text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
|---|
The Arlen Spectacle
The bullet entered the president’s neck, bounced off his necktie, made a right turn in midair, entered Governor Connolly’s back, broke a rib, and exited his arm after breaking his wrist. Following perhaps the most exhaustive trip ever taken by a rifle round, it was found — in pristine condition — in the stretcher bearing the governor. It was, indeed, “the magic bullet”.
Well, there actually was another explanation — that more than that one bullet did all that damage — but that would mean more than one person would have to have shot at President Kennedy’s motorcade on November 22nd, 1963. And that, of course, would imply a conspiracy, which if brought to light, might cause panic in the public and eventually implicate J. Edgar Hoover among others. The CIA? The Mob? A dilemma for the blue ribbon panels investigating the assassination — as Rumsfeld might say, “it was getting messy”.
So, better to present a “lone crazy Communist” narrative which people can get a grip on. But how to explain all the mayhem with just three shots? Well, in another spectacular instance of “fixing evidence to fit a preexisting theory” (sound familiar?), a young staff counsel for the Warren Commission, with his straight-face fable of the “magic bullet,” was able to neatly tidy things up and put a bow on it.
That young counsel was, of course, one Arlen Specter. It was his first appearance on the national scene — disingenuous and calculating. He has not lacked in consistency in the intervening 47 years. Even his recent defection from the Republican Party to the Democratic has a lot of the “magic bullet” ethos.
When the headline declared “Specter Switching to Democratic Party,” it appeared to be an act of principle. And why wouldn’t it be? After being thoroughly Limbaughed for voting for the President’s stimulus package, coupled with his party’s relentless “just say no” campaign — not just “no” to Obama, but “no” to rejecting the gamut of failed Bush policies — one could believe Arlen Specter just didn’t want to know these people anymore.
But we might have known the master of the “magic bullet” was not as pristine as the famous projectile.
Well, uh, OK, we’re not a long-step party. God knows, we’ve had to contend with Lieberman, two Nelsons, and a Bayh.
And then, as if to really drive home the point, this new Democrat vowed to vote down rather key things on the Democratic wish list — like health care, the Employee Free Choice Act, and Dawn Johnson (Obama’s nomination to head the scandalized White House Office of Legal Counsel).
Well, what the hell was going on? Who needed this guy? Well, it didn’t take Mort Sahl to dig up the truth; Specter busted himself — he basically switched parties because he knew he could not win the Pennsylvania Republican primary in 2010.
So many Pennsylvania Republican voters had fled to the Democratic party — on principle, I would suggest — that what was left was dominated by the “23 percenters” John Dean talks about — religious zealots, gun huggers, anti-immigration fear mongers, and Grover Norquist-forged tax haters. And certainly not fans of an “ultra liberal” like Arlen Specter. Indeed Norquisit-ite Pat Toomey was crushing Specter in a poll just before D (for defection) Day.
So, Specter’s defection was about — Specter! His job was in jeopardy (can’t blame the man; these are tough times — thanks to the Bush economic gambits that he did little to help quell in his days as a “Liberal “Republican ). Principles had nothing to do with it — just as they had nothing to do with his accepting the help of the Bush Administration, and Rick Santorum, in his tough re-election bid in 2004 (also against that guy Toomey) — just as principles had nothing to do with his abetting the evisceration of Anita Hill at the infamous judiciary hearings of 1991 — resulting in the confirmation of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, perhaps the most reliably ultra right-wing justices ever to serve — except for Antonin Scalia.
Evidently, Arlen Specter doesn’t care if there is an “R” or a “D” after his name, as long as there is “Senator” in front. (As an aside, I would have much preferred that Lincoln Chafee changed his stripes, wouldn’t you? But then the very principles that made Chafee Chafee prevented him from doing such a thing; now he’s running for governor of Rhode Island as an “I”).
During the little window of joy Specter allowed us, President Obama and Keystone State fixer Governor Ed Rendell embraced him — probably literally, if they could — because at the very least it undeniably was a P.R. coup. But was part of the defection deal to “smooth” the path for Specter’s re-election by not allowing any Democratic primary opposition?
After the buzz-kill press conference, what are we, and more importantly, the Pennsylvania voters, left with? Like the twists and turns of the 1963 slug that made his bones, Specter seemed to be at once trashing (or at least mistrusting) the Republican voters of Pennsylvania, and currying support of those who have voted for him several times (Don’t worry, I’m not really a Democrat!). And he knows he has Democratic voters by the short hairs” in the general elextion, (if indeed Specter is given a pass in the primary), the huge new glut of Democratic voters are left with either literally holding their noses and voting for the right wing Republican nominee. Such a deal!
So that was our bizarre week with Arlen. The bloom could not have come off a rose faster — already he’s been knocked down to the level of “neophyte Senator” by a disenchanted Democratic caucus. But the Senator thinks he just makes a little jag to the left, and the right, he’ll come out pristine in the end. I’ve figured out his strategy: this time Arlen himself is the magic bullet!
But like his bullet, it’s all false, it’s all illusion. One defies physics and the other defies the new politics of Obama. (And p.s. — I’m not buying Specter’s “gaff” about hoping Norm Coleman gets seated in Minnesota).
What Specter might’ve done — albeit messy and fraught with distinct risks (like unemployment) — would have been to stick with his grand old party (screw the “filibuster-proof majority” fantasy) and fight it out, come what may — MAKE his reactionary brethren and sisteren reject Limbaughism. But that would’ve required guts and principles. Arlen opted for the easy solution, once again.
If Pennsylvania Democrats are true to THEIR principles, they will run a strong candidate, such as Rep. Joe Sestak, an actual Democrat, against Specter in the primary — come what May!
This time around, reject that magic bullet.
by Robert Illes
Robert Illes is an Emmy winning television writer and producer, currently developing series for Nickelodeon and TV Land. He is an LA native, and a graduate of USC, who lived in Sherman Oaks for 23 years before escaping to Santa Monica (but visits a lot). A member of Valley Democrats United, Bob is also an AirAmericaRadio freak, active in the Writers Guild mentor program, as well as the Democratic party, and is constantly Bush bashing, fighting for verifiable voting procedures, and fighting against Jerry’s Deli showing Fox News on their overhead TVs. What’s the matter with those people!?
Internet radio show “Funny is Money” starring Bob Illes is now on nightly at 7 PM Pacific time www.shokusradio.com CHECK IT OUT!
Reprinted with permission from the Valley Democrats United newsletter, Margie Murray, Editor, where the article first appeared.
Posted on May 22, 2009
About Robert Illes
Robert Illes is an Emmy winning television writer and producer, currently developing series for Nickelodeon and TV Land. He is an LA native, and a graduate of USC, who lived in Sherman Oaks for 23 years before escaping to Santa Monica (but visits a lot). A member of Valley Democrats United, Bob is also an AirAmericaRadio freak, active in the Writers Guild mentor program, as well as the Democratic party, and is constantly Bush bashing, fighting for verifiable voting procedures, and fighting against Jerry's Deli showing Fox News on their overhead TVs. What's the matter with those people!? Internet radio show "Funny is Money" starring Bob Illes is now on nightly at 7 PM Pacific time www.shokusradio.com
Comments
Hopefully the Dems can keep him underwraps. Hes experienced enough to know that the part that stays on messge does better. The Dems need to use the power of small and make sure all their details are lined up- that every party member, spokesperson and supporter is on message.
Wellness
Carole Bartolotto: The problem with concluding that GMOs are safe is that the argument for their safety rests solely on animal studies. These studies are offered as evidence that the debate over GMOs is over. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Environmentalism
Walker Foley: Elected officials seem to think there’s only one side of this property rights argument. The people who live in these communities have rights too, but the oil companies seem to have the jump on [the politicians’] side of the fence. |
Wisconsin health officials said there are at least nine suspected cases of Enterovirus in the state.
Advertisement Nine suspected cases of Enterovirus now in Wisconsin Share Shares Copy Link Copy
Doctors suspect there are at least nine cases of the rare and potentially deadly Enterovirus D68 have hit Wisconsin.The respiratory and stomach illness is now confirmed or suspected in at least 28 states.Hundreds of children have been hospitalized all over the country with symptoms of the virus.But some doctors fear the numbers could be worse. Many local health care providers are allegedly not testing for the virus.With children heading back to school, it's easy to overlook the sniffles."Somebody who is in the hospital, particularly in the ICU and has an unexplained respiratory illness, then it is our procedure that we would test," said Dr. Nasia Safdar, director of Infection Control at the University of Wisconsin Hospital in Madison.Over the last few days, one patient showed up to the University of Wisconsin hospital with serious symptoms. Clinics in Milwaukee have been busy as well."We have seen a lot of respiratory illnesses in the outpatient setting," said Dr. Paley, M.D. at Bayshore Pediatrics with Children's Hospital of Wisconsin.Paley said there are about 100 strains of Enterovirus -- much like hand, foot and mouth disease. Most of the time, symptoms are comparable to the common cold."We don't test for each in each and every . There is not a cure for it. There is not a medicine for it. So we treat it like we treat everything else," Paley said.Paley suggested parents watch for signs. "If you start to have problems breathing, if you're wheezing, if you're looking sicker after a few days instead of getting better, we need to see you because maybe it is more severe. Maybe it is this virus that we are seeing in other states putting children in the hospital," Paley said.Samples of the nine suspected cases in the Madison area were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Officials said the results should be back in about one week.In the meantime, doctors encourage everyone to practice good hygiene to counter the virus. |
Q:
Getting different values from a row in Excell
I want to to look up the values from a row wich column1=certainvalue that the user chooses in the sheet , how can i do that? Ive looked it up but I cant seem to find anything regarding that.
A:
I guess you need VLOOKUP function something as:
=VLOOKUP(E2,A2:B6,2,TRUE)
this formula looks for the value in Cell E2 (i.e. name4) in the Column A and will return value from Column B
See image for reference
|
Lifestyle Is This Keanu Reeves Movie Character Stoned? Rebecca Kelley September 2, 2016 Share Twitter Facebook Share Print
Keanu Reeves, a man who seems to embody the personification of zen if it were a walking, talking entity, was born September 2nd, 1964. Although he has brought a diverse array of characters to life throughout his 30+ year film career, he’s often thought of as having a somewhat typecast personality, a surfer dude-bro who enjoys chill vibes and sparking up a fat J. In reality, the Lebanon-born, Hawaii-raised Reeves is a humble man known for his incredible generosity, intelligence, and musical talents as well as his on-screen roles.
While there are numerous unconfirmed reports of Reeves’ enjoyment of cannabis in real life, he has been quoted as saying he doesn’t “really think of marijuana as a scourge on society,” which is good enough for me. So in honor of one of the most beloved working actors who’s brought us some of the most enjoyable, cerebral, action-packed, and just plain funny movies, we look back on Reeves’ expansive film career and determine whether some of his most iconic characters were, in fact, stoned.
Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure (1989)
Character: Ted “Theodore” Logan, a high school slacker who needs to get a good grade on his history oral final to cement the future’s utopian society status
IMDb Synopsis: “Two seemingly dumb teens struggle to prepare a historical presentation with the help of a time machine.”
Standout Quote: “I believe our adventure through time has taken a most serious turn.”
Was He Stoned? Must you even ask? You know Bill and Ted would have been BFFs with another iconic cinematic stoner, Jeff Spicoli, bonding over their inability to pass History and their mutual love of garage band-quality music. It’s not a stretch to assume this excellent adventure was made even more excellent with some top-shelf buds.
(Also, for the sake of moving this along, I’m going to go ahead and assume that Ted was equally stoned throughout some or all of Bill and Ted’s Bogus Journey.)
Point Break (1991)
Character: Johnny friggin’ Utah, college football quarterback-turned FBI agent turned secret love of Bodhi’s life (behind the “50-Year Storm” wave, of course)
IMDb Synopsis: “An FBI agent goes undercover to catch a gang of surfers who may be bank robbers.” (And it. Is. Awesome.)
Standout Quote: “You’re sayin’ the FBI’s gonna pay me to learn to surf?”
Was He Stoned? Probably at times, but only because he had to or else he’d blow his cover. This movie represents a turning point for Reeves’ acting career — his character, Johnny Utah, is an FBI agent who has to pretend to be a SoCal surfer bro in order to infiltrate a group of extreme sports-loving bank robbers. That’s some layers right there. I could easily see Bodhi offering Utah a fat joint during one of their beach bonfires, and what’s Utah going to do, say, “No, I can’t because the FBI drug tests all its employees?” Even if he weren’t secretly working for the FBI, he knows better than to turn down a joint from Bodhi. Hell, the D.A.R.E. program is powerless to Bodhi’s steely blue gaze and his flowing golden locks.
Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1992)
Character: Jonathan Harker, a solicitor who takes on Count Dracula as his client. (Seriously.)
IMDb Synopsis: “The vampire comes to England to seduce a visitor’s fiancée and inflict havoc in the foreign land.”
Standout Quote: “The Count, the way he looked at Mina’s picture fills me with dread. As if I have a part to play in a story that is not known to me.”
Was He Stoned? You probably heard Reeves’ dicey accent in this movie and thought, “Totally,” but I’m going to say it’s unlikely that his late 19th century aristocratic lawyer character had time to get high between bouts of getting hypnotized, fed upon, and hunting Dracula with Van Helsing.
Speed (1994)
Character: Jack Traven, a Los Angeles SWAT officer who is fond of both pop quizzes and being called “Hotshot”
IMDb Synopsis: “A young cop must prevent a bomb exploding aboard a city bus by keeping its speed above 50 mph.”
Standout Quote: “I’m a cop! LAPD! There’s a bomb on your bus! There is a bomb on your bus!”
Was He Stoned? When would his character have had any time to get stoned during this movie? “Non-stop thrill ride” means “non-stop,” not “Let me put this bus into cruise control while I light up a J real quick.” (Not “cruise control” as in Speed 2: Cruise Control, because we all know that movie is a sack of hot garbage.)
Johnny Mnemonic (1995)
Character: Johnny Mnemonic, a “mnemonic courier” with the same storage capabilities as a low-tier iPhone
IMDb Synopsis: “A data courier, literally carrying a data package inside his head, must deliver it before he dies from the burden or is killed by the Yakuza.”
Standout Quote: “What the fuck is going on? WHAT THE FUCK IS GOING ON?” (The audience agrees.)
Was He Stoned? Not likely. In this amusingly dated technological dystopia, our protagonist is a data courier with the capacity to store a whopping 80 gigabytes of data in his brain. He upgrades to 160 GB, which still isn’t enough to carry a shipment that’s an insane-at-the-time size of 320 GB. As a result, Mnemonic dumps some of his personal memories to make some room, which is why I’m guessing he wouldn’t be eager to cloud up the memories he did hold onto with some futuristic strains. Gang chases, hokey virtual reality scenes, and Dolph Lundgren ensue as Reeves’ character struggles to make his character seem cool in a movie that also features Ice-T and Henry Rollins. (He fails.)
The Devil’s Advocate (1997)
Character: Kevin Lomax, folksy Florida attorney who is no match for an unhinged Al Pacino who chews so much scenery, chunks of it are sprayed onto Reeves’ face whenever Pacino screams lines at him
IMDb Synopsis: “An exceptionally adept Florida lawyer is offered a job to work in New York City for a high-end law firm with a high-end boss – the biggest opportunity of his career to date.”
Standout Quote: “Lose? I don’t lose! I win! I win! I’m a lawyer! That’s my job, that’s what I do!”
Was He Stoned? No, although he was severely under the influence of an awesomely hammy Pacino’s machinations. However, it wouldn’t surprise me if, after Lomax learns his mentor is actually Satan and wants him to have sex with the sister he just met so they can birth the Antichrist, he procures an anti-anxiety strain to unwind a bit while he processes what the eff is going on.
The Matrix, The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions (1999, 2003)
Character: Thomas Anderson, aka Neo, a computer hacker who finds out he’s “The One” and can download martial arts moves, dodge/stop bullets, and avoid filling out CAPTCHAs
IMDb Synopsis: “A computer hacker learns from mysterious rebels about the true nature of his reality and his role in the war against its controllers.”
Standout Quote: “I know kung fu.”
Was He Stoned: On the contrary, the whole point of this trilogy is that Neo “wakes up” from the simulated world in which he and everyone else lived and battles intelligent machines to save mankind’s actual existence, which looks a lot like a grungy rave in an abandoned manufacturing plant. Red Pill Neo is probably the least stoned character in Reeves’ repertoire, which is ironic considering The Matrix is a fantastic movie to watch while stoned. (The sequels not so much.)
John Wick (2014)
Character: John Wick, a retired hitman of few words who loves dogs and revenge
IMDb Synopsis: “An ex-hitman comes out of retirement to track down the gangsters that took everything from him.”
Standout Quote: “People keep asking if I’m back and I haven’t really had an answer. But now, yeah, I’m thinkin’ I’m back. So you can either hand over your son or you can die screaming alongside him!”
Was He Stoned? Not during the movie, although I’d wager that as soon as Wick concluded his Terms of Enrampagement, he picked up some potent bud for its pain-relieving qualities considering he was in pretty rough shape by the end of the movie. The upside is that cannabis is fully legal for John Wick, because even the feds know better than to mess with this bad-ass.
Keanu (2016)
Character: The voice of Keanu, a kitten who gets stolen by gangsters
IMDb Synopsis: “Friends hatch a plot to retrieve a stolen kitten by posing as drug dealers for a street gang.”
Standout Quote: “Hello, Clarence. It’s me, Keanu. Me-ow!”
Was He Stoned? I doubt the kitten was stoned, but Keanu Reeves recorded his lines for his fur ball character via Skype, so if he wasn’t high during the call, he can definitely enjoy his favorite strain while watching the finished version of the film.
Share Twitter Facebook Share Print
Rebecca Kelley Rebecca is the Content Director at Leafly, where she oversees Leafly News production and other content projects. View Rebecca Kelley's articles |
Netflix is continuing its originals drive in Asia with a raft of drama series including Chinese-language rom-com Triad Princess.
This comes after the SVOD service launched five new anime titles including adaptations of Pacific Rim and Altered Carbon.
The company unveiled 17 new Asian original productions from Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and South Korea at an event in Singapore and is set to reveal an additional nine projects from India later this week. The announcements were made by Netflix CEO Reed Hastings and Chief Content Officer Ted Sarandos.
Titles including Thai-language original The Stranded, which follows an 18 year old who survives a devastating tsunami along with thirty-six of his fellow students at an elite private high school on a remote island in the Andaman Sea. Directed by Sophon Sakdaphisit, it is produced by GMM Grammy and H2L Media Group with Executive Producers Ekachai Uekrongtham, Gary Levinsohn, Steven Sims, Billy Hines and Christian Durso.
Shimmers is a drama series about five teenagers at an isolated school in Northern Thailand, who find themselves haunted by the ghosts of their pasts. It is directed by Wisit Sasanatieng and Sittisiri Mongkolsiri.
As well as a second season for Korean drama Kingdom, which launches globally on January 25, Netflix has added Triad Princess, a Taiwenese series that follows Angie, who craves an independent life of her own after growing up in the shadow of her Triad father and becomes an undercover bodyguard for a famous actress. Eugenie Liu and Jasper Liu star with director: Neal Wu. It is produced by MM2 and Goodfilms Workshop.
“Asia is home to the world’s great creative centers producing some of the most compelling films and series of today,” said Ted Sarandos, Chief Content Officer for Netflix. “The beauty of Netflix is that we can take never-seen before stories from South Korea, Thailand, Japan, India, Taiwan or elsewhere, and easily connect them to people all over Asia and the world. More than half of Asian content hours viewed on Netflix this year are viewed outside the region, so we have confidence that our upcoming slate of Asian productions will find fans in their home countries and abroad.” |
Q:
C++ Static Array Initialization - Memory Issue
I have a header file which contains a member variable declaration of a static char array:
class ABC
{
public:
static char newArray[4];
// other variables / functions
private:
void setArray(int i, char * ptr);
}
In the CPP file, I have the array initialized to NULL:
char ABC::newArray[4] = {0};
In the ABC constructor, I need to overwrite this value with a value constructed at runtime, such as the encoding of an integer:
ABC::ABC()
{
int i; //some int value defined at runtime
memset(newArray, 0, 4); // not sure if this is necessary
setArray(i,newArray);
}
...
void setArray(int i, char * value)
{
// encoding i to set value[0] ... value [3]
}
When I return from this function, and print the modified newArray value, it prints out many more characters than the 4 specified in the array declaration.
Any ideas why this is the case.
I just want to set the char array to 4 characters and nothing further.
Thanks...
A:
How are you printing it? In C++ (and C), strings are terminated with a nul. (\0). If you're doing something like:
char arr[4] = {'u', 'h', 'o', 'h'};
std::cout << arr;
It's going to print "uhoh" along with anything else it runs across until it gets to a \0. You might want to do something like:
for (unsigned i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
std::cout << arr[i];
(Having a static tied to instances of a class doesn't really make sense, by the way. Also, you can just do = {}, though it's not needed since static variables are zero-initialized anyway. Lastly, no it doesn't make sense to memset something then rewrite the contents anyway.)
|
Q:
Image not showing in pop-up (CSS,HTML,Javascript)
Currently, I am building a website and I am running into a problem. I am fairly new to the world of CSS, HTML, Javascript so perhaps this is a no brainer for most of you but I face the following problem.
I would like to have an image in a pop-up, however the image is not showing (called 'ErrorImage' in the snippet). I've checked whether the file-path of the image is correct, and it is. Please view the snippets below. Any help?
// When the user clicks on div, open the popup
function myFunction() {
var popup = document.getElementById("myPopup");
popup.classList.toggle("show");
}
/* Popup container - can be anything you want */
.popup {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
cursor: pointer;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
/* The actual popup */
.popup .popuptext {
visibility: hidden;
width: 500px;
background-color: #555;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 10px;
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
bottom: 60px;
left: -50%;
right: -50%;
margin-left: -80px;
opacity: 0.98;
text-align: justify;
}
/* Toggle this class - hide and show the popup */
.popup .show {
visibility: visible;
-webkit-animation: fadeIn 1s;
animation: fadeIn 1s;
}
/* Add animation (fade in the popup) */
@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn {
from {opacity: 0;}
to {opacity: 1;}
}
@keyframes fadeIn {
from {opacity: 0;}
to {opacity:1 ;}
}
<div class="popup" onclick="myFunction()">
<a title="More about us">
<img src="About.JPG" alt="About">
</a>
<span class="popuptext" id="myPopup"><img src="ErrorImage.JPG"<
<p>Example text</p>
</span>
</div>
A:
It was showing but your left was -50% that is why it was going out of the screen. i have adjusted it accordingly so it shows on the screen. hope this helps. thanks
// When the user clicks on div, open the popup
function myFunction() {
var popup = document.getElementById("myPopup");
popup.classList.toggle("show");
}
/* Popup container - can be anything you want */
.popup {
position: relative;
display: inline-block;
cursor: pointer;
-webkit-user-select: none;
-moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none;
user-select: none;
}
/* The actual popup */
.popup .popuptext {
visibility: hidden;
width: 500px;
background-color: #555;
color: #fff;
text-align: center;
border-radius: 6px;
padding: 10px;
position: absolute;
z-index: 1;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
margin-left: 0;
opacity: 0.98;
text-align: justify;
top: 100px;
height: 40px;
}
/* Toggle this class - hide and show the popup */
.popup .show {
visibility: visible;
-webkit-animation: fadeIn 1s;
animation: fadeIn 1s;
}
/* Add animation (fade in the popup) */
@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn {
from {opacity: 0;}
to {opacity: 1;}
}
@keyframes fadeIn {
from {opacity: 0;}
to {opacity:1 ;}
}
<div class="popup" onclick="myFunction()">
<a title="More about us">
about
</a>
<span class="popuptext" id="myPopup"><p>Example text</p></span>
</div>
|
School bus camera tickets still raising questions in some parts of Texas
Amy Hamilton lives in Elgin, a town on the east side of Austin. Last month she got a collection demand for a $422 overdue fine for driving past a school bus that was stopped. She acknowledges that she did it, though not intentionally; an online video link shows her car passing the bus.
And those are the only simple things about what should be a simple case.
The demand letter came from a collections group in Carrollton, in North Texas. The letter says it was a “city of Pflugerville” bus she passed. That town, just north of Austin, doesn’t operate school buses.
The letter says she ignored the original ticket mailed to her in May, so that a late penalty was added to the original fine. Hamilton says she never got the original notice. It’s an all-too-common occurrence when agencies issue tickets or bills for things like automated tollway charges or red-light camera infractions to motorists who, at the time, don’t even know they’ve been tagged.
The collection company says the infraction happened in Austin. But officials in both Austin and Pflugerville deny issuing the original ticket or, in fact, having the authority to do so, since no officer in their employ saw the infraction or knew anything about it.
Who does know about it? BusPatrol, the private company that owns the camera that captured the video — a company, not any political subdivision with ticket-issuing power. The company got involved with Texas school bus safety after a major scandal involving payoffs and federal felony charges took down officials of another company originally involved, as well as leaders of a now-defunct school bus agency in Dallas.
More than a year after voters elected to shut down that agency, called Dallas County Schools, the school bus camera problems continue to affect Texas motorists.
For a fine to be assessed, bus camera tickets must go through a local court. Officials in both Pflugerville and Austin said they have never heard of the collections agency or the ticketing arrangement.
“Our court staff has confirmed that even the citation number [on Hamilton’s ticket] is not our numbering system and that American Municipal Services (AMS) is not a vendor of the City of Pflugerville,” City Manager Sereniah Breland said in an email, after reviewing the collection notice. “Additionally, our court staff confirmed that we have never dealt with a citation resulting from a camera on a school bus.”
Pflugerville school district spokeswoman Tamra[cq] Spence said the ticket was “not issued in our name. We have never had a school bus camera agreement with anyone.” Austin school officials say the same.
Despite that, the collection company, American Municipal Services, says it collects on unpaid school-bus-related tickets all the time, on behalf of the Pflugerville school district.
The deal that got video cameras onto school buses in Pflugerville and in other parts of the state and got the collections company involved is part of a string going back to 2010.
Dallas County Schools, which for years provided bus service to Dallas area public schools, originally made a deal to allow video cameras on its buses in return for a portion of the resulting ticket revenue. After that, several other school districts around the state got involved, with DCS acting as a go-between. The bus agency, through an outside company, Force Multiplier, equipped the other districts’ buses with cameras, in return for a share of their ticket proceeds.
The DCS deal went up in smoke after officials of the bus agency were indicted for taking bribes from Force Multiplier. Officials of the company and the bus agency pleaded guilty to federal charges, and voters took the bus agency out of existence.
Before DCS ceased to function, however, the cameras and technology involved were sold to Montreal-based BusPatrol. In August, BusPatrol and the committee charged with dissolving the DCSreached an agreement to transfer the camera program to school districts that wanted to continue the program. The system moved forward with BusPatrol handling the technology and ticketing.
As a result of that hand-off, motorists in more than a dozen school districts around the state are still receiving collection notices for violations noted by the bus cameras. Passing a stopped school bus violates state law and can carry a hefty fine. But in jurisdictions where the bus cameras are in use and tickets are based only on the videos, a lighter fine of $300 has been set.
A person answering the phone at AMS insisted that “just a couple days ago we had an offender in the city” of Pflugerville for the same offense.
The ticket, according to BusPatrol CEO Jean Souliere, was sent out on June 4, with a follow-up notice in August.
“These citations cannot be issued in a city where there is not a local ordinance in place,” Souliere said. “This is a valid ticket issued for a violation that occurred in Austin.”
He added that there is an agreement with the Pflugerville school district to ticket school bus violators and has been for some time.
“In fact, the school district asked that we continue,” he said.
It’s not the first time mysterious school bus camera tickets have arisen from the DCS debacle.
The cameras apparently are still operating on buses in some of the districts that struck deals with DCS/Force Multiplier. The technology would give BusPatrol access to the video cameras and allow them to send out tickets, although whether the tickets are enforceable is in dispute.
“At the end of the day, Pflugerville or any other district that is benefitting from this technology can stop,” Souliere said. “All of them walked into this with the best intentions and, yes, it’s been a bit messy.”
Steve is a veteran journalist, who has previously worked at the Dallas Morning News and the Washington Times, as well as Texas Watchdog. His work has appeared in the Houston Press, Miami New Times, People Magazine, and High Times. He also travels the country writing true crime books. His work has won awards in national, regional, and state contests.
Stop for school buses !!! Only the City, County or DA Office should have the authority to issue the ticket and the Court Date. I personally refuse to pay anything to any Collection Agency. I will go to Court. I was deployment to Afghanistan and Sacramento sent a letter to my employer stating I drove our truck on the toll road. So, I question tickets and authority all the time. It happens.
And remember, in the years from 1999 through 2016, reports from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration show over 63% of the under age 19 pedestrians killed in School Transportation Related Crashes are killed by the BUSES, not by passing cars. Any legitimate safety program would FIRST work on stopping the bus drivers from killing kids, because they cause by far the most of those fatalities. The “problem” with that approach is it couldn’t generate any profits – the true purpose of bus cameras. |
Fight Over Money For Puerto Rico Brings Disaster Aid Bill To A Standstill
Enlarge this image toggle caption Ramon Espinosa/AP Ramon Espinosa/AP
There are few things Democrats and Republicans in Congress usually agree on, but one of them is rushing federal money to victims of natural disasters.
That sentiment crumbled this week when the Senate failed to advance two separate disaster funding bills. Both included bipartisan funding to help relieve damage across the country from flooding, wildfires, tornadoes and hurricanes. But a fight over assistance for Puerto Rico has derailed getting a deal on the entire package.
The political fight intensified last week after President Trump told Senate Republicans in a closed-door lunch at the Capitol that he would not support sending any additional money to Puerto Rico, according to several people familiar with the conversation. Democrats, who had already been pushing for additional federal resources for Puerto Rico, responded by insisting that any disaster spending bill must help victims no matter where they reside.
"It is the responsibility of the federal government to stand with all American communities in crisis, and we must do so now," said Vermont Sen. Patrick Leahy, the top Democrat on the Appropriations Committee. "The needs are pressing. The people are waiting."
Democrats say Trump is refusing to release money to help Puerto Rico continue to rebuild more than a year after a pair of hurricanes devastated the island territory. Republicans say they they will support more food assistance for Puerto Rico and are calling on Democrats not to hold the rest of the bill hostage as they push to add money for other programs.
Senate Appropriations Committee Chairman Richard Shelby, R-Ala., told reporters Tuesday that lawmakers have made virtually no progress on overcoming the impasse. "Right now, where are we?" Shelby asked — and then answering his own question said, "We're stalled."
Talks effectively ended on Monday night after the Senate failed to advance either of the two bills.
All but one Democrat, Sen. Doug Jones of Alabama, opposed a procedural vote to begin debate on a $13.5 billion spending package for victims of natural disasters. The GOP-backed plan included $600 million in nutrition assistance for Puerto Rico but left out additional money Democrats say is necessary to aid hurricane recovery on the island, where some residents are still rebuilding homes and basic services, like Internet connections and electricity, have not yet been fully restored. The GOP plan also included resources to address damage from recent floods in the Midwest.
Republicans then blocked a $14 billion alternative supported by Democrats that passed the House in January.
By Tuesday, Democrats blamed the failure entirely on Trump.
"Everything was moving along and guess who came in and messed it up as usual?" Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., said. "The president."
Schumer and other Democrats say they could have worked out an agreement with GOP senators if Trump had not ruled out sending additional funding to Puerto Rico.
Trump has said that Puerto Rico is already receiving sufficient money. He tweeted Tuesday that the island territory has benefited from $91 billion, a figure Democrats dispute.
Democrats say that number represents the amount of money Puerto Rico should have access to over the lifetime of their recovery — expected to take decades — not money the island already received. They also argue that Trump administration officials have been slow to process requests for money that Congress already approved.
They are particularly frustrated that administration officials haven't issued rules and regulations to allow Puerto Rico to spend $28 billion in rebuilding funds for low-income areas that was approved last year. In 2018, the Department of Housing and Urban Development announced plans to allocate nearly $16 billion, including $8.3 billion earmarked for Puerto Rico, but the rules must be issued first, according to a senior Democratic aide.
Democrats say they aren't willing to budge on their demands, and Republicans are unwilling to negotiate. One option Democrats offered was to pair additional money for Puerto Rico with a larger amount for victims of disasters in the Midwest.
But Republicans are not interested.
"The president apparently is not amenable to that at the moment," Shelby said.
The fight is already driving fears that spending negotiators will have a difficult time working together on any spending bills in the future.
"Right now there's no cooperation," Shelby said. "I'd like us to work together like we did last year, but right now it seems like there are some impediments." |
---
abstract: 'We establish global existence for the energy-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation on $\mathbb{S}^3$. This follows similar lines to the work on $\mathbb{T}^3$ but requires new extinction results for linear solutions and bounds on the interaction of a Euclidean profile and a linear wave of much higher frequency that are adapted to the new geometry.'
address:
- 'Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, LAGA, CNRS, (UMR 7539), F-93430, Villetaneuse, France. '
- 'Université Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8088, Cergy-Pontoise 95000, France '
- Princeton University
author:
- Benoit Pausader
- Nikolay Tzvetkov
- Xuecheng Wang
title: 'Global regularity for the energy-critical NLS on $\mathbb{S}^3$.'
---
[^1]
Introduction
============
We consider the question of global well-posedness for the defocusing energy-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation on $\mathbb{S}^3$, namely $$\label{NLS}
\left(i\partial_t-\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^3}\right)u+\vert u\vert^4u=0.$$
The goal of this work is to apply the method introduced by Ionescu and the first author in [@IoPa; @IoPa2] to the energy critical NLS on the three dimensional sphere. We therefore follow the same general lines. The main novelty in this paper is the proof of the extinction lemma for the linear flow and the bound on the interaction between a high-frequency linear wave and a low frequency profile which in the case of the sphere requires new arguments related to the different geometry.
The study of the Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds was initiated by Bourgain [@Bo2; @Bo1] for torii and systematically developed by Burq-Gérard-Tzvetkov for arbitrary compact manifolds, where the sphere appeared as a natural challenging problem, somewhat complementary to the case of the torus. More precisely, on the torus, the spectrum is badly localized, but still regular and with low multiplicity and there is a nice basis of eigenfunctions coming from the product structure; on the sphere, the spectrum is as simple as it can be, but has very high multiplicity, with eigenfunctions of different character which are in some sense as bad as can be. Informally speaking, on the sphere, the oscillations in time and in space appear as rather decoupled and have to be treated differently. We also refer to [@Ba; @BaCaDu; @BaIg; @Bo2; @GePi; @Ha; @HaPa; @HeTaTz2; @IoPaSt; @KiViZh; @TaTz; @TzVi] for other works on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation in different geometries.
On the torus $\mathbb{T}^3$, Bourgain [@Bo2] proved global existence for subquintic nonlinearities. Local existence for the energy-critical problem was obtained in [@HeTaTz] and extended to global existence in [@IoPa2]. Global existence for the defocusing problem on $\mathbb{S}^3$ was obtained for subquintic nonlinearities in [@BuGeTz], local existence for the quintic problem was established in [@He]. In this paper, we prove global existence for the energy-critical problem, namely
\[MainThm\] For any $u_0\in H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$, there exists a unique global strong solution of satisfying $u(0)=u_0$. In addition, if $u_0\in H^s$ for some $s\ge 1$, then $u\in C(\mathbb{R}:H^s)$.
Since the Cauchy problem is ill-posed in $H^1$ for superquintic nonlinearities (see [@BuGeTz3]), this completes the local and global analysis of wellposedness in $H^1$. With the results in [@CKSTTcrit; @IoPaSt], this establishes global existence for the energy-critical problem in $\mathbb{R}^3$, $\mathbb{H}^3$ and $\mathbb{S}^3$.
For supercritical nonlinearities, classical compactness results yield global existence of weak solutions for , see e.g. [@Cazenave:book]. Their uniqueness (and regularity) is, however an open problem. In particular, the results in [@AlCa] suggest the possibility of $H^s$ loss of regularity for weak solutions for some $1\le s\le 3/2$.
The proof of Theorem 1.1 brings together the different contributions developed in [@BuGeTz; @BuGeTz3; @BuGeTz2; @BuGeTz4; @He; @HeTaTz; @IoPa2] which address (among other things) the subcritical nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the analysis of products of eigenfunctions, boundedness of the first iterate in the energy-critical case, global existence for large data for the energy-critical problem and global analysis of the corresponding problem in the case of the torus $\mathbb{T}^3$.
In the study of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on a manifold, the (difficult) study of the linear flow is very important and is presumably specific to each particular setting. This is one of the major ingredients that limit the generality of the present work and we do not add in new information on that aspect (and we do rely heavily on the analysis developed in [@Bo1; @BuGeTz3; @He; @HeTaTz]). A “good” understanding of the linear flow should automatically yield global existence for the defocusing energy-subcritical problem, and local existence and stability for the energy-critical problem.
In addressing the global existence for the energy-critical problem on the sphere, we need to revisit the main nonlinear ingredients in [@IoPa2] and reinterpret them. While we are not yet able to give a general result, even conditionally on a good linear theory, several aspects start to emerge for the key ingredients.
The first one concerns the application of the profile decomposition, which seems to hold in a very general context. To properly work, it requires an extinction argument which is provided here by Lemma \[Extinction\]. Since one already has sufficiently good Strichartz estimates, one only needs an improvement on the Sobolev inequality for the linear flow. This comes from two aspects. On the one hand, by purely elliptic considerations, one can track down when the Sobolev inequality is inefficient. Very precise estimate are available to quantify this (see e.g. [@So1; @So2]). Here, since we need to beat this inequality by a fixed but large constant, we rely on the explicit formula for the eigenprojectors, but in general, such information might follow from estimate of the Green function away from the diagonal.
Once this has been taken into account, we are left with a part of the solution that has more structure and we need to use the fact that, under the linear flow, it cannot remain concentrated for all times, which, for the moment, we can only do using some argument coming from the Euclidean Fourier transform, or from Weyl bounds, which are quite sensitive to fine properties of the spectrum. This is done here in Lemma \[BouLem\].
The second main ingredient is an understanding of the linearization of the equation around an arbitrary profile for certain initial data (the remainder in the profile decomposition). In general, we expect solutions to essentially follow the linear flow. In the Euclidean $\mathbb{R}^3$ case, this would follow from local smoothing estimates. In a compact manifold, this might follow for short time if one can get quantitative bounds on the concentration of eigenfunctions of $\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^3}$ to points, i.e. the absence of semi-classical measure concentrating on points (see e.g. [@AnMa]). Such information is provided by Lemma \[LocProj\] which is valid for an arbitrary smooth manifold. This is then used in Lemma \[HFLFI\] to control the first iterate of the above mentioned linearization, but this latter result uses the particular localization of the spectrum on the sphere in an essential way (see also [@IoPa2] for a similar arguments relying more on the “Euclidean-like” localization of the spectrum - in the sense that it forms a $3$-dimensional lattice).
While the analysis in [@IoPa; @IoPa2] can probably be combined with the new estimate on the linear flow in [@Bo4] to yield global existence for the defocusing energy-critical Schrödinger equation on $\mathbb{T}^4$, let us mention several other open problems with increasing (in our opinion) level of difficulty. 1) The analysis developed here might extend to the case of Zoll manifolds provided one obtains the appropriate bounds on eigenprojectors, possibly from arguments in the spirit of Lemma \[LemBuGeTz\]. 2) The analysis of the same problem in the space $\mathbb{S}^2\times\mathbb{S}^1$ seems to require nontrivial adaptations from the arguments given in [@He; @IoPa2] and here, even for small initial data. This is partly due to the failure of good $L^4$ bilinear estimates for eigenprojectors. 3) The case of $\mathbb{S}^4$ remains a challenging open problem where new ideas seem needed due to the failure of the $L^4_{x,t}$-Strichartz estimates which implies that the second iterate is unbounded, see [@BuGeTz].
Another interesting case that can be addressed with a similar analysis is the energy-critical problem in the unit ball $B(0,1)\subset\mathbb{R}^3$ with Dirichlet boundary condition and [*radial*]{} data[^2]. In Section \[SecBall\], we shall give the main modifications required to prove
\[BallThm\] Let $s\ge 1$. For any $u_0\in H^s\cap H^1_D(B(0,1))$ radial[^3], there exists a unique strong solution of , $u\in C(\mathbb{R}:H^s) $.
Global existence for finite-energy solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on two dimensional domains was already obtained by Anton [@An]. We also refer to [@An2; @BlSmSo; @BlSmSo2; @Pla] for other results in three dimensions and to [@Dod; @IvPl; @KiViZh; @LiSmZh] for global existence and scattering results in the exterior of the unit ball.
In Section \[SecNot\], we review some notation and introduce our main spaces. In Section \[localwp\], we review the local well-posedness theory. In Section \[SecProf\], we present the profile decomposition on $\mathbb{S}^3$. In Section \[SecGWP\], we prove Theorem \[MainThm\]. Finally in Section \[App\], we prove some additional results needed in the course of the proof and give the ingredients for the proof of Theorem \[BallThm\].
Notations and preliminaries {#SecNot}
===========================
In this section we summarize our notations and collect several lemmas that are used in the rest of the paper.
Given two quantities $A$ and $B$, the notation $A\lesssim B$ means that $A\le C B$, with $C$ uniform with respect to the set where $A$ and $B$ varies. We write $A\simeq B$ when $A\lesssim B\lesssim A$. If the constant $C$ involved has some explicit dependency, we emphasize it by a subscript. Thus $A\lesssim_uB$ means that $A\le C(u)B$ for some constant $C(u)$ depending on $u$.
We write $F(z)=z\vert z\vert^4$ the nonlinearity in . For $p\in\mathbb{N}^n$ a vector, we denote by $\mathfrak{O}_{p_1,\dots ,p_n}(a_1,\dots,a_n)$ a $\vert p\vert$-linear expression which is a product of $p_1$ terms which are either equal to $a_1$ or its complex conjugate $\overline{a}_1$ and similarly for $p_j$, $a_j$, $2\le j\le n$.
The three sphere
----------------
We can view $\mathbb{S}^3$ as the unit sphere in the quaternion field and this endows $\mathbb{S}^3$ with a group structure with the north pole $O=(1,0,0,0)$ as the unit element. This also endows $\mathbb{S}^3\subset\mathbb{R}^4$ with the structure of a riemmannian manifold with distance $d_g$ which is also given by $$d_g(P,Q)=\angle(P,Q),$$ where $\angle(P,Q)$ denotes the angle between the rays starting at the origin and passing through $P$ and $Q$. For $Q\in\mathbb{S}^3$, we define $R_Q$ to be the right multiplication by $Q^{-1}$. This defines an isometry of $\mathbb{S}^3$.
We can parameterize $\mathbb{S}^3$ in exponential radial coordinates $P\mapsto (\theta,\omega)$ where $\theta=d_g(O,P)$ and $\omega\in\mathbb{S}^2$. In fact we have the global mapping[^4] $$[0,\pi]\times[0,\pi]\times\mathbb{S}^1\ni(\theta,\psi,\varphi)\mapsto(\cos\theta,\sin\theta\cos\psi,\sin\theta\sin\psi\cos\varphi,\sin\theta\sin\psi\sin\varphi).$$ In these coordinates, we have that $$\label{Delta}
\begin{split}
\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^3}&=\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}\sin^2\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^2}=\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\theta^2}+\frac{2\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^2}\\
&=\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}\sin^2\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta\sin\psi}\frac{\partial}{\partial\psi}\sin\psi\frac{\partial}{\partial\psi}+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta\sin^2\psi}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial\varphi^2}.
\end{split}$$ In these coordinates, we also have the explicit formula for the Haar measure $$d\nu_g=(\sin\theta)^2\sin\psi d\theta d\psi d\varphi.$$
Spherical harmonics
-------------------
We will consider the operator $L=-\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^3}+1$. For $k\in\mathbb{N}^\ast$, we define $\mathcal{E}_k$ to be the space of $k-1$-th spherical harmonics. We have an $L^2$-orthonormal decomposition $$L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)=\bigoplus_{k\in\mathbb{N}^\ast}\mathcal{E}_k$$ and $\pi_k$ defined above is the orthogonal projection on $\mathcal{E}_k$. These satisfy that for any $\varphi\in\mathcal{E}_k$, $L\varphi=k^2\varphi$. We recall the following bounds from Sogge [@So3] $$\label{SogBd}
\Vert \pi_qf\Vert_{L^p(\mathbb{S}^3)}\lesssim q^{1-3/p}\Vert f\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)},\,\, 4\le p\le \infty.$$
We then define projectors on $I\subset\mathbb{R}$ by $$\label{DefPN}
P_I=\sum_{k\in I}\pi_k,\quad P_{\le N}=\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}}\eta(\frac{k}{N})\pi_k,\quad P_N=P_{\le N}-P_{\le N/2}=\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}}\eta_N(k)\pi_k.$$ for $\eta\in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R})$ such that $\eta(x)=1$ when $\vert x\vert\le 1$ and $\eta(x)=0$ when $\vert x\vert\ge 2$ and where $\eta_N(x)=\eta(x/N)-\eta(2x/N)$. In particular all the sums over $N$ below are implicitly taken to be over all dyadic integers, $N=2^k$ for some $k\in\mathbb{N}$.
In fact, we can be more precise about the spectral projectors. We define the Zonal function of order $k$, ${\bf Z}_k$ as $$\label{Zonal}
Z_k(\theta)=k\frac{\sin(k\theta)}{\sin\theta},\quad{\bf Z}_k( P)=Z_k(\angle(P,O)),$$ where $O$ denotes the north pole. One may directly check that these are eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator on $\mathbb{S}^3$ defined in . These allow to get the following classical result:
The spectral projection on the $k-1$-th eigenspace can be written as $$\label{DefSpecProj}
\left[\pi_kf\right](P )=\frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}{\bf Z}_k(R_PQ)f(Q)d\nu_g(Q).$$
Denote, for this proof only $\Pi_k$ as the operator defined by the right-hand side of . Using the symmetry $${\bf Z}_k(R_PQ)=Z_k(\angle (P,Q))={\bf Z}_k(R_QP)=\overline{{\bf Z}_k(R_QP)},$$ and the fact that since $R_Q$ is an isometry, $\Pi_k$ commutes with $\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^3}$ and we see that $L\Pi_kf=k^2\Pi_kf$. This also shows that $\Pi_k$ is self-adjoint. Therefore it is sufficient to prove that for any $g\in C^{10}(\mathbb{S}^3)$, there holds that $$\label{CompletenessOfPik}
g=\sum_{k\ge 1}\Pi_kg.$$ Since $\Pi_k$ commutes with rotations, it suffices to prove that this equality holds at the north pole $O$. We switch to exponential coordinates. Using Fourier analysis on $[0,\pi]$, we see that $$\sin\theta\cdot g(\theta,\omega)=\sum_{k\ge 1}c_k(\omega)\sin(k\theta),\quad c_k(\omega)=\frac{2}{\pi}\int_0^\pi g(\theta,\omega)\sin(\theta)\sin(k\theta)d\theta.$$ In other words, $$g(\theta,\omega)=\sum_{k\ge 1}c_k(\omega)\frac{\sin(k\theta)}{\sin\theta}.$$ Integrating this over $\omega\in\mathbb{S}^2$ and letting $\theta\to 0$, we find (since $c_k(\omega)\in l^1_k(k^2)$ uniformly[^5] in $\omega$) that $$\begin{split}
g(O)&=\lim_{\theta\to0}\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{\mathbb{S}^2}g(\theta,\omega)d\omega=\lim_{\theta\to0}\sum_{k\ge 1}\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{\mathbb{S}^2}c_k(\omega)\frac{\sin(k\theta)}{\sin\theta}d\omega\\
&=\sum_{k\ge 1}\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{\mathbb{S}^2}kc_k(\omega) d\omega=\sum_{k\ge 1}\frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int_0^\pi\int_{\mathbb{S}^2}g(\theta,\omega)k\frac{\sin (k\theta)}{\sin\theta} \sin^2\theta d\theta d\omega\\
&=\sum_{k\ge 1}\Pi_kg(O).
