.
{"Import File","Importera fil"}.
{"Import user data from jabberd14 spool file:","Importera användare från jabberd14 Spool filer"}.
{"Import User from File at ","Importera användare från fil på "}.
{"Import users data from a PIEFXIS file (XEP-0227):","Importera användardata från en PIEFXIS fil (XEP-0227):"}.
{"Import users data from jabberd14 spool directory:","Importera användare från jabberd14 Spool directory:"}.
{"Import Users from Dir at ","Importera användare från katalog på "}.
{"Import Users From jabberd14 Spool Files","Importera användare från jabberd14 Spool filer"}.
{"Improper message type","Felaktig medelandetyp"}.
{"Incorrect password","Fel lösenord"}.
{"Invalid affiliation: ~s","Ogiltlig rang: ~s"}.
{"Invalid role: ~s","Ogiltlig roll: ~s"}.
{"IP addresses","IP adresser"}.
{"IP","IP"}.
{"IRC channel (don't put the first #)","IRC kanal (skriv inte första #)"}.
{"IRC server","IRC-användarnamn"}.
{"IRC settings","IRC Inställningar"}.
{"IRC Transport","IRC transport"}.
{"IRC username","IRC-användarnamn"}.
{"IRC Username","IRC-användarnamn"}.
{"is now known as","är känd som"}.
{"It is not allowed to send private messages","Det ar inte tillåtet att skicka privata meddelanden"}.
{"It is not allowed to send private messages of type \"groupchat\"","Det är inte tillåtet att skicka privata medelanden med typen \"groupchat\""}.
{"It is not allowed to send private messages to the conference","Det är inte tillåtet att skicka privata medelanden till den här konferensen"}.
{"Jabber ID","Jabber ID"}.
{"Jabber ID ~s is invalid","Otillåtet Jabber ID ~s"}.
{"January","Januari"}.
{"Join IRC channel","Lägg till IRC kanal"}.
{"joins the room","joinar rummet"}.
{"Join the IRC channel here.","Lägg till IRC kanal här."}.
{"Join the IRC channel in this Jabber ID: ~s","Lägg till IRC kanal till detta Jabber ID: ~s"}.
{"July","Juli"}.
{"June","Juni"}.
{"Last Activity","Senast aktivitet"}.
{"Last login","Senaste login"}.
{"Last month","Senaste månaden"}.
{"Last year","Senaste året"}.
{"leaves the room","lämnar rummet"}.
{"Listened Ports at ","Lyssnande portar på "}.
{"Listened Ports","Lyssnarport"}.
{"List of modules to start","Lista av moduler som skall startas"}.
{"Low level update script","Uppdaterade laglevel skript"}.
{"Make participants list public","Gör deltagarlistan publik"}.
{"Make room members-only","Gör om rummet till endast medlemmar"}.
{"Make room moderated","Gör rummet modererat"}.
{"Make room password protected","Gör losenorden i rummet publika"}.
{"Make room persistent","Gör rummet permanent"}.
{"Make room public searchable","Gör rummet publikt sökbart"}.
{"March","Mars"}.
{"Maximum Number of Occupants","Maximalt antal av användare"}.
{"Max # of items to persist","Högsta antal dataposter som sparas"}.
{"Max payload size in bytes","Högsta innehållsstorlek i bytes"}.
{"May","Maj"}.
{"Membership is required to enter this room","Du måste vara medlem för att komma in i det här rummet"}.
{"Members:","Medlemmar:"}.
{"Memory","Minne"}.
{"Message body","Meddelande kropp"}.
{"Middle Name","Mellannamn"}.
{"Moderator privileges required","Moderatorprivilegier krävs"}.
{"moderators only","endast moderatorer"}.
{"Modified modules","Uppdaterade moduler"}.
{"Module","Modul"}.
{"Modules at ","Moduler på"}.
{"Modules","Moduler"}.
{"Monday","Måndag"}.
{"Name:","Namn:"}.
{"Name","Namn"}.
{"Never","Aldrig"}.
{"Nickname Registration at ","Registrera smeknamn på "}.
{"Nickname ~s does not exist in the room","Smeknamnet ~s existerar inte i det här rummet"}.
{"Nickname","Smeknamn"}.
{"No body provided for announce message","Ingen kropp behövs för dessa meddelanden"}.
{"No Data","Ingen data"}.
{"Node ID","Node ID"}.
{"Node ","Nod "}.
{"Node not found","Noden finns inte"}.
{"Nodes","Noder"}.
{"No limit","Ingen gräns"}.
{"None","Inga"}.
{"No resource provided","Ingen resurs angiven"}.
{"Not Found","Noden finns inte"}.
{"Notify subscribers when items are removed from the node","Meddela prenumeranter när dataposter tas bort från noden"}.
{"Notify subscribers when the node configuration changes","Meddela prenumeranter när nodens konfiguration ändras"}.
{"Notify subscribers when the node is deleted","Meddela prenumeranter när noden tas bort"}.
{"November","November"}.
{"Number of occupants","Antal besökare"}.
{"Number of online users","Antal inloggade användare"}.
{"Number of registered users","Antal registrerade användare"}.
{"October","Oktober"}.
{"Offline Messages:","Offline meddelanden:"}.
{"Offline Messages","Offline meddelanden"}.
{"OK","OK"}.
{"Online","Ansluten"}.
{"Online Users","Anslutna användare"}.
{"Online Users:","Inloggade användare"}.
{"Only deliver notifications to available users","Skicka notifikationer bara till uppkopplade användare"}.
{"Only moderators and participants are allowed to change the subject in this room","Endast moderatorer och deltagare har tillåtelse att ändra ämnet i det här rummet"}.
{"Only occupants are allowed to send messages to the conference","Utomstående får inte skicka medelanden till den här konferensen"}.
{"Only occupants are allowed to send queries to the conference","Utomstående får inte skicka iq-queries till den här konferensen"}.
{"Only service administrators are allowed to send service messages","Endast administratörer får skicka tjänstmeddelanden"}.
{"Options","Parametrar"}.
{"Organization Name","Organisationsnamn"}.
{"Organization Unit","Organisationsenhet"}.
{"Outgoing s2s Connections","Utgaende s2s anslutning"}.
{"Outgoing s2s Connections:","Utgående s2s anslutning"}.
{"Outgoing s2s Servers:","Utgående s2s server"}.
{"Owner privileges required","Ägarprivilegier krävs"}.
{"Packet","Paket"}.
{"Password ~b","Lösenord ~b"}.
{"Password:","Lösenord:"}.
{"Password","Lösenord"}.
{"Password Verification","Lösenordsverifikation"}.
{"Path to Dir","Sökväg till katalog"}.
{"Path to File","Sökväg till fil"}.
{"Pending","Ännu inte godkända"}.
{"Period: ","Period: "}.
{"Persist items to storage","Spara dataposter permanent"}.
{"Ping","Ping"}.
{"Please note that these options will only backup the builtin Mnesia database. If you are using the ODBC module, you also need to backup your SQL database separately.","Kom ihåg att dessa inställningar endast tar backup pa builtin Mnesias databas. Om du använder ODBC modul så måste du ta backup på SQLs databas enskilt"}.
{"Pong","Pong"}.
{"Port ~b","Port ~b"}.
{"Port","Port"}.
{"Present real Jabber IDs to","Nuvarande äkta Jabber IDs till"}.
{"private, ","privat, "}.
{"Protocol","Protocol"}.
{"Publish-Subscribe","Publikprenumeration"}.
{"PubSub subscriber request","Pubsub prenumerationsforfrågan"}.
{"Queries to the conference members are not allowed in this room","Det är förbjudet att skicka iq-queries till konferensdeltagare"}.
{"RAM and disc copy","RAM- och diskkopia"}.
{"RAM copy","RAM-kopia"}.
{"Raw","Ra"}.
{"Really delete message of the day?","Verkligen ta bort dagens meddelanden?"}.
{"Recipient is not in the conference room","Mottagaren finns inte i rummet"}.
{"Registered Users:","Registrerade användare"}.
{"Registered Users","Registrerade användare"}.
{"Registration in mod_irc for ","mod_irc-registrering för "}.
{"Remote copy","Sparas inte lokalt"}.
{"Remove","Ta bort"}.
{"Remove User","Ta bort användare"}.
{"Replaced by new connection","Ersatt av ny anslutning"}.
{"Resources","Resurser"}.
{"Restart","Omstart"}.
{"Restart Service","Starta om servicen"}.
{"Restore","Återställ"}.
{"Restore Backup from File at ","Återställ säkerhetskopia från fil på "}.
{"Restore binary backup after next ejabberd restart (requires less memory):","återställ den binära backupen efter nästa ejabberd omstart"}.
{"Restore binary backup immediately:","återställ den binära backupen omedelbart"}.
{"Restore plain text backup immediately:","återställ textbackup omedelbart"}.
{"Room Configuration","Rumkonfiguration"}.
{"Room creation is denied by service policy","Skapandet av rum är förbjudet enligt lokal policy"}.
{"Room Occupants","Antal besökare"}.
{"Room title","Rumstitel"}.
{"Roster groups allowed to subscribe","Rostergrupper tillåts att prenumerera"}.
{"Roster","Kontaktlista"}.
{"Roster of ","Kontaktlista för "}.
{"Roster size","Roster storlek"}.
{"RPC Call Error","RPC Uppringningserror"}.
{"Running Nodes","Körande noder"}.
{"~s access rule configuration","Åtkomstregelkonfiguration för ~s"}.
{"Saturday","Lördag"}.
{"Script check","Skript kollat"}.
{"Search Results for ","Sökresultat för"}.
{"Search users in ","Sök efter användare på "}.
{"Send announcement to all online users on all hosts","Sänd meddelanden till alla inloggade användare på alla värdar"}.
{"Send announcement to all online users","Sänd meddelanden till alla inloggade användare"}.
{"Send announcement to all users on all hosts","Sänd meddelanden till alla användare på alla värdar"}.
{"Send announcement to all users","Sänd meddelanden till alla användare"}.
{"September","September"}.
{"Server ~b","Server ~b"}.
{"Set message of the day and send to online users","Sätt dagens status meddelande och skicka till alla användare"}.
{"Set message of the day on all hosts and send to online users","Sätt dagens status meddelande pa alla värdar och skicka till alla användare"}.
{"Shared Roster Groups","Delade Rostergrupper"}.
{"Show Integral Table","Visa kumulativ tabell"}.
{"Show Ordinary Table","Visa normal tabell"}.
{"Shut Down Service","Stäng ner servicen"}.
{"~s invites you to the room ~s","~s bjöd in dig till rummet ~s"}.
{"Specify the access model","Specificera accessmodellen"}.
{"Specify the publisher model","Ange publiceringsmodell"}.
{"~s's Offline Messages Queue","~s's offline meddelandekö"}.
{"Start Modules at ","Starta moduler på "}.
{"Start Modules","Starta moduler"}.
{"Start","Starta"}.
{"Statistics of ~p","Statistik på ~p"}.
{"Statistics","Statistik"}.
{"Stop Modules at ","Stoppa moduler på "}.
{"Stop Modules","Stanna moduler"}.
{"Stopped Nodes","Stannade noder"}.
{"Stop","Stoppa"}.
{"Storage Type","Lagringstyp"}.
{"Store binary backup:","Lagra den binära backupen"}.
{"Store plain text backup:","Lagra textbackup"}.
{"Subject","Ämne"}.
{"Submit","Skicka"}.
{"Submitted","Skicka in"}.
{"Subscriber Address","Prenumerationsadress"}.
{"Subscription","Prenumeration"}.
{"Sunday","Söndag"}.
{"That nickname is registered by another person","Smeknamnet är reserverat"}.
{"The CAPTCHA is valid.","Din CAPTCHA är godkänd."}.
{"the password is","Lösenordet är"}.
{"This participant is kicked from the room because he sent an error message","Deltagaren har blivit kickad fran rummet p.g.a att han skickade ett errormeddelande"}.
{"This participant is kicked from the room because he sent an error message to another participant","Deltagaren har blivit kickad från rummet p.g.a att han skickade ett errormeddelande till en annan deltagare"}.
{"This participant is kicked from the room because he sent an error presence","Denna deltagaren är kickad från rummet p.g.a att han skickade en errorstatus"}.
{"This room is not anonymous","Detta rum är inte anonymt"}.
{"Thursday","Torsdag"}.
{"Time delay","Tidsförsening"}.
{"Time","Tid"}.
{"To ~s","Till ~s"}.
{"To","Till"}.
{"Traffic rate limit is exceeded","Trafikgränsen har överstigits"}.
{"Transactions Aborted:","Transaktioner borttagna"}.
{"Transactions Committed:","Transaktioner kommittade"}.
{"Transactions Logged:","Transaktioner loggade "}.
{"Transactions Restarted:","Transaktioner omstartade"}.
{"Tuesday","Tisdag"}.
{"Unauthorized","Ej auktoriserad"}.
{"Update message of the day (don't send)","Uppdatera dagens status meddelande (skicka inte)"}.
{"Update message of the day on all hosts (don't send)","Uppdatera dagens status meddelande på alla värdar (skicka inte)"}.
{"Update plan","Uppdateringsplan"}.
{"Update script","Uppdatera skript"}.
{"Update ","Uppdatera"}.
{"Update","Uppdatera"}.
{"Uptime:","Tid upp"}.
{"Use of STARTTLS required","Du måste använda STARTTLS"}.
{"User ","Användare "}.
{"User","Användarnamn"}.
{"User Management","Användarmanagement"}.
{"Users","Användare"}.
{"Users are not allowed to register accounts so quickly","Det är inte tillåtet för användare att skapa konton så fort"}.
{"Users Last Activity","Användarens senaste aktivitet"}.
{"Validate","Validera"}.
{"vCard User Search","vCard användare sök"}.
{"Virtual Hosts","Virtuella servrar"}.
{"Visitors are not allowed to change their nicknames in this room","Det är inte tillåtet for gäster att ändra sina smeknamn i detta rummet"}.
{"Visitors are not allowed to send messages to all occupants","Besökare får inte skicka medelande till alla"}.
{"Wednesday","Onsdag"}.
{"When to send the last published item","När att skicka senast publicerade ämne"}.
{"Whether to allow subscriptions","Tillåta prenumerationer?"}.
{"You have been banned from this room","Du har blivit bannlyst från det här rummet"}.
{"You must fill in field \"Nickname\" in the form","Du måste fylla i fält \"smeknamn\" i formen"}.
{"You need an x:data capable client to configure mod_irc settings","Du behöer en klient som stöjer x:data för att konfigurera mod_irc"}.
{"You need an x:data capable client to configure room","Du behöver en klient som stödjer x:data för att konfiguera detta rum"}.
{"You need an x:data capable client to search","Du behöver en klient som stödjer x:data, för att kunna söka"}.
{"Your contact offline message queue is full. The message has been discarded.","Din kontaktkö for offlinekontakter ar full"}.
{"Your messages to ~s are being blocked. To unblock them, visit ~s","Dina meddelanden till ~s är blockerade. För att avblockera dem, gå till ~s"}.
|
Electronic Charts:
For information and ordering call 1-866-868-7151 or email sales@boatsunlimitedny.com
Special return policy:We will not accept returns of unsealed or used electronics. Please be careful when ordering to choose the correct item. See our return policy. |
Q:
The jquery load function is not working on my code. Why is this?
I am just starting with jquery and have this code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
$("#div1").load("hello.txt #p1");
});
});
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1"><h2>Let jQuery AJAX Change This Text</h2></div>
<button>Get External Content</button>
</body>
</html>
When I run it, it just responds by making my div become blank. When it should just be out putting text. The text file is located in the same file as the html document. I have it set to .php format for the code and the text file is .txt.
A:
This is an educated guess based on the limited information presented.
The line
$("#div1").load("hello.txt #p1");
Break it apart:
load is making an Ajax call to fetch "hello.txt".
When the document is loaded, jQuery parses the document and looks for an element with an id of "p1". (that is what the #p1" is)
That content is loaded into the element with the id of div1
My guess is that you do not have an element with the id of "p1" in your text file.
So either give an element an id of p1
<p id="p1">This is the new text to show.</p>
or drop the p1 so it is .load("hello.txt");
|
Q:
where like - doctrine - symfony
News:
id | title | sub
1 | one | sub1
2 | two | sub2
public function executeSearch(sfWebRequest $request)
{
$q = Doctrine_Core::getTable('News')
->createQuery('a')
->where("a.title LIKE %?%", array($request->getParameter('text')));
if ($request->getParameter('sub')){
$q->andWhere('a.subtile = sub2');
}
$test = $q->execute();
}
if i send title = one then show me ok, same as if title = two, but if i entered in input search "one two" then this not working. How change SQL query and code for this? I would like if i entered "one two", then show me title id 1 and title id 2. Now nothing show.
A:
You need to break the search query to words, and add them all to the doctrine query:
foreach(explode(" ", $request->getParameter("title")) as $v) {
$q->orWhere("a.title LIKE %?%", $v);
}
|
N=200;
Point (1) = {0, 0, 0};
Extrude {1,0,0} {
Point{1}; Layers{N};
}
Extrude {0,1,0} {
Line{1}; Layers{N};
}
Line Loop(6) = {2, -4, -1, 3};
Plane Surface(7) = {6};
Physical Surface(1) = {7};
|
ALBANY, N.Y. (AP) State lawmakers held a second round of interviews of candidates for New York attorney general Wednesday more than a week after Eric Schneiderman abruptly resigned over allegations of sexual abuse.
Some of the hopefuls were asked why they consider themselves more qualified than the acting attorney general, Barbara Underwood, who is considered the favorite to be appointed interim attorney general to serve out the remainder of the Democrat’s term.
The process began Tuesday with a bipartisan legislative committee interviewing six candidates, including Underwood. Another five were interviewed Wednesday, with a sixth failing to show up. They included two private practice lawyers with military or government experience, a county attorney, an administrative law judge and a lawyer-businessman.
None has the legal profession experience or the name recognition now enjoyed by Underwood, the state’s No. 2 legal officer who found herself suddenly thrust into the spotlight after Schneiderman stepped down. Underwood led off Tuesday’s first round of interviews, telling lawmakers that if she’s appointed attorney general she won’t run for the office in November.
Lawmakers conducting the interviews praised her lengthy legal career and public service, then asked some of the other candidates how they measured up to Underwood. Some said they couldn’t, while others stressed how they would strive to keep the attorney general’s office independent from the governor’s office.
“If there is wrongdoing … I’ll investigate and take appropriate action,” said Michael Diederich of Rockland County, who spent 29 years as a U.S. Army lawyer.
Schneiderman officially resigned May 8, a day after The New Yorker magazine reported allegations by four women that he physically and verbally abused them while dating. He has denied the allegations and is no longer running for a third term.
The Legislature has the authority under state law to appoint an attorney general should the position become vacant. It’s likely the Legislature won’t make a decision before next week’s Democratic state convention, when the party is expected to nominate a candidate for attorney general.
Several other potential candidates have stayed out of the interview process. They include Zephyr Teachout, whom Gov. Andrew Cuomo defeated in the 2014 Democratic gubernatorial primary, and state Sen. Michael Gianaris, a Queens Democrat. New York City Public Advocate Letitia James, a Democrat who also stayed out of the interviews, announced Wednesday in Brooklyn that she’s running for attorney general. |
"Cheeses Christ! You’re not functioning as a human. I don’t even know where to start. I’m offended. You’ve actually offended me. You could hand me a turd in a jar and it would be less offensive than what you just said. It’s technically blasphemous. Cheeses hates you, Charles. I want you to know that."
So shit just went down on GR and I came over to Booklikes, like a crew member abandoning the ship just before it sunk. Or maybe I was the voyager who saved herself just before it sunk. Damn, how I wish I were Popeye and could single handedly save the ship. But I don't have a anchor tattoo nor do I like spinach. And this ain't so bad, anyhoo.
I just wanted to post something fun, something that never fails to make me snort. LOVE PEACE AND FUCK CENSORSHIP. |
NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 121,462
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
MATTHEW T. FISHER,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Lyon District Court; W. LEE FOWLER, judge. Opinion filed July 2, 2020. Affirmed.
Joseph A. Desch, of Law Office of Joseph A. Desch, of Topeka, for appellant.
Amy L. Aranda, first assistant county attorney, Marc Goodman, county attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before LEBEN, P.J., SCHROEDER, J., and LAHEY, S.J.
PER CURIAM: Matthew T. Fisher's convictions for attempted second-degree
murder and criminal damage to property were affirmed by the Kansas Supreme Court. In
this action under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507, Fisher contends his trial counsel was
ineffective and he seeks a new trial. The district court dismissed his motion for relief
without an evidentiary hearing, and Fisher appeals that decision. We find no error by the
district court and affirm its dismissal of Fisher's motion.
1
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The underlying facts leading to Fisher's conviction are detailed in Fisher's direct
appeal, State v. Fisher, 304 Kan. 242, 373 P.3d 781 (2016). Highly summarized, Fisher
spent the day leading up to the crimes drinking with his friend, Tim Worthen. The two
spent the early afternoon drinking at Worthen's house, where Fisher was staying, and
later that night they drank at various bars.
Fisher walked home alone from the last bar because Worthen left early to pick up
his ex-wife, Angel. Fisher encountered police twice on his walk home, the second time
right outside of Worthen's house. Fisher was agitated after the second police encounter
and kicked a door open inside Worthen's house, damaging the door. Worthen and Angel
were home when Fisher arrived. Fisher hit Worthen, who left and went to a neighbor's
house. Fisher eventually got into a physical altercation with Angel that left her with life-
threatening injuries.
Fisher left the house in Worthen's car after the altercation, but he crashed within a
few blocks. Fisher was attended to by police and emergency medical technicians, who
later testified Fisher kept mentioning Worthen's address. Fisher was also acting paranoid,
refused an IV, and referred to an "assassin." As a result, officers requested a welfare
check at Worthen's address. Fisher was also transported to the hospital.
Fisher spoke with police at the hospital, telling the first officer he spoke with that
Angel had attacked him and he had defended himself. The next morning, Fisher was
interviewed by a different police detective. Fisher told her he hit Angel because she
would not tell him Worthen's location. Fisher did not mention self-defense at the later
interview. At trial, Fisher's defense primarily focused on self-defense. A jury convicted
him of attempted murder in the second degree and criminal damage to property.
2
Fisher appealed his convictions to our court, which affirmed in an unpublished
opinion. See State v. Fisher, No. 109,706, 2014 WL 3731928, at *14 (Kan. App. 2014)
(unpublished opinion). On review, our Supreme Court affirmed Fisher's underlying
convictions. 304 Kan. at 263.
Fisher filed this action pro se but was appointed counsel by the district court.
Before the district court, Fisher alleged three ways or areas in which his trial counsel was
ineffective. Because Fisher only appeals the district court ruling as it relates to voluntary
intoxication as a defense, we address only that claim. Fisher alleged his trial counsel was
ineffective because voluntary intoxication was the defense that fit best with the evidence
and testimony. He contended that trial counsel failed to prepare an argument for or
develop evidence of voluntary intoxication and incorporate it into Fisher’s defense.
Fisher argued that his own testimony was "wholly inconsistent with the balance of the
case" and voluntary intoxication would best explain and reconcile his "impaired memory"
with other witness testimony.
The State argued Fisher's theory at trial was self-defense and, under State v.
Gonzales, 253 Kan. 22, 23, 853 P.2d 644 (1993), a voluntary intoxication jury instruction
was not proper unless there was evidence a defendant's mental capabilities were so
impaired that he or she could not form the requisite specific intent. In Gonzales, the
district court did not give a voluntary intoxication jury instruction despite evidence the
defendant had consumed most of two 12-packs of beer just before stabbing the victim and
the defendant's blood alcohol concentration was .196 within a half-hour after the
stabbing. The Gonzales court relied on the fact the defendant was able to recall in detail
the sequence of events leading up to the crimes he committed. 253 Kan. at 26. The State
contended the facts of this case were very similar to Gonzales because Fisher's testimony
displayed his ability to recall the sequence of events on the night of the crime. The State
also argued Fisher's claims were conclusory and lacked merit. The State noted the district
court refused to give the voluntary intoxication jury instruction because, like Gonzales,
3
Fisher was able to recall the events on the day of the crime. Finally, the State argued
Fisher was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing because he could not show a reasonable
probability the outcome would have been different if a voluntary intoxication jury
instruction had been given.
In response, Fisher argued that even though Gonzales had not been overturned,
cases after Gonzales had permitted inconsistent defenses. Fisher also argued the district
court "made more of an argument for a voluntary intoxication instruction to be given in
this case than defense counsel did." Fisher acknowledged his trial counsel requested a
voluntary intoxication jury instruction, but he argued that in doing so, his trial counsel
failed to cite any facts or cases that distinguished Fisher's case from Gonzales.
Fisher maintained that even though he testified at trial he remembered the details
of events, much of the State's evidence was inconsistent with that testimony. Fisher
pointed specifically to Worthen's testimony that Fisher kicked in the bedroom door at the
residence and to law enforcement testimony about Fisher being intoxicated. He also
noted the difference between how Fisher and law enforcement officers described their
encounters with each other as examples of testimony that did not coincide with Fisher's
testimony. Fisher contended his trial counsel's failure to point out these inconsistencies
proved his trial counsel did not present an adequate argument for a voluntary intoxication
jury instruction. Although Fisher described in detail his alcohol usage throughout the day
of the crimes and he argued "[t]he record appears to be rife with testimony and evidence
of [his] extreme intoxication," he contended his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
present evidence of the blood draw that would have shown his blood alcohol content on
the night of the crime.
In its ruling, the district court observed there was ample evidence at trial of
drinking and Fisher being significantly intoxicated. It found the evidence from a blood
draw would simply have been cumulative of the evidence of intoxication in the record.
4
The district court also indicated there was nothing trial counsel could have done to
change the district court's decision not to give a voluntary intoxication jury instruction.
Fisher timely appeals.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Fisher challenges only the district court's ruling regarding his
contention concerning voluntary intoxication as a defense. Fisher contends the district
court erred by failing to grant him an evidentiary hearing on his claim that trial counsel
"abandoned" voluntary intoxication as a defense. He alleges an evidentiary hearing
should have been granted "to determine whether a voluntary intoxication defense was
fairly investigated and considered, but abandoned in favor of pure self-defense, or if this
was an error from lack of investigation and case preparation." Fisher also believed his
trial counsel gave an unprepared argument for the voluntary intoxication jury instruction
and failed to develop further evidence of Fisher's intoxication. Fisher argues he was
prejudiced because his trial counsel's failure to pursue an involuntary intoxication defense
likely deprived him from receiving a lesser conviction and significantly lower sentence.
To be entitled to relief under K.S.A. 60-1507, the movant must establish by a
preponderance of the evidence "that the judgment was rendered without jurisdiction, or
that the sentence imposed was not authorized by law or is otherwise open to collateral
attack, or that there has been such a denial or infringement of the constitutional rights of
the prisoner as to render the judgment vulnerable to collateral attack." K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
60-1507(b) (grounds for relief); Supreme Court Rule 183(g) (2020 Kan. S. Ct. R. 223)
(preponderance burden). Here, Fisher contends his constitutional right to effective
assistance of counsel was denied.
5
The right of an accused to have assistance of counsel for his or her defense is
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and is "applicable
to state proceedings by the Fourteenth Amendment." Miller v. State, 298 Kan. 921, 929,
318 P.3d 155 (2014). Moreover, the guarantee includes not only "the mere presence of
counsel but also the effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, reh. denied 467 U.S. 1267 (1984)." Sola-
Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 882, 335 P.3d 1162 (2014).
"To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a criminal
defendant must establish (1) that the performance of defense counsel was deficient under
the totality of the circumstances, and (2) prejudice, i.e., that there is a reasonable
probability the jury would have reached a different result absent the deficient
performance. [Citations omitted.]" State v. Salary, 309 Kan. 479, 483, 437 P.3d 953
(2019).
When considering a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, the district court's obligation is to
hold an evidentiary hearing and make findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect
thereto, "[u]nless the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show the
[movant] is entitled to no relief." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1507(b); Supreme Court Rule
183(f), (j). "[A] movant has the burden to prove his or her K.S.A. 60-1507 motion
warrants an evidentiary hearing; the movant must make more than conclusory
contentions and must state an evidentiary basis in support of the claims or an evidentiary
basis must appear in the record." Swenson v. State, 284 Kan. 931, 938, 169 P.3d 298
(2007). The district court determined on the basis of the motion, files, and records of the
case that Fisher was not entitled to relief.
Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance in a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is highly deferential and requires consideration of all the evidence before the
judge or jury. See Fuller v. State, 303 Kan. 478, 488, 363 P.3d 373 (2015). The reviewing
court must strongly presume that counsel's conduct fell within the broad range of
6
reasonable professional assistance. State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 970, 318 P.3d 987
(2014).
Our standard of review depends upon how the district court handled the K.S.A.
60-1507 motion. White v. State, 308 Kan. 491, 504, 421 P.3d 718 (2018). In this case, the
district court held a hearing on the State's motion to summarily dismiss and later issued
an order dismissing Fisher's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. When the district court dismisses a
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion "based only on the motion, files, and records after a preliminary
hearing, we are in as good a position as that court to consider the merits. So we exercise
de novo review." Grossman v. State, 300 Kan. 1058, 1061, 337 P.3d 687 (2014).
Was the performance of trial counsel deficient under the totality of the circumstances?
Fisher argues his lawyer "abandoned voluntary intoxication as a defense" based on
an inadequate investigation of the law and facts. He contends an evidentiary hearing
should have been granted to provide him an opportunity to interview his trial counsel to
determine whether his trial counsel's approach regarding voluntary intoxication as a
defense was an intentional strategic maneuver. Fisher essentially argues an attorney who
was adequately apprised of the law and the facts would have vigorously pursued a
voluntary intoxication jury instruction in a case that included the amount of evidence
related to intoxication as there was in Fisher's case.
A review of the record plainly shows that self-defense was the strategy employed
as the primary defense to the charges. Intoxication can certainly be viewed as inconsistent
with that defense as it could tend to undermine the jury's perception of the reliability and
accuracy of Fisher's self-defense explanation. And Fisher was the only evidentiary source
for his self-defense claim. Fisher unquestionably displayed delusional behavior and was
undoubtedly intoxicated. He also brutally beat Angel to the point that medical technicians
7
could not immediately tell whether the victim was a man or a woman. And Fisher admits
to hitting and threatening to kill Angel before she attacked him from behind.
In Fisher's first statement to police, and throughout his trial testimony, Fisher
points to self-defense as the sole justification for his actions. On direct examination, he
described the physical altercation with Angel starting when he "felt an arm come across
[his] throat" and pressure against his neck pulling him backwards. Fisher acknowledged
he knew the arm had to be Angel's because she was the only other person near him, and
he started "thrashing around" to get her off him. Fisher also admitted to being scared for
his life and well-being because of Angel's hand-to-hand combat training in the Navy.
Fisher also had defensive wounds tending to support his story Angel had attacked him.
Fisher testified that once he was able to remove Angel's arms from around his
neck, he had to continue to defend himself because Angel did not quit attempting to grab
him. Fisher explained he wanted to neutralize the situation "by putting her down on the
ground like the police do when they grab you and they throw you down." Fisher took
Angel down and told her to stay down. Because Angel did not stop attempting to scratch
his face, Fisher then decided "just to stand up and . . . put my foot down on her to hold
her."
Fisher explained that when he left the scene of the altercation it was his intention
to go to the hospital to "get to a neutral place where it's safe and I can get safety from and
find out if they can send people down there who can actually get answers as to what's
going on." Fisher stated that he when got to the hospital, he remembered telling a police
officer Angel attacked him.
From the record, it is evident the decision to pursue self-defense was a strategic
decision. "'[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant
to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.'" State v. Cheatham, 296 Kan. 417,
8
437, 292 P.3d 318 (2013). Based on all of the surrounding facts, but especially in light of
the detailed statement of self-defense before and during trial, self-defense is clearly a
reasonable defense strategy.
Fisher faults his trial counsel for failing to incorporate voluntary intoxication into
his defense strategy, but he does not explain how a voluntary intoxication jury instruction
would have either aided his self-defense claim or strategically impacted his self-defense
claim. But he argues it would have given the jury an option, beyond pure self-defense, to
find Fisher not guilty or guilty of a lesser offense.
Even though it was the district court, not Fisher's trial counsel, that originally
suggested the possibility of the voluntary intoxication jury instruction, once the
possibility was brought up, Fisher's trial counsel argued for and cited case law in support
of giving the jury instruction during the jury instruction conference:
"Your Honor, I'm just relying on some of the comments in PIK Fourth and it
does indicate where a crime required a specific intent, voluntary intoxication may be a
defense and that instruction is required and there is evidence to support the defense that
came out of [State v.] Sterling[, 235 Kan. 526, Syl. ¶ 2, 680 P.2d 301 (1984),] and I
believe if she had—even if the defense in this case of self-defense is inconsistent with
voluntary intoxication, the defendant may rely on that defense."
The decision whether to give the jury instruction then rested with the district court. As
our Supreme Court has emphasized in recent cases, a voluntary intoxication instruction is
appropriate only if the defendant shows not only intoxication but also an impaired ability
to form the required specific intent. See State v. Morris, 311 Kan. ___, 463 P.3d 417, 423
(2020); State v. Craig, 311 Kan. ___, 462 P.3d 173, 180-81 (2020); State v. Becker, 311
Kan. ___, 459 P.3d 173, 184-85 (2020).
9
If the district court erred by failing to give the voluntary intoxication jury
instruction, that is a trial error by the court and not evidence of ineffective counsel.
"[T]rial errors are to be corrected by direct appeal, but trial errors affecting constitutional
rights may be raised in a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion even though the error could have been
raised on appeal, provided there were exceptional circumstances excusing the failure to
appeal." Trotter v. State, 288 Kan. 112, Syl. ¶ 8, 200 P.3d 1236 (2009). Exceptional
circumstances include:
"'(1) ineffective assistance of trial counsel in failing to object regarding an issue; (2)
ineffective assistance of direct appeal counsel in failing to raise the issue; or (3) newly
discovered evidence or an unforeseeable change in circumstances or constitutional law
unknown to counsel and the movant at the time of trial and direct appeal.'" Calhoun v.
State, 56 Kan. App. 2d 185, 194, 426 P.3d 519 (2018), rev. denied 309 Kan. 1347 (2019).
Fisher did not raise the district court's failure to give the voluntary intoxication
jury instruction in his direct appeal, and he may not bring it here absent exceptional
circumstances. The only possible exception applicable here is the failure of trial counsel
to object regarding an issue. Here, however, trial counsel did ask that the involuntary
intoxication jury instruction be given, and the district court declined. Fisher's argument
that his counsel was ineffective for not pursuing an involuntary intoxication defense
could only have merit if such a jury instruction was appropriate under the facts.
Defense counsel's argument at the jury instruction conference also undermines
Fisher's argument on appeal that his trial counsel abandoned voluntary intoxication as a
defense. Fisher argues that "[h]ad trial counsel made very few additional evidentiary
submissions, even with testimony from Fisher, the voluntary intoxication defense would
have been allowed and the jury so instructed. The only element missing was the degree
which Fisher's perception and state of mind was altered by alcohol." But this argument
overlooks the fact that Fisher's trial counsel and the State adduced abundant evidence
related to Fisher's intoxication, as evidenced in the record, by the district judge's order,
10
and our Supreme Court's decision in the direct appeal. The only additional intoxication
evidence that Fisher would seek to introduce at an evidentiary hearing was his blood
alcohol result on the night of the crime. However, the blood alcohol level would simply
be cumulative as Fisher's intoxication is apparent from the existing record. It was the
district court, not Fisher's trial counsel, that was tasked with ultimately deciding what
jury instructions to give to the jury based on the evidence presented. "In a criminal action,
a trial court must instruct the jury on the law applicable to the theories of all parties
where there is supporting evidence." State v. Hunter, 241 Kan. 629, 644, 740 P.2d 559
(1987).
Under the totality of the circumstances, Fisher does not demonstrate his counsel's
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Thus, Fisher's claim his
trial counsel was ineffective is not supported by the record. We affirm the district court's
dismissal of Fisher's K.S.A. 60-1507 motion without an evidentiary hearing.
Affirmed.
11
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CNN White House reporter Jim Acosta said on Wednesday that he was denied access to the White House on Wednesday evening, following a contentious news conference when he sparred with President Donald Trump.
White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders confirmed the White House has removed Acosta's hard pass, which allows journalists access to the White House grounds. Sanders said that Acosta's credential has been revoked until further notice.
Earlier on Wednesday, Acosta was scolded by Trump for continuing a tough line of questioning.
"CNN should be ashamed of itself having you working for them," Trump said. "You're a very rude person. The way you treat Sarah Huckabee Sanders is horrible. You shouldn't treat people that way."
Acosta questioned the President about his rhetoric surrounding a migrant caravan that is traveling on foot to the United States. While trying to ask a follow-up question, Trump repeatedly told Acosta he was moving on.
At that point, a White House staffer attempted to take the microphone out of Acosta's hands. Acosta made several attempts to pose the follow-up question to Trump before finally allowing the White House staffer to take the microphone.
Sanders claimed that Acosta placed his hands on the staffer while trying to hold onto the microphone.
"President Trump believes in a free press and expects and welcomes tough questions of him and his Administration," Sanders said in a statement. "We will, however, never tolerate a reporter placing his hands on a young woman just trying to do her job as a White House intern."
CNN responded by saying it fully supports Acosta.
"She provided fraudulent accusations and cited an incident that never happened," CNN said in a statement. "This unprecedented decision is a threat to our democracy and the country deserves better. Jim Acosta has our full support."
Here is the exchange in its entirety:
Acosta recorded the moment that the Secret Service took his credential.
The US Secret Service just asked for my credential to enter the WH. As I told the officer, I don’t blame him. I know he’s just doing his job. (Sorry this video is not rightside up) pic.twitter.com/juQeuj3B9R — Jim Acosta (@Acosta) November 8, 2018
Here is CNN's full statement following Wednesday's incident: |
Going Maverick: How X4 Upgraded Mega Man’s Hardware
Depending on whether you chose to play as X or Zero, the fight against Web Spider requires a different set of tactics. With his X-Buster, X can dash around the small jungle room until Spider descends from the canopy, wall jumping over the webs he shoots and firing from afar. With his Z-Sabre, Zero is forced to stay close to the bug on his line, dashing away from the web only to careen up and around over it in a circle and strike before your foe scrambles back to safety. The fight gets harder when the Repliforce member lays an electric grid and starts scurrying about the scene. Because of their different playstyles, the remaining seven robot masters will present X and Zero with a similarly different dynamic.
Mega Man X4’s contrasting gameplay styles can be seen by looking at its pair of playable characters: one leans forward, a gung-ho blue hero that rushes into danger with his energy cannon; the other a tightly wound red samurai warrior, his hand readied near his beam sword’s handle. It offers an excellent example of the incredible differences in gameplay that a single design can afford. Since their inception, action games presented players with obstacle courses made up of enemies and environmental hazards and equips them with a collection of actions to get through alive. Rather than simply graft the same mechanics to different sprites, Mega Man X4 built two completely different gameplay constructs on the same core design, one the evolution of a run-and-gun classic and one a close-ranged powerhouse. But to understand the components that make up these advanced mechanical soldiers, we need to look back on version 1.0.
Mega Man the series entered the cannon of action games for many reasons including its versatile set of acquirable weapons and tough difficulty, but its mechanical construction is at the heart of its appeal: thanks to small sprite size and minimal frames of animation, it provides an incredibly fast response time and tight controls. All movement is quick and precise, jumping and shooting happening within small windows of time to accommodate reflexive reaction to whatever threats the player comes across. By tying those moves to the down press on the button rather than release, the time between controller action and onscreen reaction is stripped to almost nil. With the subsequent titles, this gameplay construct was built out to include a slide move in 3 and charge shot in 4. Both these additions changed the games pacing, first adding small quick beats then long ones that could be extended out infinitely. In terms of gameplay, the charge shot suffers from the same problem all similar attacks do, incentivizing the player to adopt a rhythm of stopping after each engagement in order to store a shot with max damage before heading further into the level.
1993’s Mega Man X was a substantial shift from classic’s design both tonally and mechanically. Where Mega Man’s Astro Boy-esque origins framed a simple tale of good versus evil that pitted the Blue Bomber against the wicked Dr. Wily and his army of robots, X tackled themes of social division, war, and political revolution against the machinations of the traitorous Sigma, as a hologram of Dr. Light provides sage wisdom from the great beyond like Harry Seldon in Asimov’s Foundation series. The mechanics were given a similar upgrade, adding two key mobility features: wall jumping and dashing. The first gave the level design more freedom to play with its verticality and the second gave the player a speed boost that could be combo’d with jump. Because of them, complex action scenes can be condensed into small chunks of space, and create quickly paced levels. These elements combined with a sleeker art design and detailed backgrounds gives X a harder aesthetic.
The implementation of the dashing mechanic changes up the gameplay in some pretty significant ways, and not just in the tactical considerations of the combat. With the dash and generous air control, X’s agility is greatly expanded, including being able to create broad sweeping motions through the level or evade a single shot with a four-point jump that lands back in the starting place, giving him a mobility and fluidity largely unmatched in the genre. The Mega Man X series has some of the most athletic gameplay in all of videogames.
The technological leap that separated the SNES and PlayStation offered a host of advantages, with some seductive, but dangerous pitfalls including poorly implemented polygonal models. Like many series that chose to carry on their 2D traditions and utilize the system’s increased storage and processing, Mega Man 8’s upgrades were primarily aesthetic, and the richer, fuller colors, clean instrumentation in the soundtrack, and animated cutscenes hit the brain harder than the previous entries had. But 8’s ambitions hurt the gameplay, letting large sprites and overly detailed animations betray their own sense of speed and make control feel sluggish overall, especially noticeable after an era dominated by the X series’ speed. And while X4 trips on some of those same issues, the dash once again lets the gameplay clear them with grace.
Animations are the building blocks to all gameplay. In the same way a film is a collection of still shots shown in a sequence, when a character or unit moves in a videogame those frames give the sense of character motion. In the original MM, there were different sets of animations for run, jump, and shoot, and the player selects which animation they want by tapping a corresponding button. Thanks to the storage capacity of CD roms, more animations-and thereby more moves- could be included to create more complex gameplay. X4 offers two very distinct playstyles to get through the dozen specially built levels and list of robot masters with their own attack patterns and profiles.
All action games exist on a spectrum between ranged and melee combat, both styles coming with their own benefits and disadvantages. With the firing lines and distances that are standard for guns or bows, ranged combat lets the player maintain a safe distance from their foes. Ranged play means that you’re far enough away from your enemies to watch for and evade their attacks after they’ve already been fired, letting you identify the projectile as your threat and react appropriately. It is easier to avoid your targets, harder to hit them as you need to predict where they’ll be when your shot travels to their location. Because of the limited range of melee weapons such as swords or axes, combat has to take place much closer to the action. Melee combat requires you to identify the animations that precede the attacks and observe their timings, as your close proximity provides you with very little time to evade an attack once it’s been executed. It has a higher chance to take damage but dishes more out. From this starting point, the damage values for both combat styles are tweaked so that their stats are roughly comparable in the aggregate. Since the first entry, Mega Man had been a game with outstanding ranged combat, and X4 was able to work in much more personal distances.
It’s kind of remarkable how well Zero’s gameplay slots into Mega Man X’s design, his very nature opening up the strategic possibilities of the dash mechanic; what was prior a tool for evasion and traversal was forced to be a means to outmaneuver and flank out of necessity. Zero’s Z-Sabre is given ample reach and a nice three button attack rate, its precise hitboxes requiring a satisfying timing. With how dependent it is on close combat, Zero’s gameplay would have been impossible if the controls weren’t tight and responsive, but Capcom was able to maintain small, efficient motions with minimal input lag.
As the commander of the Repliforce’s air division, Storm Owl’s level and characterization works well to portray him as part of the story’s military unit. Though he’s perhaps a better example than some of the others, all the Repliforce members have some context in the story, considerable progress from the original game’s use of the six elements. Appropriately, Storm Owl’s level starts at the outskirts of the battalion and has you working through a fleet of turrets, enemy ships, and death rays until you reach the main carrier and midboss. There’s scenario there.
The combination of enemies and the design of the terrain creates an obstacle course of threats. Mega Man X4 keeps the pace hitting at constant beats by subdividing every level into two parts with a checkpoint. The first half of Cyber Peacock’s level is divided into three areas, and the game grades your performance getting through each, offering greater rewards all the way up. With some exceptions, Split Mushroom’s stage is all about verticality, first the spiral staircase with the rotating background then the thin corridors of a complex that’s really just a metal tree. X4 has impressive variety in its levels, whether it’s the train that leads to Slash Beast or riding a suped-up Jet Ski to Jet Stingray.
Where it had already laid a solid foundation for the combat, X4 gave each of its characters their own upgrade paths. Though X’s moves were similar to the past three games, additions like the hover boots and new area of effect charge shot change up the rhythms and intensity of his combat. More significant is Zero’s design, where upgrades taken from the Repliforce masters form a wide variety of new attacks and moves, many of which can be linked together into combo strings. While d-pad + triangle prompts a handful of moves, others have subtler, more impressive, implementations. Probably the smartest of these is the new mid-air attack Kuuenzan, an aerial somersault with a joyfully large number of active frames, the perfect thing for dash jumping into a group of enemies. Because of its simple addition to the list of animations attached to the square button, the move adds a fluidity and grace unseen in the series before with minimal effort. With the complexity in its construction, it could be argued that Zero’s half of X4 has more in common with Street Fighter than Mega Man. It should be no surprise that having put in the effort to represent all these moves on the controller rather than in a menu, the game is gonna put up the best fight it can.
To some extent, every game incentivizes the player to understand character animation systems, enemy tells, and placement, but they differ in how much skill they require to complete. In that the same elements that apply to Zero are applied to the enemies, a rough set of rules that exist universally help the gameplay remain consistent, a feat that any action game based on skill aspires to, as it allows the player to learn and improve. With enemies like Slash Beast and Magma Dragoon, who are both fast and unrelenting, you won’t get very far in X4 without understanding how to play. It’s brutal and satisfying.
Mega Man has rightly been criticized over the years for its ability to produce sequels with minimal upgrades, but the way that the series had continuously reinvented itself with each branch and work to push the boundaries of its structure is worth respecting. In less than a year, the series would get the polygonal treatment and reappear as one of the generation’s finest examples of the 3D action genre with Mega Man Legends, an RPG-lite adventure series populated with a rich location and population, sky pirates and treasure, and a deep and compelling sci-fi story, that looks at its own history and the after effects of mass automation that had to be sealed away to keep the world safe. A few years later, Mega Man Zero would be released on the Gameboy Advance, bridging the social commentary of X and the history of Legends with a metaphysical story of death, transcendence, and rebirth, and would finally merge X and Zero’s fighting styles into a single powerful, agile beast. It would perfect and combine the mechanics and controls that X4 had valiantly explored.
PLATFORM: PlayStation
DEVELOPER: CAPCOM
1997
Dane Thomsen is the author of ZIGZAG, a sport-punk adventure in a world of electrifying mystery. With the voice of her people as her guide, Alex walks neon purple streets thrown into chaos, wielding the concussive force of her baseball bat the mighty ‘.357’ against the forces of evil. Print and kindle editions are available on Amazon. For sample chapter’s and to see his other works visit his blog. |
The invention relates to apparatus for carrying out so-called haemofiltration or haemodiafiltration. In this process of medical treatment, which provides a substitute for the natural kidney function, the blood of the patient is passed along the surface of a filter membrane in an extracorporal blood circulation, and subsequently returned to the patient. A filtrate is produced by a negative pressure on the other side of the membrane, the filtrate inter alia including the urine-bearing substances which are normally to be excreted by way of the kidneys. At the same time, a substitute fluid is mixed with the blood, in accordance with the amount of filtrate produced, in order to maintain a balance in the respective volumes of fluid involved.
In order to produce a sufficient pressure differential between the two sides of the membrane, it is usual to operate with a reduced pressure on the filtrate side. For example, it is known from the literature (L. W. Henderson et al: Kinetics of Haemofiltration, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 85 (1975), 372-391), to use an adjustable vacuum source which is not specified in greater detail and which sucks air out of a vessel into which the filtrate flows. In other known equipment for haemofiltration, tube pumps are used to produce the reduced pressure, the tube pumps sucking off the filtrate and conveying it away into a collecting vessel. The pump speed is automatically set by way of an electronic controller in such a way that either a given increase in volume per unit of time occurs in the collecting vessel, or a given preselected pressure is maintained at the input of the pump. In the latter process which is generally considered as being more advantageous, because it can be more easily used for different types of filters, without consideration of the transmissiveness thereof, it is possible to use either a continuous pressure control or a two-point pressure control. Both cases require measuring means for the pump input pressure, which have an electrical output either in the form of a switching means for switching the pump on and off (two-point control) or in the form of an analog signal generator for continuously controlling the pressure by way of an electronic controller which is connected upstream of the pump motor.
In the known apparatus, the total expenditure is considerable, comprising at least the pump, a pressure measuring means with an electrical output and the controller for the pump drive. |
The Story
Faced with the fallout from his interaction with Cade (guest star Wole Parks), Stefan (Paul Wesley) is determined to have one thing go right -- Christmas Eve with Caroline. However, when Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Sybil (guest star Nathalie Kelley) crash their Christmas Eve dinner, which had been joined by Alaric (Matt Davis), Matt (Zach Roerig) and Peter (guest star Joel Gretsch), things quickly take a dark and twisted turn.
Meanwhile, in a series of flashbacks to Stefan's past, Cade's attempt to entice him with his mysterious agenda leaves Stefan faced with an unimaginable decision. |
type NodeCallbackType<T = any> = (error?: Error | null, result?: T) => void;
export default function every<T>(
arr: T[],
fn: (item: T, cb: NodeCallbackType) => void,
cb: NodeCallbackType<boolean>
): void
|
Orders placed after 4pm on weekdays will not ship until the next business day. Orders placed after 12pm Fridays will not ship until the following Monday.
Faster shipping methods may be available; just upgrade during checkout.
The DraperClarion 96 x 96" Fixed Frame Manual Projection Screen produces a viewing surface that is perfectly flat. And, if the screen surface is flat, your picture will be undistorted and clear. The Clarion's viewing surface is stretched tightly over a self-concealing aluminum frame that also forms an attractive border for a clean, theater-like appearance. The corners of the screen are mitered for a stylish and more professional appearance. It also provides for a stronger and easier to assemble frame.
This is a simple and reliable wall mounted screen that is an excellent choice for corporate or educational needs. Draper quality assures you of a reliable screen. The Clarion will give you many years of even illumination, edge-to-edge brightness and sharpness.
Viewing surface is flat and that means perfect picture quality
Mitered corners for a better appearance and stronger frame
Viewing surface is stretched tightly over a structural aluminum frame, which is concealed by an attractive black trim frame, for a clean, theater-like appearance
Switch instantly between two projection formats with the optional Eclipse Masking System
Z-Clip wall mounting brackets included to simplify installation
Standard black frame may be covered with velvety black Vel-Tex, which virtually eliminates all reflections on the frame
Depending on surface, available in sizes through 10 x 10' or 108 x 144" or 15' NTSC |
Organizers of next Monday’s Boston Marathon announced this morning that four-time U.S. Olympian Abdi Abdirahman had withdrawn from the race due to the flu. This now leaves only two of the six 2012 U.S. Olympic marathoners — Shalane Flanagan and Kara Goucher — that were originally signed added to the field left.
The others withdrew from the race as follows:
Dec. 28, 2012: Desi Davila withdraws due to a “slow-healing femoral stress fracture of the right leg.”
March 13, 2013: Ryan Hall withdraws because he “missed crucial training due to a quadriceps strain.”
April 5, 2013: Meb Keflezighi pulls out due to “a persistent calf injury.”
April 10, 2013: Abdi Abdirahman drops out due to the flu
Organizers also said that Ukraine’s Tetiana Gamera-Shmyrko had also withdrawn because of an illness.
The revised race field is as follows, provided by John Hancock Financial — which manages and funds the race’s elite field: |
Introduction
============
The dysregulation of protein phosphorylation mediated by protein kinases is key to the progression of a number of cancers. Unsurprisingly, a number of ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors are in clinical use and development.[@cit1]--[@cit7] For example, the oxindole-containing antiangiogenic drug Sunitinib **1**, containing a 5-fluorine substituent and a solubilizing side chain on the pyrrole unit, is in clinical use and superseded Semaxanib (**2**, SU5416) ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) as well as inspiring a number of other studies on druglike oxindoles.[@cit8]--[@cit15]
{#fig1}
Metal-based analogues such as **3**, **4** have been described by our group and show kinase inhibition down to the nM range and tolerance of a range of substituents at the C-5 position.[@cit16],[@cit17]
Meggers\'s group replaced the sugar unit in staurosporine, a pan-kinase inhibitor with relatively high toxicity and unsuitable for clinical use, by square planar and octahedral transition metal complexes **5--7**, leading to highly potent, selective kinase inhibitors. This was attributed to the novel "imaginary hypervalent carbon" geometry enabled by the metal complexes ([Fig. 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, **5--7**).[@cit18]--[@cit21]
{#fig2}
The pentafluorosulfanyl group is attracting increasing interest in medicinal chemistry. Displaying strong polarity, high lipophilicity and good stability under physiological conditions, an SF~5~ substituent has often been shown to behave like a CF~3~ group.[@cit22]--[@cit26] Here we show that a SF~5~ group can be incorporated in both classical and metal-based oxindole derivatives, at the 5- or 6-position, leading to analogues displaying kinase inhibition down to the nM range.
Results and discussion
======================
Microwave-mediated Knoevenagel condensations of the commercially-available 5- or 6-SF~5~-substituted oxindoles **8** [@cit27] with three separate aldehydes led to the products **10--14** ([Scheme 1](#sch1){ref-type="fig"}).[@cit28]
{#sch1}
The structures of the pyrrole-containing positional isomers **10** and **11** were confirmed by ^1^H NMR, ^13^C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry. In their ^1^H NMR spectra the most downfield signals were assigned to the pyrrole-NH groups (*δ* 11.10--13.40 ppm) due to an intramolecular NH···O0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000C hydrogen bond and further confirmation of their anticipated *Z*-configuration and such a hydrogen bond was provided in the solid state ([Fig. 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}).[@cit29]
{#fig3}
The related reaction with ferrocene carboxaldehyde afforded a mixture of stereoisomers **12a** and **12b**, which were separated by chromatography. Both isomers were characterized in the solid state ([Fig. 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#fig4}
We tested all synthetic compounds against a panel of kinases in a biochemical assay. Each data point was measured in duplicate (technical replicates). The potencies of compounds that showed appreciable (approx. 50%) inhibition at 1 μM concentration were established by testing them over a dose range to determine their IC~50~ values. Additional kinase binding studies were performed *vs*. a select group of functionally and structurally divergent kinases including AAK1 (Adaptor-associated protein kinase 1), BMP2K (BMP-2-inducible protein kinase, where BMP is bone morphogenic protein), GAK (Cyclin G-associated kinase) and STK16 (Serine/threonine-protein kinase 16) ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}). In all assays a control of staurosporine, a known promiscuous kinase inhibitor, was used.
###### Biochemical kinase assays
Kinase[^*a*^](#tab1fna){ref-type="table-fn"} **10** **11** **12a** **12b** **13** **14** Staurosporine[^*c*^](#tab1fnc){ref-type="table-fn"}
----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------
1 IC~50~ (M) STK16[^*b*^](#tab1fnb){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.76 × 10^--5^ 1.35 × 10^--4^ nt nt --- --- 1.14 × 10^--7^
2 GAK[^*b*^](#tab1fnb){ref-type="table-fn"} 3.42 × 10^--5^ 4.76 × 10^--7^ nt nt --- --- 1.89 × 10^--8^
3 BMP2K[^*b*^](#tab1fnb){ref-type="table-fn"} 4.52 × 10^--7^ 1.87 × 10^--4^ nt nt --- --- 3.17 × 10^--9^
4 AAK1[^*b*^](#tab1fnb){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.0 × 10^--6^ 1.0 × 10^--3^ nt nt --- --- 2.47 × 10^--9^
5[^*d*^](#tab1fnd){ref-type="table-fn"} DYRK3 (h) --- --- 1.7 × 10^--6^ 2.4 × 10^--6^ --- --- 4.5 × 10^--8^
6 PDGFRα (h) --- 9.8 × 10^--8^ --- --- --- 3.1 × 10^--9^ 1.2 × 10^--9^
7 FLT-4 (h) (VEGFR3) --- 2.3 × 10^--7^ --- --- 5.3 × 10^--7^ 1.8 × 10^--8^ 7.8 × 10^--10^
^*a*^Unless stated otherwise, performed in the presence of 10 μM ATP.
^*b*^Binding displacement assays have no ATP present.
^*c*^No activity was observed for **10--14***vs.* KDR kinase (h) (VEGFR2), PDGFRβ kinase (h); DYRK1a (h); DYRK2a (h); FLT-1 kinase (h) (VEGFR1), where staurosporine positive controls gave IC~50~s of 2.3 × 10^--9^; 2.5 × 10^--9^; 3.2 × 10^--8^; 8.3 × 10^--7^; 2.8 × 10^--8^ respectively.
^*d*^Entries 5--7 performed by CEREP (France; <http://www.cerep.fr>). nt -- not tested. --- insufficiently active for an IC~50~ determination.
In the case of a number of kinases, *e.g.* VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) and DYRK2 (Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2), no appreciable inhibition was observed for any of our synthesized compounds, suggesting that we might observe differences in their selectivity, *i.e.* no promiscuity, towards this panel of kinases. Compound **10** bound to BMP2K with an IC~50~ of 452 nM whereas **11** displayed nM potency *vs.* PDGFR2 (98 nM) and submicromolar potency *vs*. VEGFR3 (230 nM). Stereoisomeric **12a** and **12b** only inhibited DYRK3 in the low micromolar range. The positional isomers **13** and **14** both inhibited VEGFR3 with IC~50~s of 530 and 18 nM respectively whereas the latter displayed an excellent 3.1 nM IC~50~*vs*. PDGFRα.
The synthesized compounds were next tested in breast cancer and non-transformed breast cell lines. Compounds **10** and **11** potently inhibited MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell proliferation with GC~50~ values ranging from 0.35 to 3.8 μM with compound **11** proving superior to compound **10**.
MCF7 and T47D cells are luminal A ER^+^/PR^+^/HER2^--^ cells that would normally be responsive to estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER/PR) antagonists such as tamoxifen and megestrol respectively, but not to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) inhibitors. MDA-MB-231 (abbreviated as MM231) cells are triple negative (ER^--^/PR^--^/HER2^--^) and cannot be treated with hormone receptor and EGFR (HER2) inhibitors, making cancer cells such as these refractory to most treatment strategies. Compounds **10** and **11** may offer advantages for the treatment of ER^+^/PR^+^ cancer cells by polypharmacologically targeting multiple kinases such as the receptor tyrosine kinases and other serine/threonine kinases. Lastly, it is encouraging that normal MCF10A cells were resistant to all inhibitor treatments suggesting these compounds would have a large therapeutic window ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type="table"}).
###### Cellular activity of **10** and **11**
GC~50~ [^*a*^](#tab2fna){ref-type="table-fn"}, μM
-------- ------------ --------------------------------------------------- ---- ----
**10** 4.8 ± 1 0.49 ± 0.4 na na
**11** 0.69 ± 0.4 0.35 ± 0.1 na na
^*a*^The GC~50~ value was defined as the amount of compound that caused 50% reduction in cellular proliferation in comparison with DMSO-treated control and was calculated using GraphPad Prism version 6 software; na = not applicable.
Compound **11**, which bears a methylidene indolinone scaffold ([Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}), demonstrated its greatest potency against the receptor tyrosine kinase PDGFRα, which adopts an inactive conformation according to X-ray crystallographic analysis (Fig. S1B[†](#fn1){ref-type="fn"}); however, an X-ray co-crystal structure containing a methylidene indolinone-based inhibitor (**15**, Fig S1[†](#fn1){ref-type="fn"}) bound to the RET kinase domain reveals a type 1 inhibitor binding-mode, or binding to an active kinase conformation (Fig. S1B[†](#fn1){ref-type="fn"}). Alignment of **15**-bound RET with the PDGFRα structure reveals gross structural shifts between analogous β-hairpins and Cα-helices, which is not surprising as the active conformation is generally rigid and condensed and the inactive conformation is generally more open.[@cit30] Alignment of the Dasatinib-bound co-crystal structure of Protein-tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, with the **15**-bound RET reveals that they share a similar, active conformation (Fig. S1C[†](#fn1){ref-type="fn"}). Based on this analysis, it makes sense to use an active kinase conformation, as the above elements (β-hairpin and Cα-helix) are proximal to the ATP-binding pocket and likely to have an impact on binding mode. However, rather than performing docking studies with RET, we decided that PTK6 would be superior as this kinase has a threonine gatekeeper residue, similar to that of PDGFRα, whereas RET has a valine at the same position. Valine is slightly bigger and more hydrophobic than threonine, lacking a hydroxyl group compared to threonine, and could drastically perturb interactions necessary for **10** and **11**-binding. Furthermore, based on the similarity of **10** and **11** with other type 1 methylidene indolinone inhibitors, we predicted that docking these compounds to an active PTK6 kinase conformation would yield improved binding energies; a result confirmed by docking **10** and **11** to the inactive kinase conformation of PDGFRα (PDB: ; 5K5X), which reported higher binding energies, and thus less avid binding, for both **10** and **11**.
Against PTK6, both compounds bind in a very similar manner as seen in [Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} (top panel). We found the SF~5~ moiety of **10** and **11** to bind deeply in a predominantly hydrophobic pocket next to the gatekeeper residue ([Fig. 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"} top and bottom panels). The amide hydrogen of both compounds interacts with the Met267 backbone; however, note that the attachment of the SF~5~ group to position 5 of the oxindole ring forces compound **10** to swing away slightly from the hinge. This may explain why inhibitor **11** is more potent in cells and *in vitro* (PDGFRα & VEGFR3) as the hydrogen bond distance is shorter for the **11** docking-pose, indicative of a stronger interaction.
{#fig5}
Conclusion
==========
A small library of SF~5~-containing oxindole analogues has been synthesized. Many products were characterized in the solid state and assayed *vs.* a small panel of kinases. Docking studies predicted effective binding of the SF~5~ group to a hydrophobic cleft in the kinase and biochemical assays showed little evidence of promiscuity in the range of analogues synthesized. This bodes well for the use of the SF~5~ group in medicinal chemistry with compound **14** in particular showing low nM potency against VEGFR3 and PDGFRα kinases.
Experimental
============
5-(Pentafluorosulfanyl)-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one and 6-(pentafluorosulfanyl)-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one were obtained from SpiroChem (https://spirochem.com/sf5.html). Ferrocene carboxaldehyde, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde and piperidine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Preparative TLC plates were obtained from Analtech. Solvents and reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers and were used without purification. All reactions were performed in a fume hood. NMR spectra were recorded on Varian 500 MHz or 400 MHz spectrometers and chemical shifts are reported in ppm, usually referenced to TMS as an internal standard. LCMS were performed by Shimadzu LCMS-2020 equipped with a Gemini® 5 μm C18 110 Å column and percentage purities were ran over 30 minutes in water/acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (5 min at 5%, 5%--95% over 20 min, 5 min at 95%) with the UV detector at 254 nm. Mass spectrometry: ESI mass spectra were obtained using a Bruker Daltonics Apex III, using Apollo ESI as the ESI source. For EI mass spectra, a Fissions VG Autospec instrument was used at 70 eV. Analyses are for the molecular ion peak \[M\]^+^ and are given in *m*/*z*, mass to charge ratio. Elemental analyses were conducted by Stephen Boyer (London Metropolitan University). A CEM Explorer microwave unit was used for microwave reactions (under fumehood) with the hood placed down. The following CCDCs have been deposited for the solid-state structures presented herein: **10** = ; 154150; **11** = ; 154151; **12a** = ; 154152; **12b** = ; 154153.[†](#fn1){ref-type="fn"}
(*Z*)-3-(1*H*-Pyrrol-2-yl)methylene-5-pentafluorosulfanylindoline-2-one, **10**
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5-(Pentafluorosulfanyl)-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (129.6 mg, 0.5 mmol), pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (57.06 mg, 0.6 mmol), ethanol (5 mL) and cat. piperidine (3 drops) were subjected to microwave irradiation by ramping to 150 °C and were held at that temperature for 30 minutes. TLC analysis of the cooled reaction mixture monitored consumption of starting materials. The crude reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 10 cm^3^) and washed with deionised water (10 mL) and brine (2 × 10 mL), the organic layer was dried using magnesium sulphate then filtered through a cotton wool plug. The crude mixture was concentrated *in vacuo* and purified using silica gel column chromatography using 3 : 7 hexane/diethyl ether to give an orange solid. The yield was 105 mg, 65%. Crystallization by mixed solvents, CH~2~Cl~2~ and hexane, provided orange crystals. ^1^H NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 500 MHz): *δ* = 13.22 (1H, s, NH), 11.30 (1H, s, NH), 8.24 (1H, d, *J* = 2.3 Hz, CH), 8.11 (1H, s, CH), 7.65 (1H, dd, *J* = 8.6, 2.2 Hz, CH), 7.44 (1H, d, *J* = 2.2 Hz, CH), 7.02 (1H, d, *J* = 8.6 Hz, CH), 6.92 (1H, d, *J* = 3.6 Hz, CH), 6.41 (1H, dd, *J* = 3.6, 2.2 Hz, CH). ^13^C NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 126 MHz): *δ* = 169.9, 147.5, 141.5, 130.0, 129.5, 127.6, 125.9, 124.7, 122.5, 116.7, 115.2, 112.3, 109.6. HRMS-ESI (*m*/*z*) found: 337.0431, calc. for \[C~13~H~9~F~5~N~2~OS + H\]^+^ 337.0429. Anal. calcd (%) for C~13~H~9~F~5~N~2~OS: C, 46.43; H, 2.70; N, 8.33; found (%): C, 46.55; H, 2.61; N, 8.21.
(*Z*)-3-(1*H*-Pyrrol-2-yl)methylene-6-pentafluorosulfanylindoline-2-one, **11**
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6-(Pentafluorosulfanyl)-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (129.6 mg, 0.5 mmol), pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde (57.06 mg, 0.6 mmol), ethanol (5 mL) and cat. piperidine (3 drops) were subjected to microwave irradiation by ramping to 150 °C and were held at that temperature for 30 minutes. TLC analysis of the cooled reaction mixture showed consumption of starting materials. The crude reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 10 mL) and washed with deionised water (10 mL) and brine (2 × 10 mL), the organic layer was dried using magnesium sulphate then filtered through a cotton wool plug. The crude mixture was concentrated *in vacuo* and purified using silica gel column chromatography using 3 : 7 hexane/ethyl acetate and trituration with hexane to give brown-orange solid. The yield was 142 mg, 74%. Crystallization in CH~2~Cl~2~ (DCM) provided orange crystals. ^1^H NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 500 MHz): *δ* = 13.31 (1H, s, NH), 11.14 (1H, s, NH), 7.99 (1H, s, CH), 7.81 (1H, d, *J* = 8.6 Hz, CH), 7.53 (1H, dd, *J* = 8.6, 2.0 Hz, CH), 7.48 (1H, s, CH), 7.26 (1H, d, *J* = 2.0 Hz, CH), 6.93 (1H, m, CH), 6.43 (1H, dd, *J* = 3.7, 2.1 Hz, CH). ^13^C NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 126 MHz): *δ* = 169.5, 138.8, 130.2, 130.0, 129.6, 128.3, 123.1, 119.1, 118.7, 114.7, 112.7, 107.0. HRMS-ESI (*m*/*z*) found: 337.0432, calc. for \[C~13~H~9~F~5~N~2~OS + H\]^+^ 337.0429. Anal. calcd (%) for C~13~H~9~F~5~N~2~OS: C, 46.43; H, 2.70; N, 8.33. Found (%): C, 46.59; H, 2.61; N, 8.17.
5-Pentafluorosulfanyl-3-ferrocenylindolin-2-one, **12a,b**
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5-(Pentafluorosulfanyl)-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (259.2 mg, 1.0 mmol), ferrocenecarboxaldehyde (256.8 mg, 1.2 mmol), ethanol (10 mL) and cat. piperidine (6 drops) were subjected to microwave irradiation and work-up as above. The crude mixture was concentrated *in vacuo* and purified using preparative TLC using 3 : 7 hexane/ethyl acetate to give fraction 1 (purple solid; 160 mg, 35%) and fraction 2 (red solid; 109 mg, 24%). Crystallization of fraction 1 was by mixed solvents (CH~2~Cl~2~ and hexane) and fraction 2 was by CH~2~Cl~2~ alone. (***Z***)-**12a**. ^1^H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz): *δ* = 10.84 (1H, s, NH), 8.23 (1H, s, CH), 7.98 (1H, s, CH), 7.68 (1H, d, *J* = 8.6, CH), 6.92 (1H, d, *J* = 8.6 Hz, CH), 5.37 (2H, s, 2CH), 4.69 (2H, s, 2CH), 4.22 (5H, s, Cp). ^13^C NMR (CDCl~3~-d, 126 MHz): *δ* = 167.7, 141.9, 125.1, 119.3, 116.0, 110.0, 108.4, 74.0, 73.3, 70.0, 60.3, 14.2. HRMS-ESI (*m*/*z*) found: 455.0065, calc. for \[C~19~H~14~F~5~FeNOS\]^+^ 455.0060. Anal. calcd (%) for C~19~H~14~F~5~FeNOS: C, 50.13; H, 3.10; N, 3.08. Found (%): C, 50.22; H, 3.03; N, 3.07. (***E***)-**12b**. ^1^H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz): *δ* = 10.94 (1H, s, NH), 8.30 (1H, s, CH), 7.76(1H, d, *J* = 8.4, CH), 7.65--7.71 (1H, m, CH), 7.01 (1H, d, *J* = 8.4, CH), 4.79--7.81 (4H, m, 4CH), 4.29 (5H, m, Cp). ^13^C NMR (CDCl~3~-d, 126 MHz): *δ* = 171.1, 141.8, 109.0, 88.2, 72.6, 71.7, 70.2, 60.3, 31.5, 29.6, 22.6, 20.9, 19.0, 14.1, 14.0. HRMS-ESI (*m*/*z*) found: 455.0064, calc. for \[C~19~H~14~F~5~FeNOS\]^+^ 455.0060. Anal. calcd (%) for C~19~H~14~F~5~FeNOS: C, 50.13; H, 3.10; N, 3.08. Found (%): C, 50.27; H, 3.23; N, 3.10.
(*Z*)-3-(2,4-Dimethyl-5-((5-pentafluorosulfanyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)-1*H*-pyrrol-3-yl)propanoic acid, **13**
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5-(Pentafluorosulfanyl)-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (106 mg, 0.41 mmol), 3-(5-formyl-1*H*-pyrrole-3-yl)propanoic acid (97.6 mg, 0.5 mmol), ethanol (6 mL) and piperidine (5 drops) were subjected to microwave irradiation by ramping to 150 °C and were held at that temperature for 30 minutes. TLC analysis of the cooled reaction mixture monitored consumption of starting materials. The crude reaction mixture was concentrated, washed with hexane and CH~2~Cl~2~ to give a brown solid. The yield was 141 mg, 79%. ^1^H NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 500 MHz): *δ* = 13.46 (1H, s, OH), 8.40 (1H, s, NH), 7.86 (1H, s, NH), 7.55 (1H, d, *J* = 8.6 Hz, CH), 6.98 (1H, *J* = 8.6 Hz, CH), 2.77--2.72 (2H, m, 2CH), 2.62 (2H, t, *J* = 7.7 Hz, CH~2~), 2.31 (3H, s, CH~3~), 2.28--2.22 (2H, s, CH~2~), 1.48 (3H, s). ^13^C NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 126 MHz): *δ* = 186.1, 174.6, 170.0, 140.1, 136.8, 132.7, 126.7, 126.3, 123.6, 116.2, 110.4, 109.0, 88.3, 88.2, 35.2, 20.0, 12.5, 10.1. HRMS-ESI (*m*/*z*) found: 459.0772, calc. for \[C~18~H~17~F~5~N~2~NaO~3~S\]^+^ 459.0772. Anal. calcd (%) for C~18~H~17~F~5~N~2~O~3~S: C, 49.54; H, 3.93; N, 6.42. Found (%): C, 49.63; H, 4.04; N, 6.48.
(*Z*)-3-(2,4-Dimethyl-5-((6-pentafluorosulfanyl-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)-1*H*-pyrrol-3-yl)propanoic acid, **14**
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The title compound was prepared by a Knoevenagel condensation reaction. 6-(Pentafluorosulfanyl)1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (106 mg, 0.41 mmol), 3-(5-formyl-1*H*-pyrrole-3-yl)propanoic acid (97.6 mg, 0.5 mmol), ethanol (6 mL) and piperidine 5 drops were subjected to the microwave irradiation by ramping to 150 °C and were held at that temperature for 30 minutes. TLC analysis of the cooled reaction mixture monitored consumption of starting materials. The crude reaction mixture was dried, washed with hexane and CH~2~Cl~2~ to give a brown solid. The yield was 136 mg, 76%. ^1^H NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 500 MHz): *δ* = 13.50 (1H, s, OH), 10.87 (1H, s, NH), 7.90 (1H, d, *J* = 8.6 Hz, CH), 7.74 (1H, s, NH), 7.46 (1H, dd, *J* = 8.6, 2.1 Hz, CH), 7.24 (1H, d, *J* = 2.1 Hz, CH), 2.78--7.69 (1H, m, CH), 2.66--2.61 (2H, m, CH~2~), 2.34--2.27 (6H, m, 2CH~3~), 2.25 (1H, s, CH), 1.50 (1H, s, CH). ^13^C NMR (DMSO-d~6~, 126 MHz): *δ* = 174.5, 169.7, 137.8, 133.2, 130.4, 126.9, 123.9, 117.9, 109.8, 88.3, 88.2, 44.4, 35.1, 23.1, 22.5, 20.0, 12.5, 9.96. HRMS-ESI (*m*/*z*) found: 459.0776, calc. for \[C~18~H~17~F~5~N~2~NaO~3~S\]^+^ 459.0772. Anal. calcd (%) for C~18~H~17~F~5~N~2~O~3~S: C, 49.54; H, 3.93; N, 6.42. Found (%): C, 49.70; H, 4.09; N, 6.56.
Conflicts of interest
=====================
There are no conflicts to declare.
Supplementary Material
======================
Supplementary information
######
Click here for additional data file.
Crystal structure data
######
Click here for additional data file.
We would like to express our thanks to: the Royal Thai Government, who kindly funded a PhD (S. S.), the European Community\'s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007--2013) under grant agreement no: PIIF-GA-2011-301062 (C. A. O.). The EPSRC UK National Mass Spectrometry Facility at Swansea University is thanked for MS measurements. The SGC is a registered charity (number 1097737) that receives funds from AbbVie, Bayer Pharma AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Eshelman Institute for Innovation, Genome Canada, Innovative Medicines Initiative (EU/EFPIA) \[ULTRA-DD grant no. 115766\], Janssen, Merck & Co., Novartis Pharma AG, Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, Pfizer, São Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP, Takeda, and Wellcome Trust \[092809/Z/10/Z\]. The EPSRC is thanked for funding the National Crystallography Service.
[^1]: ‡Faculty of Science and Technology, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Thailand 96000.
[^2]: †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. CCDC [154150--154153](154150–154153). For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: [10.1039/c7ob02289a](10.1039/c7ob02289a)
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Estimated Monthly Payment
LEASE OPTION AVAILABLE at $1600 per month. Deposit $1500. Up to 2 years. Available to show 05/01. Current occupant is moving out by 04/30. Or we would love an immediate sale. Lots of space for this neighborhood. |
The present invention generally relates to devices and methods for flow measurement. In particular, a method for continuous multiphase flow measurement is disclosed, as well as the apparatus utilized in the method. In this invention, phase separation and measurement are accomplished utilizing a compact piping arrangement as compared to the measurement vessels utilized in conventional measurement systems.
Industry utilizes or has proposed several methods to measure the production of individual oil wells. The conventional approach is to use a three-phase or two-phase separator to separate the multi-phase fluid mixture into distinctive phases. In the case where a three-phase separator is employed, three separate outgoing streams are produced. These streams comprise gas, water, and oil (which may include water or comprise an oil/water emulsion). Separate flow meters measure the respective flow rates of the outgoing streams of oil, water, and gas. An on-line “cut” meter may be utilized to determine the water content of the oil stream. The two-phase separator operates similarly to the three-phase separator except that the free water stream is omitted.
These test separators are relatively large in physical size, expensive to construct, and require an abundance of ancillary pressure control and flow regulating equipment. Accordingly, it is rarely practical to utilize this approach for production testing an individual oil well. Instead, the practice is to utilize a single test separator to production test a group of wells. Each individual well is production tested for a relatively short period of time, and its production is determined. After the well is removed from test, it is assumed that the production from the well does not vary substantially until the well is again placed on test. Depending upon the number of wells serviced by the test separator, individual wells may be tested for a relatively short duration on a limited basis. This characteristic of multiple-well test systems may result in questionable well test results, and delay the detection of a problem with a particular well.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,390,547 (Liu) teaches a multiphase flow measurement method and apparatus using a piping arrangement which may be utilized for testing an individual well. Liu describes a technique for measuring flow rates for a multiphase fluid flow for continuously and respectively measuring the quantities of one gas and one or two liquid components flowing concurrently in a common pipeline. In Liu, the mixture delivered by a feed pipeline is separated into two separate streams of gas and liquid by a piping configuration, as opposed to conventional separators. The system then measures the flow rate in each stream individually. If there are multiple liquid components in the liquid phase, an on-line liquid fraction meter determines the proportion of each liquid component. The piping system then combines the two flow streams to a common discharge pipeline. Thus, Liu provides a technique to determine respective flow rates in a multiphase fluid flow system that is continuous and accurate using an apparatus, which is compact, low cost, reliable, and requires little maintenance. This technique has been effective in the measurement of oil and gas from individual wells.
The invention disclosed by Liu utilizes a two phase measurement technique, in that the incoming multiphase flow stream (i.e., natural gas, crude oil, and produced water) are separated into two separate streams, namely a gas phase and a liquid phase. The gas phase predominantly comprises natural gas. The liquid phase predominantly comprises a mixture of crude oil and produced water, but no further separation of the liquid phase occurs. Instead, a “water cut meter” is used to determine the water content in the liquid stream. The respective volumes of net oil and produced water are ascertained by applying the water cut measurement to the total liquid flow rate.
However, as the water cut in the liquid stream increases, the net oil measurement loses accuracy because the net oil measurement resolution sharply decreases when the water cut of the production stream increases. An increase in water cut is common for mature, depleting water drive hydrocarbon reservoirs. |
The emerging role of nanomaterials in immunological sensing - a brief review.
Nanomaterials are beginning to play an important role in the next generation of immunological assays and biosensors, with potential impacts both in research and clinical practice. In this brief review, we highlight two areas in which nanomaterials are already making new and important contributions in the past 5-10 years: firstly, in the improvement of assay and biosensor sensitivity for detection of low abundance proteins of immunological significance, and secondly, in the real-time and continuous monitoring of protein secretion from arrays of individual cells. We finish by challenging the immunology/sensing communities to work together to develop nanomaterials that can provide real-time, continuous, and sensitive molecular readouts in vivo, a lofty goal that will require significant collaborative effort. |
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>libdill</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>libdill: Structured Concurrency for C</h1>
<ul id='toplist'>
<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="download.html">Download</a></li>
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</ul>
<h1 id="name">NAME</h1>
<p>fdout - wait on file descriptor to become writable</p>
<h1 id="synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h1>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im"><libdill.h></span>
<span class="dt">int</span> fdout(
<span class="dt">int</span> fd,
<span class="dt">int64_t</span> deadline);</code></pre></div>
<h1 id="description">DESCRIPTION</h1>
<p>Waits on a file descriptor (true OS file descriptor, not libdill socket handle) to either become writeable or get into an error state. Either case leads to a successful return from the function. To distinguish the two outcomes, follow up with a write operation on the file descriptor.</p>
<p><strong>fd</strong>: file descriptor (OS-level one, not a libdill handle)</p>
<p><strong>deadline</strong>: A point in time when the operation should time out, in milliseconds. Use the <strong>now</strong> function to get your current point in time. 0 means immediate timeout, i.e., perform the operation if possible or return without blocking if not. -1 means no deadline, i.e., the call will block forever if the operation cannot be performed.</p>
<h1 id="return-value">RETURN VALUE</h1>
<p>In case of success the function returns 0. In case of error it returns -1 and sets <strong>errno</strong> to one of the values below.</p>
<h1 id="errors">ERRORS</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>EBADF</strong>: Not a file descriptor.</li>
<li><strong>EBUSY</strong>: Another coroutine already blocked on <strong>fdout</strong> with this file descriptor.</li>
<li><strong>ECANCELED</strong>: Current coroutine was canceled.</li>
<li><strong>ETIMEDOUT</strong>: Deadline was reached.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="example">EXAMPLE</h1>
<div class="sourceCode"><pre class="sourceCode c"><code class="sourceCode c"><span class="dt">int</span> result = fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
assert(result == <span class="dv">0</span>);
<span class="cf">while</span>(len) {
result = fdout(fd, <span class="dv">-1</span>);
assert(result == <span class="dv">0</span>);
<span class="dt">ssize_t</span> sent = send(fd, buf, len, <span class="dv">0</span>);
assert(len > <span class="dv">0</span>);
buf += sent;
len -= sent;
}</code></pre></div>
<h1 id="see-also">SEE ALSO</h1>
<p><strong>fdclean</strong>(3) <strong>fdin</strong>(3) <strong>now</strong>(3)</p>
</body>
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The more one reviews accuser Christine Blasey Ford’s testimony, the worse it gets — as I expressed in the previous post. There’s the little girl “up-talk”— the last syllable at the end of a sentence goes higher in tone. It’s another little girl thing. She’s just so unsure, she needs help to recall, doesn’t name anyone who can verify her memories.
I cannot imagine how anyone who talks like that could be a professor at a university and at Stanford Medical School. Nobody would take her seriously. Yet she seems so wounded, that it’s easy for viewers to take her defenseless little girl pose as the plaintive plea of a wronged woman, and assume that she is credible.
She pretends that she doesn’t understand the questions, needing more time to reply. When we first heard from her, she didn’t really know who it was, only that someone got on top of her and put his hand over her mouth. Then she was suddenly absolutely clear that it was Brett Kavanaugh and his friend Mark Judge. All four of her confirming witnesses did not confirm her story. At Breitbart, John Nolte explores the veracity of her testimony with devastating results.
Christina Blasey Ford testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that she began having memories of her abuse returned when she and her husband put, at her demand, a second front door on their house. She said she had never told anyone about anything until May 2012 when she went to couples counseling.
In explaining why I wanted a second front door, I began to describe the assault in detail. I recall saying that the boy who assaulted me could someday be on the U.S. Supreme Court, and spoke a bit about his background at an elitist all-boys school in Bethesda, Maryland. My husband recalls that I named my attacker as Brett Kavanaugh.
The second front door was already installed by March 2011, perhaps earlier, and apparently installed as a door to an office where she had a private business called The Couples Resource Center.
According to information found on the Internet, a business was located at the exact same address as the Ford house (please note that the address of this house was released on the Internet weeks ago). The Couples Resource Center was located at the exact same location as the Ford’s home.
The “process” of memorializing Ford’s testimony involved a strange inversion of constitutional norms: The idea of a statute of limitations is ossified; hearsay is legitimate testimony; inexact and contradictory recall is proof of trauma, and therefore of validity; the burden of proof is on the accused, not the accuser; detail and evidence are subordinated to assumed sincerity; proof that one later relates an allegation to another is considered proof that the assault actually occurred in the manner alleged; motive is largely irrelevant; the accuser establishes the guidelines of the state’s investigation of the allegations; and the individual allegation gains credence by cosmic resonance with all other such similar allegations.
The descriptions of the house, what one can hear of people going up and downstairs , she contradicts herself. Supposedly her friend Leland drove her home, but Leland denies the whole thing, says she never encountered Kavanaugh at all, and has no knowledge of the party. Ford reports proudly of her polygraph, (her lawyers made her do it) and neither the lawyers nor herself as a practicing psychologist should be unaware of the limitations of polygraphs.
Brett Kavanaugh enjoys one of the most spotless reputations of anyone in American public life. He has been enthusiastically endorsed by those who have known him all his life–by girls he knew in high school and college, by judges he has served with, by professors and students and Harvard and Yale law schools, by judges who have worked with him, by his judicial clerks–most of whom have been women–by the American Bar Association, by sitting Supreme Court justices. In short, everyone who has ever known or dealt with Brett Kavanaugh endorses him.
I think that Judge Kavanaugh’s pristine reputation is one reason why the Democrats have unleashed against him a smear campaign unparalleled in American history. This is the message they are trying to send: If we can do this to the Boy Scout Brett Kavanaugh, we can do it to anyone. Are you thinking of serving in a Republican administration? Or accepting an appointment to the federal judiciary from a Republican president? Think twice, and then think again.
Nope, I don’t believe a word of it, including her claim that she was sexually abused. Her story just falls apart.
Like this:
Related
About the polygraph:
Erroneously referred to as “lie-detectors, they fo not measure truth, but bodily reactions. It usually takes a minimum of 30-40 questions, cross referenced, and sometimes multiple tests, to make a determination of veracity. Pulse, breathing, and blood pressure are among the things measured.
Frequently mentioned is the fact that polygraph results are not admissible in courtrooms. In some states, they cannot be used in ANY official capacity at all (such as employment screening). The biggest reason? People vary. I’ve known people who can’t pass a polygraph, no matter how truthful they are. And there are others who simply cannot “fail” one (I am one of these – since a polygraph measures physiological reactions, if those reactions match what they consider “truthful”, you pass. I was part of a demonstration of this once. I was given number of polygraphs, including a couple where I was supposed to be “untruthful”, i.e., deliberately fail, and I couldn’t.). And Dr. Ford is a psychology instructor; she would know how to beat one.
Dr. Blasey Ford’s polygraph, if published reports are correct, is so unusual as to be useless. She was reportedly only asked two questions, without the establishment of a baseline, and they were essentially the same question asked two different ways: “Is the statement you’ve given truthful?”, and “Is the statement you’ve given in any way false?”. There are multiple mark-ups on the polygraph statement (the affidavit that is used to formulate the questions asked during the polygraph). With the two questions being the only ones recorded, in my mind it means that multiple tests were administered. That would explain the inconsistencies in her letter to Diane Feinstein (the one requesting confidentiality), her comments made to the Washington Post, and the polygraph statement.
Essentially, it seems that the sole purpose of her taking the polygraph was simply to be able to say she took one. The methodology used to administer her polygraph is unknown, so they would be unable to duplicate it.
Dr. Ford’s polygraph test is, for all intents and purposes, meaningless. |
This card is an 8-bit ISA card, and will work in any PC with an 8 or 16 bit ISA slot. We even tested it in our Packard Bell PB500 in non-turbo mode. Our machine has an NEC V20 CPU, in non-turbo mode, it will be running at roughly 6 Mhz. We were able to play Space Quest III with this configuration. In turbo, it’s more playable, but the sound plays back just as it should at either speed. The card has its own 14.31818 Mhz oscillator to ensure that no matter your machine’s bus speed, you will never have any fear of the pitch changing. Most sound cards use an oscillator supplied by the ISA bus. In 95% of machines out there, this will work fine. However, there are some machines which send a slower speed to the oscillator on the bus which will cause a lower pitch than expected to play.
About the Chipset and Drivers
This card uses the famous Yamaha OPL3 chipset, used by many popular sound cards in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. No emulation, it uses a real Yamaha YMF262 IC to do the work. The OPL3 is backwards compatible with the OPL2, so any game or application written to use an Adlib sound card will also work. We tested this card on Windows 95 OSR2 and Windows 98 Second Edition and found that it works great with the Adlib Gold driver. This driver loads the OPL3 driver for windows and supports all of the features of the OPL3 chipset. See the last pic above. (Win98 auto detects the card at install, but we had to add it manually on Win95.) Please note, this card will not playback wav/digital files, it is an FM synthesis card only. The OPL3 is the sole provider of sound.
4 Channel Sound Capabilities
Our card is a little different than the older ones, because it can do more! While designing the card and researching the OPL3 datasheet, we noticed a feature which never seems to have been implemented. While the OPL2 was single channel (mono), most of the OPL3 cards released supported stereo. It turns out, that the OPL3 will actually support 4 channel sound. We decided that we had to implement this, even though there are no games or apps at this time which support this mode. It is our hope that down the road, developers may decide to support this feature to offer surround! The card will still work in two channel mode just fine, as any older card would.
Dip Switch for Port Switching
In addition, we added a dip switch bank on the card which will allow you to set this card to any base IO address. The original Adlib card was hard-coded to use port 0x388, but our card can use any port you like. It will ship set to 0x388, so you can just plug it in and go! It is possible you may be able to trick some apps into supporting port 0x220 like the original sound blaster, or you can just use any port you like for your own purposes or testing. It’s really just there to make the card as flexible as possible, or you can leave it where it is forever. It’s a true DIY card!
The card also has a line-level input pinned the same as any sound card input. We installed this so you can chain your other sound cards into this one if you like. This input mixes with the front channels on the card, not the rear.
Testing the Card on Your Machine and the Schematic
Since there are no applications which support 4-Channel sound, we wrote a test application to activate all 4 Channels. We are making this program, the source-code for it, as well as the schematic available. You may download these files here: Resound-OPL3-Files.zip
More Nerdy Notes About it's Construction
A few other nerdy notes about its design for those who may be interested: The card uses high quality WIMA Film capacitors for bypassing DC in the audio path. We made a few prototypes, and wound up using bypass caps before, and after the final opamp stage to keep the card as clean sounding as possible. This will help block DC noise coming from the digital section of the card, and allow the AC audio signal to pass. We also used a 10uf & 0.1uf decoupling cap on both power rails of the TL074’s & TL072’s on the card. The TL074 are used by the Yamaha DAC, and the TL072 are the final gain-stage for output. We wound up deciding on a relatively low-gain on the output stage as the output from the DACs are fairly hot to begin with. It does a 2:1 gain, and the RMS voltage is a little lower than a line-level, but is loud enough from our testing. Setting it to 3:1 seemed to overdrive the signal slightly. This gain will also effect the input port, so please be aware that you do not want your input to be too hot.
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The treasurer, Scott Morrison, says the government is not interested in delivering a company tax cut that would require firms to give their workers a pay rise, and sees no reason to adopt a more interventionist approach to setting minimum wages.
In an interview with Guardian Australia, Morrison said the government was focused on the circumstances of middle-income earners, who felt squeezed by prices increases after a long period of wages being flat, and would aim to deliver income tax relief as soon as it was fiscally responsible to do so.
But he said there was no need for the government to adopt more interventionist policies to boost wages growth despite the imperative of boosting consumption in order to boost the economy.
Morrison acknowledged there was a live debate among economists about whether the orthodoxy of economic growth leading to a tightening in the labour market leading to higher wages for workers still held, given wages stagnation had been a sustained global phenomenon in the wake of the financial crisis.
The treasurer also acknowledged there had been a “dislocation” in the traditional demand-and-supply mechanisms after the financial crisis but he argued things in Australia were now resuming “normal transmission” and insisted his view was evidence-based, not a “hunch”.
“I don’t discount there being a dislocation post the global financial crisis but I don’t consider that a permanent phenomenon and I don’t think the evidence bears that out,” Morrison said.
Despite polling indicating that people on below average incomes think their incomes have gone backwards, Morrison said he saw no need to take a more proactive approach on minimum wages because the current process “is delivering a good outcome”.
“If you think about where is wage growth going to come from, it’s got to come from a growing economy. The money has to be there,” the treasurer said. “By seeking to artificially impose [wage increases], well the swings and roundabouts approach would mean you end up with a zero-sum outcome”.
He said the role of government was to create the best environment for business “to ensure wages can lift, not artificially, but sustainably”.
Morrison flatly rejected the idea that the government could pursue a company tax cut that delivered the benefit for companies prepared to give their workforce a wage increase. “It is a highly interventionist method.
“It’s at odds with the way the Liberal and National parties would pursue growth in the economy.”
When it was pointed out that, as treasurer, he had intervened in the banking sector and in the energy market, including threatening to impose export controls in the gas market in an effort to boost supply, Morrison said those examples were different, because “they are not what you’d call very free market sectors”.
He said interventions in highly regulated sectors were one thing but “more broadly in the economy, when the government starts telling private companies how they should be spending their money and that they know better than them about how to grow their business, then I think we’ve got a problem”.
“It goes against every economic instinct of the Coalition to tell companies how they should be spending their money and growing their businesses,” he said.
He said recent research about Germany’s labour market indicated the benefits of a company tax cut were passed through to the workforce and helped to address economic inequality, and he argued that only “ideologues” would focus on a record of a treasurer intervening in some sectors to create outcomes but not others.
The treasurer acknowledged that company tax cuts were not politically popular but he said the government would stay the course. “You have to do what you think is in the economic interests of the country.”
Morrison said he was a pragmatic treasurer, focused on achieving outcomes. “You’ve got to be practical as a treasurer but you have to bring a clear set of principles which you know work, and you’ve got to stick to them, which is what I do.” |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Cobalamin (Cbl), which is also commonly referred to as vitamin B12, is required for erythrocyte formation, DNA synthesis, and the maintenance of neurological function \[[@pone.0167044.ref001]--[@pone.0167044.ref004]\]. As described in detail previously \[[@pone.0167044.ref002], [@pone.0167044.ref005]\], methyl Cbl (MeCbl) and adenosyl Cbl (AdoCbl) are the forms of B12 that are active in human metabolism. Several Cbl deficiency states exist in humans, some of which are caused by a loss of function in proteins that transport Cbl either to cells or within subcellular compartments \[[@pone.0167044.ref003], [@pone.0167044.ref006], [@pone.0167044.ref007]\]. For example, as discussed in detail previously \[[@pone.0167044.ref008]\], mutations in the several genes including those encoding TC (*TCN2*), HC (*TCN1*) and TCblR (*CD320*), result in a disruption in cellular Cbl uptake and a concomitant cellular and tissue Cbl deficiency \[[@pone.0167044.ref009]--[@pone.0167044.ref012]\].