\end{split}$$ This shows and finishes the proof.
The spectral projectors $\pi_q$ satisfy a convenient reproducing formula highlighted in [@BuGeTz]: for $\chi\in\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})$ such that $\chi(0)=1$ and $\hat{\chi}$ supported on $[\varepsilon,2\varepsilon]$, $$\label{DefChi}
\chi_q\pi_q=\pi_q\chi_q=\pi_q,\quad\chi_q=\chi(\sqrt{L}-q).$$ The interest of this comes from the following description of $\chi_q$:
\[LemBuGeTz\]
There exists $\varepsilon_0>0$ such that for every $\varepsilon\in (0,\varepsilon_0)$, we can decompose $$\label{DecChi}
\chi_q=qT_q+R_q,\quad\Vert R_q\Vert_{L^2\to H^{10}}\lesssim q^{-10}$$ and there exists $\delta>0$ such that for any $x_0\in \mathbb{S}^3$, there exists a system of coordinates centered at $x_0$ such that for any $\vert x\vert\le\delta$, $$T_qf(x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^3}e^{-iqd_g(x,y)}a(x,y,q)f(y)dy,$$ where $a(x,y,q)$ is a polynomial in $1/q$ with smooth coefficients supported on the set $$\{(x,y)\in V\times V:\vert x\vert\le\delta\ll\varepsilon/C\le\vert y\vert\le C\varepsilon\}.$$
In the study of the linearization of at a profile, we will need the following quantitative version of the fact that quantum measures do not concentrate on points.
\[LocProj\] Let $N\ge 1$ be a dyadic number and fix $P\in\mathbb{S}^3$, then there holds that $$\label{CrucialGain1}
\Vert \mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})}\pi_q\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}=\Vert \pi_q\left[\mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})}\cdot\right]\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}\lesssim N^{-1/2}+q^{-2}.$$
Note that this estimate is sharp when testing against zonal harmonics of degree $p\ge N$. In addition, the proof holds on any compact smooth riemmannian manifold.
This claim essentially follows from [@BuGeTz3]. We give here the modification necessary to obtain it. It suffices to prove the second bound as the first follows by duality. Also, we may assume that $N\gg1$.
Using and , remarking that $$\pi_q\mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})}=q\pi_qT_q\mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})}+\pi_qR_q\mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})},\quad\Vert\pi_q\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}\le 1,$$ we see that it suffices to show that $$\Vert T_q\mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})}\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}\lesssim (q^2N)^{-1/2}.$$ Now, using the notation of [@BuGeTz3 page 12], we can decompose $$T_q=\int_{r=\delta_1}^{\delta_2} T^r_q dr$$ where for a finite number of charts covering $\mathbb{S}^3$ and centered at points $x_k$, there holds that $$\begin{split}
&\left[\mathfrak{1}_{B(x_k,\delta)}T_q^rf\right](Q)=\int_{\mathbb{S}^2}e^{-iqd_g(Q,\exp_{x_k}(r\omega))}a(Q,\exp_{x_k}(r\omega),q)\kappa(r,\omega)f_r(\omega)d\omega,\\
&f_r(\omega)=f(\exp_{x_k}(r\omega)),
\end{split}$$ where $\kappa$ is a new smooth function. Applying Hölder’s inequality in $r$, we obtain for any $Q\in B(x_k,\delta)$ $$\vert T_q(\mathfrak{1}_{B(P,N^{-1})}f)(Q)\vert^2\lesssim N^{-1}\int_{r=\delta_1}^{\delta_2} \vert T^r_qf(Q)\vert^2 dr$$ since by the triangle inequality, for any $x_k$, we have that $$Q\in B(P,N^{-1}),\, d_g(x_k,Q)=r\quad \Rightarrow\quad d_g(x_k,P)-N^{-1}\le r\le d_g(x_k,P)+N^{-1}.$$ The result then follows from [@BuGeTz3 Lemma 2.14] which implies that $$q\Vert T^r_qf_r\Vert_{L^2}\lesssim \Vert f_r\Vert_{L^2}.$$
Linear analysis
---------------
In fact, for simplicity of notations, we will replace equation by $$\label{NLSBis}
\left(i\partial_t+L\right)u+\vert u\vert^4u=0.$$ This is completely equivalent since a solution $u(x,t)$ solves if and only if $v(x,t)=e^{-it}u(x,t)$ solves .
For solutions of , we recall the conservation laws $$\label{conserve}
E(u)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}\left[\vert\nabla u(x)\vert^2+\frac{1}{3}\vert u(x)\vert^6\right]dx,\quad M(u)=\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}\vert u(x)\vert^2dx.$$ Here and below $dx$ refers to the Haar measure on $\mathbb{S}^3$. These conserved quantities provide a uniform in time control on the $H^1$ norm and motivate our choice of function spaces.
[**[Function spaces.]{}**]{} The strong spaces are similar to the one used by Herr [@He], adapting previous ideas from Herr-Tataru-Tzvetkov [@HeTaTz; @HeTaTz2]. Namely $$\label{KoTa}
\begin{split}
\Vert u\Vert_{\widetilde{X}^s(\mathbb{R})}&:=\left(\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}^\ast} k^{2s}\Vert e^{itk^2}\pi_ku(t)\Vert_{U^2_t(L^2)}^2\right)^\frac{1}{2},\\
\Vert u\Vert_{\widetilde{Y}^s(\mathbb{R})}&:=\left(\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}^\ast} k^{2s}\Vert e^{itk^2}\pi_ku(t)\Vert_{V^2_t(L^2)}^2\right)^\frac{1}{2},
\end{split}$$ where we refer to [@HaHeKo; @He; @HeTaTz; @HeTaTz2; @KoTa] for a description of the spaces $U^p(L^2),V^p(L^2)$ and of their properties. Note in particular that $$\widetilde{X}^1(\mathbb{R})\hookrightarrow \widetilde{Y}^1(\mathbb{R})\hookrightarrow L^\infty(\mathbb{R},H^1).$$ We denote by $U^p_L(L^2)$ the space $e^{itL}U^p(L^2)$.
For intervals $I\subset\mathbb{R}$, we define $X^s(I)$, $s\in\mathbb{R}$, in the usual way as restriction norms, thus $$X^1(I):=\{u\in C(I:H^1):\Vert u\Vert_{X^s(I)}:=\sup_{J\subseteq I,\,\vert J\vert\leq 1}[\inf_{v\cdot\mathbf{1}_J(t)=u\cdot\mathbf{1}_J(t)}\Vert v\Vert_{\widetilde{X}^s}]<\infty\}.$$ The spaces $Y^s(I)$ are defined in a similar way. The norm controlling the inhomogeneous term on an interval $I=(a,b)$ is then defined as $$\label{NNorm}
\Vert h\Vert_{N(I)}:=\Big \Vert\int_a^te^{i(t-s)L}h(s)ds\Big\Vert_{X^1(I)}.$$
We also need a weaker critical norm $$\label{NewS319}
\begin{split}
&\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)}:=\sum_{p\in\{p_0,p_1\}}\sup_{J\subseteq I,\vert J\vert\le 1}(\sum_{N=2^k,k\in\mathbb{N}}N^{5-p/2}\Vert P_Nu(t)\Vert_{L^{p}_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times J)}^{p})^{1/p},\\
&p_0=4+1/10,\qquad p_1=100.
\end{split}$$ This definition, in particular the choice of the exponents $p_0,p_1$, is motivated by the Strichartz estimates from Theorem \[Stric\] below. This norm is divisible and, thanks to sufficiently strong multilinear Strichartz estimates, still controls the global evolution, as will be manifest from the local theory in Section \[localwp\]. Moreover, as a consequence of Corollary \[NewS31\] below, $$\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)}\lesssim \Vert u\Vert_{X^1(I)},$$ thus $Z$ is indeed a weaker norm.
[**Definition of solutions**]{}. Given an interval $I\subseteq\mathbb{R}$, we call $u\in C(I:H^1(\mathbb{S}^3))$ a strong solution of if $u\in X^1(I)$ and $u$ satisfies that for all $t,s\in I$, $$u(t)=e^{i(t-s)L}u(s)+i\int_s^te^{i(t-t^\prime)L}\left(u(t^\prime)\vert u(t^\prime)\vert^4\right)dt^\prime.$$
[**Dispersive estimates**]{}. We recall the following result from [@He Lemma 3.5.].
\[Stric\] If $p>4$ then $$\Vert P_Ne^{itL}f\Vert_{L^p_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times [-1,1])}\lesssim_p N^{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{5}{p}}\Vert P_Nf\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}.$$
As a consequence of the properties of the $U^p_L$ spaces, we have:
\[NewS31\] If $p>4$ then for any dyadic integer $N$ and any time interval $I$, $\vert I\vert\leq 1$, $$\label{UpEst}
\Vert P_Nu\Vert_{L^p_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I)}\lesssim N^{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{5}{p}}\Vert u\Vert_{U^p_L(I,L^2)}.$$
We will also use the following results from Herr [@He].
\[Alex3\] If $f\in L^1_t(I,H^1(\mathbb{S}^3))$ then $$\label{EstimNnorm}
\Vert f\Vert_{N(I)}\lesssim \sup_{\{\Vert v\Vert_{Y^{-1}(I)}\le1\}}\int_{\mathbb{S}^3\times I}f(x,t)\overline{v(x,t)}dxdt.$$ In particular, there holds for any smooth function $g$ that $$\label{EstimX1Norm}
\Vert g\Vert_{X^1([0,1])}
\lesssim \Vert g(0)\Vert_{H^1}+(\sum_N \Vert P_N\left(i\partial_t+L\right)g\Vert_{L^1_t([0,1], H^1)}^2)^\frac{1}{2}.$$
Local well-posedness and stability theory {#localwp}
=========================================
In this section we present large-data local well-posedness and stability results that allow us to connect nearby intervals of nonlinear evolution. This is essentially a modification of the results in [@He]. We need the following notation $$\label{Zprime}
\Vert u\Vert_{Z^\prime(I)}=\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)}^\frac{1}{2}\Vert u\Vert_{X^1(I)}^\frac{1}{2}.$$
We start with the following nonlinear estimate:
\[NewS32\] There exists $\delta>0$ such that if $u_1,u_2,u_3$ satisfy $P_{N_i}u_i=u_i$ with $N_1\ge N_2\ge N_3\ge 1$ and $\vert I\vert\le 1$, then $$\label{NLEstTor}
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I)}\lesssim \left(\frac{N_3}{N_1}+\frac{1}{N_2}\right)^\delta \Vert u_1\Vert_{Y^0(I)}\Vert u_2\Vert_{Z^\prime(I)}\Vert u_3\Vert_{Z^\prime(I)}$$ and, with $p_0=4+1/10$ as in , $$\label{Al1}
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I)}\lesssim N_1^{1/2-5/p_0}N_2^{1/2-5/p_0}N_3^{10/p_0-2}\Vert u_1\Vert_{Z(I)}\Vert u_2\Vert_{Z(I)}\Vert u_3\Vert_{Z(I)}.$$
Inequality follows from interpolation between the two estimates $$\begin{split}
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I)}&\lesssim \left(\frac{N_3}{N_1}+\frac{1}{N_2}\right)^\delta N_2N_3\Vert u_1\Vert_{V^2_L(I)}\Vert u_2\Vert_{V^2_L(I)}\Vert u_3\Vert_{V^2_L(I)},\\
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I)}&\lesssim \Vert u_1\Vert_{V^2_L(I)}\left(\Vert u_2\Vert_{Z(I)}\Vert u_3\Vert_{Z(I)}\right)^\frac{3}{5}\left(\Vert u_2\Vert_{X^1(I)}\Vert u_3\Vert_{X^1(I)}\right)^\frac{2}{5}.
\end{split}$$ The first is taken directly from [@He Corollary 3.7], while the second follows from the following modifications of its proof. We start with the estimate $$\label{VarHe1}
\begin{split}
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}}&\lesssim \left[\max(N_2^2/N_1,1)\right]^{1/2-2/p_1}N_2^{1+\varepsilon-2/p_2}N_3^{\frac{3}{2}-\varepsilon-\frac{2}{p_3}}\Vert u_1\Vert_{U^2_L}\Vert u_2\Vert_{U^2_L}\Vert u_3\Vert_{U^2_L}\\
\end{split}$$ valid for $\varepsilon>0$ and $4<p_1,p_2,p_3<+\infty$ satisfying $1/p_1+1/p_2+1/p_3=1/2$ which we borrow from the proof of [@He Proposition 3.6]. Independently, using Theorem \[Stric\] and Hölder’s inequality, we obtain $$\label{VarHe2}
\begin{split}
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}}&\lesssim \Vert u_1\Vert_{L^{q_1}_{x,t}}\Vert u_2\Vert_{L^{q_2}_{x,t}}\Vert u_3\Vert_{L^{q_3}_{x,t}}\\
&\lesssim N_1^{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{5}{q_1}}N_2^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{5}{q_2}}N_3^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{5}{q_3}}\Vert u_1\Vert_{U^{q_1}_L}\left(N_2^{\frac{5}{q_2}-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert u_2\Vert_{L^{q_2}_{x,t}}\right)\left(N_3^{\frac{5}{q_3}-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert u_3\Vert_{L^{q_3}_{x,t}}\right)
\end{split}$$ where $4<q_1,q_2,q_3<+\infty$ satisfy $1/q_1+1/q_2+1/q_3=1/2$.
In the case $N_1\le N_2^2$, we may choose $$\begin{split}
p_1=40,\quad q_1=q_2=p_2=25/6,\quad p_3=200/47,\quad q_3=50,\quad\varepsilon=1/100
\end{split}$$ and apply [@He Lemma 2.4].
In the case $N_2^2\le N_1$, we use with the same exponents, while is replaced by $$\begin{split}
\Vert u_1u_2u_3\Vert_{L^2_{x,t}}&\lesssim \Vert u_1\Vert_{L^\infty_tL^2_x}\Vert u_2\Vert_{L^{p_2}_tL^\infty_x}\Vert u_3\Vert_{L^{p_2}_tL^\infty_x}\\
&\lesssim (N_2N_3)^{\frac{3}{p_2}}\Vert u_1\Vert_{L^\infty_tL^2_x}\Vert u_2\Vert_{L^{p_2}_{x,t}}\Vert u_3\Vert_{L^{p_2}_{x,t}}\\
&\lesssim (N_2N_3)^{\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2}{p_2}}\Vert u_1\Vert_{U^4_L}\Vert u_2\Vert_{Z}\Vert u_3\Vert_{Z}\\
\end{split}$$ and we apply again [@He Lemma 2.4].
Finally, follows from with $q_1=q_2=p_0$ and $q_3=20p_0$.
From here on, we have an estimate formally identical to the nonlinear estimate in [@IoPa2 Lemma 3.1.] and the following lemma and propositions are proved using straightforward adaptation from [@IoPa2 Section 3] (see also [@IoPa]).
\[NLEst2\] For $u_k\in X^1(I)$, $k=1\dots 5$, $\vert I\vert\leq 1$, the estimate $$\Vert \Pi_{i=1}^5\tilde{u}_k\Vert_{N(I)}\lesssim \sum_{\sigma\in\mathfrak{S}_5}\Vert u_{\sigma(1)}\Vert_{X^1(I)}\Pi_{j\ge 2}\Vert u_{\sigma(j)}\Vert_{Z^\prime(I)}$$ holds true, where $\tilde{u}_k\in\{u_k,\overline{u_k}\}$. In fact, we have that $$\label{NLEst3}
\Vert \sum_{B\ge 1}P_{B}\tilde{u}_1\Pi_{j=2}^5P_{\le DB}\tilde{u}_j\Vert_{N(I)}\lesssim_D \Vert u_1\Vert_{X^1(I)}\Pi_{j=2}^5\Vert u_j\Vert_{Z^\prime(I)},$$
We have a local existence result:
\[LWP\] (i) Given $E>0$, there exists $\delta_0=\delta_0(E)>0$ such that if $\Vert \phi\Vert_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}\le E$ and $$\Vert e^{itL}\phi\Vert_{Z(I)}\le\delta_0$$ on some interval $I\ni 0$, $\vert I\vert\leq 1$, then there exists a unique solution $u\in X^1(I)$ of satisfying $u(0)=\phi$. Besides $$\Vert u-e^{itL}\phi\Vert_{X^1(I)}\lesssim_E \Vert e^{itL}\phi\Vert_{Z(I)}^{3/2}.$$ The quantities $E(u)$ and $M(u)$ defined in are conserved on $I$.
\(ii) If $u\in X^1(I)$ is a solution of on some open interval $I$ and $$\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)}<+\infty$$ then $u$ can be extended as a nonlinear solution to a neighborhood of $\overline{I}$ and $$\Vert u\Vert_{X^1(I)}\le C(E(u),\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)})$$ for some constant $C$ depending on $E(u)$ and $\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)}$.
The main result in this section is the following:
\[Stabprop\] Assume $I$ is an open bounded interval, $\rho\in[-1,1]$, and $\widetilde{u}\in X^1(I)$ satisfies the approximate Schrödinger equation $$\label{ANLS}
(i\partial_t+L)\widetilde{u}+\rho\widetilde{u}|\widetilde{u}|^4=e\quad\text{ on }\mathbb{S}^3\times I.$$ Assume in addition that $$\label{ume}
\|\widetilde{u}\|_{Z(I)}+\|\widetilde{u}\|_{L^\infty_t(I,H^1(\mathbb{S}^3))}\leq M,$$ for some $M\in[1,\infty)$. Assume $t_0 \in I$ and $u_0\in H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$ is such that the smallness condition $$\label{safetycheck}
\|u_0 - \widetilde{u}(t_0)\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}+\| e\|_{N(I)}\leq \epsilon$$ holds for some $0 < \epsilon < \epsilon_1$, where $\epsilon_1\leq 1$ is a small constant $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_1(M) > 0$.
Then there exists a strong solution $u\in X^1(I)$ of the Schrödinger equation $$\label{ANLS2}
(i\partial_t+L)u+\rho u|u|^4=0$$ such that $u(t_0)=u_0$ and $$\label{output}
\begin{split}
\| u \|_{X^1(I)}+\|\widetilde{u}\|_{X^1(I)}&\leq C(M),\\
\| u - \widetilde u \|_{X^1(I)}&\leq C(M)\epsilon.
\end{split}$$
Profiles {#SecProf}
========
Analysis of Euclidean profiles
------------------------------
In this section we prove precise estimates showing how to compare Euclidean and spherical solutions of both linear and nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Of course, such a comparison is only meaningful in the case of rescaled data that concentrate at a point. We follow closely the arguments in [@IoPa; @IoPaSt], the main novelty being in Lemma \[Extinction\].
Recall $\eta$ defined[^6] in . Given $\phi\in \dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$ and a real number $N\geq 1$ we define $$\label{rescaled}
\begin{split}
T_N\phi=f_{N}\in H^1(\mathbb{S}^3),\qquad &f_{N}(y)=N^\frac{1}{2}\eta(N^{1/2}d_g(O,y))\phi(N\exp_O^{-1}(y)).
\end{split}$$ and observe that $$T_N:\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)\to H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)\text{ is a linear operator with }\|T_N\phi\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}\lesssim \|\phi\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}$$ and that $$\Vert T_N\phi\Vert_{L^1}\lesssim N^{-\frac{5}{2}}\Vert \phi\Vert_{L^1},\quad\Vert T_N\phi\Vert_{L^2}\lesssim N^{-1}\Vert \phi\Vert_{L^2}.$$ We define also $$E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)=\frac{1}{2}\int_{\mathbb{R}^3}\left[|\nabla_{\mathbb{R}^3}\phi|^2+\frac{1}{3}|\phi|^6\right]\,dx.$$
We will use the main theorem of [@CKSTTcrit] (see also [@KiVi] and [@B; @G; @KeMe] for previous results), in the following form.
\[MainThmEucl\] Assume $\psi\in\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$. Then there is a unique global solution $v\in C(\mathbb{R}:\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3))$ of the initial-value problem $$\label{clo3}
(i\partial_t-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3})v+v|v|^4=0,\qquad v(0)=\psi,$$ and $$\label{clo4}
\Vert v\Vert_{L^4_tL^\infty_x(\mathbb{R}^3\times\mathbb{R}))}+\|\nabla_{\mathbb{R}^3} v\|_{(L^\infty_tL^2_x\cap L^2_tL^6_x)(\mathbb{R}^3\times\mathbb{R})}\leq \widetilde{C}(E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\psi)).$$ Moreover this solution scatters in the sense that there exists $\psi^{\pm\infty}\in\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$ such that $$\label{EScat}
\Vert v(t)-e^{-it\Delta}\psi^{\pm\infty}\Vert_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\to 0$$ as $t\to\pm\infty$. Besides, if $\psi\in H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)$ then $v\in C(\mathbb{R}:H^5(\mathbb{R}^3))$ and $$\sup_{t\in\mathbb{R}}\|v(t)\|_{H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)}\lesssim_{\|\psi\|_{H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)}}1.$$
Again, we emphasize that this extends readily to the case when $-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}$ is replaced by $1-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}$.
Our first result in this section is the following lemma:
\[step1\] Assume $\phi\in\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$, $T_0\in(0,\infty)$, and $\rho\in\{0,1\}$ are given, and define $f_{N}$ as in . Then the following conclusions hold:
\(i) There is $N_0=N_0(\phi,T_0)$ sufficiently large such that for any $N\geq N_0$ there is a unique solution $U_{N}\in C((-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2}):H^1(\mathbb{S}^3))$ of the initial-value problem $$\label{clo5}
(i\partial_t-\Delta+1)U_N=\rho U_N|U_N|^4,\qquad U_N(0)=f_N.$$
\(ii) Assume $\varepsilon_1\in(0,1]$ is sufficiently small (depending only on $E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)$), $\phi'\in H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)$, and $\|\phi-\phi'\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\leq\varepsilon_1$. Let $v'\in C(\mathbb{R}:H^5(\mathbb{R}^3))$ denote the solution of the initial-value problem $$(i\partial_t-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}+1)v'=\rho v'|v'|^4,\qquad v'(0)=\phi'.$$ For $R,N\geq 1$ we define $$\label{clo9}
\begin{split}
&v'_R(x,t)=\eta(\vert x\vert/R)v'(x,t),\qquad\,\,\qquad (x,t)\in\mathbb{R}^3\times(-T_0,T_0),\\
&v'_{R,N}(x,t)=N^\frac{1}{2}v'_R(Nx,N^2t),\qquad\quad\,(x,t)\in\mathbb{R}^3\times(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2}),\\
&V_{R,N}(y,t)=v'_{R,N}(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)\qquad\quad\,\, (y,t)\in\mathbb{S}^3\times(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2}).
\end{split}$$ Then there is $R_0\geq 1$ (depending on $T_0$ and $\phi'$ and $\varepsilon_1$) such that, for any $R\geq R_0$, $$\label{clo18}
\limsup_{N\to\infty}\|U_N-V_{R,N}\|_{X^1(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2})}\lesssim_{E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)}\varepsilon_1.$$ In particular, for any $N\geq N_0$, $$\label{clo6}
\|U_N\|_{X^1(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2})}\lesssim_{E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)}1.$$
As is shown in [@BuGeTz3 Appendix A] (see also [@ChCoTa]), for times $0\le t\ll N^{-2}$, the effect of the dispersion is weak and a good approximation for is the simple $ODE$ $$i\partial_tu=u\vert u\vert^4-u.$$ This lemma shows how to take into account the effect of the dispersion on the interval $[N^{-2},TN^{-2}]$ for $T$ large, so as to complement the conclusion of Lemma \[Extinction\] below.
In fact, we show that $V_{R,N}$ in $(ii)$ gives such a good ansatz that we can apply the stability Proposition \[Stabprop\] and obtain , which in particular implies $(i)$. All of the constants in this proof are allowed to depend on $E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)$. Using Theorem \[MainThmEucl\] $$\label{clo7}
\begin{split}
&\Vert v^\prime\Vert_{L^4_tL^\infty_x(\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^3)}+\|\nabla_{\mathbb{R}^3} v'\|_{(L^\infty_tL^2_x\cap L^2_tL^6_x)(\mathbb{R}^3\times\mathbb{R})}\lesssim 1,\\
&\sup_{t\in\mathbb{R}}\|v'(t)\|_{H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)}\lesssim_{\|\phi'\|_{H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)}}1.
\end{split}$$ Let $$\begin{split}
e_R(x,t):&=[(i\partial_t-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}+1)v'_R-\rho v'_R|v'_R|^4](x,t)=\rho(\eta(\vert x\vert/R)-\eta(\vert x\vert/R)^5)v'(x,t)|v'(x,t)|^4\\
&-R^{-2}v'(x,t)\eta^{\prime\prime}(\vert x\vert/R)-2R^{-1}\vert x\vert^{-1}v'(x,t)\eta^{\prime}(\vert x\vert/R)-2R^{-1}\sum_{j=1}^4\partial_rv'(x,t)\eta^\prime(\vert x\vert/R).
\end{split}$$ Since $|v'(x,t)|\lesssim_{\|\phi'\|_{H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)}}1$, see , it follows that $$\begin{split}
|e_R(x,t)|&+\sum_{k=1}^3|\partial_ke_R(x,t)|\\
&\lesssim_{\|\phi'\|_{H^5(\mathbb{R}^3)}}\mathbf{1}_{[R,2R]}(|x|)\cdot\big[|v'(x,t)|+\sum_{k=1}^3|\partial_kv'(x,t)|+\sum_{k,j=1}^3|\partial_k\partial_jv'(x,t)|\big].
\end{split}$$ Therefore $$\label{clo10}
\lim_{R\to\infty}\|\,|e_R|+|\nabla_{\mathbb{R}^3} e_R|\,\|_{L^\infty_tL^2_x(\mathbb{R}^3\times(-T_0,T_0))}=0.$$ Letting $$e_{R,N}(x,t):=[(i\partial_t-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}+1)v'_{R,N}-\rho v'_{R,N}|v'_{R,N}|^4](x,t)=N^\frac{5}{2}e_R(Nx,N^2t),$$ it follows from that there is $R_0\geq 1$ such that, for any $R\geq R_0$ and $N\geq 1$, $$\label{clo11}
\|\,|e_{R,N}|+|\nabla_{\mathbb{R}^3} e_{R,N}|\,\|_{L^1_tL^2_x(\mathbb{R}^3\times(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2}))}\leq\varepsilon_1.$$
With $V_{R,N}(y,t)=v'_{R,N}(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)$ as in and $N\geq 10R$, let $$\label{clo13}
\begin{split}
E_{R,N}(y,t)&:=[(i\partial_t+L)V_{R,N}-\rho V_{R,N}|V_{R,N}|^4](y,t)\\
&=e_{R,N}(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)+2(1/\phi-1/\sin \phi)(\partial_\phi v^\prime_{R,N})(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)\\
&+(1/\phi^2-1/\sin^2\phi)(\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^2}v^\prime_{R,N})(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)
\end{split}$$ where we have used the formula in . We remark that $$\begin{split}
\Vert \phi \partial_\phi v^\prime_{R,N}(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)\Vert_{L^1_tL^2_x}+\Vert \phi\nabla (\partial_\phi v^\prime_{R,N})(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)\Vert_{L^1_tL^2_x}\lesssim_{R,T} N^{-2}\\
\Vert \Delta_{\mathbb{S}^2}v^\prime_{R,N}(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)\Vert_{L^1_tL^2_x}+\Vert\nabla (\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^2}v^\prime_{R,N})(\exp_O^{-1}(y),t)\Vert_{L^1_tL^2_x}\lesssim_{R,T} N^{-2}.
\end{split}$$
Using , it follows that for any $R_0$ sufficiently large there is $N_0$ such that for any $N\geq N_0$ $$\label{clo15}
\|\,|\nabla^1 E_{R_0,N}|\,\|_{L^1_tL^2_x(\mathbb{S}^3\times(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2}))}\leq 2\varepsilon_1.$$
To verify the hypothesis of Proposition \[Stabprop\], we estimate for $N$ large enough, using $$\label{clo16}
\sup_{t\in(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2})}\|V_{R_0,N}(t)\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}\leq \sup_{t\in(-T_0N^{-2},T_0N^{-2})}\|v'_{R_0,N}(t)\|_{H^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\lesssim 1.$$ and using , and $$\Vert V_{R,N}\vert V_{R,N}\vert^4\Vert_{L^1_tH^1}\lesssim \Vert v^\prime\Vert_{L^4L^\infty_x}^4\Vert v^\prime\Vert_{L^\infty_tH^1_x}\lesssim 1$$ we obtain that $$\Vert V_{R,N}\Vert_{X^1}\lesssim 1.$$
Finally, to verify the inequality on the first term in we estimate, for $R_0,N$ large enough, $$\label{clo17}
\begin{split}
\|f_N-V_{R_0,N}(0)\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}&\lesssim \|\phi_N-v'_{R_0,N}(0)\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\lesssim\|\eta(N^\frac{1}{2}\cdot)\phi-v'_{R_0}(0)\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\\
&\lesssim \|(1-\eta(N^\frac{1}{2}\cdot))\phi\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}+\|\phi-\phi'\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\\
&\quad+\|\phi'-v'_{R_0}(0)\|_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\\
&\lesssim \varepsilon_1.
\end{split}$$ The conclusion of the lemma follows from Proposition \[Stabprop\], provided that $\varepsilon_1$ is fixed sufficiently small depending on $E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)$.
To understand linear and nonlinear evolutions beyond the Euclidean window we need an additional extinction lemma:
\[Extinction\] Let $\phi\in \dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$ and define $f_N$ as in . For any $\varepsilon>0$, there exists $T=T(\phi,\varepsilon)$ and $N_0(\phi,\varepsilon)$ such that for all $N\ge N_0$, there holds that $$\label{Lem4.4Stat}
\Vert e^{itL}f_{N}\Vert_{Z(TN^{-2},T^{-1})}\lesssim\varepsilon.$$
Note that the analysis in [@BuGeTz] already gives the result on an interval of time of the form $[TN^{-2},N^{-1}]$. However for our application, it is important to obtain an upper bound independent of $N$.
Using Strichartz estimates and interpolation, we see that it suffices to obtain this for $p=\infty$ in the definition of $Z$, i.e. $$\sup_{M}M^{-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert P_Me^{itL}f_N\Vert_{L^\infty_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times[TN^{-2},T^{-1}])}\lesssim\varepsilon.$$ Fix $\varphi\in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}^3)$ such that $$\Vert \phi-\varphi\Vert_{\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}\le \varepsilon^2.$$ From the boundedness of $T_N$ in , we deduce that it suffices to prove that $$\sup_MM^{-1/2}\Vert P_Me^{itL}\varphi_N\Vert_{L^\infty_{x,t}}\le \varepsilon,\quad\varphi_N=T_N\varphi.$$ Let $Q=R^2+\varepsilon^{-2}$, where $R$ is the diameter of the support of $\varphi$. Using Bernstein estimate, we observe that $$\label{OffScale}
\begin{split}
M^{-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert P_Me^{itL}\varphi_N\Vert_{L^\infty_{x,t}}&\lesssim M\Vert P_Me^{itL}\varphi_N\Vert_{L^\infty_tL^2_x}\lesssim \min\left(\frac{M}{N},\left(\frac{N}{M}\right)^{10}\right).
\end{split}$$ Thus, if $(M/N)\notin(Q^{-1},Q)$, holds. From now on, we assume that $$Q^{-1}\le M/N\le Q.$$
We define $$c_p(x)=\left[\pi_p\varphi_N\right](x).$$ This decouples the oscillations in time and the variations in space as follows: $$\label{Explicit1111}
P_Me^{itL}\varphi_N(x)=\sum_{p\le 2M}\eta_M(p)e^{it p^2}c_p(x).$$
We consider two cases.
[**Case 1:**]{} when $d_g(O,x)\ge Q^6/N$. In this case, we can use the explicit formula to get that the function is far from saturating Sobolev inequality $$\label{SmallSobEmb}
\sum_{M\le p\le 2M}\vert\pi_p(\varphi_N)(x)\vert\lesssim\varepsilon N^\frac{1}{2}.$$
From the formula and the fact that in our case, for any $Y$ in the support of $\varphi_N$, $\angle(Y,x)\ge Q^5/N$ we obtain that $$\begin{split}
\vert \pi_p(\varphi_N)(x)\vert&\lesssim \Vert \varphi_N\Vert_{L^1}p(N/Q^{5})\lesssim \varepsilon^{2}Q^{-4} N^{-\frac{3}{2}}p.
\end{split}$$ Summing crudely over all $p\le 2M$, we obtain that $$\vert \sum_{p\le 2M}\eta_M(p)e^{-it p^2}c_p(x)\vert\lesssim N^{-\frac{3}{2}}Q^{-4}\sum_{p\le 2M}\varepsilon^{2}p\le\varepsilon N^\frac{1}{2}.$$ which gives in this case.
[**Case 2:**]{} when $d_g(O, x)\le 2Q^6/N$. In this case, we claim that, uniformly in $p$, $d_g(O, x)$, there holds that $$\label{EstimFourierCoeff}
\begin{split}
\vert c_p(x)\vert&\lesssim_\varphi Q^{10}N^{-\frac{1}{2}},\\
\vert c_p(x)-c_{p-1}(x)\vert&\lesssim_\varphi Q^{10}N^{-\frac{3}{2}},\\
\vert c_p(x)-2c_{p-1}(x)+c_{p-2}(x)\vert&\lesssim_\varphi Q^{10}N^{-\frac{5}{2}}.
\end{split}$$ This follows from the explicit formulas $$\begin{split}
c_p( Q)&=\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}{\bf Z}_p( R_QP)\varphi_N( P)d\nu_g( P),\\
c_p(Q)-c_{p-1}(Q)&=\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}{\bf Z}_p^d( R_QP)\varphi_N( P)d\nu_g( P),\\
c_p(Q)-2c_{p-1}(Q)+c_{p-2}(Q)&=\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}{\bf Z}_p^{dd}( R_QP)\varphi_N( P)d\nu_g( P),
\end{split}$$ where $$\begin{split}
\vert Z_p(\theta)\vert=&p\frac{\vert \sin(p\theta)\vert}{\sin\theta}\lesssim p^2\\
\vert Z_p^d(\theta)\vert =&p\left\vert \sin(p\theta)\frac{1-\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}+\cos(p\theta)+\frac{\sin((p-1)\theta)}{p\sin\theta}\right\vert\lesssim p(1+p\theta)\\
\left\vert Z_p^{dd}(\theta)\right\vert =&(p-1)\Big\vert \frac{\sin(p\theta)}{\sin\theta}\left[1-2\cos\theta+\cos(2\theta)\right]\\
&+\cos(p\theta)\left[2-\frac{\sin(2\theta)}{\sin\theta}\right]+\frac{2}{p-1}\frac{\cos\theta-\cos(2\theta)}{\sin\theta}+\frac{\sin p\theta}{p\sin\theta}\left[1-\cos(2\theta)\right]\Big\vert\\
\lesssim& p^2\theta^2+\theta.
\end{split}$$
We may now use , together with Lemma \[BouLem\] (with $K=Q^{10}N^{-\frac{1}{2}}$) to find an acceptable $T$ as in . More precisely, we fix $T_0\ge\varepsilon^{-3}$, which forces either $(a,q)=(0,1)$ or $q\ge \varepsilon^{-2}$ and then find choose $T\ge T_0$ in such a way as to satisfy .
In the process, we have seen from , and the end of the proof above that if $\varphi\in C^\infty_c(\mathbb{R}^3)$, then, for any $\varepsilon$, there exists $T_0>0$ and $N_0$ such that, whenever $T\ge T_0$ and $N\ge N_0$, there holds that $$\label{ExplicitDisp}
\sum_{M\ge 1}M^{-1/2}\Vert e^{itL}P_M(T_N\varphi)\Vert_{L^\infty(\mathbb{S}^3\times (TN^{-2},T^{-1}))}\lesssim\varepsilon.$$
We conclude this section with a proposition describing nonlinear solutions of the initial-value problem corresponding to data concentrating at a point. In view of the profile analysis in the next section, we need to consider slightly more general data. Given $f\in L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)$, $t_0\in\mathbb{R}$ and $x_0\in\mathbb{S}^3$ we define $$\begin{split}
&(\Pi_{t_0,x_0})f(x)=(e^{-it_0L}\tau_{x_0}f)(x),
\end{split}$$ where $\tau_{x_0}f(x)=f(R_{x_0}x)$.
Let $\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}_e$ denote the set of renormalized Euclidean frames [^7] $$\label{renframe}
\begin{split}
\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}_e:=\{(N_k,t_k,x_k)_{k\geq 1}:&\,N_k\in[1,+\infty),\,t_k\to 0,\,x_k\in\mathbb{S}^3,\,N_k\to+\infty,\\
&\text{ and either }t_k=0 \text{ for any }k\geq 1\text{ or }\lim_{k\to\infty}N_k^2|t_k|=+\infty\}.
\end{split}$$
\[GEForEP\] Assume that $\mathcal{O}=(N_k,t_k,x_k)_k\in\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}_e$, $\phi\in\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$, and let $U_k(0)=\Pi_{t_k,x_k}(T_{N_k}\phi)$.
\(i) There exists $\tau=\tau(\phi)$ such that for $k$ large enough (depending only on $\phi$ and $\mathcal{O}$) there is a nonlinear solution $U_k\in X^1(-\tau,\tau)$ of the equation with initial data $U_k(0)$, and $$\label{ControlOnZNormForEP}
\Vert U_k\Vert_{X^1(-\tau,\tau)}\lesssim_{E_{\mathbb{R}^3}(\phi)}1.$$
\(ii) There exists a Euclidean solution $u\in C(\mathbb{R}:\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3))$ of $$\label{EEq}
\left(i\partial_t-\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}+1\right)u+u\vert u\vert^4=0$$ with scattering data $\phi^{\pm\infty}$ defined as in such that the following holds, up to a subsequence: for any $\varepsilon>0$, there exists $T(\phi,\varepsilon)$ such that for all $T\ge T(\phi,\varepsilon)$ there exists $R(\phi,\varepsilon,T)$ such that for all $R\ge R(\phi,\varepsilon,T)$, there holds that $$\label{ProxyEuclHyp}
\Vert U_k-\tilde{u}_k\Vert_{X^1(\{\vert t-t_k\vert\le TN_k^{-2}\}\cap\{\vert t\vert\le T^{-1}\})}\le\varepsilon,$$ for $k$ large enough, where $$\tilde{u}_k(x,t)=N_k^\frac{1}{2}\eta(N_kd_g(x_k,x)/R)u(N_k\exp_{x_k}^{-1}(x),N_k^2(t-t_k)).$$ In addition, up to a subsequence[^8], $$\label{ScatEuclSol}
\Vert U_k(t)-\Pi_{t_k-t,x_k}T_{N_k}\phi^{\pm\infty}\Vert_{X^1(\{\pm(t-t_k)\geq TN_k^{-2}\}\cap \{\vert t \vert\le T^{-1}\})}\le \varepsilon,$$ for $k$ large enough (depending on $\phi,\varepsilon,T,R$).
This is follows from minor adaptation of the proof in [@IoPa2 Proposition 4.4]. Here Lemma \[Extinction\] is used in an essential way.
Profile decomposition
---------------------
In this section we show that given a bounded sequence of functions $f_k\in H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$ we can construct suitable [*[profiles]{}*]{} and express the sequence in terms of these profiles. The statements and the arguments in this section are very similar to those in [@IoPa2 Section 5]. See also [@IoPa; @IoPaSt] and [@Ker] for the original proofs of Keraani in the Euclidean geometry and [@BaGe; @MeVe] for earlier results.
The following is our main definition.
\[DefPro\]
1. We define a Euclidean frame to be a sequence $\mathcal{F}_e=(N_k,t_k,x_k)_k$ with $N_k\ge 1$, $N_k\to+\infty$, $t_k\in\mathbb{R}$, $t_k\to 0$, $x_k\in\mathbb{S}^3$. We say that two frames $(N_k,t_k,x_k)_k$ and $(M_k,s_k,y_k)_k$ are orthogonal if $$\lim_{k\to+\infty} \left(\left\vert \ln\frac{N_k}{M_k}\right\vert+N_k^2\vert t_k-s_k\vert+N_kd_g(x_k,y_k)\right)=+\infty.$$ Two frames that are not orthogonal are called equivalent.
2. If $\mathcal{O}=(N_k,t_k,x_k)_k$ is a Euclidean frame and if $\phi\in \dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$, we define the Euclidean profile associated to $(\phi,\mathcal{O})$ as the sequence $\widetilde{\phi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}$ $$\widetilde{\phi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}(x):=\Pi_{t_k,x_k}(T_{N_k}\phi).$$
The following lemma summarizes some of the basic properties of profiles associated to equivalent/orthogonal frames. Its proof uses Lemma \[step1\] with $\rho=0$ to control linear evolutions inside the Euclidean window and Lemma \[Extinction\] to control these evolutions outside such a window. Given these ingredients, the proof of Lemma \[EquivFrames\] is very similar to the proof of Lemma 5.4 in [@IoPaSt], and is omitted.
(Equivalence of frames)\[EquivFrames\]
\(i) If $\mathcal{O}$ and $\mathcal{O}^\prime$ are equivalent Euclidean profiles, then there exists an isometry $T:\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)\to\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)$ such that for any profile $\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}^\prime_k}$, up to a subsequence there holds that $$\label{equiv}
\limsup_{k\to+\infty}
\Vert \widetilde{T\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}-\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}^\prime_k}\Vert_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}=0.$$
\(ii) If $\mathcal{O}$ and $\mathcal{O}^\prime$ are orthogonal frames and $\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}$, $\widetilde{\varphi}_{\mathcal{O}^\prime_k}$ are corresponding profiles, then, up to a subsequence, $$\begin{split}
\lim_{k\to+\infty}\langle \widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k},\widetilde{\varphi}_{\mathcal{O}^\prime_k}\rangle_{H^1\times H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}&=0,\\
\lim_{k\to+\infty}\langle |\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}|^3,|\widetilde{\varphi}_{\mathcal{O}^\prime_k}|^3\rangle_{L^2\times L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}&=0.
\end{split}$$
\(iii) If $\mathcal{O}$ is a Euclidean frame and $\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}$, $\widetilde{\varphi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}$ are two profiles corresponding to $\mathcal{O}$, then $$\begin{split}
&\lim_{k\to+\infty}\left(\Vert\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}+\Vert\widetilde{\varphi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}\right)=0,\\
&\lim_{k\to+\infty}\langle \widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k},\widetilde{\varphi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}\rangle_{H^1\times H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}=\langle \psi,\varphi\rangle_{\dot{H}^1\times\dot{H}^1(\mathbb{R}^3)}.
\end{split}$$
\[absent\] We say that a sequence of functions $\{f_k\}_k\subseteq H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$ is absent from a frame $\mathcal{O}$ if for every profile $\psi_{\mathcal{O}_k}$ associated to $\mathcal{O}$, $$\int_{\mathbb{S}^3}\left(f_k\overline{\widetilde{\psi}}_{\mathcal{O}_k}+\nabla f_k\nabla\overline{\widetilde{\psi}}_{\mathcal{O}_k}\right)dx\to0$$ as $k\to+\infty$.
Note in particular that a profile associated to a frame $\mathcal{O}$ is absent from any frame orthogonal to $\mathcal{O}$.
The following proposition is the core of this section. Its proof is similar to the proof of [@IoPa Proposition 5.5], and is omitted.
\[PD\] Consider $\{f_k\}_k$ a sequence of functions in $H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$ satisfying $$\label{FkBoundedPD}
\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\Vert f_k\Vert_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}\lesssim E$$ and a sequence of intervals $I_k=(-T_k,T^k)$ such that $\vert I_k\vert\to0$ as $k\to+\infty$. Up to passing to a subsequence, assume that $f_k\rightharpoonup g\in H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$. There exists a sequence of profiles $\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}$ associated to pairwise orthogonal Euclidean frames $\mathcal{O}^\alpha$ such that, after extracting a subsequence, for every $J\ge 0$ $$\label{DecompositionPD}
f_k=g+\sum_{1\le \alpha\le J}\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}+R_k^J$$ where $R_k^J$ is absent from the frames $\mathcal{O}^\alpha$, $\alpha\le J$ and is small in the sense that $$\label{smallnessPD}
\limsup_{J\to+\infty}\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\big[\sup_{N\ge 1,t\in I_k,\,x\in\mathbb{S}^3}N^{-\frac{1}{2}}\left\vert \left(e^{itL}P_NR_k^J\right)(x)\right\vert\big]=0.$$ Besides, we also have the following orthogonality relations $$\label{OrthogonalityPD}
\begin{split}
&\Vert f_k\Vert_{L^2}^2=\Vert g\Vert_{L^2}^2+\Vert R_k^J\Vert_{L^2}^2+o_k(1),\\
&\Vert \nabla f_k\Vert_{L^2}^2=\Vert \nabla g\Vert_{L^2}^2+\sum_{\alpha\le J}\Vert\nabla_{\mathbb{R}^3}\psi^\alpha\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}^2+\Vert\nabla R_k^J\Vert_{L^2}^2+o_k(1),\\
&\lim_{J\to+\infty}\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\left\vert\Vert f_k\Vert_{L^6}^6-\Vert g\Vert_{L^6}^6-\sum_{\alpha\le J}\Vert\widetilde{\varphi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}\Vert_{L^6}^6\right\vert=0,
\end{split}$$ where $o_k(1)\to0$ as $k\to+\infty$, possibly depending on $J$.
The proof of the last bound in relies on the estimate $$\limsup_{J\to+\infty}\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\|R_k^J\|_{L^6(\mathbb{S}^3)}=0.$$ This is a consequence of and the bound $$\label{Sobo}
\|f\|^6_{L^6(\mathbb{S}^3)}\lesssim\|f\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}^2\big(\sup_{N\geq 1}N^{-1/2}\|P_Nf\|_{L^\infty(\mathbb{S}^3)}\big)^4,$$ for any $f\in H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$, see for example [@IoPa Lemma 2.3] for a similar proof.
Global Existence {#SecGWP}
================
Induction on Energy
-------------------
We follow a strategy derived from [@KeMe]. From Proposition \[LWP\], we see that to prove Theorem \[MainThm\], it suffices to prove that solutions remain bounded in $Z$ on intervals of length at most $1$. To obtain this, we induct on the energy $E(u)$.
Define $$\Lambda_\ast(L)=\limsup_{\tau\to0}\sup\{\Vert u\Vert_{Z(I)}^2,E(u)\le L,\vert I\vert\le \tau\}$$ where the supremum is taken over all strong solutions of of energy less than or equal to $L$ and all intervals $I$ of length $\vert I\vert\le \tau$. In addition, define $$\label{Emax}
E_{max}=\sup\{L: \Lambda_\ast(L)<+\infty\}.$$ We see that Theorem \[MainThm\] is equivalent to the following statement.
\[Alex40\] $E_{max}=+\infty$. In particular every solution of is global.
Suppose for contradiction that $E_{max}<+\infty$. From now on, all our constants are allowed to depend on $E_{max}$. By definition, there exists a sequence of intervals $I_k$ and a sequence of solutions $u_k$ such that $$\label{CondForComp}
E(u_k)\to E_{max},\quad\vert I_k\vert\to0,\quad \Vert u_k\Vert_{Z(I_k)}\to+\infty$$ and $0\in I_k$. We now apply Proposition \[PD\] to the sequence $\{u_k(0)\}_k$ with $I_k$. This gives a sequence of profiles $\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}$, $\alpha,k=1,2,\dots$, and a decomposition $$u_k(0)=g+\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}+R^J_k.$$
Using Lemma \[EquivFrames\] and passing to a subsequence, we may renormalize every Euclidean profile, that is, up to passing to an equivalent profile, we may assume that for every Euclidean frame $\mathcal{O}^\alpha$, $\mathcal{O}^\alpha\in\widetilde{\mathcal{F}}_e$, see definition . Besides, using Lemma \[EquivFrames\] and passing to a subsequence once again, we may assume that for every $\alpha\ne\beta$, either $N^\alpha_k/N^\beta_k+N^\beta_k/N^\alpha_k\to+\infty$ as $k\to+\infty$ or $N^\alpha_k=N^\beta_k$ for all $k$ and in this case, either $t^\alpha_k=t^\beta_k$ as $k\to+\infty$ or $(N^\alpha_k)^2\vert t^\alpha_k-t^\beta_k\vert \to+\infty$ as $k\to+\infty$.