A substantial body of research spanning more than four decades has relied on *in vitro* cell culture studies as an import approach to defining the precise pathways involved in the intra- and extra-cellular transport of Cbl and the molecular defects that may occur in genetic causes of Cbl deficiency. As described in detail previously \[[@pone.0167044.ref002], [@pone.0167044.ref005]\], the key proteins involved in extracellular Cbl transport in humans are transcobalamin (TC), intrinsic factor (IF) and haptocorrin (HC) \[[@pone.0167044.ref003], [@pone.0167044.ref013], [@pone.0167044.ref014]\]. Dietary Cbl initially binds to HC in saliva before being released to IF in the duodenum. After intestinal absorption, the IF-Cbl complex is transported through the intracellular lysosomal compartment and subsequently secreted by multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) \[[@pone.0167044.ref015]\], into the portal circulation before transport to peripheral cells as a TC-Cbl complex \[[@pone.0167044.ref016]\]. The TC-Cbl is then endocytosed by the transcobalamin receptor (TCblR/CD320), which is present on most cells in human tissues \[[@pone.0167044.ref017]\]. Plasma HC also binds Cbl where it may play a role as a Cbl store, based on the fact that it is not taken up into cells by the TCblR. HC also plays a role in the clearance of other corrinoid Cbl analogues from the circulation. HC-Cbl (and HC bound corrinoids) are thought to be taken up by the liver asialoglycoprotein receptor \[[@pone.0167044.ref003]\]. Another specialised route for TC-Cbl uptake is via megalin expressed in the kidney \[[@pone.0167044.ref018]\]. This facilitates TC-Cbl reabsorption, delivering filtered TC-Cbl back to the bloodstream. Both megalin and cubilin are expressed in other cell types, including mammary cells, where these receptors may also play a specialised role in Cbl homeostasis \[[@pone.0167044.ref019], [@pone.0167044.ref020]\]. Although HC does not share the same high degree of specificity for Cbl binding as TC, HC has greater affinity for Cbl than TC \[[@pone.0167044.ref003]\].
In the modelling of cellular Cbl homeostasis *in vitro*, early studies indicated that cell culture growth medium containing FCS is not permissive for Cbl uptake \[[@pone.0167044.ref021]--[@pone.0167044.ref024]\]. This was thought to be due to a lack of TC as demonstrated by gel filtration of serum proteins that bind ^57^Co-Cbl \[[@pone.0167044.ref024]\]. To overcome this problem, protocols were developed to culture cells in the presence of FCS, then with ^57^Co-Cbl bound to human TC (purified from human serum, HS), or with HS as a source of TC \[[@pone.0167044.ref021]--[@pone.0167044.ref023], [@pone.0167044.ref025]\].
In the present studies we have reinvestigated this phenomenon in order to better understand the factors that make FCS non-permissive for cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. In contrast to our expectation that this was due to low TC levels in FCS, our data indicate that the high HC content of bovine serum also prevents efficient cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake *in vitro*, and that this appears to be a cell type-specific phenomenon.
Materials and Methods {#sec002}
=====================
Cell culture {#sec003}
------------
Experiments were performed using the human fibrosarcoma fibroblast cell cline (HT1080, ATCC \#CCL-121) that was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), and the AG01518 human foreskin fibroblast cell line that was obtained from the Coriell Cell Repository Coriell Institute, Camden, NJ, USA). Both HT1080 and AG01518 fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco\'s modified eagle medium (DMEM, Life Technologies, USA, Cat \#12800--017), supplemented with 10% (v/v) FCS (Interpath, USA, Cat \#SFBS), 100 μg/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma, USA, Cat \#P4333), and 2 mM glutamine (Invitrogen, USA, Cat \#15140122) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO~2~. The methods for cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl have been previously described in detail \[[@pone.0167044.ref005]\]. In brief, HT1080 cells and AG01518 cells were grown in 6-well plates in triplicate until they reached approximately 70% confluence, unless stated otherwise. Note that the doubling times for HT1080 cells and AG01518 cells are reported to be 20--24 h and 3 to 4 days, respectively \[[@pone.0167044.ref026], [@pone.0167044.ref027]\], and initial seeding densities were adjusted to ensure similar confluence at the point of ^57^Co-Cbl addition to the growth medium. The cells were metabolically labeled with ^57^Co-Cbl (0.025 μCi/ml, MP Biomedicals, USA, Cat. \# 06B-430002) in DMEM with 10% (v/v) FCS or 10% (v/v) HS (Sigma, USA, Cat. \# H4522) for up to 72 h at 37°C. As described in detail previously \[[@pone.0167044.ref028]\], the radioactive tracer molecule \[^57^Co\]cyanoCbl was provided by the supplier in batches of 10.5 μCi in a volume of 1 ml H~2~O containing 0.9% (v/v) benzyl alcohol. On the reference date provided by the manufacturer, 0.1 ml from each batch of \[^57^Co\]cyanoCbl yielded 2.0 x 10^6^ cpm. After evaporation to dryness and reconstitution in cell culture medium, the \[^57^Co\]cyanoCbl radioactivity was measured in a 0.1 ml aliquot to confirm radioactivity levels before use in experiments. For all experiments, the \[^57^Co\]cyanoCbl tracer was used within 2 months of the reference date. As an approximation, based on a specific activity for \[^57^Co\]cyanoCbl of 300 μCi / μg, the amount of \[^57^Co\]cyanoCbl used in experiments was \~ 8.3 x 10^−2^ ng/ml (at the time of use in experiments 1000 cpm equates to \~ 2.4 pg of \[^57^Co\]Cbl).
After incubation, the growth medium was collected, while the cells were then rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and harvested with 1% (w/v) trypsin in pure DMEM without serum. The amount of ^57^Co-Cbl in each cell pellet and growth medium sample (subsequent to 5 min centrifugation at 600 x *g* to remove cell debris) was measured using a Wallace Gamma Counter (PerkinElmer, Finland). Where indicated adult bovine serum (Sigma, USA, Cat \#B9433) was also used as a comparator for FCS during ^57^Co-Cbl uptake experiments.
For serum dose-dependence experiments, the concentrations of FCS or HS were diluted to 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% (v/v) in DMEM as indicated. For the time-course experiments, the incubation periods were routinely 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, unless stated otherwise. For serum heat treatment experiments, FCS and HS were heated at 95°C for 10 min (or at 100°C for 20 min or at 56°C for 30 min where indicated). The serum was then added into the DMEM and incubated with the cells. For Cbl binding experiments, FCS and HS were serially diluted with pure DMEM at 1:10, 1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:1,000, and 1:10,000 dilutions. The ^57^Co-Cbl was then added to the samples and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. The samples were then transferred to 30 kDa MW cut-off Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Units (Millipore, USA, Cat.\# UFC903024) and centrifuged at 12,000 x *g* for 20 min. The filters were turned upside down and centrifuged for 2 min and the retentate solution that contained protein bound ^57^Co-Cbl (i.e. TC-Cbl \~44 kDa and HC-Cbl \~64 kDa) complex was measured for radioactivity as above. Similarly, free ^57^Co-Cbl (\~1.3 kDa) was collected in the filtrate and radioactivity measured as above. For the experiments using anti-TC antibody or anti-HC antibody to investigate the mechanism of ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, either anti-TC mouse monoclonal antibody (1:100, Santa Cruz, USA, Cat. \# Sc-137017) or anti-HC polyclonal antibody (1:100, Abcam, UK, Cat. \# Ab118386) was added to growth medium containing 10% HS or 10% FCS or 10% heated FCS and incubated with the cells for 48 h.
Note that in all cell culture experiments, we have used ^57^Co-cyano Cbl as a radioactive tracer. Even though this form of Cbl is what we added to the cell culture medium, once the cyano Cbl enters the intracellular compartment, it is metabolized to methyl Cbl and adenosyl Cbl (as discussed in detail above). It is also possible that during the course of our studies (up to 72 h), a small amount of ^57^Co-Cbl is transported from the cell back to the medium in a modified form (different to the originally added ^57^Co-cyano Cbl). Since we have not analyzed the different chemical forms of Cbl in our experiments, we simply refer to the tracer as ^57^Co-Cbl.
Western blotting {#sec004}
----------------
Cell lysates and cell culture supernatants were assessed by western blotting as described previously \[[@pone.0167044.ref005], [@pone.0167044.ref029]\]. Cell pellets were homogenised in lysis buffer (50mM Tris, 150mM NaCl, 0.1% (w/v) SDS, 0.5% (w/v) sodium deoxycholate, 1% (v/v) Triton X 100) buffer containing a Complete protease inhibitor cocktail (P8340, Sigma), prepared according to the manufacturers instructions. All samples from cell pellets and growth medium (containing \~15 to 30 μg protein assessed using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method \[[@pone.0167044.ref030]\]) were heated at 95°C for 10min with loading dye containing β-mercaptoethanol before being separated on 12% SDS-PAGE gels using a Mini-Protean II system (Bio-Rad, USA) at 150 V for 70 min and then transferred at 100 V for 30 min onto 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad, USA, Cat. \# 162--0115) using a Mini-Trans-Blot Electrophoretic Transfer cell (Bio-Rad, USA). The membranes were blocked in 5% (w/v) non-fat milk powder in PBS for 1 h at 22°C and then probed with an anti-HC mouse monoclonal antibody (1:250, Abcam, UK, Cat. \# Ab118386), an anti-TC polyclonal antibody (1:1,000, Santa Cruz, USA, Cat. \# Sc-137017), and an anti-β-actin rabbit polyclonal antibody (1:10,000 Sigma, USA, Cat. \# A5060) for 16 h at 4°C. The membranes were then incubated with the respective horseradish-peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse (1:4,000, Dako, Australia, Cat. \# P0447) and goat anti-rabbit (1:4,000, Dako, Australia, Cat. \# P0448) IgG antibodies for 1 h at 22°C. The blots were rinsed in PBS, and the proteins were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (Amersham Biosciences, USA, Cat. \# 28-9068-37). The membranes were exposed to ECL hyperfilm (Amersham Biosciences, USA), which was developed and scanned to produce representative images.
Results {#sec005}
=======
We first examined the cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl when HT1080 cells were cultured for up to 72 h in growth medium containing either 10% FCS or 10% HS. In both cases, the ^57^Co-Cbl was pre-incubated with serum (1 h at 37°C) to allow binding to serum proteins. In general agreement with earlier studies \[[@pone.0167044.ref021]\], we found that FCS was unable to support a high level of ^57^Co-Cbl uptake ([Fig 1](#pone.0167044.g001){ref-type="fig"}). When assessed at the 48 h time point, the amount of ^57^Co-Cbl detected in cells grown in FCS was 5.5% of the level detected in the cells grown in HS ([Fig 1A](#pone.0167044.g001){ref-type="fig"}). The overall amount of ^57^Co-Cbl present in the cells grown in HS increased with time up to 48 h, then the levels dropped at the 72 h time point as the cells formed a completely confluent monolayer. We found that the proportion of ^57^Co-Cbl detected in the cells grown in HS (expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity in the cells and growth medium) varied between experiments from \~25 to \~50% (36.0% [+]{.ul} 11.5%, mean [+]{.ul} SE, n = 21 experiments).
![HT1080 cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl in the presence of either HS or FCS.\
HT1080 cells were incubated at 37°C with ^57^Co-Cbl in DMEM containing either 10% HS or 10% FCS. ***A***, The cells were harvested for ^57^Co analysis after 48 h. ***B***, Under the same conditions used in "A", a time-course study with samples taken at 16 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was undertaken. Data are mean values [+]{.ul} SE (n = 3).](pone.0167044.g001){#pone.0167044.g001}
We reasoned that if the lack of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake from FCS was due to the previously reported low levels of TC in FCS \[[@pone.0167044.ref024]\], that we might be able to use a mixture of HS and FCS that was sufficient to promote uptake based on the HS TC content. Keeping total growth medium serum levels at 10%, we found that even a minor adjustment in the serum composition (i.e. moving from 10% HS to 8% HS / 2% FCS) resulted in a significant 29% decrease (p \< 0.0001) in ^57^Co-Cbl uptake ([Fig 2A](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}). This could suggest that the capacity for HS to bind ^57^Co-Cbl was close to saturation under our experimental conditions, or that FCS contains an inhibitory factor that prevents ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. To address the latter possibility, we used mixtures of serum that contain 10% HS as a constant, with additional increments of FCS. The addition of FCS dose-dependently inhibited cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake from the growth medium containing 10% HS ([Fig 2B](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Additional control experiments showed that increasing total HS contents incrementally above 10% had no impact on ^57^Co-Cbl uptake ([Fig 2C](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, simple reduction of HS concentration in the medium only moderately reduced cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake ([Fig 2D](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}). For example, reducing the growth medium HS concentration by 80% (to 2% HS in total) reduced cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake by only 14% (p \< 0.001). In the complete absence of HS (i.e. DMEM alone), cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake remained at a relatively high level (77% compared with cells cultured in 10% HS, [Fig 2D](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}). These experiments raised two questions related firstly to the nature of the factor in FCS that potently inhibits ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, and secondly to the mechanism by which HT1080 cells take up ^57^Co-Cbl in the apparent absence of a TC source.
![HT1080 cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl in the presence of various concentrations of HS or FCS.\
HT1080 cells were incubated at 37°C with ^57^Co-Cbl in DMEM containing either HS or the given HS / FCS mixture. ***A*---*D***, In all experiments, the cells were harvested for ^57^Co analysis after 48 h. Data are mean values [+]{.ul} SE (n = 3).](pone.0167044.g002){#pone.0167044.g002}
To test the possibility that a heat-labile component of FCS (such as a protein) contributes to the inhibition of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake we observed (Figs [1](#pone.0167044.g001){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}), we applied heat denaturation protocols to the FCS (either 95°C for 10 min or 100°C for 20 min) before the routine incubation of the serum with ^57^Co-Cbl to allow binding to native Cbl-binding proteins. These heat denaturation parameters were chosen based on standard protocols for protein denaturation, for example as used in PAGE, that are typically 95°C to 100°C for 5 to 10 min \[[@pone.0167044.ref031]\]. We found that heat denaturation essentially reversed the inhibitory capacity for FCS to block HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake at the 48 h time point ([Fig 3A](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). A more detailed time course experiment using heat-treated FCS (95°C for 10 min) revealed a biphasic kinetic for ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, with an initial rapid rate of uptake detected in the 2 h to 8 h time frame, that was followed by an apparent plateau, then a second sustained phase of uptake at the 24 h and 48 h time points ([Fig 3B](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). This biphasic kinetic was almost identical in the HT1080 cells grown with HS ([Fig 3C](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). Importantly, heat treatment of HS did not significantly increase cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake compared to the standard HS culture conditions ([Fig 3C](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, when we heated serum at 56°C for 30 min (a protocol that is widely used to "heat-inactivate" serum in order to inactivate complement), this did not increase cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake compared to the standard culture conditions using either FCS or HS ([S1 Fig](#pone.0167044.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
![HT1080 cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl in the presence of either FCS or HS with or without heat treatment.\
***A*,** FCS was heated at either 95°C for 10 min or 100°C for 20 min before ^57^Co-Cbl addition, then incubated with HT1080 cells for 48 h and compared to standard FCS culture conditions. ***B*,** Using the same 95°C for 10 min FCS heating conditions used in "A", a time-course study with samples taken at 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h was undertaken. ***C***, For the purpose of comparison, a time-course study with heated HS (95°C for 10 min) was also conducted in parallel. Data are mean values [+]{.ul} SE (n = 3).](pone.0167044.g003){#pone.0167044.g003}
Taken together, these experiments indicated that a heat-labile component of FCS was responsible for the inhibition of HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake we observed, and that the mechanism of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake may be independent of a serum-derived Cbl binding protein (i.e. TC).
To assess for possible differences in the ability of FCS versus HS to bind ^57^Co-Cbl under our *in vitro* experimental conditions, we used a centrifugal filtration device with a 30 kDa MW cut-off to assess the proportion of radioactivity bound to proteins such as haptocorrin (HC) and TC (molecular weights of \~64 kDa and \~44 kDa, respectively). In these experiments, the serum was first diluted into DMEM in the range of 1/10 to 1/10,000 before ^57^Co-Cbl was added (see [Materials and Methods](#sec002){ref-type="sec"} section for further details). The data indicate that when diluted 1/10 in DMEM, both HS and FCS efficiently bind ^57^Co-Cbl ([Fig 4A](#pone.0167044.g004){ref-type="fig"}). There was a clear difference in the binding capacity, with FCS showing approximately double the binding capacity of HS, a difference that remained evident throughout the series of dilutions. Note that at the dilutions of 1/1000 and 1/10000, this difference between HS and FCS was no longer observed; however, this was at a point where only \~ 4% of the ^57^Co-Cbl remained in the \>30 kDa fraction, a level that was very similar to the DMEM-only control (not shown), where 3% of the ^57^Co-Cbl radioactivity was recovered in the \>30 kDa fraction. We conclude that both HS and FCS when diluted more than 1/1000 are unable to bind significant amounts of the added ^57^Co-Cbl, and that compared to HS, FCS has a superior binding capacity for ^57^Co-Cbl when diluted in DMEM.
{#pone.0167044.g004}
We also assessed the capacity for heat-treated FCS and HS to bind ^57^Co-Cbl when diluted 1/10 in DMEM and found that heating (95°C for 10 min) reduced the ^57^Co-Cbl binding to FCS by 42.3% (i.e. the amount of ^57^Co-Cbl recovered in the \> 30 kDa fraction was reduced from 95.0% to 54.8% with heating), whereas the same heat treatment of HS reduced ^57^Co-Cbl binding by only 6.5% (i.e. the amount of ^57^Co-Cbl recovered in the \> 30 kDa fraction was reduced from 50.9% to 47.6% with heating). The fact that heat-treated diluted serum still binds ^57^Co-Cbl suggests low affinity / non-specific binding occurs or that a fraction of ^57^Co-Cbl-binding proteins (e.g. TC) may be extraordinarily heat-stable.
In order to assess the levels of both HC and TC in the HT1080 cells and culture medium under conditions that are both permissive and non-permissive for ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, we collected cell lysates and cell culture supernatants over the course of a 48 h experiment. We detected a strong signal for HC in the cell lysates grown in the FCS or heated FCS ([Fig 5A](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}) that did not change with cell growth (i.e. increases in total cell protein and β-actin were observed over time but cell-associated HC did not change). In contrast, only traces of a signal for HC were detected in cells grown in HS ([Fig 5A](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}). We concluded that the cell associated HC was likely derived from FCS and that FCS may therefore be enriched with HC as compared to HS. Western blotting of the cell culture supernatants confirmed this, as very high levels of HC were detected in the FCS-containing medium whereas in comparison, relatively low levels of HC were detected in the HS-containing medium ([Fig 5B](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}). It is noteworthy that the HC levels present in the HS-containing medium diminished over time, possibly indicating the total HC may have included residual bovine HC traces that were remaining after the initial routine culture of the cells in FCS.
{#pone.0167044.g005}
In addition to the presence of HC, we also detected a clear signal for cellular TC under all HT1080 cell culture conditions. Importantly, cellular TC levels were at only trace levels at the 2 h and 12 h time points, with sharp increases in TC observed by the 24 h and 48 h time points ([Fig 5A](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}). The overall time course for TC appearance, as well as the levels detected, were very similar for all HT1080 culture conditions ([Fig 5A](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, a similar time-dependent increase in TC detected in the HT1080 cell culture supernatants was also observed in all culture conditions ([Fig 5B](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}). The sharp increase in TC levels at the 24 h and 48 h time points coincides with the time-course for increased cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake we observed for HT1080 cells grown in either HS or heat-treated FCS ([Fig 3](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}).
In view of the previously described high binding affinity of HC for Cbl, these data suggest overall that the high levels of HC present in FCS competitively inhibits ^57^Co-Cbl binding to cell-derived TC. The heat treatment of FCS presumably denatures the structure of endogenous HC and other high-affinity Cbl-binding proteins (i.e. TC), thereby allowing ^57^Co-Cbl (that is either unbound or bound with low-affinity to other plasma proteins such as albumin \[[@pone.0167044.ref032]\]) to bind cell-derived TC. Our data also suggests that the HS content of endogenous TC contributes very little to the uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl over the duration of these experiments. To assess a contribution of cell derived TC in cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, we added anti-TC antibodies (1/100 dilution) directly to the cell cultures and assessed cellular ^57^Co-Cbl levels after 48 h. Addition of TC antibodies inhibited cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake when HT1080 cells were grown in culture medium containing 10% HS or 10% heated FCS; however, this antibody mediated inhibition was not observed when HT1080 cells were grown in culture medium containing 10% FCS ([Fig 6](#pone.0167044.g006){ref-type="fig"}). Under the same experimental conditions we similarly added anti-HC antibodies (1/100 dilution) to the cell cultures and assessed cellular ^57^Co-Cbl levels after 48 h. Addition of HC antibodies did not inhibit cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake when HT1080 cells were grown in culture medium containing 10% FCS, 10% HS or 10% heated FCS ([Fig 6](#pone.0167044.g006){ref-type="fig"}). Addition of HC antibodies was associated with a small increase in cellular ^57^Co-Cbl levels (from 3.1% to 4.9%) when HT1080 cells were grown in culture medium containing 10% FCS ([Fig 6](#pone.0167044.g006){ref-type="fig"}).
![Assessment of HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake in the presence of anti-transcobalamin antibody or anti-haptocorrin antibody.\
HT1080 cells were cultured in DMEM containing either 10% FCS, 10% heat-treated (95°C for 10 min) FCS, or 10% HS, for 48 h in either the absence of antibody (black bars) or the presence of anti-transcobalamin antibody (dark grey bars) or the presence of anti-haptocorrin antibody (light grey bars). The cells were harvested for ^57^Co analysis after 48 h. Data are mean values [+]{.ul} SE (n = 3). \* p \< 0.05, \*\* p \< 0.01, \*\*\* p \< 0.0001.](pone.0167044.g006){#pone.0167044.g006}
Overall this suggests that under our experimental conditions, cell-derived TC is the key determinant of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. Based on this concept, we predicted that in the presence of DMEM only (i.e. lacking any form of FCS or HS), cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake should follow a similar time course profile to the serum-containing culture conditions, with cellular uptake coinciding with the appearance of TC in the cell culture supernatants. Preliminary evidence for this was also noted in the DMEM-only condition of the experiments described in Fi 2D, where in the absence of serum, significant ^57^Co-Cbl uptake was clearly detected at the 48 h time point. To assess this possibility, we conducted a time-course experiment in which we assessed both cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake and the proportion of ^57^Co-Cbl present in the \> 30 kDa fraction of cell culture supernatants. We also used three different initial cell seeding densities: 10000 cells / well, 100000 cells / well and 400000 cells / well, that we predicted would yield a range of conditions that would compensate for potential reductions in cell growth due to nutrient deficiency afforded by the lack of serum in the medium (noting that in our routine experiments a seeding density of \~ 50000 HT1080 cells / well was used---see [Materials and Methods](#sec002){ref-type="sec"} for further details).
The results from these experiments show that HT1080 cell culture in DMEM alone is permissive for cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake ([Fig 7A](#pone.0167044.g007){ref-type="fig"}), and that the extent of uptake correlates well with both the amount of ^57^Co-Cbl present in the \> 30 kDa fraction of cell culture supernatants ([Fig 7B](#pone.0167044.g007){ref-type="fig"}), and with the level of TC detected in the medium by western blotting ([Fig 7C](#pone.0167044.g007){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, HC was either not detected (or detected as a weak signal close to the detection limits for this western blotting assay) in the cell culture supernatants ([Fig 7C](#pone.0167044.g007){ref-type="fig"}). Possible trace amounts of HC in the medium that were detected as weak signals on the blots did not correlate with incubation time, cell density or ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. This may therefore reflect residual HC remaining in the wells subsequent to the initial growth of the cells in the presence of FCS (that contains very high levels of HC as shown in [Fig 5B](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}). Additional studies with earlier time points were also conducted to probe for a possible biphasic kinetic for HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake (i.e. to assess if cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake from DMEM followed a similar kinetic to the HS and heated FCS conditions shown in [Fig 3B and 3C](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). When HT1080 cells were cultured in DMEM alone, the initial phase of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake appeared to be slower than in either HS or heated FCS ([S2 Fig](#pone.0167044.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), although the overall levels of ^57^Co-Cbl taken up were similar in the DMEM and serum-containing medium conditions ([S2 Fig](#pone.0167044.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
{#pone.0167044.g007}
In previous detailed studies, 34 different cancer cell lines were all demonstrated to express TC (and TCblR) in human tumor xenografts \[[@pone.0167044.ref033]\]. It is therefore possible that a wide variety of cancer-derived cell lines that produce TC may display similar characteristics to the HT1080 cell line regarding ^57^Co-Cbl uptake from growth medium containing FCS versus heated FCS. It is also possible that primary cell lines that are not derived from tumors may exhibit different phenotypes with respect to Cbl uptake and metabolism when cultured in HS, FCS or heated FCS. Although it is beyond the scope of the present study to screen a wide range of cell types, we have identified the human AG01518 fibroblast cell line (derived from neonatal human foreskin) as a relatively slow-growing cell line that does not appear to produce significant amounts of TC as determined by western blotting ([Fig 8](#pone.0167044.g008){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast to our studies with HT1080 fibroblasts, only 4.9% of ^57^Co-Cbl added was taken up by AG01518 cells grown in HS for 48 h ([Fig 8A](#pone.0167044.g008){ref-type="fig"}). This is approximately 86% less ^57^Co-Cbl uptake than in HT1080 cells (compare [Fig 8A](#pone.0167044.g008){ref-type="fig"} with [Fig 3C](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, the amount of ^57^Co-Cbl taken up by AG01518 cells grown in FCS was only 1.1% over 48 h and this was only slightly increased to 1.5% when heated FCS (95°C/10 min) was used.
![Cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake and haptocorrin and transcobalamin expression in AG01518 cells grown in the presence of either HS or FCS or FCS with heat treatment.\
***A*,** HS, FCS or FCS heated at 95°C for 10 min before ^57^Co-Cbl addition, was used to assess cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. Samples were assessed at 2 h, 24 h and 48 h. Data are mean values [+]{.ul} SE (n = 3). ***B***, AG01518 cells were cultured as in "A" and assessed at 2 h, 24 h and 48 h for haptocorrin (HC), transcobalamin (TC) and cell culture supernatant transcobalamin (s/n TC). Positions of molecular weight markers (kDa) are given on the right side of the blots. Ponc., Ponceau red stained membrane.](pone.0167044.g008){#pone.0167044.g008}
In agreement with the lack of TC in AG01518 cell lysates, we could not detect significant TC levels in the culture medium ([Fig 8B](#pone.0167044.g008){ref-type="fig"}). A trace of TC appeared to be present in the HS medium conditions, but this did not change over the 48 h time course and may therefore be due to the low levels of TC that are present in the initial HS growth medium samples. We also found that growing AG01518 cells in DMEM without any serum resulted in a level of ^57^Co-Cbl uptake that was similar to the FCS conditions (i.e. 1.4%, [S2 Fig](#pone.0167044.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This is also in contrast to the conditions where HT1080 cells were grown in DMEM alone (compare [Fig 2A with Fig 2B](#pone.0167044.g002){ref-type="fig"}). Overall, this suggests that in specific cell-types that do not produce significant amounts of TC, that HS is the preferable medium supplement to support ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, and that heating FCS makes very little difference to the overall cellular level of ^57^Co-Cbl.
Discussion {#sec006}
==========
Tracking cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake is a well established method for studying Cbl homeostasis, providing valuable information on both the regulation of Cbl endocytosis and the intracellular transport pathways. Consistent with previous studies, our current data reveal major differences in Cbl uptake depending on the serum type used in the growth medium. We extend earlier observations by showing that FCS actually inhibits HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, and that heat treatment ameliorates this inhibitory activity in experiments using HT1080 cells, a cancer-derived cell line that secretes TC. In cells that do not produce significant amounts of TC (e.g. as exemplified by the AG01518 fibroblast cell line used herein), FCS heat treatment does not appear to enhance ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. Our data are consistent with the idea that the very high level of HC in bovine serum is responsible for the inhibition of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. We suggest that bovine HC competes with cell-derived TC for ^57^Co-Cbl binding, and that since only a fraction of HC is not sialylated \[[@pone.0167044.ref034]\], and the asialoglycoprotein receptor is restricted to specific cell types \[[@pone.0167044.ref003]\], cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake is minimal in the presence of large amounts of bovine HC routinely used under *in vitro* cell culture conditions.
It is not clear why bovine serum has such a high concentration of HC as compared to HS. We speculate that since cattle are ruminant species and their gut bacteria are known to generate large amounts of Cbl and other Cbl analogues and corrinoid species \[[@pone.0167044.ref003], [@pone.0167044.ref035]\], a relatively large amount of HC is required to bind these molecules once absorbed into the blood stream and thereafter regulate their tissue storage and/or secretion.
We provide evidence that cell-derived TC is the major factor regulating cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake by HT1080 cells. This finding is in line with previous observations that many cell types have the capacity to secrete TC and that this correlates with the rate of cellular proliferation \[[@pone.0167044.ref003], [@pone.0167044.ref036], [@pone.0167044.ref037]\]. This is consistent with our observations in the present study where HT1080 cells secrete significant amounts of TC and have a reported doubling time of 20 to 24 h \[[@pone.0167044.ref026]\], whereas AG01518 cells did not secrete TC at levels that are detectable by western blotting and they have a reported doubling time of 3 to 4 days \[[@pone.0167044.ref027]\]. Our data show that even in the absence of serum, ^57^Co-Cbl uptake is maintained as long as sufficient TC is secreted by the cultured cells. Our data indicate a biphasic kinetic for cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, the second phase (\~ 12 h to 48 h) of which is highly correlated with the amount of TC detected in the HT1080 cell culture supernatants. An initial rapid rate of HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake occurs in both the HS and heated FCS conditions (2 h to 8 h) that plateaus at \~ 12 h. Since the TC levels in FCS appear to be very low ([Fig 5](#pone.0167044.g005){ref-type="fig"}), it appears that serum TC might not drive this initial phase of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. In agreement with this, heat treatment of HS (which is predicted to denature both HC and TC) did not reduce this initial phase of HT1080 cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake ([Fig 3](#pone.0167044.g003){ref-type="fig"}). It is therefore possible that a small amount of this initial cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake could be independent of TC. Consistent with this, earlier work suggested fibroblasts could take up a low molecular weight form of ^57^Co-Cbl via a mechanism that was sustained for either 60 min \[[@pone.0167044.ref022]\] or 4 h to 8 h *in vitro* \[[@pone.0167044.ref024]\], depending on the experimental protocols employed. The rate for this initial phase of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake was reduced in our current studies when HT1080 cells were grown in DMEM alone as compared to HT1080 cells grown in HS ([S2 Fig](#pone.0167044.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). It may be that less specific pathways (e.g. pinocytosis) contribute to a small amount of uptake and this could possibly contribute to the cellular ^57^Co-Cbl levels that are detected (albeit to only \~5% of added ^57^Co-Cbl) when HT1080 cells were grown in FCS and such a pathway could also contribute to the low levels of ^57^Co-Cbl uptake by AG01518 cells.
It should also be noted that previous studies have shown that TC-specific uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl may proceed in the presence of FCS and the amount of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl detected after 48 h was found to be similar to what we have observed in the present study. For example, after 48 h, bovine aortic endothelial cells were shown to take up 0.59 fmol ^57^Co-Cbl / mg cell protein from a total (cells plus medium) of 8.89 fmol ^57^Co-Cbl / mg cell protein (i.e. 6.6% (see Table 1 of \[[@pone.0167044.ref038]\]). In this study, the initial cell growth medium was depleted of B12, and this may have enhanced the uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl. It is also clear that cells may convert endocytosed ^57^Co-CNCbl to different forms of Cbl (including MeCbl and AdoCbl), a proportion of which may be secreted back into the cell culture medium \[[@pone.0167044.ref038]--[@pone.0167044.ref040]\]. This would be predicted to have an impact on the rate and mechanism of ^57^Co-Cbl uptake through extended time-course experiments, and may be cell-type specific.
From a laboratory protocols perspective, even though a small amount of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake is reproducibly detected when cells are grown in FCS, for studies that require isolation of intracellular organelles and Cbl transport proteins, increased labelling afforded by heat treated FCS has distinct advantages. This method of heat treating FCS (95°C/10 min) also has clear cost advantages over the use of HS or purified TC, in addition to the fact that a much greater proportion of the ^57^Co-Cbl required for these studies is actually utilised rather than being discarded in the spent culture medium. We also used adult bovine serum as a comparator for FCS in the experiments using HT1080 cells and found essentially identical results (i.e. like FCS, adult bovine serum was non-permissive for cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake but became permissive with heat treatment at 95°C/10 min, Zhao and Garner unpublished data).
Whilst our studies have utilised fibroblast cell lines, it is likely that the results will be relevant to other cell culture models as previous studies have shown FCS is not generally thought to be permissive for ^57^Co-Cbl uptake \[[@pone.0167044.ref021]--[@pone.0167044.ref025]\]. There may be certain exceptions where FCS is permissive for cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake. When studying cell types that express high levels of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (e.g. hepatocytes) that could potentially endocytose ^57^Co-Cbl bound to native HC present in FCS \[[@pone.0167044.ref041]\]. In addition, some cancer cell lines may produce HC \[[@pone.0167044.ref042]\] that may impact on the kinetics of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake, although this was clearly not the case in the current study that used the fibrosarcoma-derived HT1080 fibroblasts that did not produce HC ([Fig 7](#pone.0167044.g007){ref-type="fig"}).
It is also possible that a proportion of cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake examined in the present work remains independent of the TC / TCblR pathway via mechanisms that remain to be defined. Related to this, genetic deletion of the TCblR in mice leads to a severe Cbl depletion only in the CNS \[[@pone.0167044.ref043]\], implying that other pathways may exist for cellular Cbl uptake in peripheral tissues. Whether such postulated alternate pathways are upregulated in response to TCblR loss in the abovementioned mouse studies or whether they may play a physiological role in humans remains to be defined. A soluble form of the TCblR (sCD320) has been detected in human serum at high pM concentrations \[[@pone.0167044.ref044], [@pone.0167044.ref045]\]. It is currently unknown if FCS and HS contain different levels of sCD320 and the extent to which this could impact on cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake under specific conditions remains to be defined.
Another aspect of cellular Cbl metabolism that has not been assessed in the present study pertains to the impact that the variable serum preparations may have on long-term cell growth and survival. Previous studies have shown that the addition of Cbl back to growth medium that is initially devoid of both Cbl and folate, results in an enhanced rate of cellular proliferation \[[@pone.0167044.ref046]--[@pone.0167044.ref048]\]. In these studies the enhanced rate of proliferation was generally in the order of an approximately 10% increase in cell number \[[@pone.0167044.ref046]\]. Other studies have shown that the amount of Cbl added to achieve enhanced cellular proliferation can be reduced 100- to 1000-fold if exogenous TC is also provided \[[@pone.0167044.ref049]\]. The data suggest that the amount of TC / TCblR expressed by individual cell types will play a role in determining Cbl uptake and Cbl-mediated enhancement of cellular proliferation. It is noteworthy, that a large number of cancer cell lines have been shown to express TC and TCblR in human tumour xenografts \[[@pone.0167044.ref033], [@pone.0167044.ref050]\], and it is possible that such cells could produce sufficient quantities of TC to compete with HC in FCS under *in vitro* conditions and in such cases heat treatment of FCS may not dramatically increase cellular Cbl uptake. Indeed, monoclonal antibody based interference of cancer cell up take of the TC-Cbl complex has been investigated as an antitumor therapy \[[@pone.0167044.ref049]\]. Clearly, it is advisable to assess Cbl uptake kinetics in planned *in vitro* studies that focus on intracellular ^57^Co-Cbl trafficking and metabolism.
Conclusions {#sec007}
===========
In conclusion, the present study reveals that FCS inhibits cellular ^57^Co-Cbl uptake *in vitro* and that this is most likely due to the high HC content of bovine serum. Furthermore, we show that heating FCS provides an easy method to improve cellular Cbl uptake, and that this is a cell-type dependent phenomenon. In the case of the main cell type studied here, HT1080 fibroblasts, cell-derived TC appears to be a major determinant of ^57^Co-Cbl uptake.
Supporting Information {#sec008}
======================
###### HT1080 cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl in the presence of either FCS or HS with or without heat inactivation (56°C for 30 min).
FCS or HS was either not heated or heated at 56°C for 30 min before ^57^Co-Cbl addition, then incubated with HT1080 cells for 48 h and compared to standard FCS and HS culture conditions. Data are from a single experiment.
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Comparison of cellular uptake of ^57^Co-Cbl in the absence of serum or in the presence of HS.
***A***, HT1080 cells were incubated at 37°C with ^57^Co-Cbl in DMEM or DMEM containing 10% HS. ***B***, AG01518 cells were incubated at 37°C with ^57^Co-Cbl in DMEM or DMEM containing 10% HS. At the indicated times, the cells were harvested for ^57^Co analysis. Data are mean values [+]{.ul} SE (n = 3).
(TIF)
######
Click here for additional data file.
This research was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (Grant ID \#1065982). BG is supported by an NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (Grant ID \# 1109831).
AdoCbl
: adenosyl Cbl
Cbl
: cobalamin
DMEM
: Dulbecco\'s modified eagle medium
FCS
: fetal calf serum
HC
: haptocorrin (also previously abbreviated as TCI, TCIII and R-binders)
Hcy
: homocysteine
HS
: human serum
IF
: intrinsic factor
MeCbl
: methyl Cbl
Met
: methionine
5-methyl-THF
: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
Mm-CoA
: methylmalonyl-coenzyme A
MMCM
: Mm-CoA mutase
MS
: methionine synthase
MRP1/ABCC1
: multidrug resistance protein 1
PBS
: phosphate buffered saline
SAM
: S-adenosylmethionine
Succ-CoA
: succinyl-coenzyme A
TC
: transcobalamin (also previously abbreviated as TCII)
TCblR
: CD320, transcobalamin receptor
THF
: tetrahydrofolate
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: **Conceptualization:** BG.**Data curation:** HZ KR HL BG.**Formal analysis:** HZ KR HL BG.**Funding acquisition:** BG.**Investigation:** HZ KR HL BG.**Methodology:** HZ KR HL BG.**Project administration:** BG.**Resources:** BG.**Supervision:** BG.**Validation:** HZ KR HL BG.**Visualization:** BG.**Writing -- original draft:** BG.**Writing -- review & editing:** HZ KR HL BG.
[^3]: Current address: Lowy Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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On Thursday, NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh went viral after a TikTok video showed the federal politician lip-syncing to “Choices” by rapper E-40 to showcase his party’s policy initiatives.
The video was liked more than 174,000 times and received close to 7,000 comments. It was also shared to other social media platforms, and even garnered the praise of Lisa Raitt, deputy leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, who tweeted, “Gotta tell ya — it’s an effective 15 seconds. And fun to watch. Well done @theJagmeetSingh.”
Singh is hardly the first person to talk about Canadian politics on the video-sharing app. Over the course of the election campaign, the number of Canadian election videos on TikTok has skyrocketed with the app increasingly becoming a forum for young people to voice their opinions on federal politics — and the campaigns are starting to take notice.
TikTok is a relatively new social media platform that allows people to post short videos — usually anywhere between five to 15 seconds long — with a soundtrack. It rose to popularity in North America late last summer when it merged with musical.ly, a similar lip-sync app, and has developed into Gen Z’s latest obsession.
Videos tagged with #elxn43 have received more than 5.5 million views on the app. Ones tagged #justintrudeau have received more than 10.2 million views, #jagmeetsingh 1.7 million views, and #andrewscheer upwards of 636,000 views.
Users use the platform to do everything from poke fun at the different leaders’ perceived behaviour and campaign style — such as one playing off the lyrics of Pink’s “So What,” and another to Khalid’s “Young Dumb and Broke” — to criticize party leaders’ policies and comment on what it’s like talking about politics around the Thanksgiving table, to boast about their preferred candidate in creative ways, such as one video, which was liked more than 14,000 times, that compares the different political parties to apple-picking.
Jeffrey Dvorkin, director of the journalism program at the University of Toronto Scarborough and an expert in social media and democratic practice, believes the platform is a “terrific” way for the youth to get involved and talk about the issues.
“It’s a way of young people using various media that they prefer to be able to comment on their own terms about the election,” he said in an interview with the Star on Saturday. “If it gets people ... thinking about the issues and thinking about politics and thinking why an election is so important, that should be encouraged.”
In particular, Dvorkin mentioned that after Singh’s viral TikTok, the platform could become a way for campaigns to reach younger voters.
Green Party Leader Elizabeth May also made an appearance on the app. Just over a week ago, a user posted a video of May doing a signature TikTok meme dance called “the woah” with another person.
Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...
Aside from the short videos on the election, the platform itself is important to note as it could become the preferred medium for younger generations during an election period, says Megan Boler, a professor at U of T’s Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and a researcher in media and digital activism.
She pointed to Facebook having a critical role in getting out the youth vote for Barack Obama in 2008, and later Twitter becoming an influential player during the 2016 campaign.
“Will we look back and say the TikTok appears to be a new player in the election landscape?” Boler wrote in an email to the Star. It works particularly well, Boler remarked, because it lets users take popularized music to frame bite-sized political messages.
“This platform not only gives young people a means for voicing political opinion, but represents the kind of short sound byte that has potential to go viral and circulate widely,” she said. “We are in the midst of a radical sea-change, witnessing how new social media platforms are changing the fundamental landscape of political messaging and debate.”
Ilya Bañares is a breaking news reporter, working out of the Star’s radio room in Toronto. Follow him on Twitter: @ilyaoverseas
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Pharmacodynamic modeling of furosemide tolerance after multiple intravenous administration.
Physiologic indirect-response models have been proposed to account for the pharmacodynamics of drugs with an indirect mechanism of action, such as furosemide. However, they have not been applied to tolerance development. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of tolerance after multiple intravenous dosing of furosemide in healthy volunteers. Three repetitive doses of 30 mg furosemide were given as rapid intravenous infusions at 0, 4, and 8 hours to eight healthy volunteers. Urine samples were collected for a period up to 14 hours after the first dose. Volume and sodium losses were isovolumetrically replaced with an oral rehydration fluid. Tolerance was demonstrated as a significant decrease in diuretic and natriuretic response over time. Total mean diuresis was 35% lower (p < 0.01) and total mean natriuresis was 52% lower (p < 0.0001) after the third dose of furosemide compared with the first dose. However, there were considerable interindividual variations in the rate and extent of tolerance development for both diuresis and natriuresis. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of tolerance development was performed with use of an indirect-response model with an additional "modifier" compartment. This model gave an accurate description of the diuretic and natriuretic data after multiple dosing of furosemide and enabled the estimation of a lag-time for tolerance and a rate constant for tolerance development. Physiologic counteraction was demonstrated as a significant increase in plasma active renin levels (p < 0.00001) and a decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide levels (p < 0.005) during the day, concomitantly with the development of a negative sodium balance. This may be viewed as physiologic reflections of the modifier in our model. Indirect-response models may be successfully applied for tolerance modeling of drugs after multiple dosing. |
The field of the invention is rotary printing press technology, and in particular high speed rotary presses for producing high volume output such as newspaper production and the like.
In all rotary printing press machines, a common problem is control of the tension of the paper web passing through the printing cylinder and the associated feed rollers, angle bars, folders, and the like. The paper web undergoes an increase in tension as it transits these parts of the printing press setup, and the increase in tension, termed gain, is a siginficant factor in press setup and operation.
Gain is due primarily to differences in rotational speeds of the rollers over which the paper web passes, resulting in surface speed differences which apply tension differentials to the paper web. When the web tension exceeds the tensile strength of the paper, the paper web breaks, causing press shutdown and requiring a press crew to reset the paper in the press and the roller setup. Any down-time of the printing press represents a significant loss of production capacity. In addition, the printing business is frequently dealing with deadlines, and the loss of revenue due to missing deadlines can be a crucial factor in printing press profitability.
It has been noted that frictional forces appear to comprise a more important component of gain in the Flexo printing process as compared to prior art letterpress operation. This fact is apparently due to the fact that the Flexo process commonly uses water-based ink, whereas other printing processes use oil-based ink. The oil-based inks produce a lower coefficient of friction as the web slides over the rollers and angle bars. In contrast, the water-based inks used in the Flexo process moisture is absorbed into the paper, creating a dry surface with a correspondingly higher coefficient of friction. This phenomenon in turn creates increased frictional forces at each contact surface between the paper web and the rollers and angle bars of the printing setup. These greater frictional forces must be overcome by increased pull from the drag roller and the RTF, causing higher web tension that must be compensated during press setup.
Several strategies are known in the prior art for dealing with this web tension problem. The individual leads from the printing press units may be overfed or underfed to compensate for the inherent differences in resultant web tension, which is a function of varying lead lengths and roller/angle bar configurations. Over- and underfeeding from printing press units is limited in the Flexo setup by the fact that a Flexo plate can be damaged by excessive impression, a result of overpacking. Considering a common base line of 0.145 inch range of overpacking on a 44 inch printing cylinder, it is possible to obtain only a 0.3% adjustment to the gain, far below what is required to compensate for many lead configurations.
Alternatively, it is possible to adjust the folder bands, nips, and RTF. However, adjusting the folder is limited by the fact that folder adjustment results in uniform changes to the pull on all the leads, which does not solve the problem of varying lead tension setup requirements. It is also possible to install Velcro on critical roller surfaces to reduce frictional effects of web travel. This is a labor intensive task which must be repeated frequently as a function of wear. Although Velcro reduces the coefficient of friction of the web, it falls far short of the slidability provided by oil-based inks.
An obvious answer to the problem of gain is a mechanical solution: alter the gear ratio of the drag rollers with respect to the printing press to select the optimum drag for what is deemed to be the most common lead configuration. If a fixed lead configuration is used, this approach will work. However, in most printing operations, such as newspaper production, the lead configuration is altered frequently in accordance with changes in the configuration of the printed output. |
Persinger House
Persinger House is a historic home located at Covington, Alleghany County, Virginia. The original section was built about 1757, and enlarged in 1888. It is a two-story, six bay, single-pile log and frame house with weatherboard siding and a gable roof. A 20th century kitchen is connected to the house by a hyphen. It features a two-story, porch supported by chamfered posts, simple cut-out friezes, and a Chinese lattice railing. Also on the property is a contributing late-19th century barn.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Category:Houses completed in 1888
Category:Houses in Alleghany County, Virginia
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Alleghany County, Virginia |
In the first frame, he misses Alec Burks who is wide open in front of him at the baseline and would’ve had an easy bucket had Evans made the pass rather than attempting a shot which gets blocked by Clarke. In the second frame, Evans drives against 6'9, Naz Reid, and completely overlooks Eric Paschall cutting beside him to the rim, instead, tripping himself up and turning the ball over. In the final frame, after running PNR with Marquese Chriss, who finds a bit of separation from Hasan Whiteside in the middle of the lane, Evans is unable to get him the ball and throws up a wild floater.
Passing
Evans’ passing and playmaking this season has been very up and down. After showcasing his ability on that end in a Summer League environment where he had full reign to play freely, he’s had some difficulty adjusting to playing in a limited NBA bench role. It was expected that he would accrue a good amount of turnovers as he gains familiarity in this new position, but the concern with him right now has been the inconsistency. At times he is too conservative with the ball, turning down more difficult and creative passing options, opting instead for making a short and safe pass to a nearby player. At other times he plays way too aggressively, forcing passes that have a very low chance of converting for anything. So far he has notched 21 assists with 23 turnovers, which is good for the worst TO ratio on the team, 14.6.