From and Lemma \[EquivFrames\] (iii) we see that, after extracting a subsequence, $$\label{SumOfL}
\begin{split}
&E(\alpha):=\lim_{k\to+\infty}E(\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k})\in(0,E_{max}],\\
&\lim_{J\to+\infty}\big[\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}E(\alpha)+\lim_{k\to+\infty}E(R_k^J)\big]\le E_{max}-E(g).
\end{split}$$
We consider also the remainder and note that, for $p\in\{p_0,p_1\}$ and $q=(p_0+4)/2>4$, $$\begin{split}
\sum_N N^{5-p/2}&\Vert P_Ne^{itL}R^J_k\Vert_{L^{p}_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I_k)}^{p}\\
&\lesssim \big[\sup_NN^{-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert e^{itL}P_N R^J_k\Vert_{L^\infty_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I_k)}\big]^{p-q}\sum_N \left[N^{5/q-1/2}\Vert P_Ne^{itL}R^J_k\Vert_{L^q_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I_k)}\right]^q\\
&\lesssim \big[\sup_NN^{-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert e^{itL}P_N R^J_k\Vert_{L^\infty_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I_k)}\big]^{p-q}\sum_N N^q\Vert P_N R^J_k\Vert_{L^2_x(\mathbb{S}^3)}^q\\
&\lesssim\big[\sup_NN^{-\frac{1}{2}}\Vert e^{itL}P_N R^J_k\Vert_{L^\infty_{x,t}(\mathbb{S}^3\times I_k)}\big]^{p-q}.
\end{split}$$ Therefore $$\label{SmallnessRterm}
\limsup_{J\to+\infty}\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\Vert e^{itL}R^J_k\Vert_{Z(I_k)}=0.$$
[**Case I:**]{} $\{u_k(0)\}_k$ converges strongly in $H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$ to its limit $g$ which satisfies $E(g)=E_{max}$. Then, by Strichartz estimates, there exists $\eta>0$ such that, for $k$ large enough $$\Vert e^{itL}u_k(0)\Vert_{Z(I_k)}\le\Vert e^{itL}g\Vert_{Z(-\eta,\eta)}+o_k(1)\le\delta_0,$$ where $\delta_0$ is given by the local theory in Proposition \[LWP\]. In this case, we conclude that $\Vert u_k\Vert_{Z(I_k)}\lesssim 2\delta_0$ which contradicts .
[**Case IIa:**]{} $g=0$ and there are no profiles. Then, taking $J$ sufficiently large, we get that, for $k$ large enough, $$\Vert e^{itL}u_k(0)\Vert_{Z(I_k)}\le\delta_0,$$ where $\delta_0$ is as above. Once again, this contradicts .
[**Case IIb:**]{} $g=0$ and there is only one Euclidean profile, such that $$u_k(0)=\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}+o_k(1)$$ in $H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)$ (see ), where $\mathcal{O}$ is a Euclidean frame. In this case, we let $U_k$ be the solution of with initial data $U_k(0)=\widetilde{\psi}_{\mathcal{O}_k}$ and we use to get, for $k$ large enough $$\Vert U_k\Vert_{Z(I_k)}\le\Vert U_k\Vert_{Z(-\delta,\delta)}\lesssim 1\quad\text{and}\quad\lim_{k\to +\infty}\Vert U_k(0)-u_k(0)\Vert_{H^1}\to 0.$$ We may use Proposition \[Stabprop\] to deduce that $$\Vert u_k\Vert_{Z(I_k)}\lesssim \Vert u_k\Vert_{X^1(I_k)}\lesssim 1$$ which contradicts .
[**Case III:**]{} $E(g)<E_{max}$ and $E(\alpha)<E_{max}$ for any $\alpha=1,2,\dots$. Up to relabeling the profiles, we can assume that for all $\alpha$, $E(\alpha)\le E(1)<E_{max}-\eta$, $E(g)<E_{max}-\eta$ for some $\eta>0$. Now for every linear profile $\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}$, we define the associated nonlinear profile $U^\alpha_k$ as the maximal solution of with initial data $U^\alpha_k(0)=\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}$. A more precise description of each nonlinear profile is given by Proposition \[GEForEP\]. Similarly, we define $W$ to be the nonlinear solution of with initial data $g$. In view of the induction hypothesis $$\Vert W\Vert_{Z(-1,1)}+\Vert U^\alpha_k\Vert_{Z(-1,1)}\le 3\Lambda(E_{max}-\eta/2,2)\lesssim 1,$$ where from now on all the implicit constants are allowed to depend on $\Lambda(E_{max}-\eta/2,2)$. Using Proposition \[Stabprop\] it follows that for any $\alpha$ and any $k>k_0(\alpha)$ sufficiently large, $$\label{BddX1}
\Vert W\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}+\Vert U^\alpha_k\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}\lesssim 1.$$
For $J,k\geq 1$ we define $$U^J_{prof,k}:=W+\sum_{\alpha=1}^J U^\alpha_k.$$ We show first that there is a constant $Q$ such that $$\label{bi1}
\Vert U^J_{prof,k}\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}^2+\Vert W\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}^2+\sum_{\alpha=1}^J\Vert U^\alpha_k\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}^2+\sum_{\alpha=1}^J\Vert U^\alpha_k-e^{itL}\widetilde{\psi}^\alpha_{\mathcal{O}^\alpha_k}\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}\le Q^2,$$ uniformly in $J$, for all $k\ge k_0(J)$ sufficiently large. Indeed, a simple fixed point argument as in Section \[localwp\] shows that there exists $\delta_0>0$ such that if $$\Vert \phi\Vert_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}=\delta\le\delta_0$$ then the unique strong solution of with initial data $\phi$ is global and satisfies $$\label{SmalldataCCL}
\begin{split}
\Vert u\Vert_{X^1(-2,2)}&\le 2\delta\quad\text{and}\quad\Vert u-e^{itL}\phi\Vert_{X^1(-2,2)}\lesssim \delta^2.
\end{split}$$ From , we know that there are only finitely many profiles such that $E(\alpha)\ge\delta_0/2$. Without loss of generality, we may assume that for all $\alpha\ge A$, $E(\alpha)\le\delta_0$. Using , , and we then see that $$\begin{split}
&\Vert U^J_{prof,k}\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}=\Vert W+\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}U^\alpha_k\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}\\
&\le \Vert W\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}+\sum_{1\le\alpha\le A}\Vert U^\alpha_k\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}+\Vert \sum_{A\le\alpha\le J}(U^\alpha_k-e^{itL}U^\alpha_k(0))\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}\\
&+\Vert e^{itL}\sum_{A\le\alpha\le J}U^\alpha_k(0)\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}\\
&\lesssim 1+A+\sum_{A\le\alpha\le J}E(\alpha)+\Vert\sum_{A\le\alpha\le J}U^\alpha_k(0)\Vert_{H^1}\lesssim 1.
\end{split}$$ The bound on $\sum_{\alpha=1}^J\Vert U^\alpha_k\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}^2$ is similar (in fact easier), which gives .
We now claim that $$U^J_{app,k}=W+\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}U^\alpha_k+e^{itL}R^J_k$$ is an approximate solution for all $J\ge J_0$ and all $k\ge k_0(J)$ sufficiently large. We saw in that $U^J_{app,k}$ has bounded $X^1$-norm. Let $\varepsilon=\varepsilon (2Q^2)$ be the constant given in Proposition \[Stabprop\]. We compute, with $F(z)=z|z|^4$, $$\begin{split}
e&=\left(i\partial_t+L\right)U^J_{app,k}-F(U^J_{app,k})=F(U^J_{app,k})-F(W)-\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}F(U^\alpha_k)\\
&=F(U^J_{prof,k}+e^{itL}R^J_k)-F(U^J_{prof,k})+F(U^J_{prof,k})-F(W)-\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}F(U^\alpha_k).
\end{split}$$ and appealing to Lemma \[AlmostSol\] below, we obtain that $$\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\Vert e\Vert_{N(I_k)}\le\varepsilon/2$$ for $J\ge J_0(\varepsilon)$. In this case, we may use Proposition \[Stabprop\] to conclude that $u_k$ satisfies $$\Vert u_k\Vert_{X^1(I_k)}\lesssim \Vert U^J_{app,k}\Vert_{X^1(I_k)}\le \Vert U^J_{prof,k}\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}+\Vert e^{itL}R^J_k\Vert_{X^1(-1,1)}\lesssim 1,$$ which contradicts . This finishes the proof.
We have now proved our main theorem, except for the following important assertion.
\[AlmostSol\]
With the notations in [**Case III**]{} of the proof of Theorem \[Alex40\], we have that, for fixed $J$, $$\label{Asol1}
\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\Vert F(U^J_{prof,k})-F(W)-\sum_{1\le\alpha\le J}F(U^\alpha_k)\Vert_{N(I_k)}=0.$$ Besides, we also have that $$\label{Asol2}
\limsup_{J\to+\infty}\limsup_{k\to+\infty}\Vert F(U^J_{prof,k}+e^{itL}R^J_k)-F(U^J_{prof,k})\Vert_{N(I_k)}=0.$$
The proof of this Lemma is identical to the proof in [@IoPa2 Section 7], with [@IoPa2 Lemma $7.1$] replaced by Lemma \[HFLFI\] below.
Recall from Section \[SecNot\] that $\mathfrak{O}_{4,1}(a,b)$ denotes a quantity which is quartic in $\{a,\overline{a}\}$ and linear in $\{b,\overline{b}\}$.
\[HFLFI\] Let $O\in\mathbb{S}^3$ and assume that $B,N\geq 2$ are dyadic numbers and $\omega:\mathbb{S}^3\times(-1,1)\to\mathbb{C}$ is a function satisfying $\vert \nabla^j\omega\vert \leq N^{j+1/2}\mathbf{1}_{\{d_g(x,O)\leq N^{-1},\,|t|\leq N^{-2}\}}$, $j=0,1$. Then $$\Vert \mathfrak{O}_{4,1}(\omega,e^{itL}P_{> BN}f)\Vert_{L^1((-1,1),H^1)}\lesssim B^{-1}\|f\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}.$$
The general strategy of the proof is similar to the one in [@IoPa2] on $\mathbb{T}^3$. We may assume that $\|f\|_{H^1(\mathbb{S}^3)}=1$ and $f=P_{>BN}f$. We notice that $$\begin{split}
\Vert \mathfrak{O}_{4,1}(\omega,e^{itL}P_{>BN}f)\Vert_{L^1((-1,1),H^1)}&\lesssim \Vert \mathfrak{O}_{4,1}(\omega,\nabla e^{itL}f)\Vert_{L^1((-1,1),L^2)}\\
&+\Vert e^{itL}f\Vert_{L^\infty_tL^2_x}\Vert \omega\Vert_{L^4_tL^\infty_x}^3\Vert \vert\nabla\omega\vert+\vert\omega\vert\Vert_{L^4_tL^\infty_x}\\
&\lesssim \Vert \mathfrak{O}_{4,1}(\omega,\nabla e^{itL}f)\Vert_{L^1((-1,1),L^2)}+B^{-1}.
\end{split}$$ Let $\chi_N=\mathfrak{1}_{B(O,2N^{-1})}$ and $W(x,t):=N^4\chi_N(x)\eta(N^2t)$ and write $$\begin{split}
\Vert \mathfrak{O}_{4,1}(\omega,\nabla e^{itL}f)\Vert_{L^1((-1,1),L^2)}^2&\lesssim N^{-2}\Vert W^\frac{1}{2}\nabla e^{itL}f\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3\times (-1,1))}^2\\
&\lesssim N^{-2}\sum_{j=1}^3\int_{-1}^1\langle e^{itL}\partial_jf,We^{itL}\partial_jf\rangle_{L^2\times L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)} dt\\
&\lesssim N^{-2}\sum_{j=1}^3\langle \partial_jf,\left[\int_{-1}^1e^{-itL}We^{itL}dt\right] \partial_jf\rangle_{L^2\times L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}.
\end{split}$$ Therefore, it remains to prove that $$\label{Alex50}
\|K\|_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)\to L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}\lesssim N^2B^{-1}\,\,\text{ where }\,\,K=P_{>BN}\int_{\mathbb{R}}e^{-itL}We^{itL}P_{>BN}\,dt.$$
We look at the Fourier coefficients
$$\begin{split}
K_{p,q}&=\pi_pK\pi_q\\
&=N^4(1-\eta(p/BN))(1-\eta(q/BN))\int_{\mathbb{R}}e^{-it\left[p^2-q^2\right]}\eta(N^2t)dt\cdot\left[\pi_p\chi_N\pi_q\right]\\
&=N^2(1-\eta(p/BN))(1-\eta(q/BN))\hat{\eta}(N^{-2}(p^2-q^2))\cdot\left[\pi_p\chi_N\pi_q\right].
\end{split}$$
Using Schur’s lemma, it suffices to prove that $$\sup_{p\ge BN}\sum_{q\in\mathbb{Z}}(1-\eta(q/BN))\vert \hat{\eta}(N^{-2}(p^2-q^2))\vert\Vert \pi_p\chi_N\pi_q\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}\lesssim B^{-1}.$$ The new ingredient we need is the following $$\label{CrucialGain}
\Vert \pi_p\chi_N\pi_q\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}\lesssim N^{-1}+\min(p,q)^{-2}$$ which is a consequence[^9] of . Assuming , we finish the proof as follows: for any $p\ge BN$, $$\begin{split}
\sum_{q\in\mathbb{Z}}(1-\eta(q/BN))\vert \hat{\eta}(N^{-2}(p^2-q^2))\vert\Vert \pi_p\chi_N\pi_q\Vert_{L^2\to L^2}&\lesssim \sum_{q\ge BN}N^{-1}\cdot\left[1+N^{-2}\vert p^2-q^2\vert\right]^{-10}\\
&\lesssim \sum_{q\ge BN}N^{-1}\cdot\left[1+B\vert p-q\vert/N\right]^{-10}\\
&\lesssim B^{-1}
\end{split}$$ which finishes the proof.
Appendix {#App}
========
Weyl Sum estimate
-----------------
For a sequence $c=(c_p)_p$, we define the linear difference operator $\delta$ by $$(\delta c)_p=c_{p}-c_{p-1}$$ and for $j\ge 1$, $\delta^{j+1}c=\delta(\delta^jc)$. The following lemma is essentially from [@Bo2] in a slightly different formulation.
\[BouLem\] Assume that $(c_p)_p$ satisfies $$\vert\delta^j c\vert\lesssim KN^{-j},\quad 0\le j\le 2$$ and that $$\{p:c_p\ne 0\}\subset [-QN,QN]$$ For $t\in [-\pi,\pi]$ let $t/\pi=a/q+\beta$, $0\le \vert a\vert\le q\le N$ and $\vert\beta\vert\le1/(Nq)$ be its Dirichlet approximation. Define $$S(t)=\sum_pc_pe^{it\vert p\vert^{2}},$$ then there holds that $$\label{LinftyBound}
\vert S(t)\vert\lesssim KQ^\frac{3}{2}\frac{N}{\sqrt{q(1+N^{2}\vert\beta\vert)}}.$$
We may assume that $K=1$. We first compute $$\begin{split}
\vert S\vert^2&=\sum_{a,b}\overline{c}_ac_be^{it\left[\vert b\vert^{2}-\vert a\vert^{2}\right]}=\sum_{m}e^{i t\vert m\vert^{2}}\sigma_m\\
\sigma_m&=\sum_{p}\overline{c}_{p}c_{p+m}e^{it 2mp}.
\end{split}$$ We shall not use the oscillations that might be present in the above sum beyond the following claim: $$\label{Claim1}
\vert\sigma_m\vert\lesssim\frac{NQ}{\left[1+N\hbox{dist}(mt/\pi,\mathbb{Z})\right]^2}.$$ If $N\hbox{dist}(mt/\pi,\mathbb{Z})<1$, the bound is clear. Otherwise, we simply observe that, letting $z=e^{i2mt}$ and $C_p=\overline{c}_pc_{p+m}$, there holds, uniformly in $m$, $$\begin{split}
(1-z)\sum_pC_pz^p&=\sum_p(\delta C)_pz^p\\
(1-z)^{2}\sum_pC_pz^p&=\sum_p(\delta^{2} C)_pz^p\\
\vert \delta^jC_p\vert&\lesssim N^{-j},\quad 0\le j\le 2.
\end{split}$$ This gives .
Now, we can finish the proof. We may assume that $a\ge 0$ and $\vert\beta\vert\ne 0$. For any $m\in\mathbb{Z}$, we define $$b(m)=am \mod q,\quad b(m)\in\mathbb{Z}_q=\{0,1,\dots,q-1\}.$$ Since $(a,q)=1$, $a$ is invertible in $\mathbb{Z}_q$ and the mapping $r\mapsto b(r)$ is a bijection $\mathbb{Z}_q\to\mathbb{Z}_q$. We now distinguish two cases.
The nonresonant case[^10]: $b(r)\notin \mathcal{R}=\{0,1,.,3Q,q-3Q,\dots,q-2,q-1\}$. In this case, since $\vert m\vert\le 2QN$ and $$mt/\pi=\frac{ma}{q}+m\beta\in \mathbb{Z}+\frac{b(m)}{q}+[-\frac{2Q}{q},\frac{2Q}{q}],$$ we may use the oscillations in $b(m)$ since $$\hbox{dist}(mt/\pi,\mathbb{Z})=\frac{b(m)}{q}+m\beta\ge\frac{3}{5}\min\left\{\frac{b(m)}{q},\frac{q-b(m)}{q}\right\}$$ so that, we can estimate the corresponding contribution by $$\begin{split}
\sum_{m:b(m)\notin\mathcal{R}}\left\vert\sigma_m\right\vert\lesssim\frac{Q}{N}\sum_{m:b(m)\notin\mathcal{R}}\frac{q^2}{[b(m)]^2}\lesssim\frac{Qq^2}{N}\sum_{k\ge 2}\sum_{m:b(m)=k}\frac{1}{k^2}\lesssim \frac{Q^2q^2}{N}\frac{N}{q}\lesssim Q^2q
\end{split}$$ which is acceptable.
The resonant case. In this case, we are left with a worse bound in , but fortunately, there are only $6Q$ of them and we can estimate them one by one. Thus, from now on, we assume that $b(m)$ is fixed. Then, clearly, $$\{\hbox{dist}(mt/\pi,\mathbb{Z})\,\,\,:\,\,\,b(m)=k\}$$ is contained in at most $1+Q/q$ arithmetic sequences of length $O(N)$ and increment $2q\vert \beta\vert$. Hence its contribution can be estimated by $$\begin{split}
Q\min(\frac{N}{q}QN,\sum_{k\ge 0}\frac{NQ}{(1+N2kq\vert\beta\vert)^2})&\lesssim Q^2\min(\frac{N^2}{q},\sum_{2k q\vert\beta\vert N\le 1}N+\sum_{2k q\vert\beta\vert N\ge 1}\frac{1}{N(kq\vert\beta\vert)^2})\\
&\lesssim Q^2\min(\frac{N^2}{q},\frac{1}{q\vert\beta\vert}).
\end{split}$$ Again, this is acceptable.
The case of the ball with Dirichlet boundary conditions and radial data {#SecBall}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Here we give the main ingredients to prove Theorem \[BallThm\]. The analysis of the Dirichlet problem on $B(0,\pi)$ is not so different from the analysis on $\mathbb{S}^3$ due to the relation $$(1-\Delta_{\mathbb{S}^3})f=\frac{\theta^2}{\sin^2\theta}\Delta_{\mathbb{R}^3}\left[\frac{\sin^2\theta}{\theta^2}f\right]$$ where $\theta$ denotes the distance to the origin[^11]. This leads to the relation $$\label{EquivFlow}
\left(e^{-it\Delta_{B^3_D}}\varphi\right)=g\cdot e^{itL}\left(\frac{\varphi}{g}\right),\quad g(\theta,\omega)=\frac{\sin(\theta)}{\theta}.$$ Since we also have that $$\Vert \frac{\varphi}{g}\Vert_{L^2(\mathbb{S}^3)}=\Vert \varphi\Vert_{L^2(B^3)},$$ we can directly transfer the linear estimates on $\mathbb{S}^3$ to estimates on the ball with Dirichlet condition. In particular, we recover all the results of Section \[localwp\]. In Section \[SecProf\], we also see that Lemma \[Extinction\] holds directly, while the other lemmas do not depend on the geometry and hence trivially hold. Note in particular that the radial Sobolev inequality $$\left(\frac{\vert x\vert}{\pi-\vert x\vert}\right)^\frac{1}{2}\vert u(x)\vert\lesssim\Vert\nabla u\Vert_{L^2(B)},$$ valid for all functions vanishing at $\pi$ forces all the Euclidean profiles to only concentrate at the origin. In Section \[SecGWP\], the main novelty is in the linear Lemma \[HFLFI\], which again holds equally, thanks to . The other parts of the proof need only minor modifications.
[99]{}
T. Alazard and R. Carles, Loss of regularity for super-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equations, [*Math. Ann.*]{} 343 (2009), 397–420.
N. Anantharaman and F. Macia, The dynamics of the Schrödinger flow from the point of view of semiclassical measures. Spectral geometry, 93–116, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 84, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2012.
R. Anton, Strichartz Inequalities for Lipschitz Metrics on Manifolds and Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation on Domains, [*Bull. Soc. Math. France*]{} 136 (2008), no. 1, 27–65.
R. Anton, Cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on three dimensional balls with radial data. [*Comm. P.D.E.*]{} 33 (2008), no. 10-12, 1862–1889.
V. Banica, The nonlinear Schrödinger equation on hyperbolic space, [*Comm. P.D.E.*]{} 32 (2007), no. 10, 1643–1677
V. Banica, R. Carles, and T. Duyckaerts, On scattering for NLS: from Euclidean to hyperbolic space, [*Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.*]{} 24 (2009), no. 4, 1113–1127.
H. Bahouri and P. Gérard, Patrick, High frequency approximation of solutions to critical nonlinear wave equations. [*Amer. J. Math.*]{} [**121**]{} (1999), no. 1, 131–175.
V. Banica and L. Ignat, Dispersion for the Schrödinger Equation on Networks, [*J. Math. Phys.*]{} 52 (2011), 083703.
M. D. Blair, H. F. Smith, and C. D. Sogge, On Strichartz estimates for Schrödinger operators in compact manifolds with boundary, [*Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{}, 136 (2008), pp. 247–256.
M. D. Blair, H. F. Smith, and C. D. Sogge, Strichartz estimates and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on manifolds with boundary, [*Math. Ann.*]{}, to appear.
J. Bourgain, Fourier transform restriction phenomena for certain lattice subsets and applications to nonlinear evolution equations. I. Schrödinger equations, [*Geom. Funct. Anal.*]{} [**[3]{}**]{} (1993), 107–156.
J. Bourgain, Exponential sums and nonlinear Schrödinger equations, [*Geom. Funct. Anal.*]{} [**[3]{}**]{} (1993), 157–178.
J. Bourgain, Global wellposedness of defocusing critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the radial case, [*J. Amer. Math. Soc.*]{} [**[12]{}**]{} (1999), 145–171.
J. Bourgain, Moment inequalities for trigonometric polynomials with spectrum in curved hypersurfaces, arXiv:1107.1129.
N. Burq, P. Gérard, and N. Tzvetkov, Strichartz inequalities and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds, [*Amer. J. Math.*]{} [**[126]{}**]{} (2004), 569–605.
N. Burq, P. Gérard and N. Tzvetkov, Multilinear eigenfunction estimates and global existence for the three dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations. [*Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup.*]{} (4) [**[38]{}**]{} (2005), no 2, 255–301.
N. Burq, P. Gérard, and N. Tzvetkov, Bilinear eigenfunction estimates and the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on surfaces, [*Invent. Math.*]{} [**[159]{}**]{} (2005), 187–223.
N. Burq, P. Gérard, and N. Tzvetkov, Global solutions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on three- dimensional compact manifolds, Mathematical aspects of nonlinear dispersive equations, Ann. of Math. Stud., vol. 163, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007, pp. 111–129.
T. Cazenave, Semilinear Schrödinger Equations, Courant Lecture Notes in Mathematics 10, New York University, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York; American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2003.
M. Christ, J. Colliander and T. Tao, Ill-posedness for nonlinear Schrodinger and wave equations, [*Ann. IHP.*]{}, to appear.
J. Colliander, M. Keel, G. Staffilani, H. Takaoka and T. Tao, Global well-posedness and scattering for the energy-critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation in $\mathbb{R}^3$, [*Ann. of Math.*]{} [**[167]{}**]{} (2008), 767–865.
B. Dodson, Global well-posedness and scattering for the defocusing, energy-critical, nonlinear Schrödinger equation in the exterior of a convex obstacle when $d = 4$, arXiv:1112.0710.
P. Gérard and V. Pierfelice, Nonlinear Schrödinger equation on four-dimensional compact manifolds, [*Bull. Soc. Math. France*]{} [**138**]{} (2010), 119–151.
M. Grillakis, On nonlinear Schrödinger equations, [*Comm. P.D.E.*]{} [**[25]{}**]{} (2000), 1827–1844.
M. Hadac, S. Herr, and H. Koch, Well-posedness and scattering for the KP-II equation in a critical space, [*Ann. IHP*]{} Ð AN 26 (2009), no. 3, 917Ð 941, Erratum published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anihpc.2010.01.006.
Z. Hani, Global well-posedness of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds without boundary, [*Analysis & PDE*]{} 5-2 (2012) 339–363.
Z. Hani and B. Pausader, On scattering for the quintic defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation on $\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{T}^2$, [*CPAM*]{}, to appear.
S. Herr, The quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation on three-dimensional Zoll manifolds, [*Amer. J. Math.*]{}, to appear.
S. Herr, D. Tataru, and N. Tzvetkov, Global well-posedness of the energy critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation with small initial data in $H^1(T^3)$, [*Duke Math. J.*]{} (2011) Vol. 159, no. 2, p. 329–349.
S. Herr, D. Tataru, and N. Tzvetkov, Strichartz estimates for partially periodic solutions to Schrödinger equations in $4d$ and applications, [*J. Ang. Math.*]{}, to appear.
A. D. Ionescu, B. Pausader, and G. Staffilani, On the global well-posedness of energy-critical Schrödinger equations in curved spaces, [*Analysis & PDE*]{}, Vol. 5 (2012), no. 4, 705–746
A. D. Ionescu and B. Pausader, Global wellposedness of the energy-critical defocusing NLS on $\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{T}^3$, [*Comm. Math. Phys.*]{}, 312 (2012), no. 3, 781–831.
A. D. Ionescu and B. Pausader, The energy-critical defocusing NLS on $\mathbb{T}^3$, [*Duke Math. J.*]{}, 161 (2012), no. 8, 1581–1612.
O. Ivanovici and F. Planchon, On the energy critical Schrödinger equation in $3D$ non-trapping domains. [*Ann. Inst. H. P. Anal. Non Linéaire*]{} 27 (2010), no. 5, 1153–1177.
S. Keraani, On the defect of compactness for the Strichartz estimates of the Schrödinger equations, [*J. Diff. Equ.*]{} [**[175]{}**]{} (2001), 353–392.
R. Killip and M. Visan, Global well-posedness and scattering for the defocusing quintic NLS in three dimensions, [*Analysis & PDE*]{}, to appear.
R. Killip, M. Visan and X. Zhang, Quintic NLS in the exterior of a strictly convex obstacle, preprint arXiv:1208.4904.
C. E. Kenig and F. Merle, Global well-posedness, scattering and blow-up for the energy-critical, focusing, non-linear Schrödinger equation in the radial case, [*Invent. Math.*]{} [**[166]{}**]{} (2006), 645–675.
H. Koch and D. Tataru, Dispersive estimates for principally normal pseudo- differential operators, [*Comm. Pure Appl. Math.*]{} 58 (2005), no. 2, 217–284.
D. Li, H. Smith and X. Zhang, Global well-posedness and scattering for defocusing energy-critical NLS in the exterior of balls with radial data, arXiv:1109.4194.
F. Merle and L. Vega, Compactness at blow-up time for [$L\sp 2$]{} solutions of the critical nonlinear [S]{}chrödinger equation in $2D$, [*Int. Math. Res. Not.*]{}, (8) (1998), 399–425.
F. Planchon, On the cubic NLS on $3D$ compact domains, [*Journal of the Inst. of Math. of Jussieu*]{}, 2 (2013) 1–18.
C. D. Sogge, Oscillatory integrals and spherical harmonics, [*Duke Math. J.*]{}, Vol 53, no1 (1986), 43–65.
C. D. Sogge, Concerning the $L^p$ norm of spectral clusters for second order elliptic operators on compact manifolds. [*J. Funct. Anal.*]{} 77:123–138, (1988).
C. D. Sogge, Kakeya-Nikodym averages and $L^p$-norms of eigenfunctions. [*Tohoku Math. J.*]{} (2) 63 (2011), no. 4, 519–538,
H. Takaoka and N. Tzvetkov, On $2D$ Nonlinear Schrödinger equations with data on $\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{T}$, [*J. Funct. Anal.*]{} [**182**]{} (2001), no 2, 427–442.
N. Tzvetkov, N. Visciglia, Small data scattering for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation on product spaces, [*Comm. P.D.E.*]{} 37 (2012) 125–135.
[^1]: B.P. was partially supported by NSF grant DMS-1142293. N.T. is partially supported by the ERC grant Dispeq.
[^2]: The case of arbitrary data remains an outstanding open problem, where even the linear flow is still not satisfactorily understood [@An; @An2; @BlSmSo; @BlSmSo2; @Pla].
[^3]: Here $H^1_D$ is the completion for the $H^1$-norm of the smooth functions compactly supported in $B(0,1)$.
[^4]: Here by $\mathbb{S}^1$ we mean $[0,2\pi]$ with the endpoints identified.
[^5]: Here we denote $l^1_k(k^2)$ the set of sequence which are summable in $k$ for the measure $k^2dk$. We also denote $d\omega$ the Haar measure on $\mathbb{S}^2$.
[^6]: The role of $\eta$ is to avoid “tail” effects coming from the fact that $\phi$ might not vanish outside of $B(0,R)$ for any $R$.
[^7]: We will later consider a slightly more general class of frames, called [*[Euclidean frames]{}*]{}, see Definition \[DefPro\]. For our later application, it suffices to prove Proposition \[GEForEP\] under the stronger assumption that $\mathcal{O}$ is a renormalized Euclidean frame.
[^8]: The definition of $T_N$ is given in .
[^9]: Note that we use both bounds in .
[^10]: This case is of course vacuous if $q\le 10Q$.
[^11]: Here we identify functions on $\mathbb{S}^3$ with functions on $B(0,\pi)$ through the relation $f(x)\simeq f(\exp_Ox)$, where $O$ denotes the north pole.
|
Biodegradation study of crop residues as affected by exogenous inorganic nitrogen and fungal inoculants.
The comparative decomposition of chickpea residue, and chopped and unchopped wheat straw was investigated in pits for 120 days. Microbial biomass, humus, C/N ratio, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, cellulase, xylanase, total phenol and soluble protein were determined to assess their response to the addition of inorganic nitrogen and mixed fungal inoculum of Aspergillus nidulans, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride. The evaluation of physico-chemical parameters (organic matter, organic carbon, N, C/N, pH, EC, microbial biomass) revealed that by supplementing unchopped wheat straw with 1% urea and mixed fungal inoculum, a lowest C/N ratio of 10.7, lowest biomass of 9.54 and highest humus content of 13% can be achieved within 3 months. Germination of Lepidium sativum (cress seeds) showed a germination index >60%, in this treatment. The enzyme assay for dehydrogenase indicated highest microbial activity in uninoculated treatments compared to fungal inoculated counterparts, in the second month sampling (active phase of composting). However, cellulase and xylanase activity showed an upward trend during curing phase of composting. Chickpea residue compost, though resulted in a C/N ratio of 17.3, but its germination index was less than 60%. The rapid quality tests conducted for H2S, NH3, NO3 and starch confirmed the stability and maturity of finished compost prepared from wheat straw through microbial inoculants. |
/*
* The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public
* License Version 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file
* except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
*
* Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS
* IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or
* implied. See the License for the specific language governing
* rights and limitations under the License.
*
* The Original Code is MPEG4IP.
*
* The Initial Developer of the Original Code is Cisco Systems Inc.
* Portions created by Cisco Systems Inc. are
* Copyright (C) Cisco Systems Inc. 2001. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Contributor(s):
* Dave Mackie dmackie@cisco.com
*/
#include "mp4common.h"
MP4TkhdAtom::MP4TkhdAtom()
: MP4Atom("tkhd")
{
AddVersionAndFlags();
}
void MP4TkhdAtom::AddProperties(u_int8_t version)
{
if (version == 1) {
AddProperty( /* 2 */
new MP4Integer64Property("creationTime"));
AddProperty( /* 3 */
new MP4Integer64Property("modificationTime"));
} else { // version == 0
AddProperty( /* 2 */
new MP4Integer32Property("creationTime"));
AddProperty( /* 3 */
new MP4Integer32Property("modificationTime"));
}
AddProperty( /* 4 */
new MP4Integer32Property("trackId"));
AddReserved("reserved1", 4); /* 5 */
if (version == 1) {
AddProperty( /* 6 */
new MP4Integer64Property("duration"));
} else {
AddProperty( /* 6 */
new MP4Integer32Property("duration"));
}
AddReserved("reserved2", 12); /* 7 */
MP4Float32Property* pProp;
pProp = new MP4Float32Property("volume");
pProp->SetFixed16Format();
AddProperty(pProp); /* 8 */
AddReserved("reserved3", 2); /* 9 */
AddProperty(new MP4BytesProperty("matrix", 36)); /* 10 */
pProp = new MP4Float32Property("width");
pProp->SetFixed32Format();
AddProperty(pProp); /* 11 */
pProp = new MP4Float32Property("height");
pProp->SetFixed32Format();
AddProperty(pProp); /* 12 */
}
void MP4TkhdAtom::Generate()
{
u_int8_t version = m_pFile->Use64Bits(GetType()) ? 1 : 0;
SetVersion(version);
AddProperties(version);
MP4Atom::Generate();
// set creation and modification times
MP4Timestamp now = MP4GetAbsTimestamp();
if (version == 1) {
((MP4Integer64Property*)m_pProperties[2])->SetValue(now);
((MP4Integer64Property*)m_pProperties[3])->SetValue(now);
} else {
((MP4Integer32Property*)m_pProperties[2])->SetValue(now);
((MP4Integer32Property*)m_pProperties[3])->SetValue(now);
}
// property "matrix" has non-zero fixed values
// this default identity matrix indicates no transformation, i.e.
// 1, 0, 0
// 0, 1, 0
// 0, 0, 1
// see http://developer.apple.com/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/QTFFChap4/chapter_5_section_4.html
static u_int8_t matrix[36] = {
0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
};
((MP4BytesProperty*)m_pProperties[10])->
SetValue(matrix, sizeof(matrix));
}
void MP4TkhdAtom::Read()
{
/* read atom version */
ReadProperties(0, 1);
/* need to create the properties based on the atom version */
AddProperties(GetVersion());
/* now we can read the remaining properties */
ReadProperties(1);
Skip(); // to end of atom
}
|
Basic fibroblast growth factor in retardation of doxorubicin extravasation injury.
Extravasation of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin results in significant morbidity and remains a serious clinical problem. No single agent or combination of agents has proven to be completely effective in preventing the chronic avascular ulcerative wound. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is one of many angiogenic agents and is strongly mitogenic for vascular endothelial cells in nanogram quantities. In a Sprague-Dawley rat model, bFGF was moderately effective in retarding the development of doxorubicin-induced skin ulceration. |
FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 12-10324
Plaintiff-Appellee,
D.C. No.
v. 4:11-cr-04125-
CKJ-DTF-1
FACUNDO ACOSTA-CHAVEZ,
Defendant-Appellant. OPINION
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Cindy K. Jorgenson, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
June 13, 2013—San Francisco, California
Filed August 14, 2013
Before: A. Wallace Tashima and Jay S. Bybee, Circuit
Judges, and Kimba M. Wood, Senior District Judge.*
Opinion by Judge Wood
*
The Honorable Kimba M. Wood, Senior District Judge for the U.S.
District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by
designation.
2 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
SUMMARY**
Criminal Law
The panel vacated a sentence and remanded for
resentencing in a case in which the district court applied
a sixteen-level enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii) based on the defendant’s prior Illinois
conviction for Aggravated Criminal Sexual Abuse.
The panel held that because the Illinois statute’s
definition of a minor is broader than that contained in its
generic federal analogue, a violation of 720 Ill. Comp.
Stat. 5/11-0.1 cannot qualify under the categorical approach
as a “forcible sex offense” supporting a crime-of-violence
enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). Applying
Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct .2276 (2013), the panel
held that because the age element in the Illinois statute is not
divisible, the panel may not apply the modified categorical
approach.
The panel held that the error was not harmless, and
declined to remand the case to a different judge for
resentencing.
**
This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has
been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 3
COUNSEL
David W. Basham, Law Office of David W. Basham, Tucson,
Arizona, for Defendant-Appellant.
Erica L. Seger, Assistant United States Attorney, United
States Attorney’s Office, Tucson, Arizona, for Plaintiff-
Appellee.
OPINION
WOOD, Senior District Judge:
Facundo Acosta-Chavez appeals his thirty-month
sentence of imprisonment for illegal reentry after deportation.
Acosta-Chavez contends that the district court erred in
deeming his 2005 Illinois conviction for Aggravated Criminal
Sexual Abuse a “crime of violence” under United States
Sentencing Guidelines § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), which mandates
a sixteen-level enhancement of his Sentencing Guidelines
level. Acosta-Chavez contends that the alleged error was not
harmless. He also seeks remand to a different district judge
for resentencing.
Applying the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Descamps v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2276 (2013), we
conclude that the district court erred in holding Acosta-
Chavez’s crime to be a “crime of violence,” an error that
resulted from the district court’s application of the modified
categorical approach when it compared the elements of
Acosta-Chavez’s offense with the elements of its federal
analogue. This error was not harmless. We vacate Acosta-
4 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
Chavez’s sentence, and remand to the original district judge
for resentencing.
I
Following his 2005 guilty plea to Illinois Aggravated
Criminal Sexual Abuse, Acosta-Chavez was removed from
the country. He reentered illegally in 2011 and was arrested
in Arizona. On December 14, 2011, Acosta-Chavez was
indicted for illegal reentry after deportation, in violation of
8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). On March 28, 2012, he pled guilty
without a plea agreement.
At sentencing, the district court calculated the applicable
United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines”) range to
be forty-six to fifty-seven months. The court based this
determination on its conclusion that Acosta-Chavez’s 2005
Illinois conviction qualified as a “crime of violence,”
resulting in a sixteen-level enhancement. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii). The court held, however, that despite
the seriousness of Acosta-Chavez’s 2005 Illinois conviction,
the forty-six to fifty-seven month Guidelines range
“overstate[d] the nature of that particular conviction,” making
a below-Guidelines sentence more appropriate. After
evaluating the statutory sentencing factors, the court imposed
a sentence of thirty months imprisonment.
Acosta-Chavez’s 2005 Illinois conviction arose from
conduct that occurred in 2001. The Criminal Indictment,
filed in Illinois state court, charged that on February 20, 2001,
twenty-three year old Acosta-Chavez “knowingly committed
an act of sexual conduct with [the victim], who was at least
13 years of age but under 17 years of age, in that [Acosta-
Chavez] placed his hand on the breast of [the victim] and
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 5
[Acosta-Chavez] was at least five years older than [the
victim]” in violation of chapter 720, section 5/12-16(d) of the
Illinois Compiled Statutes. This provision defines
Aggravated Criminal Sexual Abuse as “an act of sexual
penetration or sexual conduct with a victim who was at least
13 years of age but under 17 years of age and the accused was
at least 5 years older than the victim.” 720 Ill. Comp. Stat.
5/11-1.60. Illinois law defines “sexual conduct” as “any
intentional or knowing touching or fondling by the victim or
the accused, either directly or through clothing, of the sex
organs, anus or breast of the victim or the accused . . . for the
purpose of sexual gratification or arousal of the victim or the
accused.” 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/11-0.1.1
On February 22, 2005, Acosta-Chavez, then age twenty-
seven, appeared in Illinois state court for a change of plea
hearing.2 At the hearing, Acosta-Chavez, represented by
counsel, pled guilty to Aggravated Criminal Sexual Abuse, in
violation of 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/11-1.60(d). Acosta-
Chavez confirmed that he understood the nature of the
charges and acknowledged that he had engaged in “physical
conduct with a young girl.” The prosecutor provided the
following factual basis for the plea:
Judge, if witnesses were called and exhibits
introduced, we would show that [the victim]
1
At the time of Acosta-Chavez’s conduct and indictment, sections 5/11-
1.60(d) and 5/11.0.1, were numbered 5/12-16(d) and 5/12-12(e).
2
After initially pleading not guilty, Acosta-Chavez failed to appear and
a warrant was issued for his arrest. On January 10, 2005, U.S. Border
Patrol agents in Arizona detained Acosta-Chavez and extradited him to
Illinois.
6 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
was born on January 31, 1987; we would
show [that Acosta-Chavez] was born on
November 27, 1977. We would show that
sometime around February 20, 2001, the
Defendant knowingly placed his hands on the
breasts of [the victim], and the Defendant was
more than five (5) years older than [the
victim] and he did this for purposes of sexual
arousal of himself and [the victim].
Defense counsel agreed with this statement of facts. The
Illinois court accepted this factual basis for the plea,
concluded that the plea was knowing and voluntary, and
imposed a sentence of three months imprisonment, to be
followed by three years probation. Acosta-Chavez was
subsequently removed from the country.
As noted, Acosta-Chavez was then re-arrested in 2011,
leading to his instant conviction for illegal reentry.
II
Under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(ii), a defendant
convicted of illegal reentry receives a sixteen-level
sentencing enhancement if the defendant “previously was
deported, or unlawfully remained in the United States, after
. . . a conviction for a felony that is . . . a crime of violence.”
There is no dispute that Acosta-Chavez was previously
deported. The Guidelines Commentary states that a “crime
of violence” includes any of the following offenses under
federal, state, or local law:
Murder, manslaughter, kidnapping,
aggravated assault, forcible sex offenses
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 7
(including where consent to the conduct is not
given or is not legally valid, such as where
consent to the conduct is involuntary,
incompetent, or coerced), statutory rape,
sexual abuse of a minor, robbery, arson,
extortion, extortionate extension of credit,
burglary of a dwelling, or any other offense
under federal, state, or local law that has as an
element the use, attempted use, or threatened
use of physical force against the person of
another.
U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii)
(2012); see also United States v. Rodriguez-Guzman,
506 F.3d 738, 741 (9th Cir. 2007).
The Government argued before the district court that
Acosta-Chavez’s Illinois crime constituted a “crime of
violence” because it qualified as both “sexual abuse of a
minor” and a “forcible sex offense.” See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2
cmt. n.1(B)(iii) (2012). Acosta-Chavez objected. The district
court ultimately adopted the Government’s view, finding that
the offense was both sexual abuse of a minor and a forcible
sex offense.
On appeal, however, the Government abandons its
position that Acosta-Chavez’s Illinois offense constitutes
sexual abuse of a minor. Accordingly, the sole issue before
this Court is whether Acosta-Chavez’s Illinois offense should
be deemed a forcible sex offense and therefore a “crime a
violence.” This Court reviews this question de novo. United
States v. Grajeda, 581 F.3d 1186, 1188 (9th Cir. 2009).
8 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
III
A
In order to determine whether a crime qualifies as a
“crime of violence,” courts apply the framework established
in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990). Taylor
established a “formal categorical approach,” id. at 600,
whereby sentencing courts “compare the elements of the
statute of conviction with a federal definition of the crime to
determine whether conduct proscribed by the statute is
broader than the generic federal definition.” United States v.
Valencia-Barragan, 608 F.3d 1103, 1107 (9th Cir. 2010)
(internal quotation marks omitted). If the statute of
conviction “sweeps more broadly than the generic crime, a
conviction under that law cannot [categorically] count as [a
qualifying] predicate, even if the defendant actually
committed the offense in its generic form.” Descamps,
133 S. Ct. at 2283.
Where the categorical approach is not determinative, the
sentencing court may, in a “narrow range of cases,” apply a
“modified categorical approach.” See id. at 2283 (discussing
Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602). In Descamps, the Supreme Court
clarified the proper application of the modified categorical
approach.3 Before a sentencing court may use this approach,
it must first determine that the defendant was convicted of
violating a “divisible statute.” Id. at 2285 (emphasis added).
A “divisible statute,” the Court explained, is one that “sets out
one or more elements of the offense in the alternative” or
3
Descamps applies to this case because the Supreme Court issued its
decision while this case was “pending on direct review.” Griffith v.
Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328 (1987).
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 9
“comprises multiple, alternative versions of the crime.” Id.
at 2281, 2284. The modified categorical approach may be
used only when one of those alternatives is an element of the
generic offense, and another is not. In these narrow
circumstances, the sentencing court may “consult a limited
class of documents, such as indictments and jury instructions,
to determine which alternative formed the basis of the
defendant’s prior conviction.” Id. at 2281. “The court can
then do what the categorical approach demands: compare the
elements of the crime of conviction . . . with the elements of
the generic crime.” Id.
B
In order to apply either approach, we must ascertain the
generic federal definition of “forcible sex offense.” Although
we have never comprehensively defined this crime, we have
instructed that the term should be defined with reference to its
“ordinary, contemporary, and common meaning.” United
States v. Bolanos-Hernandez, 492 F.3d 1140, 1143–44 (9th
Cir. 2007). The parties’ arguments in this case focus on
whether Acosta-Chavez’s offense conduct qualifies as
“forcible.” The Government contends that sexual offenses
involving minors are inherently forcible because minors
cannot give “legally valid” consent. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2
App. n.1(B)(iii); see also United States v. Gallegos-Galindo,
704 F.3d 1269, 1272 (9th Cir. 2013). Acosta-Chavez
counters that legally invalid consent based on the victim’s age
does not automatically render a sex offense forcible.
C
We need not decide that issue, however, because even
assuming that sex offenses involving minors are inherently
10 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
forcible, we conclude that the age element contained in the
Illinois statute under which Acosta-Chavez was convicted
includes as minors, persons who are not minors under federal
law, and does so in a way that is indivisible. Because of this,
Acosta-Chavez’s conviction cannot count as a forcible sex
offense, “even if [he] actually committed the offense in its
generic form.” Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2283. We reach this
conclusion under the categorical approach. We also conclude
that the modified categorical approach is unavailable to us.
First, under the categorical approach,4 we find that one
element of the Illinois law—its definition of a minor—is
broader than that contained in its generic federal analogue.
See Valencia-Barragan, 608 F.3d at 1107. The Illinois
statute designates as minors those who are “at least 13 years
of age but under 17 years of age,” 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/11-
1.60 (emphasis added), whereas the federal definition of a
minor is someone under sixteen years of age, see United
States v. Gonzalez-Aparicio, 663 F.3d 419, 432 (9th Cir.
2011); see also Rodriguez-Guzman, 506 F.3d at 743–46
(examining a variety of sources, including the Model Penal
Code, state statutes, and federal statutes to determine “that the
term ‘minor’ in the context of a statutory rape law means a
person under sixteen years of age”). The crime as defined in
Illinois thus “sweeps more broadly than the generic crime,”
4
Although the Government’s arguments on appeal focus on the
modified categorical approach, it is appropriate for us to begin with a
discussion of the categorical approach given that “the modified approach
merely helps implement the categorical approach when a defendant was
convicted of violating a divisible statute.” Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2285;
see also Gallegos-Galindo, 704 F.3d at 1273 (noting this Court may reach
the question of whether a crime is categorically a “cime of violence”
although the Government does not address the point).
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 11
Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2283, and cannot qualify
categorically as a forcible sex offense.
With the categorical approach unavailing, the
Government asks us to resort to the modified categorical
approach. Applying the Supreme Court’s instruction in
Descamps, however, we conclude that the age element
contained in the relevant Illinois statute is not divisible, and,
thus, we may not apply the modified categorical approach.
The Illinois statute’s age element is stated as a range—“at
least 13 years of age but under 17 years of age.” 720 Ill.
Comp. Stat. 5/11-1.60. The statutory language is therefore
not written in a manner that defines this element
“alternatively, with one statutory phrase corresponding to the
generic crime and another not.”5 Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at
2286. Although the statute “implies” a sequence of ages, the
Descamps Court expressly prohibited sentencing courts from
“hypothetically reconceiv[ing] such a statute in divisible
terms.” Id. at 2290. The Supreme Court clearly stated that
divisibility exists only when an element of the crime of
conviction contains alternatives, one of which is an element
of its federal analogue. Id. at 2283–84. The Illinois statute
at issue in this case does not meet this criterion, and we thus
may not resort to the modified categorical approach.
Acosta-Chavez’s prior conviction therefore does not
qualify as a forcible sex offense. Accordingly, we conclude
that the district court erred in applying the “crime of
violence” enhancement.
5
If, for example, the statute defined a minor as a person “14, 15, 16, or
17 years of age,” the statute’s age element would be divisible.
12 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
IV
Having concluded that the District Court erred in applying
the sixteen-level “crime of violence” enhancement, we must
next consider the Government’s argument that this error was
harmless.
“A district court must start with the recommended
Guidelines sentence, adjust upward or downward from that
point, and justify the extent of the departure from the
Guidelines sentence.” United States v. Munoz-Camarena,
631 F.3d 1028, 1030 (9th Cir. 2011). Although a district
court commits procedural error by miscalculating the
applicable Guidelines range, United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d
984, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc), such errors may be
harmless, United States v. Ali, 620 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir.
2010). The burden is on the Government to establish that
such an error was harmless. United States v. Beng-Salazar,
452 F.3d 1088, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006).
In this case, the Government contends that the district
court’s statements at sentencing render any error harmless.
Although the district court calculated the enhanced
Guidelines range to be forty-six to fifty-seven months, the
court found that this “range overstate[d] the nature of that
particular conviction,” warranting a below-Guidelines
sentence of thirty months. After imposing the sentence, the
district court stated that it would have imposed the same
sentence even had it found the correct (unenhanced)
Guidelines range to be eight to fourteen months. The district
court stated that a sentence within the unenhanced Guidelines
range “would not sufficiently address the statutory factors of
sentencing, particularly given the nature of the prior
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 13
conviction, the fact that it’s a sex crime involving a minor
child.”
The Government has not met its burden of demonstrating
that the district court’s incorrect application of the “crime of
violence” enhancement was harmless. We have clearly stated
that a district judge’s “mere statement that it would impose
the same above-Guidelines sentence no matter what the
correct calculation cannot, without more, insulate the
sentence from remand.” Munoz-Camarena, 631 F.3d at 1031.
Importantly, “[t]he court must explain, among other things,
the reason for the extent of a variance. The extent necessarily
is different when the range is different, so a one-size-fits-all
explanation ordinarily does not suffice.” Id. (citing Carty,
520 F.3d at 991–92).
The district court’s alternative explanation in this case
does not explain the “extent” of the variance from the
nonenhanced Guidelines range. Rather, the district court
simply stated that a thirty-month sentence “adequately and
fairly addresses all of the statutory factors of sentencing.”
These statements do not render the district court’s erroneous
imposition of a sixteen-level sentencing enhancement
harmless. See United States v. Leal-Vega, 680 F.3d 1160,
1169–70 (9th Cir. 2012).
V
Finally, Acosta-Chavez requests remand to a different
sentencing judge because the original district judge stated that
she would impose the same thirty-month sentence even
absent the “crime of violence” enhancement. We decline to
do so.
14 UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ
This Court’s “general rule” is that “[a]bsent unusual
circumstances, resentencing is to be done by the original
sentencing judge.” United States v. Waknine, 543 F.3d 546,
560 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Absent any allegations of bias, we consider the following
three factors in determining whether “unusual circumstances”
exist:
(1) whether the original judge would
reasonably be expected upon remand to have
substantial difficulty in putting out of his or
her mind previously expressed views or
findings determined to be erroneous or based
on evidence that must be rejected, (2) whether
reassignment is advisable to preserve the
appearance of justice, and (3) whether
reassignment would entail waste and
duplication out of proportion to any gain in
preserving appearance of fairness.
United States v. Quach, 302 F.3d 1096, 1103 (9th Cir. 2002)
(quoting United States v. Mikaelian, 168 F.3d 380, 387,
amended, 180 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 1999)). Acosta-Chavez
relies on the second factor, contending that reassignment is
advisable to preserve the appearance of justice.
We see no reason to depart from our general rule in this
case. When the district court sentenced Acosta-Chavez, it did
so in accordance with then-applicable Ninth Circuit law
concerning the proper application of the modified categorical
approach. Well after the district court issued its sentence, the
Supreme Court decided Descamps, which specifically
disapproved of this Circuit’s use of the modified categorical
approach. See Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2286–91. Under
UNITED STATES V. ACOSTA-CHAVEZ 15
these circumstances, there is no reason to believe that the
capable district court judge will not follow the law on
remand. Accordingly, we decline to exercise our discretion
to reassign this matter.
VI
The district court erred in applying the modified
categorical approach to determine that Acosta-Chavez’s
Illinois conviction qualifies as a “crime of violence.” This
error was not harmless.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
|
NEW DELHI: The to-be-crowned king of Congress has extended his sabbatical again. According to Times Now, the Congress vice-president will now return only by the end of March.Rahul was expected to be in the national capital by Tuesday, March 10, but it was later revealed that he has extended his "leave of absence" till the end of this week.Due to his extended holiday, Rahul will be a no show in the march against land bill - an issue supposedly close to Rahul - which will have the united opposition protest against the NDA government's bill next Tuesday.Rahul had gone holidaying just when the crucial Budget Session of Parliament began.Given his latest extension, he will be missing from Parliament and from action about a month.While updates on his date of return have been shared regularly, the Congress or its leaders have not said where he is. However, his sabbattical has been a regular trending issue on social media, especially twitter. |
#
# This file is part of LiteDRAM.
#
# Copyright (c) 2018-2019 Florent Kermarrec <florent@enjoy-digital.fr>
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
import unittest
import os
def build_config(name):
errors = 0
os.system("rm -rf examples/build")
os.system("cd examples && python3 ../litedram/gen.py {}.yml".format(name))
errors += not os.path.isfile("examples/build/gateware/litedram_core.v")
os.system("rm -rf examples/build")
return errors
class TestExamples(unittest.TestCase):
def test_arty(self):
errors = build_config("arty")
self.assertEqual(errors, 0)
def test_nexys4ddr(self):
errors = build_config("nexys4ddr")
self.assertEqual(errors, 0)
def test_genesys2(self):
errors = build_config("genesys2")
self.assertEqual(errors, 0)
|
Orodispersible films: Towards drug delivery in special populations.
Orodispersible films (ODF) hold promise as a novel delivery method, with the potential to deliver tailored therapies to different patient populations. This article reviews the current strides of ODF technology and some of its unmet quality and manufacturing aspects. A topic highlights opportunities and limitations of inkjet printed ODF as a population-specific drug delivery. Overall, this article aims to stimulate further research to fill the current knowledge gap between manufacturing and administration requirements of ODF targeting specific patient subpopulations such as geriatrics. |
Last updated on .From the section Tottenham
Alli has played 14 matches for Spurs this season, scoring three goals
Tottenham midfielder Dele Alli has been ruled out of England's World Cup qualifier with Scotland and friendly against Spain after suffering a knee injury in training.
Spurs boss Mauricio Pochettino said the 20-year-old would be out for "a few weeks" after leaving him out of his squad to play Arsenal on Sunday.
Pochettino said Alli "twisted his knee in a clash with a team-mate".
England play Scotland on Friday and Spain the following Tuesday at Wembley.
"I hope it is not a big issue, it's bad luck, he's an important player for us," Pochettino added.
"He will be out for a few weeks. We need to assess him today, tomorrow. That is football and sometimes it happens." |
Octomom: 'I Screwed My Life Up' As the octuplets head toward 6 months, Nadya Suleman says she has deep regrets.
June 5, 2009 -- Nadya Suleman, the infamous "Octomom," expresses deep regret over her historic birth of octuplets, saying, "I screwed my life up, I screwed up my kids' life," in an interview with Radar Online.
"What the heck am I going to do? I have to put on this strong face, and I have to pretend like I don't regret it," she said.
As Radar Online cameras rolled, Suleman opened up to a friend about her "guilt" over the multiple birth and her romantic feelings for the mystery man who she says fathered the octuplets along with the six children she already had.
"I blame myself for bringing this on my own," Suleman said. "These are my choices. I coerced him into helping me every year. ... The more kids I had, the stronger connection I had with him, and I couldn't even imagine anyone else, and he knew that."
Click here to watch the Radar Online video.
Suleman, who claims to have had all her children through in vitro fertilization, said she did not tell the donor before she had more children with his sperm.
"I went behind his back, and I feel so much guilt and want to apologize to him," she said.
As for the identity of the Octodad, Suleman plans to keep quiet.
"He has his own world. He will lose everything. He will lose what he created, and it is important to him in his life. I think he is so fearful [for] what he created on his own," she said. "I live in denial, and it is my fault and that is how I live with that."
The sullen statements come just days after Suleman agreed to let a camera crew film her and her children for a reality television show.
'Regret' a Sharp Turn for Once-Happy Octomom
The Radar Online video shows Suleman with a very different demeanor than the near-beaming smiles she showed during an exclusive interview with "Good Morning America" in April as she gave a tour of the babies' nursery in her La Habra, Calif., home.
"I know I'm going to sound kind of crazy to say this, but [raising the kids] is actually a lot less stressful than I envisioned it to be," Suleman told "Good Morning America". "They're really good babies."
"I never anticipated [having] more than one [baby]. I was praying for one more," Suleman said. "If one hadn't come, I'd be happy with six."
Then, Suleman was raising the eight newborns with the constant help of at least seven nurses working in shifts -- four during the day and three each night.
The octuplets reportedly go through around 2,000 diapers every month, placing a hefty financial burden on the family.
Multiple Birth Makes History, Stirs Controversy
Likely the nation's most recognizable mother, Suleman made headlines in January when she gave birth to history-making octuplets.
Days after news of the miracle multiple birth spread from coast to coast, the public turned on Suleman when it came to light that the 33-year-old already had six children who were born, like the octuplets, through in vitro fertilization.
Now all eight of the babies, the world's longest-surviving set of octoplets, are home with Suleman and their six brothers and sisters. The last to arrive home was Jonah on April 14. Jonah weighed 1 pound 8 ounces when he was born Jan. 26.; he now weights 4 pounds 10 ounces.
"They're all here and really, really healthy," Suleman said in a Radar Online video in April. "They have very strong personalities."
Click here to watch the video or here for the first photos of the babies at home.
Nadya's Mother Criticizes Multiple Birth
Many people across the country expressed outrage at Suleman and the fertility doctor who impregnated her, saying it was irresponsible for a single woman to bring 14 children into the world without the means to care for them.
Even Suleman's mother, Angela Suleman, has been vocal about her disapproval. In Februrary, said her daughter's decision was "really unconscionable."
Click here to read Radar Online's report.
On Feb. 24, Radar Online posted video of a heated debate over the babies between Nadya and her mother.
"I will never understand," Angela said to her daughter about her decision to have in vitro. "You should have considered your other six children."
"You can't go back and alter the past. Done, done, done," Nadya replied.
Click here to watch the video.
In early March Suleman defended herself after a frantic 911 call she made when she thought she lost one of her six previous children.
Police in Whittier, Calif., say they responded eight times to emergency calls from the Suleman family.
Suleman moved out of her parents house in early March and into a larger one in La Habra, Calif. She told Radar Online she put the down payment on the home herself.
Click here to see Suleman give Radar Online a tour of the house.
Nurse Claims Suleman 'Does Not Care' About Kids
The non-profit nursing service Angels in Waiting offered to provide around-the-clock nurses to help Suleman care for the children, but there were problems from the beginning, according to reports.
A nurse who had been helping provide care for some of the octopulets said on the "Dr. Phil Show" that Suleman seemed more interested in publicity than her children .
"This woman does not care for these kids, that's my honest opinion," said Linda West-Conforti, the founder of Angels in Waiting.
Suleman fired Angels in Waiting accusing the group of being unprofessional, spying on her and reporting her to child welfare officials.
Suleman told Radar Online she nearly called police to file a restraining order against the group. In the video, she described a bizarre scene where an Angels in Waiting worker opened her purse and said how easy it would be to stuff one of her babies in there and abduct it.
Click here to watch the video.
Just days after West-Conforti claimed Suleman did not care for her children, Victor Munoz, Suleman's publicist, told Usmagazine.com she was "nuts."
"It just got to be too much," Munoz said. "Nadya got real greedy. This woman is nuts."
Suleman's first publicist, Joann Killeen, also stepped aside. |
“Athletes are athletes. Gender, race, size, shape, and ability do not determine a person’s value. Desire, ambition, goals, dreams, and heart are not defined by looks. Every person should have equal opportunity to fulfill their potential, and should be equally rewarded for doing so. Trek is proud to host the first World Cup in cycling’s history to offer equal payouts to the men’s and women’s fields.” –Trek’s press release ahead of the 2017 Cyclocross World Cup
Trek Bicycle Corporation made history in the sport of cyclocross at the 2017 Cyclocross World Cup by offering equal prize money to both the male and female finishers for the first time ever in the sport.
Cyclocross began in the early 21st century in France, but has grown in popularity throughout Europe and America since the mid-1990’s. The sport consists of short off-road bike races over various types of terrain and includes obstacles such as man-made barriers, staircases, and ramps. These courses often require riders to dismount and carry their bikes, or “bunny-hop” while on their bikes, in order to avoid some of these obstacles. Unlike road cycling, the cyclocross season runs from September to February and is considered a winter sport.
Women in cyclocross have faced a variety of difficulties that come with being a female rider. While the women struggle to get the same recognition and respect for the abilities on the bike, the most significant discrepancy between male and female riders, up until this point, has been the pay gap. In the past, women have taken home less than half of the paycheck that their fellow male competitors have. In fact, the sport’s governing body, Union Cycliste Internationale, currently requires World Cup sponsors to provide male first place winners with a prize of 5,000 euros, but provide female first place winners with only 2,000 euros.
Earlier this year, Trek decided that it was time for a change and announced their decision to pay both winners equally. “We were not going to go downstairs and tell our female coworkers that we were organizing a race with a pay discrepancy. We have a lot of female decisions makers here, and we have daughters, and we want to be on the right side of history . . . There’s nothing revolutionary about common sense,” explained Trek’s Brand Manager, Eric Bjorling.
And boy did these women earn their reward! This year’s Cyclocross World Cup took place in 90 degree weather and on a very technical course. Belgium’s Sanne Cant battled the unseasonably warm weather to win the first major cyclocross race of the season, while Americans Kaitlin Keough and Ellen Noble finished in second and third place, respectively. Fourth place finisher, Sophie de Boer, from The Netherlands, took to Twitter after the race to praise Trek’s commitment to equality in the sport:
I did not like the heat today @TrekCXCup BUT I did like the EQUAL pricemoney!!! Another big step forward and Im really happy to see (1/2)
The quest for equality between male and female professional athletes has been an ongoing battle. Although women consistently sacrifice their time and bodies in order to succeed in their sport, they often do not receive the same compensation and sponsorship as male competitors. By offering equal prizes at this year’s cyclocross World Cup, Trek has made a small, yet significant, step towards leveling the playing field for male and female athletes across sports. We salute Trek’s trailblazing and look forward to more history in the making from the world of cyclocross. |
package jason.asSyntax;
import jason.asSemantics.Unifier;
import jason.util.ToDOM;
import jason.util.ToJSON;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* Common interface for all kind of terms
*
* @opt nodefillcolor lightgoldenrodyellow
*/
public interface Term extends Cloneable, Comparable<Term>, Serializable, ToDOM, ToJSON {
public boolean isVar();
public boolean isUnnamedVar();
public boolean isLiteral();
public boolean isRule();
public boolean isList();
public boolean isSet();
public boolean isMap();
public boolean isString();
public boolean isInternalAction();
public boolean isArithExpr();
public boolean isNumeric();
public boolean isPred();
public boolean isGround();
public boolean isStructure();
public boolean isAtom();
public boolean isPlanBody();
public boolean isCyclicTerm();
public boolean hasVar(VarTerm t, Unifier u);
public VarTerm getCyclicVar();
public void countVars(Map<VarTerm, Integer> c);
public Term clone();
public boolean equals(Object o);
public boolean subsumes(Term l);
/** replaces variables by their values in the unifier, returns true if some variable was applied */
//public boolean apply(Unifier u);
/** clone and applies together (and faster than clone and then apply) */
public Term capply(Unifier u);
/** clone in another namespace */
public Term cloneNS(Atom newnamespace);
/** Removes the value cached for hashCode */
//public void resetHashCodeCache();
public void setSrcInfo(SourceInfo s);
public SourceInfo getSrcInfo();
}
|
A polyepitope DNA vaccine targeted to Her-2/ErbB-2 elicits a broad range of human and murine CTL effectors to protect against tumor challenge.
A cDNA vaccine (pVax1/pet-neu) was designed to encode 12 different Her-2/ErbB-2-derived, HLA-A*0201-restricted dominant and high-affinity heteroclitic cryptic epitopes. Vaccination with pVax1/pet-neu triggered multiple and ErbB-2-specific CTL responses in HLA-A*0201 transgenic HHD mice and in HLA-A*0201 healthy donors in vitro. Human and murine CTL specific for each one of the 12 ErbB-2 peptides recognized in vitro both human and murine tumor cells overexpressing endogenous ErbB-2. Furthermore, vaccination of HHD mice with pVax1/pet-neu significantly delayed the in vivo growth of challenged ErbB-2-expressing tumor (EL4/HHD/neu murine thymoma) more actively when compared with vaccination with the empty vector (pVax1) or vehicle alone. These data indicate that the pVax1/pet-neu cDNA vaccine coding for a poly-ErbB-2 epitope is able to generate simultaneous ErbB-2-specific antitumor responses against dominant and cryptic multiple epitopes. |
Background
==========
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as ventricular dysfunction without coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension \[[@b1-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The number of new cases of DCM increases in proportion to newly diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) worldwide \[[@b2-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. As a serious metabolic disease, diabetes affects about 5% of the world's people. Epidemiological data show that the number of people with diabetes is expected to increase dramatically, to 592 million by 2035, which will lead to huge medical and economic burdens \[[@b2-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b3-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. More importantly, more than 1 billion people worldwide are overweight (BMI \>25 and \<29.9) or obese (BMI \>30) \[[@b4-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. These factors contribute to the DM epidemic.
Cardiovascular complications, mainly ischemic heart disease, are the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. The early changes in the structure and function of DCM are mainly congestive heart failure with diastolic dysfunction; in the later stage, the heart failure caused by extensive myocardial necrosis and systolic dysfunction leads to cardiogenic shock \[[@b4-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b7-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The potential molecular mechanisms of DCM may include: (1) Increased oxidation of fatty acids and lipotoxicity lead to mitochondrial dysfunction; (2) Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress promote apoptosis; (3) Oxidative stress, increased AGE signaling, and inflammation may promote the expression of profibrotic genes or apoptosis \[[@b7-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b9-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
At present, there are many treatment strategies for DCM, including blood sugar control, β-adrenergic blocker, blood lipid regulation, exercise, PPARα agonists, antioxidants, antagonistic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and calcium upregulation \[[@b5-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b7-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b10-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. With the concept of comprehensive treatment of DCM, alternative medicine is gradually becoming an important part of DCM treatment, which significantly improves the clinical symptoms of DCM. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as an important supplement and complementary form of alternative medicine, has a long history of application in DCM treatment and is a promising strategy that has been widely used in the treatment of DCM. Shengmai Powder (SMP) is an herbal TCM formula. It was originally recorded in "Yi Xue Qi Yuan", whose author was Yuansu Zhang of the Jin Dynasty. It consists of Renshen (Panax ginseng, Araliaceae), Maidong (Ophiopogon japonicas, Liliaceae), and Wuweizi (Schisandra chinensis, Schisandraceae). The details of this formula are recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia \[[@b11-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. SMP is traditionally used for patient with ischemic diseases, diabetes, and heart failure. A systematic review of Shengmai Injection (SMI) showed that Western medicine combined with SMI can improve its therapeutic effect on chronic heart failure \[[@b11-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. However, higher-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to increase the strength of evidence \[[@b11-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. In addition, although the safety of SMI should be carefully monitored during the trial \[[@b11-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], the safety of SMP for oral use is high.
Recently, more and more evidence has shown the protective effect of SMP on heart and blood vessels. Zhao et al. (2016) pointed out that SMP attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis through the TGF-β-dependent pathway \[[@b12-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Liu et al. (2018) reported that SMP can improve cell apoptosis and promote angiogenesis in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury \[[@b13-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Zhan et al. (2015) found that SMP can regulate myocardial energy metabolism through multiple metabolic pathways (such as stimulating glucose metabolism and inhibiting fatty acid metabolism) to improve cardiac efficiency \[[@b14-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Ni et al. (2011) also found that SMP can inhibit myocardial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice and significantly delay the formation of diabetic cardiomyopathy in hyperglycemia rat models \[[@b15-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. However, the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effect of SMP on DCM have not yet been fully elucidated. Since the characteristics of systemic pharmacology are compatible with the "multi-target -- multi-biological process -- multi-pathway" characteristics of TCM, the present study explored the mechanism underlying the effect of SMP on DCM by using a systematic pharmacological methodology.
Material and Methods
====================
Materials collection
--------------------
### SMP compounds collection
This research utilized the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Database\@Taiwan \[[@b16-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] (*<http://tcm.cmu.edu.tw/zh-tw/>*) and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database \[[@b17-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] (TcmSPTM, *<http://lsp.nwsuaf.edu.cn>*) to determine the compounds present in SMP.
The TCM Database\@Taiwan is a comprehensive TCM database and a Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database \[[@b17-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], while TCMSP is a unique system pharmacology platform designed for Chinese herbal medicines \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
### Potential compounds prediction
To predict the potential compounds of SMP, 3 ADME-related models -- oral bioavailability (OB), Caco-2 permeability, and drug-likeness (DL) -- were used in this research \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b19-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The standard was OB ≥30%, Caco-2 \>--0.4, and DL ≥0.18. Any compounds meeting this standard were selected for subsequent research, while all others were excluded. The details of OB, Coca-4, and DL, and the methodology of acquisition, were described in our previous work \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b19-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
After the prediction, we discovered many potential compounds of SMP: alexandrin, aposiopolamine, arachidonate, beta-sitosterol, celabenzine, chrysanthemaxanthin, dianthramine, diop, frutinone A, fumarine, ginsenoside Rg5, ginsenoside Rh4, girinimbin, gomisin B, inermin, kaempferol, panaxadiol, stigmasterol, suchilactone, malkangunin, deoxyharringtonine, angeloylgomisin O, gomisin A, gomisin G, gomisin R, longikaurin A, schizandrer B, and wuweizisu C. The details of these compounds are described in Supplementary Table 1.
Supplements of potential compounds
----------------------------------
Because the predictive ability of biological models is limited, some of the important compounds may be missing. To avoid this, we searched many references and selected oral compounds with pharmacological activity as supplement compounds \[[@b20-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
After the discovery of supplements potential compounds \[[@b21-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], we found several supplements potential compounds: 5,7,2,4-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy-6-methyl homoisoflavanone (1243677-84-0), 5,7,4-trihydroxy-6-methyl homoisoflavanone (1243677-86-2), 5,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyl homoisoflavanone (212201-10-0), 6-formylisoophiopogonanone A, desmethylisophiopogonone B, methylophiopogonanone A, methylophiopogonanone B, methylophiopogonone A, ophiopogonanone A, ophiopogonanone E, ophiopogonin D, and ophiopogonin D′. The details of these compounds are described in Supplementary Table 2.
### Compound targets and known targets for SMP
The structures of potential compounds were acquired from SciFinder (*<http://scifinder.cas.org>*). The PharmMapper (*<http://lilab.ecust.edu.cn/pharmmapper/>*) was used to predict the compound targets \[[@b22-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The known targets were obtained from the TCMSP \[[@b17-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
### Protein name correction
The UniProtKB (*<http://www.uniprot.org/>*) was used for the correction of protein names and the collection of official symbols, with the species limited to "Homo sapiens". The details are described in Supplementary Tables 3 and 4.
### DCM genes
The OMIM database and Genecards were used to collect the DCM-related disease genes and targets \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b19-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The OMIM database (*<http://omim.org/>*) is the database that catalogs all known diseases with a genetic component \[[@b23-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Genecards (*<http://www.genecards.org>*) is "a database about genes, their products and biomedical applications maintained by Israel's Weizmann Institute of science" \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b19-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The details of DCM genes are shown in Supplementary Table 5.
### Protein--protein interaction data
The String database (*<http://string-db.org/>*) and the IntAct database (*<http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/>*) were utilized to obtain data on protein-protein interaction (PPI). While searching the String database, the species was limited to "Homo sapiens" \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b19-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b24-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b25-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] with confidence score ≥0.4. The node interaction type was default.
Network construction
--------------------
### Network construction method
Cytoscape 3.4.0 software was used for the network visualization and network analysis \[[@b26-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] (*<http://cytoscape.org/>*). Several networks were constructed: (1) DCM gene PPI network; (2) Compound-compound target network of SMP; (3) SMP-DCM PPI network; (4) Compound-known target network of SMP; and (5) SMP known target-DCM PPI network.
### Cluster
The definition the acquisition methods of clusters were described in our previous works \[[@b18-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b19-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The clusters of each network were obtained by analyzing the corresponding networks by MCODE, a plug-in of Cytoscape \[[@b27-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b28-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] with default value (Degree Cutoff=2, Node Density Cutoff=0.1, Node Score Cutoff=0.2, K-Core=2, and Max. Depth=100).
### Enrichment analysis
DAVID ver 6.8 (*<https://david-d.ncifcrf.gov>*) was applied for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis \[[@b29-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The P value in the biological processes and signaling pathways is the modified Fisher exact P value, EASE score \[[@b29-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], in which a lower score indicated greater enrichment.
Results and Discussion
======================
Diabetic cardiomyopathy network analysis
----------------------------------------
### Diabetic cardiomyopathy network
One hundred and fifty-seven genes were input into the String database to collect the PPI information so as to build this work. It contains 157 nodes and 1502 edges ([Figure 1](#f1-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}). Several genes are thought to be the key gene because they have higher degrees: INS (88 edges), TNF (73 edges), TP53 (64 edges), NOS3 (61 edges), MAPK8 (58 edges), IGF1 (57 edges), CRP (55 edges), IL1B (51 edges), TF (50 edges), EDN1(50 edges), and PPARG (50 edges). These genes may be the key or central genes in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
### Clusters of diabetic cardiomyopathy network
Network analysis produced 7 clusters ([Table 1](#t1-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 2](#f2-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}). The genes of each cluster were entered into DAVID for GO enrichment analysis, which yielded several biological processes. Cluster 6 did not return any DCM-related biological processes.
Cluster 1 contained glycometabolism-related, lipid metabolism-related, cardiovascular disease-related (e.g., blood pressure, blood lipids, and foam cells), inflammatory-related (e.g., inflammatory factors and interleukins), and oxidative stress-related biological processes. Cluster 2 is mainly related to iron metabolism and oxidative stress. Cluster 3 is associated with vasomotor regulation. Cluster 4 is related to calcium ion homeostasis. Clusters 5 and 7 contain several oxidative stress-related biological processes. The details of each cluster and biological process are described in Supplementary Table 6.
### Pathway of diabetic cardiomyopathy network
All DCM genes were entered into DAVID for pathway enrichment analysis, showing 29 DCM-related pathways ([Figure 3](#f3-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}). The FoxO signaling pathway contained 14 genes, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway included 13 genes, the insulin resistance and calcium signaling pathway had 12 genes, and the inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels contained 11 genes (Supplementary Table 7)
The above network analysis of DCM genes in the PPI network showed that glycometabolism-related, lipid metabolism-related, cardiovascular disease-related, inflammatory-related, and oxidative stress-related biological processes are involved in the development of DCM. Recent research also shows that targeted administration of drugs interfering with these biological processes can benefit some patients with DCM \[[@b7-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b8-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. FoxO, PI3K-Akt, AMPK signaling pathway, and insulin resistance are the core pathways that mediate cardiomyocyte metabolic disorders, coronary microangiopathy, myocardial interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy in DCM \[[@b30-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b31-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. These pathways have many DCM-related genes and may be the key pathways in development of DCM. Early intervention in these signaling pathways may be a strategy for future treatment and prevention of DCM.
Cardiovascular complications of diabetes have important effects on the life expectancy and quality of life of T2DM patients. DCM is mainly characterized by diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiac hypertrophy \[[@b32-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], which are associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction \[[@b33-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Abnormal signaling pathways in the metabolism of hearts of diabetic patients include insulin signaling, AMPK signaling, and β-adrenergic signaling. Some studies have shown that knocking out cardiac insulin receptors will reduce glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes, increase oxidative stress in the heart, and reduce mitochondrial function and cardiac function \[[@b34-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b36-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The AMPK signaling pathway is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including regulation of glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, initiation of autophagy, and synthesis of lipids, glycogen, and proteins \[[@b37-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Many studies have shown that metformin, which is an AMPK activator, can improve cardiac outcome in T1DM and T2DM rodent models \[[@b38-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The relationship between β-adrenergic signaling and insulin resistance is becoming the focus of DCM research \[[@b39-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Some findings suggest a complex relationship between β-adrenergic and insulin signaling pathways in diabetic hearts, and each pathway plays an indispensable role in the development of cardiac pathology \[[@b40-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b41-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. In addition, diabetes-related systemic disorders of glucose, insulin, and fatty acids promote changes in cardiac metabolic characteristics and changes in key cardiac signaling pathways \[[@b30-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
Compound--compound target network
---------------------------------
This network consists of 440 nodes (400 compound target nodes and 40 compound nodes) and 6361 edges. The relationship among compounds and targets can be observed through this network. For example, the targets CDK2, BACE1, CA2, GSTP1, PDE4D, ABO, HSP90AA1, GSTA1, FKBP1A, PTPN1, F2, METAP2, and LCK are regulated by all compounds. These targets are in the center of the network, and may be the most important ones for SMP ([Figure 4](#f4-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}).
SMP-DCM network analysis
------------------------
### SMP-DCM network
The Integrated DCM network and SMP network and the SMP-DCM network were assessed. This network contains 519 nodes and 8293 edges. There are 363 nodes that are compound targets, 26 nodes are DCM-compound targets, and 130 nodes are DCM genes ([Figure 5](#f5-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}).
### Clusters of SMP-DCM network
Fourteen clusters were collected after being analyzed by MCODE. There are some DCM-related genes in clusters (Blue circles). These genes may be the key genes of SMP involved in treating DCM ([Table 2](#t2-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 6](#f6-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}).
These clusters, except for cluster 12, were subjected to GO enrichment analysis and several biological processes were obtained. Clusters 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 did not contain DCM-related biological processes. Cluster 1 contains glycometabolism-related, lipid metabolism-related, cardiovascular disease-related (e.g., blood pressure, blood lipids, and foam cells), inflammatory-related (e.g., inflammatory factors and interleukins), and oxidative stress-related biological processes. Cluster 2 contains vasomotor regulation-associated, cardiomyocyte apoptosis-related, and inflammatory-related biological processes. Cluster 3 mainly contains anti-oxidation processes. Clusters 4 and 7 are mainly related to anti-cardiomyocyte apoptosis and anti-oxidation. Cluster 5 is associated with glucose metabolism. Cluster 8 involves apoptosis and oxidative stress-related biological processes. The details of each cluster and biological process are described in Supplementary Table 8.
### Pathway of SMP-DCM network
By importing all targets into DAVID, we found 22 DCM-related pathways ([Figure 7](#f7-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}). The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway has the most genes (39 genes), the Rap1 signaling pathway has 31 genes, the insulin signaling pathway has 27 genes, and the MAPK signaling pathway has 26 genes. The targets near the center are regulated by more compounds. These pathways and targets may be the key pathways by which SMP is active in treating DCM. The details are described in Supplementary Table 9.
As mentioned above, abnormalities of insulin signaling, AMPK signaling, and β-adrenergic signaling play a crucial role in the development of DCM, which was also found in pathways of the SMP-DCM network that SMP can regulate the signaling pathways associated with these 3 pathways. Atherosclerosis also contributes to the development of DCM and is considered to be the main cause of heart failure in diabetic patients. GO enrichment revealed many atherosclerosis-related biological processes and pathways (e.g., signaling pathways and biological processes that regulate insulin resistance, blood pressure, and blood lipids), such as GO: 0008217, GO: 0010744, GO: 0032869, GO: 0045907, GO: 0050995, GO: 0035924, GO: 0045909, hsa04370, hsa04931, hsa04668, hsa04924, and hsa04920, suggesting that SMP may have a therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis.
In addition, in the pharmacological experimental studies of these compounds, it was also found that they can affect DCM-related genes, targets, biological processes, and signaling pathways. Zhang et al. found that, in a Wistar rat model of myocardial injury induced by doxorubicin, ginsenoside Rg1, ophiopogonin D, ophiopogonin D′, and schisandrin reduced the risk of myocardial fibrosis and inhibited cardiac remodeling by downregulating IL-6 and TNF-α and inhibiting MMPs and COL-IV overexpression \[[@b42-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Qian et al. found that ophiopogonin D can inhibit the enzymatic activity of catalase, HO-1, and caspases and block activation of the NF-kappaB and ERK signaling pathways in an endothelial injury model induced by H(2)O(2) \[[@b43-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Huang et al. showed that ophiopogonin D can exert anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects by activating the PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway to regulate cardiac function, reduce lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase production, and improve damaged myocardial structures \[[@b44-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Liu et. al found that kaempferol can attenuate the cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and dysfunction induced by AngII in mice \[[@b45-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Another study showed that kaempferol can inhibit inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in rats with DCM \[[@b46-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
Apoptosis is another important factor in the pathology of diabetes, which can lead to loss of myocardial cells and decreased myocardial contractility, and ultimately lead to cardiac remodeling \[[@b47-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Recent studies have shown that cardiomyocyte apoptosis is increased in the hearts of diabetic patients and animals \[[@b48-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b50-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], the degree of which is similar to the severity of diabetic cardiomyopathy \[[@b50-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The cardiomyocyte apoptosis in DCM is initiated by the intrinsic pathway (mitochondria-mediated pathway) and the exogenous pathway (a death receptor-mediated pathway) \[[@b51-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b53-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The activation of caspase-8 in the exogenous pathway or cytochrome C-activated caspase-9 in the endogenous pathway can activate the final performer caspase-3 and lead to apoptosis \[[@b54-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. This study shows that SMP can regulate the endogenous or exogenous apoptotic pathway or factors in the Bcl-2 family to delay the development of DCM, including GO: 0043066 and GO: 0010667.
Altered myocardial insulin signaling may be one of the important mechanisms for the development of DCM \[[@b55-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. There have been many studies on the relationship between insulin resistance and heart failure, showing, for example, that there is a complex interaction between the Akt signaling pathway and the insulin signaling pathway, in which chronic activation accelerates ventricular remodeling \[[@b56-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b58-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Human studies have shown that insulin receptor (IR)-mediated signaling is enhanced in heart failure \[[@b58-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], while hyperinsulinemia directly impairs cardiac function by inhibiting cardiomyocyte adrenergic signaling, which involves the myocardial contraction-required cAMP/PKA activity and substrate phosphorylation \[[@b59-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. As a member of the MAPK signaling pathway family, the ERK1/2 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in accelerating the development of DCM. Many studies have shown that activation of ERK1/2 promotes oxidative stress \[[@b60-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], inflammation, cardiac hypertrophic fibrosis \[[@b61-medscimonit-26-e919029]--[@b63-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], myocardial dysfunction \[[@b64-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b65-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], ventricular remodeling, and apoptosis \[[@b66-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] in the hearts of DCM patients, which eventually lead to heart failure. The present study shows that SMP can prevent ERK1/2 activation in cardiomyocytes by targeted regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway and ultimately preventing DCM.
From a macroscopic perspective, metabolic disorders in T2DM patients can also cause a series of pathophysiological changes, including the above molecular pathological changes. The hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in T2DM patients increase the production of inflammatory substances TNF-α, IL-1 β, and IL-6 by increasing ROS production or activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway \[[@b67-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b68-medscimonit-26-e919029]\] in the myocardium of diabetics, which leads to oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, damaged cell calcium treatment, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic disorders, and extracellular matrix remodeling, which ultimately results in DCM \[[@b69-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b70-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Hyperinsulinemia may also negatively regulate the activation of Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS); and the endothelial dysfunction caused by it mainly includes 2 parts: (1) increased oxidized low-density lipoprotein, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and oxidative stress; and (2) reduction of insulin or growth factors in endothelial cells \[[@b71-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. These may be the main factors leading to coronary dysfunction in diabetes. Fortunately, our study shows that SMP can regulate signaling pathways and biological processes related to blood lipids (e.g., GO: 0050995, GO: 0045444, and hsa04920), blood glucose (e.g., GO: 0006006, GO: 0046326, GO: 0045725, hsa04922, and hsa00010), and NO metabolism (e.g., GO: 0045429, GO: 0050999, GO: 0051000, GO: 0051770, and hsa04621).
In the energy stress adaptation of diabetic cardiomyocytes, reactive oxygen species promote the development of DCM. Antioxidant treatment strategies have been found to have some cardiac benefits in diabetic animal models \[[@b72-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Recent evidence shows that supplementation with endogenous antioxidants facilitates the treatment of DCM \[[@b72-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], including conventional antioxidants (SOD isoforms, catalase, GPx, Trx, and vitamins C and E), and novel therapies (representing drug coenzyme Q10). Coenzyme Q10 attenuated diastolic dysfunction, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis in a type 2 diabetes db/db mouse model \[[@b73-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], and targeted improvement of upregulation of reactive oxygen species after hyperglycemia can prevent DCM in type 1 diabetic mice \[[@b74-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
In summary, SMP is able to regulate a variety of signaling pathways and biological processes related to glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, inflammatory, and oxidative stress. This suggests that SMP can prevent DCM, but further research is needed.
Compound-known target-DCM network analysis
------------------------------------------
### Compound-known target network
This network has 124 nodes (22 compound nodes and 102 compound target nodes) and 288 edges. This network is the verification of the previous network, and some of the relationships discovered in the previous network can be found in this network ([Figure 8](#f8-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}).
### SMP known target-DCM network
The SMP known target-DCM network has 242 nodes and 3354 edges ([Figure 9](#f9-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}). This network is also the verification of the previous network, while some of the relationships discovered in the previous network can be found in this network.
### Cluster and pathway of SMP known target-DCM network
Network analysis found 9 clusters ([Table 3](#t3-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table"}, [Figure 10](#f10-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}). The genes of each cluster were entered into DAVID to undergo GO enrichment analysis, which yielded several biological processes. Clusters 3, 5, and 8 did not return DCM-related biological processes.
Clusters 1 and 2 contain glycometabolism-related, lipid metabolism-related, cardiovascular disease-related (e.g., blood pressure, blood lipids, and foam cells), inflammatory-related (e.g., inflammatory factors and interleukins), and oxidative stress-related biological processes. Cluster 4 is mainly involved in iron metabolism. Cluster 6 is mainly related to glucose metabolism and apoptosis. Cluster 7 involves several lipid metabolism-related biological processes. Cluster 9 is related to vasomotor regulation. These results are shown in Supplementary Table 10.
We found 8 DCM-related pathways, which are identical to the pathways in [Figures 3](#f3-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#f7-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}, demonstrating that these pathways may be key pathways for DCM development ([Figure 11](#f11-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="fig"}, Supplementary Table 11).
In this compound-known target network, we found some signaling pathways and biological processes that have appeared in the previous network, such as hsa04924, hsa04920, hsa04931, GO: 0055117, and GO: 0051000. Several clusters are also similar in functions. This somewhat verifies the reliability of the predicted target network. These results show that SMP can regulate DCM-related genes and targets through its compounds, thereby further regulating DCM-related biological processes and signaling pathways. This may be the mechanism by which SMP intervenes in DCM. However, because this method failed to directly reflect the impact of compound content on biological processes, more research is required to test the effects of SMP and compounds in relation to DCM and to confirm the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms involved.
In the current strategy of treating DCM, it can be found that the strategies for protecting the myocardium are regulating energy metabolism and improving myocardial fibrosis and anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress, in which regulation of myocardial energy metabolism has become an important strategy for the treatment of DCM and preventing its progression to late events such as heart failure \[[@b75-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. The present study shows the important role of SMP in regulating cellular metabolism, especially in energy metabolism. At present, trimetazidine is the main drug used to improve myocardial metabolism in clinical practice, the mechanism of which is to selectively inhibit the activity of long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, thereby improving the energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes \[[@b76-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b77-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Early administration of trimetazidine can inhibit myocardial fibrosis and against oxidative stress, thereby improving DCM \[[@b78-medscimonit-26-e919029]\], and piperazine and ranolazine, as regulators of free fatty acid metabolism, can also improve myocardial metabolism and mitochondrial function \[[@b79-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b80-medscimonit-26-e919029]\].
To further validate the network constructed by the small-molecule drug virtual prediction database and its core important pathways and important core biological processes, we searched the experimental evidence of SMP intervention in DCM in PubMed. Tian et al. found that SMP alleviated DCM by improving mitochondrial lipid metabolism disorder \[[@b81-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Zhao et al. found that SMP attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis through a TGF-β-dependent pathway, thereby exerting cardioprotective effects on DCM \[[@b12-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Ni et al. found that SMP can inhibit myocardial fibrosis in a DCM rat model \[[@b15-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. We contacted the authors of these 3 studies by email, in which Tian et al. replied to us and were willing to share their data to verify our research.
Experiments show that upregulation of SIRT1/AMPK/PGC1 signaling may contribute to the cardioprotective effects of SMP \[[@b12-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b15-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b81-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. Western blot analysis showed a decrease in SIRT1 and p-AMPK (Thr172) protein levels in diabetic hearts, accompanied by an increase in acetylated PGC-1α levels (acetylated lysine sites at 110 KDa), although expression of PGC-1α was not altered \[82--84\]. SMP significantly enhanced the protein levels of SIRT1 and p-AMPKα and decreased the expression of acetylated PGC-1α. SMP also restores NRF1 and TFAM levels \[[@b12-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b15-medscimonit-26-e919029],[@b81-medscimonit-26-e919029]\]. These results are shown in [Table 4](#t4-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table"}.
Conclusions
===========
SMP can regulate glycometabolism-related, lipid metabolism-related, inflammatory response-related, and oxidative stress-related signaling pathways, as well as biological processes and targets, which suggest that SMP may have a therapeutic effect on DCM.
**Source of support:** This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81603512 & No. 81874429), the postgraduate scientific research innovation project of Hunan Province of China (No. CX20190536, No. CX20190591, No. CX2018B465 and No. CX2017B428), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (No. 2018JJ2289), Innovation project for graduate students of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine (No. 2018CX05 and No. 2018CX25), the postgraduate scientific research innovation project of Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (No. yf201708), and the Digital Chinese medicine innovation research platform project (No. 49021001003005)
**Supplementary Data**
**Supplementary Table 1.** The details of each compound.
**Supplementary Table 2.** The details of each compound.
**Supplementary Table 3.** Compound targets for each compounds.
**Supplementary Table 4.** Known targets for each compounds.
**Supplementary Table 5.** Diabetic heart disease Ggenes.
**Supplementary Table 6.** Enrichment analysis of clusters based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotation.
**Supplementary Table 7.** Pathway enrichment analysis.
**Supplementary Table 8.** Enrichment analysis of clusters based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotation.
**Supplementary Table 9.** Pathway enrichment analysis.
**Supplementary Table 10.** Enrichment analysis of clusters based on Gene Ontology (GO) annotation.
**Supplementary Table 11.** Pathway enrichment analysis.
Supplementary/raw data available from the corresponding author on request.
**Conflict of Interest**
None.
{#f1-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f2-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f3-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f4-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f5-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f6-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f7-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{ref-type="fig"}).](medscimonit-26-e919029-g008){#f8-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f9-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f10-medscimonit-26-e919029}
{#f11-medscimonit-26-e919029}
######
Cluster of diabetic cardiomyopathy network.
Cluster Score Nodes Edges Genes
--------- -------- ------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 21.385 27 278 AGTR1, NOS1, CD36, TNF, IL1B, MMP2, CSF3, SERPINE1, TLR4, TF, SPP1, IGF1, PPARA, TP53, ACE, CRP, RETN, INS, EDN1, ICAM1, CCL2, PPARG, LPL, LEP, MAPK14, KNG1, NOS3
2 9.417 25 113 RHOA, SOCS3, CP, SLC11A2, SLC40A1, CYBRD1, IREB2, TFRC, HEPH, TNFSF11, ACO1, SLC2A4, CAT, FOXO1, SIRT1, AGT, HFE, HFE2, HAMP, APOB, MAPK8, HMOX1, ADIPOQ, CTGF, TFR2
3 7.6 11 38 APLN, APLNR, ADRBK1, GNAQ, S1PR3, BDKRB1, RLN3, BDKRB2, S1PR1, EDNRA, EDN2
4 3.333 4 5 YWHAQ, ATP2A3, ATP2A2, NOTCH2
5 3 3 3 BDNF, SOD2, SOD1
6 3 3 3 FN1, LPA, SERPINA1
7 3 3 3 NFE2L2, TXN, KEAP1
######
Cluster of SMP-DCM network.