However, there have been moments where we’ve some of his passing capabilities. He just needs to become a lot more consistent and learn to pick his spots better, playing within the flow of the game.
Shot Selection
Related to drives, this has been the most concerning aspect of his game so far. Evans will constantly take a shot he doesn’t need to be taking, and even worse he’s turning down one’s he should for them.
This is how his field goals are broken down by area this season:
Restricted Area: 28.6% (4/14) — Team-worst
In The Paint (Non-RA): 32% (8/25)
Mid-Range: 27% (10/37)
Corner 3: 60% (3/5)
Above The Break 3: 31.8% (7/22)
What’s even more staggering is it seems for Evans, the more dribbles he takes, the worse his shot gets:
0 dribbles: 43.3% (13/30)
1 dribble: 35.7% (5/14)
2 dribbles: 30.0% (6/20)
3–6 dribbles: 22.6% (7/31)
7+ dribbles: 12.5% (1/8)
He’s become very attached to his midrange shot. This is obviously something he’s extensively worked on during the off-season and to be fair to him, when it debuted in the Summer League it actually looked quite good. Unfortunately, in the regular season, he’s been unable to recreate its success noted by the fact he’s shooting 27% on them.
This is a shot he’s comfortable with and has shown the ability to make, so him taking them, in general, is not a huge area of concern. But it is when he’s passing up open 3s, which he’s shooting 38% on, for them. |
Q:
Symfony2 and FOSUserBundle : Override Mailer
i come here because i have a problem with OVH and my symfony2 application, i can't send mail with SwiftMailer. It's rather problematic for FOSUserBundle to reset the password or activate my account after inscription. So i want to use the MAIL function implemented in PHP, i followed the documentation here . So i created my class MailerInterface.phpand the class Mailer.php because this class send the mail with the function sendEmailMessage
Here, you can see how i implemented the class :
<?php
namespace MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer;
use FOS\UserBundle\Model\UserInterface;
interface MailerInterface
{
function sendConfirmationEmailMessage(UserInterface $user);
function sendResettingEmailMessage(UserInterface $user);
}
?>
And the Mailer.php :
<?php
namespace MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Templating\EngineInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouterInterface;
use FOS\UserBundle\Model\UserInterface;
use MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer\MailerInterface;
class Mailer implements MailerInterface
{
protected $mailerMonApp;
protected $router;
protected $templating;
protected $parameters;
public function __construct($mailerMonApp, RouterInterface $router, EngineInterface $templating, array $parameters) {
$this->mailerMonApp = $mailerMonApp;
$this->router = $router;
$this->templating = $templating;
$this->parameters = $parameters;
}
public function sendConfirmationEmailMessage(UserInterface $user) {
The function...
}
public function sendResettingEmailMessage(UserInterface $user) {
The function...
}
protected function sendEmailMessage($renderedTemplate, $fromEmail, $toEmail) {
$renderedLines = explode("\n", trim($renderedTemplate));
$subject = $renderedLines[0];
$body = implode("\n", array_slice($renderedLines, 1));
mail($toEmail, $subject, $body, 'noreply@nondedomaine.fr');
}
}
I added my class as service :
services:
monapp.mailer:
class: MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer\Mailer
And changed the config.yml :
service:
mailer: monapp.mailer
Here the ERROR in Dev env :
Warning: Missing argument 1 for MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer\Mailer::__construct(), called in /home/domaine/www/nomappli/app/cache/dev/appDevDebugProjectContainer.php on line 831 and defined in /home/domaine/www/nomappli/src/MonApp/UserBundle/Mailer/Mailer.php line 29
My problem is : When i arrive on my reset password page, i write my pseudo and after validation of the form i got a white page. I think i call the class and use used in the tutorial so i don't understand my problem, maybe i forgot a use ?
Thanks
EDIT
Here the logs errors (Thanks to Michael & Yann for helped me) :
[2015-03-31 14:55:35] request.INFO: Matched route "fos_user_resetting_send_email" (parameters: "_controller": "FOS\UserBundle\Controller\ResettingController::sendEmailAction", "_route": "fos_user_resetting_send_email") [] []
[2015-03-31 14:55:35] security.INFO: Populated SecurityContext with an anonymous Token [] []
[2015-03-31 14:55:35] request.CRITICAL: Uncaught PHP Exception InvalidArgumentException: "Unable to find template ""." at /home/nomappli/www/monapp/vendor/symfony/symfony/src/Symfony/Bridge/Twig/TwigEngine.php line 128 {"exception":"[object] (InvalidArgumentException: Unable to find template \"\". at /home/nomappli/www/monapp/vendor/symfony/symfony/src/Symfony/Bridge/Twig/TwigEngine.php:128, Twig_Error_Loader: Unable to find template \"\". at /home/nomappli/www/monapp/vendor/symfony/symfony/src/Symfony/Bundle/TwigBundle/Loader/FilesystemLoader.php:106, InvalidArgumentException: Template name \"\" is not valid (format is \"bundle:section:template.format.engine\"). at /home/nomappli/www/monapp/app/cache/prod/classes.php:742)"} []
[2015-03-31 14:55:35] security.DEBUG: Write SecurityContext in the session [] []
A:
You don't need to copy-paste interface code. It should be at its place: in FOSUserBundle. You just need to implement this interface. It means that you need to create class in which you place implements MailerInterface.
You already have this class. Just replace use MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer\MailerInterface; by use FOS\UserBundle\Mailer\MailerInterface and delete your copy of original interface.
UPDATE
As you updated your question I have updated my answer. Your current problem is about service configuration. You need to inject arguments for constructor in service definition:
services:
monapp.mailer:
class: MonApp\UserBundle\Mailer\Mailer
arguments:
- @router
- @templating
- {from_email: {confirmation: %fos_user.registration.confirmation.from_email%, resetiing: %fos_user.resetting.email.from_email%}}
Also modify your constructor method: remove $mailerMonApp from arguments:
public function __construct(RouterInterface $router, EngineInterface $templating, array $parameters) {
$this->router = $router;
$this->templating = $templating;
$this->parameters = $parameters;
}
|
---
abstract: 'We report on an analysis in the 3–10 keV X-ray band of the long 1999 *ASCA* observation of MCG–6-30-15. The time-averaged broad iron K line is well-described by disk emission near a Schwarzschild black hole, confirming the results of earlier analyses on the *ASCA* 1994 and 1997 data. The time-resolved iron-line profile is remarkably stable over a factor of three change in source flux, and the line and continuum fluxes are uncorrelated. Detailed fits to the variable iron-line profile suggest that the active region (parametrized by the best-fit inner and outer radii of the accretion disk) responsible for iron line emission actually narrows with increasing flux to a region around 4–5 $\rg$. In contrast to the iron line, the power-law continuum exhibits significant variability during the 1999 observation. Time-resolved spectral analysis reveals a new feature in the well-known photon index ($\Gamma$) vs. flux correlation: $\Gamma$ appears to approach a limiting value of $\Gamma \sim 2.1$ at high flux. Two models are proposed to explain both the new feature in the $\Gamma$ vs. flux correlation and the uncorrelated iron-line flux: a phenomenological two power-law model, and the recently proposed “thundercloud” model of Merloni & Fabian (2001). Both models are capable of reproducing the data well, but because they are poorly constrained by the observed $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation, they cannot at present be tested meaningfully by the data. The various implications and the physical interpretation of these models are discussed.'
title: 'The continuum variability of MCG–6-30-15: A detailed analysis of the long 1999 *ASCA* observation'
---
PS. \#1[to 0pt[\#1]{}]{}
\[firstpage\]
galaxies: individual: MCG–6-30-15 – galaxies: Seyfert – X-rays: galaxies.
Introduction
============
In recent years, a self-consistent and robust picture has gradually emerged in order to explain the most important features of AGN X-ray spectra. In the standard model, a central supermassive black hole accretes matter in the form of a cold, optically-thick disk. A hot, optically-thin corona above and below the accretion disk inverse Compton scatters soft optical/UV photons from the disk, producing a power-law continuum in the X-ray band [@Zdziarski94]. At the same time, the corona illuminates the disk, giving rise to a reflection hump at higher energies and a prominent iron K line at around 6.4 keV [@Guilbert88; @Lightman88].
Extensive observations of MCG–6-30-15, a bright, nearby ($z=0.0078$) Seyfert 1, have been especially useful in the study of AGN X-ray spectra. In fact, MCG–6-30-15 is perhaps the most well-studied AGN in the X-ray band, owing to its brightness, strong iron-line, and extreme variability. Because both time-averaged and time-resolved spectral analysis are feasible for this source, its physical properties can be probed in great detail. The many interesting features of the time-averaged spectrum, such as the broad iron line, the reflection continuum, and the warm absorber, have proven to be extremely useful in constraining the geometry and physics of AGN.
The study of spectral variability can provide another window into the interesting properties of AGN, although it is generally much more difficult and ambiguous than the simpler task of describing the time-averaged spectrum. Correlations (and lack thereof) have been observed between many different time-resolved spectral parameters, and there is much debate over the theoretical interpretation. To mention two relevant examples, analyses by Lee et al. (2000) and Vaughan & Edelson (2001) of a long 1997 *RXTE* dataset detected a steepening of the continuum spectrum with increasing flux in MCG–6-30-15. Meanwhile the iron line flux, though variable, did not appear to be correlated with the continuum flux.
In this paper, we present an analysis of the *ASCA* 1999 long observation of MCG–6-30-15 in the 3–10 keV X-ray band, investigating both the time-averaged properties of the spectrum and the time-resolved spectral variability. Section \[sec\_obsanddatared\] briefly describes the details of the 1999 observation and the status of the detector at the time. In Section \[sec\_continuum\_and\_fka\] the analysis of the time-averaged spectrum is outlined. The time-averaged spectrum shows the presence of a strong, relativistically-broadened iron line, confirming the results of earlier analyses on the 1994 and 1997 *ASCA* data. Section \[sec\_tresspec\] contains the results of the variability studies. The $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation is investigated, and a break in the usual correlation is observed. Iron-line variability with respect to flux is also studied, and in particular, the iron-line and continuum fluxes are found to be uncorrelated. Possible interpretations of the flattening of $\Gamma$ are considered in Section \[sec\_interpretation\], including an application of the recently proposed “thundercloud model” of Merloni & Fabian (2001). Finally, Section \[sec\_summary\] summarizes the results of the analysis.
Observations and Data Reduction {#sec_obsanddatared}
===============================
MCG–6-30-15 was observed with ASCA from 1999 July 19 to 1999 July 29. The total integration time was $\sim 910$ ks. The data were filtered and spectral files were prepared following the method of Iwasawa et al. (1999). The Solid-State Imaging Spectrometer (SIS0 and SIS1) was operated in Faint mode for the duration of the observation, and the Gas Imaging Spectrometer (GIS2 and GIS3) was operated in PH mode. Good exposure time amounted to approximately 440 ks for the SIS and 360 ks for the GIS. The FWHM energy resolutions at 6.4 keV for the SIS and GIS were $\sim$ 350 eV and $\sim$ 490 eV, respectively. This represents a degradation of a factor of 3–4 in SIS energy resolution from launch, resulting from radiation damage to the CCD chips. The GIS detectors, on the other hand, being gas-based, are relatively unaffected by the effects of high energy radiation, and so their spectral resolution has remained very stable over time.
Time-Averaged Spectral Features {#sec_continuum_and_fka}
===============================
The total integrated count rates between 3–10 keV for the current observation were 0.540 and 0.518 cts/s for the SIS and GIS, respectively. The corresponding time-averaged flux in the 3–10 keV band was $3.20\times 10^{-11}\ergpcmsqps$. This represents a $20\%$ increase over the 3–10 keV flux in the previous 1997 observation, indicating a significant brightening of the source between the two observations.
The 3–10 keV spectrum of MCG–6-30-15 was described using two [xspec]{} model components: [pexrav]{} for the power-law continuum and cold reflection from the accretion disk [@Magdziarz95]; and [diskline]{} for the relativistically-broadened iron K$\alpha$ line at a rest-frame energy of 6.4 keV from an accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole [@Fabian89]. In addition, [pexrav]{} was relativistically blurred using [rdblur]{} [@Fabian89], and the entire model was modified by cold Galactic absorption of $N_{\rm H} = 4.06\times 10^{20}$[@Elvis89].
The free parameters consisted of the inner and outer disk radius, disk inclination angle ([diskline]{} and [rdblur]{}); the total line flux ([diskline]{}); and the power-law slope and normalization (defined to be the photon flux at 1 keV of the primary power law) ([pexrav]{}). The inclination angle relative to the observer of the reflecting material in [pexrav]{} was tied to the corresponding [diskline]{} parameter. Since the other [pexrav]{} parameters affect primarily the high energy spectrum, which is inaccessible to *ASCA*, they could not be constrained in this analysis, and so they were kept fixed at values consistent with recent measurements by *BeppoSAX* and *RXTE* [@Guainazzi99; @Lee99]. Thus the [pexrav]{} cut-off energy was fixed at 150 keV, the reflection fraction was fixed at $\Omega/2\pi = 1$ (where $\Omega$ is the solid angle subtended by the reflecting material as seen by the primary source), and the iron abundance was fixed at $1 \Zsun$.
The model was fit simultaneously to the data from all four detectors between 3–10 keV. A good fit was obtained with $\chi^2 = 1885.8$ for 1889 degrees of freedom. The best-fit continuum power-law slope and normalization are $\Gamma = 2.082 \pm 0.009$ and $N_{3-10} = (1.90 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{-2}$ . The power-law slope is slightly higher than the slope $\Gamma_{97} = 1.94^{+0.06}_{-0.07}$ measured for the 1997 [@Iwasawa99] dataset. The difference in power-law slopes remains at the 2-$\sigma$ level even after systematic differences between the two analyses, such as the modification of [pexrav]{} with [rdblur]{} in this analysis and slightly different fitting procedures, are taken into account.
----------------------- --------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------
Model (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) $\chi^2$/*dof*
$\alpha$ $\rin$ $\rout$ $i$ $I$ EW
$\rg$ $\rg$ deg
\[5pt\] Schwarzschild $3.8^{+0.3}_{-0.3}$ $6.00^{+0.04}_{-0.00}$ $22^{+7}_{-3}$ $34.1^{+0.4}_{-0.5}$ $2.16^{+0.07}_{-0.08} \times 10^{-4}$ $480^{+16}_{-18}$ 1886/1889
Extreme Kerr $2.3^{+0.2}_{-0.1}$ $1.8^{+0.1}_{-0.6}$ $12.5^{+0.5}_{-0.8}$ $37.7^{+0.8}_{-0.6}$ $3.04^{+0.23}_{-0.12} \times 10^{-4}$ $720^{+50}_{-30}$ 1858/1889
----------------------- --------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------
The best-fit parameters for the [diskline]{} model are shown in the first row of Table \[fkapar\], and the efficiency-corrected iron line profile is shown in Fig. \[fig\_ironline\]. Generally speaking, the [diskline]{} parameters agree quite well with the parameters measured in the 1997 observation, confirming not only the presence of a broad iron K line in MCG–6-30-15, but also the properties of the accretion disk responsible for the line emission. It is interesting to note, however, that while the 1997 data preferred an inner radius of $6.7 \rg$, here $\rin$ pegs at $6 \rg$, the radius of minimum stability for a non-rotating black hole and the lower bound in the [diskline]{} model. This, and the relatively high value of $\alpha$, suggest the presence of emission from within $6 \rg$, which is generally thought to be the signature of a rotating black hole.
To check for the significance of any emission from within $6 \rg$, a model for a maximally spinning ($a=0.998$) black hole was also fit to the data between 3–10 keV. The model is completely analogous to the one described above for a Schwarzschild black hole, with [diskline]{} and [rdblur]{} replaced with the [xspec]{} model components [laor]{} and [kdblur]{}, which describe line emission and relativistic blurring from an accretion disk around an extreme Kerr black hole [@Kojima91; @Laor91]. Again, we obtained an excellent fit with $\Gamma = 2.096 \pm 0.009$ and $\chi^2 = 1858/1889$ *dof*. The best-fit [laor]{} parameters are shown in the second row of Table \[fkapar\]. As indicated by the equally acceptable values of $\chi^2$, the time-averaged line profile cannot constrain the spin of MCG–6-30-15 given the current quality of the data. It is worthwhile to note, however, that in the best-fit Laor model, the entire line-emitting region of the accretion disk shifts inward and stretches all the way down to $\sim 2$ gravitational radii, resulting in a smaller emissivity index, since it is no longer necessary to concentrate as much emission so close to the black hole.
Time-Resolved Spectral Features: Variability Studies {#sec_tresspec}
====================================================
The background-subtracted SIS 3–10 keV light curve for the 1999 observation is shown in Fig. \[fig\_lc\_mcg63015\] with 256-s bins. As in 1997, the source appears to be highly variable, with the 3–10 keV count rate changing in the brightest flares by factors of 2–3 on timescales of less than a day.
Hardness Ratios
---------------
Hardness ratios provide a straightforward, “zeroth-order” means of investigating spectral variability. Being model-independent, they can provide direct insight into overall time-resolved spectral features. Also, because they do not require any spectral fitting, hardness ratios are free of any biases introduced by a specific fitting procedure. A total of three hardness ratios were examined: $$\begin{aligned}
R_1 &=& \frac{F_{4-7}}{F_{3-4}}\\
R_2 &=& \frac{F_{7-10}}{F_{3-4}}\\
R_3 &=& \frac{F_{7-10}}{F_{4-7}}.\end{aligned}$$ The hardness ratios were calculated in each orbital period ($\sim 5700$ s) using the total SIS+GIS count rate in the relevant energy bands. They are shown in Fig. \[fig\_4-7\_3-4hrat\] plotted against count rate. $R_1$ and $R_2$ show a definite negative correlation with count rate ($\chi^2 =$ 240.7 and 242.8, respectively, for 158 *dof* against a constant hypothesis), indicating that the spectrum steepens as the source becomes brighter. On the other hand, $R_3$ does not appear to show much evidence for this correlation, although we note that any such correlation could be obscured by scatter due to the significantly poorer signal-to-noise of the $R_3$ band.
The hardness ratio trends shown here agree well with those found by Lee et al. (2000) in their recent analysis of the 1997 *RXTE* observation, suggesting that the observed correlation between spectral steepness and source brightness is an intrinsic and general feature of MCG–6-30-15. Since we expect the spectrum between 3–10 keV to be well-modeled by a simple power-law plus a relativistically broadened iron-line, the observed hardness ratio trends should correspond directly to a positive continuum index vs. count rate correlation. As we shall see in the next section, this is almost what is observed.
The 12 Count-Rate Bins
----------------------
The study of correlations between various spectral parameters and source flux was carried out using twelve bins defined using *horizontal* slices of the 3–10 keV light curve of the GIS3 detector. The procedure was as follows: the 3–10 keV GIS3 light curve was binned into orbital periods ($6\times 10^3$ s). From this light curve, twelve horizontal slices in count rate were chosen such that each slice contained approximately the same number of counts. These twelve horizontal slices are shown in Fig. \[fig\_lc\_crbin\] along with the GIS3 light curve, binned into orbital periods. The horizontal slices were then converted into *timing filters* (i.e. a union of disconnected vertical time slices, each with GIS3 count rate within the specified range). Finally, the timing filters were applied to the data from the other three detectors (SIS0, SIS1, GIS2) to produce the desired spectral files.
We decided to use horizontally sliced count-rate bins instead of the more customary vertically sliced time bins for several reasons. First, binning in count rate allowed us to increase signal-to-noise while preserving the large amount of variability observed in the source. Time bins of comparable size would have smeared out most of the interesting flares and minima, thereby destroying the greater part of the correlations to be described below. Secondly, using count-rate bins in some sense *averages out* the dependence of $\Gamma$ and other spectral parameters on properties of the source other than count rate and focuses on the sole determination of these spectral parameters as a function of count rate.
Photon Index vs. Count Rate Correlation {#sec_indvsctrt}
---------------------------------------
The first correlation we investigated was the standard relation between the continuum photon index ($\Gamma$) and count rate. A positive correlation between $\Gamma$ and source flux is believed to be a feature common to most Seyfert 1’s (Perola et al. 1986, Nandra et al. 1991, Ptak et al. 1994; see also the review by Mushotzky et al. 1993). Recent studies using high-quality data have firmly established the presence of a correlation in a number of AGN, including MCG–6-30-15 [@Vaughan2001], NGC 5548 [@Chiang2000], NGC 7496 [@Nandra2000], and IC 4329A [@Done2000]. The 1999 *ASCA* observation of MCG–6-30-15 is the longest and highest signal-to-noise observation of this source, and as such it offers an unprecedented opportunity to determine the photon index as a function of flux. However, the result of our analysis is surprising. Instead of finding a simple positive correlation between $\Gamma$ and flux as expected from previous analyses, we report here a new trend: a flattening of $\Gamma$ at high count rate.
$\Gamma$ was determined using the blurred power-law plus reflection model described in Section \[sec\_continuum\_and\_fka\]. For simplicity, the iron line was not simultaneously determined in these fits, so as to avoid any model degeneracies and biases (e.g. between the power-law slope and the iron-line flux) that might arise due to the reduced signal-to-noise of the time-resolved data. As in the time-averaged fit, the free parameters were $\Gamma$ and the continuum normalization. Fig. \[fig\_indvsctrt\] shows the best-fit photon indices plotted vs. the average 3–10 keV count rate of each flux bin. Absorption (warm or otherwise) is not expected to play a significant role above 3 keV in this source (although we test this assumption below), and X-ray reprocessing features such as the iron line and the reflection hump are estimated to contribute at most 15% to the total 3–10 keV flux. Therefore the 3–10 keV count rate should accurately reflect changes in the flux of the primary continuum. These changes are seen to result in a positive correlation of photon index with flux when the flux is low, in qualitative agreement with previous analyses of MCG–6-30-15 and other sources. However at higher flux, the photon index gradually levels off to around $\Gamma \sim$ 2.1–2.2. A $\chi^2$-test against a linear correlation gives $\chi^2 = 15.3/10$ degrees of freedom, corresponding to a rejection of the linear correlation at 88% confidence. The fit is dramatically improved with the power-law functional form $\Gamma = \Gamma_0-K F^{-\delta}$, which yields $\chi^2 = 6.65/9$ *dof* with a limiting photon index $\Gamma_0=2.12^{+0.12}_{-0.03}$ and a (negative) power-law index of $\delta=3.9^{+2.0}_{-1.7}$. We believe this to be the first indication in an AGN of a saturation of the photon index at high flux. Should this result prove to be real, it could have serious implications for theoretical models of coronal activity and continuum production, as we shall discuss in Section \[sec\_interpretation\].
We have tested the saturation of $\Gamma(F)$ at high flux and the result appears to be robust. Varying the fit prescription and frozen model parameters had little effect on the general trend. Similarly, it made little difference to the shape of the correlation whether relativistic blurring of the continuum ([rdblur]{}) was included in the fit.
Obvious from inspection of Fig. \[fig\_indvsctrt\] is the important role played by the highest flux bin ($F_{3-10} \approx 1.6$ cts/s) in determining the nature of the relation between $\Gamma$ and flux. Excluding the highest flux bin does improve the linear fit to a marginally acceptable $\chi^2 = 11.5/9$ *dof*. However, the residuals exhibit additional structure that still suggest a saturating $\Gamma$. This is confirmed by the fact that fitting with the power-law functional form results in a best-fit nearly identical to the full 12-bin fit. The stability of the power-law fit, along with the fact we can think of no good physical reason why the highest flux bin should be excluded from the relation, give us confidence that the apparent saturation of $\Gamma$ is not being caused by a single bin.
Other effects, such as correlated errors and model-specific biases, could be more subtle. MCG–6-30-15 is known to contain a highly variable warm absorber, with the absorption dominated by O [vii]{} and O [viii]{} edges at 0.74 and 0.87 keV [@Fabian94; @Lee2001]. While the warm absorber is not expected to play a significant role above 3 keV, we have nonetheless tested for the possibility that variable warm absorption could have an effect on the $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation. Severe detector degradation below 2 keV due to radiation damage prevented detailed and realistic warm absorber fits from being done in the 1999 observation. Instead, we attempted to model the effect of warm absorption above 3 keV using an additional cold absorption model component ([wabs]{}, Morrison & McCammon (1983)). The fits were redone with the column density of this extra [wabs]{} left as a free parameter. The fits actually preferred a rather high column density of $\sim 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$, which resulted in slightly softer photon indices. However, since the amount of absorption was not correlated with flux, the resulting $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation was largely unchanged and still showed the saturation of $\Gamma$ at high flux.
A systematic study was conducted to ascertain whether there could be any count-rate dependent bias in the determination of $\Gamma$.[^1] 10 simulated spectra were produced in each count-rate bin using the best-fit photon index and continuum normalization for that bin. Exposure times, response curves, and background spectra were derived from real data so as to mimic as closely as possible the actual fitting process. $\Gamma$ was then measured for the 10 simulated spectra in each count-rate bin, and the average $\Gamma$ was found to differ from the input photon index by less than 1% in every count-rate bin (well within the 1-$\sigma$ errors on the actual $\Gamma$), with no systematic trend with respect to count rate. Thus the saturation of $\Gamma$ at high flux cannot be accounted for by a flux-dependent bias in the fitting process.
Finally, a similar analysis was carried out to measure the continuum photon index as a function of flux during the 1997 *ASCA* observation of MCG–6-30-15. The result agrees remarkably well with that of the present observation, providing further evidence (along with the hardness ratios) that the $\Gamma$ vs. flux correlation is a general feature of MCG–6-30-15. However, because the source was approximately 20% fainter in 1997, the bulk of $\Gamma(F)$ for that observation falls below the saturation regime of $\approxgt$ 1 ct/s. Indeed, of the three long *ASCA* observations of MCG–6-30-15 in 1994, 1997, and 1999, only the latter provides the exposure time and average source luminosity necessary to adequately probe the saturation regime of the $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation.
Iron-line Variability {#sec_fkavar}
---------------------
Temporal variations of the iron-line profile of MCG–6-30-15 in the three long *ASCA* observations (1994, 1997, and 1999) were previously studied by Matsumoto et al. (2001). They showed using the normalized RMS variability spectrum of the 1999 data that the variability of the line band (5–6.6 keV) decreased faster than that of the continuum band as one moved to longer timescales. This suggests that the line varies on a shorter characterstic timescale than the continuum. In addition, using double gaussian fits to the red and blue wings of the broad line, they found the line flux to be significantly variable during the 1994 and 1997 observations, but not during the 1999 observation. The line equivalent width, however, was variable in all three. The equivalent widths of the red and blue wings showed a very weak positive correlation, with an unacceptably large scatter around a linear best-fit. The total equivalent width tended to be anti-correlated with continuum flux, contrary to the constant behavior that would be expected from the simplest coronal disk-line models.
In this analysis, we have studied in greater detail the relationship, if any, between properties of the iron line and the continuum flux. Detailed fits in the 3–10 keV band using the Laor disk-line plus continuum model described in Section \[sec\_continuum\_and\_fka\] were performed for each of the twelve count-rate bins. The free parameters were the photon index, continuum normalization, inner and outer disk radius, and total line flux. The inclination angle of the disk was frozen at its time-averaged best-fit value (see Table \[fkapar\]), and the rest-energy of the line was fixed at 6.4 keV. The disk emissivity index was also frozen at its time-averaged value, since simultaneous determination of the emissivity index and the disk radii was subject to large degeneracies due to the reduced signal-to-noise of the time-resolved spectra.
Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_spec\] shows the efficiency-corrected iron line profiles obtained in each of the 12 count-rate bins, along with the best-fitting model in each case. The energy and flux scales are the same in each panel. Even with the reduced signal-to-noise of the time-resolved spectra, a very broad iron line can still be clearly resolved in nearly every bin. In most cases, an extended red tail is seen stretching all the way down to (or even below) 3 keV, suggesting the presence of line-emitting matter extremely close ($r \sim$ a few $\rg$) to the central black hole at almost all levels of source brightness. Overall, the line appears to be remarkably stable across the flux bins, with the exception of perhaps the highest-flux bin, where the red wing seems to weaken considerably while the narrower blue wing remains at $\sim$ 6 keV.
The spectral parameters shown in Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_par\] offer a more precise picture of the variability of the line with flux. The continuum photon index $\Gamma$ has been plotted in addition to the inner/outer radii and the line flux in order to demonstrate that the $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation found in Section \[sec\_indvsctrt\] holds even when the iron-line and continuum are simultaneously fit. Regarding the line parameters, we see that they accurately reflect the apparent stability that was seen in the line profiles of Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_spec\] (excepting the highest-flux bin). At every flux level, $\rin$ is within $6 \rg$, the radius of marginal stability for a Schwarzschild black hole. More importantly in the context of coronal models, the fits show that the iron-line flux clearly does not increase with the continuum flux. The iron-line flux is consistent with a constant level ($\chi^2 = 7.2$ for 11 d.o.f.) over nearly a factor of three change in source count rate. The lack of any positive correlation between line and continuum flux appears to be robust, confirming the previous findings of Lee et al. (2000) and Vaughan & Edelson (2001) for MCG–6-30-15.
The uncorrelated line and continuum fluxes present a serious problem for the simplest coronal models in which the iron line is produced by reflection of the primary continuum off a cold accretion disk, with the continuum generated in a corona directly above the disk. In such a scenario the iron line flux would be expected to respond proportionately to variations in the primary continuum, with the equivalent width remaining roughly constant with respect to the continuum flux. Our findings clearly indicate that the equivalent width of the iron line actually *decreases* with flux in MCG–6-30-15. Although a positive correlation between line flux and continuum flux has been observed in some AGN, such as NGC 7314 [@Yaqoob96], it appears to be completely lacking in other AGN besides MCG–6-30-15, most notably in NGC 3516 [@Nandra99] and NGC 5548 [@Chiang2000]. The fact that the line and continuum flux are not correlated in some AGN indicates that the reflection process, at least in these AGN, is more complex than that described by a simple coronal model.
Stronger evidence for variation with flux is found for the outer radius $\rout$. Since the disk inclination angle has been fixed to its best-fit time-averaged value, $\rout$ is relatively well-constrained by the well-defined peak and maximum energy of the blue wing. A constant level is a poor description of $\rout$ vs. count rate, with $\chi^2 = 27.3/11$ *dof*. The fit improves significantly when one fits with a linear relation ($\chi^2 = 16.4/10$ *dof*, best-fit slope $-4.4 \pm 1.3$). Excluding the lowest-flux bin leaves the quality of the constant fit virtually unchanged, while the linear fit improves further to $\chi^2 = 4.8/9$ *dof* with slope $-8.9 \pm 1.9$. Thus, overall, the outer radius appears to exhibit a significant anticorrelation with source flux, suggesting that the illumination pattern on the disk may shift closer to the black hole when the source brightens. It is intriguing that $\rin$ also appears to exhibit a slight positive correlation with flux, although it is not statistically significant. The trend, if present, along with the anticorrelation of $\rout$ would imply that the line emission originates in a more localized part of the disk when the source is bright. One might expect this sort of behavior if variations in source flux were due to flaring active regions on the disk. The overall trends in $\rin$ and $\rout$ could then be understood by assuming that the dominant active region was relatively stable throughout the 1999 observation and was located around 4–5 $\rg$.
A detailed, exhaustive analysis of the many possible degeneracies between various fit parameters is beyond the scope of this paper. Thus we cannot rule out the possibility that the trends shown here are simply a result of correlated errors. Nevertheless, we were able to rule out one of the more obvious possible correlated errors with the following simple check. The plot of line flux vs. source flux in Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_par\] strongly suggests an anti-correlation between line and source flux. Suppose however that the line flux was actually *constant*. Then since the count-rate bins contain approximately the same number of continuum counts, the higher count-rate bins, being shorter in duration, would contain less counts from the iron line. Accurate determination of the line parameters would be more difficult, and in particular, the wings of the broadened line would be harder to detect. This would bias the line flux downwards and in addition spuriously narrow the line emitting region. To check that this systematic error due to decreased line counts is not the source of the behavior shown in Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_par\], we have binned together the last two count-rate bins, and the spectral fits have been redone for this summed spectrum. The spectral parameters obtained for the summed spectrum follow the general trend, and they are found to lie between those of the two last count-rate bins, indicating that at least part of the variation in spectral parameters cannot be explained by a simple decrease in line counts, with the line flux constant.
Interpreting the $\Gamma$ vs. Flux Correlation {#sec_interpretation}
==============================================
The Two Power-Law Model {#sec_mo2po}
-----------------------
We propose two different models that can simultaneously account for the observed saturation of the photon index at high flux and the lack of correlation between the iron-line and continuum fluxes. The first is an ad hoc phenomenological model consisting of two power-law continua, one constant with flux and photon index $(F_1,\Gamma_1)$, and the other variable with $(F_2,\Gamma_2)$. To test this model, a coarse grid in $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$ was produced with $\Gamma_1$ ranging from 1.75 to 2.0 and $\Gamma_2$ from 2.2 to 2.3. $F_1$ was fixed at 0.54 cts/s (chosen to correspond approximately to the minimum of the 3–10 keV light curve), because $\Gamma_1$ and $F_1$ proved to be highly degenerate parameters. Simulated spectra for each value of $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$ were produced in every count-rate bin and were folded through the exposure times, response matrices, and effective areas of the actual detectors. Normalizations were determined in each bin by requiring the overall 3–10 keV count-rates of the two power laws to equal $F_1$ and $F_2 = F-F_1$ respectively, where $F$ was the average count rate of the actual data in that bin. The simulated spectra were fit with a single power-law model between 3–10 keV to produce $\Gamma$ vs. flux relations for each value of $\Gamma_1$ and $\Gamma_2$. Shown in the left panel of Fig. \[fig\_mo\_2po\_thund\] along with the data is the “best-fit” for our coarse grid ($\Gamma_1 = 1.85$, $\Gamma_2 = 2.25$ with $F_1=0.54$; $\chi^2 = 10.5/10$ *dof*), interpolated using the functional form $\Gamma = \Gamma_0-K F^{-\delta}$. The term “best-fit” is slightly misleading, however: for every value of $\Gamma_2$, there was a value of $\Gamma_1$ that yielded an acceptable fit. In any event, the two power-law model, although poorly constrained by the data, is clearly capable of reproducing well the observed form of $\Gamma(F)$.
Aside from the fact that it models well the measured $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation, the two power-law model is attractive because it offers a chance of decoupling the iron-line and continuum variability. Previous analyses, and the detailed results of Section \[sec\_fkavar\], indicate strongly that the iron line flux is uncorrelated with the continuum flux in MCG–6-30-15. As we discussed above, this is very puzzling in the context of simple coronal models in which the line is expected to respond directly to changes in the primary continuum. The two power-law model offers a potential solution to this problem: by associating the iron line with reprocessed radiation from the constant component alone, the continuum is free to vary in response to the variable component without having any effect on the iron line. Although the iron line is known to exhibit significant temporal variability [@Iwasawa99; @Matsumoto2001], we see from Section \[sec\_fkavar\] that it is essentially stable across flux bins. Therefore we must consider the possibility that the “constant” $F_1$ component varies to some extent as well, but that its variations are smeared out in the $\sim 80$ ks count-rate bins. This would not change the $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation predicted by the model.
At present the two power-law model is basically a phenomenological model, with very little theoretical motivation. We suggest a few possible explanations for the origin of the two power-law components. One possibility is that the “variable” $F_2$ power-law component originates in the inner edge of the accretion disk, where the solid angle subtended by the reflecting material is the least; while the “constant” $F_1$ power-law is produced farther out (but still in the inner part of the disk). $F_2$ could here be associated with magnetized accretion just inside the marginally stable orbit [@Krolik99], as simulations [@Hawley2001] show that this process can be very noisy. Another possible scenario is that flares occurring at different heights above the corona are responsible for the two power laws. DiMatteo et al. (1999) showed that the spectral properties of the soft-state and hard-state of the GBHC GX 339-4 could be qualitatively explained by flares occuring close to and far above the accretion disk, respectively. Moreover, they found that the ionization state of the disk was quite different depending on the height of the flares, with flares closer to the disk naturally ionizing it more. Therefore associating the $F_1$ and $F_2$ components with flares high above and close to the disk, respectively, would not only account for the difference in continuum shape, but also, if the flares close to the disk completely ionized away the iron-line, would explain the lack of an iron line accompanying $F_2$.
Finally, there is the possibility that a small but non-negligible non-thermal component is present in the corona. A hybrid thermal/non-thermal corona has been explored as a model for the soft-state Cygnus X-1 X-ray spectrum and was found to explain well its overall shape [@Gierlinski99]. Single scattering of disk seed photons off the non-thermal component gives rise to a hard, high-energy power law, while multiple scattering off the thermal part produces a softer power-law tail above the thermal disk emission at lower energies. A similar situation in MCG–6-30-15 would lead to the harder $F_1$ (softer $F_2$) component of our two power-law model being associated with the non-thermal (thermal) part of the corona, and with the two states varying independently of one another. An obvious problem with this explanation is that strong evidence for a thermal corona in MCG–6-30-15 is provided by observations of a cutoff in the high energy X-ray spectrum [@Guainazzi99; @Lee99]. We note, however, that even small non-thermal tails in the coronal electron distribution can apparently have sizable effects on the shape and flux of the Comptonized spectrum [@Wardzinski2001]. How well the observations limit the size of any non-thermal tails in the corona of MCG–6-30-15, as well as what affect these might have on the 3–10 keV X-ray spectrum, remains to be seen.
The Thundercloud Model
----------------------
A more theoretically motivated model of coronal variability that predicts quite generally the saturation of the continuum photon index at high flux was recently proposed by Merloni & Fabian (2001). Their so-called “thundercloud model” was based on the idea that active regions in the corona could, under the right conditions, trigger avalanches of neighboring flares, giving rise to progressively larger “magnetic thunderclouds” that are responsible for inverse Compton scattering soft disk photons into the observed X-ray continuum. Larger active regions tend to be more luminous (since they contain more magnetic reconnection sites) and produce softer spectra. Therefore when the source is bright, the continuum is dominated by soft emission from large active regions. During the largest flares, the active regions approach the limiting case of a slab-like geometry covering the entire disk, resulting in a saturation of $\Gamma$ at high flux.
In the thundercloud model, the luminosity of an active region is assumed to scale with its size via the relation $L(r) \propto r^D$, where $D$ is a free parameter of the model which describes both the internal structure of the region (a kind of fractal dimension) as well as any radial dependence there might be in the input radiation from the accretion disk. The number of active regions of size $r$ generated at time $t$ is chosen from a Poissonian distribution with mean $n(r,t)$, which in turn is determined by requiring that the corona be in a stationary state. This gives the relation $n(r) = n(r,t)t_0(r)$, where $n(r) \propto r^{-p}$ is total number of active regions of size $r$ and $t_0(r)$ is the typical lifetime of these regions. Here $p$ is given by the relation $p = 2D+3-\gamma$, where $\gamma$ is the slope of the red noise part of the Power Density Spectrum (PDS). For comparison with MCG–6-30-15, the slope of the PDS was fixed at $\gamma = 1.5$, in agreement with the literature [@Nowak2000; @Matsumoto2001]. In addition to $D$, the other two free parameters of the model were the covering fraction $C$, which determines the total number of active regions; and the optical depth $\tau$ of the corona. The mass of the black hole, accretion rate, and maximum/minimum flare size were fixed at $M_{\rm BH} = 10^7 \Msun$, $\dot{m} = 0.1$, $r_{\rm min} = 0.02$, and $r_{\rm max} = 4$, respectively. These serve mainly to set the overall luminosity and time scales.
The $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation predicted by the thundercloud model was compared to the data using a grid with optical depth $0.5 \le \tau \le 2$, covering fraction $1\times 10^{-4} \le C \le 2\times 10^{-3}$, and luminosity scaling index $0.6 \le D \le 1.6$. In addition to the constraint given by the $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation, the overall normalized RMS variance of the model light curve was required to lie within the range 20–30% to match the that of MCG–6-30-15. Shown in the right panel of Fig. \[fig\_mo\_2po\_thund\] is a particularly good description of the data with $\tau = 1.5$, $C = 0.001$, and $D = 1.4$ (the RMS variance was 21%). Overall, the coronal optical depth was the most well-constrained parameter, being required to lie in the range $1 \le \tau \le 2$. The constraint on $\tau$ is a consequence of the fact that it determines the limiting value of the photon index: it is essentially the only remaining free parameter at the highest flux levels when the active regions limit to a disk-covering, slab-like geometry.
It is worth considering briefly the physical implications of $\tau > 1$ for iron-line variability. Since a $\tau > 1$ corona tends to smother any reflected radiation from the disk, the line should essentially vanish during higher flux states, when the thunderclouds cover most of the accretion disk. Meanwhile, in lower flux states, the more or less continuous series of small, localized flares should lead to a roughly constant line. Referring back to the time-resolved line profiles of Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_spec\] and the iron-line vs. continuum flux plot of Fig. \[fig\_fkavar\_par\], it is intriguing to see that, within the limitations of the poor signal-to-noise, the behavior of the iron-line profile as a function of flux does indeed appear to support this prediction of the thundercloud model.
The covering fraction and scaling index were much more difficult parameters to constrain, as they contribute principally to determining the overall curvature of $\Gamma(F)$, which is poorly measured by the present dataset. We can, however, limit these parameters to $C > 0.01$% and $D < 2$. These bounds are related, since values of $C$ below $0.01$% require $D > 2$ (and vice versa) in order to achieve realistic values of the RMS variance. This can be understood by noting that when the total number of active regions is small, their luminosity must grow quickly with their size in order to produce significant variations in overall luminosity over time. Such large values of $D$ in turn require $p$ to be large, which gives a corona dominated by very small active regions. This results in a rather unrealistic light curve consisting of long periods of stability due to small active regions, punctuated with the occasional huge flare from a large active region.
Summary {#sec_summary}
=======
An analysis of the spectral variability of MCG–6-30-15 during the 1999 long *ASCA* observation has been presented. The principal findings of the analysis will now be summarized. A model consisting of a power-law continuum, plus reflection and a relativistically broadened iron-line from the accretion disk, gave a good fit to the time-averaged 3–10 keV spectrum. The spectral parameters of the broad iron line were generally in good agreement with the results of previous analyses of MCG–6-30-15. While not statistically significant, the data seemed to prefer an inner radius of the disk within the radius of marginal stability $\rms$ for a Schwarzschild black hole, in contrast to earlier observations which found a best fit inner radius just outside $\rms$.
A study of the time-resolved iron-line profile revealed a complete lack of any positive correlation between iron-line flux and continuum flux, confirming the results of previous analyses. In addition, marginal evidence was found for a narrowing with flux of the line-emitting region on the accretion disk, suggesting that iron-line variability may be due in part to changes in the illumination pattern of the disk.
The power-law continuum was found to exhibit a positive correlation between photon index and source flux that *levelled off* at high flux, with $\Gamma$ limiting around 2.1–2.2. Two different models were proposed to explain the observed saturation in $\Gamma$, and both were capable of describing the trend well. The first model proposed was a simple phenomenological model consisting of two power laws, one constant with $\Gamma \sim 1.8$, and the variable with $\Gamma \sim 2.2$. It was also suggested that the lack of correlation between iron-line and continuum flux could be explained with this model by associating the line production with the harder, constant component. Possible origins for the two distinct power laws were considered, and coronal flares of varying heights above the disk and a small non-thermal component in the corona were put forth as viable hypotheses. The second model advanced to explain the $\Gamma$ vs. flux relation was the so-called “thundercloud model” of coronal variability recently proposed by Merloni & Fabian (2001). The thundercloud model also generally predicts a saturation in $\Gamma$ at high flux as the growing thunderclouds approach a slab-like geometry above the accretion disk. A detailed comparison with the thundercloud model constrained the optical depth of the corona to lie in the range $\tau \sim $1–2, and a lower limit on the coronal covering fraction of $C \ge 0.01$% was obtained. In addition, the thundercloud model with $\tau \sim $1–2 predicts a pattern of iron-line variability (roughly constant line profile when the continuum flux is low; decreasing line flux when the continuum flux is high) which accords well with the observed behavior of the line.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
We thank Andrea Merloni for his assistance with the thundercloud model and Simon Vaughan for many fruitful discussions. DCS thanks the Herchel Smith Fellowship for support. KI thanks PPARC for support. ACF thanks the Royal Society for support.
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[^1]: Strictly speaking, it is not the count rate, but rather the total number of counts (i.e. the signal-to-noise level) in each bin that determines the level of bias in the fit. Since the count-rate bins were defined so as to contain approximately the same number of counts, such a bias should in principle have a minimal effect on the shape of the trend.
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The weather is finally starting to get warmer so I wanted to wear a bright fun color this week!
This week’s nail polish is Essie’s Chills and Thrills from the Essie Summer 2014 Neons collection! It is a beautiful purple/blue color that is described by Essie as a “supercharged blue violet.”
One coat did not cover well, but after applying 2-3 coats Chills and Thrills turned into a beautiful opaque color that was smooth with no streaking. I really like this color and this collection and there are a few more colors from this collection I’m thinking about picking up. You can find this nail polish and all of the past Nail Polishes of the week at my Nail Polish of the Week Luvocracy collection!
The book that I am currently reading is Life: An Exploded Diagram by Mal Peet. I’m about halfway through and am enjoying it so far!
Are you planning on trying any of the colors from Essie’s 2014 Neons collection? |
Q:
Add JSONObject to JSONArray java with add attribute
This is my servlet code. I want add my json object values into a json array.I used add method for that but I'm getting an error. How to add that object to my array? Is there any mistake in my code?
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
try {
Session ses = HibernateSession.getSession();
Criteria cr1 = HibernateSession.createCriteria(ses, Product.class);
cr1.add(Restrictions.eq("Status", "Active"));
List<Product> plist = cr1.list();
JSONArray ja1 = new JSONArray();
for (Product product : plist) {
JSONObject jo1 = new JSONObject();
jo1.put("image", product.getProductImages());
jo1.put("name", product.getName());
jo1.put("price", product.getPrice());
ja1.add(jo1);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
A:
This depends on the libraries which you are using.
If you are using org.json.JSONArray then it should be put() but if you are using org.json.simple.JSONArray it's add().
I bet you are using org.json.JSONArray. So try,
ja1.put(jo1);
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HMRC receive a record breaking £5.2bn from Inheritance tax
In the future, middle and working class families may also have to contribute.
HM Revenue & Customs ("HMRC") have received a record-breaking £5.2bn from Inheritance tax ("IHT") for the 2017/2018 tax year, an 8% increase, with London and the South East being the highest paying areas.
Rebecca Goldring, a manager in Blick Rothenberg's private client team said, 'As expected, the burden of IHT lies largely in the south of England with London and the South East being the highest paying areas.'
'With the surge in property prices in the last decade, particularly in those regions, the increase in collections was predictable and I envisage further rises in the years to come.'
She added, 'We will likely also see a shift in the demographic of those who pay the tax. IHT was once a tax that only the rich and super rich actually paid and was not a concern for the majority. In reality though, largely owing to housing price increases, we now expect that in the years to come the middle and working class families may also have to pay the tax.'
'Another area that was seeing an increase in revenue collections was the non-dom demographic.'
Rebecca said, 'This is not however surprising, particularly as from April 2017 we saw a wave of new IHT rules for example the introduction of IHT charges for overseas individuals owning UK residential property through non-UK holding structures.'