Cluster Score Nodes Edges Targets and genes
--------- -------- ------- ------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 40.981 54 1086 ICAM1, SERPINE1, IGF1, JAK2, CALM1, AKT1, CALM2, CALM3, GRB2, EDN1, TP53, LCK, MAPK14, CDKN2A, CAT, KDR, CTGF, IL1B, KIT, CCL2, NOS1, ANXA5, REN, RHOA, SPP1, IL2, NR3C1, INS, PIK3CG, HRAS, LEP, ABL1, TNF, TLR4, CASP3, CSF3, ESR1, EGFR, MMP2, MAPK1, SRC, ACE, HSP90AA1, MAP2K1, KNG1, HPGDS, CDC42, BCL2L1, MMP9, F2, PARP1, PLG, RAF1, PPARG
2 13.25 41 265 PTK2, ADIPOQ, LPL, CDK2, BDNF, AR, CRP, TNFSF11, PLAT, SOCS3, XIAP, ALB, INSR, HBA1, PTPN11, SLC2A4, MMP3, AGT, PGR, RAC2, IGF1R, SYK, CSK, AGTR1, MAPK8, STAT1, NOS2, FN1, MMP1, MDM2, CASP1, GSK3B, HMOX1, NOS3, TF, HCK, FOXO1, SELE, CCL5, RETN, PLAU
3 6.571 8 23 GSTO1, CYP2C9, CYP2C8, GSTM1, PLA2G2A, GSTA3, GSTA1, GSTM2
4 4.375 33 70 MET, FGF1, F7, SIRT1, PRKCQ, MAPK12, PGF, SOCS1, RAC1, CDK6, EIF4E, CD36, GSR, PIK3R1, HDAC1, ZAP70, SOD2, BTK, TXN, GJA1, APAF1, CASP7, PRKCB, PTPN1, SELP, PPARA, HSPA8, ETS1, DUSP1, APOB, ERBB4, TEK, LYZ
5 4 6 10 TXN2, CLPP, GPI, IMPDH2, AK1, TPI1
6 4 6 10 GART, HPRT1, CDA, NT5M, TK1, DTYMK
7 3.512 42 72 ACE2, PDE5A, RLN3, APLN, PLK1, GLRX, NFE2L2, GMPR, GC, CTNNA1, GSTP1, CSNK2A1, RND3, S1PR3, DPP4, HSP90AB1, APOA2, HSPD1, CRYZ, GMPR2, YWHAQ, PDPK1, FKBP1A, TGFBR1, HSPE1, GP1BA, EDN2, GCK, BDKRB2, CMA1, BDKRB1, AKR1B1, PPP1CC, CP, PAK6, APLNR, TYMS, ACO1, ALDH2, HP, PRDX2, IMPDH1
8 3.5 13 21 NQO1, STK11, SOD1, ELANE, BECN1, KEAP1, SERPINA1, MMP7, LGALS3, ATIC, CTSS, CTSB, RHEB
9 3.222 19 29 ADK, ME2, NNT, PDHB, PKLR, PROC, AHCY, G6PD, ARF4, F11, APRT, DHFR, SHMT1, PSPH, F10, SDS, MTAP, NME2, ACADM
10 3 3 3 RAB5A, TFRC, RAB11A
11 3 5 6 LPA, RBP4, AHSG, FGG, TTR
12 3 3 3 GSTZ1, FTH1, NR1H2
13 3 3 3 RARG, CRABP2, RARB
14 2.667 7 8 SORD, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C1, AMY1A, HK1, PYGL
######
Cluster of SMP known target-DCM network.
Cluster Score Nodes Edges Targets and genes
--------- -------- ------- ------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 36.533 46 822 IL1B, CCL2, NOS2, HMOX1, NOS3, NOS1, AKT1, RHOA, BCL2, SPP1, BAX, JUN, CASP3, MMP1, SELE, VCAM1, ICAM1, INS, SERPINE1, AR, IGF1, BDNF, CRP, LEP, INSR, PTGS2, TNF, TLR4, NR3C1, F2, CSF3, PIK3CG, EDN1, TP53, MMP2, ACE, MAPK14, MAPK8, CALM1, CALM2, KNG1, CALM3, CDKN2A, CAT, KDR, ESR1
2 10.824 35 184 PPARA, HSP90AA1, TF, FOXO1, RELA, IKBKB, DUSP1, RETN, STAT1, PPARG, LPL, PGR, ADIPOQ, CHRM3, CHRM1, TNFSF11, SIRT1, CD36, ADRA1A, CHRM5, SLC2A4, AGT, HTR2A, AGTR1, IGF1R, SOD2, ADRA1B, ADRA1D, EDNRA, SOD1, EDN2, BDKRB2, CTGF, BDKRB1, GNAQ
3 10 10 45 CHRM4, OPRD1, CHRM2, RLN3, APLN, S1PR1, OPRM1, ADRA2A, S1PR3, APLNR
4 6.154 14 40 HAMP, SERPINA1, FTL, SLC11A2, TXN2, ACO1, IREB2, HEPH, CYBRD1, PDK4, TOP2A, HSPE1, HFE, SLC40A1
5 4 4 6 GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA6
6 3.333 4 5 PRKAA1, STK11, BECN1, PPP3CA
7 3.273 12 18 NCOA1, SLC6A4, GSTM1, GSTM2, RLN2, NR1H2, CYP1A1, NR1H3, CYP1B1, VIPR1, DRD1, ADRB1
8 3 3 3 NCOA2, RXRA, ANGPTL4
9 3 3 3 KCNH2, SCN5A, CAMK2D
######
SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway (mean±SEM). Data from reference \[82--84\].
P-AMPK/AMPK SIRT1/beta-actin Acetylated PGC-1α PGC-1α/beta-actin
---------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------
Non-DM 1.0±0.09 1.0±0.09 1.0±0.09 1.0±0.25
db/db 0.49±0.01[\*\*](#tfn3-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.75±0.09[\*\*](#tfn3-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.7±0.09[\*\*](#tfn3-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.68±0.09
db/db±SL 0.07±0.01[\#](#tfn4-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.95±0.10[\#](#tfn4-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.25±0.04[\#](#tfn4-medscimonit-26-e919029){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.98±0.02
Tip:
P\<0.05,
P\<0.01 *vs.* non-DM group;
P\<0.05,
P\<0.01 *vs.* db/db group.
[^1]: Study Design
[^2]: Data Collection
[^3]: Statistical Analysis
[^4]: Data Interpretation
[^5]: Manuscript Preparation
[^6]: Literature Search
[^7]: Funds Collection
[^8]: Shi-ying Zhang, Kai-lin Yang and Zhi-yong Long are co-first Authors
|
Management of lithium toxicity.
Lithium salts have been used in the prophylaxis and treatment of depression and bipolar disorder for >50 years. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic range, and several well characterised adverse effects limit the potential usefulness of higher doses. Acute ingestion in lithium-naive patients is generally associated with only short-lived exposure to high concentrations, due to extensive distribution of lithium throughout the total body water compartment. Conversely, chronic toxicity and acute-on-therapeutic ingestion are associated with prolonged exposure to higher tissue concentrations and, therefore, greater toxicity. Lithium toxicity may be life threatening, or result in persistent cognitive and neurological impairment. Therefore, enhanced lithium clearance has been explored as a means of minimising exposure to high tissue concentrations. Although haemodialysis is highly effective in removing circulating lithium, serum concentrations often rebound so repeated or prolonged treatment may be required. Continuous arteriovenous haemodiafiltration and continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration increase lithium clearance, albeit to a lesser extent than haemodialysis, and are more widely accessible. Haemodiafiltration sustained for >16 hours allows effective removal of total body lithium, thereby avoiding rebound effects. Enhanced elimination should be considered in patients at greatest risk of severe poisoning: namely those with chronic or acute-on-therapeutic toxicity, those with clinically significant features, and those with chronic toxicity whose serum lithium concentration is >2.5 mmol/L. The choice between haemodialysis and continuous haemodiafiltration techniques will depend on local accessibility and urgency of enhancing lithium elimination. Further research is required to establish the potential benefits of assisted elimination on clinical outcome in patients with lithium poisoning. |
// Copyright 2000-2020 JetBrains s.r.o. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package com.intellij.openapi.diff.impl.dir;
import com.intellij.ide.diff.*;
import com.intellij.util.text.DateFormatUtil;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nls;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
import javax.swing.*;
import static com.intellij.ide.diff.DirDiffOperation.*;
/**
* @author Konstantin Bulenkov
*/
public final class DirDiffElementImpl implements DirDiffElement {
private final DTree myParent;
private DiffType myType;
private DiffElement mySource;
private long mySourceLength;
private DiffElement myTarget;
private long myTargetLength;
private final String myName;
private DirDiffOperation myOperation;
private DirDiffOperation myDefaultOperation;
private final DTree myNode;
private DirDiffElementImpl(DTree parent, @Nullable DiffElement source, @Nullable DiffElement target, DiffType type, @Nls String name,
@Nullable DirDiffOperation defaultOperation) {
myParent = parent.getParent();
myNode = parent;
myType = type;
mySource = source;
mySourceLength = source == null || source.isContainer() ? -1 : source.getSize();
myTarget = target;
myTargetLength = target == null || target.isContainer() ? -1 : target.getSize();
myName = name;
if(defaultOperation != null){
myDefaultOperation = defaultOperation;
}
else if (type == DiffType.ERROR) {
myDefaultOperation = NONE;
}
else if (isSource()) {
myDefaultOperation = COPY_TO;
}
else if (isTarget()) {
myDefaultOperation = COPY_FROM;
}
else if (type == DiffType.EQUAL) {
myDefaultOperation = EQUAL;
}
else if (type == DiffType.CHANGED) {
assert source != null;
myDefaultOperation = MERGE;
}
}
public String getSourceModificationDate() {
return mySource == null ? "" : getLastModification(mySource);
}
public String getTargetModificationDate() {
return myTarget == null ? "" : getLastModification(myTarget);
}
public void updateTargetData() {
if (myTarget != null && !myTarget.isContainer()) {
myTargetLength = myTarget.getSize();
} else {
myTargetLength = -1;
}
}
private static String getLastModification(DiffElement file) {
final long timeStamp = file.getTimeStamp();
return timeStamp < 0 ? "" : DateFormatUtil.formatDateTime(timeStamp);
}
public static DirDiffElementImpl createChange(DTree parent,
@NotNull DiffElement source,
@NotNull DiffElement target,
@Nullable DirDiffSettings.CustomSourceChooser customSourceChooser) {
DirDiffOperation defaultOperation = null;
if (customSourceChooser != null) {
DiffElement chosenSource = customSourceChooser.chooseSource(source, target);
if (chosenSource == source) { // chosenSource might be null
defaultOperation = COPY_TO;
}
else if (chosenSource == target) {
defaultOperation = COPY_FROM;
}
}
return new DirDiffElementImpl(parent, source, target, DiffType.CHANGED, source.getPresentableName(), defaultOperation);
}
public static DirDiffElementImpl createError(DTree parent, @Nullable DiffElement source, @Nullable DiffElement target) {
return new DirDiffElementImpl(parent, source, target, DiffType.ERROR, source == null ? target.getPresentableName() : source.getPresentableName(), null);
}
public static DirDiffElementImpl createSourceOnly(DTree parent, @NotNull DiffElement source) {
return new DirDiffElementImpl(parent, source, null, DiffType.SOURCE, null, null);
}
public static DirDiffElementImpl createTargetOnly(DTree parent, @NotNull DiffElement target) {
return new DirDiffElementImpl(parent, null, target, DiffType.TARGET, null, null);
}
public static DirDiffElementImpl createDirElement(DTree parent, DiffElement src, DiffElement trg, @Nls String name) {
return new DirDiffElementImpl(parent, src, trg, DiffType.SEPARATOR, name, null);
}
public static DirDiffElementImpl createEqual(DTree parent, @NotNull DiffElement source, @NotNull DiffElement target) {
return new DirDiffElementImpl(parent, source, target, DiffType.EQUAL, source.getPresentableName(), null);
}
@Override
public DiffType getType() {
return myType;
}
@Override
public DiffElement getSource() {
return mySource;
}
@Override
public DiffElement getTarget() {
return myTarget;
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return myName;
}
@Nullable
public String getSourceName() {
return mySource == null ? null : mySource.getName();
}
@Nullable
public String getSourcePresentableName() {
return mySource == null ? null : mySource.getPresentableName();
}
@Nullable
public String getSourceSize() {
return mySourceLength < 0 ? null : String.valueOf(mySourceLength);
}
public DirDiffOperation getDefaultOperation() {
return myDefaultOperation;
//if (myType == DType.SOURCE) return COPY_TO;
//if (myType == DType.TARGET) return COPY_FROM;
//if (myType == DType.CHANGED) return MERGE;
//if (myType == DType.EQUAL) return EQUAL;
//return NONE;
}
@Nullable
public String getTargetName() {
return myTarget == null ? null : myTarget.getName();
}
@Nullable
public String getTargetPresentableName() {
return myTarget == null ? null : myTarget.getPresentableName();
}
@Nullable
public String getTargetSize() {
return myTargetLength < 0 ? null : String.valueOf(myTargetLength);
}
public boolean isSeparator() {
return myType == DiffType.SEPARATOR;
}
public boolean isSource() {
return myType == DiffType.SOURCE;
}
public boolean isTarget() {
return myType == DiffType.TARGET;
}
@Override
public DirDiffOperation getOperation() {
return myOperation == null ? myDefaultOperation : myOperation;
}
public void updateSourceFromTarget(DiffElement target) {
myTarget = target;
myTargetLength = mySourceLength;
myDefaultOperation = EQUAL;
myOperation = EQUAL;
myType = DiffType.EQUAL;
}
public void updateTargetFromSource(DiffElement source) {
mySource = source;
mySourceLength = myTargetLength;
myDefaultOperation = EQUAL;
myOperation = EQUAL;
myType = DiffType.EQUAL;
}
public void setNextOperation() {
final DirDiffOperation op = getOperation();
if (myType == DiffType.SOURCE) {
myOperation = op == COPY_TO ? DELETE : op == DELETE ? NONE : COPY_TO;
} else if (myType == DiffType.TARGET) {
myOperation = op == COPY_FROM ? DELETE : op == DELETE ? NONE : COPY_FROM;
} else if (myType == DiffType.CHANGED) {
myOperation = op == MERGE ? COPY_TO : op == COPY_TO ? COPY_FROM : MERGE;
}
}
public void setOperation(@NotNull DirDiffOperation operation) {
if (myType == DiffType.EQUAL || myType == DiffType.SEPARATOR) return;
if (myType == DiffType.TARGET && operation == COPY_TO) return;
if (myType == DiffType.SOURCE && operation == COPY_FROM) return;
if (myType == DiffType.CHANGED && operation == DELETE) return;
myOperation = operation;
}
public Icon getSourceIcon() {
return getIcon(mySource);
}
public Icon getTargetIcon() {
return getIcon(myTarget);
}
private static Icon getIcon(DiffElement element) {
return element != null ? element.getIcon() : null;
}
public DTree getParentNode() {
return myParent;
}
public DTree getNode() {
return myNode;
}
}
|
This invention pertains to a vacuum operated insect collection and viewing device. In particular, the arrangement of the invention is designed to make it easy for children and others having an interest to explore their natural curiosity about insects, without touching or killing them and with comparative safety from being bitten or stung by them.
The prior art has many examples of devices which develop a vacuum for the purpose of trapping, collecting and disposing of insects. Insects such as flies, mosquitoes, beetles, spiders have long been considered pests and marked for destruction. Flying insects are considered a particular nuisance, especially when present in the home, dining or food handling establishments. For many years it has been commonplace to use sprays, fly swatters, fly paper, insecticides and various other remedies to deal with unwanted insects.
There are known devices that are operated by a vacuum to capture insects and deposit them in a bag or some other cleanable collection element for later disposal. Such devices normally use an elongated funnel of some sort which is put under a negative pressure, and brought near enough to the insect for the insect to be suctioned into the funnel and then into a bag or other container to be subsequently disposed of at a later time.
While some components of the invention are common to arrangements in the prior art, the purpose of the invention is, in essence, quite distinct from the purpose of the aforementioned prior art devices. The object of the invention is not to kill the insect being captured but rather to afford an opportunity to examine, study and investigate the physical makeup of the insect of interest. In this regard, it has particular utility for those studying insects, and an innate usefulness as a toy or educational device for children who have an natural inclination to capture and observe insects. The invention provides provides just such opportunity to capture insects without harming them. It furthermore provides a means to capture and study insects without touching them and with ease and a high degree of safety from insect bites. Even dangerous stinging insects can be handled and studied using the device with a general avoidance of fear in the process. |
It is particularly preferred to employ Staphylococcal genes and gene products as targets for the development of antibiotics. The Staphylococci make up a medically important genera of microbes. They are known to produce two types of disease, invasive and toxigenic. Invasive infections are characterized generally by abscess formation effecting both skin surfaces and deep tissues. S. aureus is the second leading cause of bacteremia in cancer patients. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, septic thrombophlebitis and acute bacterial endocarditis are also relatively common. There are at least three clinical conditions resulting from the toxigenic properties of Staphylococci. The manifestation of these diseases result from the actions of exotoxins as opposed to tissue invasion and bacteremia. These conditions include: Staphylococcal food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus infections has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. This has been attributed to the emergence of multiply antibiotic resistant strains and an increasing population of people with weakened immune systems. It is no longer uncommon to isolate Staphylococcus aureus strains which are resistant to some or all of the standard antibiotics.
This has created a demand for both new anti-microbial agents and diagnostic tests for this organism.
Aromatic amino acids are synthesized in bacteria from the common precursor, chorismic acid. Chorismic acid is itself synthesized in bacteria from phosphoenol pyruvate and erythrose4-phosphate via 3-dehydroquinate which is made by a synthase encoded by the aroB gene. The gene in Escherichia coli has been cloned (see Millar G, Coggins JR FEBS Lett, 200(1):11-17 (1986)).
Substantial effort has been invested this century in the successful discovery and development of antibacterials. Paradoxically, although antibacterials are devised to eradicate infection in mammals, we know almost nothing of the physiology of bacterial pathogens in infective situations in the host. Using sequences from the Staphylococcus aureus chromosome, we have developed an RT-PCR based procedure which allows us to identify those bacterial genes transcribed at any stage of infection and also from different niches of infection. The derivation of such information is a critical first step in understanding the global response of the bacterial gene complement to the host environment. From the knowledge of bacterial genes both of known and unknown function which are widely transcribed in the host it is possible to attempt to ascertain by database searching those which are present only in the eubacteria. Further prioritization of such genes by consideration of the likely role of their products towards the maintenance of infection and the facility of setting up a screen for inhibitors of the biochemical function indicated by their homology to characterised genes allows the compilation of a shortlist for gene essentiality studies using genetic deletion or controlled regulation techniques. The proteins expressed by genes shown to be necessary for growth in vitro or in pathogenesis in animal models provide novel targets for antibacterial screening to find agents which are broadly inhibitory towards pathogenesis. This invention provides S. aureus WCUH 29 polynucleotides which are transcribed in infected tissue, in particular in both acute and chronic infections.
Clearly, there is a need for factors, such as the novel compounds of the invention, that have a present benefit of being useful to screen compounds for antibiotic activity. Such factors are also useful to determine their role in pathogenesis of infection, dysfunction and disease. There is also a need for identification and characterization of such factors and their antagonists and agonists which can play a role in preventing, ameliorating or correcting infections, dysfunctions or diseases.
The polypeptides of the invention have amino acid sequence homology to a known 3-dehydroxyquinate synthase (EC 4.6.1.3) protein, identified as AROB BACSU in the Swiss Prot database. See Swiss Prot, Accession Number P31102. |
Imagine a barking dog, a furry spider or another perceived threat and your brain and body respond much like they would if you experienced the real thing. Imagine it repeatedly in a safe environment and soon your phobia—and your brain’s response to it—begins to subside.
That’s the takeaway of a new brain imaging study led by CU Boulder and Icahn School of Medicine researchers, suggesting that imagination can be a powerful tool in helping people with fear and anxiety-related disorders overcome them.
“This research confirms that imagination is a neurological reality that can impact our brains and bodies in ways that matter for our wellbeing,” said Tor Wager, director of the Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory at CU Boulder and co-senior author of the paper, published in the journal Neuron.
About one in three people in the United States have anxiety disorders, including phobias, and 8 percent have post-traumatic stress disorder. Since the 1950s, clinicians have used “exposure therapy” as a first-line treatment, asking patients to face their fears—real or imagined—in a safe, controlled setting. Anecdotally, results have been positive.
But until now, very little has been known about how such methods impact the brain or how imagination neurologically compares to real-life exposure.
“These novel findings bridge a long-standing gap between clinical practice and cognitive neuroscience,” said lead author Marianne Cumella Reddan, a graduate student in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at CU Boulder. “This is the first neuroscience study to show that imagining a threat can actually alter the way it is represented in the brain.”
Measuring the minds-eye
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to measure brain activity.
For the study, 68 healthy participants were trained to associate a sound with an uncomfortable, but not painful, electric shock. Then, they were divided into three groups and either exposed to the same threatening sound, asked to “play the sound in their head,” or asked to imagine pleasant bird and rain sounds—all without experiencing further shocks.
The researchers measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Sensors on the skin measured how the body responded.
In the groups that imagined and heard the threatening sounds, brain activity was remarkably similar, with the auditory cortex (which processes sound), the nucleus accumbens (which is associated with reward learning) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (associated with risk and aversion) all lighting up.
After repeated exposure without the accompanying shock, the subjects in both the real and imagined threat groups experienced what is known as “extinction,” where the formerly fear-inducing stimulus no longer ignited a fear response.
Essentially, the brain had unlearned to be afraid.
“Statistically, real and imagined exposure to the threat were not different at the whole brain level, and imagination worked just as well,” said Reddan.
Notably, the group that imagined birds and rain sounds showed different brain reactions, and their fear response to the sound persisted.
“I think a lot of people assume that the way to reduce fear or negative emotion is to imagine something good. In fact, what might be more effective is exactly the opposite: imagining the threat, but without the negative consequences,” said Wager.
Unlearning fear
Previous research has shown that imagining an act can activate and strengthen regions of the brain involved in its real-life execution, improving performance. For instance, imagining playing piano can boost neuronal connections in regions related to the fingers. Research also shows it’s possible to update our memories, inserting new details.
The new study suggests that imagination may be a more powerful tool than previously believed for updating those memories.
Marianne Reddan (Credit: Ernest Mross)
“If you have a memory that is no longer useful for you or is crippling you, you can use imagination to tap into it, change it and re-consolidate it, updating the way you think about and experience something,” said Reddan, stressing that something as simple as imagining a single tone tapped into a complex network of brain circuits.
She notes that there was much more variance in brain activity in the group that imagined the tone versus the ones who really heard it, suggesting that those with a more vivid imagination may experience greater brain changes when simulating something in their mind’s eye.
As imagination becomes a more common tool among clinicians, more research is necessary, they write.
For now, Wager advises, pay attention to what you imagine.
“Manage your imagination and what you permit yourself to imagine. You can use imagination constructively to shape what your brain learns from experience.”
Or, as writer and philosopher Mary Baker Eddy put it, “Stand porter at the door of thought.” |
709 F.2d 1491
Franklinv.Howard
82-5167
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Third Circuit
4/7/83
W.D.Pa., Cohill, J.
AFFIRMED
|
<Window x:Class="RevitIFCTools.GeneratePsetDefWin"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:RevitIFCTools"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="GeneratePsetDefinitions" Height="461.182" Width="644.998">
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="105*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="13*"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<TextBox x:Name="textBox_PSDSourceDir" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="23" Margin="18,29,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="511"/>
<TextBox x:Name="textBox_OutputFile" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="23" Margin="18,82,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="511"/>
<Label x:Name="label" Content="Select top level folder to search all psd directories:" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="18,3,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Height="26" Width="276"/>
<Label x:Name="label_Copy" Content="Specify output file:" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="18,56,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Height="26" Width="377"/>
<Button x:Name="button_PSDSourceDir" Content="Browse ..." HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="545,29,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="75" Height="23" Click="button_PSDSourceDir_Click"/>
<Button x:Name="button_OutputDir" Content="Browse ..." HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="545,82,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="75" Height="23" Click="button_OutputFile_Click"/>
<TextBox x:Name="textBox_OutputMsg" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="128" Margin="18,233,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="511" ScrollViewer.CanContentScroll="True" VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Auto"/>
<Button x:Name="button_Cancel" Content="Cancel" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="545,10,0,0" Grid.Row="1" Width="75" Click="button_Cancel_Click" Height="20" VerticalAlignment="Top"/>
<Button x:Name="button_Go" Content="Go" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="465,10,0,0" Grid.Row="1" Width="75" Click="button_Go_Click" Height="20" VerticalAlignment="Top"/>
<Grid Grid.RowSpan="2">
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="105*"/>
<RowDefinition Height="13*"/>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<TextBox x:Name="textBox_SharedParFile" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="23" Margin="18,138,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="510"/>
<Label x:Name="label_SharedParFile" Content="Specify Revit Shared Parameter file:" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="18,112,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Height="26" Width="377"/>
<CheckBox x:Name="checkBox_Dump" Content="Dump
Results" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="545,240,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Height="30" Width="75"/>
<TextBox x:Name="textBox_ShParFileType" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Height="23" Margin="18,194,0,0" TextWrapping="Wrap" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="510"/>
<Label x:Name="label_SharedParFile_Copy" Content="Specify Revit Shared Parameter file for [Type]:" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="18,168,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Height="26" Width="377"/>
</Grid>
<Button x:Name="button_BrowseSharedParFile" Content="Browse ..." HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="545,137,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="75" Height="23" Click="Button_BrowseSharedParFile_Click"/>
<Button x:Name="button_BrowseSharedParFileType" Content="Browse ..." HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="545,193,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="75" Height="23" Click="Button_BrowseSharedParFileType_Click"/>
</Grid>
</Window>
|
Q:
Naive, bubble, insert and quick sort in C
I've created a program that shows the time needed to sort a random array of integers. An example is:
user@computer:~/projects/sortc$ ./sortc 50000
Naive sort: 4.501963s
Bubble sort: 5.769375s
Insert sort: 1.969153s
Quick sort: 2.161162s
I implemented in C the common sort algorithms: insert, quick, bubble and naive (also called as selection sort). The purpose of the program is only to test these algorithms.
The source code is:
main.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "utils.h"
#include "sort.h"
int check_sort(const unsigned long dim);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: 'sortc <number>'\n");
return -1;
}
long dim = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0);
if (dim <= 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "The number must be positive.\n");
return -1;
}
return check_sort((unsigned long) dim);
}
int check_sort(const unsigned long dim)
{
int *naive = gen_array(dim), retval = -1;
if (!naive) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't allocate memory for 'naive'.\n");
return -1;
}
int *bubble = duplicate(naive, dim);
if (!bubble) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't duplicate 'naive' for 'bubble'.\n");
goto free_naive;
}
int *insert = duplicate(naive, dim);
if (!insert) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't duplicate 'naive' for 'insert'.\n");
goto free_bubble;
}
int *quick = duplicate(naive, dim);
if (!quick) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't duplicate 'naive' for 'quick'.\n");
goto free_insert;
}
float start_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
naive_sort(naive, dim);
float end_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
end_time -= start_time;
printf("Naive sort:\t %fs\n", end_time);
start_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
bubble_sort(bubble, dim);
end_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
end_time -= start_time;
printf("Bubble sort:\t %fs\n", end_time);
start_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
insert_sort(insert, dim);
end_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
end_time -= start_time;
printf("Insert sort:\t %fs\n", end_time);
start_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
quick_sort(quick, 0, dim - 1);
end_time = (float) clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
end_time -= start_time;
printf("Quick sort:\t %fs\n", end_time);
free(quick);
retval = 0;
free_bubble:
free(bubble);
free_insert:
free(insert);
free_naive:
free(naive);
return retval;
}
utils.h
#ifndef SRC_UTILS_H
#define SRC_UTILS_H
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
/* It generates an array with random numbers.
* Parameter:
* - const unsigned long dim: the array's dimension.
* Return value: the array or NULL in case of error.
*/
int *gen_array(const unsigned long dim);
/* It duplicates an array.
* Parameters:
* - int v[]: the array to duplicate;
* - const unsigned long dim: the array's dimension.
* Return value: the new array or NULL in case of error.
*/
int *duplicate(int v[], const unsigned long dim);
/* It swaps two numbers.
* Parameters:
* - int *a: the first number;
* - int *b: the second number.
*/
void swap(int *a, int *b);
#endif /* SRC_UTILS_H */
utils.c
#include "utils.h"
int *gen_array(const unsigned long dim)
{
int *v = calloc(dim, sizeof(int));
if (!v)
return NULL;
srand(time(NULL));
for (unsigned long i = 0; i < dim; i++)
v[i] = rand();
return v;
}
int *duplicate(int v[], const unsigned long dim)
{
if (!dim)
return NULL;
int *new = calloc(dim, sizeof(*v));
if (!new)
return NULL;
return memcpy(new, v, dim);
}
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int tmp = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = tmp;
}
sort.h
#ifndef SRC_SORT_H
#define SRC_SORT_H
#include <stdbool.h>
#include "utils.h"
/* Sort an array using naive sort.
* Parameters:
* - int v[]: the array;
* - unsigned long dim: the array's size.
*/
void naive_sort(int v[], unsigned long dim);
/* Sort an array using bubble sort.
* Parameters:
* - int v[]: the array;
* - const unsigned long dim: the array's size.
*/
void bubble_sort(int v[], const unsigned long dim);
/* Sort an array using insert sort.
* Parameters:
* - int v[]: the array;
* - const unsigned long dim: the array's size.
*/
void insert_sort(int v[], const unsigned long dim);
/* Sort an array using quick sort.
* Parameters:
* - int v[]: the array;
* - const unsigned long first: the left extremity;
* - const unsigned long last: the right extremity.
* Note: if you call this function for the first time, you should set 'first' to
* zero and 'last' to array's size - 1.
*/
void quick_sort(int v[], const unsigned long first, const unsigned long last);
#endif /* SRC_SORT_H */
sort.c
#include "sort.h"
void naive_sort(int v[], unsigned long dim)
{
unsigned long tmp, i;
while (dim > 0) {
i = tmp = 0;
while (i < dim) {
if (v[i] > v[tmp])
tmp = i;
i++;
}
swap(&v[--dim], &v[tmp]);
}
}
void bubble_sort(int v[], const unsigned long dim)
{
bool swapped;
do {
swapped = false;
for(unsigned long i = 0; i < (dim - 1); i++) {
if (v[i] > v[i + 1]) {
swap(&v[i], &v[i + 1]);
swapped = true;
}
}
} while (swapped);
}
void insert_sort(int v[], const unsigned long dim)
{
unsigned long j;
int tmp;
for (unsigned long i = 1; i < dim; i++) {
tmp = v[i];
j = i - 1;
while (j > 0 && v[j] > tmp) {
v[j + 1] = v[j];
j--;
}
v[j + 1] = tmp;
}
}
void quick_sort(int v[], const unsigned long first, const unsigned long last)
{
int key = v[first];
unsigned long i = first + 1, j = last;
if (first < last) {
while (i < j) {
while (i < j && v[j] >= key)
j--;
while (i < j && v[i] <= key)
i++;
if (i < j)
swap(&v[i], &v[j]);
}
if (v[first] > v[i]) {
swap(&v[first], &v[i]);
quick_sort(v, first, i - 1);
quick_sort(v, i + 1, last);
} else {
quick_sort(v, first + 1, last);
}
}
}
Makefile
.PHONY = clean all
VPATH = src
PROGNAME = sortc
SHELL = /bin/sh
CC ?= gcc
CFLAGS = -Wall -Wextra
OBJECTIVES = main.o utils.o sort.o
all : $(OBJECTIVES)
$(CC) -o $(PROGNAME) $^
clean :
$(RM) *.o $(PROGNAME)
A:
Code duplication
In the check_sort, function, you do the same thing for each sorting algorithm:
copy an array
check if it has been successfully copied
measure the time it takes to sort the array
print the time
free the array
You can get rid of code duplication. Just create a separate function that takes a pointer to the beginning of the array, the number of elements of the array, a pointer to the sort function and its name (for printing custom error messages) and then call it for all sorting algorithms you have.
Separation of concerns
In fact, this function still does too much. It measures the execution time and does some logging. One function should do one thing. If the description of what the function does contains the word "and", it's a strong hint that it should be split into several smaller focused functions. I'd split it into to parts: benchmarking the code and logging. They are completely independent.
Naming and documentation
While it's OK for a small project like this one, "utils" isn't a good name in general. It might be fine, but files named "utils.*" often end up stuffed with tons of unrelated code and turn into garbage. Call it what it is. If it's responsible for generating and copying arrays, name it correspondingly.
Correctness
Your quick sort function doesn't work for an empty array. It tries to access the first element, which results in undefined behavior.
Consistency
All functions except for the quick_sort take an array and its size. It would be better if so did the quick_sort (you can wrap with a helper function to reuse the current implementation). It would also make the API more convenient: the user won't need to think if first and last must be inclusive.
A:
Bug
When I saw your results, I was skeptical that insertion sort would be faster than quick sort. The problem is that there is a bug in this line in duplicate():
return memcpy(new, v, dim);
This line should have been:
return memcpy(new, v, dim * sizeof(*v));
Due to this bug, only the first 25% of the original array was being duplicated, and the rest was left filled with zeroes. This definitely would have an effect on the sorting times of your various sorts. Here are the times I got before and after I fixed the above line:
Before the fix (50000 elements)
-------------------------------
Naive sort: 0.718000s
Bubble sort: 0.905000s
Insert sort: 0.296000s
Quick sort: 0.406000s
After the fix (50000 elements)
------------------------------
Naive sort: 0.733000s
Bubble sort: 3.978000s
Insert sort: 0.359000s
Quick sort: 0.015000s
|
Content-addressed memories, sometimes known as associative memories, are well known in the prior art. Whereas conventional location-addressable memory is designed to retrieve data from a specific address, a content-addressable memory system finds and retrieves a collection of closely related data, called a record, by comparing a keyword value known to be associated with or located within the desired data with the data stored in the content-addressed memory. Once a match is found, the rest of the record can be accessed. Thus, all records containing one or more of the keyword values will be found without any prior knowledge of where the records are stored.
Whereas any memory is searchable for keyword values by sequentially reading and matching the words in the memory with the keyword value, the records of a content-addressed memory are searched simultaneously and in parallel for a match. The word cells are arranged in parallel and share a common data bus so that the keyword value can be sent simultaneously to all the word cells. The speed with which a content-addressed memory finds all records matching a keyword value is, consequently, significantly faster.
For example, if a court's written opinion is a record of the content-addressed memory, it may be found by searching for the names of the parties in the suit. The names of the parties are the keyword values. The name of a party in this example is always stored in a particular area of the record, called a field or subfield; the name of the case is the value. Thus, a keyword value defines a particular field or subfield and a particular value. Only a particular area of all records stored in the content-addressed memories need, therefore, be searched and compared with a particular keyword value. Several keyword values, called keyword value combinations, may also be used to find the desired record or records.
A typical application of a content-addressable memory is a cache memory. Instead of having to retrieve data stored in a large main memory, frequently used data is stored in a smaller content-addressable memory, thus permitting quicker retrieval. Each word cell contains a record and a corresponding address in the main memory. With this address as a keyword value, the record is retrievable from the cache memory by asking it, in effect, for the record having that address, no matter where it is actually stored within the memory.
In storing and quickly retrieving large amounts of data, prior art content-addressed memories are presented with several physical limitations. In order to store large records, either the word cells need to be made very large, or the record must be stored in a separate "numbered-cell" storage where the keyword value is mapped to the address of the "numbered cell." The disadvantage of the first technique is that the size of the word cells are fixed and large, at least large enough to accommodate all the necessary values of its foreseeable use. Content-addressed memories, thus, must either be individually tailored to specific uses, making high-volume production techniques unavailable to reduce costs, or there will be wasted storage space. The numbered-cell technique, on the other hand, taxes the speed of the memory when more than one keyword value is used to retrieve a record. Instead of storing the entire record in the content-addressed memory, it is stored in a "numbered cell" memory, with the number, or address, of the cell stored in the content-addressed memory, along with a few selected keyword values. Once a match is made, the number, or address, of the record is read, and the record of interest is accessed. After a list of records satisfying a first keyword value is found, however, the records on the list are matched sequentially with other keyword values to find desired subsets of the matched records, since each record must be individually read and matched from the main memory. A significant time penalty is, thus, imposed for matching combinations of keyword values.
There is a need, therefore, for a content-addressed memory that permits the flexibility of storing records of any desired size and quickly accessing the records with keyword value combinations. |
Q:
What is the best way display custom content depending on URL parameters with jQuery?
I had a simple form that displays the submitted data in a below div with jQuery
<form id="form" action="">
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="firstname" />
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" name="lastname" />
</div>
<button id="button" class="btn btn-default">Generate</button>
</form>
When you submit that button, the content is displayed on a div called #results thanks to a small piece of jQuery:
$(document).ready(function(){
$("button").click(function(){
var data = $("form").serializeArray();
$.each(data, function(i, field){
$("#results").append(field.name + ": " + field.value + "<br>");
});
return false;
});
});
As I serialize the array, the URL looks like this ?firstname=john&lastname=doe
I would like that when people access that URL, the data displayed in my #results div takes the URL parameters into account and displays it accordingly. Any clue?
A:
Using the following function (as suggested in the comments) enabled me to get the querystring values.
function getQueryVariable(variable)
{
var query = window.location.search.substring(1);
var vars = query.split("&");
for (var i=0;i<vars.length;i++) {
var pair = vars[i].split("=");
if(pair[0] == variable){return pair[1];}
}
return(false);
}
I then displayed them that way :
var querystringname = getQueryVariable("querystringname");
var querystringnamedecoded = decodeURIComponent(querystringname); //if it has a space or special characters, it'll strip the %20 (and likes) and replace them by the actual character
$.("#divwhereyouwanttodisplayyourcontent").append(querystringnamedecoded);
|
Minuscule 154
Minuscule 154 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Θε402 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on cotton paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th-century. It has complex contents, and full marginalia.
Description
The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 355 paper leaves (size ), with a Theophylact's commentary.
The text is written in one column per page, in 40 lines per page. The paper has brown colour, written in black ink, capital letters in red.
The text is divided according to the (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (titles of chapters) at the top of the pages. The references to the Eusebian Canons are absent.
It contains lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use), liturgical books with hagiographies (Synaxarion and Menologion), numbers of stichoi, and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel.
At the end of the manuscript is given subscription α υ μ β απριλλ(ιω) ιδ, i.e. "April 14, 1442", it was made by the later hand.
Text
Kurt Aland the Greek text of the codex did not place in any Category. It was not examined by using the Claremont Profile Method.
History
Probably the manuscript was written in Italy. It is dated by the INTF to the 13th-century.
It was presented by Christina, Queen of Sweden, to Cardinal Decio Azzolino, and bought from him by Pope Alexander VII (1689–1691), together with the manuscripts 155, 156, and 181.
It was examined and described by Birch (about 1782), Scholz, and Henry Stevenson. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Reg. gr. 28), at Rome.
See also
List of New Testament minuscules
Biblical manuscript
Textual criticism
References
Further reading
Category:Greek New Testament minuscules
Category:13th-century biblical manuscripts
Category:Manuscripts of the Vatican Library |
---
abstract: 'The double copy is a map from non-abelian gauge theories to gravity, that has been demonstrated both for scattering amplitudes and exact classical solutions. In this study, we reconsider the double copy for exact solutions that are self-dual in either the gauge or gravity theory. In this case, one may formulate a general double copy in terms of a certain differential operator, which generates the gauge and gravity solutions from a harmonic function residing in a biadjoint scalar theory. As an illustration, we examine the single copy of the well-known Eguchi-Hanson instanton in gravity. The gauge field thus obtained represents an abelian-like object whose field is dipole-like at large distances, and which has no magnetic or electric charge.'
bibliography:
- 'refs.bib'
---
QMUL-PH-18-20\
UCLA-18-TEP-107
[**The self-dual classical double copy, and the Eguchi-Hanson instanton**]{}
<span style="font-variant:small-caps;">David S. Berman$^a$[^1], Erick Chacón$^b$[^2], Andrés Luna$^c$[^3] and Chris D. White$^a$[^4]</span>\
$^a$ Centre for Research in String Theory, School of Physics and Astronomy,\
Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK\
$^b$ Departamento de Física, CINVESTAV-IPN,\
Apartado Postal 14740, 07360 México\
$^c$ Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Los Angeles, California 90095\
Introduction {#sec:intro}
============
Classical and quantum aspects of various field theories continue to be intensely studied, due to a plethora of applications in astro-, high energy and condensed matter physics. Particularly interesting in recent times have been newly discovered correspondences between different theories, whose domains of application in nature are widely separated. In this paper, we focus on the [*double copy*]{} [@Bern:2008qj; @Bern:2010ue; @Bern:2010yg], a correspondence between gauge theories and gravity [^5]. In its original form, the double copy relates perturbative scattering amplitudes in the two types of theory, subject to a certain mirroring of colour and kinematic information, [*BCJ duality*]{} [@Bern:2008qj], being made manifest in the gauge theory. The relationship is proven to hold at tree level [@BjerrumBohr:2009rd; @Stieberger:2009hq; @Bern:2010yg; @BjerrumBohr:2010zs; @Feng:2010my; @Tye:2010dd; @Mafra:2011kj; @Monteiro:2011pc; @BjerrumBohr:2012mg], where it has a string theoretic explanation [@Kawai:1985xq]. Although a full loop level proof has not been found, there is highly non-trivial evidence that the double copy works at higher orders in perturbation theory in a wide variety of theories (with and without supsersymmetry) [@Bern:2010ue; @Bern:1998ug; @Green:1982sw; @Bern:1997nh; @Carrasco:2011mn; @Carrasco:2012ca; @Mafra:2012kh; @Boels:2013bi; @Bjerrum-Bohr:2013iza; @Bern:2013yya; @Bern:2013qca; @Nohle:2013bfa; @Bern:2013uka; @Naculich:2013xa; @Du:2014uua; @Mafra:2014gja; @Bern:2014sna; @Mafra:2015mja; @He:2015wgf; @Bern:2015ooa; @Mogull:2015adi; @Chiodaroli:2015rdg; @Bern:2017ucb; @Johansson:2015oia], including all-order evidence in some cases [@Oxburgh:2012zr; @White:2011yy; @Melville:2013qca; @Luna:2016idw; @Saotome:2012vy; @Vera:2012ds; @Johansson:2013nsa; @Johansson:2013aca]. Another relationship, the [*zeroth copy*]{}, relates amplitudes in gauge theory to those in a [*biadjoint scalar theory*]{}, i.e. containing a scalar field interacting via two different types of colour charge.\
The highly non-trivial nature of the above results has prompted many to ponder whether the double and zeroth copies are an accident of scattering amplitudes in perturbation theory, or instead indicative of a deeper – and hitherto undiscovered – connection between biadjoint scalar, gauge and gravity theories. Indeed, the double and zeroth copies can be extended to a class of exact classical solutions. The best understood family is that of time-independent Kerr-Schild metrics in gravity [@Monteiro:2014cda], where the graviton field has a highly specific form involving an outer product of a single null vector. Extensions to this class have been considered in [@Luna:2015paa; @Luna:2016due], where the single Kerr-Schild and / or time independence properties can be at least partially relaxed (see also ref. [@Goldberger:2016iau] for a discussion of whether the source terms in the gauge and gravity theory are related, in addition to the fields). Non-exact classical solutions have also been examined: refs. [@Anastasiou:2014qba; @Borsten:2015pla; @Anastasiou:2016csv; @Anastasiou:2017nsz; @Cardoso:2016ngt; @Borsten:2017jpt; @Anastasiou:2017taf; @Anastasiou:2018rdx; @LopesCardoso:2018xes] set up a broad programme for identifying linearised fields in a wide variety of exotic theories, and in a gauge-invariant manner. Furthermore, classical scattering processes can be double copied order-by-order in perturbation theory [@Goldberger:2016iau; @Goldberger:2017frp; @Goldberger:2017vcg; @Goldberger:2017ogt; @Luna:2016hge; @Luna:2017dtq; @Shen:2018ebu; @Levi:2018nxp; @Plefka:2018dpa; @Cheung:2018wkq; @Carrillo-Gonzalez:2018pjk], which promises to vastly streamline the calculation of astrophysically relevant observables in classical General Relativity, such as those related to gravitational waves. In a wider context, the double and zeroth copies have a natural embedding in the so-called CHY equations [@Cachazo:2013hca; @Cachazo:2013iea], which themselves are obtainable from ambitwistor string theory [@Mason:2013sva]. These and other considerations have recently led to extensions of the copies to curved spacetimes [@Adamo:2017nia; @Bahjat-Abbas:2017htu; @Carrillo-Gonzalez:2017iyj], and to double field theory [@Lee:2018gxc]. Recently, the double copy has been used to motivate the algebraic classification of higher-dimensional gravity solutions [@Monteiro:2018xev].\
Despite these ongoing efforts, a full understanding of the scope and generality of the double copy remains elusive. This underlines the importance of having different ways of thinking about the copy where it applies, and of looking at different sectors of gauge and gravity theories for which the copy is particularly clear. One such sector is that of solutions to the equations of the motion where the field is [*self-dual*]{}, which has the effect of projecting out one of the physical polarisation states of the gluon or graviton. It was shown some time ago that the amplitude double copy has a particularly natural form in the self-dual sector [@Monteiro:2011pc; @BjerrumBohr:2012mg; @Monteiro:2013rya], with the added bonus that the BCJ duality property required for gauge theory amplitudes to satisfy the double copy can be fully interpreted. This already suggests that a reexamination of the self-dual sector could be fruitful for gaining new insights. Furthermore, the first paper to explore the double copy of exact classical solutions [@Monteiro:2014cda] pointed out that the properties of self-dual amplitudes can be recast in a Kerr-Schild language, but where the null vectors are interpreted as differential operators. The motivation for exploring the self-dual sector in ref. [@Monteiro:2014cda] was to demonstrate that the Kerr-Schild copy for classical solutions was merely a different manifestation of the previously described double copy for amplitudes of refs. [@Bern:2008qj; @Bern:2010ue; @Bern:2010yg]. However, implications of the self-dual Kerr-Schild double copy for classical solutions were not followed up, and it is the aim of this paper to explore this in more detail.\
Remarkably, a related story for exact classical solutions goes all the way back to ref. [@Tod], which realised that null electromagnetic fields could be associated with self-dual Kerr-Schild gravity metrics. We will review this argument in what follows, interpreting the results from a modern viewpoint. More specifically, we will see that given a harmonic scalar function, we may apply a particular vector differential operator to generate a self-dual solution to the Maxwell equations. A second application of the same operator generates a Kerr-Schild graviton, and thus one generates a ladder of fields residing in biadjoint scalar, gauge and gravity theories. That this is consistent with the BCJ double copy for amplitudes follows from the results of ref. [@Monteiro:2014cda].\
As an example of the procedure, we examine a particular harmonic function (first studied in ref. [@Tod]) that gives rise to the Eguchi-Hanson solution [@Eguchi:1978xp; @Eguchi:1978gw; @Eguchi:1979yx], which enjoys a well-known interpretation as a gravitational instanton. We use the self-dual Kerr-Schild approach to study the single copy of this solution. The single copy is a solution of the (abelian) Maxwell equations, whose electric and magnetic fields are dipole-like at large distances. Unlike previously considered solutions, however, there is no magnetic charge, nor (by self-duality) any electric charge anywhere in space. Furthermore, the fact that the single copy is abelian-like rather than non-abelian is itself interesting, given that one might have expected the single copy of the Eguchi-Hanson instanton to be a non-abelian instanton e.g. the BPST instanton of ref. [@Belavin:1975fg]. Parallels between these instanton solutions were noted even at the inception of the Eguchi-Hanson solution [@Eguchi:1978xp] (see e.g. ref. [@Ortin:2015hya] for a more modern review, and refs. [@Lee:2012rb; @Lee:2018czs] for studies in the context of noncommutative theories). Our results will thus have interesting implications for attempts to study non-perturbative aspects of the double copy, including those that attempt to identify symmetries and / or topological invariants in gauge and gravity theories.\
The structure of our paper is as follows. We briefly review the Kerr-Schild double copy in section \[sec:KS\], including aspects relating to the self-dual sector. In section \[sec:EH\], we examine in detail the single and zeroth copies of the Eguchi-Hanson solution, including a discussion of topological properties. We discuss our results and conclude in section \[sec:conclude\].
Self-dual Kerr-Schild solutions {#sec:KS}
===============================
In this section, we briefly review the properties of the Kerr-Schild double copy, including its formulation tailored to self-dual solutions. More details can be found in ref. [@Monteiro:2014cda]. We start by considering a solution $g_{\mu\nu}$ to Einstein gravity. Expanding around flat space, we may define a graviton field $h_{\mu\nu}$ via $$g_{\mu\nu}=\eta_{\mu\nu}+\kappa h_{\mu\nu},
\label{hdef}$$ where $\eta_{\mu\nu}$ is the Minkowski metric, and $\kappa^2=16\pi
G_N$, with $G_N$ the Newton constant. The metric $g_{\mu\nu}$ is of [*Kerr-Schild form*]{} if the graviton field can be written as $$h_{\mu\nu}=\Phi\, k_\mu\,k_\nu,
\label{KSdef}$$ where $\Phi$ is a scalar field, and $k_\mu$ is null and geodesic: $$k^2=0,\quad k\cdot\partial k^\mu=0.