She added, 'With the Government pledging earlier this year to review the current IHT system with a view to making a ‘particularly complex’ tax ‘fit for purpose’, we expect to see further changes.'
Rebecca said, 'Such changes could include restricting the availability of the current reliefs and exemptions and the ways in which people can efficiently pass on wealth to the next generation during their lifetime.' |
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|
City leaders in Ferguson, Mo., confronted demands for reform from an angry crowd at their first public meeting since last month's fatal shooting of an unarmed black teen by a white police officer ignited weeks of protests.
The atmosphere was charged from the opening minutes of Tuesday night's meeting as members of a largely black audience that numbered in the hundreds shouted over remarks by City Council members, rising out of their seats and chanting in solidarity.
Crowd members had to pass through metal detectors and security guards to attend the council meeting, held at an area church. Some wore T-shirts emblazoned with the slogan "Hands Up Don't Shoot," a phrase that has become a national rallying cry for activists protesting the death of 18-year-old Michael Brown, and other acts of what they say are police abuse.
As council leaders attempted to discuss routine city business, one man shouted: "What about Mike Brown?"
Tensions have been high in the mostly black community of 21,000 people since the Aug. 9 shooting of Brown. Protesters are demanding the arrest of the officer who shot Brown, as well as the ouster of Mayor James Knowles III and Ferguson police Chief Tom Jackson.
Council members warned the audience at the beginning of the meeting that though they would take public comments, council members would not answer questions, a declaration that angered the audience as the council sat largely silent as long lines of speakers issued demands and asked for answers.
The meeting came the day after a public relations firm representing the council announced a series of programs the council said should help reduce community concerns, including formation of a citizens' review board to help improve law enforcement operations.
The council also said it was introducing an ordinance to reduce fines and other penalties levied in municipal court that many have alleged unfairly target blacks.
Many in the community said the proposals lacked crucial details and did not go far enough.
City and county officials have been under fire since the shooting of Brown by officer Darren Wilson spiraled into nightly protests and sometimes violent rioting in Ferguson. Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon declared a state of emergency for the city, and sent in National Guard troops to try to quell the unrest.
In one particularly heated exchange at the council meeting, several people rushed toward the stage after the council refused to answer a question about whether Wilson was still on the city payroll. Security workers held the angry crowd back and church leaders urged calm and helped to persuade them to return to their seats.
Wild applause rang out from the crowd as people addressing the council called on Knowles to step down, and complained of ineffective city leadership, police harassment and racial profiling, among other grievances. Several also said that the police chief must be fired. Many warned that civil unrest would continue, and could expand if Wilson was not arrested.
"We are not going back to business as usual. We are holding you accountable," 29-year-old Ashley Yates told the council.
When the city council ended the meeting after three hours, many audience members were still lined up for a turn to speak. As city council members exited the room, several angry audience members who attempted to make their way onto the stage were turned back by security guards.
Calls for officer's arrest
Many speakers on Tuesday night said the circumstances of Brown's death demanded action against the officer.
Some witnesses have reported that the unarmed teenager had his hands in the air in surrender when Wilson shot him. Both witnesses and police have said there was an altercation between Brown and the officer that began when Wilson asked Brown and a friend to move out of a street they were walking down in a residential neighborhood.
Police said Brown struggled with Wilson before the shooting. An autopsy showed the teenager was shot at least six times, including twice in the head.
Wilson has been placed on paid administrative leave and has gone into hiding, as the county prosecutor presents evidence to a grand jury to determine if any charges are filed.
At a news conference on Tuesday, Brown's parents, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and other groups repeated their calls for Wilson to be arrested immediately, saying there was no reason to wait for a grand jury to review the evidence.
The U.S. Department of Justice is investigating the shooting and also looking into accusations of racial profiling by Ferguson police.
Protests have continued in Ferguson and across the country over what demonstrators say is a long history of police intimidation and abuse of blacks in the St. Louis area and other U.S. cities.
|
A week ago I asked, on my daily radio show “It’s All About Money” heard on GPSFORLIFE.com, WHERE IS JOHN? What could possibly have happened to our traveling Senator/Ambassador to the freedom loving peoples of the world?
However sometimes John gets a little confused and can be seen cavorting with the bad guys, such as Al-Qaeda in Syria. This brief lapse in judgment however I attribute to a “Senior Moment” or as some of us like to call it “Intelligentsius Interruptis.”
Apparently the good Senator/Ambassador was stunned by the apparent influence he exerted in December on the streets of Kiev when he told the throng (part CIA I am sure) that if the leadership did not link with the European Union the people should rise up against the current regime. Be careful what you wish for John. Riots, killings and a regime change resulted from John’s inspirational soap box oratory. In full disclosure, a Democratic Senator was standing by his side, a great example of bi-partisanship.
Fast forward three months. We all know the Crimea situation. Apparently so does John as he is once again emboldened to act, well, at least speak-out. So where was John? Apparently he was bunkered in his twelfth floor condominium in Phoenix, Arizona, formulating his verbal response to the chess moves being made by Vladimir Putin. Obviously he and his advisers struggled as day after day went by and no smoke came from the twelfth floor. Oops sorry! I was day dreaming about the last Pope. Sometimes John thinks he has the same powers as the Pontiff, but that’s another story. Apparently no new responses could be found but something had to be done after all the world was waiting for something from the twelfth floor.
Knowing the staff that runs the condominium building as well as I do, I am certain one of the bright young people offered a suggestion not easily dismissed “just say the same thing as before, isn’t it all the same?”
My Senator, my leader, my neighbor is awe inspiring, from the streets of Kiev to the Halls of Congress. I can’t wait to see him take to the soap box demanding a reduction in association fees. Now that is really something worth fighting for. |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Protein S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of nitric oxide (NO) to protein thio (-SH) group, is an important posttranslational modification that affects a wide variety of proteins for cellular signaling in normal physiology and a broad spectrum of human diseases \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. S-nitrosylation signaling controls a number of cellular processes, such as protein-protein interactions \[[@B3]\], nuclear transcriptions \[[@B4]\], and membrane-associated proteins activation \[[@B5], [@B6]\]. Pathophysiology is correlated with hypo- or hyper-S-nitrosylation of specific protein targets rather than a general cellular insult due to not only the loss of or enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity but also the denitrosylation by a major denitrosylase, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) \[[@B1]\]. Abnormal protein S-nitrosylation causes many diseases such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurological dysfunction \[[@B7]\]. Furthermore, autophagy, a vacuolar degradation for long-lived and aggregate-prone proteins, plays an important role in neurodegeneration. Inhibition of autophagy by S-nitrosylation results in stress-mediated protein aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases \[[@B8], [@B9]\].
S-nitrosylation is also associated with cancer \[[@B10]\]. Potential mechanisms of S-nitrosylation in carcinogenesis are focused on apoptosis and DNA repair \[[@B11]\]. Survival of tumor cell could be induced by inactivation of proapoptotic signaling or activation of antiapoptotic pathways \[[@B12]\]. Inhibition of caspase protease by protein nitrosylation promotes extended survival of malignant cells \[[@B13]\]. For example, nitrosylation of caspase 9 inhibits the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cell line \[[@B14]\]. Additionally, p53 induces apoptotic cell death and causes cell cycle arrest in response to various stresses \[[@B15]\]. S-nitrosylation of p53 suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis in colon carcinogenesis \[[@B16]\]. Bcl-2, a major anti-apoptotic regulatory protein, was regulated by S-nitrosylation in various carcinoma tissues \[[@B11], [@B17], [@B18]\]. S-nitrosylation is shown to modulate the activity, stability, and cellular localization of key DNA repair proteins, including O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyltransferase (AGT), 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (Ogg1), apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) \[[@B19]\]. Inactivation of AGT by S-nitrosylation is found in hepatocarcinogenesis \[[@B20]\]. Moreover, S-nitrosylated APE1 export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm is described in colon adenomas, breast cancer, and hepatocellular carcinomas \[[@B21]\]. Also, S-nitrosylated DNA-PKcs shows increased transcriptional expression and activity in HEK-293 \[[@B22]\].
It is well known that arsenic, a human carcinogen, showed its chemical carcinogenesis activity by interaction with protein -SH groups. By its -SH binding activity, therefore, arsenic may compromise protein S-nitrosylations in cells. In addition, it is reported that arsenic has a significant effect on NO production in the endothelium \[[@B23]\]. Arsenic remains one of the most concerned environmental toxicants, which has been classified as a group I human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Epidemiological studies demonstrated that long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic through either ingestion or inhalation is associated with an increased risk of malignant cancers in the urinary bladder, lung, and especially skin, since arsenic tends to concentrate in keratinocytes \[[@B24]\]. However, the role of S-nitrosylation induced by arsenic in skin carcinogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we hypothesize that arsenic can alter protein S-nitrosylation and NO production in skin keratinocyte. Our contribution is identifying interactions between arsenic and S-nitrosylation axis in keratinocytes that can provide the novel molecular and pharmacological strategies for potential clinical applications.
2. Materials and Methods {#sec2}
========================
2.1. Human Keratinocyte Culture {#sec2.1}
-------------------------------
Freshly obtained prepuce specimens were used to cultivate the primary human cultured keratinocytes. Briefly, normal human prepuce specimens were washed with PBS, then cut into small pieces, and incubated in medium containing 0.25% trypsin overnight at 4°C. The epidermal sheet was lifted from the dermis using a fine forceps. The epidermal cells were pelleted by centrifugation (500 ×g, 10 min) and dispersed into individual cells by repeated aspiration with a pipette. Isolated keratinocytes must be cultured in commercialized keratinocyte serum free medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO~2~ atmosphere with or without sodium arsenite (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) treatment (10 *μ*M). This primary keratinocyte culture protocol using human skin samples has been approved by Institutional Review Board of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH-IRB-960119).
2.2. Cell Lysis and Proteins Extraction {#sec2.2}
---------------------------------------
Keratinocytes after treatment were washed with cord buffer \[NaCl (0.14 M), KCl (4 mM), glucose (11 mM), and HEPES (10 mM, pH 7.4)\] and then lysed with 100 *μ*L of lysis buffer \[Hepes (250 mM, pH 7.7), EDTA (1 mM), neocuproine (0.1 mM), and CHAPS (0.4%, w/v)\]. After centrifugation, protein supernatant is collected and protein concentrations are determined with BCA assay reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Rockford, IL, USA).
2.3. Biotin Switch Method for Purifying S-Nitrosoproteins {#sec2.3}
---------------------------------------------------------
The biotin switch method was used according to previous study \[[@B22], [@B25]\]. Cells were washed with 1 × cord buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.14 M NaCl, 4 mM KCl, and 11 mM glucose). Protein lysates were obtained using ultrasound and lysis buffer (250 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM neocuproine, and 0.4% (w/v) CHAPS). The free thiols were methylated with blocking buffer (225 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 0.9 mM EDTA, 0.09 mM neocuproine, 2.5% (w/v) SDS, and 20 mM MMTS) at the ratio of 0.8 mg/1 mL and were incubated at 50°C for 20 min with agitation. To remove residual MMTS, the MMTS-treated lysate was precipitated with cold acetone and the resulting pellet was resuspended in HENS buffer (250 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM neocuproine, and 1% (w/v) SDS). This was followed by addition of one-third of the HENS suspension\'s final volume of 4 mM N-\[6-(biotinamido) hexyl\]-3′-(2′-pyridyldithio) propionamide (biotin-HPDP/DMF) mixed with 1 mM ascorbate. The protein lysate/biotin-HPDP mixture was incubated at room temperature for 1 hour to allow biotinylation to occur. These mixtures were precipitated with cold acetone to remove excess biotin-HPDP and then resuspended in HENS buffer. The biotinylated proteins (i.e., the former S-nitrosoproteins) were recovered using neutravidin-agarose beads (15 *μ*L/per mg of initiated protein input) in neutralization buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100). The agarose beads were rinsed with washing buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 600 mM NaCl, 1mMEDTA, and 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100). The biotinylated proteins were eluted by elution buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.7, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 100 mM 2-ME). We added 100 femtomole of BSA in the eluent as a standard in the subsequent MS/MS analysis. The salt and detergent in eluents were removed by SpinOUT and DetergentOUT resins (Geno Technology Inc., MO, USA).
2.4. Mass Spectrometric Assay {#sec2.4}
-----------------------------
Around 100 ng eluents were reduced, alkylated, and trypsin digested according to the user\'s guideline (In-Gel Tryptic Digestion Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific, IL, USA). The peptide lysates were further desalting with Proteomics C18 Column (Mass solution Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan) and then subjected to mass analysis by nLC/Q-TOF tandem mass spectrometry (Micromass, Manchester, UK). MS data were searched for against the NCBI database using an in-house MASCOT search program (Matrix Science, London, UK). Search parameters were set as mass values: monoisotopic, protein mass: unrestricted, peptide mass tolerance: ±0.4 Da, fragment mass tolerance: ±0.4 Da, max missed cleavages: 1, and the instrument type: ESI-QUAD-TOF.
2.5. Western Blot Analysis {#sec2.5}
--------------------------
Forty micrograms of cell lysates with various treatments was mixed with equal volume of sample buffer \[Tris-HCl (62.5 mM, pH6.8), SDS (3%, w/v), 2-mercaptoethanol (5%, v/v), and glycerol (10%, v/v)\] and then separated by SDS-PAGE. The gel was transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, MA, USA) and immunoblotted with antibodies: eNOS (1 : 3000, Cell Signaling Tech. MA, USA), iNOS (1 : 3000, Cell Signaling Tech. MA, USA). The membranes were visualized with the SuperSignal West Femto reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, IL, USA) on X-ray films. The images on X-ray films were scanned using a digital scanner (Microtek International Inc.) and the density was calculated by the Progenesis Samespots v2.0 software (NonLinear Dynamics, Newcastle, UK).
2.6. Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis {#sec2.6}
----------------------------------------
Extracted protein (1 mg) was precipitated with 3 volumes of cold acetone at −20°C for at least 20 min. After centrifugation, the protein pellets were air-dried for 5 min, dissolved in sample buffer \[9 M urea, 2% (w/v) CHAPS, 60 mM DTT, and 2% (v/v, pH 4--7) IPG buffer (GE Healthcare BioSci., NJ, USA)\], and incubated for at least 30 min to denature proteins completely. The protein solution was mixed with rehydration solution \[8 M urea, 2% (w/v) CHAPS, and 0.5% (v/v, pH 4--7) IPG buffer\] to reach a final volume of 340 *μ*L and then soaked into an 18 cm DryStrip (pH 4--7, GE Healthcare BioSci.) for up to 12 h on Ettan IPGphor system (GE Healthcare BioSci.). Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed with the accumulated voltage set to 32 kVh. After IEF analysis, stripped gels were equilibrated with trisbuffer \[50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.8, containing 2% (w/v) SDS, 6 M urea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, and 60 mM DL-dithiothreitol (DTT)\] for 20 min. The stripped gels were then alkylated in the same buffer containing 135 mM iodoacetic acid for additional 20 min. The equilibrated IEF strip was laid on the top of a vertical SDS-PAGE system to perform the 2-DE.
2.7. Image Analysis {#sec2.7}
-------------------
The gels were stained with VisPRO dye (Visual Protein Biotech., Taipei, Taiwan) and scanned with a digital scanner (Microtek International Inc.). The translational levels were calculated by ImageMaster software (GE Healthcare BioSci.). The gel slices excised from the silver-stained gel were digested with trypsin for 4 hours at 37°C (In-Gel Tryptic Digestion Kit, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) and then subjected to mass spectrometric analysis.
3. Results and Discussion {#sec3}
=========================
3.1. Arsenic Reduces Protein S-Nitrosylation {#sec3.1}
--------------------------------------------
Biotin switch is now the most popular methodology for identifying S-nitrosoproteins in various tissues \[[@B22]\]. In the present study, the procedure of biotin switch was simply indicated ([Figure 1(a)](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). By treatment with 10 *μ*M of arsenic for 1 hour, at least three groups of protein S-nitrosylation were significantly decreased in keratinocytes ([Figure 1(b)](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). These biotinylated proteins, that is, NO-bound S-nitrosylated proteins, were purified from streptavidin conjugated agarose and then analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Totally, 20 and 13 S-nitrosoproteins were separately identified in the control and arsenic treatments. This was coincident to the decreased NO production and the reduced S-nitrosylated proteins.
3.2. Arsenic Decreases the Expressions of eNOS and iNOS {#sec3.2}
-------------------------------------------------------
It has been reported that NO in keratinocytes was produced through the activation of eNOS and iNOS \[[@B23]\]. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the expressions of both enzymes in the existence of arsenic. As shown in Figures [2(a)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} and [2(b)](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}, the significant decreases of their expressions were observed.
3.3. Arsenic Modulates Translational Proteome in Keratinocytes {#sec3.3}
--------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to elucidating those posttranslational S-nitrosylated proteins, we further investigated the proteins changed in their expression levels. By using 2-DE, 8 proteins showed a dramatic decrease in the expression level (Figures [3(a)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"} and [3(b)](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). These identified proteins are annotated function in ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type="table"}). More specifically, HNRNPK is a pre-mRNA-binding protein, which has been identified to be involved in arsenic-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells \[[@B26]\]. PSMD13 is proteasome protein regulating the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, which has been identified in fetal fibroblasts from glutathione deficient mouse using arsenic-induced apoptosis model by cDNA microarray \[[@B27]\]. RPLP0 is a ribosomal protein, in general conditions, constantly expressed in cells (house-keeping gene). The functional interactions between arsenic and RPLP0 required further investigations. CTSD is a protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Increased CTSD has been identified in arsenic-treated human lymphoblastoid cell lines correlated with autophagy \[[@B28]\]. However, here, we found arsenic treatment decreased CTSD in human keratinocytes. NDUFS3 is a subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I). Decreased NDUFS3 has been identified in hepatoma cell line \[[@B29]\]. Indeed, our previous study has identified the dose response between arsenic and NDUFS3 in human keratinocytes. Low concentrations (0.1--1.0 *μ*M) of arsenic increased NDUFS3 associated with keratinocyte proliferation. High concentration (5.0 *μ*M) of arsenic decreased NDUFS3 correlated with cell death \[[@B30]\]. This decreased NDUFS3 was represented in our current data. ECHS1 is a catalytic enzyme in mitochondrial fatty acid betaoxidation pathway; however, direct evidence between ECHS1 and arsenic is not yet clarified. To summarize, from our proteomic data, altered apoptosis and mitochondrial metabolic functions were the dominant effects of arsenic on human keratinocytes.
4. Conclusion {#sec4}
=============
In the current study, we concluded that arsenic can compete with nitric oxide in binding cysteine residues so that the protein S-nitrosylation is inhibited. Whether the decreased S-nitrosylation is correlated to arsenic-induced pathology attracts a great attention in the further study. In addition, the homeostasis of cellular apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunctions is worthy of further study.
The authors thank Dr. Hans-Uwe Dahms for critical reading of the paper. This study was supported by a grant from the National Science Council (NSC100-2314-B-037-053 and NSC101-2320-B-037-041). They are grateful to the Center for Resources, Research & Development of Kaohsiung Medical School for the support of fluorescent imaging.
Conflict of Interests
=====================
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
######
Identification of arsenic-modulated proteins with nLC-MS/MS.
Spot number Protein name^a^ Accession number^b^ MW (kDa)/pI Thero.^c^ MW (kDa)/pI Exp.^d^ Sequence coverage (%) MOWSE score Peptides Matched
------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- ----------------------- --------------------- ----------------------- ------------- ------------------
287 Transformation upregulated nuclear protein 460789 51.0/5.1 54.5/4.9 12 268 3
631 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 isoform 1 157502193 42.9/5.5 44.3/5.2 19 380 8
720 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 4506667 34.2/5.7 39.2/5.0 18 326 7
735 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 4506667 34.2/5.7 39.2/6.2 29 422 7
749 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0 4506667 34.2/5.7 38.9/6.5 36 636 9
858 Cathepsin D preproprotein 4503143 44.5/6.1 30.4/5.3 25 422 9
899 NADH-Ubiquinone reductase 4758788 30.2/6.9 26.4/5.8 40 575 8
905 Enoyl-CoA hydratase 1922287 31.3/8.3 26.4/6.1 16 180 3
^a^Function of the protein obtained via the MASCOT software (<http://www.matrixscience.com>) search program by querying the NCBI database. The parameters were set at peptide mass tolerance ±0.4 Da and allowed missed cleavage 1.
^b^Accession number from NCSI database.
^c^Theoretic protein molecular weight and pI annotated in NCBI database.
^d^Experimental protein molecular weight and pI calculated from 2-DE gel.
[^1]: Academic Editor: Hsueh-Wei Chang
|
A Washington woman on Friday made her first court appearance since she was charged with shoving her teen friend from a bridge at a popular swimming area, an incident that shattered the girl's ribs and generated headlines worldwide.
Tay'lor Smith, 18, was granted supervised release by Clark County District Court Judge Darvin Zimmerman during a brief exchange and told not to contact the girl she's accused of shoving, Jordan Holgerson.
Smith faces a charge of reckless endangerment stemming from the 50-foot fall last month that also left Holgerson, 16, with a punctured lung and ruptured esophagus.
Viral video footage of the shove made a splash, racking up millions of views on YouTube and landing stories on international news websites as well as NBC's "Today" and ABC's "Good Morning America."
The teens and a group of friends had decided to beat the afternoon heat on Aug. 7 by going swimming at Moulton Falls Regional Park.
The friends climbed the bridge that spans the Lewis River near the falls, which is a popular spot among swimmers.
As Holgerson stood at the open side of the railing, she appeared to have second thoughts about jumping, video of the incident shows.
Smith suddenly shoves Holgerson off the bridge. The girl screams and her arms windmill through the air.
Holgerson's face and chest strike the water first.
Smith admitted to pushing Holgerson in an interview with Clark County officials.
According to court records, the 18-year-old "engaged in conduct which created a substantial risk of death and resulted in serious physical injury" to Holgerson.
This is a developing news story. Please check back for updates.
-- Shane Dixon Kavanaugh
skavanaugh@oregonian.com
503-294-7632 || @shanedkavanaugh |
CSA Youth Manager shot
2010-03-09 13:30
Johannesburg - Cricket South Africa Youth Cricket Manager, Niels Momberg, is recovering in hospital after being shot during an attempted hijacking in the driveway of his home in Parkmore on Monday night.
Momberg, son of former South African Ambassador to Greece, was shot in the chest and the bullet lodged in his arm.
"His doctors say he was very lucky that the bullet didn't hit any vital organs," his bother Altus said on Tuesday.
"He is doing well, and in fact watched the Varsity Cup match between the Maties and the Ikeys on television last night. I think his recovery was helped by the Maties' victory!"
The hijackers ran away after shooting Momberg, and nothing was taken.
CSA chief executive Gerald Majola has sent Momberg a message wishing him a speedy recovery.
"Members of the cricket family have called to express their dismay at this unfortunate incident," said Majola.
"We wish Niels a speedy recovery and look forward to welcoming him back to the office soon."
SAPA
Comments
Johnny Geel - 2010-03-09 13:58
When is enough going to be enough?
Lamps_8 - 2010-03-09 14:47
This is such a typical South African story,Innocent gent gets blasted by some coward dogcocks who run away with Nothing.Its a damn pity what this country has become,just another slum run by criminals.Take a look at our Pres & it tells you whats become of this place.Get better soon Niels,you had Angels on your side.
Tired..... - 2010-03-09 15:05
I ask you.... how is this different from 9/11??? a criminal taking YOUR right to life and freedom into his hands..... When will our war on terror begin??? How many more lives must still be lost? So much for democracy in SA, we are just like the rest of Africa...... I wish all the tourists the best of luck when they visit for the SWC because some of them will be robbed and shot at and some of them will probably die in this sit place we call home :(
William Shakespeare - 2010-03-09 15:05
Eish.
Maans - 2010-03-09 15:10
These articles usually ends like this "No suspects have been arrested"!
Glock - 2010-03-09 15:16
VIVA ANC you are well on your way burning this country to the ground with your slapgat attitude towards crime
PAR - 2010-03-09 15:25
What about the hundreds of other attrocoties that happen every day that we do not hear about because the person is not a well known figures. It is disgusting that we have to think the person lucky no vital organs were hit. This should not happen. He may recover from his injuries in this instance but the trauma will remain.
Greg - 2010-03-09 15:28
Enough is not going to come. There is a crime campaign that affects all South Africans and it is in the interests for the government to keep it in place as they derive taxes from private security companies but not from the SAPS. If I'm wrong then the government must prove it by showing how serious they are about curbing this crime problem. WE ALL KNOW THEY WILL NOT SO IN ANOTHER 16 YEARS WE WILL STILL BE IN THE SAME POSITION.
soldiering on - 2010-03-09 15:41
How many people, every day, every city and suburb, fired at, wounded, or killed? It's beyond control. I don't see how police can fix this any more. It's an indication of low-scale civil war, an index of a failed state, of massive alienation between different groups and communities. What it will require, I reckon, if anything, is serious mature determined character-full leadership at all levels of society. And this is completely missing at the top. Rotting fast from up top down to grassroots and all around. Strength, Niels Momberg!
TSHEPO - 2010-03-09 16:19
Can we pls just unite and vote the ANC out??? and stop having so many useless opposition parties that doesnt do much. We are fed up with CRIME stories everyday. for the sake of our beloved nation we need to support 1 strong opposition and bring about change...
Jakes - 2010-03-09 18:38
Yeah, good luck for foreigners visiting SA for world cup
dokodweniplaza - 2010-03-09 21:49
This happens every day and Apartheid is reversing and Greg is right we not only have a bleak and "transformed" future on the sports field but our country is and will continue to be a mess and one of the worst places to live on the planet(no matter where you are in Sa)!!!.......i lived in constantia for 5 years, arguably one of the nicest places to live and in my time there 10 WHITE families had their houses robbed along my street......10!!!!!!......i'm not saying that Highjackings/robberies etc. don't happen to black sth africans but we are definitley targeted!!!......and you know what GOD BLESS DIE OU SUID AFRIKA!!!!!!..........oh n get well soon youth manager! this wouldn't have happened if you wer black/Coloured! AHHHHHHHHHH I'M SO ANGRY!!!!!
Shotgun - 2010-03-09 22:02
F%$# sakes - wonder when that Julius Malema character is going to get hi jacked and shot.
Wishing you a speedy recovery Niels !
Marius - 2010-03-09 23:10
Why is anybody upset? You all voted for this? When the old toppies warned prior '94 everybody turned there heads and made jokes about the right wingers? 1.4 mil white educated people have left this country, not because they wanted to, but because there is no future for them here. But in sted of doing somthing about these problems the people rather drink beer, watch sport and entertain themselves. The clever Afrikaners live in Orania, and build a new future, where people do not even have burglar bars etc. But it comes with some effort, so maybe one should think about it?
bulawayo-based-bok - 2010-03-10 00:31
@marius.......u have a fair point and if i could speak afrikaans i would live in Orania, THERE IS NO FUTURE FOR THE WHITE SOUTH AFRICAN, WE MIGHT AS WELL JOIN THE WHITE RHINO ON THE ENDANGERED SPECIES LIST!!!!........sorry i am just feeling really negative, seriously tho we are all Screwed!
REALITY - 2010-03-10 07:42
Guys...Whats the fuss about???....look at the positive
side , he is still alive.
It happened to me as well....he should wipe his tears
away and move on with life.
Idiots that talk about whites being attacked....this could of happened
to any race...
Mundo - 2010-03-10 08:17
@dokodweniplaza.. You are such an idiot u moron.. Crime affects us all Black or White you clueless punk.. We as blacks who live in the surburbs gets targeted more than you whitey's cause we managed to make something for ourselves and by doing that you have earned yourself some haters in the neighbourhood..Do some research before you shoot off your smelly mouth.. @Glock.. What does ANC have to do with the shooting of this dude???Geez ya all relish the oportunity to take jabs at the ANC at any given moment. Get a life moron.. Why dont u blame apartheid for being the cause of the situation of this?? U blaming the symptoms instead of the root cause..Nxa
Bean - 2010-03-11 12:23
@reality: to quote you "....he should wipe his tears away and move on with life." I know Niels Momberg personally, and through all of this the only tear he shed was after he thought his kids might have to continue their lives without a father. I guess the thought of your life possibly ending would bring tears to the eyes of the majority of people, especially those with kids or that feel they have something to live for. Yes, crime is bad, and yes it affects us all in some way, whether directly or indirectly. There in no one that can be blamed for what happened! There is no evidence or proof that this was a hate crime, a racial crime or even a politically motivated crime, so to everyone who wants to carry on about that…get the proof/evidence and then you will have a leg to stand on and be able to state your opinion and have a backup, until then we should just be thankful that those that have been a victim of crime and survived are still with us. Go Niels, Keep strong, Live strong
xox B
proudly white man - 2010-03-13 10:08
All you people who feels negative, stop complaining and pack your bags out of this lovely country of our. People like you choose to be naïve. Crime affects us all and has no colour. There only thing that will make you not to see that is colour just because you think you holy. Most of you don’t even realise that you were able perhaps to go to university leave lavish life because your parents stole from somebody else through white collar crime ups jeh. Even in America crime is there it’s all over. Remember racism is worse than crime. We white people we created all this shit, we just have to accept that we are all humans; we must stop the hatred in us. Not every wrong doing is ANC remember our four fathers are there ones who created all this rubbish they also jailed Nelson Mandela who we all love and respect for what he has done. He did not only free Blacks but us as well. I’m white man married to a black woman with two lovely children. I’m happy that I married her I have learned to be a real human. |
Q:
fprintf printing weird characters when used with a batch file redirection
I have a batch file as follows
wmic cpu get CurrentClockSpeed > file.txt
program
program is the executable of the following command
gcc -o program initial_scan.c -lpsapi
following is the initial_scan.c file
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <psapi.h>
#define DIV 1048576
#define WIDTH 7
int main(){
MEMORYSTATUSEX statex;
statex.dwLength = sizeof (statex);
GlobalMemoryStatusEx (&statex);
PERFORMANCE_INFORMATION statex2;
statex2.cb=sizeof(statex2);
GetPerformanceInfo(&statex2,statex2.cb);
FILE *f=fopen("file.txt","a");
if(f==NULL){
printf("error opening the file");
exit(1);
}
fprintf(f,"There is %*ld percent of memory in use.\n",WIDTH, statex.dwMemoryLoad);
fprintf(f,"There are %*I64d total MB of physical memory.\n",WIDTH, statex.ullTotalPhys/DIV);
fprintf(f,"There are %*I64d free MB of physical memory.\n",WIDTH, statex.ullAvailPhys/DIV);
fprintf(f,"There is %*d processes currently in the system. \n",WIDTH,statex2.ProcessCount);
fprintf(f,"There is %*d threads currently in the system. \n",WIDTH,statex2.ThreadCount);
return 0;
}
when I run the batch file the output is as follows
CurrentClockSpeed
3101
桔牥獩†††㈠‵数捲湥⁴景洠浥牯⁹湩甠敳മ吊敨敲愠敲††〸㈷琠瑯污䴠⁂景瀠票楳慣敭潭祲മ吊敨敲愠敲††〶〲映敲䴠⁂景瀠票楳慣敭潭祲മ吊敨敲椠††〱‱牰捯獥敳畣牲湥汴⁹湩琠敨猠獹整ഠ吊敨敲椠†ㄠ㘳″桴敲摡畣牲湥汴⁹湩琠敨猠獹整ഠ
when i compile and run the initial_scan.c file without the wmic command i get the correct output which i expected from initial_scan.c file. what is the issue in the batch file?
A:
You're opening / writing your file using ANSI encoding, wmic outputs UTF-16 though, here's the fixes you need to take:
Add this to your file opening:
FILE *f = fopen("file.txt", "a, ccs=UTF-16LE");
And replace your fprintf like this:
fwprintf(f,L"...\n", ...);
|
namespace MyTested.AspNetCore.Mvc.Builders.Actions.ShouldReturn
{
using And;
using Contracts.And;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Utilities.Validators;
/// <content>
/// Class containing methods for testing <see cref="UnsupportedMediaTypeResult"/>.
/// </content>
public partial class ShouldReturnTestBuilder<TActionResult>
{
/// <inheritdoc />
public IAndTestBuilder UnsupportedMediaType()
{
InvocationResultValidator.ValidateInvocationResultType<UnsupportedMediaTypeResult>(this.TestContext);
return new AndTestBuilder(this.TestContext);
}
}
}
|
Engine oil (again) + warming up
The BMW shop that put in my new used engine (<100K miles) told me to run 15w50 synthetic this winter because it was "an older engine". Why would that be? I know there's a lot of different philosophies out there about oil, but what's the rationale in this case? He said just to warm it up longer when it's real cold out.
BTW, the manual says that warming up the engine is not necessary except on the very coldest days. How long do you tend to warm up during the winter? During the other seasons?
I don't think it really matters what oil you put in as long as it's an appropriate grade for the weather. I've found 10W-40 to work great year-round.
As far as warming up goes, I just start to drive. It'll warm up eventually. My engine takes forever to warm up in the winter though; I could be 75% on the way to work and it would just be starting to blow warm air through the vents (I work 7 miles away, 90% highway travel). When I get on the highway, my engine is still cold and in final gear, it will rev more than 2k RPM for me to stay with traffic, so keeping it under 2k while the engine is cold isn't an option. But, if I let the car sit there while idling to warm it up, it takes well over double the time to warm up than if I just drive it, so driving it is much better anyway.
I've never heard that you don't need to warm the engine up before taking off. It was my understanding that you have the keep the revs below 2k until it's warmed up to prevent damaging the engine?
I've heard that your not supposed to let your car warm-up, just take-off like you said and it seems to work pretty well for me. School is only a mile away so of course its not warm by the time I get there but it only takes maybe 3 or 4 miles until it blows warm air, so i just go easy on the accelerator until my temp gauge is out of the blue temp indicator.
I just let it idle for about ten seconds before taking off, then stay below 3000 RPM until out of blue...... and below 4500RPM before fully warm... ;-)
He may have wanted you to use a thicker oil due to te fact that the seals are old and could start to leak. Personally, if a different grade oil is the difference between a failed gasket, I'll replace it anyways. |
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OUT-OF-FAVOUR Liverpool striker David Ngog is closing in on a move to Bolton Wanderers.
Trotters chiefs have been locked in talks regarding the French striker for the past fortnight, and are now on the verge of securing a £4m deal for the 22-year-old, who is surplus to requirements at Anfield.
Ngog, who has one year remaining on his Liverpool contract, had been expected to leave the club earlier this summer when he was given permission to speak to Sunderland. That move, however, fell down when he was unable to agree personal terms with the Wearsiders.
Bolton boss Owen Coyle admitted after his side’s win over Queens Park Rangers on Saturday that he was desperate to add a striker to his ranks, having admitted defeat in his attempts to sign Daniel Sturridge on loan from Chelsea.
Wanderers would be able to match Ngog’s Anfield salary, and could tie up the transfer in time for their clash with Manchester City on Sunday.
Ngog has made 94 appearances since arriving at Anfield from Paris St. Germain in the summer of 2008, scoring 19 goals.
But the arrivals of Andy Carroll and Luis Suarez back in January have pushed him further down the pecking order under Kenny Dalglish.
He was an unused substitute for the Reds’ Premier League opener with Sunderland on Saturday, and with Dalglish looking to trim his squad before making any further additons, a move appears in the best interests of all concerned.
The Echo understands, however, that Ngog’s imminent move is not linked to any Reds bid for Gary Cahill, who has been touted as a potential Reds target.
Liverpool, along with Arsenal and Tottenham, are reported to be interested in the 25-year-old defender, who is valued by Wanderers at around £15m.
But though Dalglish would like to add a centre-back to his squad before the end of the transfer window, a move for Cahill - who also has one year left on his contract - is unlikely at that price.
Dalglish would also, ideally, like to replace Ngog in his squad, but has the option of using Dirk Kuyt as forward cover.
Meanwhile, defender Daniel Agger will be fit for Saturday’s trip to Arsenal.
The Dane picked up a dead leg in the game against Sunderland at the weekend, but has made a full recovery, and will be available for selection at the Emirates.
Arsenal’s Alex Song, though, will miss out, having admitted an FA charge of violent conduct. Television replays showed the Cameroon midfielder stamping on Newcastle’s Joey Barton during the sides’ goalless draw at St James’ Park on Saturday, and he will now serve a three-game ban. |
A.1 Patch Logs and Project Tree History
In the previous chapter, we began to learn about branching and merging.
We saw how commands like missing, update, and replay can be used
to keep track of and apply changes from multiple branches of a project.
In this chapter, we'll explain a bit about patch logs: the mechanism
that is used to keep track of the history of a project tree, including
that part of the history that is used for intelligent merging.
You should recall first encountering patch logs in earlier chapters
(for example, when first initializing a project tree, in
Starting a New Source Tree). In this chapter, patch logs are
explained in greater depth.
A.1.1 Project Trees Have Patch Logs
Recall that every initial import, tag revision, and changeset revision
in an archive has an associated log message. That message consists
of the headers and body that you supply to commands such as import
and commit, plus additional headers that are automatically generated
by arch.
When a project tree is first imported to an archive, the patch log
entry for the new revision is added to the tree. When a commit
takes place, as part of the process of committing, the log entry for
the new revision is added to the tree. If you get a revision
created by the tag command, you'll also find that it contains a
patch log entry for the tag revision.
Patch log entries accumulate. Thus, for example, each commit adds a
new log entry and all earlier log entries are preserved. Each tag
revision includes not only the entry for the tag, but all log entries
inherited from the revision being tagged.
Returning to our earlier examples, let's take a look at Alice and
Bob's patch-2 revision:
A.1.3 The Concept of Change History and Tree Ancestry
Patch logs give important insight into the history of a tree. There
are two views worth mentioning: the change history view, and the
tree ancestry view.
A.1.3.1 Change History
When a tree has a log for a given commit changeset, that means that
the changes from that commit have been applied to the tree: the
commit changeset is part of the "change history" of the tree. If
the changeset were a bug fix, for example, then this is a likely
indication that the bug fix is present in the tree.
Note: The mere fact that a given changeset is part of the change
history of a tree isn't absolute proof that the changes made by that
changeset are present in the tree. For example, those changes might
have been "undone" by a later change. Nevertheless, the change
history of a tree is a useful tool for exploring and understanding its
state.
A.1.4 Tree Ancestry
Informally, we say that an archived revision is a tree ancestor of a
given project tree if it has patch log entries for all of the
revisions in the version of that archived revision up to to the
archived revision itself.
Thus, for example, Candice's tag revision has Alice and Bob's
patch-1 revision as an ancestor because it has logs for Alice and
Bob's revisions:
base-0
patch-1
And Candices's patch-2 revision, which merges in changes from Alice
and Bob's patch-2 and patch-3, has both of those additional
revisions as ancestors (see Updating from a Branched-from Version in Elementary Branches – Maintaining Private Changes).
A.1.5 Automated ChangeLogs
The command tla changelog generates a GNU-style ChangeLog file from
a patch log:
Note that the generated ChangeLog includes a tagline. If you save
the output of the changelog command in a project tree, either using
tagline ids or giving it an explicit id that matches the taglines id,
the commands such as commit will automatically keep the ChangeLog up
to date. |
In the design of semiconductor integrated circuits (ICs), electrical fuses have been developed to prevent damage to a device that encounters a voltage greater than the device capacity to function. If a voltage exceeds an intended limit, the electrical fuse will blow or interrupt excessive current or voltage so that the device is not damaged.
Prior electrical fuses have combined a transistor element and a fuse element but in an inefficient manner so as not to be area-effective. Furthermore, the fuse blowing voltage of prior electrical fuses has been fixed and not variable or not tunable to include multiple fuse blowing voltages.
Accordingly, methods of electrical fuse fabrication and devices fabricated by such methods are desired. |
By Eric M. Johnson
(Reuters) - A man already married to another man in a state that permits same-sex marriage could wed a woman in North Dakota without breaking state laws, the state's top attorney has found.
The finding raises potentially complex issues about Social Security and death benefits, tax exemptions and even possible prosecutions for bigamy or polygamy, said a constitutional law expert.
Those issues are likely to arise more often with 16 states plus the District of Columbia now recognizing same-sex marriage while a majority of states still ban it, said Jeffrey Shaman, a professor at DePaul University's College of Law.
The issue came up when a man giving only his first name called Burleigh County Recorder Debbie Kroshus in September to ask if he could marry a woman in North Dakota if he were already married to a man in another state, she said.
"I didn't ask where this caller was calling from or where he planned on getting a marriage license," Kroshus said in a telephone interview, adding that it was not possible to determine if the man had applied for a marriage license.
The man could not get a divorce in North Dakota because of the state ban on same-sex marriage and he said the man he is married to also lives in a state that does not recognize gay marriage, Kroshus said.
Kroshus asked the state's attorney from Burleigh County to seek the opinion from the attorney general.
North Dakota is among the states that ban same-sex marriage by state law and state constitutional amendment. Since it would not recognize the man's same-sex marriage, he could also marry a woman in North Dakota without breaking state laws, Attorney General Wayne Stenehjem said in an opinion dated December 12.
Stenehjem also found the man would not be committing a crime in North Dakota if he filled out the application as "single/never married" and declined to discuss whether he could be prosecuted for bigamy in another state if he later moved to a state that recognized same-sex marriage.
Story continues
Shaman said more and more people will enter into same-sex marriages and move to other states as the recognition of same-sex marriage increases. And same-sex couples, like opposite-sex couples, will part ways.
"I think there are going to be more and more of these questions," Shaman said in a telephone interview.
The Supreme Court has found that federal law must recognize same-sex marriage in states where it is legal, but the ruling in June that struck down part of the Defense of Marriage Act stopped short of requiring states to recognize same-sex marriages from other states, Shaman said.
"Although this is pretty extreme in its complexity, situations like these do arise because of the nature of our country," Shaman said. "We are a federation and states have authority to enact laws as they see fit."
Stenehjem referenced a part of the Defense of Marriage Act that says states need not recognize a same-sex marriage formed in another state in finding that a marriage license could be issued even if the same-sex marriage was not dissolved.
The state attorney general's opinion came a day before a U.S. federal judge struck down a portion of Utah's bigamy law governing cohabitation as unconstitutional, saying it bars consenting adults from living together and criminalizes their intimate sexual relationships.
(Reporting by Eric M. Johnson in Seattle and David Bailey in Minneapolis; editing by Gunna Dickson) |
In what is said to be his strongest comment on the issue, former French president Nicolas Sarkozy on Saturday called for the country’s same-sex marriage laws to be scrapped.
More than 7,000 same-sex marriages have been celebrated in France in 2013 since it was made legal since May 2013, according to a RFI report in January 2014. Numbers for same-sex marriages in 2014 is not known.
AFP reports that the former president, who has embarked on a political comeback, was pushed to make those comments when he spoke at an event in Paris on Saturday where three candidates were in a bid to lead the centre-right main opposition Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party into the 2017 presidential election.
He was quoted as saying that the same-sex marriage law which also allows for adoption ‘should be rewritten from the ground up.’
When his remarks were met by chants of ‘Repeal! Repeal!’ by audience members, he made it clearer, ‘If you prefer that I say repeal the law… it comes down to the same thing.’
He had earlier called for same-sex marriage laws, which has sparked massive street protests, to be ‘rewritten’ but not to be scrapped.
In July 2014, Sarkozy was criminally charged with corruption and influence peddling by French authorities. He has vehemently denied any wrongdoing.
According to an Ifop poll published Saturday, 68 percent of the French were in favor of same-sex unions, and 53 percent supported adoption by homosexual couples.
Same-sex marriage is part of Sarkozy’s successor Socialist President Francois Hollande’s key social reform policy since being elected in May 2012. |
Suriname national korfball team
The Suriname national korfball team is managed by the Suriname Korfball Federation (SKF), representing Suriname in korfball international competitions. It participated in its first international korfball competition in 2018.
Tournament history
References
Category:National korfball teams
Category:National sports teams of Suriname
Category:Korfball in Suriname |
Pillars of Truth
Pillars of Truth (Boutokaan Te Koaua) is a political party in Kiribati.
The party was created through a split in the National Progressive Party, which was the first party to rule after Independence in 1979.
In the 2003 presidential elections, its candidate Anote Tong won 47.4% and was elected president. In the legislative elections of two months earlier, the party won 16 of 41 elected seats.
In the 22 August and 30 August 2007 House of Assembly of Kiribati elections, the party won 18 seats. On 17 October 2007, Anote Tong was re-elected as president by a large majority. The opposition boycotted the election due to the exclusion of two opposition candidates, including Tong's brother Harry. In 2016, Taneti Mamau of Tobwaan Kiribati Party took his place as president.
Cabinet members
Below is the list of cabinet members of the Republic of Kiribati for 2007 to 2011 for the Pillars of Truth:
Hon Anote Tong- President of the Republic of Kiribati and Minister of Foreign Affairs & Immigration
Hon Teima Onorio - Vice President and Minister of Commerce, Industry and Cooperatives
Hon Amberoti Nikora - Minister of Internal and Social Affairs
Hon Iotebwa Redfern - Minister of Labour and Human Resources Development
Hon Tetabo Nakara - Minister of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development
Hon James Taom - Minister of Education
Hon Natan Teewe - Minister of Finance and Economic Development
Hon Tawita Temoku - Minister of Line and Phoenix Islands Development
Hon Taberannang Timeon - Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development
Hon Dr. Kautu Tenaua - Minister of Health and Medical Services
Hon Kouraiti Beniato - Minister of Public Works and Utilities
Hon Temate Ereateiti - Minister of Communications Transport and Tourism Development
References
Category:Political parties in Kiribati |
Assessment of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony using real time three-dimensional echocardiography: a comparative study to Doppler tissue imaging.
To assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) using real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) and comparing it with the different dyssynchrony indices derived from Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for the same patient. The study included 60 consecutive patients who were considered candidates for CRT, i.e., having ejection fraction ≤35%, NYHA class III or ambulatory class IV, QRS duration ≥120 msec, on optimal pharmacological therapy. Apical RT3DE full volumes were obtained and analyzed to generate the systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI-16), which is the standard deviation of the time to minimal systolic volume of the 16 segments of LV. Color-coded DTI was performed for the three standard apical views with estimation of the mechanical dyssynchrony index (12 Ts-SD), which is the standard deviation of the time to peak systolic velocity at 12 segments of LV. SDI-16 was 10.96 ± 3.9% (cutoff value: 8.3%), while Ts-SD was 38 ± 10.2 msec (cutoff value: 32.6 msec). The concordance rate for both indices was 75%; however, there was no correlation between both indices (r = 0.14, P = 0.3). SDI-16 showed good correlation with QRS duration (r = 0.45, P < 0.001) and inverse correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated by RT3DE (r =-0.37, P = 0.004), while 12 Ts-SD index showed no correlation with QRS duration (r =-0.0082, P = 0.51) or 2D LVEF (r =-0.26, P = 0.84). RT3DE can quantify LVMD by providing the SDI-16 and it may prove to be more useful than DTI as it shows increasing dyssynchrony with increased QRS duration and decreased LVEF. |
Q:
Using pseudo elements to position text
So this is what i want to achive:
But i need help with the positioning. I want the "honey money" part to be written and positioned using css pseudo elements. I read that this should work content: "honey \A money" should work not it does nothing.
So just to clarify, what i want is a way to achive this positioning using ::before and/or ::after tags. thank you!
A:
You can do this with pseudo-element but you also need to add white-space: pre;.
.text {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 100px;
line-height: 0.8;
}
.text:after {
content: 'HONEY \A MONEY';
white-space: pre;
position: absolute;
right: 0;
top: 0;
font-size: 40px;
line-height: 1;
transform: translateX(100%);
}
<div class="text">O</div>
|
The required permits are not yet in hand, but the U.S. Navy is moving full steam ahead on its plans to conduct war training exercises in the Gulf of Alaska for two weeks in early May.
Meanwhile, nine coastal communities have so far signed resolutions asking the Navy to instead conduct its training between September and mid-March, times that are less sensitive to marine life. Several more communities have indicated they will do the same by month’s end.
“It’s not that we don’t want the Navy to do their training; it’s the time and locations,” said Emily Stolarcyk, program director for the Eyak Preservation Council of Cordova.
“The community resolutions say that we are the people who depend on commercial, subsistence and recreational fishing,” she added. “The Navy exercises are planned during the most important breeding and migratory periods for salmon, birds, whales and marine mammals. About 90 percent of the training area is designated as essential fish habitat for all five species of Pacific salmon. May is the worst time to be doing this.”
In the 43 years that the Navy has conducted war games in the Gulf, only twice have they occurred in May (2007, 2008).
The Northern Edge joint training exercises include nearly 6,000 military participants “on and above central Alaska ranges and the Gulf of Alaska” according to the Alaskan Command Office of Public Affairs at Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage.
The Gulf portion includes an area from 12 miles off the Kenai Peninsula to 140 miles out. Live weapons will be used in and above the water, said Capt. Anastasia Wasem at a Cordova presentation.
She could not reveal specifics, but said weapons will include exploding projectiles, sonars, small arms, machine guns and naval gun shells. Three Navy destroyers and a submarine will be on the water. No independent observers will be allowed to participate.
The Navy does not yet have a required letter of authorization to proceed from the National Marine Fisheries Service, nor have they published a final record of decision. The paperwork is “forthcoming” according to Navy documents dated July 2016, the most recent updates describing the training exercises.
The Eyak Preservation Council is sending letters to all Alaska fishing permit holders asking them to contact decision makers about moving the time of the Navy training.
“It contains a letter for fishermen to sign and send to U.S. Sen. Lisa Murkowski with an option to send a courtesy copy to the NMFS and Pacific Command,” Stolarcyk said.
Last September, Murkowski wrote a strongly worded letter to the Secretary of the Navy stating that they needed to do a better job of involving local communities and “listening to stakeholders.”
Sen. Dan Sullivan also has encouraged more direct engagement with Alaskans to “clear up some of the confusion and misinformation being circulated.”
“As an Alaskan, Senator Sullivan understands the importance of our fisheries and our coastal communities, and would never support an exercise that he believed would adversely affect Alaska’s fish stocks or prevent fishermen from doing their jobs,” Sullivan’s office said in an email message. “The Senator will continue to encourage productive and science-based dialogue between the U.S. military and Alaska’s coastal communities.”
Despite the non-committal responses, Stolarcyk remains hopeful that the congressional delegation and the Navy will hear the unified voice of coastal Alaskans.
“This is the water that we depend upon at the time we depend on it most,” she said. “I am hopeful they can understand that it’s not just about what they need — it’s about including the needs of communities that depend on these waters for sustenance.”
Learn more about the Northern Edge exercises here and at www.summerisforsalmon.org/
High prices for halibut
Catches of Alaska halibut have picked up after wild weather got the fishery off to a slow start when it opened on March 11. Catches by March 24 topped 800,000 pounds from 137 landings with Sitka leading all ports, followed by Seward, Kodiak and Homer.
The prized flats were fetching big prices, up 30 cents per pound on average, compared to the early weeks of the fishery last year.
Halibut prices usually are broken into three weight categories. Kodiak prices were said to be fluctuating quite a bit with reports at $6.45 per pound for 10- to 20-pounders; $6.75 for 20 to 40s and $7 per pound for “40 ups.”
Ports at Juneau and Homer were reporting a straight $7 per pound, and halibut deliveries in Southeast were paying fishermen $6.70, $6.90 and $7 per pound.
Buyers weren’t beating down the doors, said several major buyers, and there are reports of halibut holdovers in cold storage. It remains to be seen if the prices will remain as high throughout the eight-month season.
The best fish story comes from Southeast where halibut fishing is said to be “fantastic” and the fish are robust and big. One major buyer said nearly half of their halibut landings were in the most popular 20- to 40-pound weight class and just 31 percent were smaller sizes.
Nearly 2,000 hook and line fishermen hold quota shares of Alaska halibut. Alaska’s share of the coast wide catch this year is just more than 18 million pounds. The Pacific halibut fishery remains open this year through November 7.
Herring hauls
Sitka Sound traditionally kicks off Alaska’s roe herring circuit and this year’s harvest is lining up to be a good one.
The Sound was “boiling” with the most herring they had ever seen, said fishermen on the grounds. A three-hour and 20-minute opener on March 19 was followed by a 15-minute opener on the March 22, bringing the total catch to about half of the 14,647-ton quota. Fishermen were awaiting word of another opener while processors were hustling to handle the herring hauls.
The female herring are valued by Asian buyers for their roe as a percentage of body weight, and the Sitka fish were averaging good roe counts of 11 to 12 percent. Fishermen averaged $250 per ton last year and market reports indicate a good chance of higher prices this season.
A herring pound fishery could be the next to go near Craig and Klawok. Fishermen there can catch 349 tons this year and place them in enclosures that contain blades of kelp that hold the sticky herring spawn, prized by buyers.
Kodiak’s herring season begins in mid-April, and the harvest is set at a conservative 1,645 tons.
“We expect an increase in the herring biomass but it will be mostly younger, 3- to 5-year-old fish. Thus, the smaller quota,” said area manager James Jackson at the local Alaska Department of Fish and Game office.
Alaska’s biggest herring fishery occurs in May at Togiak in Bristol Bay. The harvest this year is pegged at about 30,000 tons, based on “best guess-timates” by state managers.
Money for herring management for all areas but Sitka Sound was zeroed out in the state budget two seasons ago. That has eliminated the sampling necessary to accurately gauge herring stock abundance and age classes.
“For us the bigger impact is that we can’t produce a good forecast for Togiak herring because we didn’t do the sampling,” said regional manager Tim Sands at Dillingham. “The data gap will cycle through our whole population estimate. Togiak herring live more than 12 years, so even if we were to start sampling again this year, we’ll have that data gap for at least eight years.”
Togiak fishermen in 2016 received just $100 per ton for their roe herring.
Laine Welch lives in Kodiak. Visit www.alaskafishradio.com or contact [email protected] for information. |
Q:
Wordpress Admin is displaying Not Available
I am trying to go to wp-admin, but after I login I keep seeing this. I already tried renaming plugin but still I can't login to wp-admin.
A:
There are different reasons why this can happen. In your case I think it may be a security plugin that has changed the deafult login URL to something else.
When I go to http://www.philenglish.com.cn/wp-login.php I get a 404 error, which is something such plugins also do: they make the default login URLs unavailable in an attempt to make your site more secure.
If you don't know what the login URL is changed to, I would first disable any security plugins installed on the site. You mention you've already tried disabling plugins, but looking at your site's source code, I can see there are still plugins active. So I would double-check you've really disabled your plugins.
An easy way would be to connect to your site through FTP and navigate to your plugins folder. Normally you would find this here:
wp-content > plugins
Your can either look in your plugins folder and find the plugin that might cause this issue. And then disable it by temporarily renaming the folder.
Or you can disable all plugins at once by temporarily renaming the whole plugins folder.
As an aside: this is the quickest way to disable plugins, but you may lose some settings when you reactivate your plugins. You can also quickly disable all plugins through phpmyadmin while retaining options.
I hope this helps you. Good luck!
|
Perfluorocarbon liquid left in vitreous cavity after recovery of dropped nuclei by anterior segment surgeons after cataract surgery.
Perfluorocarbon liquid (PFC) has been used for almost 2 decades in many intraocular procedures. In this report we comment on 3 patients with retained PFC in vitreous cavity (VC) following complicated phacoemulsification surgery. Retrospective chart review. All patients had pars plana vitrectomy performed after the initial complicated cataract surgery in which PFC was inappropriately used to recover a dropped nuclei. The time between the first and the second surgery was 1 week for the first patient, 2 weeks for the second patient, and 3 months for the third patient. A better outcome was seen in the patient with the shorter interval between the surgeries. Reduced visual acuity, retinal and optic nerve pallor were found in the patient that had the PFC in the VC for a longer period. Complete consideration of the potential risks should be performed before attempting to recover fallen nuclei by injecting PFC. If complications cannot be resolved in the same surgical procedure, it is advisable to reschedule the patient for a posterior segment surgery. |
The Righteousness of God: Sola Fide
This year we mark the 498th anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation. To celebrate, we’ve been looking at three pillars of the Reformation, the truths that the Holy Spirit worked to preserve among us: Scripture Alone, Grace Alone, Faith Alone. God’s Word comes to us in the Scripture alone, it is the only place where we hear the Good News of Jesus Christ. We hear through it that we justified through faith alone, which we receive through God’s grace alone. Last week we spent some time looking at the Scripture Alone part; this week we will look at the idea of Faith Alone. It is only through faith that we are counted righteous in God’s eyes. We are justified by faith alone, without any merit or work on our part.
There was a period of time while I was back in seminary where I thought that record collecting was a cool thing. I would take weekly trips down to Neat Neat Neat Records to peruse the bins until I found something I had to have. Then I would take it back to my dorm room and fire it up. Almost always, everything would work just fine. But, was I ever filled with fury when a record skipped. That thing that I most hated about records, I also love about Lutheranism. Lutheranism is like a broken record. No matter what we’re talking about, no matter where we are, we always return to the fact that we are saved by God’s grace through faith. We preach Christ and Him crucified for the forgiveness of sins. That is what the Bible is all about, and so it’s what we’re all about. This week as we look at the Faith Alone pillar of the Reformation we confess with St. Paul that the righteousness of God comes to us through faith in Jesus, and by this faith we are justified, that is, forgiven our sins.
I.
As Lutherans, that is our bread and butter. We eat, sleep, and breath justification by faith alone. We all have those verses in our text from Romans and from Ephesians 2 in our brains, and rightly so, but this was not always the case in God’s Church. I’m going to read you a little bit of a lengthy quote from Martin Luther, but I want you to pay close attention because it is very telling of the Church at the time:
I hated that word “righteousness of God,” which…I had been taught to understand philosophically…God is righteous and punishes the unrighteous sinner.
Though I lived as a monk without reproach, I felt that I was a sinner before God with an extremely disturbed conscience. I could not believe that he was placated by my satisfaction. I did not love, yes, I hated the righteous God who punishes sinners, and secretly…I was angry with God, and said, “As if, indeed, it is not enough, that miserable sinners, eternally lost through original sin, are crushed by every kind of calamity by the law of the decalogue, without having God add pain to pain by the gospel and also by the gospel threatening us with his righteousness and wrath!” Thus I raged with a fierce and troubled conscience. Nevertheless, I beat importunately upon Paul at that place, most ardently desiring to know what St. Paul wanted. [1]
What Luther was confessing here is that during his time, the Church had lost faith in the words of Holy Scripture – that man is saved by faith alone. Instead, it taught that our works contribute to our salvation. It held that, since God is righteous, we must also be righteous. How do we become righteous? Not by faith, but by following God’s Commandments. As if the keeping the commandments wasn’t hard enough, God then punishes with eternal damnation those who fail to keep them. So much for a righteous God, thought Luther. God is not love, God is not mercy. According to Luther at the time, God was an unjust tyrant.
The Church was mired in a misunderstanding and a misapplication of the Mosaic Law (The Ten Commandments). They taught that the chief work of the Law was to justify sinners. Here what St. Paul says in our text, “we know that whatever the law says it speaks to those who are under the law, so that every mouth may be stopped, and the whole world may be held accountable to God.”[2] The role of God’s Law in the Commandments is not to justify, but to condemn. The Law stops mouths. It cuts through our lies, our false pretenses, our attempts to justify ourselves; it shows us for what we really are: sinners. It shows that, according to God’s standard of righteousness, we aren’t.
St. Paul continues, “by works of the law no human being will be justified in his sight, since through the law comes knowledge of sin.”[3] The role of the Law, the right understanding and application of it, is to show us our sin. True, it is God’s will for our lives, and after repentance and as a result of faith, we do try to keep it. But that’s the key – without faith, the Law only kills. Jesus said that those who live by the sword die by the sword. In another context: those who attempt to justify themselves through the Law will die by it. As Paul said, through the Law comes the knowledge of sin. No human being will be justified in God’s eyes through its works. And at that thought, Luther crumbled. “If there ever was a person who could be saved through monkery,” he said, “I was that monk.” But, alas…
II.
With Luther we come to these words in St. Paul’s letter to the Romans, “But now the righteousness of God has been manifested apart from the law, although the Law and the Prophets bear witness to it—the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ for all who believe.”[4] What a brilliant statement! Such profound gospel! The righteousness of God is not something that He alone has and then demands of us. The righteousness of God is something He has, and He gives it to you. The righteousness of God comes apart from the works of the law, although the Law and the Prophets bear witness to it. This means that the entire Old Testament testifies about the righteousness that comes through faith in Christ. Remember on the road to Emmaus, how after the resurrection Jesus went through the books of Moses and the Prophets to show how it was about Him? Or, remember how Abraham was credited as righteous, even over 400 years before the Ten Commandments were given? The text says, “Abram believed the Lord, and He counted it to him as righteousness.”[5]
This is the chief article of the Reformation, the chief article of our faith. Luther, and those with him, really did face the possibility of death for their confession of faith, but they knew – as we do – that it’s all about Jesus. It’s all about Jesus because, as the text says, “there is no distinction: for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.”[6] There is no distinction among us. We have all sinned. We are all sinners, and, because we are born this way, we lack the glory of God. Man no longer exists as God created him to be. Therefore, the Son of God took on human flesh. He became the new Man, the new Adam, to obey God’s will and fulfill the Law in our place. Apart from Him there is no salvation, be we who believe are, “justified by his grace as a gift, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, whom God put forward as a propitiation by his blood, to be received by faith.”[7]
Therefore, in this the 498th anniversary of the Reformation, let us hold fast our confession. From Luther’s own words:
Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification…
All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works or merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood…
Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls…
We confess that we are all by nature sinful and unclean. We have sinned in thought, word, and deed. We deserve nothing but God’s eternal wrath and punishment. But, He sent His Son Jesus to take on human flesh and die in our place for the forgiveness of sins. We are justified by God’s grace through faith alone. We receive faith through the preaching of the Word and the Sacraments, and faith becomes the channel through which we grasp the forgiveness of sins. We neither earn eternal life, nor do we deserve it. We made righteous before God only through the blood of the Lamb, who sets us free through alone. |
Alright, now the next update is supposed to be a graphical update which would add and revise graphical content like 3d models, textures and shaders. Now I've been thinking about something for a while and am not able to take a firm decision about the issue I am about to share with you all for your help.
Well the game till now is moving towards realism in terms of scale, textures and shaders. I know it isn't even close to 'realism' but that is what the target has been. For the next alpha however, I am considering to ditch this target for a more toon-based look. The reasons are as follows :
1. Easier to implement
Animations, physics, audio, models etc.
2. Less demanding of PC resources.
Would work smoothly on lower and mid-end computers as well.
3. Might become more fun
I think the certain things such as exaggeration and dramatization of animations and events such as collisions will be more fun with the freedom offered in the toon scenario as compared to the limitations due to realism.
Now I want you all to share your opinion backed by reasons in the comments.
Take care! |
/*-
* <<
* UAVStack
* ==
* Copyright (C) 2016 - 2017 UAVStack
* ==
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
* >>
*/
package com.creditease.monitorframework.fat.client;
import javax.jws.WebMethod;
import javax.jws.WebResult;
import javax.jws.WebService;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlSeeAlso;
import javax.xml.ws.RequestWrapper;
import javax.xml.ws.ResponseWrapper;
/**
* This class was generated by Apache CXF 2.6.5 2015-06-20T09:33:27.312+08:00 Generated source version: 2.6.5
*
*/
@WebService(targetNamespace = "http://service.fat.monitorframework.creditease.com/", name = "TestService")
@XmlSeeAlso({ ObjectFactory.class })
public interface TestService {
@WebResult(name = "return", targetNamespace = "")
@RequestWrapper(localName = "echo", targetNamespace = "http://service.fat.monitorframework.creditease.com/", className = "com.creditease.monitorframework.fat.client.Echo")
@WebMethod
@ResponseWrapper(localName = "echoResponse", targetNamespace = "http://service.fat.monitorframework.creditease.com/", className = "com.creditease.monitorframework.fat.client.EchoResponse")
public String echo();
@WebResult(name = "return", targetNamespace = "")
@RequestWrapper(localName = "echoFault", targetNamespace = "http://service.fat.monitorframework.creditease.com/", className = "com.creditease.monitorframework.fat.client.EchoFault")
@WebMethod
@ResponseWrapper(localName = "echoFaultResponse", targetNamespace = "http://service.fat.monitorframework.creditease.com/", className = "com.creditease.monitorframework.fat.client.EchoFaultResponse")
public String echoFault();
}
|
Biochemical characterization of a genetically altered calmodulin in Paramecium.
Recent evidence proposes that the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, plays a crucial role in the regulation or modulation of the calcium-dependent potassium conductance in Paramecium tetraurelia (Hinrichsen, R.D., Burgess-Cassler, A., Soltvedt, B.C., Hennessey, T. and Kung, C. (1986) Science 323, 503-506). We purified the calmodulins from both the wild type and pantophobiac A (a mutant lacking the above-mentioned conductance and whose phenotypic defect is traceable to its calmodulin) by hydrophobic interaction and immunoaffinity chromatographies, and examined them biochemically. In this paper we address the preliminary characterization of the two calmodulins and discuss the consequences of the genetic alteration. The differences described here are in their electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and in their binding characteristics to monoclonal antibodies raised against calmodulin from wild-type paramecia. Also, we present data which indicate a difference in the stimulation of the calmodulin-dependent enzyme bovine brain phosphodiesterase under certain conditions. |
Siege of Pizzighettone
The Siege of Pizzighettone was the first major military engagement of the northern Italian campaigns of the War of the Polish Succession. Troops from France and the Kingdom of Sardinia began blockading the Habsburg Milanese fortress at Pizzighettone on 11 November 1733, commencing siege operations on 15 November. On 30 November the commander of the Austrian garrison negotiated a capitulation in which he promised to withdraw toward Mantua on 9 December if no relief arrived. As no reinforcements appeared by that time, the fortress' garrison withdrew with full honors on 9 December.
References
Military campaigns of Prince Eugene of Savoy, Volume 19
Siege of Pizzighetone
Category:Battles in Lombardy
Category:Sieges involving France
Category:Sieges involving Austria
Category:Battles of the War of the Polish Succession
Category:1733 in Europe
Category:Duchy of Milan
Category:Battles involving the Kingdom of Sardinia |
POLICE are hunting a man who went on a massive spending spree with a fraudulent credit note and a conman targeting landlords nationwide.
The man pictured above coming out of the Curry's store in Blackpool has been touring shops across the north west and UK using the credit note to buy electrical goods, vouchers and top-up cards worth more than £3,500.
Meanwhile, officers from Avon and Somerset are hunting another man believed to have swindled landlords out of tens of thousands of pounds.
The second man steals chequebooks and then uses them to pay landlords for food and accommodation before moving on.
He is thought to have targeted people in Manchester, as well as Somerset, Dorset, Oxfordshire, Kent, Humberside, Gloucestershire and parts of Yorkshire and Wales.
Det Sgt Dave Trotter, from Avon and Somerset Police, said: "Once he gets the confidence of the landlord, he steals if the opportunity arises, taking cash, chequebooks and jewellery.
Investigating
"He then moves on to the next pub or hotel and continues his trail of crime.
"We are investigating hundreds of crimes. One chequebook alone has resulted in £10,000 fraudulent use and at one pub, he ran up a bar bill of £120 in one night."
Pc Alisa Rutter, investigating the shop fraudster, is urging anyone who recognises his picture to get in touch as soon as possible.
Among stores which have fallen for his scam so far are Dixons in Manchester's Arndale Centre, targeted at the start of February, The Link in Bolton and the Trafford Centre.
The pub trickster is described as white, 6ft 1in, speaking with a strong Yorkshire accent, normally clean-shaven, with receding, thinning hair sometimes dyed.
Anyone with information about the man in the picture is asked to contact police in Preston on 01772 209155 or 433561. Those with information on the second man can call 01275 818181 or Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. |
<!doctype html>
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<div class="content component">
<div class="content-data">
<ol class="breadcrumb">
<li>Components</li>
<li>ComponentLoaderComponent</li>
</ol>
<ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist">
<li class="active">
<a href="#info" role="tab" id="info-tab" data-toggle="tab" data-link="info">Info</a>
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<a href="#tree" role="tab" id="tree-tab" data-toggle="tab" data-link="dom-tree">DOM Tree</a>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div class="tab-pane fade active in" id="c-info"><p class="comment">
<h3>File</h3>
</p>
<p class="comment">
<code>src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts</code>
</p>
<p class="comment">
<h3>Description</h3>
</p>
<p class="comment">
<p>Component to dynamicly load other component</p>
</p>
<p class="comment">
<h3>Implements</h3>
</p>
<p class="comment">
<code><a href="https://angular.io/api/core/OnInit" target="_blank" >OnInit</a></code>
<code><a href="https://angular.io/api/core/OnDestroy" target="_blank" >OnDestroy</a></code>
<code><a href="https://angular.io/api/core/OnChanges" target="_blank" >OnChanges</a></code>
</p>
<section>
<h3>Metadata</h3>
<table class="table table-sm table-hover">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-3">encapsulation</td>
<td class="col-md-9"><code>ViewEncapsulation.None</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-3">selector</td>
<td class="col-md-9"><code>app-component-loader</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-3">template</td>
<td class="col-md-9"><pre class="line-numbers"><code class="language-html"><ng-container #destination ></ng-container></code></pre></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h3 id="index">Index</h3>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered index-table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<h6><b>Properties</b></h6>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<ul class="index-list">
<li>
<span class="modifier">Private</span>
<a href="#componentRef">componentRef</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#viewContainerRef">viewContainerRef</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<h6><b>Methods</b></h6>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<ul class="index-list">
<li>
<a href="#ngOnChanges">ngOnChanges</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#ngOnDestroy">ngOnDestroy</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#ngOnInit">ngOnInit</a>
</li>
<li>
<span class="modifier">Private</span>
<a href="#setComponentData">setComponentData</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<h6><b>Inputs</b></h6>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<ul class="index-list">
<li>
<a href="#class_component">class_component</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#data">data</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h3 id="constructor">Constructor</h3>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<code>constructor(_factoryResolver: <a href="https://angular.io/api/core/ComponentFactoryResolver" target="_blank">ComponentFactoryResolver</a>)</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="31" class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:31</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>Component initialisation</p>
</div>
<div>
<b>Parameters :</b>
<table class="params">
<thead>
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Type</td>
<td>Optional</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_factoryResolver</td>
<td>
<code><a href="https://angular.io/api/core/ComponentFactoryResolver" target="_blank" >ComponentFactoryResolver</a></code>
</td>
<td>
No
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h3 id="inputs">Inputs</h3>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="class_component"></a>
<b>class_component</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Type : </i> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >any</a></code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Default value : </i><code>null</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-2" colspan="2">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="17" class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:17</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>class of the component to load</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="data"></a>
<b>data</b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Type : </i> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >any</a></code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Default value : </i><code>null</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-2" colspan="2">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="22" class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:22</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>data to pass to component</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h3 id="methods">
Methods
</h3>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="ngOnChanges"></a>
<span class="name">
<b>
ngOnChanges
</b>
<a href="#ngOnChanges"><span class="icon ion-ios-link"></span></a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<code>ngOnChanges(changes)</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="56"
class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:56</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>Lifecycle hook OnChanges, on modification of data send it to the child</p>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
<b>Parameters :</b>
<table class="params">
<thead>
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Optional</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>changes</td>
<td>
No
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
<b>Returns : </b> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >void</a></code>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="ngOnDestroy"></a>
<span class="name">
<b>
ngOnDestroy
</b>
<a href="#ngOnDestroy"><span class="icon ion-ios-link"></span></a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<code>ngOnDestroy()</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="75"
class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:75</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>Lifecycle hook OnDestroy</p>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
<b>Returns : </b> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >void</a></code>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="ngOnInit"></a>
<span class="name">
<b>
ngOnInit
</b>
<a href="#ngOnInit"><span class="icon ion-ios-link"></span></a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<code>ngOnInit()</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="44"
class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:44</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>Lifecycle hook OnInit</p>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
<b>Returns : </b> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >void</a></code>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="setComponentData"></a>
<span class="name">
<b>
<span class="modifier">Private</span>
setComponentData
</b>
<a href="#setComponentData"><span class="icon ion-ios-link"></span></a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<span class="modifier-icon icon ion-ios-reset"></span>
<code>setComponentData(changes)</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="63"
class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:63</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>Send data to the inner component</p>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
<b>Parameters :</b>
<table class="params">
<thead>
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>Optional</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>changes</td>
<td>
No
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
<b>Returns : </b> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >void</a></code>
</div>
<div class="io-description">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h3 id="inputs">
Properties
</h3>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="componentRef"></a>
<span class="name">
<b>
<span class="modifier">Private</span>
componentRef</b>
<a href="#componentRef"><span class="icon ion-ios-link"></span></a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Type : </i> <code><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" >any</a></code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Default value : </i><code>null</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="31" class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:31</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>component reference</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="table table-sm table-bordered">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<a name="viewContainerRef"></a>
<span class="name">
<b>
viewContainerRef</b>
<a href="#viewContainerRef"><span class="icon ion-ios-link"></span></a>
</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<i>Type : </i> <code><a href="https://angular.io/api/core/ViewContainerRef" target="_blank" >ViewContainerRef</a></code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<b>Decorators : </b>
<br />
<code>
@ViewChild('destination', {read: ViewContainerRef, static: false})<br />
</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-line">Defined in <a href="" data-line="27" class="link-to-prism">src/widgets/component-loader/component-loader.component.ts:27</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="col-md-4">
<div class="io-description"><p>component reference in dom</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane fade tab-source-code" id="c-source">
<pre class="line-numbers compodoc-sourcecode"><code class="language-typescript">import { Component, Input, OnInit, OnDestroy, OnChanges,
ComponentFactoryResolver, ViewContainerRef, ViewChild, ViewEncapsulation} from '@angular/core';
/**
* Component to dynamicly load other component
*/
@Component({
selector: 'app-component-loader',
encapsulation: ViewEncapsulation.None,
template: '<ng-container #destination ></ng-container>'
})
export class ComponentLoaderComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy, OnChanges {
/**
* class of the component to load
*/
@Input() class_component: any = null;
/**
* data to pass to component
*/
@Input() data: any = null;
/**
* component reference in dom
*/
@ViewChild('destination', { read: ViewContainerRef, static: false }) viewContainerRef: ViewContainerRef;
/**
* component reference
*/
private componentRef: any = null;
/**
* Component initialisation
*/
constructor(
private _factoryResolver: ComponentFactoryResolver
) { }
/**
* Lifecycle hook OnInit
*/
ngOnInit() {
// Build the child component
const factory = this._factoryResolver.resolveComponentFactory(this.class_component);
this.componentRef = this.viewContainerRef.createComponent(factory);
// then give some data
this.setComponentData(this.data);
}
/**
* Lifecycle hook OnChanges, on modification of data send it to the child
*/
ngOnChanges(changes) {
this.setComponentData(changes);
}
/**
* Send data to the inner component
*/
private setComponentData(changes) {
if (this.componentRef) {
// send data to component
Object.assign(this.componentRef.instance, changes);
// trigger component ngOnChange
this.componentRef.instance.ngOnChanges( changes );
}
}
/**
* Lifecycle hook OnDestroy
*/
ngOnDestroy() {
if (this.componentRef) {
this.componentRef.destroy();
}
}
}
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane fade " id="c-tree">
<div id="tree-container"></div>
<div class="tree-legend">
<div class="title">
<b>Legend</b>
</div>
<div>
<div class="color htmlelement"></div><span>Html element</span>
</div>
<div>
<div class="color component"></div><span>Component</span>
</div>
<div>
<div class="color directive"></div><span>Html element with directive</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="../js/libs/vis.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/htmlparser.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/deep-iterator.js"></script>
<script>
var COMPONENT_TEMPLATE = '<div><ng-container #destination ></ng-container></div>'
var COMPONENTS = [{'name': 'AppFooterComponent', 'selector': 'app-footer'},{'name': 'AppHeaderComponent', 'selector': 'app-header'},{'name': 'BreadcrumbComponent', 'selector': 'app-breadcrumb'},{'name': 'ComponentLoaderComponent', 'selector': 'app-component-loader'},{'name': 'ControlSidebarComponent', 'selector': 'app-control-sidebar'},{'name': 'LayoutAuthComponent', 'selector': 'app-layouts-auth'},{'name': 'LayoutLoginComponent', 'selector': 'app-layout-login'},{'name': 'LayoutRegisterComponent', 'selector': 'app-layout-register'},{'name': 'LogoComponent', 'selector': 'app-logo'},{'name': 'MenuAsideComponent', 'selector': 'app-menu-aside'},{'name': 'MessagesBoxComponent', 'selector': '.messagesBox'},{'name': 'NotificationBoxComponent', 'selector': '.notificationsBox'},{'name': 'TasksBoxComponent', 'selector': '.tasksBox'},{'name': 'UserBoxComponent', 'selector': '.userBox'}];
var DIRECTIVES = [];
var ACTUAL_COMPONENT = {'name': 'ComponentLoaderComponent'};
</script>
<script src="../js/tree.js"></script>
</div><div class="search-results">
<div class="has-results">
<h1 class="search-results-title"><span class='search-results-count'></span> result-matching "<span class='search-query'></span>"</h1>
<ul class="search-results-list"></ul>
</div>
<div class="no-results">
<h1 class="search-results-title">No results matching "<span class='search-query'></span>"</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END CONTENT -->
</div>
</div>
<script>
var COMPODOC_CURRENT_PAGE_DEPTH = 1;
var COMPODOC_CURRENT_PAGE_CONTEXT = 'component';
var COMPODOC_CURRENT_PAGE_URL = 'ComponentLoaderComponent.html';
var MAX_SEARCH_RESULTS = 15;
</script>
<script src="../js/libs/custom-elements.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/lit-html.js"></script>
<!-- Required to polyfill modern browsers as code is ES5 for IE... -->
<script src="../js/libs/custom-elements-es5-adapter.js" charset="utf-8" defer></script>
<script src="../js/menu-wc.js" defer></script>
<script src="../js/libs/bootstrap-native.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/es6-shim.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/EventDispatcher.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/promise.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/zepto.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/compodoc.js"></script>
<script src="../js/tabs.js"></script>
<script src="../js/menu.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/libs/prism.js"></script>
<script src="../js/sourceCode.js"></script>
<script src="../js/search/search.js"></script>
<script src="../js/search/lunr.min.js"></script>
<script src="../js/search/search-lunr.js"></script>
<script src="../js/search/search_index.js"></script>
<script src="../js/lazy-load-graphs.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
|
3 Stocks Set to Soar
There are plenty of strategies for picking stock winners, from finding low P/E stocks to seeking companies selling at a discount to their future cash flows. At the small-cap investment service Motley Fool Hidden Gems, even in this market, the analysts are able to stay ahead of the pack by finding undervalued stocks that Wall Street and investors have ignored.
But what if we could whittle down our list of prospects beforehand, to find those whose engines are just getting warmed up?
To seek out the most stocks attractive today, I used a screener and looked for stocks that were just bumped up to three stars or better, sport valuations lower than the market's average, and haven't appreciated by more than 10% in the past month.
Of the 44 stocks the screen returned, here are three that are still attractively priced, but which investors think are ready to run today:
Source: Motley Fool CAPS Screener; price return from March 30 to April 25.
You can run your own version of this screen over on CAPS; just remember that the data's dynamically updated in real time, so your results may vary. That said, let's examine why investors might think these companies will go on to beat the market.
CH Robinson WorldwideTransportation logistics specialist CH Robinson Worldwide just reported first-quarter earnings that greatly disappointed the market and sent its shares tumbling. Despite greater volumes and higher pricing in its trucking, intermodal, and ocean segments that pushed gross profits higher (though not as much as Wall Street anticipated), it also faced higher costs and expenses, and air transport services actually saw profits plunge because of weak pricing.
Not surprisingly, rising fuel prices outpaced its ability to raise prices, but it's not alone as Expeditors International (NAS: EXPD) warned it was going to miss expectations as well, though its problems stem from lower volumes. All in all, CH Robinson is actually better positioned to rebound here, and a clean balance sheet gives it more flexibility. CAPS member Charlotte49er views it as "seriously oversold." Add CH Robinson's stock to the Fool's free portfolio tracker to see if it can drive up greater profits going forward.
Eastman ChemicalCreated to make products for iconic film and camera maker Eastman Kodak in 1920 and spun off in 1994, global chemical specialist Eastman Chemical finds itself in much better financial shape than its bankrupt former parent. But higher costs also hit the bottom line, as net profits fell 34% from the year-ago period.
Still, Eastman's acquisition of automotive and architectural specialty chemicals maker Solutia is almost complete. Further, the company has broken ground on a new facility in China to produce acetate tow for cigarette filters; it expects to experience 10% compound annual growth for the next few years in the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, stronger results in the U.S. allowed Eastman to raise its full-year earnings guidance to $5.30 a share from the prior forecast of $4.35 that it issued in January.
With 87% of the CAPS members rating the chemicals maker to outperform the broad indexes, it's clear they think it will be spared the fate of the photography giant that sired it. Let us know on the Eastman Chemical CAPS page if there's something special about its operations that will allow it to flourish.
HersheyCandy maker Hershey fared better than most in that it was able to sufficiently raise prices to meet its rising costs, and it saw first-quarter profits that rose 24% from the year-ago period, crushing analyst expectations and allowing it to raise guidance for the year. Although volumes were slightly lower, the second quarter seems like it should be a good one since Easter fell right at the beginning. With higher prices already in place -- Hershey raised them 10% to cover higher ingredients costs -- management is expecting "solid" results. It was a similar situation for Tootsie Roll (NYS: TR) , which also effectively increased prices to boost earnings and offset rising costs.
This year, CAPS All-Star bradford86 expressed skepticism over Hershey's high valuation, and if you compare it with its growth prospects, it does seem very overvalued. However, because Easter is bound to give results a sugar rush, I'm rating the chocolate maker to beat the market averages again for the next few months anyway, but tell us on the Hershey CAPS page or in the comments section below if its stock is still too rich for your tastes.
Three for freeAre these companies still a good value and ready to make their move? I'm heading over to CAPS to mark them to outperform the broader averages. If you agree join me there, then check out this free report on dividend-paying stocks whose engines are all revved up. You can read it for free, but hurry because it won't be around for long.
At the time this
article was published Fool contributorRich Dupreyholds no position in any companies mentioned.Click hereto see his holdings and a short bio. The Motley Fool owns shares of and has created a butterfly spread position in Expeditors International of Washington. The Motley Fool has adisclosure policy. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe thatconsidering a diverse range of insightsmakes us better investors. Try any of our Foolish newsletter servicesfree for 30 days. |
Apple to fix bug that lets fake charging stations hack iPhones
An iPhone 5 is on display at an Apple Store in Pasadena, California in this July 22, 2013 file photo. Sales of Apple Inc's iPhone trumped Wall Street estimates after U.S. shipments soared 51 percent in the third quarter, lifting its stock 5 percent even as profit fell. REUTERS/Mario Anzuoni/Files (UNITED STATES - Tags: BUSINESS SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY)
LAS VEGAS - Apple Inc’s next software update for its iPhones and iPads will fix a security flaw that allows hackers to engage in spying and cyber crimes when the victim connects the device to a fake charging station, the company said on Wednesday.
Apple’s devices are vulnerable to attacks until the company releases its iOS 7 software update, which is slated for this fall.
Three computer scientists, who alerted Apple to the problem earlier this year, demonstrated the security vulnerability at the Black Hat hacking convention in Las Vegas on Wednesday where some 7,000 security professionals are learning about the latest threats posed by computer hacking.
Apple said the issue had been fixed in the latest beta of iOS 7, which has already been released to software developers.
Advertisement
“We would like to thank the researchers for their valuable input,” Apple spokesman Tom Neumayr said.
The work was done by Billy Lau, a research scientist at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and graduate students Yeongjin Jang and Chengyu Song.
In a demonstration at the hacking conference, they plugged an iPhone into a custom-built charger they equipped with a tiny Linux computer that was programmed to attack iOS devices. They said it cost about $45 to buy and a week to design.
It infected the phone with a computer virus designed to dial the phone of one of the researchers, which it did.
They said that real-world cyber criminals might build viruses that would give them remote control of the devices. That would enable them to take screen shots for stealing banking passwords and credit card numbers. They could also access emails, texts and contact information or track the location of the phone’s owner, Lau said.
“It can become a spying tool,” said Lau.
Lau said they were publicizing the issue in the spirit of “white hat” hacking, which is finding security bugs so that manufacturers can fix them before criminals exploit them.
“Security doesn’t work if you bury problems,” he told Reuters on the sidelines of the press conference.
Lau said that devices running Google Inc.’s Android operating system are not vulnerable to the same types of attack because they warn users if they plug devices into a computer, even one posing as a charging station.
After Apple’s iOS 7 software update, a message will pop up to alert the user that they are connecting to a computer, not an ordinary charger, he said. |
Six months ago, ex-Valve editor and cinematographer Leonard Menchiari took part in his first protest in northern Italy's Susa Valley. The protest was part of a decade-long campaign aimed at preventing the construction of a high-speed railway line through what many consider to be an area of natural beauty.
"I was occupying the A32 Chianocco highway, near Turin, with several hundred people", says Menchiari. "After a few days of occupying the highway, blocking the path of the military that is currently protecting this huge project, we realized that the police were coming. A helicopter was above us the whole time, rocks were banging on the sides of the road, and hundreds of policemen marched towards us and violently separated us into different sections".
"After pushing us all together, we were facing the police the whole time; I was in the first line pressed against a policeman's shield. We started talking to them. We saw in the policemen's eyes that they weren't happy to be there. I was wondering what would happen once the leader would order them to charge against a whole crowd of peaceful people with their hands up”. Menchairi soon got his answer as the front line was moved to the back and replaced by a fresh wave of police, free of the rapport some protesters had managed to build with their would-be adversaries.
"I realized that also this was perfectly calculated," Menchiari says. "Immediately after they gave the order to beat us up as hard as they could, I couldn't breathe. Then I was thrown to the side and rolled down the cliff being pushed by the water jets that the police truck had. Shortly after, I found myself running with a bunch of people in complete darkness in the middle of an open field, away from the scene, while police were shooting CS smoke grenades directly at us, trying to hit us rather than just intoxicate us. Some grenades were shot in people's homes, others ended up seriously injuring people”.
"Police were shooting CS smoke grenades directly at us, trying to hit us rather than just intoxicate us."
"The battle didn't stop for a while," Menchiari continues. "The police kept following us and beating up whoever was in their way. They chased everyone in the town involving even people who had absolutely nothing to do with [the protest]. We tried to stay calm as much as we could so that nobody would get killed if they tripped and fell on the ground under people's feet, but the police were fast, and those left behind would get heavily beat up and arrested. It was a pretty tough situation.”
Tough is certainly one way to describe the situation. Scary might be another. But as an experience, it's one that Menchiari keeps to heart, and one that he believes should be shared. And so, inspired by his experience, the commitment of the protesters around him, and images of social unrest across the globe, Menchiari set out to create a video game that would educate the world.
The result is RIOT, an RTS game that, in the words of game designer Mattia Traverso and programmer Ugur Ister, will try to allow the player to experience “what being in such events means and how it feels".
Of course, much of the social unrest that has inspired RIOT is a result of the economic turmoil sweeping the globe--not an ideal climate for the small Europe-based team to get funding for a video game. But, as is so often the case these days, crowd funding provided the answer. At the time of writing, the IndieGoGo campaign for RIOT stands at roughly double the original $15,000 target.
The crowd-sourced cash will not only be used to fund development and testing of the game, but will also allow the developers to do something far more interesting: to document and actively take part in social unrest in Italy, Egypt, Greece and other places around the world.
Menchiari will shortly be on his way to Egypt, where there are reports of a protester being killed in Cairo. Riots erupted in response to an Egyptian court upholding the death sentences of 21 individuals for their role in a football riot. Enraged supporters of the accused took to the streets, burning buildings and fighting with police, during which the protester was killed. This comes a month after scores of protesters were injured in clashes with police across the country as Egyptians took to the streets for the "Friday of dignity" to protest President Morsi's failure to uphold the principles of the 2011 revolution.
It's hardly the sort of environment you'd go out of your way to be in, but for Traverso and Ister--the team helping to build on Menchiari's vision for RIOT--it's all part of making a game that communicates the experience of a riot to the player: "How can we claim to do this if we don’t feel it on our skin first?" Traverso asks rhetorically. “We are aware of the possible dangers of joining such events, but that is part of what we accepted starting this project. We want the game to play as if the user was in the middle of the crowd, and so we have to experience that."
Traverso and Ister believe that video games represent the perfect medium for dealing with the type of social unrest that they want to explore. “We chose the game medium because its interactive component enables us to use the suspension of disbelief of the user as never before, and actually feel the riot. We believe that videogames, being interactive art, are the ultimate tool for actually living problems, rather than just reading about them, or watching them from a distance."
It’s hard not to admire the team's commitment to the game and it’s clear from talking to them that they are passionate about the subject matter. Making a meaningful game that provokes specific emotions is important to Traverso and Ister. "With the multiple political and social issues growing stronger and stronger in the last couple of years, and with most people having to worry every month about the rent or their family, the general discontent keeps growing. It is an ideal time for a game like this, focusing on a single, incredible, actual issue.”
"We believe that videogames, being interactive art, are the ultimate tool for actually living problems, rather than just reading about them."
And when they say "actual", they mean actual: every riot in the game will be based on a real world event. In that sense, RIOT is both a game, and a type of playable documentary. And while the developers are reluctant to detail the game's narrative at such an early stage in its development, they do confirm that there will be some kind of framing of the historical and political context of the riots that take place in the game.
"What we can tell you is that the game is that it will be divided in the campaign. Each section will be about a specific historical/spatial context, which is again divided into sub-levels that follow a narrative order. Single events will be also featured in bonus levels, or eventual future updates."
This places the game within something of a burgeoning genre: the "current affairs" or "news" game. That includes the likes of Unmanned--a browser-based game in which you live a day in the life of a US drone pilot--and the titles being produced by Game the News, such as their strategy title based on the recent Syrian conflict, Endgame: Syria, and environmental tower defence game, Climate Defence.
But as the controversy surrounding the release of the aforementioned Endgame: Syria highlights--Apple initially refused to sell the game via its iOS store due to its political content--there’s often something troubling about transforming events in which real people have suffered into something with which we can play. The line between raising awareness about what is going on in the world and exploiting those events for entertainment is a fine one. Of course, every medium faces this problem to some degree, but it seems particularly pronounced for a medium that asks its audience to actively participate.
But speaking to Traverso and Istar, you get the impression that their team most certainly isn't trying to exploit current events in making RIOT. Nevertheless, it's an issue the duo is aware of.
"That's a risk of course, but also a chance. We will do everything we can to respect the matter we are treating with care, and to show the non-fun side of riots through the fun of the game. One side will fight for respect and to share awareness, the other one for money. The differences in how the two factions are controlled depend exactly on the motivations behind them, on the different struggle for freedom, security, clout, power and money, and on the historical context.”
The motivations of the two factions are not necessarily intended to reflect a binary good versus evil, however. "There's often more than one side or truth to a story and that is why we want to allow the player to take control of both sides and show their different motivations and the nuances between black and white," Ister continues. "We want to capture the emotions of each side, and show them with no bias involved."
Aiming to present the game’s events to the player as neutrally as possible makes sense, given that there's evidently something of a journalistic intention to RIOT. But it's easy to imagine that becoming difficult when dealing with, for example, the 2012 democratic uprisings in Egypt. There, people were protesting against Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi after he granted himself unlimited powers to "protect" the nation. Is this not a case where trying to tread the line between allowing both sides to be heard is overly problematic?
"We want to capture the emotions of each side, and show them with no bias involved."
"We personally think that it can also be something positive, maybe a little cathartic, to give a person the opportunity to do something they could possibly regret or dislike," Ister responds. "There is good in bad, and certainly there is interest in feeling what bad is like. Once again, good and bad are terms that should not exist in the game, since we just want to offer an objective look on the matter by giving the player the full ability to judge the facts.”
Whether or not RIOT can effectively balance enjoyable RTS mechanics while simultaneously functioning as an effective way of informing players about real-world conflicts remains to be seen. Given the response to the IndieGoGo campaign, though, there's clearly an appetite for a game that deals with serious, real-world issues. RIOT is making a bold attempt to tapp into this emerging genre in a way few games are. Here's hoping we see more experiences like it in the future.
RIOT will be released on iOS, Android, PC and Mac. |
How Clemson football landed Tee Higgins, Amari Rodgers
Editor's Note: This story has been updated. NCAA rules prohibit college coaches from in-person contact away from campus with recruits during their junior year of high school. The rule also applies to families of the athletes.
Dabo Swinney wasn't naive earlier this month when he told Lady Stewart he was visiting Oak Ridge High School.
Swinney’s stock never had been higher as a coach, especially after Clemson overthrew Alabama in the College Football Playoff national championship game the previous week.
There was a good chance the buzz surrounding his arrival would reach a fever pitch when he traveled to see Stewart's son -- prized five-star wide receiver commitment Tee Higgins -- play basketball.
"I remember when (Tennessee football coach) Butch Jones came to watch Tee (during his junior year ), he had two state troopers and they had a place for Butch to sit that was roped off," Stewart said. "But with Dabo, we're actually on a visit to Clemson when he told me he was coming.
“He said: 'I'm going to sit with you.' I said: 'Are you sure? I have this spot that I've sat in for four years. Are you sure you don't need security?' He said, 'No, I don't need that.' Dabo came in the top of the arena...walked over to Section J and he and (assistant Jeff Scott) squished in with us, just like a normal person.
“He’s not looking for all that attention. He handles it well. He didn’t think he was better than anybody. He didn’t need security. He was just a fan that night."
Jones, per NCAA rules, was not allowed to have in-person contact with Higgins that day because it was away from campus and Higgins was a junior. The rule also prevented Jones from contact with Higgins' family.
Stewart is unsure how much of Oak Ridge's blowout victory over Central Swinney actually absorbed on Jan. 17. He was taking selfies with fans, including several clad in Clemson orange. He signed autographs and chatted with curious onlookers, showing off a personality that, whether calculated or genuine, resonated with Stewart throughout her son’s recruiting process.
The persona meshed with the tight-knit nature of Clemson’s 2017 signing class to form the crux of Higgins and Catholic wide receiver Amari Rodgers’ recruitments. No coach – and no program – appealed to the duo more than Swinney and the Tigers.
Not Alabama. Not LSU.
Not nearby Tennessee, the school Higgins committed to play for as a junior.