\label{kprops}$$ Upon substituting the ansatz of eqs. (\[hdef\]–\[kprops\]) into the Einstein equations, one finds that the Ricci tensor ${R^\mu}_\nu$ truncates at linear order in $\kappa$, so that the graviton obtained from $\Phi$ and $k_\mu$ constitutes an exact gravitational solution. Reference [@Monteiro:2014cda] proved that, given any time-independent Kerr-Schild graviton, the vector field $$A^a_\mu=c^a\Phi\,k_\mu
\label{AmuKS}$$ (where $c^a$ is an arbitrary colour vector) is a solution of the abelian Yang-Mills (Maxwell) equations $$\partial^\mu F^a_{\mu\nu}=0.
\label{Maxwell}$$ Thus, any such gravity solution has a well-defined gauge theory counterpart, which can be interpreted as the “single copy” of the former. Furthermore, upon repeating the procedure of replacing one of the null vectors $k^\mu$ with an arbitrary colour vector, one obtains the single scalar field $$\Phi^{aa'}=c^a\tilde{c}^{a'}\Phi,
\label{Phiaa'}$$ that is found to satisfy the linearised biadjoint scalar field equation $$\partial^2\Phi^{aa'}=0.
\label{biadjoint}$$ Thus, the field $\Phi^{aa'}$ is to be regarded as the “zeroth copy” associated with the gravity solution $h_{\mu\nu}$ and gauge field $A_\mu$, and a number of non-trivial examples of this correspondence were given in ref. [@Monteiro:2014cda], including the Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes. Extensions to include multiple Kerr-Schild-like terms were considered in ref. [@Luna:2015paa], for which the Taub-NUT solution [@Taub; @NUT] was found to be a special case. Time dependence was also added in ref. [@Luna:2016due], which considered an arbitrarily accelerating point charge (mass) in gauge theory (gravity). Known amplitudes for photon and graviton Bremstrahlung were recovered as part of this picture, making clear that the Kerr-Schild double copy for classical solutions is a manifestation of the same double copy that relates scattering amplitudes in biadjoint scalar, gauge and gravity theories.\
In this paper, we focus on solutions that are [*self-dual*]{}, namely those satisfying [^6] $$F_{\mu\nu}=\tilde{F}_{\mu\nu}\equiv
\frac{i}{2} \sqrt{{\rm{det}}|g|} \epsilon_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}F^{\rho\sigma}
\label{selfdualgauge}$$ and $$R_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}=\tilde{R}_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}\equiv
\frac{i}{2} \sqrt{{\rm{det}}|g|} \epsilon_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}
{R^{\rho\sigma}}_{\lambda\sigma}
\label{selfdualgrav}$$ in gauge theory and gravity respectively, where $F_{\mu\nu}$ ($R_{\mu\nu\lambda\sigma}$) is the field strength tensor (Riemann curvature), and $\epsilon_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}$ the Levi-Cevita symbol. Physically, such solutions correspond to keeping only one of the two physical polarisation states of the photon or graviton, and for such solutions one may think about the Kerr-Schild double copy in a different way. Namely, one may formulate the Kerr-Schild vector $k_\mu$ as a differential operator $\hat{k}_\mu$, which amounts to considering it as multiplicative in momentum rather than position space. The symmetry of the resulting graviton $$h_{\mu\nu}=\hat{k}_\mu\,\hat{k}_\nu\,\Phi
\label{gravKS2}$$ then implies that $[\hat{k}_\mu,\hat{k}_\nu]=0$ i.e. $\hat{k}_\mu$ commutes with itself. Furthermore, we may implement the null and geodesic Kerr-Schild conditions as $$\eta_{\mu\nu}\hat{k}^\mu\hat{k}^\nu=0,\quad \hat{k}\cdot\partial=0 \, .
\label{KSconditions}$$ A suitable operator can be defined by adopting the lightcone coordinates $$u=\frac{t-iz}{\sqrt{2}},\quad v=\frac{t+iz}{\sqrt{2}},\quad
X=\frac{ix-y}{\sqrt{2}},\quad Y=\frac{ix+y}{\sqrt{2}},
\label{lightcone}$$ where, following ref. [@Tod], we define $(u,v,X,Y)$ in terms of Euclidean Cartesian coordinates $(t,x,y,z)$ in ${\mathbb R}^4$. The operator $\hat{k}_\mu$ may now be chosen as $$\hat{k}_u=\partial_X,\quad k_v=0,\quad k_X=0,\quad k_Y=\partial_v,
\label{khatdef}$$ and we may then show that the Einstein equations for the graviton of eq. (\[gravKS2\]) reduce to $$\partial^2\Phi+\kappa\{\partial_X\Phi,\partial_u\Phi\}=0,
\label{Plebanski}$$ where we introduced the Poisson bracket of two functions $f$ and $g$: $$\{f,g\}=(\partial_X f)(\partial_u g)-(\partial_u f)(\partial_X g) \, .
\label{Poisson}$$ Equation (\[Plebanski\]) is the [*Plebanski equation*]{} describing self-dual gravity, and a similar equation can be obtained for Yang-Mills theory by considering the Kerr-Schild single copy field $$A_\mu^a=\hat{k}_\mu \Phi^a,
\label{Amuadef}$$ for an adjoint-valued scalar field $\Phi=\Phi^a {\bf T}^a$, where ${\bf T}^a$ is a generator of the gauge group. With this ansatz, the Yang-Mills equations turn out to imply $$\partial^2 \Phi+2ig[\partial_v\Phi,\partial_X\Phi]=0,
\label{selfdualYM}$$ a known equation[^7] for self-dual Yang-Mills theory first derived in ref. [@Parkes:1992rz], and studied within a double copy context in ref. [@Monteiro:2013rya], where it was used to argue that amplitudes in the self-dual sector are manifest double copies of each other. Furthermore, a kinematic algebra underlying the numerators of self-dual amplitudes was obtained, that provided an explicit realisation of the BCJ duality between colour and kinematic degrees of freedom. The identification of eq. (\[Amuadef\]) makes clear that the Kerr-Schild single copy for self-dual solutions is indeed the same as the double copy as originally formulated for amplitudes. However, it can also be noted that eq. (\[Amuadef\]) is equally valid for exact classical solutions. In this context, this approach is actually a modern reinterpretation of the much earlier ref. [@Tod], which also recognised that self-dual Kerr-Schild gravitons could be associated with null Maxwell fields.\
We may adapt the argument of ref. [@Tod] to the above discussion as follows. First, we rewrite the Plebanski equation of eq. (\[Plebanski\]) as $$\Phi_{,uv}-\Phi_{,XY}=-\Phi_{,vv}\Phi_{,XX}+(\Phi_{,vX})^2,
\label{Plebanski2}$$ where the comma denotes the partial derivative. The metric of eq. (\[gravKS2\]) can be written $$ds^2=2du\,dv-2dX\,dY-2\kappa\left(\Phi_{,XX}du^2+2\Phi_{,vX}du\,dY
+\Phi_{,vv}dY^2\right),
\label{gravKS3}$$ where we have used the form of the Minkowski metric $$\eta_{\mu\nu}=2du\,dv-2dX\,dY
\label{etauv}$$ in the lightcone coordinates of eq. (\[lightcone\]). However, if the metric of eq. (\[etauv\]) is to be in Kerr-Schild form, then the ${\cal O}(\kappa)$ term must be a perfect square, which in turn implies $$\Phi_{,vv}\Phi_{,XX}-(\Phi_{,vX})^2=0.
\label{perfectsquare}$$ Coupled with the requirement of self-duality, eq. (\[Plebanski2\]), this implies that the function $\Phi$ must be harmonic. But this is none other than the requirement that the field $\Phi$ satisfy the linearised biadjoint scalar equation of eq. (\[biadjoint\]). Thus, we can summarise the results of ref. [@Tod] from a double copy point of view as follows: given a harmonic function $\Phi$, we may consider the fields $$\Phi,\quad A_\mu=\hat{k}_\mu\Phi,\quad h_{\mu\nu}=\hat{k}_\mu\,
\hat{k}_\nu\Phi,$$ living in a biadjoint scalar, gauge and gravity theory respectively [^8]. The fields $A_\mu$ and $\Phi$ constitute the classical single and zeroth copies of the graviton $h_{\mu\nu}$ respectively. Having set up the general framework for self-dual classical solutions, we now consider a particular example in detail.
The Eguchi-Hanson solution {#sec:EH}
==========================
In the previous section, we described a procedure for generating gauge theory and graviton fields obeying the double copy, by acting upon a harmonic function in lightcone coordinates with the differential operator of eq. (\[khatdef\]). In this section, we study a particular example in detail, namely the [*Eguchi-Hanson solution*]{} of Euclidean gravity, originally derived in refs. [@Eguchi:1978xp], and interpreted in more detail in refs. [@Eguchi:1978gw; @Eguchi:1979yx; @tHooft:1988wxy]. A conventional way to present this solution is to choose a radial coordinate $r$ in ${\mathbb R}^4$, and three Euler angles $$0\leq\theta\leq\pi,\quad 0\leq \phi\leq
2\pi, \quad 0\leq \psi\leq 4\pi,
\label{Euler}$$ such that the line element may be written $$ds^2_{\rm EH}=\left[1-(a/r)^4\right]^{-1}
dr^2+r^2\left\{\sigma_x^2+\sigma_y^2+\left[1-(a/r)^4\right]
\sigma_z^2\right\},
\label{ds2EH}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\sigma_x&=\frac12(\sin\psi\,d\theta-\sin\theta\,\cos\psi\,d\phi),\notag\\
\sigma_y&=\frac12(-\cos\psi\,d\theta-\sin\theta\,\sin\psi\,d\phi),\notag\\
\sigma_z&=\frac12(d\psi+\cos\theta\,d\phi).
\label{sigmaxyz}\end{aligned}$$ With this choice of coordinates, the topology of the spacetime is that of ${\mathbb R}_+\times S^3$, although it has a singularity at $r=a$. We can characterise the topology in four spacetime dimensions using two invariants, namely the Hirzebruch signature $\tau$ and the Euler characteristic $\chi$ (see e.g. [@Eguchi:1980jx] for a review). These receive contributions from the bulk of the spacetime, and the boundary, and are both zero for ${\mathbb R}_+\times
S^3$ [@Eguchi:1978xp] (n.b. to get this result, it is crucial that one includes the boundary contribution from the singularity at $r=a$).\
However, one can also construct a topologically non-trivial spacetime from the above metric, by removing the singularity at $r=a$ [@Eguchi:1978gw]. Changing variables to $$u=r^2\left[1-(a/r)^4\right],
\label{udef}$$ and expanding near $u=0$ ($r=a$), one finds $$ds_{\rm EH}^2\simeq \frac14 du^2+\frac14 u^2(d\psi+\cos\theta\,d\phi)^2
+\frac{a^2}{4}(d\theta^2+\sin^2\theta\,d\phi^2),
\label{ds2EH2}$$ such that the local topology near $r=a$ is that of ${\mathbb
R}^2\times S^2$, where the latter factor is associated with the coordinates $(\theta,\pi)$. At fixed values of these coordinates one has the pure ${\mathbb R}^2$ metric $$ds_{\rm EH}^2\Big|_{\theta=\phi={\rm const.}}\simeq \frac14
(du^2+u^2d\psi^2),
\label{R2metric}$$ whose singularity at $u=0$ is removable provided one restricts the Euler angle $\psi$ to lie in the range $$0\leq \psi \leq 2\pi,
\label{psirange}$$ rather than the full range of eq. (\[Euler\]). Put another way, this has the effect of identifying each spacetime point $x^\mu$ with $-x^\mu$, so that the boundary of the spacetime becomes the projective space $P_3({\mathbb R})=S^3/Z_2$ rather than $S^3$. Recalculation of the topological invariants mentioned above then yields $\chi=2$, $\tau=1$. Removable singularities of this type were christened [ *bolts*]{} in ref. [@Gibbons:1979xm], as distinct from [ *(anti)-nut*]{} singularities (such as those in the Taub-NUT metric studied in a double copy context in ref. [@Luna:2015paa]). The invariants $\chi$ and $\tau$ then have an interpretation in terms of a superposition of the number of nuts and bolts [@Gibbons:1979xm]. The spacetime obtained by removing the bolt singularity in the present case has zero action, is everywhere regular, and is also self-dual. It has thus been widely studied as an example of a gravitational instanton.\
Let us now turn, as promised, to the single copy of the Eguchi-Hanson solution, for which we first need to know the zeroth copy field $\Phi$. Following section \[sec:KS\], this is a harmonic function residing in a biadjoint scalar field theory, that one must act upon with the Kerr-Schild operator of eq. (\[khatdef\]) in order to produce a gauge field and, subsequently, the Eguchi-Hanson graviton. Furthermore, this function must be given in terms of the lightcone coordinates of eq. (\[lightcone\]). The relevant function has been given in ref. [@Tod] as $$\Phi=\frac{\lambda X^2}{2u^2(uv-XY)},
\label{PhiEH}$$ from which one obtains the gauge field $$A_\mu=\hat{k}_\mu\Phi=\lambda \frac{X^2}{2u^2(uv-XY)^2}
\left(\frac{2uv-XY}{X},0,0,-u\right)
\label{AmuEH}$$ and graviton $$h_{\mu\nu}=\lambda \frac{(vdu-XdY)^2}{(uv-XY)^3}.
\label{hmunuEH}$$ Here we have included a common parameter $\lambda$, so that vacuum solutions in each theory correspond to $\lambda\rightarrow 0$. We do not include explicit factors of the coupling in the gauge or biadjoint theories, choosing instead to absorb these in the arbitrary colour vectors that would dress the above solutions.\
Let us first check that eq. (\[hmunuEH\]) indeed corresponds to the Eguchi-Hanson metric of eq. (\[ds2EH\]), which may write more clearly by substituting eq. (\[sigmaxyz\]) into eq. (\[ds2EH\]): $$ds_{\rm EH}^2=\frac14 r^2\left[1-(a/r)^4\right]\left[d\psi+\cos\theta\,d\phi
\right]^2+\left[1-(a/r)^4\right]^{-1}dr^2+\frac14 r^2\left[d\theta^2
+\sin^2\theta\,d\phi^2\right].
\label{EHtrans1}$$ This equivalence has been shown using twistor methods in ref. [@Burnett-Stuart], but we can instead use a more straightforward approach. Adding the background flat line element (in lightcone coordinates) to eq. (\[hmunuEH\]), one obtains $$ds^2=2du\,dv-2dX\,dY+\lambda \frac{(vdu-XdY)^2}{(uv-XY)^3}.
\label{EHtrans2}$$ The lightcone coordinates may be transformed to (Euclidean) Cartesian coordinates according to eq. (\[lightcone\]), after which one may make the further transformation $$\begin{aligned}
x&=r\cos\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{\phi+\psi}
{2}\right),\notag\\
y&=r\cos\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)\sin\left(\frac{\phi+\psi}
{2}\right),\notag\\
z&=r\sin\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{\phi-\psi}
{2}\right),\notag\\
t&=r\sin\left(\frac{\theta}{2}\right)\sin\left(\frac{\phi-\psi}
{2}\right),
\label{Polardef}\end{aligned}$$ where the angles have ranges as in eq. (\[Euler\]). Here $r$ is the radial distance in ${\mathbb R}^4$, and from the two sets of transformations in eqs. (\[lightcone\], \[Polardef\]) we can establish the relation $$r^2=x^2+y^2+z^2+t^2=2(uv-XY).
\label{rdef}$$ Next, we can connect the parameter $\lambda$ from eq. (\[hmunuEH\]) with the parameter $a$ appearing in the metric of eq. (\[ds2EH\]), by considering the Kretschmann scalar in both the lightcone and polar coordinate systems: $$R^{\alpha\beta\mu\nu}R_{\alpha\beta\mu\nu}=\frac{384 a^8}{r^{12}}
=\frac{24\lambda^2}{(uv-XY)^6}.
\label{Kretschmann}$$ Equation (\[rdef\]) then immediately implies $$\lambda=\frac{a^4}{2},
\label{alambda}$$ such that transforming eq. (\[EHtrans2\]) into the polar coordinate system of eq. (\[Polardef\]) yields $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2&=dr^2+\frac14 r^2\left[d\psi^2+d\phi^2+d\theta^2+2\cos\theta
d\psi\,d\phi\right]+\frac{4a^4}{r^6}\left(\frac{rdr}{2}-\frac{ir^2}{4}(d\psi
+\cos\theta\,d\phi)\right)^2.
\label{EHtrans3}\end{aligned}$$ Finally, one may perform the additional transformation $$\psi\rightarrow \psi+\frac{i}{2}\log\left(\frac{r^4-a^4}{r^4}\right)
\label{psitrans}$$ to put eq. (\[EHtrans3\]) into the form of eq. (\[ds2EH\]). Note that this last transformation is singular, and creates the explicit coordinate singularity at $r=a$ (the “bolt”) appearing in eq. (\[ds2EH\]).\
Armed with the above transformations, we can also transform the zeroth copy field $\Phi$ and single copy gauge field $A_\mu$ of eqs. (\[PhiEH\], \[AmuEH\]) into the polar coordinate system, and we find $$\Phi=\frac{r^2}{r^4-a^4}\cot^2(\theta/2)e^{2i\psi},
\label{Phipolar}$$ and $$A_\mu=\frac{e^{i\psi}}{(r^4-a^4)^{1/2}}
\left(\frac{2r^3\cot(\theta/2)}{a^4-r^4},-\frac12\cot^2(\theta/2),
i\cot(\theta/2),-\frac{i}{2}\sin(\theta)\right).
\label{Amupolar}$$ We may also calculate the gauge-invariant field strength tensor, $$F_{\mu\nu}=\partial_{[\mu}A_{\nu]}=
\frac{e^{i\psi}}{\sqrt{r^4-a^4}}
\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & -\frac{r^3}{r^4-a^4} & 0 & \frac{i r^3\sin\theta}{r^4-a^4}\\
\frac{r^3}{r^4-a^4} & 0 & -\frac{i}{2} & -\frac{i\cos\theta}{2}\\
0 & \frac{i}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sin\theta}{2}\\
-\frac{ir^3\sin\theta}{r^4-a^4} & \frac{i\cos\theta}{2} &
-\frac{\sin\theta}{2} & 0
\end{array}\right),
\label{Fmunu}$$ As a cross-check, we have explicitly verified (in the final coordinate system) that eq. (\[Fmunu\]) satisfies the Maxwell equations $$D_\mu\,F^{\mu\nu}=0,
\label{Maxwell2}$$ where $D_\mu$ is the covariant derivative in the curvilinear coordinate system obtained by transforming the flat space metric from the lightcone coordinate system via eqs. (\[lightcone\], \[Polardef\], \[psitrans\]), as well as the appropriate self-duality condition $$F_{\mu\nu}=-\frac{\sqrt{g}}{2}\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}
F^{\alpha\beta},
\label{selfdual2}$$ where $g$ is the determinant of the metric. One may also verify that $$F_{\mu\nu}\, F^{\mu\nu}=
F_{\mu\nu}\, \tilde{F}^{\mu\nu}=0,
\label{FF}$$ where the second condition follows from the first due to self-duality. The vanishing of the field strength contracted with itself implies that the gauge field has zero action, as does the gravity solution [^9]. The field strength also has a singularity as $r\rightarrow a$, mirroring the bolt singularity in the gravity theory. However, unlike in the gravity case, where the bolt is a genuine singularity in the metric, its gauge theory counterpart is entirely spurious, having been introduced by the coordinate transformation of eq. (\[psitrans\]). Without this transformation, the gauge field is linear in $a$ (and thus well-behaved). We stress again that it lives in flat space.\
A noteworthy feature of the single copy field (in the polar coordinates) is the presence of an apparent singularity as $\theta\rightarrow 0$, which at first glance looks like the so-called Dirac string singularity of a magnetic monopole [@Dirac:1931kp], associated with non-zero magnetic charge. However, we can completely remove this singularity using a (globally defined) gauge transformation $$A_\mu\rightarrow
A'_\mu\equiv A_\mu(r,\theta,\psi,\phi)-\partial_\mu \alpha(r,\theta,\psi,\phi),
\label{AmuN}$$ where $$\alpha=\frac{2e^{i\psi}}{\sqrt{r^4-a^4}}f(\theta),
\label{alphadef}$$ and $$f(\theta)=\begin{cases}
\csc\theta,\quad \theta\leq\frac{\pi}{2};\\
1,\quad \theta>\frac{\pi}{2}.
\end{cases}
\label{fdef}$$ A plot of this function is shown in figure \[fig:fplot\]. Both the function and its first derivative are continuous at $\theta=\pi/2$.
One then has $$\begin{aligned}
A'_\mu&=\begin{cases}\frac{e^{i\psi}}{\sqrt{r^4-a^4}}\left(
\frac{2r^3\tan(\theta/2)}{r^4-a^4},-\frac12\tan^2(\theta/2),
-i\tan(\theta/2),-\frac{i}{2}\sin\theta\right),\quad \theta\leq\pi/2;\\
\frac{e^{i\psi}}{\sqrt{r^4-a^4}}\left(
\frac{2r^3(2-\cot(\theta/2))}{r^4-a^4},-\frac12\cot^2(\theta/2),
-i(2-\cot(\theta/2)),-\frac{i}{2}\sin\theta\right),\quad \theta>\pi/2.
\end{cases}
\label{Amutrans}\end{aligned}$$ It is easily checked that $A'_\mu$ is continuous at $\theta=\pi/2$, and non-singular for all $\theta\in[0,\pi]$. The fact that the string-like singularity has been removed suggests that there is no magnetic charge. To verify this explicity, consider a surface at fixed $\psi$ (which plays the role of the time coordinate), and $r$. This is a sphere defined by spherical polar coordinates $(\theta,\phi)$, as shown in figure \[fig:hemispheres\].
The magnetic charge is associated with the [*first Chern number*]{} $$c_1=\frac{1}{4\pi}\int_{\Sigma} F_{\mu\nu}d\Sigma^{\mu\nu},
\label{Chern1}$$ where the closed 2-surface $\Sigma$ is the above sphere, and we may choose $\psi=0$ without loss of generality. We may carry out the surface integral by splitting it into two pieces, for the northern and southern hemispheres respectively. Using Stoke’s theorem, we then have $$\begin{aligned}
c_1&=\int_C dx^\mu \delta A'_\mu =0,
\label{c1calc}\end{aligned}$$ where $\delta A'_\mu$ is the difference in the (transformed) gauge field in the northern and southern hemispheres, and the line integral is around the equator $C$. The second equality follows given that $\delta A'_\mu=0$ on $C$.\
We should not be surprised that the magnetic charge is zero. Taking $\psi$ as a (periodic) time coordinate, we see from eq. (\[Fmunu\]) that the electric field points tangential to the $S^2$ surface spanned by ($\theta$,$\phi$). Thus, there is no electric flux through a closed surface enclosing the single copy solution, implying (via Gauss’ Law) that the electric charge is zero. Self-duality then dictates that the magnetic charge must also be zero. This is also consistent with the fact that field-strength falls off in a dipole-like way $\sim r^{-3}$ (for fixed $\psi$) at large distances: a dipole has no net charge.\
We have seen that the single copy gauge field has vanishing action, and the natural question arises of whether it can be given an instanton interpretation, analogous to that of its gravitational counterpart. However, there can be no abelian-like instanton solutions, owing to the fact that one requires a solution to be pure gauge at infinity, such that there is a topologically nontrivial map from the boundary of spacetime ($S^3$) to the gauge group. There are no such maps [^10] to the abelian group $U(1)$. Another way to see the absence of instanton solutions is to note that they can be labelled by the second Chern number $$c_2=-\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_{{\mathbb R}^4}{\rm Tr}[F\wedge F]
=-\frac{1}{8\pi^2}\int_{\partial {\mathbb R}^4\equiv S^3}
{\rm Tr}[A\wedge F],
\label{Chern}$$ where we use differential form notation, such that $F=dA$ is the field strength. The integral on the right-hand side vanishes, owing to the steep fall-off of both $A$ and $F$ that can be surmised from eqs. (\[Amupolar\], \[Fmunu\], \[Amutrans\]).\
The vanishing of the first and second Chern numbers mean that there is no non-trivial topological character to the single copy gauge field, which can be related directly to the gravity solution. We saw that the Eguchi-Hanson spacetime is topologically trivial before restricting the period of $\psi$ as in eq. (\[psirange\]). Here we have taken the single copy without imposing any restrictions on the background (flat) spacetime that the gauge theory lives in. Thus, the topological triviality of the single copy is entirely consistent with the similar behaviour of the (unrestricted) gravity solution. We may then ask whether it is possible to obtain topologically nontrivial behaviour by restricting the range of $\psi$ in the electromagnetic theory. However, the above arguments are unmodified by such a restriction: $\psi$ plays the role of a time coordinate, and the lack of magnetic charge at one time persists at later times. Furthermore, the obstruction to obtaining a nontrivial second Chern number is unchanged, in that the fields continue to fall off sharply at the boundary of the spacetime. Thus, there seems no way to obtain a gauge theory counterpart to the non-trivial topology of the gravity solution after removing the bolt singularity in the latter. We stress again that this is not surprising: non-trivial topology in the gravity theory arises upon removing the bolt singularity. The latter has no meaning in the gauge theory i.e. the apparent singularity at $r=a$ can be removed by a coordinate transformation, which is [*not*]{} the same as a gauge transformation. There is therefore no non-trivial topological character to the gauge field.\
In order to corroborate the above discussion, it is instructive to plot the electric field (related to the magnetic field by self-duality) obtained from the single copy gauge field. To this end, we use Cartesian coordinates in Minkowski signature, obtained from the coordinates $(t,x,y,z)$ in eq. (\[lightcone\]) by sending $t\rightarrow it$. In figure \[fig:electric1\], we show the electric field in the plane $z=0$, for two different times.
[.5]{}
[.5]{}
At time $t=0$, the field indeed appears purely dipole-like. As time increases, a disturbance propogates outwards at the speed of light, such that the field is singular on the circular contour $x^2+y^2=1$. Outside this region, however, the dipole-like form remains. The field in other planes is more complicated. As an example, we show the field in the $(x,z)$ plane in figure \[fig:electric2\]. Again there is a lightcone singularity at unit radius in the plane for $t=1$, but now the centre of the dipole-like behaviour is progressively shifted as time progresses.
[.5]{}
[.5]{}
In all of the field configurations shown, there is clearly no net electric charge and thus, by self-duality, no magnetic charge.
Conclusion {#sec:conclude}
==========
In this paper, we have examined the double copy for exact classical solutions of gauge theory and gravity that are Kerr-Schild, but also self-dual. For this special class, one may consider a harmonic function in light-cone coordinates, and interpret the Kerr-Schild vector as a certain differential operator $\hat{k}_\mu$, which acts on the harmonic function to produce gauge and graviton fields. The harmonic function and gauge field are then the zeroth and single copy of the graviton respectively.\
As an example of this approach, we have constructed a single copy of the well-known Eguchi-Hanson solution, which has been widely studied over the years as a gravitational instanton. The Eguchi-Hanson instanton has non-trivial topological structure, after removal of the so-called bolt singularity occuring in the metric. Before removal of this singularity however, the Euler characteristic and Hirzebruch signature of the spacetime are both zero, implying trivial topology. Consistent with this, we find that the single copy gauge field is also topologically trivial, as it must be given that it is abelian-like, and thus cannot exhibit nonzero instanton number if the boundary of spacetime is $S^3$. The magnetic charge is also zero, matching the fact that the field has dipole-like behaviour.\
Our results are interesting in that one might have expected the single copy of the Eguchi-Hanson metric to be a non-abelian instanton, such as the well-known BPST instanton of ref. [@Belavin:1975fg]. Indeed, it was the discovery of the latter solution that motivated the original study that led to the Eguchi-Hanson metric [@Eguchi:1978xp]. We find instead a single copy field that is abelian-like, and has trivial topology, and it is not the first time that the single copy of a well-known gravity solution has turned out to be simpler than expected. Before ref. [@Monteiro:2014cda], it was expected by many (including one of the present authors) that the single copy of the Schwarzschild solution would be a non-abelian object e.g. a monopole. However, the single copy turns out to be a simple Coulomb charge. This was later made sense of by studying the Taub-NUT solution [@Luna:2015paa], which confirmed that the single copy maps mass and NUT charge in the gravity theory to electric and magnetic charge, respectively, in the gauge theory. For Eguchi-Hanson, there is zero NUT charge and mass, and thus we indeed expect no electric or magnetic charge in its single copy.\
Our results will also be useful in guiding studies of nonperturbative aspects of the double copy. Currently, all known examples of the copy involve objects cast in perturbation theory, or involving positive powers of the coupling constant. It is not known whether the double copy is a truly nonperturbative statement, expressing a much deeper relationship between gauge and gravity theories than previously thought. Furthermore, it is not even clear how to systematically formulate such a relationship. One way forward might be to catalogue known nonperturbative (or strong coupling) solutions between different theories, before matching them up. To this end, some strong coupling solutions of biadjoint scalar theory have been recently derived in refs. [@White:2016jzc; @DeSmet:2017rve].\
Another way forward might be to use symmetries to characterise nonperturbative behaviour on both sides of the double copy correspondence, and to match up solutions according to e.g. topological information. Here, we have found that the creation of topological charge in the gravity theory does not necessarily have a unique counterpart in the gauge theory. The removal of the bolt singularity in the Eguchi-Hanson metric can be seen as a boundary condition, which has no immediate analogue in gauge theory.\
There remains the possibility that there may yet be topologically nontrivial non-abelian solutions that map to Eguchi-Hanson, in addition to the abelian-like gauge field considered here. The fact that both an abelian and non-abelian quantity may map to the same gravitational quantity is possible given that colour structure is stripped off upon performing the double copy, and indeed such behaviour has been seen before in the study of infrared singularities [@Oxburgh:2012zr]. One way to proceed may be to embed the abelian-like field seen here in a fully non-abelian setting using the well-known t’Hooft ansatz [@tHooft:1976snw].\
In summary, the study of classical aspects of the double copy, including possible nonperturbative aspects, is in its infancy, with many exciting avenues still to be explored. We hope that our present study sheds some light on some of these possibilities.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
We thank Joe Hayling for remarks that initiated this study, as well as Andreas Brandhuber, Gabriele Travaglini and Costis Papageorgakis for numerous illuminating chats. We are also grateful to Donal O’Connell and Ricardo Monteiro for discussions and collaboration on related topics. CDW and DB are supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). AL is supported in part by the Department of Energy under Award Number DESC000993.
[^1]: d.s.berman@qmul.ac.uk
[^2]: echacon@fis.cinvestav.mx
[^3]: andreslunagodoy@hotmail.com
[^4]: christopher.white@qmul.ac.uk
[^5]: Throughout, we use the term [*gauge theory*]{} to refer to abelian or non-abelian gauge theories, as distinct from gravity, unless otherwise stated.
[^6]: Equations (\[selfdualgauge\]) and (\[selfdualgrav\]) are presented for Lorentzian signature in four dimensions. In the Euclidean case that follows, these equations must be modified with the $i$ being absent.
[^7]: The form of eq. (\[selfdualYM\]) differs slightly from that given in refs. [@Parkes:1992rz; @Monteiro:2013rya], due to different conventions for the lightcone coordinates and Kerr-Schild operator.
[^8]: Strictly speaking, we must dress the biadjoint and gauge fields with arbitrary colour vectors as in eqs. (\[AmuKS\], \[Phiaa’\]). However, given that the equations of motion linearise in each theory for the solutions considered, we can ignore this unless otherwise stated.
[^9]: The reader might be concerned that $F^2=0$ implies that $F=0$, but the complexification of the field strength induced by the coordinate transformation of eq. (\[psitrans\]) allows non-trivial field strengths to have vanishing action.
[^10]: Put more formally, the third homotopy group $\pi_3[U(1)]$ is trivial.
|
How Tisha b’Av can help us understand the refugee experience
A young girl waiting in line to pass through a border gate as a small number of Syrian refugees are allowed to return to Syria at the closed Turkish border gate in Killis, Feb. 8, 2016. (Chris McGrath/Getty Images
Jul 26, 2017
By Josefin Dolsten
NEW YORK (JTA) — For many Jews, Tisha b’Av is centered around mourning the destruction of the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem. But that interpretation misses out on an important lesson that is made more relevant by recent events, Rabbi David Seidenberg argues.
With the release of a new translation of the Book of Lamentations, the main text read on the annual fast day, the Massachusetts-based rabbi argues that Tisha b’Av, which begins this year on the evening of July 31, provides a powerful way to connect to the refugee experience.
Here’s his translation of chapter 1, verse 3, which depicts a personified Jerusalem in exile:
“She, Judah, was exiled,
by poverty, and by (so) much hard labor
She sat among the nations,
not finding any rest;
All her pursuers caught up with her
between the confined places.”
Seidenberg, who runs the website NeoHasid and is the author of the book “Kabbalah and Ecology,” released a partial translation of the Book of Lamentations in 2007, but the 2017 version is his first complete translation of the text. He was ordained at the Jewish Theological Seminary and by Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, the late founder of the Jewish Renewal movement.
JTA spoke with Seidenberg about his translation, available for download here, and his thoughts on Tisha b’Av.
JTA: You write that “Tisha b’Av is not primarily about mourning, but about becoming refugees.”
Seidenberg:Jerusalem was a war zone [in 70 C.E.]. People were being killed in the streets. There was a siege, there was famine. Pretty much everyone was turned into a refugee, even the people that were left in Jerusalem, who weren’t exactly refugees, were still in the middle of a war zone and in the middle of violence.
The observances we have on Tisha b’Av, people think of as mourning customs. Of course we are mourning part of what it means to witness death and destruction, but the customs encompass a deeper, broader experience than just simple mourning, and that’s reflected in not washing, not sitting in a chair, which is both a symbol and the experience of not having a place of rest.
There are two ways to approach the whole experience of Tisha b’Av: One is to be empathizing with the nation, in a particularistic way, what happened to the Jews, and that’s an important part of our experience. And of course the other side is to empathize with the experience of what was happening, which is this experience of being refugees, being in a war zone. That would call on us to empathize with a lot of people who are not Jewish and a lot of people who are suffering in the world right now.
How can we reconcile these two perspectives — focusing both on the Jewish and the universal experiences?
The way we can empathize with an experience that is universal to human history of suffering — the consequences of war and exile and being refugees — is by going into our historical experience as Jews. In fact, you can’t really do one without the other.
You can be a liberal middle-class Jew who thinks that they care about refugees and has ideas and values that motivate you to act, but without going into the particularism of what the Jewish people have experienced, you also have a limitation. People have other ways of going into that experience — people go and work at refugee camps, that’s obviously a more direct experience. But for most Jews that aren’t experiencing that directly, one of the most powerful ways to get into that universal experience deeper on a gut level is to go through the particular experiences of the Jewish people in history.
Was the focus on refugees inspired by recent events?
I’ve thought about Tisha b’Av in this way for a good 20 years, but the past few years have really brought it into very stark reality because we see so many images of refugees. The refugee crisis isn’t just affecting us because we hear news, but it has also poisoned our political process, the rhetoric against refugees, not just in the United States but in many European countries. We’re living in this reality where if we don’t empathize with this experience, which is a human experience, people tend to go to opposite sides and dehumanize people who are in this crisis, and to reject them.
Now that Jews have the State of Israel and can visit a rebuilt Jerusalem, what is the relevance of Tisha b’Av?
If we accept the rabbinic understanding of what Tisha b’Av is, it’s not that a foreign power conquered Jerusalem, it’s that Jerusalem undermined itself, hollowed itself out, by violating basic moral principles of what it means to have a good, fair society, so that it was already destroyed from within before it was destroyed from without. According to tradition, the First Temple was destroyed because of idolatry and murder, and the Second Temple was destroyed because of people hating each other in their hearts, ‘sinat hinam,’ which is a much subtler way of thinking of how a society gets undermined.
If we want to nominate any society in which sinat hinam is an endemic, deep problem, particularly with the polarization of right and left, Israel would be at the top of a list of nominees. I don’t wish to be partisan, but I think sometimes you can’t help it. The right-wing parties that are in control of Israel’s government have put a lot of energy into anathematizing, into demonizing, people on the left. And I think there’s hatred in many directions in Israel, but also the hatred against Jews from some quarters of Palestinian society and the hatred against Arabs and Palestinians from some quarters in Israeli Jewish society is lethal.
What’s different in this translation?
There’s a general idea of how to translate called idiomatic translation, which says that when you translate something from one language to another, when it goes from Hebrew to English, it should sound like idiomatic English, it shouldn’t sound weird or funny, it shouldn’t be in the word order or syntax of Hebrew, and that’s what the [Jewish Publication Society’s], which is the most common translation, is based on.
What that misses is the texture of the Hebrew, and so much of the feeling and emotional depth is in the texture, not just in the words, and so much of it is in the relationship between different words, because every biblical text is commentary on other biblical texts, and when a word uses the same root there’s a connection between those sources. Rabbinic Judaism is based on this midrashic idea that all of the Bible is commentary on the other parts of it.
The #Dutch parents of an #Edmonton man are being posthumously honoured as Righteous Among the Nations. They risked everything to hide Jewish refugees during the #Holocaust, and are being remembered for their incredible bravery. Read the family's story: https://t.co/p4181TefXM |
UCSF Research Shows Earlier Statin Treatment Can Be Cost-Effective
10:59 August 15, 2011
Mark Pletcher, MD, MPH
With powerful treatment now costing only pennies a day, the new analysis found that wider use of these drugs in as many as one in four adults could avert up to 27,000 deaths from heart disease each year, while actually cutting U.S. healthcare costs.
The study specifically addressed the question of whether generic statins – HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors – could be a cost-effective way to prevent cardiac events among adults with modestly elevated cholesterol and moderate risk for heart disease.
As of this November, there will be only one remaining statin on the market that does not have a generic version. That effectively reduces the cost of the treatment from more than $100 per month to $4 per month or lower, the researchers said, which changes the way we assess the cost-effectiveness of the medication.
“As new evidence comes out that more and more people benefit from statins, we’ve shown in advance that those people can be treated cost-effectively,” said Lawrence D. Lazar, MD, an interventional cardiology fellow at UCLA and lead author on the paper.
“The time to prevent coronary artery disease is not when you’re older and already burdened by disease,” he said. “The time to start preventing it is when you’re younger with better diet, exercise, lifestyle and, for a very large population, with statin therapy.”
Now that prices are lower, it makes sense to use statins more aggressively as a preventive medication for a lower-risk population, he said.
Statins, which block a chemical in the liver necessary to make cholesterol, can impede the buildup of artery-clogging plaques (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries. They have been shown to decrease the risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular events by reducing cholesterol levels, particularly “bad cholesterol,” or low-density lipoprotein (LDL). These drugs have been available to the public since 1987, but the relatively high cost of brand-name statins has prevented greater use among some patients with high cholesterol, the authors said.
If aggressive statin use were implemented widely in the United States, the long-term impact to the healthcare system could be substantial, they said, reducing annual medical spending by as much as $430 million, while simultaneously improving patient health.
“Treating anyone with any heart disease risk factors and an LDL cholesterol greater than 130 could actually save money,” said Mark Pletcher, MD, MPH, an associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics at UCSF and corresponding author on the study.
While he said statins’ benefits to lower-risk people are still not fully defined, since that question has not been addressed by the gold-standard randomized drug trials, the known effects of the medication indicate that this could be very cost-effective, with few signs of long-term risk.
“When we take our best guess about the potential benefits of statins and weigh them against known and hypothetical adverse effects of the medication and the costs, statins still look pretty good,” Pletcher said. “Statins would have to cause cancer at about the same rate as cigarettes to negate the benefits of treatment, and an adverse effect of that magnitude is extremely unlikely to have escaped detection by now.”
The study compared the current level of treatment to two hypothetical models: a “cost-saving strategy” and a “maximum-impact strategy.” The cost-saving strategy would treat 17 million people per year with generic statins, while the maximum-impact strategy would treat as many as 64 million. This approach could avert anywhere from 12,000 to 27,000 heart disease-related deaths, the analysis found.
Findings appeared in the July 12 issue of Circulation, a weekly journal of the American Heart Association.
Lazar was first author on the paper. Co-authors include Pletcher; Pamela G. Coxson, PhD; and Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, MD, PhD, from UCSF. Lee Goldman, MD, MPH, from Columbia University, New York, and formerly of UCSF, was senior author on the paper.
UCSF is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. For more information, visit www.ucsf.edu.
Paramedical
Medical News
HealthCanal.com is a premier online Health News write / Medical Research News write service provider with our primary focus is to cover the latest happenings from the dynamic world of Health and Medicine to help you keep. |
Hey Guys, Is it just me or does anybody else have problems with the pod coming unplugged from the pedal? I had my Vector 2's only a few days when the right pedal/pod came unplugged and ended up busting the pins on the pod, forcing me to buy a new pod.
Since then I've tried to use some tape to hold the pod plug in place, but with riding through rain etc. it's came unstuck ... today hit a patch of rough bitumen and sure enough the plug from the pod came disconnected again, forcing me to stop, plug back in and recalibrate. Very annoying ...
For me it always seems to be right pod that becomes unplugged ... right by the chainset etc. right where it can get easily damaged.
What do others do? Was think a bit of hot glue could do the trick ... any other ideas?
I think there is something definitely wrong with the installation... Can you please do some close up photos? Have you got spacers correctly installed? I have owned the Vector for almost 6000km's and have never had any issues with the pod coming disconnected! It's actually quite hard to disconnect when I am doing battery changes etc.
Thank Ntgin, I wasn't using spacers ... but through some in tonight for good measure, albeit there was reasonable clearance without the spacer. The pod cable does seem to press in further and more secure with the spacer.
But the other thing that I noticed as I was re-checking clearances etc. is that I had the pod facing the trailing edge of the crank rather than the leading edge that was recommended in the manual. So, I guess theoretically if in the heat of battle the chain did happen to clip the pod on the cable entering the spindle, then it could flick the cable out.
I've changed it so the pod is the other way around with the pod facing the leading edge, so in the unlikely event of the chain flicking the pod cable then it would just brush against the plastic without anything to potentially flick the cable out.
I heard from my LBS that others had the problem, which is why I hadn't thought too hard about it ... so thanks for forcing me to stop and think about it!
Who is online
About the Australian Cycling Forums
The largest cycling discussion forum in Australia for all things bike; from new riders to seasoned bike nuts, the Australian Cycling Forums are a welcoming community where you can ask questions and talk about the type of bikes and cycling topics you like. |
There was a time, perhaps, when the government’s ineptitude over Brexit was almost funny. There is nothing funny about it now. For 15 months Theresa May has groped her way towards an approach that could reconcile her party’s Europe-loathers with her party’s Europe-pragmatists. All too predictably, none of her efforts have succeeded. Mrs May now has a month before the June European council at which the UK and the EU are due to review progress. She has five months before some kind of deal is struck. Progress? Deal? These words have lost all meaning. Getting two pandas to mate in captivity turns out to be a cinch compared with getting the Conservative party to agree what it wants.
Mrs May’s latest suggestions for turning Brexit dross into an agreement that can be marketed as golden is a so-called “time-limited goods arrangement”. Essentially, this is an attempt to keep the UK within the EU’s external tariff system after Brexit until it can come up with an effective technological alternative to a post-Brexit hard border in Ireland. That way, the loathers would get their Brexit, the pragmatists would get something they could call a frictionless Irish border, Mrs May would have a united party for a few weeks and the UK would not crash out of the EU unprotected.
The problem with all this is … well, where do we start? In the first place, this agreement is not nailed down yet. Boris Johnson, who is trying to get sacked in the hope this will help his dwindling leadership ambitions, opposes it. Michael Gove, attempting to position himself as the civilised alternative to Mr Johnson, does too. Outside the government, pragmatic pro-Europeans like Damian Green think the plan could be a starter. However, Jacob Rees-Mogg dismisses it as a vision of “perpetual purgatory”.
Second, although actually more important, the rest of the EU has not been consulted. Even if the Tory party improbably comes together behind the idea, the real negotiation is with the EU and, on the key issue, with the Irish government. These talks have not taken place yet – not a small point. According to our Brussels correspondent, EU reactions range from the charge that the UK’s ideas are magical thinking to the view that they are “less use than a deodorant”. Ireland’s taoiseach, Leo Varadkar, meanwhile, says none of it “remotely approaches” the kind of terms that would avoid Britain’s trade relations with the EU plunging over a cliff at high speed in March next year. This could all be brinkmanship. It could also be true.
There are also the small (not) matters of parliament and the people. Neither has been consulted yet. Both have to be taken seriously. Mrs May has to let MPs into the process at some point if she wants the much amended EU withdrawal bill to become law. Both the parliamentary numbers and the mood suggest she could lose a vote on the customs union, the very issue on which she is trying to strike a compromise in the cabinet. That’s why Mrs May has not definitely decided when to bring the bill back to the Commons.
And then there’s the people – in two contexts. One is that MPs may still decide to put the eventual deal – if there is one and even if there isn’t – to a second referendum. The other, reportedly in Mrs May’s mind when she confronted Mr Rees-Mogg on it this week, is that Northern Ireland voters might reject a hard Brexit and, in effect, go in with the Republic on a soft border basis. People like Mr Johnson and Mr Rees-Mogg don’t think about such possibilities. They are real not imaginary. Their consequences would be immense. That is reason enough to say that the time for laughter, if it ever existed, ended long ago. |
Q:
Local date string in format yyyy/mm/dd is replacing mm with dd in javascript
So i have this string im my json:
"2019-05-24T14:43:39.89"
And this is my function for displaying this date
function getDateAndTime(dateString){
function addZero(i) {
if (i < 10) {
i = "0" + i;
}
return i;
}
let date = new Date(dateString);
return addZero(date.getDay())+'/'+addZero(date.getMonth())+'/'+addZero(date.getFullYear())+ ' ' +addZero(date.getHours())+':'+addZero(date.getMinutes());
}
The problme is that the output is
05/04/2019 14:43
Its replacing month and days in new Date method and converts 24 to 4 i dont know why.
Is it any way to convert utc date string in format yyyy/mm/dd to dd/mm/yyyy date object? In javascript?
A:
The getDay method returns the day of the week, not the day of the month. May 24 was a Friday, so getDay returns 5. You should use getDate, which returns 24.
Months are zero indexed, getMonth for May returns 4 not 5. So addZero(date.getMonth()) should be addZero(date.getMonth() + 1).
|
The present invention relates to methods, systems and computer program products for altering video images including superimposing objects onto video images, and utilizing said objects and images for use in various manufacturing operations with a machine. The invention is particularly directed to methods, systems, and computer program products that are capable of receiving an image (e.g. digital picture file) of a given work piece (such as a metallic automobile door frame), displaying the image on a video screen, establishing object locations on the image of said work piece for different components to be attached, installed, cut, placed or adhered (e.g. manufacturing operations) to the work piece, and use of said objects and images to aid a machine operator in the manufacturing of the work piece. One novel feature of the present invention is that the software is capable of establishing manufacturing operation locations on an inputted image of a work piece, such as a digital photograph and/or computer-rendered representation of the work-piece. Thus, files containing pictures of things taken by ordinary digital cameras or scanners may be used as input, and these images are manipulated by the invention to display critical location information according to user input. The invention does not require a three-dimensional computer model or a computer aided drawing (CAD) as input. Secondly, this invention is novel is because the software alters the image and/or displays the objects over the image(s) in a sequenced order, so as to guide the operator through the manufacturing process at the machine in real-time.
In the field of manufacturing parts for use in industry, it is common to bend, cut and shape sheets made of metal or other rigid materials into particularly shaped parts which are then used in the construction of a final product (such as the panels making up the box of a desktop computer, the parts needed to assemble an automobile door, etc.). Many such parts also require that holes be cut in certain places, that flanges be established at other locations, and that fasteners be attached to the part. Such fasteners include such things as nuts, threaded studs, rivets, standoffs and the like.