It's a point of discontent among UT loyalists, since Rodgers and Higgins' elite status is an anomaly in the mild recruiting grounds of East Tennessee. The discord will continue into Wednesday, when the pair will sign National Letters of Intent with Clemson.
"I've said this before," Oak Ridge coach Joe Gaddis said. "I don't think there was anything Tennessee did wrong; in fact, it did everything right. Coach (Zach Azzanni) did a great job of recruiting Tee Higgins.
"But for whatever reason, he, and probably even Amari, just has a greater comfort level with Clemson.”
Laying the groundwork
It's uncommon for the PrepXtra coverage area to account for a player as highly touted as Rodgers or Higgins in one recruiting cycle.
It's rare for it to happen twice in one class. Both are Under Armour All-Americans.
Higgins, who used his 6-foot-5, 190-pound frame, to set every receiving record known to Oak Ridge, is a consensus five-star prospect and the nation's No. 19 overall recruit, according to the 247Sports Composite rankings. His status, typically reserved for those with the greatest NFL potential, is the highest by an area player since recruiting websites became the norm more than a decade ago. Only Webb's Todd Kelly Jr. (No. 61 in 2014) and Alcoa's Brandon Warren (No. 64 in 2006) achieved composite top-100 rankings since 2006.
Rodgers, at No. 115 overall, nearly joined that group. Once a tweener prospect, the 5-10, 210-pound four-star blossomed after transitioning from running back to wide receiver before his junior year. He sustained his burst while his frame filled out, helping him become the driving force behind Catholic’s Class 4A state championship run in 2015.
The acclaim – including Mr. Football and PrepXtra Offensive Player of the Year honors – is no surprise considering his pedigree.
He's the son of former Tennessee quarterback Tee Martin, who left a Texas-sized shadow over Knoxville after leading the Vols to a national title during the 1998 season. Rodgers, though, was desperate to carve out his own legacy, having already committed to Southern Cal – where Martin serves as offensive coordinator – by the time Jones offered a scholarship in July 2015.
“If he had to pick one reason not to go to Tennessee, that was it,” Catholic coach Steve Matthews said. “I’m sure he wondered, ‘Am I going to be known as Tee Martin’s son for another four years?’ And not that it’s a bad thing. Clemson did a great job of selling their past receivers.”
NFL standouts DeAndre Hopkins (Houston) and Sammy Watkins (Buffalo) are among them.
Rodgers knew their resumes after growing up a Clemson fan, an allegiance that impacted his recruitment.
He decommitted from USC two days after Clemson offered him a scholarship in December 2015. Like Jones, Swinney used a wait-and-see approach to see how Rodgers developed.
Rodgers checked all the boxes by the time he arrived in Clemson with Higgins for a junior day the following January. Also present was Hunter Johnson, a five-star quarterback prospect who was committed to Tennessee when Higgins chose the Vols that August.
“We spent the whole weekend together," Rodgers said. "That’s really when we started to bond.”
How they got away
Higgins contends Johnson's decommitment from Tennessee didn't directly impact his decision to leave home, but it's hard to know for sure.
Higgins contacted Jones to reopen his recruitment in February 2016, only a week after the junior day visit. By that time, Johnson already had committed to the Tigers, and Rodgers had an announcement scheduled for Valentine's Day.
"It was tough because knowing that's my backyard school," said Higgins, who grew up in a family of Tennessee fans. "I wanted to be a man and call Butch Jones myself and not wimp out and text him or anything like call an assistant coach. I wanted to call the head coach I was committed to.
"When I told him I wanted to reopen my recruitment and keep my options open, he said: 'Man, we're going to recruit you just like you were never committed.' "
Jones and Azzanni didn't slow their pace. Higgins continued to stay in contact with the Vols and even made a surprise appearance at Tennessee's satellite camp in Nashville.
The Vols emerged as Higgins' leader on May 31, to no avail. Higgins committed to Clemson on July 4, using a Bleacher Report video filmed in advance to make his announcement.
"Clemson and Tennessee were my main two schools," Higgins said. "Tennessee was in front, and then the last two weeks, me and Coach Scott got real, real close. I just felt more of a bond between me and Coach Scott and Coach Swinney and decided to go to Clemson. Amari was committed, but that has nothing to do with why I committed.
"A lot of people think that but that's not true."
What resonated was playing a position that Clemson commonly represents in the NFL. The program's new 140,000 square-foot athletic facility will have few rivals in the country. And the Tigers' national runner-up finish to Alabama in 2016 didn't hurt matters.
Nor did Clemson's stunning rally to the title this past season.
"Tee went up to Tennessee a lot," Stewart said. "When we would go, he never was very verbal or would say too much. He's a quiet kid, but he was standoffish. He was trying to get a feel for it. But when he went to Clemson, it was a totally different feel. He felt at home and it was a better fit for him."
Same for Rodgers.
Their absence likely will be a talking point among fans when Tennessee announces its signing class. The Vols landed heralded in-state recruit Trey Smith (University School of Jackson) and are expected to add another in Ty Chandler (Montgomery Bell Academy).
But it's easiest to remember the players who got away. Leroy Thompson still comes to mind. The former Austin-East star running back was rated the top recruit in the country before signing with Penn State in 1987.
"(Swinney) made the comment to me several times that Tee at camps and things is the most impressive receiver that he’s ever had, and he’s had some that are playing in the NFL right now," Gaddis said. "He expects Tee to start as a true freshman and he doesn’t bat an eye when he says that."
Rodgers hopes for the same as a versatile slot receiver, whose role will include carries off jet sweeps and catches off screen passes.
"He can do some things after he gets the ball in his hands that I know they’re excited about," Matthews said. "He’s physical. Despite some height deficiencies, he can still go up and get the ball. They’re excited about him. They’ve got two excellent players."
Chris Thomas covers high school sports. Follow him on Twitter: @ChrisThomasKNS
More PrepXtra Headlines: |
Big Data Hadoop Training Institute
Big Data Hadoop Training will enable you to master the concepts of the Hadoop framework and its deployment in a cluster environment. Apache Hadoop or Hadoop is a collection of open source software which functions using a joint network of many computers to solve monumental issues regarding massive amounts of data and computation. It provides a generic framework for digital storage and processing big data bits using the map reduce programming tool. It was originally designed for computer clusters built from common hardware; Apache Hadoop has also found its roots on various higher end hardware too.
ExlTech’s Big Data Hadoop Training
All the modules of Hadoop are designed with a common aim at mind to be automatically handled by the Hadoop framework. The core programming of Apache Hadoop consists of a storage part known widely as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and a processing part which is a Map Reduce programming model. Hadoop splits files into large blocks of data and distributes them across nodes in a cluster based system. This gives the advantage of data locality where nodes are easily manipulated into the data on the access they have. This allows faster dataset processing with more efficiently than it would be in a more conventional supercomputer architecture which relies on a parallel file system where computation and data are distributed via high-speed networking. All the required certification and inputs required for a successful industry experience would be provided at ExlTech.
What is Big Data Hadoop?
Hadoop is an open-source framework that was manufactured by the Apache Software Foundation. It is one of the tools used to handle big data which consists of both structured and unstructured data. This collection of data cannot be processed or stored by traditional methods. |
"On TV And Video" is a column exploring opportunities and challenges in advanced TV and video.
Today’s column is written by Allen Klosowski, senior vice president of the advanced solutions group at SpotX.
When people say, “I’m watching TV,” many would likely envision them gazing at moving pictures on a television screen while lounging on a sofa at home. That’s because for most, “watching TV” simply means watching video on a television screen. Any further distinction is irrelevant as far as most viewers are concerned.
If consumers see OTT video and traditional TV as simply “TV,” should advertisers embrace an all-encompassing total video strategy that incorporates all TV-quality video, rather than continuing to regard traditional and over-the-top delivery points as separate channels?
All signs point to “yes,” and several of the pieces necessary to warrant such a strategy have already fallen into place. The industry is working furiously to combine legacy platforms with new technologies, adapting for the inherently addressable future where personalization will be the standard for video ads.
With audiences spread over an ever-growing list of devices, the bottom line is that we must dismantle the silos separating TV and OTT in order for the industry to effectively maintain future growth.
Let’s examine what that will look like.
Cross-screen audience reach
Audience viewership has fragmented as consumers branch out from traditional television to access content through over-the-top (OTT) delivery points. This makes the ability to deliver cross-screen audience reach a key element of an all-encompassing video strategy.
Does this mean that every advertiser must be able to reach audiences across all video screens? I wouldn’t go that far.
However, advertisers should evaluate how their specific target market is represented across video channels and allocate their efforts accordingly. Depending on the target market, a cross-screen campaign could deliver incremental reach, capturing consumers who weren’t accessible on television alone.
For instance, if a marketer’s target market is singles between 18 and 24 years old, they probably need to serve ads on OTT, with supplemental placements on traditional television. Conversely, if they’re trying to reach women older than 55, traditional TV may be sufficient.
Cross-screen campaign planning
Incorporating traditional TV and OTT advertising into a holistic strategy allows advertisers to work with audience fragmentation rather than against it – and to plan campaigns that feel cohesive across all screens and streams. It’s worth noting that many of the common tools that media planners rely on to develop campaigns don’t currently take into account that OTT is a part of the equation. However, there’s also been a rise in cross-screen planning tools from providers such as Adobe or VideoAmp, which make it possible to budget OTT and traditional television buys side by side.
Technology aside, planning a total video campaign requires that we dismantle the barriers that still exist between expertise and ownership of television and over-the-top video teams. I’ve already observed a great willingness among agencies to start combining traditional linear TV budgets with OTT. Still, it is rare to find a truly integrated TV and “digital” team that is working holistically across platforms. For the supply side, the same issue holds true with a few notable exceptions—the TV sales team is not yet integrated with the digital sales team. Achieving this integration is critical for the industry to push forward.
Data enablement
Traditional television and over-the-top environments each enable advertisers to leverage different types of audience data to better understand and serve consumers. An all-encompassing video strategy would include the ability to apply first- and third-party data gathered within any one environment across the rest. For instance, an advertiser looking to attract viewers for the premiere of a new show could leverage linear TV data to identify households that regularly tune in to a similar program and target them with ads on OTT.
On the other side of the coin, advertisers can also leverage third-party data in OTT to identify more granular audience segments than would be available based on traditional TV data. For example, an advertiser looking to reach males 25 to 34 years old could target them specifically using OTT subscription data, rather than buying slots against televised sporting events. The audience reached may be less broad, but the targeting will be more precise, and they won’t compete with other advertisers leveraging sports content to reach male consumers.
To achieve true cross-screen reach, planning and data enablement, many legacy systems will need to continue their evolution to match the addressable nature of their OTT counterparts. ATSC 3.0 is a great step forward for broadcast television to allow for data insights and personalization, but it is still several years from coming to fruition at scale. Many multichannel operators are upgrading their technologies to move from zone-based playouts to infrastructure that enables true device discoverability and unicast content delivery. Both of these upgrades will bring data insights and the ability to personalize content and advertising on television in a way that provides parity with OTT.
Measurement
For years, television buyers have cited the lack of standardized measurement as the key barrier to entry for OTT. Without it, they have no way of forecasting cross-screen success, appropriately allocating budget or assessing performance. The need to think in terms of spots and rating points for television and OTT impressions and other digital video makes it necessary to maintain separate ad strategies, however inefficient that may be.
Conversely, achieving standard measurement for all video formats and delivery points is the key that enables a cross-screen total video advertising strategy.
The good news is that this is available today and will only improve with time. For example, Nielsen has taken strides to extend TV-like metrics across digital video, enabling measurement for buyers looking to expand outside the confines of traditional TV.
It’s clear that consumers are branching out to view video across whichever delivery point offers the content they want when they want it. An all-encompassing video strategy allows marketers to select where they advertise in the same way consumers select where they watch. Rather than being limited to the inventory that’s offered in one channel versus the other, advertisers can simply place buys where their desired inventory is available at a competitive rate.
Gone are the days when connected TV was a black box for television advertisers or vice versa. Armed with the ability to reach and plan for cross-screen audiences, paired with the data and measurement capabilities needed to report on campaigns and optimize success, advertisers can take the next step forward in the evolution of video. |
Joint efforts with Asian police forces have led to record drug busts, but demand still rising
Australia is grappling with increasing efforts to smuggle in huge quantities of the drug methamphetamine from across the region, prompting the police to create global task forces that have resulted in record-breaking seizures.
Fuelled by strong demand and high local prices, Australia has become a popular destination for syndicates from across the region, including China, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.
"Drugs enter in almost every shape and form," said Professor Ross Coomber, an expert on the drug trade at Griffith University in Brisbane. Policing the nation's vast border and entry points was a huge challenge, he said.
This ranged from airline passengers carrying drugs, containers on ships and ordinary boats trying to sneak past coastal patrols to imported objects such as floorboards, pottery, food items and cars.
Street prices are believed to be about 10 times higher than in countries such as China, adding to the allure for smugglers.
$947m
Street value of 903kg of crystal methamphetamine seized on April 4 in Australia's biggest drug bust. The haul was hidden among 70 boxes of floorboards smuggled from China.
Prof Coomber told The Straits Times that ultimately Australia would have to try to focus on demand and treat use of methamphetamine as a public health problem.
According to federal government data, about 2.1 per cent of Australians above the age of 14 have used methamphetamine in the past year. And a study published last year by the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre shows the number of users in Australia has tripled in the past five years.
The soaring trade has prompted Australian officials to set up joint police task forces with China, Thailand and Cambodia. This has resulted in massive seizures and numerous arrests, though experts say these may only be putting a small dent in the overall supply.
According to the manager of organised crime for the Australian federal police, Commander Bruce Hill, the China task force has resulted in seven or more tonnes of crystal methamphetamine, or Ice, being taken off the streets. Based in Guangzhou in south-west China, the effort started in November 2015 as a six-month trial but has been extended until at least next year.
The Chinese task force is the first such "ever commenced with any country before, and there has been a number of flow-on effects, not just the drug seizures, but also the first time the Chinese have ever given evidence in an Australian court", Commander Hill told a parliamentary inquiry in March.
"We have really been able to open up our relationship with China."
The task forces have helped lead to several significant seizures of crystal methamphetamine in Australia in recent years.
On April 4, police revealed they had made Australia's biggest ever drug bust - intercepting 903kg of crystal methamphetamine hidden among 70 boxes of floorboards smuggled from China. Police photos show the drug being scraped off planks of wood in the shipment.
The haul was unprecedented: it totalled about nine million drug hits and was given a street value of A$900 million (S$947 million).
The seizure followed other recent large drug hauls. In February, 720 litres of liquid methamphetamine was found stashed in bras and art objects in Sydney.
Australia has been holding a parliamentary inquiry on the problem.
The authorities believe most of the methamphetamine in Australia was imported. There is also a trade involving imports of precursor chemicals which are then converted into methamphetamine in domestic drug labs.
Commander Hill said 1kg of Ice could cost A$6,000 to A$7,000 and would be worth about A$80,000 to A$100,000 when it lands in Australia. Its street price could then rise again to about A$200,000.
"The profit margin on this is just phenomenal," he said.
A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Straits Times on April 22, 2017, with the headline 'Australia struggling to rein in growing drug menace'. Print Edition | Subscribe
The Straits Times
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BUENOS AIRES, Oct 3 (Reuters) - The international boxing association (AIBA) must resolve its governance issues by next month or risk missing out on the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and losing its recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the IOC warned on Wednesday.
The IOC has warned AIBA before to sort out its finances, the sport’s governance and anti-doping issues or risk missing out on the Tokyo 2020 Games.
But an AIBA progress report in May did not satisfy the IOC which said it would review the matter after the AIBA Congress and elections for president on Nov. 2-3 in Moscow.
“The Executive Board of the IOC today expressed its ongoing extreme concern with the grave situation within the International Boxing Association (AIBA) and its current governance,” the ruling body said in a statement.
“These include the circumstances of the establishment of the election list and the misleading communication within the AIBA membership regarding the IOC’s position.”
AIBA has been in turmoil for several years and its former president Wu Ching-kuo was suspended in 2017 before stepping down over governance and finance issues.
He was briefly replaced by Franco Falcinelli before Uzbek businessman Gafur Rahimov became interim president in January, 2018 at an extraordinary congress in Dubai.
Rahimov is also the only candidate for the presidency in next month’s vote but his presence on the United States Department of the Treasury’s sanctions list has triggered the ire of the IOC.
The U.S. body says Rahimov is on the list “for providing material support” to a criminal organisation, a claim Rahimov strongly denies.
“Such behaviour is affecting not just the reputation of AIBA and boxing but of sport in general,” the IOC said.
“Therefore, the IOC reiterates its clear position that if the governance issues are not properly addressed to the satisfaction of the IOC at the forthcoming AIBA Congress, the existence of boxing on the Olympic Programme and even the recognition of AIBA as an International Federation recognised by the IOC is under threat.”
The IOC has frozen any payments to the association though it is not the first time AIBA has had IOC funds blocked.
The Olympic ruling body withheld payments of more than $1 million of television rights from the 2004 Athens Olympics after a refereeing scandal at those Games. (Reporting by Karolos Grohmann, editing by Ed Osmond) |
Temporal trends in organophosphorus pesticides use and concentrations in river water in Japan, and risk assessment.
We reviewed organophosphorus pesticide use in Japan between 1982 and 2016 using data from the National Institute of Environmental Studies. Organophosphorus pesticide concentrations in river water throughout Japan were taken from the literature, and risk assessments were performed for some organophosphorus pesticides based on risk quotients and hazard quotients. Assessments were performed for 20 common pesticides, including insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides. The amounts used decreased in the order: insecticides > herbicides > fungicides. Organophosphorus insecticide and fungicide use have decreased over the last four decades, but organophosphorus herbicide use has increased. During this period, annual organophosphorus pesticide use was the highest for chlorpyrifos (105,263 tons/year) and the lowest for glyphosate-sodium (8 tons/year). The ecotoxicological risk assessment indicated that diazinon and fenitrothion posed strong risks to the Japanese aquatic environment, and chlorpyrifos and malathion have moderate risks. None of the pesticides that were assessed posed significant risks to humans. Continued use of organophosphorus pesticides in Japan may cause strong risks to aquatic environments. These risks should be reassessed periodically. |
// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "D3D10OutputMergerPipelineStage.h"
#include "D3D10DepthStencilView.h"
#include "D3D10RenderTargetView.h"
#include "D3D10Resource.h"
#include "D3D10Buffer.h"
#include "D3D10SamplerState.h"
#include "D3D10ShaderResourceView.h"
#include "D3D10GeometryShader.h"
#include "D3D10InputLayout.h"
#include "D3D10BlendState.h"
#include "D3D10DepthStencilState.h"
#include "D3D10PixelShader.h"
#include "D3D10RasterizerState.h"
#include "D3D10VertexShader.h"
using namespace Microsoft::WindowsAPICodePack::DirectX::Utilities;
using namespace Microsoft::WindowsAPICodePack::DirectX::Direct3D10;
OutputMergerBlendState^ OutputMergerPipelineStage::BlendState::get()
{
ID3D10BlendState *blendState;
vector<FLOAT> blendFactor(4);
UINT sampleMask;
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMGetBlendState(&blendState, &blendFactor[0], &sampleMask);
return gcnew OutputMergerBlendState(blendState == NULL ? nullptr : gcnew Direct3D10::BlendState(blendState),
ColorRgba(&blendFactor[0]), sampleMask);
}
void OutputMergerPipelineStage::BlendState::set(OutputMergerBlendState^ mergerBlendState)
{
ID3D10BlendState *blendState = mergerBlendState->BlendState != nullptr ?
mergerBlendState->BlendState->CastInterface<ID3D10BlendState>() : NULL;
ColorRgba blendFactor = mergerBlendState->BlendFactor;
FLOAT blendArray[] = { blendFactor.Red, blendFactor.Green, blendFactor.Blue, blendFactor.Alpha };
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMSetBlendState(
blendState, blendArray, static_cast<UINT>(mergerBlendState->SampleMask));
}
DepthStencilState^ OutputMergerPipelineStage::GetDepthStencilStateAndReferenceValue([System::Runtime::InteropServices::Out] UInt32 %outStencilRef)
{
ID3D10DepthStencilState* tempoutDepthStencilState;
UINT tempoutStencilRef;
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMGetDepthStencilState(&tempoutDepthStencilState, &tempoutStencilRef);
outStencilRef = tempoutStencilRef;
return tempoutDepthStencilState == NULL ? nullptr : gcnew DepthStencilState(tempoutDepthStencilState);
}
OutputMergerRenderTargets^ OutputMergerPipelineStage::RenderTargets::get(void)
{
vector<ID3D10RenderTargetView*> renderTargetsVector(D3D10_SIMULTANEOUS_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT);
ID3D10DepthStencilView* depthStencilView;
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMGetRenderTargets(D3D10_SIMULTANEOUS_RENDER_TARGET_COUNT, &renderTargetsVector[0], &depthStencilView);
return gcnew OutputMergerRenderTargets(
Utilities::Convert::GetTrimmedCollection<RenderTargetView, ID3D10RenderTargetView>(NULL, renderTargetsVector),
depthStencilView == NULL ? nullptr : gcnew Direct3D10::DepthStencilView(depthStencilView));
}
DepthStencilView^ OutputMergerPipelineStage::DepthStencilView::get(void)
{
ID3D10DepthStencilView* tempoutDepthStencilView;
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMGetRenderTargets(0, NULL, &tempoutDepthStencilView);
return tempoutDepthStencilView == NULL ? nullptr : gcnew Direct3D10::DepthStencilView(tempoutDepthStencilView);
}
void OutputMergerPipelineStage::SetDepthStencilStateAndReferenceValue(DepthStencilState^ depthStencilState, UInt32 stencilRef)
{
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMSetDepthStencilState(
depthStencilState ? depthStencilState->CastInterface<ID3D10DepthStencilState>() : NULL,
stencilRef);
}
void OutputMergerPipelineStage::RenderTargets::set(OutputMergerRenderTargets^ renderTargets)
{
IEnumerable<RenderTargetView^>^ renderTargetViews = renderTargets->RenderTargetViews;
Direct3D10::DepthStencilView^ depthStencilView = renderTargets->DepthStencilView;
vector<ID3D10RenderTargetView*> itemsVector;
UINT count = Utilities::Convert::FillIUnknownsVector<RenderTargetView, ID3D10RenderTargetView>(renderTargetViews, itemsVector);
Parent->CastInterface<ID3D10Device>()->OMSetRenderTargets(
count,
count == 0 ? NULL : &itemsVector[0],
depthStencilView == nullptr ? NULL : depthStencilView->CastInterface<ID3D10DepthStencilView>());
} |
A privately run mental health unit has been banned from admitting new patients after inspectors found numerous safety failings, one of which led to a resident dying by hanging.
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) has stopped the Cygnet Acer Clinic, in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, from accepting new inpatients. It declared that the facility was “not safe” for people to use.
Inspectors found that clinic patients had opportunities to hang themselves, and the unit had soaring levels of patient self harm, and a huge shortage of trained staff.
The CQC’s report is one of the most damning it has issued about poor and unsafe care affecting vulnerable and potentially suicidal patients in a mental health facility.
It is the 33rd time since the start of 2017 that the CQC has rated a mental health inpatient unit in England run by a profit-driven firm as inadequate, and the eighth time that has involved Cygnet.
The Cygnet Acer looks after a maximum of 28 women, at a time; they might have personality disorder and also another mental illness, learning disability or substance misuse problem.
Inspectors uncovered a series of lapses in safety, including the risk that patients could be able to try to end their life.
“In 2019 there had been two serious incidents, one of which led to a patient death by using a ligature,” the inspectors said. One in five staff had not been trained to understand most types of patient safety incidents, despite the highly vulnerable inpatient group.
Kevin Cleary, the regulator’s deputy chief inspector of hospitals, said: “The care provided at Cygnet Acer Clinic fell well below the standard that people should expect to receive. We found that the service was not ensuring the safety of those in its care.
“The number of incidents of self harm by patients had increased in the three months leading up to our inspection [in August] and almost half of the incidents involved patients using a ligature.”
The CQC also found that in one of the hospital’s two wards, Upper House, the number of incidents of self harm had more than trebled from 156 in May to 577 in July; that managers and staff were leaving patients at risk of being able to hang themselves by not getting rid of all potential ligature points; and that “75% of staff were not qualified for the roles they were doing”.
During their visit in August inspectors watched as patients gathered in the unit’s reception and banged on windows to get help from staff nowhere to be seen.
Wendy Burn, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “We are deeply concerned by the appalling findings in the report, which has found that another hospital has failed to provide the necessary care for a vulnerable group of patients. Action must be taken to understand why patients in inpatient settings are being repeatedly let down.”
Sophie Corlett, director of external relations at the mental health charity Mind, said: “Many women in mental health services have experienced abuse or violence and their need for compassion and a safe haven is even more acute. And yet, shockingly, we hear about services set up specifically to support women that totally fail to deliver appropriate care.
“Across the board, long-neglected mental health hospitals and other buildings are putting people at risk of slower recovery, of self harming or even taking their own lives. We should not expect people with mental health problems to use inadequate and dangerous services, nor should we expect mental health staff to work in them.”
Luciana Berger, the Liberal Democrats’ shadow health secretary, said: “It is shocking that vulnerable female mental health patients were abandoned instead of receiving the care they need. There are serious questions to answer about why so many privately run mental health units have been deemed inadequate by the CQC in the last three years.”
The CQC, as well as rating Cygnet Acer inadequate, also placed it into special measures, and banned new admissions for six months.
A spokesperson for the clinic called the CQC’s findings inaccurate, adding: “This CQC report is in fact from an inspection in the summer. Since then there has been a further inspection in October and the CQC has recognised the progress made and given us positive feedback.”
The clinic said it had made “substantial improvements” as a result of the CQC’s visit, including extra training for staff and review of risk assessments. “We provide more than 140 services across the UK, the majority of which are rated good or outstanding. Where recently we have seen a relatively low proportion rated inadequate, we have rapidly invested the required resource to improve so they can meet the high standards we expect.” |
Q:
How to insert text outside the top margin?
Possible Duplicate:
Insert graphic at precise place on a page
I am trying to insert my name on the top right corner of the page but outside the top margin. How can I do that? Many thanks!
A:
You could also use TikZ with the overlay and remember picture options:
\documentclass[parskip]{scrartcl}
\usepackage[margin=40mm]{geometry}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[overlay, remember picture]
\path (current page.north east) ++(-1,-1) node[below left] {Peter S. Ilie};
\end{tikzpicture}
\lipsum[1-4]
\end{document}
The lipsum package is just for blind text, the above produces
A:
Using the textpos package:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[showframe]{geometry}
\usepackage{textpos}
\begin{document}
\begin{textblock*}{100mm}(.85\textwidth,-2cm)
My Name
\end{textblock*}
\end{document}
A:
There's a number of packages allowing you to achieve what you desire; in the answer to this question there's a list of such packages: Insert graphic at precise place on a page . Another option, not listed in the linked answer is the background package:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{background}
\usepackage{lipsum}
\SetBgContents{The Author}
\SetBgScale{1}
\SetBgColor{black}
\SetBgAngle{0}
\SetBgOpacity{1}
\SetBgPosition{current page.north east}
\SetBgVshift{-2cm}
\SetBgHshift{-2cm}
\begin{document}
\lipsum[1-30]
\end{document}
|
A blog for those who are looking for the absolute truth about this world in order to survive and thrive. We live in a world of lies and deceit but can greatly improve our lives if we start living the truth. My proof is unshakable. Come and learn.
You can't change the truth, but the truth can change you.
Tuesday, July 2, 2013
Flawed Human Logic
I have stated the verse from Isaiah 55:8
several times on this blog: "For My thoughts are not your thoughts,
neither are your ways My ways – the Word of Hashem. We cannot look at anything written in
scriptures, especially in English and declare “I know exactly what Hashem is
telling us.” I have also stated that
Torah is by far the most difficult subject in the world. It would be much easier to discuss Quantum
Physics, Business Law, Brain Surgery, Differential Equations, etc, etc,
etc. Why? Because most of these subjects can be
explained by human logic – or can they?
I thought I would take one example of a subject that everyone has heard
about even though very few people have studied. The topic is Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity.
In 1905 this nice little Jewish
boy, Albert Einstein, theorized certain concepts of the physical world that
were so radical, so different that he introduced his work over a couple of
decades and published the final version in the 1920’s. It wasn’t just that it went against human logic;
it also disagreed with the greatest scientist up to that time, Sir Isaac
Newton, who had set the standard for study of the physical world. Another conflict was that Newton, who was
British, was being challenged by Einstein, who was German, even worse he was
Jewish. The important message here is
that Einstein made statements about the physical world that were not logical
and not even comprehendible.
So, what did Einstein say that
was so disturbing to the scientific community?
He said that time was a variable.
Time is dependent upon the gravitational field that you experiencing, he
called that General Relativity; and, time is dependent upon the velocity that
you are traveling; he called that concept Special Relativity. Well, that could be upsetting even to us a
century later. Of course he is talking
about excessive gravity and speed that we human beings don’t have a clue
whether we are experiencing or not. As
an example, let say that I was living on the Sun (I know, it is not possible to
have enough air conditioning to be a resident there nor could I take the
gravitational effect, but just play along).
Because of the size of the Sun the gravitational effect means that the
Sun, according to General Relativity, is 72 minutes shorter a year than life on
Earth. I would not see any difference
since all processes, cell division, thought processes, growth, etc would slow
down but I wouldn’t notice any change. I would experience a full year as the
people on Earth but I would return to Earth 72 minutes younger.
Let’s get really involved. Don’t try this at home; but, what would
happen if I went into a space ship and travelled close to the speed of light
(186,000 miles per second) for about a year.
Of course, I would take along enough Cholent to cover the trip , but at
that speed, I would return to Earth and find that the people on Earth lived maybe
10 years. I would not notice any
difference because, once again, the Special Relativistic effects would slow
down all processes around me making everything seem normal, but allowing me to
travel 9 years into the future.
Einstein also said “space is
curved.” When you see a star in the sky,
it is not in the direction that you are looking since the light coming at you
from that star was bending as it went through space. If I could look into a telescope, looking out
into the universe, and I could see infinity, I would see the back of my
head. I would have made a complete trip
through the curved universe and returned to me.
Why am I bringing up these
things? Good question. When you get into the deepest secrets of this
world and explore the scientific proof, you will see that many, if not most,
subjects are beyond comprehension. It
should be mentioned that Einstein’s Theory has been proven beyond any doubt
(using atomic clocks, particle colliders, spacecraft, satellites, etc) and is
no longer called a theory but in the scientific world it now is called the Law
of Relativity. The important message is
that things are not what they seem and those who have studied science for many
years may know all the facts, all the mathematics, but still have no
comprehension of the reality. Variable
time, curved space, teleportation (being one place and instantly being
somewhere else), the computerized structure of DNA in every cell (the
instructions of how that living organism will grow), the chemical makeup of
everything (everything is made up of the exact same particles just in different
numbers), no real matter, the mind, the metaphysical realm, etc, etc, etc are
all concepts that we experience everyday and have no comprehension of the
reality.
Even something that may seem
simple can be beyond our grasp, as an example (back to Einstein):
E=MC2
A simple formula that is so complicated that I thought I
would show you an analysis of the development of the simple formula (this is
not for the faint of heart considering to this day they are still evaluating
the formula):
Absolutely. It is the biggest mystery that scientists can say the everything happened "accidentally." (Not a total mystery since they would lose a lot of parnasah if they just read the answers from the Source Infinite Intelligence rather than pretend that they discovered it).
The Absolute Truth, E-book
The Absolute Truth, Ebook. The solution to all your problems, guaranteed in writing. Still only $5
Translator
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About Me
I am on a mission to save the world; to bring to everyone the reality of this upside-down fantasy world by teaching the word of the Creator of everything, the Absolute Truth. I am by trade a retired Electronics Engineer with over 60 years of science study. I went to college for about 16 years in the disciplines of engineering, general science, psychology, sociology, business and other areas that are less relevant to the topic. I also am a retired US Army officer who has lived on three continents, have been in 20 countries and 39 US states (I lived in five states). I am working on my fifth language, since I try to talk to people in their native language when I lived there. I have dual citizenship – USA and Israel, where I presently reside. I have studied scriptures for about 70 years, studying with Gedolim on three different continents. |
Sports betting aids win increase at Tahoe casinos
Related Media
Nevada casinos reported an 11.9 percent increase in total gaming win for November as the state’s non-restricted casinos raked in $875.97 million.
Statewide, the increase was due to an 81 percent increase in Baccarat win — nearly all of it from tables on the Las Vegas Strip, which reported a 22.6 percent increase in total win.
But in the local markets across the state, the reason was a 474 percent increase in the amount casinos won from sports bettors, primarily football.
Gaming Control Board Analyst Mike Lawton said football bets accounted for $355.6 million of the total $490 million wagered on spots. That is the third consecutive monthly record in football bets and is more than $100 million higher than the record set in October.
Lawton said the Carson Valley Area, which includes valley portions of Douglas County as well as the capital, saw a 7.45 percent increase to just over $8 million in November. Game and table win, which includes sports betting, was up 135 percent to $496,000.
While other games drew the total down a bit, strong “21” play added $238,000 to Carson casino coffers while sports bets pumped up the total by an additional $299,000.
The story was similar in Churchill County. The three licensees offering sports bets there reported a 436 percent increase in win to more than $39,000.
That wasn’t enough, however, to offset the more than 5 percent decrease in slot win, which accounts for more than 90 percent of Churchill’s total gaming. The total of $1,761,000 for the month still fell a bit more than 3 percent short of November 2012’s number.
Overall, South Lake Tahoe’s $17.38 million win total was down 2 percent for the month, but Lawton said the Stateline casinos were up against a very difficult comparison. Last November was up nearly 27 percent over the previous period.
The story was the category dubbed “other games” in Nevada’s smaller markets. That translates to Baccarat, which produced a huge win total in November 2012. Those high-rollers apparently didn’t return this year, leaving the area sharply down in total win.
Sports betting, however, offset a good share of that decrease, coming in 180 percent above a year ago. Slot play also helped, bringing in 25 percent more in winnings this year.
Lawton said it’s a good sign for Tahoe that both slot volume and win are up from a year ago — a sign that regular players are beginning to return to Tahoe resorts.
North Lake Tahoe also did well courtesy of sports bettors, bringing in $236,000 more than a year ago. But slot win, the vast majority of North Shore’s play, was down nearly 30 percent — $420,000 — overall. The result was a total win of just $1.43 million, a 13 percent decrease from November 2012.
Washoe County had one of its best year-over-year increases in a long time, up 14.4 percent overall and led by a 16.7 percent increase in Reno. The county total was $59.47 million, which Lawton attributed in large part to a 9.6 percent increase in visitation this past November.
While sports betting has significant impact in locals markets, Lawton said Baccarat is the key statewide.
“Baccarat is definitely driving our increases,” he said.
Slot winnings, he pointed out, are basically flat compared with 2012, down 1.6 percent through the 11 months of the calendar year. He said that with the economy improving slowly, customers are returning to Southern Nevada.
“But customers wallets are being divided,” he said. “They’re spending in other areas.” |
Q:
MongoDB dynamic query with javascript, working static, not with variable
I've been writing an app in express, using a standard mongodb driver, version 3.2.6. I need to make a query to my database, and I'd like to make it for 5 years and count entries for each year. When I write the code statically it works without problem, if I so much put the same exact value into a variable and insert it into the query, it refuses to work.
I apologize if this is something obvious I missed, but I fail to find a solution. Thanks for everyone attempting to help :)
This code works. The output is bellow
router.get("/test", (req, res) => {
result = {
title : "Somethings through time",
data : []
}
for(let i = 4;i<9;i++) {
const query = `/2014/`;
db.getDB().collection("somethings").find({"date_of_something": /2014/}).count().then(numOf => {
console.log(query +"\n"+numOf);
});
}
res.json({
success: false
});
});
Output:
[0] /2014/
[0] 24263
[0] /2014/
[0] 24263
[0] /2014/
[0] 24263
[0] /2014/
[0] 24263
[0] /2014/
[0] 24263
This code does not work.
router.get("/test", (req, res) => {
result = {
title : "Somethings through time",
data : []
}
for(let i = 4;i<9;i++) {
const query = `/2014/`;
db.getDB().collection("somethings").find({"date_of_something": query}).count().then(numOf => {
console.log(query +"\n"+numOf);
});
}
res.json({
success: false
});
});
Output:
[0] /2014/
[0] 0
[0] /2014/
[0] 0
[0] /2014/
[0] 0
[0] /2014/
[0] 0
[0] /2014/
[0] 0
A:
This is a regex
/2014/
But this one with back ticks is just a normal string
`/2014/`
To create a new regex from a string you can do it like this
const query = new RegExp(`201${i}`)
In MongoDB to match using a regex you should use $regex operator
{"date_of_something": {$regex: query}}
Also worth noting you're returning the result res.json without waiting for the queries to finish, you should await for the queries, and the request handler should be async
router.get("/test", async (req, res) => {
...
const numOf = await db.getDB().collection("somethings")
.find({"date_of_something": {$regex: query}}).count();
console.log(query +"\n"+numOf);
})
|
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First impression
[Very first I wanna say something regarding to this game and this review. I was provided by accident (and seemingly did other reviewers and press) a copy that was 2 months old build. I already did play this game and wrote this review and published it with Google Ads and Twitter Ads, when I got an email from the publisher telling me the mistake they’ve made. Also telling they’re working on a patch that should arrive soon/at release. I was forgiving and took off the review and all the ads, because I wanted to give them a good chance with their launch, so I waited the patch to arrive. Sadly I never got any updates to the game, but one that was 21. August, which I think isn’t the update that was to fix all the issues with the game—and believe me, this game got some serious issues. So, therefore this review goes out as it was originally meant to.]
I had to try Decay of Logos because it seemed interesting and the settings promising, with minimal introduction to difficult gameplay. In other words the game is very much like Souls -games, which I haven’t played, but what I have are Nioh, Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice and Bloodborne, so I’m familiar with the gameplay system. Decay of Logos is said to be very hard game and I’m all in!
Story
Decay of Logos is titled to be story-driven, but in my gameplay there was very little story told. I didn’t manage to kill certain boss to get to the other areas and possibly get little more of the plot. The story tells about young girl Ada, who goes on adventure to find out who destroyed her village. She’s with a mysterious Elk that follows her around. I found one NPC, who told more of the story about the royal family who is responsible for all the destruction.
For my opinion, the game is very little story-driven as far as I managed to play it. The protagonist is silent one, so there was very little talking or telling something about the happenings. I would’ve liked much more story into the beginning to really make player to dive in. The starting situation about Ada I read from the game’s description online and I didn’t get that from the game itself, so that tells a lot about how badly the story is handled.
Gameplay & Controls
It’s rather simple gameplay with heavy and light attacks, healing, using potions, swapping weapons, run, dodge, parry… very basic. This is good thing because the game is HARD and unforgiving, but mostly due to the badly working mechanics. Even a tiny little enemy can kill you or you accidentally drop from too high or step on a bug/glitch. In the beginning I tried to kill every enemy that came to my way, but soon realizing it won’t get me far and making any significant progress would take weeks. I simply ignored them and rather began to do the adventure part of the game. The enemies actually wasn’t hard to beat if dealing just one, they were slow and it was more like turn-based fight than on-going. I let the enemy do its move (I dodged or parry it) and then I hit the enemy one time or few times, but it was safer to hit just once, because trying to hit the attack button didn’t do any good, because of the limited stamina. Enemies usually killed me just one or two hits, which happened too many times for my taste.
So, I adventured and saw places such as underground chamber, area that was bubbling mud and then I met a giant, that I knew I could never beat with this badly designed fighting system and weapons provided. The Elk didn’t do much. I tried to ride with it, but I realized it was much efficient to just run by myself. I had to feed it some berries to “bond” with it, but I didn’t see much of a bonding happening. I could store some items in the Elk’s pouch, though and I think it was all I used it for.
Saving the progress happened with shrines and there was two different types of shrines, one to heal and save and one to heal, save and resting (fixing bad damage), but resting meant, that all the enemies were respawned. The game have automated leveling system and I managed to get few level ups and find new weapons, which all helped, but it was a stretch and everything I gained didn’t felt that rewarding. Adding toppings to the cake, when dying player’s stats are lowered temporarily, making the game even more unplayable, and talking about that more below.
Graphics
The simplistic graphics works OK, but even that felt too much for the game to handle for some reason (I played with fast SSD and PS4 Pro). The drawing distance was very short and surroundings loaded slowly. The game is very stammering and input lag is very noticeable. The game reacts too slowly compared to my inputs, like a slow computer when you try to type. The overall lagging and input lag was one reason why I died a lot. Jumping from platform to another wasn’t done properly either. It was like there is a bridge I need to jump on, but I have to hit just in the middle, everything else meant dropping down, because Ada “slide” if too near the edges. It gave very untested and unoptimized feeling. Even the camera wasn’t working properly and game with this calibre of hardness, it should work much better. It was all like some Alpha stage (i.e. the first somewhat playable version) of the game.
Sound
As much as I got voice acting it was OK. Other sound effects were fine. I try to think something to say about this, but I really can’t say anything good or bad. Everything was basic.
Difficulty
Yes. The main theme in Decay of Logos is the brutal difficulty what it seems to pride, but the fact is that players needs civil rights too. It doesn’t work if just put player in the middle of enemies, make them hard to beat, player dies very easily, everything is lagging, controls untested, environment just put there haphazardly and call it a day. No. Creating extra hard game can be done, but all have to be tested that they actually work and are fair to the player, giving a fair chance to player even beat the damn enemies. For example I wanted to save my progression, but then I suddenly was ambushed on save point (never heard situation). I HAD TO beat them to recover all stats and the fighting area was small and then three different type of enemies (slow and fast) attacked me. It just feels like they were put there for the sake of hardness, but it doesn’t work that way. Even one enemy in larger area is difficult not to mention three in tiny spot with all issues told above. I know there is no sane person who could’ve won that fight. I could go on forever on the list what makes Decay of Logos extremely unfairly and badly working hard game, but it would be childish to do so. You can imagine all kinds of little things that kills you, even if you do something right.
Last impression
Decay of Logos has all the elements there and it’s just a shame, that they were used this way. I could see where developer was going for, but it doesn’t work like this. I don’t know if the developer team is too small for this kind of game or the game is too ambitious. I wanted to like this, truly I did, but only good part was ignoring enemies and just see the places. I do mention, that developer meant this to be very difficult game, with little hand holding, pushing player to the ruthless world and try to figure out all by yourself. With that, they succeeded, but with all the wrong reasons. Decay of Logos is over-marketed compared what it actually offer. Even the promised fixing update didn’t saw light of the day. I would avoid this game at all cost.
Review copy provided by the publisher
RELEASE DATE: Aug 27, 2019
GENRE: Action / Adventure / RPG
DEVELOPER: Amplify Creations
PUBLISHER: Rising Star Games
PLATFORMS: PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Nintendo Switch
PC
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DirectionsHeat skillet, add olive oil, then the minced garlic. Add clams. Cover. Cook until clams open (about 7 minutes). Shake pan to encourage opening. Discard any clams that do not open. Use parsley for garnish. Serve with a crusty French bread for dipping. |
"Mars War" is a shooting war game. The background story starts at a mainland called "Mars". Two camps started a war for the resources on the mainland. Every new player who joined the game will become a new recruit and start your life as a soldier. The game involves traditional FPS game features and also it enlarges the game size. It allowed more than one thousand players to fight at the same time, wealth of game content. It also involves other type of game features such as role playing and strategy. |
Occupation:
Voice actor:
Contents
Appearance
The Trick Master is a rather large man, who has ragged grey hair (with a short ponytail, tied with a red ribbon), red paint under his eyes and a long moustache. He wears a big yellow tie, a dark red vest (with a white shirt underneath), a red jacket with yellow buttons, a pair of white trousers and black boots.
Personality
The Trick Master is an eccentric man, who constantly makes odd actions. Despite this, he always smiles and gives everyone a chance to overcome his challenges for the prize.
Biography
Pokémon the Series: Ruby and Sapphire
The Trick Master posted posters around town, declaring the start of the Trick House challenge, where the winner would receive a one-year supply of Poké Blocks. He warned them one need skill, intelligence and luck to overcome the challenges. As the heroes went through the Trick House, the Trick Master warned them of the dangers before falling into the traps themselves, which caused May to comment how strange the Trick Master was, but Alanna approved of it. In the end, the Trick Master gave the PokéBlock supply to the winner, Ivan, and encouraged others to come next year. Just then, Jigglypuff appeared and sang the song, then drew scribbles on everyone's faces, including the Trick Master's. |
404 F.2d 46
Anthony DeANGELIS, Appellant,v.UNITED STATES of America.
No. 17243.
United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.
Argued November 7, 1968.
Decided December 3, 1968.
Daniel E. Isles, Querques, Isles & Weissbard, Orange, N. J., for petitioner-appellant.
David M. Satz, Jr., U. S. Atty., Newark, N. J. (Elliot Scher, Asst. U. S. Atty., on brief), for appellee.
Before KALODNER, FORMAN and STAHL, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
PER CURIAM.
1
This is an appeal by Anthony DeAngelis, confined in the United States Penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, from a denial by the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, of his motion, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, to vacate his convictions and sentences amounting to 20 years, as imposed on August 17, 1965. An earlier effort to accomplish the same objective failed in the District Court, the judgment of which was affirmed by this court in United States v. DeAngelis.1
2
A second attempt to like purpose resulted in a similar denial by the District Court.2 Therein it concluded that the issue of the motion was squarely raised and decided adversely to the appellant on his first appeal in United States v. DeAngelis, supra, and that the grounds presently heard are identical with those advanced in his first challenge. This appeal followed.
3
Appellant insists that the grounds he offered on this second motion were not identical. He now contends that the District Court,
4
"overwhelmed by communications, private and personal in nature, and * * * villified by the press media * * * abandoned due process of law and its judicial fortitude and bowed to the madding crowd and the cry of the public in imposing its final sentence upon appellant."
5
Preliminarily the District Court invoked the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 4208 (b),3 on May 28, 1965, when it committed appellant to the custody of the Attorney General for the maximum sentence of imprisonment prescribed by law4 for a study to be made of the prisoner by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, the result of which, together with recommendations, was to be furnished to the court within three months. Appellant points to the following comment by the District Judge after he pronounced the sentence for study purposes:
6
"I might say that this commitment for study is to be considered concurrent — as you were, is to be considered for ten years under Section 2314 and five years under Section 371 to run concurrently, the latter to run concurrent with the former."
7
On August 17, 1965, after the conclusion of the study and a report had been received by the District Judge appellant was finally sentenced to twenty years.
8
Appellant raises the charge that the District Judge was improperly moved to increase his sentence from 10 years to 20 years upon the comment above quoted and upon alleged pressures brought to bear upon the court between May 28, 1965 and August 17, 1965, when appellant was returned to the court for final sentence. This attack is made on no more factual foundation that the mere statement by appellant that the District Judge was influenced by communications believed by appellant to have been received by him and the publication by newspapers of numerous lurid and sensational reports commenting upon appellant's case, which appeared during the interval between May 28, 1965 and August 17, 1965. In effect, appellant's argument is that the above quoted comment was a commitment by the District Judge to sentence appellant to a term not in excess of 10 years, which the Judge breached when he fixed the term at 20 years. The absurdity of the position is patent when it is considered that the very purpose of the sentence on May 28, 1965 was to procure a study of appellant from the results of which the court would be helped to determine the nature of the sentence to be imposed.