Numerous fastener insertion machines are known in the art. These machines generally include presses or rams that are capable of imparting hundreds if not thousands of pounds of pressure. Uniquely designed tooling is provided to support a given fastener in such a machine, a work piece is set into place adjacent to the tooling, and a ram or anvil is used to insert the fastener into the work piece using the requisite amount of pressure. Folds, bends or holes may also be formed in the work piece using similar equipment. In some cases, the design of the work piece requires that these processes be intermixed in a particular sequence. However, in many cases, all of the folds, bends or cuts are made to the work piece before any fasteners are inserted. It is common for such work pieces to be fabricated at one location, and then taken to another location for insertion of fasteners.
In those cases where the work piece is complete except for the insertion of fasteners, it is often desirable to illustrate and display the type, location and sequence of the insertion of the various fasteners onto the work piece prior to performing and during performance of the actual fastener insertion work. Such illustrative work may be part of the design process so that proper machinery may be set up in a particular sequence for efficient and timely fastener insertions. Once the sequence is established, the illustrative work may be provided at the assembly location so that machine operators may learn and/or review the sequence of tasks during the production process. Hand drawn illustrations, paper-copy print-outs of computer-rendered illustrations, and/or exemplary completed parts are all often inadequate to clearly demonstrate where and on the work piece and in what sequence each fastener is to be inserted.
It is desirable to provide methods, computer systems and computer program products that provide video illustrations of the location, sequence and type of fasteners to be inserted onto a given work piece before and during a manufacturing process. In particular, it is desirable for an operator to be able to import an image of a given work piece into a computer system, and to then establish the location(s), sequence(s) and/or type(s) of fasteners to be inserted onto the work piece using the computer system and the imported image. It is also desirable for a user to be able to call up the images of a given work piece for which the location(s), sequence(s) and/or type(s) of fasteners to be inserted have already been established so that the user may use said images to correctly process and manufacture the work piece and learn, review or check to be sure that the fastener insertion machines are properly operated to accomplish the illustrated tasks. |
UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 10-1133
YURI J. STOYANOV,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
RAYMOND E. MABUS, Secretary of the Navy; CHARLES BEHRLE,
Individually and in his Official Capacity as the Head of
the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center; GARY
M. JEBSEN, Individually and in his Official Capacity as the
Head of Code 70, Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare
Center; GERALD A. SMITH, Individually and in his Official
Capacity as the Deputy Head of Code 70, Carderock Division,
Naval Surface Warfare Center; KEVIN M. WILSON, Individually
and in his Official Capacity as the Head of Code 74,
Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center; JOHN C.
DAVIES, Individually and in his Official Capacity as the
Deputy Head of Code 74; BRUCE CROCK, Individually and in
his Official Capacity as the Head of Code 74, Carderock
Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center; PAUL SHANG,
Individually and in his Official Capacity as the Head of
Code 72, Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare
Division; MATHEW CRAUN, Individually and in his Official
Capacity as the Head of Code 722, Carderock Division, Naval
Surface Warfare Center; M. KATHLEEN FOWLER, Individually
and in her Official Capacity as Administrative Officer Code
709, Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center;
DAVID CARON, Individually and in his Official Capacity as
Assistant Counsel Code 39, Carderock Division, Naval
Surface Warfare Center; KAREN EVANISH, Individually and in
her Official Capacity as Human Resources Specialist,
Defendants – Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland, at Baltimore. William D. Quarles, Jr., District
Judge. (1:07-cv-01764-WDQ)
Submitted: June 17, 2010 Decided: June 24, 2010
Before MOTZ and KING, Circuit Judges, and HAMILTON, Senior
Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Yuri J. Stoyanov, Appellant Pro Se. John Walter Sippel, Jr.,
Assistant United States Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for
Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2
PER CURIAM:
Yuri J. Stoyanov appeals the district court’s order
dismissing his claims against Defendants, including those
brought pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e to 2000e-17 (2006), the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, as amended, 29 U.S.C.
§§ 621 to 634 (2006), and the Whistleblower Protection Act, 5
U.S.C. §§ 1214, 1221 and 2302 (2006). We have reviewed the
record and find no reversible error. Accordingly, we affirm the
district court’s order. See Stoyanov v. Mabus, No. 1:07-cv-
01764-WDQ (D. Md. Dec. 9, 2009). We dispense with oral argument
because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented
in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the
decisional process.
AFFIRMED
3
|
In an effort to cut down on pollution and safeguard the environment, the City of Johannesburg will roll out a phased approach to make ‘separation at source‘ mandatory for households from 1 July.
Effectively this means that households will be required to separate certain recyclable materials from other waste before they are picked up for collection.
According to a statement released on Friday (8 June), the City said that the biggest challenge it currently faces is trying to change human behaviour and getting people to understand how they impact the environment in the way they deal with plastic.
Speaking to BusinessTech, city councillor Nico De Jager said that more details on the program will be communicated on 12 June – following which, the City plans to make the details of the roll out known to all residents.
“With mandatory we mean that it will be compulsory, and through the initial stages we will do education campaigns and issue warning letters to get residents to participate.”
“There are no penalties in place at the moment,” he added.
The announcement follows a noticeable push by both the private and public sectors to cut down on plastic and other pollution.
In May, environmental affairs minister Edna Molewa indicated that her department is looking at the possibility of reviewing legislation with a view of phasing out harmful plastic products including straws.
Earlier this week, both Pick n Pay and Woolworths also announced a number of initiatives to cut down on plastic packaging.
Read: Pick n Pay announces plans to ditch wasteful plastics – here’s what is changing |
The Weider House Community Residence
The Weider House Community Residence is an 18-bed OASAS licensed facility with the average length of stay between 3 to 6 months. Formally known as Kinship Community Residence, the facility was recently renamed the Weider House in honor of former Executive Director, Joseph Weider.
Admission criteria include:
a diagnosis of alcohol-related or psychoactive substance related use disorder |
Effect of Polonite used for phosphorus removal from wastewater on soil properties and fertility of a mountain meadow.
Reactive filter materials used for phosphorus (P) removal from wastewater can be disposed of as soil amendments after treatment, thus recycling P and other macro- and micro-nutrients to plants. In addition, materials with a high pH and Ca content, such as Polonite, are potential soil conditioners, which can be particularly beneficial for acid soils. Polonite previously used for on-site wastewater treatment was applied as a soil amendment to a mountain meadow. The amendment significantly increased soil pH and decreased the hydrolytic acidity, thus reducing Al toxicity risks. The effects were comparable to those of liming. No difference in yield and P uptake by meadow plants was observed. The uptake of metals was lower for amended soils, especially the uptake of Mn. Using Polonite after wastewater treatment as a soil amendment is thus a viable disposal alternative that can replace liming, when necessary, being capable of recycling P and other nutrients to meadow plants. |
“With the nominating contest winding down, it’s unusual – to say the least – to have two states’ polls literally poles apart,” said David Paleologos, director of the Political Research Center at Boston’s Suffolk University. “And I don’t think I’ve ever seen such a disparity in a presidential candidate’s popularity from state to state.”
Favorability gap
The most dramatic difference was in Obama’s personal popularity. In Kentucky, Obama was recording favorability similar to his rating in West Virginia, with a 43 percent favorable rating and a 43 percent unfavorable rating. (In West Virginia, Obama had 44 percent favorable and 41 percent unfavorable ratings and lost by 41 points to Clinton.) Yet Obama's popularity soars in Oregon, where 73 percent view him favorably and 15 percent unfavorably.
"Usually when a candidate has a high favorability, it trends high nationally, with limited variations regionally. Here, when you get to states like Kentucky and West Virginia, there's a kind of political inelasticity or unwillingness to replicate Obama's popularity elsewhere."
Both Beaver and Bluegrass voters predict that Obama will be the next president. In Kentucky, 41 percent of Democratic voters said Obama would be the next president, followed by Republican John McCain (25 percent), Clinton (13 percent), and 20 percent undecided. In Oregon, 59 percent said Obama, 11 percent indicated Clinton, 9 percent chose McCain, and 20 percent were undecided.
Kentucky voters, asked which candidate was more electable against McCain, chose Clinton (46 percent) over Obama (39 percent). In Oregon, the numbers more than reversed, with 52 percent answering Obama and 28 percent, Clinton.
Differing degrees of loyalty
Asked what they would do if their first choice for the Democratic nomination lost, 41 percent of Kentucky Democratic voters said they would still vote for the Democratic nominee; 28 percent said they would jump parties and vote for McCain; 4 percent would vote for independent candidate Ralph Nader; and 24 percent were undecided.
By contrast, Oregon Democratic loyalty ran very strong. Fifty-nine percent of respondents said they would still vote for the Democratic nominee; 19 percent said they would vote for McCain; 5 percent would vote for Nader; and 13 percent were undecided.
Bellwethers
The Suffolk University bellwethers of Montgomery County, Kentucky, and Marion County, Oregon, which were sister-tests to the statewide surveys, followed the same trend.
In Marion County, Obama led Clinton 44 percent to 42 percent, with 8 percent undecided and 6 percent refused. This confirms the single-digit close race in Oregon recorded by the statewide poll.
"Obama's early mail-in voting advantage may be the difference in this close race."
Since the bellwether predictor module was incorporated as a sister-test to the Suffolk statewide polling, no actual election result has run counter to the winners of the statewide poll and the bellwether when both tests have agreed. When the two tests disagree, the bellwether test(s) have oftentimes been more accurate.
Both bellwether counties’ election returns from both parties have been within 5 percent of the actual statewide Primary results in years where an incumbent U.S. president has not been on the ballot.
Methodology
The Suffolk University polls were conducted May 17 - 18, 2008. The margin of error on the statewide surveys of 600 is +/- 4 percent at a 95 percent level of confidence. All respondents from the statewide surveys were likely voters in the May 20 respective Democratic Presidential Primaries. Marginals and cross-tabulation data are posted on the Suffolk University Political Research Center Web site.
The Suffolk University election predictor bellwether ID sister-tests (300 contacts, Montgomery County and 149 contacts, Marion County) were made May 18. There was an equal probability of contacting and interviewing likely Democratic voters, provided that they identified themselves as very likely or somewhat likely to take a Democratic ballot on Tuesday. For more information, contact David Paleologos at 781-290-9310. |
asics gel flashpoint women's volleyball shoes sale
That's also in comparison with India's embroidery and block printing, which has had more of a design imprint.asics running shoes with orthotics It is estimated the Territory has more than 200 trillion cubic feet of gas – potentially enough to power Australia for more than 200 years. Parents & Kids Zone New In christmas gifts by categoryfor little gemsPersonalised pictures & canvasesfor mummies and daddiesfor little learners & little imaginationsfor little imaginationslittle lunchesView More &rarr.
We have met with some very interesting sales leads and there will be some positive contracts to come.asics rulon shoes for sale 2016 Email tracking - some of the emails we send to you such as service emails or invoice emails contain no tracking. Back to top Contact and Support Find a branch Website feedback This link will open an overlay window.asics shoes online sale australia wide
But I have equally often NOT agreed and been quite appalled by what this blog considers to be acceptable opinion. 3,650 Rolex 114270 Explorer 1 watch (2001) Rolex explorer 1 114270 watch in stainless steel with Rolex oyster bracelet. 30 September 2015 ASBC Supermarket suppliers: you may have new protections Does your business supply to Coles, Woolworths or Aldi.onitsuka tiger mexico 66 white blue orange usa
Again, whether you fully believe Donaghy or not, he does provide a fascinating perspective into the world of refereeing that simply no one else can provide. |
Internet Book of Shadows, (Various Authors), [1999], at sacred-texts.com
Tool Blessing Ritual
A purification of objects for ritual use and their transformation into magical items.
(The area is prepared by placing a quantity of each element in the proper
quarter, as well as preparing the altar in the usual way. If available, a
cauldron (empty) is placed in the center of the circle. Candles are placed
at each of the four corners and lit, progressing deosil from the east.
Salt and water are blessed, and the celebrants are purified with them. A
magic circle is cast, and watchtowers summoned. The god is then drawn down
as follows:
The priest stands before the alter in the Osiris position, arms crossed
across chest and feet together. The Priestess kneels before him with face
and arms upraised.)
PS:
Hephaestus, forger of magic,
descend upon this the body of thy priest and servant,
lend us the strength of your arms.
Prometheus, shape of man,
descend upon this the body of thy priest and servant,
lend us your fire and foresight.
Morpheus, weaver of dreams,
descend upon this the body of thy priest and servant,
lend us your subtlety and vision.
P:
I am he, the shape-god,
forger, builder, artisan, smith.
With strength and craft I form the world.
(The Priest helps the Priestess to rise and she stands in the center of
the circle in the god position, extending her arms outward and down, palms
facing forward. The Priest kneels before her with head bowed.)
P:
Clotho, spinner of the strand of life
Descend upon this the body of thy priestess and servant.
Lend us your wheel of making.
Hecate, caster of spells,
Descend upon this the body of thy priestess and servant.
Lend us the power of your magic.
Aphrodite, goddess of love,
Descend upon this the body of thy priestess and servant.
Grant us eros, philos, aristos, agape.
PS:
I am she, the weaver-goddess,
Painter, poet, sculptor, witch.
With art and love I form the world.
(The priestess extends her hands to the priest and helps him rise. The
priest cups both hands and scoops from the cauldron, then offers to the priestess.)
P:
Drink now from the cauldron of Cerridwen, whose draughts bring
knowledge, peace and life.
(The priestess sips from the cupped hands, after which the priest drinks.
The objects to be blessed are taken from the altar by the priest and moved
widdershins to the west quarter, and immersed in the water there.)
P:
Spirits of the west, in water born
In cool waters cleanse these tools
And wash from them all hurt and harm
This I ask, this charge I lay,
By oak and ash and bitter thorn.
(The objects are moved by the priestess to the south quarter and moved
above the flames there.)
PS:
Spirits of the south, in fire born
In shining flames purify these tools
And burn from them all impurities
This I ask, this charge I lay,
By oak and ash and bitter thorn.
(The objects are moved to the east quarter by the priest and moved through
the incense smoke.)
P:
Spirits of the east, in sweet air born
In swirling winds polish these tools
And sweep from them all phantasm and illusion
This I ask, this charge I lay,
By oak and ash and bitter thorn.
(The objects are moved to the altar by the priestess, and placed upon the pentacle.)
PS:
Spirits of the north, in cool earth born
In mother earth ground these tools
And take from them all spirits dark
This I ask, this charge I lay,
By oak and ash and bitter thorn.
(The person consecrating the tools now offers an impromptu or prepared
charge to the items, stating their purpose and mode of use. They are then
taken up by the priestess and moved to the east quarter.)
PS:
Spirits of the east, from the bright air come,
Fill these tools with the swirling energies of the whirlwind
Make them float like the breeze
Spirits of air, hearken unto me,
As I do will, so more it be.
(The tools are now taken up by the priest and moved to the south quarter.)
P:
Spirits of the south, from wild fire come,
Fill these tools with the burning energies of the flames
Make them glow with bright fire
Spirits of fire, hearken unto me,
As I do will, so more it be.
(The tools are now taken up by the priestess and moved to the west quarter.)
P:
Spirits of the west, from soothing water come,
Fill these tools with the calming energies of the warm rain
Make them flow like the tide
Spirits of water, hearken unto me,
As I do will, so more it be.
(The tools are now taken up by the priestess and moved to the altar.)
PS:
Spirits of the north, from firm earth come,
Fill these tools with the ordering energies of the growing crops
Make them flourish like grapes on the vine
Spirits of earth, hearken unto me,
As I do will, so more it be.
(The priest takes the tools from the altar and steps backwards. The priestess stands at
the altar facing south towards the priest. The priest extends his right arm in parallel to the
ground, between he and the priestess, with the tools in his hand.)
P:
I am the god, ever desiring.
I am the stag in the woods,
I am the sun in the noonday sky,
I am the lover in the dark.
I offer passion, strength, devotion and the swiftness of the hunt.
(The priestess extends her right arm in like fashion, and places her hand
over that of the priest.)
PS:
I am the goddess, ever nurturing.
I am the tempting beauty of the maid,
I am the quiet strength of the mother,
I am the infinite wisdom of the crone.
I offer life, love, warmth and the fruitfulness of the fields.
(Both step towards each other and turn their hands and arms so the fingers
point upwards with the palms facing their own chest, cupping the other's
palm between and holding the tools. They clasp each other with their left arms.)
P&PS:
Male and female, yin and yang, light and dark, action and stillness.
Apart we are forever incomplete, but together we form one.
In our joining we are blessed. In our union, the limitless energy
of universe is released and captured here.
P:
As I do will,
PS:
As I do will
P&PS:
As we do will, so mote it be.
(The priest and priestess kiss, then release grasps. If the number and size
of the tools precludes them being held in one hand simultaneously, the latter
charging section should be repeated for each. The tools are replaced on the
altar. Cakes and wine are blessed and consumed and a period of relaxation
and rest follows. The watchtowers are then dismissed and the circle opened.) |
var lastDevice = localStorage.lastDevice;
if(typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
if(lastDevice) {
window.location.replace('guide/getting-started/intro/' + lastDevice);
}
}
|
/*
* Copyright (C) 2008 The Guava Authors
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.glassfish.jersey.internal.guava;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* Provides static methods for serializing collection classes.
* <p>
* <p>This class assists the implementation of collection classes. Do not use
* this class to serialize collections that are defined elsewhere.
*
* @author Jared Levy
*/
final class Serialization {
private Serialization() {
}
/**
* Reads a count corresponding to a serialized map, multiset, or multimap. It
* returns the size of a map serialized by {@link
* #writeMap(Map, ObjectOutputStream)}, the number of distinct elements in a
* multiset serialized by {@link
* #writeMultiset(Multiset, ObjectOutputStream)}, or the number of distinct
* keys in a multimap serialized by {@link
* #writeMultimap(Multimap, ObjectOutputStream)}.
* <p>
* <p>The returned count may be used to construct an empty collection of the
* appropriate capacity before calling any of the {@code populate} methods.
*/
static int readCount(ObjectInputStream stream) throws IOException {
return stream.readInt();
}
/**
* Stores the contents of a multimap in an output stream, as part of
* serialization. It does not support concurrent multimaps whose content may
* change while the method is running. The {@link Multimap#asMap} view
* determines the ordering in which data is written to the stream.
* <p>
* <p>The serialized output consists of the number of distinct keys, and then
* for each distinct key: the key, the number of values for that key, and the
* key's values.
*/
static <K, V> void writeMultimap(
Multimap<K, V> multimap, ObjectOutputStream stream) throws IOException {
stream.writeInt(multimap.asMap().size());
for (Map.Entry<K, Collection<V>> entry : multimap.asMap().entrySet()) {
stream.writeObject(entry.getKey());
stream.writeInt(entry.getValue().size());
for (V value : entry.getValue()) {
stream.writeObject(value);
}
}
}
/**
* Populates a multimap by reading an input stream, as part of
* deserialization. See {@link #writeMultimap} for the data format.
*/
static <K, V> void populateMultimap(
Multimap<K, V> multimap, ObjectInputStream stream)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
int distinctKeys = stream.readInt();
populateMultimap(multimap, stream, distinctKeys);
}
/**
* Populates a multimap by reading an input stream, as part of
* deserialization. See {@link #writeMultimap} for the data format. The number
* of distinct keys is determined by a prior call to {@link #readCount}.
*/
static <K, V> void populateMultimap(
Multimap<K, V> multimap, ObjectInputStream stream, int distinctKeys)
throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
for (int i = 0; i < distinctKeys; i++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // reading data stored by writeMultimap
K key = (K) stream.readObject();
Collection<V> values = multimap.get(key);
int valueCount = stream.readInt();
for (int j = 0; j < valueCount; j++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // reading data stored by writeMultimap
V value = (V) stream.readObject();
values.add(value);
}
}
}
}
|
/*************************************************************************
*
* This file is part of the SAMRAI distribution. For full copyright
* information, see COPYRIGHT and LICENSE.
*
* Copyright: (c) 1997-2020 Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC
* Description: Templated operations for real node-centered patch data.
*
************************************************************************/
#ifndef included_math_PatchNodeDataOpsReal
#define included_math_PatchNodeDataOpsReal
#include "SAMRAI/SAMRAI_config.h"
#include "SAMRAI/pdat/NodeData.h"
#include "SAMRAI/math/PatchNodeDataBasicOps.h"
#include "SAMRAI/math/PatchNodeDataMiscellaneousOpsReal.h"
#include "SAMRAI/math/PatchNodeDataNormOpsReal.h"
#include "SAMRAI/hier/Box.h"
#include "SAMRAI/hier/Patch.h"
#include "SAMRAI/tbox/PIO.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
namespace SAMRAI {
namespace math {
/**
* Class PatchNodeDataOpsReal provides a collection of operations
* to manipulate float and double numerical node-centered patch data. The
* operations include basic arithmetic, norms and ordering, and assorted
* miscellaneous operations. With the assertion of a few basic routines,
* this class inherits its interface (and thus its functionality) from the
* base classes PatchNodeDataBasicOps, PatchNodeDataNormOpsReal,
* and PatchNodeDataMiscellaneousOpsReal from which it is derived. The
* name of each of these base classes is indicative of the set of
* node-centered patch data operations that it provides.
*
* Note that this templated class should only be used to instantiate
* objects with double or float as the template parameter. A similar set of
* operations is implemented for complex and integer patch data in the classes
* PatchNodeDataOpsComplex and PatchNodeDataOpsInteger,
* repsectively.
*
* @see PatchNodeDataBasicOps
* @see PatchNodeDataMiscellaneousOpsReal
* @see PatchNodeDataNormOpsReal
*/
template<class TYPE>
class PatchNodeDataOpsReal:
public PatchNodeDataBasicOps<TYPE>,
public PatchNodeDataMiscellaneousOpsReal<TYPE>,
public PatchNodeDataNormOpsReal<TYPE>
{
public:
/**
* Empty constructor and destructor.
*/
PatchNodeDataOpsReal();
virtual ~PatchNodeDataOpsReal<TYPE>() {
}
/**
* Copy dst data to src data over given box.
*
* @pre dst && src
* @pre (dst->getDim() == src->getDim()) && (dst->getDim() == box.getDim())
*/
void
copyData(
const std::shared_ptr<pdat::NodeData<TYPE> >& dst,
const std::shared_ptr<pdat::NodeData<TYPE> >& src,
const hier::Box& box) const;
/**
* Swap pointers for patch data objects. Objects are checked for
* consistency of depth, box, and ghost box.
*
* @pre patch
* @pre patch->getPatchData(data1_id) is actually a std::shared_ptr<pdat::NodeData<TYPE> >
* @pre patch->getPatchData(data2_id) is actually a std::shared_ptr<pdat::NodeData<TYPE> >
* @pre patch->getPatchData(data1_id)->getDepth() == patch->getPatchData(data2_id)->getDepth()
* @pre patch->getPatchData(data1_id)->getBox().isSpatiallyEqual(patch->getPatchData(data2_id)->getBox())
* @pre patch->getPatchData(data1_id)->getGhostBox().isSpatiallyEqual(patch->getPatchData(data2_id)->getGhostBox())
*/
void
swapData(
const std::shared_ptr<hier::Patch>& patch,
const int data1_id,
const int data2_id) const;
/**
* Print data entries over given box to given output stream.
*
* @pre data
* @pre data->getDim() == box.getDim()
*/
void
printData(
const std::shared_ptr<pdat::NodeData<TYPE> >& data,
const hier::Box& box,
std::ostream& s = tbox::plog) const;
/**
* Initialize data to given scalar over given box.
*
* @pre dst
* @pre dst->getDim() == box.getDim()
*/
void
setToScalar(
const std::shared_ptr<pdat::NodeData<TYPE> >& dst,
const TYPE& alpha,
const hier::Box& box) const;
private:
// The following are not implemented:
PatchNodeDataOpsReal(
const PatchNodeDataOpsReal&);
PatchNodeDataOpsReal&
operator = (
const PatchNodeDataOpsReal&);
};
}
}
#include "SAMRAI/math/PatchNodeDataOpsReal.C"
#endif
|
UPDATE: Sigh. Mahinda has not been that graceful in defeat beyond his initial statements. There are now reports that he tried to stage a coup rather than give up power and now he’s saying that he lost because of LTTE/minorities, which seems to be the same thing to him. All of this is dividing and damaging the country and making him look like, well, a sore loser.
It also makes me look like a dumbass for thanking him, but read on.
I woke up to find that Maithripala Sirisena has won the 2015 Presidential election. The incumbent Mahinda Rajapaksa has conceded gracefully and left Temple Trees. Before we get to Maithri’s 100 Days and congratulating him and his achcharu coalition, I must thank former President Mahinda Rajapaksa. I am truly grateful to him, as I’m sure are most Sri Lankans, for everything he has done for us and our future. My prayers are with him and his family, for their safety and well being. They must forever have a respected and honored place in our country and, if possible, in our hearts.
I am 32 years old. Mahinda Rajapaksa has shown me things I never thought possible. He ended a war that I thought would never end. He rebuilt Colombo and showed us physical development I never dreamed of. For all of his faults, he has won me over as a citizen. I think he has been a good President, in my opinion Sri Lanka’s best (low bar), especially because he is the first President to lose an election and gracefully leave .
I have always been reluctant to call Mahinda a dictator because I never thought he was. As much as he messed with Parliament, with the Judiciary, he was always close with the people and he rose and fell by the vote. He was elected to power, he marshalled popular support to win the war and, in the end, he was brave enough to face election for a third time. Most importantly, and something we’ve never seen from an incumbent, he was brave enough to gracefully lose .
He has truly been a great Sri Lankan leader and, though I voted for his opponent, I think he deserves something we haven’t really afforded our leaders in the past. A comfortable, honored and secure position as the respected and beloved ex-President of Sri Lanka.
I’m actually getting choked up. I’m so glad he lost because I do want a different kind of peacetime country than he can provide. I do, however, actually have a great affection and respect for the man. I won’t deny that I used to really dislike him, but I guess I’ve gotten used to his face. I will honestly miss him.
President Mahinda Rajapaksa was the leader Sri Lanka needed and he was strong enough to realize when he wasn’t needed . My thoughts and prayers are with him and his family. May they forever be safe and respected in Sri Lanka. Jaya Wewa.
UPDATE:
Mahinda In Retirement
Oh Mahinda, why couldn’t you just take the peoples respect and return it? For all of his public statements and show of leaving with dignity, he had this to say when he returned home to Medamulana:
Essentially, ‘I didn’t really lose, I won Hambantota and they won the North, East, Colombo and others, so who cares’. Well, you were running for President of the whole country and you did lose and you should care. I’d say this is a rather shameful statement from a former head of state, and one that promotes division with the country. Not a good start to your retirement Mahinda, hanging out your window and dividing the country. |
The aim of my blog is to share all the things I enjoy as I walk around the British countryside, including scenery, photography, history and nature. This includes reviews of gear bought by myself and my husband and places we visit, along with different articles on all kinds of walking related topics.
As the old saying goes, I'll take nothing but photos and leave nothing but footprints.
Pages
Wednesday, 5 November 2014
Newtondale, Simon Howe & Saltergate (North York Moors) - October 2014
What is it about steam trains that people love so much? On the face of it, a huge chunk of metal, billowing out clouds of steam as it rattles its way along iron rails that cut through the landscape ought to be loathed by most lovers of the countryside. And yet, for me at least, that's not the case at all. The sight, sound and smell of a steam locomotive can't fail to make me smile, and if one of our walks just happens to follow the course of the North York Moors Railway, so much the better. In early October we set off from the car park at the Hole of Horcum, midway between Pickering and Whitby, to undertake just such a walk.
The route I'd planned was a circuit of just over 12 miles, crossing over sections of the railway line and passing two ancient moorland crosses along the way. It was a pleasantly bright and warm autumn morning with a hazy blue sky and a hint of mistiness as we left the car park by the side of the A169 Pickering to Whitby road. This particular car park is popular all year round because just across the road visitors are treated to a wonderful view of the valley known as the Hole of Horcum, a huge bowl formed by spring water eroding the underlying Oxford clay. From this point footpaths head out in all directions, providing walkers with many enjoyable possibilities.
The Hole of Horcum
Our walk began by heading away from the Hole of Horcum to the edge of the scarp known as Saltergate Brow. Walking out onto the edge of the brow gave us a sweeping view over the moors in the direction of RAF Fylingdales (to be passed later in the day) and over to the steep-sided gorge that was to be the next point on our route.
View from Saltergate Brow
The light was very mellow and the grasses and bracken tinged the landscape with autumnal colours. Ahead of us we could just make out the line of a path through the marshy ground that would take us to the edge of the ravine which cuts through the side of Saltergate Moor.
Saltergate Moor
We've walked in this area many times before but this was the first time we had struck off in this particular direction. What awaited us was a lovely surprise as our route took us down the side of the ravine along a path through the bracken and trees, the colours combining in the subdued lighting to create a visual treat. The undergrowth was alive with birdsong and we paused regularly, catching sight of bullfinches and wrens fluttering through the bracken.
Shades of Autumn
As we reached the bottom of the descent we had a wonderful view of North Dale, the northernmost end of the Newtondale Gorge. This deep gorge was formed at the end of the last Ice Age by the torrent of meltwater overflowing from Lake Eskdale and the North Sea ice sheet. The gorge is a stunning example of a glacial outflow channel, which was put to good use by George Stephenson in 1836 with the construction of the Pickering to Whitby railway. This section of line closed in 1965 but re-opened just eight years later, in 1973, as the North York Moors Railway.
Newtondale
At the bottom of the hill we entered a densely forested area known as Pifelhead Wood. Here an old farming relic of some kind caught my eye, resting by the side of a stone wall with a thick covering of moss. I was struck by the wall's vivid shade of green, in contrast with the ground, which was predominantly brown with dead pine needles. I'm really not sure what this old contraption would have been used for and if any of my readers can enlighten me, I'd be most interested.
What kind of contraption is this?
Our route now picked its way through the woods, aided by very helpful yellow direction arrows which had been painted onto some of the stumps of felled trees. Overhead the sun was shining, but only a few stray beams of sunlight were able to infiltrate the dense tree cover.
Path through the trees
Emerging from the woods brought us onto the floor of the gorge where we crossed a little stream - a mere trickle compared to the raging torrent which had once torn its way through this landscape. This led us to the track of the North York Moors Railway and here I paused, listening for the distant telltale whistle of a steam train, recognising that this would be the perfect place to photograph an approaching train. All we could hear though was the sound of a large white van, driving along the dusty track at the other side of the line, and so we continued, crossing the rails and heading off down the track in the direction taken by the van.
Crossing the railway line
Perhaps it was the prospect of photographing a steam train that had distracted me (or, if I'm honest, more than likely it was my poor map reading skills), but at this point we were not actually following the correct route. We were heading in the right direction but, had I studied my map a little more closely, I should have realised that a climb was necessary at this point, to follow a path along the top of the gorge in the direction of the open moorland. Oblivious to this fact, we followed the track and hadn't been walking for very long when the sound of an approaching train's whistle had me running in search of a good vantage point. I didn't have to wait for long before a train came steaming past, heading in the direction of Pickering.
Train heading to Pickering
I shot several frames and once the train had passed we continued along the dusty track which gradually became narrower and narrower until, as it dwindled away altogether, we found ourselves walking through knee-high grass. Eventually we came to a fence beyond which no clear route was discernible. As I looked at my map I soon realised that we needed to be on the higher ground to our left, but we could see that there was no way up the steep side of the gorge from this point. As we were studying the map to find out where we had gone wrong, I thought I heard the distant sound of steam once again and, sure enough, shortly afterwards this was confirmed by the unmistakable tooting of a whistle. As quick as I could I clambered over the fence and waded for a short distance over the marshy ground just in time to catch another train as it steamed by. This time the engine was pulling the carriages tender first (or "arse about" as I eloquently described it), which I don't think makes as appealing an image as when it's the "right" way round.
Full steam ahead
I took a few photos from this position, satisfied by the amount of steam billowing out across the landscape. Then, suddenly, it dawned on me...where was the white van? We had definitely seen one drive up this way, and I was certain that we hadn't passed any tracks leading off the one we had followed. The bank to our left was densely forested and to our right there was just the railway line. Had I imagined the van? Tom confirmed that he had seen it too and was equally puzzled as to where it could have gone. We studied the map and couldn't see any possible exits the vehicle could have taken. It was a complete mystery. We also now realised that we would have to retrace our steps for over a mile, back to where we had originally crossed the railway line.
Heading for Whitby
As we walked back along the lane we both kept a look out for tyre tracks, joking that we must have seen a "ghost" van. The only possible place it could have driven was through a gateway which led onto the railway line...but then where? The other side of the line was a marsh. This puzzle kept us occupied all the way back to the spot where we had crossed the line at which point we concluded the van must have turned around and driven back without either of us noticing. Soon all thoughts of the mysterious vehicle were forgotten though as we spotted the route we should have originally taken, which began with a steep climb uphill into the woods.
The right path
Now we were heading back in the same direction we had previously taken along the valley bottom and before long I heard another steam train below us, and attempted a quick photograph through the cover of trees.
Train from above
After a couple of miles or so we found ourselves above the furthest point we had reached in the valley bottom, where I had climbed over the fence to photograph a train. From this height we had a lovely view of the track as it curved its way through the valley. And then I spotted it. The white van! It was parked by the side of the railway track and had obviously been driven along the line by maintenance workers. Mystery solved...what a relief!
Looking down the line
Turning away from the valley, we headed into the woods, our unintentional diversion having added a few extra miles to our walk. It was therefore something of a relief to find a handy wooden bench by the side of the path in the woods and here we rested for a while to eat our packed lunch. As we enjoyed our break we could hear another train passing along the valley below. I was surprised at how busy the railway was, given that the summer season had now well and truly come to an end.
A welcome seat
Our route was now leading us towards the open moorland and as we walked along the edge of the woodlands we passed a group of beehives. We are very fond of heather honey and firm believers in its health-enhancing properties. Rich in antioxidants, true heather honey is a dark amber colour and of a firm consistency with a rich, pungent flavour. Our favourite beekeeper is based in nearby Egton Bridge and we visit him whenever we are in the area to replenish our stocks. I couldn't help but wonder if these were his hives, although there are many heather honey producers based around the North York Moors.
Watch out for the bees
We emerged from the woodlands and out onto the open moors, with a sweeping panorama before us across the northern edge of Cropton Forest and over to Wheeldale Moor. From this point onwards the rest of our walk would be across moorland.
Onto the moors
After a short distance we turned northwards to follow a path along Simon Howe Rigg. The earlier hazy cloud cover had now drifted away and the temperature was unseasonably warm. As we both shed our jackets it was hard to believe that it was October. On the higher ground ahead of us I could see the outline of the Bronze Age earthwork and the cairn which was to be the next way-mark on our route.
Heading towards Simon Howe
Simon Howe is a Bronze Age round barrow and standing stone which tops the highest point of this section of moorland. There are over 2,000 "howes" on the higher ground of the North York Moors, the word "howe" being used throughout North and East Yorkshire, originating from the old Norse word "haugr", meaning "hill" or "mound". The most prominent feature at Simon Howe though is the cairn which is a more recent addition built, as these structures usually are, by passing walkers.
Simon Howe
From the cairn at Simon Howe we turned eastwards, heading in the direction of Eller Beck Bridge where we would cross the A169 again. This area of moorland is open access, which is just as well as we seemed to lose the footpath and instead walked through the heather, using the conspicuous landmark of RAF Fylingdales to take our bearings.
Heading towards Eller Beck
After descending off the moors and passing over the railway line again, we crossed over Fen Bog, a nature reserve which is in the care of the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust. This 19 hectare site is home to some of the most unusual sphagnum moss in the region and supports a huge variety of insects, birds, butterflies and reptiles.
Fen Bog
Once safely across the busy A169 we continued eastwards across the moors, following the course of Eller Beck. Here a herd of Swaledale sheep were grazing the grassy margins of the stream. They very calmly watched us walk by and were clearly well used to the passage of people along this busy moorland route.
Swaledale Sheep
I have a particular fondness for derelict buildings and ruins and was therefore somewhat taken by a collapsed shed by the side of the path. I call this one "Death of a Shed".
Dead Shed
Ever since we had left Simon Howe we had more or less been following the route of the Lyke Wake Walk, a long distance route of approximately 40 miles which crosses the entirety of the North York Moors from Osmotherley in the west to the sea at Ravenscar. Traditionally this walk must be completed within 24 hours, the fastest time on record being a staggering 4 hours and 41 minutes. At the height of its popularity in the 1970s, as many as 10,000 people a year completed the challenge which understandably had a significant environmental impact. We continued along this section until we reached our next way-point at Lilla Cross.
Lilla Cross
One of the oldest Christian relics in Britain, Lilla Cross purportedly marks the spot where in 626 AD King Edwin of Northumbria was saved from an assassin's poisoned sword by a priest named Lilla who leapt forward and took the fatal blow. King Edwin was so grateful he is supposed to have had this cross erected in Lilla's memory and also a few months later, at Easter 627 AD, the previously pagan Edwin converted to Christianity in a wooden church in York, which subsequently went on to become York Minster.
Lilla Cross - Looking towards Dalby Forest and the North Sea
From Lilla Cross we turned southwards to follow a route along Worm Sike Rigg which skirted around the northernmost edge of Dalby Forest. This track eventually turned westwards, leading us in the direction of RAF Fylingdales, a radar base which is also part of the ballistic missile early warning system, shared between the UK and the USA. During the Cold War RAF Fylingdales would have been responsible for the "four minute warning". The massive pyramid structure, which is visible in the landscape for miles around, is actually a group of radars which can cover a complete 360 degrees. As well as providing the early warning system, Fylingdales also tracks orbiting objects in space. Our route took us right up to the perimeter fence before we turned southwards again to head back towards the Hole of Horcum.
Approaching RAF Fylingdales
The area around RAF Fylingdales was rather bleak and eerie, with lots of warning signs from the Ministry of Defence and a patrolling police car. We quickly passed it by and continued along our route which eventually brought us to a more pleasant landscape and a pretty little glade where we found the second moorland cross of the day. Malo Cross was erected at some time after 1220 AD, when Peter de Mauley obtained the Mulgrave estate by marrying into the de Turnham family. One side of the cross is inscribed with "RCE", being the initials of Sir Richard Egerton, who was notorious in the 17th century for moving stones and claiming them for himself in order to snatch more land than he was entitled to!
Malo Cross
From Malo Cross we followed the curve of a hill which led us all the way back to the car park by the Hole of Horcum. In total we had walked for just over 16 miles - a full four miles further than intended.
Saltergate Brow
The shadows were lengthening as I gazed out over the landscape from the top of Saltergate Brow once more, a little more footsore than I should have been, but it had nevertheless been a wonderful walk with plenty of interest along the way. And so many steam trains!
Back to where we started
Directions for this walk:
From the car park by the Hole of Horcum cross the road and turn right, following the path to a stile at the top of Saltergate Brow. Cross the stile and continue downhill, following a path in the direction of the ravine where you will find a public footpath along the western edge of the ravine, descending into Newtondale. Having crossed the railway line turn left onto the narrow lane (not right, which is where we went wrong!) and follow the track for a short distance until you find a path which climbs upwards through the trees.
Follow the path through the trees in a northerly direction all the way round to the northernmost edge of the woods and eventually out onto the moors until you meet with the footpath at Simon Howe Rigg. Follow this to the top of Simon Howe from where you should be able to find a path which will take you down to Fen Bog.Cross the A169 again at Eller Beck Bridge and take the public footpath eastwards all the way to Lilla Cross, from here head south along Worm Sike Rigg in the direction of the eastern perimeter fence of RAF Fylingdales. From this point a public footpath is clearly marked to the Hole of Horcum. Turn right at Malo Cross and take the path which curves around the foot of the hill and eventually leads to a lane which will return you to the car park.
Total distance (should be) 12 miles.
Coming soon...Off to the Yorkshire Dales we go, with a superb walk from Austwick starting with the Norber Erratics and crossing the fantastic limestone pavement at Maughton Scar. |
Quantitative assessment of quinolinic acid-induced striatal toxicity in rats using radioligand binding assays.
To validate specific, sensitive and quantitative markers of the rat model of Huntington's disease produced by the intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid, we used striatal homogenate binding assays for [3H]MK-801-labelled N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, [3H]SCH 23390-labelled D1 and [3H]sulpiride-labelled D2 dopamine receptors, [3H]CGS 21680-labelled adenosine A2 receptors, [3H]GBR 12935-labelled dopamine uptake sites, [3H]hemicholinium-3-labelled high affinity choline uptake sites and [3H]PK 11195-labelled glial cells, in 3 groups of rats: 1) lesioned only, 2) pretreated with MK-801, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, to assess the non-N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated toxicity of quinolinic acid, and 3) pretreated with MK-801 plus scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug that prevents MK-801 neuronal toxicity. [3H]MK-801 and [3H]PK 11195 are sensitive markers of quinolinic acid toxicity. In addition, [3H]SCH 23390, [3H]CGS 21680 and [3H]hemicholinium-3, are found to be specific markers of quinolinic acid-induced toxicity on striatonigral and striatopallidal projecting neurons, and on large interneurons, respectively. MK-801 pretreatment prevented the quinolinic acid-induced reduction in binding of [3H]MK-801, [3H]SCH 23390 and [3H]CGS 21680 but failed to do so for [3H]sulpride and [3H]hemicholinium-3, suggesting that quinolinic acid may act by mechanisms other than direct activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Combined pretreatment with MK-801 and scopolamine increased the protection against quinolinic acid, suggesting an involvement of the cholinergic system. |
Q:
SLAM system for LIDAR and Stereo camera for cone detection for Autonomous driving
The purpose of the SLAM system is very specific, for detecting cones in an image and triangulate their position to create a map.
The data input would be the camera data, odometry and the LIDAR data.
I have been going through SLAM algorithms on openSLAM.org and through other implementations of SLAM systems.
I would like to know if there are a set of SLAM algorithms specific for the problem I have and what are the most efficient and least time consuming SLAM algorithms available. Any leads would be helpful.
A:
You should probably also add information regarding your sensors, for instance what LIDAR are you to use 2D or 3D etc. The nature of SLAM algorithm shall also depend upon what kind of system do you need to use it on specifically what are the rates that you need, do you need the SLAM to be online or offline etc. Further the machine you run your algorithms may also be the reason which decides which algorithm you finally use.
Regardless I think these are some SLAM algorithms that may help you :
Orb SLAM : http://webdiis.unizar.es/~raulmur/orbslam/ uses only camera information but performs very well at least the RGB-D version.
Google Cartographer : https://github.com/googlecartographer/cartographer needs no introduction.
You should also checkout gmapping - slam-gmapping
Definitely checkout the LOAM algorithm, it uses only LIDAR data but produces very good quality maps, you can use EKF on the odometry that it provides with the one you have, that should give you a good positional estimate.
|
NORFOLK, Va. (AP) - A Virginia sheriff has ended an agreement with federal authorities to lock up people suspected of being in the United States illegally.
The Virginian-Pilot reports Norfolk Sheriff Joe Baron has for two years jailed detainees for Immigration and Customs Enforcement in exchange for federal money. The detainees were typically held for a couple of days before being transferred to a long-term detention facility.
The contract rider with ICE ended on Tuesday, and Baron decided not to sign a new one. He declined to discuss the decision in an interview.
The sheriff has come under some criticism for the policy since the newspaper began reporting about it.
Sign up for Daily Newsletters Manage Newsletters
Copyright © 2020 The Washington Times, LLC. |
KABUL (Reuters) - A suicide bomber blew himself up near a shrine in Kabul on Wednesday, killing at least 32 people and wounding dozens, as the Afghan capital celebrated the Nawruz holiday marking the start of the Persian new year.
The explosion underlined the threat to the city from militant attacks, despite government promises to tighten security in the wake of an attack in central Kabul that killed around 100 people in January.
Militant group Islamic State, which has claimed several previous attacks on Shi’ite targets, claimed responsibility, saying the attack specifically targeted Shi’ites celebrating Nawruz, its Amaq news agency said.
The Taliban, which often fights Islamic State’s local affiliate in Afghanistan, issued a statement denying any connection to the blast.
Kabul had been on alert for attacks over the Nawruz holiday but the bomber was still able to detonate his explosives as people were leaving the Kart-e Sakhi shrine, in a heavily Shi’ite area in the west of the city.
“People were heading home joyously after the end of the ceremony when the suicide bomber detonated his explosives among them,” said Kabul police chief Daud Amin. “Many of our countrymen were martyred.”
Interior Ministry spokesman Najib Danesh said the bomber had apparently intended to reach the shrine, which was attacked during a Shi’ite festival in October 2016, but had been prevented from getting closer by police checkpoints.
Slideshow ( 12 images )
“We had our security in place in and around the shrine,” he said. “All the casualties were young people who were either passing by on the road or gathering to enjoy Nawruz.”
“UN-ISLAMIC” FESTIVAL
Nawruz, an ancient Persian festival to mark the start of spring, is widely celebrated in many parts of Afghanistan but has also faced opposition from some fundamentalist Muslims, who say it is un-Islamic.
Waheed Majroh, a spokesman for the ministry of public health, said 32 people were confirmed dead with more than 50 wounded being treated in hospitals in the city. Women and children were among the casualties, he said.
Wednesday’s attack was the latest in a series to have struck Kabul this year, including one earlier this month that targeted the mainly Shi’ite Hazara minority.
The seemingly endless attacks have undermined support for the government of President Ashraf Ghani, who offered last month to hold peace talks with Taliban insurgents fighting to drive out international forces and reimpose their version of strict Islamic law.
The Taliban have so far shown little sign of accepting the offer of talks with the Western-backed government, which they consider an illegitimate, foreign-imposed regime, although they have offered to talk to the United States. |
That 6.3 yards per attempt really gets me. Hutson went for nearly 8 y/att last year. Some of that is UVA passing attack guerrilla skirmish. Much of that is the players Lambert had around him. Especially the rushing game. For reference, Nick Chubb nearly out rushed UVA by himself. |
.......................................FORN SIÐR URÞANK..........................................
..........................Deep Thought about the Old Ways...................................
I am Siegfried Goodfellow, author of "Wyrd Megin Thew : The Wild, Wooly Strength of Heathen Ways". Heathenry is a fantastic contribution to a renewed spiritual culture. Ur-Thanc is thought/thank-fulness bubbling up from the primordial depths. All Material Copyright Siegfried Goodfellow.
Tuesday, May 14, 2013
Throw Your Weight In -- Where It Matters
It is necessary to resist and struggle with someone you love over important issues, where it matters, and not simply cave in order to create peace. Peace, while important, is not so important it is worth caving over where important values will be sacrificed in the process. If you let someone you love do something stupid or counterproductive without even so much as a struggle, how much do you love them? It may sound "authoritarian" to speak of "letting" or "not letting" someone else do something, but sometimes you need to exercise the authority you do have, from within your power, to do good, and here it would be foolish to not do so, because people do not always make the wisest choices, and people often need to be strongly challenged to bring out their best -- or at least their better.
This is the lesson I've learned by listening to my mother in struggle with others. She often is right, and it often is taken as authoritarian by them, and that perception is just a cop-out if in fact -- as it most often is -- it is simply love in the form of tough-love. There are times where there is no point having any weight if you don't throw it around -- for good. The world has plenty of weight of its own, so if you don't throw in yours, how will you ever help tilt things in a good way? Should one behave as if one were weightless simply for a peace which in fact is capitulation of significant values?
There are times and places where love demands you hold your ground and stubbornly refuse to allow another to go against their best interests -- just as yes, there are times and places where you must let people make their own mistakes and learn from them. It's true that ultimately one has no strict control either way, but it is not respecting their agency if their decision is not tough enough to withstand serious scrutiny and dogged struggle : let them develop their agency in a tougher medium and come out with a more honed will.