9
Moreover, in disposing of appellant's former motion this court specifically characterized the comment concerning the aggregate sentence of 10 years as an "offhand remark, * * * definitely surplusage, made after the preliminary statutory sentence had been imposed and in no way decisional."5 But, basically, appellant's argument on this appeal falls of its own weight for we have seen that the statute authorizing commitment for study purposes made mandatory the imposition of the maximum sentence — 35 years.
10
In addition the District Court aptly applied the test in Sanders v. United States6 as to whether the issue posed by the present motion had been raised on a previous appeal and thus was rendered unavailable here. The first motion made by the appellant was based on the ground that the sentences had been improperly increased from 10 to 20 years. This motion furnished no new ground — only fractionalization of the former. Thus the District Court correctly determined that the contrived issue advanced on the present motion presented none other than the identical ground upon which the first motion was founded and that its denial was warranted.
11
The order of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey of February 27, 1968 denying the motion of Anthony DeAngelis to vacate the sentences will be affirmed.
Notes:
1
361 F.2d 788 (3 Cir.), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 834, 87 S.Ct. 77, 17 L.Ed.2d 69 (1966)
2
United States v. DeAngelis, Civil No. 27-68, D.N.J., February 27, 1968
3
18 U.S.C. § 4208(b) provides:
"If the court desires more detailed information as a basis for determining the sentence to be imposed, the court may commit the defendant to the custody of the Attorney General, which commitment shall be deemed to be for the maximum sentence of imprisonment prescribed by law for a study as described in subsection (c) hereof. * * *" (Emphasis supplied.)
4
Appellant pleaded guilty to Counts 2, 14 and 15 of Indictment, Cr. No. 105-64, charging him with the transportation of falsely made and forged warehouse receipts in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314. Each count carried a maximum penalty of 10 years. He also pleaded guilty to an Information, Cr. No. 4-65, charging conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371 to violate said § 2314, the maximum sentence for which is five years. The aggregate penalty amounted to 35 years
5
361 F.2d at 790
6
373 U.S. 1, 15-16, 83 S.Ct. 1068, 10 L. Ed.2d 148 (1963)
|
One interesting American thing (a technical term, meaning a moment or event, a text, a controversy, an idea, a figure, or whatevertheheckelse I think of) per day, from Ben Railton, a professor of American literature, culture, history, and, natch, Studies.
MyAmericanFuture
MyAmericanFuture
Monday, November 15, 2010
November 15, 2010: Deadly Personal
It took having my boys to make me understand the death penalty. The arguments against it had just always seemed so overwhelming—from the exorbitant costs to the racial and economic imbalances, the failures as a deterrent to, most especially, the constant and very real possibility of executing innocent men and women—that it just seemed to me that any support for it had to come purely from an emotional standpoint, purely from the desire on the part of victims’ families and advocates for revenge for what they have suffered and lost. I still think that’s true, but now I suppose I just get that desire much more fully than I ever had; if someone killed one of the boys, you’re damn right I’d want that person to die. That doesn’t mean that it should be legal—in fact, you could make the case that it is precisely my emotional investment that is the strongest argument against having it be part of our law—but it means that I get how personal this political issue can be and usually is.
It’s precisely that deeply personal side that made the film Dead Man Walking a success, for me—because the film wasn’t trying to embody a particular political opinion or stance, but instead simply created a handful of extremely complex and realistic people (most especially Sean Penn’s death row convict, but certainly also Susan Sarandon as Sister Helen Prejean, the nun working on his behalf, and an Raymond Barry as the father of one of Penn’s victims, among other standout characters) and gave them room to live and breathe and grow over the course of the film. Even in the final scenes it’s not only possible but, I would argue, likely for a viewer to both cry for and curse Penn’s character, and that range of reactions means that watching his death scene (spoiler alert? Well, it is in the title) feels like watching a person (rather than a character, much less a political symbol) die. Which is exactly the point, of course—however you feel about the death penalty, it’s personal in that way too, the state-sanctioned taking of a person’s life. And the incredibly diverse and talented group of artists recruited for the film’s pitch-perfect soundtrack do, by and large, a similarly impressive job of creating the voices and perspectives and stories of realistic people affected by the death penalty in all sorts of ways.
There are lots of candidates for the best song on that soundtrack, but for my money it’s Steve Earle’s “Ellis Unit One.” Earle’s song is, as I wrote yesterday, barely a whisper, both in its nasally voice and minimalist music and in its seemingly insignificant speaker, a second-generation death row guard narrating the story of how he ended up on Ellis Unit One and of his experiences there. The first clue that Earle is creating something much more powerful is the chorus, the superficially unrelated “Swing low/Swing low/Swing low and carry me home.” The hints in those lines are entirely borne out in the song’s two final and most gut-wrenching sections: first the final verse, where the speaker awakens from a dream in which he is the one being executed, “something cold and black pumped through my lungs/And Jesus could not save me/Though I know he tried his best/But Jesus doesn’t live on Ellis Unit One”; and then the final chorus, with one small but crucial change: “Swing low/Don’t let go/Swing low and carry me home.” Suddenly his job and world have become as personal and powerful as they can get—and if the moment doesn’t take your breath away too, well, maybe you’ve already been euthanized.
I’m not trying to sway any opinions on the death penalty—if and when I engage more directly with a political topic like this one, it won’t be to proselytize, I promise—but just to highlight an amazing film and an even more amazing (and certainly less well-known) song, texts that engage with this controversial and hugely complex issue with sensitivity, humanity, and deep power. Doesn’t get any more worth our attention and response than that. More tomorrow, on an equally powerful and complex, and significantly less familiar, poetic voice.
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#NoConfederateSyllabus
In response to the controversy over HBO's proposed show Confederate, Matthew Teutsch and I have collaborated on #NoConfederateSyllabus, a Google Doc that you all can contribute to as well. Check out an intro here: |
Souriau Connectors for Welding & Cutting Equipment Controls
02/07/2018 16:35
Welding & metal cutting equipment requires precision controls to guarantee performance, reliability and safety for higher productivity and improved quality in difficult conditions. From manual to automated welding throughout plasma cutting and fume extraction, rapid set up and easy, quick servicing are a must.
Souriau offer both standardized and customized products to support your design and development needs. In addition to this they can provide overmoulded cable assemblies. Souriau offer both leader and jumper cable assemblies and turnkey solutions for a quick, reliable and secured installation.
Souriau’s wide array of interconnect and overmolded cable assembly solutions for welding and cutting equipment and their associated controls are the perfect match for harsh environments requiring industry-proven reliability and service.
Souriau have been designing harsh environment connectors for over 100 years. Year after year they develop customized solutions based on dedicated technical specifications from customers.
For more information on this range of connectors please see the following datasheet; |
Updated MLB Farm System Rankings After 2019 Trade Deadline
Updated MLB Farm System Rankings After 2019 Trade Deadline
Now that we've had some time to digest the whirlwind of activity that took place at this year's MLB trade deadline, it's time for an updated look at how all 30 MLB farm systems stack up.
The factors below helped determine the rankings of players and teams:
Potential (Player): Potential trumps production a lot of the time, especially in the lower levels of the minors and with recent draft picks. Skill sets and tools are often better indications of what kind of player someone will be.
Talent (Player): As for guys in the higher levels of the minors who are close to breaking through to the big leagues, production and talent are the determining factors, as these players are viewed as more complete products.
Overall Depth (Team): Having one or two elite prospects is great, but a deep farm system is the way to build a sustainable contender. Depth and collective talent were the biggest factors in ranking each team.
High-End Talent (Team): That being said, there is a difference between a prospect who has a chance of making a big league impact and a prospect who could be a star. Elite prospects served as a tiebreaker of sorts when two teams were close in the rankings.
A tier system is used to help differentiate the varying levels of individual talent.
Tier 1/Top 100 Prospects: Prospects who have elite skill sets and All-Star potential. This is the cream of the prospect crop. These players are identified by where they will fall in our updated top-100 prospect update, which will be released next week.
Tier 2: Prospects who have a good chance of becoming impact MLB contributors. These are the guys who were in consideration for spots on the leaguewide top-100 list and could eventually end up there.
Tier 3: Prospects who profile as fringe MLB contributors or young players who are still too raw to project any higher. This tier represents the bulk of prospects around baseball, though more than a few are capable of climbing to the next tier.
Teams were initially ranked based on the number of Tier 1 and Tier 2 prospects in their systems, and then the rankings were subjectively tweaked from there.
Note: A player must not have passed the rookie-eligibility limits (130 AB, 50 IP, 45 days on an active roster prior to Sept. 1) to be included in these rankings.
30. Boston Red Sox
1 of 30
Bryan MataPatrick McDermott/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. 1B/3B Triston Casas
A
2
2. RHP Bryan Mata
AA
2
3. 3B Bobby Dalbec
AA
3
4. OF Jarren Duran
AA
3
5. RHP Tanner Houck
AAA
3
6. LHP Darwinzon Hernandez
MLB
3
7. RHP Thad Ward
A+
3
8. OF Gilberto Jimenez
A-
3
9. LHP Jay Groome
INJ
3
10. SS C.J. Chatham
AA
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
With Michael Chavis settling in at the MLB level, the Boston Red Sox are now the only team in these rankings without a Tier 1 prospect in its farm system.
The fact that luxury tax penalties pushed them out of the first round of the 2019 draft didn't help any, though it looks like 2018 first-rounder Triston Casas has a chance to develop into an impact hitter. He sits alongside hard-throwing right-hander Bryan Mata as the headliners of the system.
A fifth-round pick in 2018 who was well off the top prospect radar at the start of the season, right-hander Thad Ward has turned heads this year with a 2.13 ERA and 128 strikeouts in 105.2 innings. He's made a smooth transition to starting after pitching in relief at Central Florida.
29. Milwaukee Brewers
2 of 30
Ethan SmallNati Harnik/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Brice Turang
A+
Top 100
2. OF Trent Grisham
MLB
2
3. LHP Ethan Small
ROK
3
4. C Mario Feliciano
A+
3
5. LHP Aaron Ashby
A+
3
6. RHP Drew Rasmussen
AA
3
7. RHP Zack Brown
AAA
3
8. OF Tristen Lutz
A+
3
9. RHP Trey Supak
AAA
3
10. LHP Antoine Kelly
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded:2B Keston Hiura (1), IF Mauricio Dubon (5)
Farm System Snapshot
With Keston Huira graduating to the majors and Mauricio Dubon traded at the deadline, the Milwaukee Brewers are lacking impact talent in a farm system that is littered with intriguing boom-or-bust prospects.
Shortstop Brice Turang is living up to his first-round pedigree with a strong full-season debut, while the prospect formerly known as Trent Clark and presently known as Trent Grisham has resurfaced on the top-prospect scene thanks to a .300/.407/.603 line and 26 home runs in 97 games between Double-A and Triple-A.
Catcher Mario Feliciano is the rising star here. The 20-year-old was the No. 75 overall pick in 2016, and after an injury-plagued 2018 campaign, he has a .769 OPS with 19 doubles and 16 home runs at High-A. With a strong arm and good receiving skills, the emergence of his bat gives him an everyday profile.
28. Chicago Cubs
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Nico HoernerJoe Robbins/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Nico Hoerner
AA
Top 100
2. C Miguel Amaya
A+
2
3. LHP Brailyn Marquez
A
3
4. OF Brennen Davis
A
3
5. RHP Adbert Alzolay
AAA
3
6. RHP Ryan Jensen
A-
3
7. SS Aramis Ademan
A+
3
8. OF Cole Roederer
A
3
9. RHP Kohl Franklin
A-
3
10. RHP Tyson Miller
AAA
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
Nico Hoerner is still the consensus top prospect in the Chicago Cubs system, and 20-year-old Miguel Amaya is close behind as a two-way threat at the catcher position who is ahead of the developmental curve playing at High-A.
However, there are some fast-rising prospects to watch here as well, most notably hard-throwing lefty Brailyn Marquez and toolsy outfielder Brennen Davis, who signed for a $1.1 million bonus as a second-round pick in 2018.
Right-hander Kohl Franklin is another up-and-comer worth keeping an eye on. The 6'4" teenager has posted a 1.52 ERA with 36 strikeouts in 29.2 innings at Low-A, and he still has some projection remaining in his lanky 190-pound frame.
27. Los Angeles Angels
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Jo AdellPatrick McDermott/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. OF Jo Adell
AAA
Top 25
2. OF Brandon Marsh
AA
2
3. OF Jordyn Adams
A
3
4. RHP Jose Soriano
A
3
5. LHP Jose Suarez
MLB
3
6. SS Will Wilson
ROK
3
7. 1B/3B Matt Thaiss
MLB
3
8. SS Jeremiah Jackson
ROK
3
9. LHP Patrick Sandoval
AAA
3
10. OF D'Shawn Knowles
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded:RHP Griffin Canning (2), IF Luis Rengifo (6)
Farm System Snapshot
The Los Angeles Angels don't have the deepest system, but they do have one of the top prospects in all of baseball in five-tool outfielder Jo Adell. The 20-year-old is hitting .308/.390/.553 with 15 doubles and eight home runs in 43 games at Double-A, and he could claim an Opening Day roster spot next season after a recent promotion to Triple-A.
There's an alarming lack of pitching talent in this system, especially considering the current state of things at the MLB level. Jose Suarez and Patrick Sandoval both profile as back-of-the-rotation arms, while Jose Soriano is still growing into his 6'3", 168-pound frame.
If right-hander Chris Rodriguez could ever stay healthy, he might have the highest ceiling of any pitcher in the system. He pitched 9.1 scoreless innings and racked up 13 strikeouts at High-A this season before undergoing surgery to repair a stress fracture in his back.
26. Washington Nationals
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Carter KieboomRich Schultz/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Carter Kieboom
AAA
Top 25
2. SS Luis Garcia
AA
Top 100
3. LHP Tim Cate
A+
3
4. RHP Wil Crowe
AAA
3
5. RHP Jackson Rutledge
A
3
6. RHP Mason Denaburg
ROK
3
7. 3B Drew Mendoza
A
3
8. SS Yasel Antuna
ROK
3
9. RHP Sterling Sharp
AA
3
10. RHP Reid Schaller
A
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
With Carter Kieboom likely to exhaust his prospect status before the end of the season and Luis Garcia hitting a disappointing .253/.280/.303 at Double-A, the Washington Nationals could find their way to the bottom of these rankings by the start of 2020.
The development of 2018 first-rounder Mason Denaburg and 2019 first-rounder Jackson Rutledge will be the key to this system staying afloat, with curveball specialist Tim Cate and burly Wil Crowe ranked more for their floors than their ceilings.
A third-round pick in 2018, Reid Schaller has held opponents to a .195 average in 24.2 innings at Single-A, and he has a 70-grade fastball with easy mechanics. If his secondary stuff doesn't come along as hoped, he has late-inning potential.
With Yordan Alvarez graduating to the majors and three top prospects shipped to the Arizona Diamondbacks in the Zack Greinke trade, the Houston Astros farm system has suffered a precipitous slide down these rankings. That's the cost of doing business with a win-now mentality.
On a positive note, they didn't have to part with Kyle Tucker or Forrest Whitley. Tucker still has middle-of-the-order run producer potential, while Whitley has one of the best arms in baseball if he can right the ship.
Until Whitley gets things sorted, Bryan Abreu looks like the top pitching prospect in the system, and he was recently promoted to the majors to help out in the bullpen. The 22-year-old has an electric curveball, and he has punched out 92 batters in 70.1 innings between High-A and Double-A this year.
24. Colorado Rockies
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Brendan RodgersMatthew Stockman/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Brendan Rodgers
INJ
Top 25
2. LHP Ryan Rolison
A+
Top 100
3. 3B Colton Welker
AA
2
9. 1B/3B Tyler Nevin
AA
3
6. LHP Ben Bowden
AAA
3
4. SS Terrin Vavra
A
3
5. 1B Grant Lavigne
A
3
7. SS Ryan Vilade
A+
3
8. 1B Michael Toglia
A-
3
10. OF Sam Hilliard
AAA
3
Graduated/Traded:RHP Peter Lambert (5)
Farm System Snapshot
Season-ending shoulder surgery will keep infielder Brendan Rodgers from exhausting his prospect eligibility this year. Otherwise, the Colorado Rockies system would fall several spots lower in these rankings.
Lefty Ryan Rolison has a 4.23 ERA with 104 strikeouts in 100 innings between Single-A and High-A this year after going No. 22 overall in 2018. He's now the top pitching prospect in the system and looks to be on the fast track to the majors.
While it's been a disappointing season for a number of the team's position player prospects, Terrin Vavra is hitting .319/.409/.486 with 29 doubles and 10 home runs at Single-A after going in the third round of the 2018 draft.
23. St. Louis Cardinals
8 of 30
Nolan GormanRich Schultz/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. 3B Nolan Gorman
A+
Top 50
2. OF Dylan Carlson
AA
Top 50
3. C Andrew Knizner
MLB
2
4. RHP Ryan Helsley
AAA
3
5. C Ivan Herrera
A+
3
6. 3B Elehuris Montero
AA
3
7. OF Randy Arozarena
AAA
3
8. LHP Zack Thompson
A+
3
9. RHP Johan Oviedo
AA
3
10. OF Jhon Torres
A
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
The St. Louis Cardinals have a pair of elite prospects in slugging third baseman Nolan Gorman, who has already reached High-A as a 19-year-old, and five-tool outfielder Dylan Carlson, who has posted an .891 OPS with 46 extra-base hits and 13 steals at Double-A.
After that duo and MLB-ready catcher Andrew Knizner, who is on the big league roster, there's a fairly steep drop-off to the rest of the team's prospect talent.
Among others to watch, hard-throwing Ryan Helsley and 2019 first-round pick Zack Thompson both have the potential to develop into quality MLB arms, while 19-year-old catcher Ivan Herrera is enjoying a strong full-season debut with a .286/.376/.431 line that includes 10 doubles and nine home runs in 299 plate appearances.
22. New York Mets
9 of 30
Andres GimenezMichael Reaves/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Ronny Mauricio
A
Top 100
2. SS Andres Gimenez
AA
Top 100
3. 3B Brett Baty
ROK
2
4. C Francisco Alvarez
ROK
2
5. 3B Mark Vientos
A
3
6. RHP Matthew Allan
ROK
3
7. LHP David Peterson
AA
3
8. LHP Thomas Szapucki
A+
3
9. RHP Josh Wolf
ROK
3
10. LHP Kevin Smith
AA
3
Graduated/Traded:LHP Anthony Kay (2)
Farm System Snapshot
With Pete Alonso moving on to the majors, Anthony Kay traded to the Toronto Blue Jays and infielder Andres Gimenez falling flat at Double-A with a .694 OPS, the New York Mets farm system is in a state of flux. That said, there's a ton of low-level talent to be excited about, including a trio of high-ceiling 2019 draft picks in Brett Baty, Matthew Allan and Josh Wolf.
Ronny Mauricio was signed to a $2.1 million bonus in 2017, and he's hitting .283/.323/.381 with 27 extra-base hits as an 18-year-old at Single-A. He has star potential and has overtaken Gimenez as the No. 1 prospect in the system.
Fellow international signing Francisco Alvarez was inked to a $2.7 million bonus in 2018, and he's quickly living up to that price tag with a .367/.457/.595 line in 22 rookie ballgames. He's making his stateside debut at the age of 17 and could play his way onto leaguewide top-100 lists in the near future.
21. Texas Rangers
10 of 30
Sam HuffJason Miller/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Age
Tier
1. RHP Hans Crouse
A
Top 100
2. 3B Josh Jung
A
Top 100
3. C Sam Huff
A+
Top 100
4. OF Leody Taveras
AA
2
5. OF Julio Pablo Martinez
A+
3
6. LHP Joe Palumbo
AAA
3
7. SS Osleivis Basabe
ROK
3
8. RHP Ronny Henriquez
A
3
9. RHP Cole Winn
A
3
10. OF Bubba Thompson
A+
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
The arrival of Sam Huff as a top-100 prospect and a strong pro debut from 2019 first-round pick Josh Jung have the Texas Rangers trending upward in our rankings.
Huff, 21, is hitting .298/.352/.571 with 25 home runs in 98 games between Single-A and High-A while continuing to show the defensive skills to be a solid backstop. Jung, the No. 8 overall pick in June, is hitting .379/.431/.500 in 16 games and was quickly promoted to Single-A.
If guys like 2017 first-round pick Bubba Thompson and 2018 first-round pick Cole Winn can get their development on track, this system will continue to climb toward the upper half of the rankings.
20. New York Yankees
11 of 30
Deivi GarciaDarron Cummings/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. RHP Deivi Garcia
AA
Top 50
2. RHP Luis Gil
A
Top 100
3. OF Estevan Florial
A+
Top 100
4. OF Everson Pereira
ROK
2
5. RHP Clarke Schmidt
A+
3
6. RHP Roansy Contreras
A
3
7. OF Antonio Cabello
ROK
3
8. RHP Albert Abreu
AA
3
9. RHP Yoendrys Gomez
A
3
10. RHP Nick Nelson
AA
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
In a system full of high-ceiling arms, Deivi Garcia has separated himself from the pack to emerge as the No. 1 prospect in the New York Yankees' minor league ranks. His undersized 5'9" frame raises durability questions, but his stuff is electric and he has 138 strikeouts in 90.1 innings over three levels this year while reaching Triple-A at the age of 20.
With a 70-grade fastball and a terrific curveball, right-hander Luis Gil has joined him in surpassing outfielder Estevan Florial in the organizational rankings. Rookie-level outfielders Everson Pereira and Antonio Cabello have the tools and potential to do the same before too long.
The pop-up name here is Yoendrys Gomez, who already has three above-average pitches and a projectable 6'3", 175-pound frame. The 19-year-old was recently bumped up to Single-A after a strong showing in the Appalachian League, and how he handles full-season ball will likely determine where he falls on prospect lists next spring.
19. Cincinnati Reds
12 of 30
Tony SantillanNorm Hall/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. RHP Hunter Greene
INJ
Top 50
2. LHP Nick Lodolo
A
Top 100
3. RHP Tony Santillan
AA
Top 100
4. 3B Jonathan India
AA
2
5. C Tyler Stephenson
AA
3
6. OF Mike Siani
A
3
7. 3B Tyler Callihan
ROK
3
8. SS Jose Israel Garcia
A+
3
9. 3B Rece Hinds
ROK
3
10. OF Jameson Hannah
A+
3
Graduated/Traded: OF Taylor Trammell (1)
Farm System Snapshot
The decision to move outfielder Taylor Trammell in the Trevor Bauer deal cost the Cincinnati Reds their top prospect, and that is reflected in their slide down these rankings.
Injured right-hander Hunter Greene is now the No. 1 prospect in the system, followed closely by 2019 first-round pick Nick Lodolo, who was arguably the best arm among this year's college crop.
The results still don't match the stuff for Tony Santillan, and he'll need to show something soon to maintain his standing as a Tier 1 prospect. There's a lot riding on recent picks like Mike Siani, Tyler Callihan and Rece Hinds if this group hopes to climb back into the top half of the rankings.
18. Pittsburgh Pirates
13 of 30
Ke'Bryan HayesMichael Reaves/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. 3B Ke'Bryan Hayes
AAA
Top 50
2. RHP Mitch Keller
AAA
Top 50
3. SS Oneil Cruz
A+
Top 100
4. OF Travis Swaggerty
A+
2
5. OF Calvin Mitchell
A+
3
6. RHP Quinn Priester
ROK
3
7. RHP Cody Bolton
AA
3
8. 2B Kevin Kramer
AAA
3
9. OF Sammy Siani
ROK
3
10. SS Ji-Hwan Bae
A
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
The Pittsburgh Pirates farm system is still headlined by sweet-swinging third baseman Ke'Bryan Hayes and polished right-hander Mitch Keller, with high-ceiling shortstop Oneil Cruz not far behind.
The addition of No. 18 overall pick Quinn Priester in this year's draft and a breakout season from 2017 sixth-round pick Cody Bolton gives the team two more intriguing arms to eventually replace Keller as the top pitching prospects. Bolton, 21, has a 2.67 ERA with 94 strikeouts in 91 innings and a .188 opponents' batting average between High-A and Double-A.
First baseman Will Craig is finally showing the power that made him a first-round pick in 2016 with 20 home runs in 99 games at Triple-A. He just missed cracking the top 10. The 24-year-old is blocked by a Josh Bell, so it will be interesting to see if he winds up being used as a trade chip.
17. Oakland Athletics
14 of 30
A.J. PukChristian Petersen/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. LHP Jesus Luzardo
AAA
Top 25
2. LHP A.J. Puk
AAA
Top 50
3. C Sean Murphy
AAA
Top 100
4. SS Jorge Mateo
AAA
2
5. RHP Daulton Jefferies
AA
3
8. OF Austin Beck
A+
3
6. 3B Sheldon Neuse
AAA
3
7. SS Nick Allen
A+
3
9. SS Logan Davidson
A-
3
10. SS Robert Puason
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded:OF Jameson Hannah (10)
Farm System Snapshot
It will be interesting to see what the Oakland Athletics farm system looks like by the end of the season. Assuming they are all able to get and stay healthy, A.J. Puk, Jesus Luzardo, Sean Murphy, Jorge Mateo and Sheldon Neuse could all conceivably join the MLB roster at some point before October.
Once that group exits the prospect picture, this system is going to plummet down the rankings.
Right-hander Daulton Jefferies, who was the No. 37 pick in the 2016 draft, is finally healthy and turning some heads with a 3.34 ERA and an 80-to-8 strikeout-to-walk ratio in 70 innings between High-A and Double-A.
The front office spent $5.1 million to sign Robert Puason as part of this year's international free-agent class. He has all the tools to be a two-way standout at shortstop and a 6'3", 165-pound frame that offers plenty of power potential.
16. Cleveland Indians
15 of 30
Bobby BradleyJoe Robbins/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. 3B Nolan Jones
AA
Top 50
2. RHP Triston McKenzie
AA
Top 100
3. SS Tyler Freeman
A+
Top 100
4. RHP Ethan Hankins
A-
2
5. LHP Logan Allen
AAA
2
6. OF George Valera
A-
3
7. C Bo Naylor
A
3
8. SS Brayan Rocchio
A-
3
9. RHP Daniel Espino
ROK
3
10. 1B Bobby Bradley
AAA
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
The Cleveland Indians added Yasiel Puig and Franmil Reyes to the MLB outfield as part of the Trevor Bauer trade, and they also picked up MLB-ready left-hander Logan Allen who slots in as the team's No. 5 prospect.
While the trio of Nolan Jones, Triston McKenzie and Tyler Freeman once again occupies the top three spots on the organizational list, hard-throwing Ethan Hankins might crash the party before too long. A candidate to go No. 1 overall in the 2018 draft before shoulder issues during the spring caused him to slip to the No. 35 pick, Hankins has a 1.26 ERA with 37 strikeouts and a .171 BAA in 35.2 innings.
Just missing the cut here is second baseman Aaron Bracho. Signed for $1.5 million out of Venezuela in 2017, he's hitting .305/.412/.642 with 18 extra-base hits in 26 games in his stateside debut. His limited defensive profile takes away from his upside a bit, but the bat looks legit.
15. Philadelphia Phillies
16 of 30
Alec BohmTony Dejak/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. 3B Alec Bohm
AA
Top 25
2. RHP Spencer Howard
AA
Top 100
3. RHP Adonis Medina
AA
2
4. SS Bryson Stott
A-
2
5. OF Adam Haseley
MLB
2
6. RHP Francisco Morales
A
3
7. SS Luis Garcia
A
3
8. C Rafael Marchan
A
3
9. LHP Damon Jones
AAA
3
10. LHP Erik Miller
A-
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
Even after parting with No. 1 prospect Sixto Sanchez in the J.T. Realmuto trade during the offseason, the Philadelphia Phillies still have a solid farm system.
After a disappointing pro debut, Alec Bohm has quickly asserted himself as one of the game's most dangerous power prospects, hitting .304/.371/.513 with 25 doubles and 15 home runs while climbing two levels to Double-A. He's now a top-25 prospect and climbing.
In Sanchez's absence, right-hander Spencer Howard is the club's top pitching prospect. A second-round pick in 2017, the 6'3" right-hander has a polished four-pitch mix, and he's been dominant this season with a 1.80 ERA, .174 opponents batting average and 66 strikeouts against nine walks in 45 innings.
Lefty Damon Jones is another upper-level arm to keep an eye on. He's turned in a 2.74 ERA with 132 strikeouts in 95.1 innings while reaching Triple-A this year after starting the season well off the prospect radar.
14. San Francisco Giants
17 of 30
Joey BartRoss D. Franklin/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Age
Tier
1. C Joey Bart
A+
Top 25
2. OF Heliot Ramos
A+
Top 50
3. SS Marco Luciano
ROK
Top 50
4. OF Hunter Bishop
A-
2
5. RHP Logan Webb
AA
2
6. OF Alexander Canario
A-
3
7. LHP Seth Corry
A
3
8. IF Mauricio Dubon
AAA
3
9. RHP Sean Hjelle
A+
3
10. 3B Luis Toribio
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded:RHP Shaun Anderson (6)
Farm System Snapshot
Mauricio Dubon's addition helped the San Francisco Giants climb a few spots in these rankings, but their jump into the top 15 is largely because of strong showings from low-level prospects such as Marco Luciano, Alexander Canario, Seth Corry and Luis Toribio.
Luciano in particular looks like a budding superstar. The 17-year-old is hitting .339/.456/.661 with eight doubles, two triples and nine home runs in 31 games during his stateside debut against older competition. He has the full toolbox and ranks as a top-50 prospect in baseball.
Corry is the under-the-radar name to know. The 20-year-old lefty has racked up 129 strikeouts in 92.1 innings while posting a 1.85 ERA and lowering his walk rate to a passable 4.7 BB/9. He'll need to take another step forward with his command, and there's some excess effort in his delivery, but the results have been eye-opening.
13. Detroit Tigers
18 of 30
Casey MizeMark Cunningham/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. RHP Casey Mize
AA
Top 25
2. RHP Matt Manning
AA
Top 25
3. OF Riley Greene
A-
Top 100
4. SS Isaac Paredes
AA
2
5. RHP Alex Faedo
AA
2
6. LHP Tarik Skubal
AA
3
7. C Jake Rogers
MLB
3
8. SS Willi Castro
AAA
3
9. OF Daz Cameron
AAA
3
10. RHP Franklin Perez
A+
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
At some point, the Detroit Tigers need to develop some quality position-player prospects. For now, the presence of Casey Mize and Matt Manning atop a deep stable of quality of arms is still enough to land them just outside the top 10 in these rankings.
Infielder Isaac Paredes is holding his own as a 20-year-old at Double-A, and catcher Jake Rogers is having a solid bounce-back year at the plate with an .845 OPS and 14 home runs between Double-A and Triple-A. Those two appear to have the best shot of emerging as impact big leaguers from the current crop of minor league talent.
Left-hander Tarik Skubal has been one of the breakout prospects of 2019, showing an advanced four-pitch mix and posting a 2.50 ERA with 147 strikeouts in 104.1 innings between High-A and Double-A. He was a ninth-round pick in 2018 out of Seattle University, and the Tigers saw enough then to give him an above-slot $350,000 bonus.
12. Baltimore Orioles
19 of 30
Adley RutschmanNick Wass/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. C Adley Rutschman
A-
Top 25
2. RHP Grayson Rodriguez
A
Top 50
3. LHP DL Hall
A+
Top 100
4. 1B Ryan Mountcastle
AAA
Top 100
5. OF Yusniel Diaz
AA
2
6. RHP Michael Baumann
AA
3
7. OF Austin Hays
AAA
3
8. LHP Zac Lowther
AA
3
9. SS Gunnar Henderson
ROK
3
10. RHP Dean Kremer
AA
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
There's nothing like having the No. 1 overall pick to give your farm system a shot in the arm. Oregon State star Adley Rutschman immediately became the top catching prospect in baseball when he started his pro career this summer, and he has the polished two-way game to move quickly through the minors.
Meanwhile, Grayson Rodriguez and DL Hall have broken out as two of the better pitching prospects in the sport. Rodriguez has a 2.74 ERA with 97 strikeouts in 72.1 innings in his full-season debut after going No. 11 overall last June, while the lefty Hall has 101 punchouts in 69 innings with a 3.52 ERA at High-A.
The prospect who has raised his stock the most is right-hander Michael Baumann. With a durable 6'4", 225-pound frame and a four-pitch repertoire, he has the look of a big league starter, and he's posted a 2.72 ERA with 116 strikeouts and a .181 opponent batting average in 92.2 innings in High-A and Double-A this year.
11. Kansas City Royals
20 of 30
Kris BubicTony Dejak/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Bobby Witt Jr.
ROK
Top 50
2. RHP Brady Singer
AA
Top 100
3. LHP Daniel Lynch
A+
Top 100
4. RHP Jackson Kowar
AA
Top 100
5. OF Khalil Lee
AA
2
6. LHP Kris Bubic
A+
2
7. OF Kyle Isbel
A+
3
8. C MJ Melendez
A+
3
9. SS Brady McConnell
ROK
3
10. LHP Austin Cox
A+
3
Graduated/Traded:IF Nicky Lopez (7)
Farm System Snapshot
The Kansas City Royals are the perfect example of how a farm system can be rebuilt through good drafting and player development.
Bobby Witt Jr. and Brady McConnell were both 2019 draft picks. Brady Singer, Daniel Lynch, Jackson Kowar, Kris Bubic, Kyle Isbel and Austin Cox were all part of the 2018 draft class. MJ Melendez was a second-rounder in 2017. Khalil Lee was taken in the third round in 2016.
That entire crop of talent, aside from the 2019 selections, could be ready for the big leagues by 2021, with some like Singer and Kowar perhaps arriving in 2020. That's why the Royals targeted prospects who were close to MLB-ready in trades, and that's why they refused to back down from their asking price on Whit Merrifield.
The 2021 season is going to be fun.
10. Miami Marlins
21 of 30
Isan DiazStreeter Lecka/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. RHP Sixto Sanchez
AA
Top 25
2. OF JJ Bleday
A+
Top 100
3. OF Jesus Sanchez
AAA
Top 100
4. SS Jazz Chisholm
AA
Top 100
5. 2B Isan Diaz
AAA
Top 100
6. OF Monte Harrison
AAA
2
7. RHP Edward Cabrera
AA
3
8. LHP Braxton Garrett
A+
3
9. LHP Trevor Rogers
A+
3
10. SS Jose Devers
A+
3
Graduated/Traded:RHP Zac Gallen (7)
Farm System Snapshot
After selling off Christian Yelich, Marcell Ozuna and Giancarlo Stanton for what seemed like pennies on the dollar in the 2017-18 offseason following an ownership change, the Miami Marlins had a far more successful foray into the trade market at this year's deadline.
Flipping high-floor MLB starters Zac Gallen and Trevor Richards in deals to acquire underperforming, high-ceiling prospects Jazz Chisholm and Jesus Sanchez is a swing-for-the-fences move, and it's the perfect approach given the state of the franchise.
If Miami can find a way to unload Starlin Castro, whether it's a waiver dump or an outright release, Isan Diaz is champing at the bit to take over as the everyday second baseman with a .300/.391/.573 line with 20 doubles and 25 home runs at Triple-A.
Not to be overlooked, 2016 first-round pick Braxton Garrett and 2017 first-round pick Trevor Rogers are healthy and pitching well at High-A Jupiter. Garrett, who was taken No. 7 overall, still has No. 2 starter upside.
9. Seattle Mariners
22 of 30
Evan WhiteDarron Cummings/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. OF Jarred Kelenic
A+
Top 25
2. RHP Logan Gilbert
AA
Top 50
3. OF Julio Rodriguez
A
Top 50
4. RHP Justin Dunn
AA
Top 100
5. 1B Evan White
AA
2
6. LHP Justus Sheffield
AA
2
7. RHP George Kirby
A-
3
8. C Cal Raleigh
AA
3
9. OF Jake Fraley
AAA
3
10. SS Noelvi Marte
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
What a difference a year makes. When we put together our post-trade deadline farm rankings last season, the Seattle Mariners were last at No. 30. In one calendar year, they've made their way inside the top 10.
The emergence of Logan Gilbert as a top-50 prospect helped, as did the offseason blockbuster to acquire Jarred Kelenic and Justin Dunn from the New York Mets. The also added Justus Sheffield (via the Yankees) and Jake Fraley (via the Rays) in offseason trades, with Fraley coming over in the Mike Zunino deal.
It's still early, but Cal Raleigh is looking like one of the steals of the 2018 draft. The Florida State Seminole went in the third round at No. 90 overall, and he's already reached Double-A while posting a .251/.331/.494 line that includes 20 doubles, 22 home runs and 70 RBI. He has a chance to be an above-average defender, but even as a passable backstop, his bat would make him an asset.
8. Los Angeles Dodgers
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Dustin MayDarron Cummings/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Gavin Lux
AAA
Top 25
2. RHP Dustin May
MLB
Top 25
3. C Keibert Ruiz
AAA
Top 100
4. C/3B Will Smith
MLB
Top 100
5. 3B Kody Hoese
A
2
6. RHP Josiah Gray
AA
2
7. 2B Michael Busch
A
3
8. SS Jeter Downs
A+
3
9. RHP Tony Gonsolin
AAA
3
10. C Diego Cartaya
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
The Los Angeles Dodgers left their bullpen largely unaddressed at the trade deadline partially because of an unwillingness to part with Gavin Lux or Dustin May. If you'll recall, they placed similar untouchable labels on Corey Seager, Cody Bellinger and Walker Buehler, and those decisions worked out pretty well.
Even after a stellar 2018 season, Lux has a case for being the breakout prospect of 2019. The 21-year-old is hitting .354/.423/.624 with 21 home runs between Double-A and Triple-A, and he's posted a ridiculous .457/.537/.876 line in 25 games since being promoted to Oklahoma City. He went from a back-end top 100 prospect to a top-10 talent.
The front office shelled out a healthy $2.5 million bonus for catching prospect Diego Cartaya last summer, and he's already playing stateside. His bat trails his advanced defensive game, but there's enough offensive potential to warrant the Salvador Perez comparisons from MLB.com.
7. Chicago White Sox
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Luis RobertRon Vesely/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. OF Luis Robert
AAA
Top 25
2. RHP Dylan Cease
MLB
Top 50
3. RHP Michael Kopech
INJ
Top 50
4. 1B Andrew Vaughn
A
Top 100
5. SS Nick Madrigal
AA
Top 100
6. RHP Dane Dunning
INJ
2
7. OF Blake Rutherford
AA
3
8. RHP Jonathan Stiever
A+
3
9. OF Steele Walker
A+
3
10. C/1B Zack Collins
MLB
3
Graduated/Traded:None
Farm System Snapshot
Even after graduating slugger Eloy Jimenez to the majors, the Chicago White Sox have an impressive farm system. It's a bit top-heavy with little in the way of high-ceiling talent beyond the best 15 or so guys, but there's a lot of potential in that group.
Luis Robert is hitting .349/.405/.638 with 25 doubles, 22 home runs and 34 steals over three levels, and he hasn't missed a beat since being promoted to Triple-A on July 6. He'll be in the majors early in 2020, if not sooner.
With Dylan Cease close to exhausting his prospect eligibility and both Michael Kopech and Dane Dunning on the rehab trail from Tommy John surgery, the emergence of Jonathan Stiever has been a welcome development. The 2018 fifth-round pick has a good four-pitch mix, a strong 6'2" frame and plus athleticism, giving him middle-of-the-rotation upside. The 22-year-old has a 3.78 ERA with 128 strikeouts and just 22 walks in 119 innings between Single-A and High-A.
6. Toronto Blue Jays
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Nate PearsonJoe Robbins/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Bo Bichette
MLB
Top 25
2. RHP Nate Pearson
AA
Top 25
3. SS Jordan Groshans
A
Top 100
4. RHP Eric Pardinho
A
Top 100
5. LHP Anthony Kay
AAA
Top 100
6. RHP Alek Manoah
A-
2
7. OF Griffin Conine
A
3
8. RHP Simeon Woods-Richardson
A
3
9. C Gabriel Moreno
A
3
10. 3B Miguel Hiraldo
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded:2B/OF Cavan Biggio (5)
Farm System Snapshot
It's a testament to the quality of depth in the Toronto Blue Jays system that even with Vladimir Guerrero Jr. and Cavan Biggio's major league promotions and Anthony Alford's failure to meet expectations, this is still the No. 6 farm system.
Recently promoted Bo Bichette and flame-throwing Nate Pearson are elite prospects, while a case can be made that 2019 first-rounder Alek Manoah should join Jordan Groshans, Eric Pardinho and newly acquired Anthony Kay at the back of the top 100.
The international pipeline has also not run dry. Catcher Gabriel Moreno is hitting .314/.377/.539 with 24 extra-base hits as a 19-year-old at Single-A, third baseman Miguel Hiraldo is batting .293/.344/.464 in his first full season stateside, and shortstop Orelvis Martinez is already in the U.S. after signing for $3.5 million last summer.
5. Minnesota Twins
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Alex KirilloffBrace Hemmelgarn/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Royce Lewis
AA
Top 25
2. OF Alex Kirilloff
AA
Top 25
3. RHP Brusdar Graterol
AA
Top 50
4. RHP Jordan Balazovic
A+
Top 100
5. OF Trevor Larnach
AA
Top 100
6. RHP Jhoan Duran
AA
2
7. 3B Keoni Cavaco
ROK
3
8. OF Brent Rooker
AAA
3
9. C Ryan Jeffers
AA
3
10. OF Misael Urbina
ROK
3
Graduated/Traded: None
Farm System Snapshot
The Minnesota Twins clung to their top prospects at the trade deadline, and it could cost them an AL Central title. Then again, few teams have more impact homegrown talent in the majors, so it's hard to argue with their organizational approach.
Royce Lewis and Alex Kirilloff have both disappointed relative to expectations and their 2018 level of production, but both still have superstar upside. If Brusdar Graterol can stay healthy, he has the stuff to be baseball's best pitching prospect. The emergence of Jordan Balazovic gives them another top-tier pitching prospect, while Jhoan Duran is not far behind.
Outfielder Misael Urbina cost $2.75 million as one of the top prospects on the 2018 international market, and he's hitting .294/.398/.485 with 18 extra-base hits, 17 steals and more walks (17) than strikeouts (11) in 37 games in the Dominican Summer League. Remember that name.
4. Atlanta Braves
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Ian AndersonDarron Cummings/Associated Press
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. OF Cristian Pache
AA
Top 25
2. RHP Ian Anderson
AA
Top 25
3. OF Drew Waters
AA
Top 50
4. RHP Kyle Wright
AAA
Top 100
5. LHP Kyle Muller
AA
Top 100
6. C William Contreras
AA
2
7. C Shea Langeliers
A
2
8. RHP Bryse Wilson
AAA
3
9. SS Braden Shewmake
A
3
10. RHP Huascar Ynoa
AAA
3
Graduated/Traded:3B/OF Austin Riley (2), LHP Joey Wentz (10)
Farm System Snapshot
The Atlanta Braves did well to add Shane Greene and Mark Melancon to a bullpen that was in serious need of help, and they did it without parting with any of their top-tier prospects.
What was once a pitching-heavy system is headlined by two of the best outfield prospects in baseball in Cristian Pache and Drew Waters. Pache, 20, has Gold Glove defensive tools in center field, and he's hitting .278/.340/.478 with 27 doubles, eight triples and 11 home runs at Double-A. He's a top 10 prospect in baseball.
With so many of the team's pitching prospects reaching the majors, the system has thinned out, but the additions of Shea Langeliers and Braden Shewmake in this year's draft helped them maintain a spot inside the top five. Make no mistake: This is still a stacked group.
3. Arizona Diamondbacks
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Alek ThomasBrace Hemmelgarn/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. OF Kristian Robinson
A-
Top 50
2. OF Alek Thomas
A
Top 100
3. 1B/OF Seth Beer
AA
Top 100
4. RHP Jon Duplantier
AAA
Top 100
5. RHP Corbin Martin
INJ
Top 100
6. C Daulton Varsho
AA
2
7. OF Corbin Carroll
ROK
2
8. RHP Zac Gallen
MLB
2
9. SS Geraldo Perdomo
A
3
10. RHP Levi Kelly
A
3
Graduated/Traded:SS Jazz Chisholm (3)
Farm System Snapshot
The Arizona Diamondbacks at No. 3?!
With the haul they acquired in the Zack Greinke trade and the emergence of Alek Thomas as an elite prospect, this is now one of baseball's deepest farm systems.
That's to say nothing of shortstop Geraldo Perdomo, who is hitting .268/.394/.357 with 21 extra-base hits, 20 steals and the same number of walks and strikeouts (56) as a 19-year-old at Single-A. He just missed the cut for a Tier 2 grade.
Not included in the organizational top 10 are J.B. Bukauskas, Matt Tabor, Brennan Malone, Drey Jameson and Taylor Widener, who would all rank among the top pitching prospects in many other systems. This farm is suddenly loaded with quality arms, and the addition of Zac Gallen to the MLB team will go a long way toward easing the loss of Greinke in the short term.
2. Tampa Bay Rays
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Vidal BrujanMark Cunningham/Getty Images
Top 10 Prospects
Name
Level
Tier
1. SS Wander Franco
A
Top 25
2. LHP/DH Brendan McKay
AAA
Top 25
3. 2B Vidal Brujan
A+
Top 50
4. LHP Matthew Liberatore
A
Top 100
5. 1B Nate Lowe
MLB
Top 100
6. RHP Shane Baz
A
Top 100
7. C Ronaldo Hernandez
A+
2
8. RHP Brent Honeywell
INJ
2
9. LHP Shane McClanahan
A+
2
10. SS Greg Jones
A-
3
Graduated/Traded: OF Jesus Sanchez (3)
Farm System Snapshot
Low-cost prospect talent is the lifeblood of the small-market Tampa Bay Rays, and they appear to be well-stocked with an impressive collection of up-and-coming players.
Shortstop Wander Franco is not only the No. 1 prospect in the organization but also in all of baseball. The 18-year-old is hitting .330/.404/.512 with 37 extra-base hits and 18 steals between Single-A and High-A, and he won't turn 19 until next March. This is a special talent with superstar upside.
Catcher Ronaldo Hernandez and left-hander Shane McClanahan just missed joining six others on our top 100 prospect list, while the injured Brent Honeywell is more than capable of jumping back onto that list as well once he's fully recovered from Tommy John surgery.
The decision to trade Nick Solak for a minor league reliever speaks to the team's belief in Vidal Brujan as a long-term middle infield option. The 21-year-old is already playing at Double-A and has a .288/.349/.400 line with 21 extra-base hits and 40 steals on the year.
The rich got richer when the San Diego Padres turned expendable slugger Franmil Reyes and high-floor left-hander Logan Allen into Taylor Trammell in the three-team Trevor Bauer deal. The 21-year-old has struggled a bit at Double-A, but few prospects in baseball have a higher ceiling, and he's now the team's center fielder of the future.
Jumping into the top 100 mix is catcher Luis Campusano. The 20-year-old was a second-round pick in 2017, and he's found his offensive stroke this year at High-A, hitting .326/.393/.509 with 25 doubles and 11 home runs. Already viewed as a plus defender, he now profiles as a future everyday catcher.
Even with Luis Urias set to drop off this list soon and both Adrian Morejon and Andres Munoz playing alongside him in the majors, the Padres appear to have a firm grip on the No. 1 spot. |
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