It's not that we shouldn't be concerned about authoritarianism -- the imposition of will upon another that is arbitrary, ego-driven, and not in their broadest best interests -- we should. But will and the clash of wills is an important part of life, and we do not help people develop their agency if we surrender before their merest assertion. Let assertion be steeled in strong will and clash of wills, where it matters. And yes, where we throw our weight around, it damn well better matter, and we damn well better have scrupulously examined our own motivations to ensure their purity. And there is no point to strife for strife's sake, or giving others hell out of either pettiness or selfishness. But there is a place in genuine frith for strong, loving assertion of will. |
Short- and long-term strategies for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, both de novo and superimposed on chronic hypertension. These disorders occur frequently among pregnant woman and are important contributors to maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in the prediction and pathogenesis of these disorders, prevention of preeclampsia and current strategies for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. We also explore the evidence relating adverse pregnancy outcome to an increased future risk of cardiovascular disease and potential strategies to minimize this risk. |
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (; 27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher. Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his one-time university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Interpreting Schelling's philosophy is regarded as difficult because of its evolving nature.
Schelling's thought in the large has been neglected, especially in the English-speaking world. An important factor in this was the ascendancy of Hegel, whose mature works portray Schelling as a mere footnote in the development of idealism. Schelling's Naturphilosophie also has been attacked by scientists for its tendency to analogize and lack of empirical orientation. However, some later philosophers have shown interest in re-examining Schelling's body of work.
Life
Early life
Schelling was born in the town of Leonberg in the Duchy of Württemberg (now Baden-Württemberg), the son of Joseph Friedrich Schelling and his wife Gottliebin Marie. He attended the monastic school at Bebenhausen, near Tübingen, where his father was chaplain and an Orientalist professor. From 1783 to 1784 Schelling attended a Latin school in Nürtingen and knew Friedrich Hölderlin, who was five years his senior. On 18 October 1790, at the age of 15, he was granted permission to enroll at the Tübinger Stift (seminary of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg), despite not having yet reached the normal enrollment age of 20. At the Stift, he shared a room with Hegel as well as Hölderlin, and the three became good friends.
Schelling studied the Church fathers and ancient Greek philosophers. His interest gradually shifted from Lutheran theology to philosophy. In 1792 he graduated with his master's thesis, titled Antiquissimi de prima malorum humanorum origine philosophematis Genes. III. explicandi tentamen criticum et philosophicum, and in 1795 he finished his doctoral thesis, titled De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (On Marcion as emendator of the Pauline letters) under Gottlob Christian Storr. Meanwhile, he had begun to study Kant and Fichte, who influenced him greatly.
In 1797, while tutoring two youths of an aristocratic family, he visited Leipzig as their escort and had a chance to attend lectures at Leipzig University, where he was fascinated by contemporary physical studies including chemistry and biology. He also visited Dresden, where he saw collections of the Elector of Saxony, to which he referred later in his thinking on art. On a personal level, this Dresden visit of six weeks from August 1797 saw Schelling meet the brothers August Wilhelm Schlegel and Karl Friedrich Schlegel and his future wife Caroline (then married to August Wilhelm), and Novalis.
Jena period
After two years tutoring, in October 1798, at the age of 23, Schelling was called to University of Jena as an extraordinary (i.e., unpaid) professor of philosophy. His time at Jena (1798–1803) put Schelling at the center of the intellectual ferment of Romanticism. He was on close terms with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who appreciated the poetic quality of the Naturphilosophie, reading Von der Weltseele. As the prime minister of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Goethe invited Schelling to Jena. On the other hand, Schelling was unsympathetic to the ethical idealism that animated the work of Friedrich Schiller, the other pillar of Weimar Classicism. Later, in Schelling's Vorlesung über die Philosophie der Kunst (Lecture on the Philosophy of Art, 1802/03), Schiller's theory on the sublime was closely reviewed.
In Jena, Schelling was on good terms with Fichte at first, but their different conceptions, about nature in particular, led to increasing divergence in their thought. Fichte advised him to focus on philosophy in its original meaning, that is, transcendental philosophy: specifically, Fichte's own Wissenschaftlehre. But Schelling, who was becoming the acknowledged leader of the Romantic school, had begun to reject Fichte's thought as cold and abstract.
Schelling was especially close to August Wilhelm Schlegel and his wife, Caroline. A marriage between Schelling and Caroline's young daughter, Auguste Böhmer, was contemplated by both. Auguste died of dysentery in 1800, prompting many to blame Schelling, who had overseen her treatment. Robert Richards, however, argues in his book The Romantic Conception of Life that Schelling's interventions were not only appropriate but most likely irrelevant, as the doctors called to the scene assured everyone involved that Auguste's disease was inevitably fatal. Auguste's death drew Schelling and Caroline closer. Schlegel had moved to Berlin, and a divorce was arranged (with Goethe's help). Schelling's time at Jena came to an end, and on 2 June 1803 he and Caroline were married away from Jena. Their marriage ceremony was the last occasion Schelling met his school friend the poet Friedrich Hölderlin, who was already mentally ill at that time.
In his Jena period, Schelling had a closer relationship with Hegel again. With Schelling's help, Hegel became a private lecturer (Privatdozent) at Jena University. Hegel wrote a book titled Differenz des Fichte'schen und Schelling'schen Systems der Philosophie (Difference between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy, 1801), and supported Schelling's position against his idealistic predecessors, Fichte and Karl Leonhard Reinhold. Beginning in January 1802, Hegel and Schelling published the Kritisches Journal der Philosophie (Critical Journal of Philosophy) as co-editors, publishing papers on the philosophy of nature, but Schelling was too busy to stay involved with the editing and the magazine was mainly Hegel's publication, espousing a thought different from Schelling's. The magazine ceased publication in the spring of 1803 when Schelling moved from Jena to Würzburg.
Move to Würzburg and personal conflicts
After Jena, Schelling went to Bamberg for a time, to study Brunonian medicine (the theory of John Brown) with and Andreas Röschlaub. From September 1803 until April 1806 Schelling was professor at the new University of Würzburg. This period was marked by considerable flux in his views and by a final breach with Fichte and Hegel.
In Würzburg, a conservative Catholic city, Schelling found many enemies among his colleagues and in the government. He moved then to Munich in 1806, where he found a position as a state official, first as associate of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities and secretary of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, afterwards as secretary of the Philosophische Klasse (philosophical section) of the Academy of Sciences. 1806 was also the year Schelling published a book in which he criticized Fichte openly by name. In 1807 Schelling received the manuscript of Hegel's Phaenomenologie des Geistes (Phenomenology of the Spirit or Mind), which Hegel had sent to him, asking Schelling to write the foreword. Surprised to find remarks directed at his own philosophical theory, Schelling eventually wrote back, asking Hegel to clarify whether he had intended to mock Schelling's followers who lacked a true understanding of his thought, or Schelling himself. Hegel never replied. In the same year, Schelling gave a speech about the relation between the visual arts and nature at the Academy of Fine Arts; and Hegel wrote a severe criticism of it to one of his friends. After that, they criticized each other in lecture rooms and in books publicly until the end of their lives.
Munich period
Without resigning his official position in Munich, he lectured for a short time in Stuttgart (Stuttgarter Privatvorlesungen [Stuttgart private lectures], 1810), and seven years at the University of Erlangen (1820–1827). In 1809 Karoline died, just before he published Freiheitschrift (Freedom Essay) the last book published during his life. Three years later, Schelling married one of her closest friends, Pauline Gotter, in whom he found a faithful companion.
During the long stay at Munich (1806–1841) Schelling's literary activity came gradually to a standstill. It is possible that it was the overpowering strength and influence of the Hegelian system that constrained Schelling, for it was only in 1834, after the death of Hegel, that, in a preface to a translation by Hubert Beckers of a work by Victor Cousin, he gave public utterance to the antagonism in which he stood to the Hegelian, and to his own earlier, conception of philosophy. The antagonism certainly was not then a new fact; the Erlangen lectures on the history of philosophy of 1822 express the same in a pointed fashion, and Schelling had already begun the treatment of mythology and religion which in his view constituted the true positive complements to the negative of logical or speculative philosophy.
Berlin period
Public attention was powerfully attracted by these vague hints of a new system which promised something more positive, especially in its treatment of religion, than the apparent results of Hegel's teaching. The appearance of critical writings by David Friedrich Strauss, Ludwig Feuerbach, and Bruno Bauer, and the evident disunion in the Hegelian school itself, express a growing alienation from the then dominant philosophy. In Berlin, the headquarters of the Hegelians, this found expression in attempts to obtain officially from Schelling a treatment of the new system which he was understood to have in reserve. The realization of the desire did not come about till 1841, when the appointment of Schelling as Prussian privy councillor and member of the Berlin Academy, gave him the right, a right he was requested to exercise, to deliver lectures in the university. Among those in attendance at his lectures were Søren Kierkegaard (who said Schelling talked "quite insufferable nonsense" and complained that he did not end his lectures on time), Mikhail Bakunin (who called them "interesting but rather insignificant"), Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt (who never accepted Schelling's natural philosophy), and Friedrich Engels (who, as a partisan of Hegel, attended to "shield the great man's grave from abuse"). The opening lecture of his course was listened to by a large and appreciative audience. The enmity of his old foe, H. E. G. Paulus, sharpened by Schelling's apparent success, led to the surreptitious publication of a verbatim report of the lectures on the philosophy of revelation, and, as Schelling did not succeed in obtaining legal condemnation and suppression of this piracy, he in 1845 ceased the delivery of any public courses.
Works
In 1793 Schelling contributed to Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob Paulus's periodical Memorabilien. His 1795 dissertation was De Marcione Paullinarum epistolarum emendatore (On Marcion as emendator of the Pauline letters). In 1794, Schelling published an exposition of Fichte's thought entitled Ueber die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt (On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy in General). This work was acknowledged by Fichte himself and immediately earned Schelling a reputation among philosophers. His more elaborate work, Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie, oder über das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissen (On Self as Principle of Philosophy, or on the Unrestricted in Human Knowledge, 1795), while still remaining within the limits of the Fichtean idealism, showed a tendency to give the Fichtean method a more objective application, and to amalgamate Spinoza's views with it. He contributed articles and reviews to the Philosophisches Journal of Fichte and Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer, and threw himself into the study of physical and medical science. In 1795 Schelling published Philosophische Briefe über Dogmatismus und Kritizismus (Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism), consisting of 10 letters addressed to an unknown interlocutor that presented both a defense and critique of the Kantian system.
In the period 1796/97 there was written the seminal manuscript now known as the Das älteste Systemprogramm des deutschen Idealismus ("The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism"). It survives in Hegel's handwriting. On its first publication (1916) by Franz Rosenzweig, it was attributed to Schelling. It has also been claimed for Hegel and Hölderlin.
In 1797 Schelling published the essay Neue Deduction des Naturrechts ("New Deduction of Natural Law"), which anticipated Fichte's treatment of the topic in the Grundlage des Naturrechts (Foundations of Natural Law). His studies of physical science bore fruit in the Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur (Ideas Concerning a Philosophy of Nature, 1797), and the treatise Von der Weltseele (On the World-Soul, 1798). In Ideen Schelling referred to Leibniz and quoted from his Monadology. He held Leibniz in high regard because of his view of nature during his natural philosophy period.
In 1800 Schelling published System des transcendentalen Idealismus (System of Transcendental Idealism). In this book Schelling described transcendental philosophy and nature philosophy as complementary to one another. Fichte reacted by stating that Schelling was working on the basis of a false philosophical principle: in Fichte's theory nature as Not-Self (Nicht-Ich = object) could not be a subject of philosophy, whose essential content is the subjective activity of the human intellect. The breach became unrecoverable in 1801, after Schelling published Darstellung des Systems meiner Philosophie ("Presentation of My System of Philosophy"). Fichte thought this title absurd, since in his opinion philosophy could not be personalized. Moreover, in this book Schelling publicly expressed his estimation of Spinoza, whose work Fichte had repudiated as dogmatism, and declared that nature and spirit differ only in their quantity, but are essentially identical (Identität). According to Schelling, the absolute was the indifference or identity, which he considered to be an essential subject of philosophy.
The "Aphorisms on Naturphilosophie" published in the Jahrbücher der Medicin als Wissenschaft (1806–1808) are for the most part extracts from the Würzburg lectures, and the Denkmal der Schrift von den göttlichen Dingen des Herrn Jacobi was a response to an attack by Jacobi (the two accused each other of atheism). A work of significance is the 1809 Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom), which carries out, with increasing tendency to mysticism, the thoughts of the previous work, Philosophie und Religion (Philosophy and Religion, 1804). However, in a change from the Jena period works, now evil is not an appearance coming from the quantitative differences between the real and the ideal, but something substantial. This work clearly paraphrased Kant's distinction between intelligible and empirical character. Otherwise, Schelling himself called freedom "a capacity for good and evil".
The tract Ueber die Gottheiten zu Samothrake ("On the Divinities of Samothrace") appeared in 1815, ostensibly a portion of a greater work, Weltalter ("The ages of the world"), frequently announced as ready for publication, but of which little was ever written. Schelling planned Weltalter as a book in three parts, describing the past, present, and future of the world; however, he began only the first part, rewriting it several times and at last keeping it unpublished. The other two parts were left only in planning. Christopher John Murray describes the work as follows:Building on the premise that philosophy cannot ultimately explain existence, he merges the earlier philosophies of Nature and identity with his newfound belief in a fundamental conflict between a dark unconscious principle and a conscious principle in God. God makes the universe intelligible by relating to the ground of the real but, insofar as nature is not complete intelligence, the real exists as a lack within the ideal and not as reflective of the ideal itself. The three universal ages – distinct only to us but not in the eternal God – therefore comprise a beginning where the principle of God before God is divine will striving for being, the present age, which is still part of this growth and hence a mediated fulfillment, and a finality where God is consciously and consummately Himself to Himself.
No authentic information on the new positive philosophy (positive Philosophie) of Schelling was available until after his death (at Bad Ragatz, on 20 August 1854). His sons then began the issue of his collected writings with the four volumes of Berlin lectures: vol. i. Introduction to the Philosophy of Mythology (1856); ii. Philosophy of Mythology (1857); iii. and iv. Philosophy of Revelation (1858).
Periodization
Schelling at all stages of his thought called to his aid outward forms of some other system. Fichte, Spinoza, Jakob Boehme and the mystics, and finally, major Greek thinkers with their Neoplatonic, Gnostic, and Scholastic commentators, give colouring to particular works. In Schelling's own view, his philosophy fell into three stages. These were:
the transition from Fichte's method to the more objective conception of nature i.e. the advance to Naturphilosophie
the definite formulation of that which implicitly, as Schelling claims, was involved in the idea of Naturphilosophie, that is, the thought of the identical, indifferent, absolute substratum of both nature and spirit, the advance to Identitätsphilosophie
the opposition of negative and positive philosophy, an opposition which is the theme of his Berlin lectures, though its germs may be traced back to 1804.
Naturphilosophie
The function of Schelling's Naturphilosophie is to exhibit the ideal as springing from the real. The change which experience brings before us leads to the conception of duality, the polar opposition through which nature expresses itself. The dynamical series of stages in nature are matter, as the equilibrium of the fundamental expansive and contractive forces; light, with its subordinate processes (magnetism, electricity, and chemical action); organism, with its component phases of reproduction, irritability and sensibility.
Reputation and influence
Some scholars characterize Schelling as a protean thinker who, although brilliant, jumped from one subject to another and lacked the synthesizing power needed to arrive at a complete philosophical system. Others challenge the notion that Schelling's thought is marked by profound breaks, instead arguing that his philosophy always focused on a few common themes, especially human freedom, the absolute, and the relationship between spirit and nature. Unlike Hegel, Schelling did not believe that the absolute could be known in its true character through rational inquiry alone.
Schelling's thought is still studied, although his reputation has varied over time. His work impressed the English romantic poet and critic Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who introduced his ideas into English-speaking culture, sometimes without full acknowledgment, as in the Biographia Literaria. Coleridge's critical work was itself influential, and it was he who introduced into English literature Schelling's concept of the unconscious. Schelling's System of Transcendental Idealism has been seen as a precursor of Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams (1899).
By the 1950s, Schelling was almost a forgotten philosopher even in Germany. In the 1910s and 1920s, philosophers of neo-Kantianism and neo-Hegelianism, like Wilhelm Windelband or Richard Kroner, tended to describe Schelling as an episode connecting Fichte and Hegel. His late period tended to be ignored, and his philosophies of nature and of art in the 1790s and first decade of the 19th century were the main focus. In this context Kuno Fischer characterized Schelling's early philosophy as "aesthetic idealism", focusing on the argument where he ranked art as "the sole document and the eternal organ of philosophy" (das einzige wahre und ewige Organon zugleich und Dokument der Philosophie). From socialist philosophers like György Lukács, he received criticism as anachronistic. An exception was Martin Heidegger, who treated Schelling's On Human Freedom in his lectures in 1936. Heidegger found there central themes of Western ontology: the issues of being, existence, and freedom.
In the 1950s, the situation began to change. In 1954, the centennial of his death, an international conference on Schelling was held. Several philosophers including Karl Jaspers gave presentations about the uniqueness and relevance of his thought, the interest shifting toward his later work on being and existence, or, more precisely, the origin of existence. Schelling was the subject of the 1954 dissertation of Jürgen Habermas.
In 1955 Jaspers published a book titled Schelling, representing him as a forerunner of the existentialists. Walter Schulz, one of organizers of the 1954 conference, published a book claiming that Schelling had made German idealism complete with his late philosophy, particularly with his Berlin lectures in the 1840s. Schulz presented Schelling as the person who resolved the philosophical problems which Hegel had left incomplete, in contrast to the contemporary idea that Schelling had been surpassed by Hegel much earlier. Theologian Paul Tillich wrote: "what I learned from Schelling became determinative of my own philosophical and theological development". Maurice Merleau-Ponty likened his own project of natural ontology to Schelling's in his 1957–58 Course on Nature.
In the 1970s nature was again of interest to philosophers in relation to environmental issues. Schelling's philosophy of nature, particularly his intention to construct a program which covers both nature and the intellectual life in a single system and method, and restore nature as a central theme of philosophy, has been reevaluated in the contemporary context. His influence and relation to the German art scene, particularly to Romantic literature and visual art, has been an interest since the late 1960s, from Philipp Otto Runge to Gerhard Richter and Joseph Beuys. This interest has been revived in recent years through the work of the environmental philosopher Arran Gare who has identified a tradition of Schellingian science overcoming the opposition between science and the humanities, and offering the basis for an understanding of ecological science and ecological philosophy.
In relation to psychology, Schelling was considered to have coined the term "unconsciousness". Slavoj Žižek has written two books attempting to integrate Schelling's philosophy, mainly his middle period works including Weltalter, with the work of Jacques Lacan. The opposition and division in God and thus the problem of evil in God faced by the later Schelling influenced Luigi Pareyson's thought. Ken Wilber places Schelling as one of two philosophers who "after Plato, had the broadest impact on the Western mind".
Quotations
"Nature is visible Spirit; Spirit is invisible Nature." (Ideen, "Introduction")
"History as a whole is a progressive, gradually self-disclosing revelation of the Absolute." (System of Transcendental Idealism, 1800)
"Now if the appearance of freedom is necessarily infinite, the total evolution of the Absolute is also an infinite process, and history itself a never wholly completed revelation of that Absolute which, for the sake of consciousness, and thus merely for the sake of appearance, separates itself into conscious and unconscious, the free and the intuitant; but which itself, however, in the inaccessible light wherein it dwells, is Eternal Identity and the everlasting ground of harmony between the two." (System of Transcendental Idealism, 1800)
"Has creation a final goal? And if so, why was it not reached at once? Why was the consummation not realized from the beginning? To these questions there is but one answer: Because God is Life, and not merely Being." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, 1809)
"Only he who has tasted freedom can feel the desire to make over everything in its image, to spread it throughout the whole universe." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, 1809)
"As there is nothing before or outside of God he must contain within himself the ground of his existence. All philosophies say this, but they speak of this ground as a mere concept without making it something real and actual." (Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, 1809)
"[The Godhead] is not divine nature or substance, but the devouring ferocity of purity that a person is able to approach only with an equal purity. Since all Being goes up in it as if in flames, it is necessarily unapproachable to anyone still embroiled in Being." (The Ages of the World, c. 1815)
"God then has no beginning only insofar as there is no beginning of his beginning. The beginning in God is eternal beginning, that is, such a one as was beginning from all eternity, and still is, and also never ceases to be beginning." (Quoted in Hartshorne & Reese, Philosophers Speak of God, Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1953, p. 237.)
Bibliography
Selected works are listed below.
Ueber Mythen, historische Sagen und Philosopheme der ältesten Welt (On Myths, Historical Legends and Philosophical Themes of Earliest Antiquity, 1793)
Ueber die Möglichkeit einer Form der Philosophie überhaupt (On the Possibility of an Absolute Form of Philosophy, 1794),
Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie oder über das Unbedingte im menschlichen Wissen (Of the I as the Principle of Philosophy or on the Unconditional in Human Knowledge, 1795), and
Philosophische Briefe über Dogmatismus und Kriticismus (Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism, 1795).
1, 2, 3 in The Unconditional in Human Knowledge: Four Early Essays 1794–6, translation and commentary by F. Marti, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press (1980).
De Marcione Paulinarum epistolarum emendatore (1795).
Abhandlung zur Erläuterung des Idealismus der Wissenschaftslehre (1796). Translated as Treatise Explicatory of the Idealism in the 'Science of Knowledge in Thomas Pfau, Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
Ideen zu einer Philosophie der Natur als Einleitung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft (1797) as Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature: as Introduction to the Study of this Science, translated by E. E. Harris and P. Heath, introduction R. Stern, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988).
Von der Weltseele (1798).
System des transcendentalen Idealismus (1800) as System of Transcendental Idealism, translated by P. Heath, introduction M. Vater, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia (1978).
Ueber den wahren Begriff der Naturphilosophie und die richtige Art ihre Probleme aufzulösen (1801).
"Darstellung des Systems meiner Philosophie" (1801), also known as "Darstellung meines Systems der Philosophie", as "Presentation of My System of Philosophy," translated by M. Vater, The Philosophical Forum, 32'''(4), Winter 2001, pp. 339–371.
Bruno oder über das göttliche und natürliche Prinzip der Dinge (1802) as Bruno, or on the Natural and the Divine Principle of Things, translated with an introduction by M. Vater, Albany: State University of New York Press (1984).
On the Relationship of the Philosophy of Nature to Philosophy in General (1802). Translated by George di Giovanni and H.S. Harris in Between Kant and Hegel, Albany: SUNY Press (1985).
Philosophie der Kunst (lecture) (delivered 1802–3; published 1859) as The Philosophy of Art (1989) Minnesota: Minnesota University Press.
Vorlesungen über die Methode des akademischen Studiums (delivered 1802; published 1803) as On University Studies, translated E. S. Morgan, edited N. Guterman, Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press (1966).
Ideas on a Philosophy of Nature as an Introduction to the Study of This Science (Second edition, 1803). Translated by Priscilla Hayden-Roy in Philosophy of German Idealism, New York: Continuum (1987).
System der gesamten Philosophie und der Naturphilosophie insbesondere (Nachlass) (1804). Translated as System of Philosophy in General and of the Philosophy of Nature in Particular in Thomas Pfau, Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (1809) as Of Human Freedom, a translation with critical introduction and notes by J. Gutmann, Chicago: Open Court (1936); also as Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom, trans. Jeff Love and Johannes Schmidt, SUNY Press (2006).
Clara. Oder über den Zusammenhang der Natur- mit der Geisterwelt (Nachlass) (1810) as Clara: or on Nature's Connection to the Spirit World trans. Fiona Steinkamp, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.
Stuttgart Seminars (1810), translated by Thomas Pfau in Idealism and the Endgame of Theory, Albany: SUNY Press (1994).
Weltalter (1811–15) as The Ages of the World, translated with introduction and notes by F. de W. Bolman, jr., New York: Columbia University Press (1967); also in The Abyss of Freedom/Ages of the World, trans. Judith Norman, with an essay by Slavoj Žižek, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press (1997).
"Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrake" (1815) as Schelling's Treatise on 'The Deities of Samothrace', a translation and introduction by R. F. Brown, Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press (1977).
Darstellung des philosophischen Empirismus (Nachlass) (1830).
Philosophie der Mythologie (lecture) (1842).
Philosophie der Offenbarung (lecture) (1854).
Zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie (probably 1833–4) as On the History of Modern Philosophy, translation and introduction by A. Bowie, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1994).
Collected works in German
See also
History of aesthetics before the 20th century
Nondualism
Perennial philosophy
Notes
References
Further reading
Golan, Zev (2007), God, Man and Nietzsche, NY: iUniverse. (The second chapter, listed as "A dialogue between Schelling, Luria and Maimonides", examines the similarities between Schelling's texts and the Kabbalah; it also offers a religious interpretation of Schelling's identity philosophy.)
Tilliette, Xavier (1970), Schelling: une philosophie en devenir, two volumes, Paris: Vrin. (Encyclopedic historical account of the development of Schelling's work: stronger on general exposition and on theology than on Schelling's philosophical arguments.)
Tilliette, Xavier (1999), Schelling'', biographie, Calmann-Lévy, collection "La vie des philosophes".
External links
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, 1807
Watson, John, 1847–1939, 1882
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling by Saitya Brata Das in Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2011
Links to texts
Category:1775 births
Category:1854 deaths
Category:People from Leonberg
Category:People from the Duchy of Württemberg
Category:German Lutherans
Category:German untitled nobility
Category:German male writers
Category:19th-century Protestants
Category:19th-century German philosophers
Category:18th-century German writers
Category:19th-century German writers
Category:Writers from Baden-Württemberg
Category:Lutheran philosophers
Category:Continental philosophers
Category:German idealism
Category:Natural philosophers
Category:Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Category:Romanticism
Category:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg faculty
Category:University of Jena faculty
Category:Leipzig University alumni
Category:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
Category:University of Würzburg faculty
Category:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
Category:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Category:Spinoza scholars
Category:Spinozist philosophers
Category:Neo-Spinozism |
/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
/*
* This file is part of the LibreOffice project.
*
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
*
* This file incorporates work covered by the following license notice:
*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed
* with this work for additional information regarding copyright
* ownership. The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache
* License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file
* except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 .
*/
#ifndef __com_sun_star_sheet_TableConditionalFormat_idl__
#define __com_sun_star_sheet_TableConditionalFormat_idl__
#include <com/sun/star/sheet/XSheetConditionalEntries.idl>
#include <com/sun/star/container/XNameAccess.idl>
#include <com/sun/star/container/XEnumerationAccess.idl>
module com { module sun { module star { module sheet {
/** represents a collection of conditional formatting settings for a
cell or cell range.
<p>The style of the first fulfilled condition (in index order) will
be applied to the cell(s).</p>
@see com::sun::star::sheet::SheetCell
@see com::sun::star::sheet::SheetCellRange
@see com::sun::star::sheet::SheetCellRanges
*/
published service TableConditionalFormat
{
/** provides methods to insert and remove conditions and to access
the condition via index.
@see com::sun::star::sheet::TableConditionalEntry
*/
interface com::sun::star::sheet::XSheetConditionalEntries;
/** provides methods to access the condition via name.
<p>The name of a condition is "Entry", followed by its index
(i.e. Entry0, Entry1, ...).</p>
@see com::sun::star::sheet::TableConditionalEntry
*/
interface com::sun::star::container::XNameAccess;
/** creates an enumeration of all conditional entries.
@see com::sun::star::sheet::TableConditionalEntryEnumeration
*/
interface com::sun::star::container::XEnumerationAccess;
/** provides methods to access the contained conditional entries by index.
@see com::sun::star::sheet::TableConditionalEntry
*/
interface com::sun::star::container::XIndexAccess;
};
}; }; }; };
#endif
/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */
|
Urban, low-income, African American light smokers: perceptions of cessation counseling.
Nine focus groups (N = 57), which included a demographic survey, were conducted to evaluate urban, low-income, African American light smokers' experiences of cessation counseling. Chi-squared and independent t-tests were run to analyze survey data. Participants with a self-reported co-morbidity were more likely than participants without a co-morbidity to have been asked about quitting, and advised to quit. Fewer than half of all participants reported recommendations to use cessation pharmacotherapy, try a quit smoking program, or have a follow-up. Qualitative analysis revealed three focus group themes: (1) health provider as information source; (2) unsatisfactory counseling; and (3) mistrust of physician-prescribed pharmacotherapy. Participants expressed frustration regarding receiving inadequate counseling for smoking cessation since they viewed health providers as the most trusted source for health information. Findings demonstrate the need for further study of cessation counseling among urban, low-income, African American light smokers, particularly those with co-morbidities. |
Peter Thiel’s Palantir Saw Coronavirus Coming. Now It Braces for the Impact - mrosett
https://www.wsj.com/articles/peter-thiels-palantir-saw-coronavirus-coming-now-it-braces-for-the-impact-11587461402
======
leroy_masochist
Thiel has by far the strongest relationship with Trump of any prominent tech
person, so I'm quite surprised that Palantir hasn't been more front and center
to the government's whole COVID response.
Especially given that Trump's brain appears to be wired to try to impress
people with "look at all the high-quality people I have working for
me"....Karp is at his best when he plays the eccentric, slightly disheveled
hacker-genius to large crowds of credulous non-engineers. Would be a perfect
fit to put him in the daily briefing mix.
------
nerdinja
That paywall, though.
|
The federal government is reversing course and will allow a group of roughly 1,000 sick illegal migrants to keep getting U.S. medical treatment.
The reversal is a partial win for Joe Biden, who has begun claiming President Donald Trump’s deputies are trying to cruelly “unplug” sick children.
The reversal came Monday via an announcement by the citizenship agency, which said it would restart processing requests for “deferred action.”
The requests are made by illegals seeking to defer their legal deportation so that they or their children can keep getting medical treatment. The agency said:
Today, U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services [USCIS] announced it will reopen non-military deferred action cases that were pending on August 7. Letters will be sent this week re-opening all cases that were pending on August 7. On August 7, USCIS stopped its consideration of deferred action for non-military requestors. At that time, USCIS sent out letters informing those who had requested deferred action that USCIS was no longer entertaining such requests. Deferred action is a discretionary determination to defer the deportation of an individual who is illegally present in the United States as an act of prosecutorial discretion on a case-by-case basis. Those denied requests that were pending on August 7 did not have removal orders pending, and have not been targeted for deportation. While limiting USCIS’ role in deferred action is appropriate, USCIS will complete the caseload that was pending on August 7.
The statement suggests that the USCIS will not accept future requests from illegals to stay in the United States for medical treatment. Also, a plan to transfer the deferred action requests to the ICE enforcement agency appears to have been dropped.
The reversal weakens the emotional argument being made by Biden and by many media outlets. For example, in a campaign speech in Rock Hill, South Carolina, Biden said:
Everyone from the ACLU to all the human right groups are trying to change what is happening. [Officials are] literally giving notice to these families that they’ve got to unplug their kids and get them out of hospitals and take them out of America. [When] has that ever happened in the United States? We’re 300,000,000-plus people and the idea that we can’t tolerate saving the lives — or trying to help save the lives — of hundreds of children in deep need is just wrong. It is wrong. It has to stop. Like so many others have said, cruelty is the point here. It is their only point, It all the have to run on — fear, anger, division, cruelty. So this can’t just be a [presidential] campaign about Donald Trump, it has to become a movement.
Joe Biden says Trump's deputies are forcing parents to "unplug their kids" from hospital beds. Actually, USCIS is drawing painful lines on 'medical tourism' by distraught & decent foreign parents, whose numbers will rise to exceed any plausible generosity. https://t.co/X5c9F3n2v6 — Neil Munro (@NeilMunroDC) August 29, 2019
Biden’s claim is politically effective, partly because the pro-Democrat media is channeling interview with the sick children and their distraught parents into the 2020 election.
The August 29 issue of the New York Times reported:
The “dramatic breakthrough” that came from the trial has helped people with the disease live longer than 30 years, he said. Before the drug, they rarely survived past 20. It has been 16 years since Ms. [Maria Isabel] Bueso [from Guatemala] began receiving weekly four- to six-hour infusions of the drug, Naglazyme, at the hospital. She has built a productive life despite the crippling disease. Last year, she graduated summa cum laude from California State University, East Bay, where she worked with the school to start a scholarship for students with rare diseases. She has traveled and made presentations to lawmakers on behalf of people with rare diseases.
“A life hangs in the balance,” said MNBC’s Lawrence O’Donnell.
In Boston, WBUR presented a patient named Jonathan Sanchez:
One of the center’s clients, 16-year-old Jonathan Sanchez, has a pending request with USCIS and fears his request will be denied given the procedural change. Sanchez, who was born in Honduras, was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis as a baby, after his parents sent blood samples to the U.S. His father, Gary Sanchez, told WBUR he already lost a daughter to the disease 18 years ago. “Before my son, we had a daughter with cystic fibrosis, but she died in our country, since, in our country, there are no medical specialists or centers specialized in cystic fibrosis,” he said.
One heart-wrenching example of the human cost of President Trump's anti-immigrant agenda: A child who is an American citizen is fighting leukemia all by herself in North Carolina, because the government won't let her mom cross the border to be with her.https://t.co/S4cgJaVjAA — ACLU (@ACLU) August 27, 2019
The Associated Press offered images:
Sirlen Costa, of Brazil, holds her son Samuel, 5, as her niece Danyelle Sales, right, looks on during a news conference, Monday, Aug. 26, 2019, in Boston. Costa brought her son to the United States seeking treatment for his short bowel syndrome. Doctors and immigrant advocates say federal immigration authorities are unfairly ordering foreign born children granted deferred action for medical treatment to return to their countries.
The Boston Globe displayed Marie and her 13-year-old son, saying:
They were visiting Boston in 2013 when the boy fell ill. He was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, a genetic condition for which he’s been treated at Boston Medical Center. She filed for medical deferred action almost immediately and they were approved in 2017. The status, valid for two years, meant she could get a work permit and he would be granted MassHealth and afford access to life-saving care. She is required to bring him into BMC for monitoring every two months; otherwise acute problems might arise that can result in brain damage or kidney failure, she said. Last week, Marie got a denial letter from US Citizenship and Immigration Services after filing for a renewal. They were instructed to leave within 33 days or else risk deportation.
“The lede story that I really want to focus on tonight is really very difficult,” said MSNBC’s Rachel Maddow on August 29.
Few media outlets outlined the growing dilemma of migrants who are seeking to use Americans’ healthcare systems to treat their deadly cancers, heart ailments, or diabetes.
But the top-ranked comment in the New York Times‘ article was posted by “Via” in New York:
This is a sad case, but an oversimplification of the current system as it exists for care for millions of illegal immigrants. As a medical provider, I have seen innumerable cases of illegal immigrants who fly over on a pretense tourist visa specifically to get cancer care because it’s free if you show up to a hospital. These patients end up getting chemotherapy that cost millions of dollars and are enrolled onto state sponsored medical insurance indefinitely. As a physician I treat all these patients because it is my duty. But I frequently ask if this is equitable system whereby poorer or middle class US citizens have the burden of paying in part or a total of their care while illegal immigrants cheat the system and get care free. As a legal immigrant with sick family members in my native country, is it right for me to fly them here on a tourist visa for treatment not available at home. I wish NYT articles were more evidence based, bigger picture discussions than tear jerking articles, which I see too often in reporting on issues of illegal immigration. As I read the commentary by NYT readers, I also see more emotions displayed than true discussion, and wonder how many actually know the bigger picture and reality of the burden of providing health care to the >11 million illegal immigrants, as is also the case in our school systems (previously reported by the NYT.
Many millions of foreigners see considerable incentives to use small legal loopholes to live in the United States. For example, Congress unanimously passed a law in 2008 to help foreign girls who were trafficked for prostitution into the United States. Since 2011, at least 200,000 migrants children and youths from Central America — including many MS-13 gang members — have used that law to get into and stay in the United States.
So-called “health tourism” is a growing problem in the United Kingdom where sick people can enroll themselves in British hospitals for taxpayer-funded care once they get past customs officials. Breitbart News reported in June:
Health tourism is believed to cost British taxpayers between £200 million and £2 billion every year. However, Dr Jackie Appleby, who proposed the motion, calls the millions — and potentially billions — of annual lost healthcare funding “peanuts in the grand scheme of things”. Dr Duried Syad Ali, who opposed the motion, warned that “Accepting this motion is sending the wrong message to the world, inviting everyone to free health care,” while Dr George Rae said: “The message coming from the BMA is… get on the plane, get on the boat because you will get treatment on the NHS for nothing.”
In California, Democrats have pushed for rules allowing illegal migrants to receive free taxpayer healthcare. In June, Breitbart News reported:
The Democrat-dominated legislature of California has approved a plan to spend $213 billion in state and federal tax dollars on free healthcare for illegal immigrants. The new plan would allow low-income illegals making about $17,000 a year between 19 and 25 years of age to join California’s Medicaid program, KHOU reported. Democrats estimate that at least 90,000 illegal aliens would immediately qualify for the benefits at the cost of $98 million a year. The new plan also makes California the first U.S. state to give illegals free healthcare. |
761 P.2d 1245 (1988)
114 Idaho 893
In the Matter of the Suspension of the Driver's License of: David George HETH, DL OR SS# XXX-XX-XXXX.
David George HETH, Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
STATE of Idaho, Respondent.
No. 17250.
Court of Appeals of Idaho.
September 6, 1988.
Frederick G. Loats, Coeur d'Alene, for petitioner-appellant.
Jim Jones, Atty. Gen. by David R. Minert, Deputy Atty. Gen., Boise, for respondent.
PER CURIAM.
David Heth appeals from a district court decision upholding a magistrate's order suspending his driver's license for 120 days because he refused a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test. We are presented with two issues: (1) whether the magistrate abused his discretion in refusing to grant a second continuance of the license suspension hearing; and (2) whether I.C. § 18-8002 unconstitutionally places the burden on the motorist, in license suspension hearings, to demonstrate good cause for refusal. For reasons explained below, we affirm the district court's decision.
Heth was stopped by an officer of the Coeur d'Alene Police Department on suspicion of driving under the influence. After Heth failed several field sobriety tests, the officer asked him to submit to a BAC test. The officer read a form advising Heth that if he refused to take the test his license could be suspended for 120 days. Heth refused the test. The officer then seized Heth's license and issued him a thirty-day temporary permit pursuant to I.C. § 18-8002(4)(a).
Subsequently, Heth exercised his right under I.C. § 18-8002(4)(b) to request a hearing on why he had refused to take the test. However, Heth's counsel also requested a continuance of the hearing due to a scheduling conflict. The continuance was granted and another hearing date was set. Heth failed to appear personally at the rescheduled hearing. His counsel did appear and informed the court that Heth was out of the state on a pressing business matter. Counsel requested a second continuance. The motion was denied and the *1246 court entered an order summarily suspending Heth's license for 120 days. Heth appealed to the district court, which affirmed. This appeal followed.
We first discuss Heth's challenge to the magistrate's refusal to grant a second continuance. Heth contends that his request should have been granted because his absence from court was for reasonable cause and because the state would not have been prejudiced by the additional delay. In fact, he notes that the state did not object to his request. However, the lack of objection is not dispositive.
A motion for a continuance is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court. Ordinarily, an appellate court will not interfere with the trial court's ruling. See, e.g., Robinson v. United States, 718 F.2d 336 (10th Cir.1983). As noted above, the motion in the present case was not made until the outset of the aborted hearing. Tardiness of a motion may constitute a sufficient ground for refusing a continuance. See generally 9 C. WRIGHT & A. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 2352 (1971). A party's unavailability for business reasons is not usually a sufficiently compelling reason for granting a tardily requested continuance. See, e.g., Melton v. Maritime Overseas Corp., 432 F.2d 108 (4th Cir.1970) (plaintiff, a merchant seaman who left the country aboard ship shortly before trial and whose counsel orally requested a continuance on day of trial, was not entitled to a continuance).
In the present case, had Heth not requested a show cause hearing the magistrate would have been required without further consideration to suspend Heth's license upon receipt of a sworn statement from a law enforcement officer. See I.M.C.R. 9.2(a), (b). Furthermore, one continuance already had been granted. Incidentally, we note that I.C. § 18-8002 since has been amended to allow only one continuance in show-cause proceedings. The clear legislative intent behind the license suspension scheme is to determine the status of driving privileges as swiftly as possible after a BAC test is refused. We discern no abuse of discretion in the magistrate's decision to refuse a second continuance.
Heth next asserts that I.C. § 18-8002(4)(b) is unconstitutional because it unfairly allocates to the motorist the burden of demonstrating good cause for refusing a BAC test. The state responds and, indeed, Heth explicitly concedes in his brief on appeal that this issue is being raised for the first time before this Court.
Ordinarily, an appellate court will not consider substantive issues raised for the first time on appeal. Standards of Appellate Review in State and Federal Courts, § 3.5.1, IDAHO APPELLATE HANDBOOK (Idaho Law Foundation, Inc. 1985). Exceptions to this rule exist when the error is jurisdictional or where the doctrine of "fundamental error" applies. Under this doctrine, which applies to criminal cases, an appellate court will examine a claim of error for the first time on appeal if it is shown that the error so profoundly affected the appellant's substantial rights that he was denied a fair trial. State v. Williams, 103 Idaho 635, 651 P.2d 569 (Ct.App. 1982).
Here, we deem it clear that any issue regarding burden of proof is not jurisdictional. With respect to the doctrine of "fundamental error," it might be argued that although license suspension proceedings are civil (administrative) in nature, they are so closely related in subject matter to a criminal prosecution that the doctrine should be applied. However, we need not resolve that question today. In our view, the doctrine is inapplicable for another reason. Heth does not contend that any error produced a hearing that was unfair. Indeed, there was no hearing because, as we have discussed, Heth failed to appear. Moreover, even if a hearing had been held in Heth's absence, and if the state had merely relied upon the existing record to show that the BAC test was refused without apparent cause, such a showing would have gone unrefuted by Heth. Consequently, Heth has not established that he was actually prejudiced by the statutory allocation of the burden of proof. A person has no standing to challenge the constitutionality of a statute unless he demonstrates *1247 that he has been adversely affected by it. E.g., State v. Curtis, 106 Idaho 483, 680 P.2d 1383 (Ct.App. 1984).
Accordingly, the decision of the district court, upholding the magistrate's order, is AFFIRMED.
|
Any footage of Trump’s off-air ‘Apprentice’ talk under wraps
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — Footage from Donald Trump’s appearances on the set of his long-running reality TV show “The Apprentice” remained locked away from public view on Saturday, despite allegations by cast and crew that the Republican presidential nominee frequently used lewd and sexist language while shooting the show.
The Associated Press again attempted to contact the executive producer of “The Apprentice,” Mark Burnett, after Friday’s release of a separate recording on which the Republican presidential nominee brags about aggressively groping women.
That separate recording of Trump was made in 2005 by a different show, “Access Hollywood,” as Trump prepared to appear on a soap opera.
Trump’s “Access Hollywood” comments led to widespread condemnation, with several Republican members of Congress calling on Trump to abandon his White House campaign.
In a video posted after midnight, Trump apologized, but also call the recordings a distraction. He told a pair of newspapers on Saturday he would never quite the race.
“Access Hollywood” said Friday it was an AP story published Monday about Trump’s frequent use of lewd and sexist language as host of “The Apprentice” that led it to dig through its archives and turn up “Access Hollywood” footage of the Republican nominee.
AP had previously asked “The Apprentice” producer, Burnett, to provide the original “The Apprentice” footage for review earlier this year. Those calls were not returned.
On Friday, AP contacted NBC, which broadcast “The Apprentice.” The network said it could not legally release any footage and referred calls to the producer, Burnett.
Contacted before the publication of this week’s AP report, NBC spokeswoman Rebecca Marks said the network only had licensed “The Apprentice” footage from Burnett. She said Friday she did not know if NBC had any footage from “The Apprentice” in storage, but that if it did, NBC could not legally release any of it.
“We don’t have the legal right to give out the footage from that show,” the NBC spokeswoman said.
Burnett’s office would not take messages Friday afternoon and directed calls to a public relations firm, which did not return multiple calls from the AP requesting comment and access to unedited footage and audio files from “The Apprentice.” Burnett’s office made the same referral last week when AP sought reaction to its original story about Trump’s behavior on the set of “The Apprentice.”
“I’m just answering their phones. They’re all out to lunch. Can you call later?” said a woman who answered the phones Friday afternoon at Burnett’s office.
A former crew member on “The Apprentice,” who spoke on condition of anonymity after signing a non-disclosure agreement, said Friday that Burnett guarded the show’s footage carefully, at the time it was being produced, to prevent spoilers that would reveal in advance which contestant had won the competition reality show.
“‘The Apprentice’ footage was super vaulted stuff, to keep it from getting into anyone’s hands,” said the former crew member. “The game-show aspect meant that the footage was locked down super securely.”
AP reported Monday that during his years hosting “The Apprentice,” Trump repeatedly demeaned women with sexually tinged comments, rated female contestants by their breast size and commented about which ones he would like to have sex with. He made one such comment less than a year after marrying his third wife, Melania, in January 2005.
Because of the silence from Burnett and his representatives, it could not be determined which, if any, of the incidents described by former contestants and crew in the AP story had been recorded or occurred when cameras were not operating. It also could not be ascertained if any comments that could have been recorded still exist in an archive.
Burnett, an Emmy winner, is a British-born television producer based in Los Angeles. In December, he was named president of MGM Television and Digital Group. In addition to “The Apprentice,” Burnett has produced the popular programs “The Voice,” ”Shark Tank,” and “Survivor,” as well as cable miniseries. In his MGM role, he also oversees several scripted cable programs.
“The Apprentice” debuted in January 2004 and ran for 14 seasons, some within the same year and some as “The Celebrity Apprentice.” Trump and NBC parted company in 2015 after Trump made comments about Mexican immigrants that network executives deemed racist.
An extension of the program, called “The New Celebrity Apprentice,” will debut in January with Arnold Schwarzenegger as new host.
The Trump campaign previously issued a general denial to the statements attributed to Trump in the AP story.
The “Access Hollywood” footage was first posted Friday by The Washington Post and NBC News. |
# Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
# Licensed under the MIT License.
from http import HTTPStatus
from aiohttp import web
from aiohttp.web import Request, Response, json_response
from botbuilder.core import (
BotFrameworkAdapterSettings,
ConversationState,
MemoryStorage,
UserState,
)
from botbuilder.core.integration import aiohttp_error_middleware
from botbuilder.schema import Activity
from botframework.connector.auth import AuthenticationConfiguration
from authentication import AllowedCallersClaimsValidator
from bots import SkillBot
from config import DefaultConfig
from dialogs import ActivityRouterDialog, DialogSkillBotRecognizer
from skill_adapter_with_error_handler import AdapterWithErrorHandler
CONFIG = DefaultConfig()
# Create MemoryStorage, UserState and ConversationState
MEMORY = MemoryStorage()
USER_STATE = UserState(MEMORY)
CONVERSATION_STATE = ConversationState(MEMORY)
# Create adapter.
# See https://aka.ms/about-bot-adapter to learn more about how bots work.
VALIDATOR = AllowedCallersClaimsValidator(CONFIG).claims_validator
SETTINGS = BotFrameworkAdapterSettings(
CONFIG.APP_ID,
CONFIG.APP_PASSWORD,
auth_configuration=AuthenticationConfiguration(claims_validator=VALIDATOR),
)
ADAPTER = AdapterWithErrorHandler(SETTINGS, CONVERSATION_STATE)
# Create the Bot
RECOGNIZER = DialogSkillBotRecognizer(CONFIG)
ROUTER = ActivityRouterDialog(RECOGNIZER)
BOT = SkillBot(CONVERSATION_STATE, ROUTER)
# Listen for incoming requests on /api/messages
async def messages(req: Request) -> Response:
# Main bot message handler.
if "application/json" in req.headers["Content-Type"]:
body = await req.json()
else:
return Response(status=HTTPStatus.UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE)
activity = Activity().deserialize(body)
auth_header = req.headers["Authorization"] if "Authorization" in req.headers else ""
invoke_response = await ADAPTER.process_activity(activity, auth_header, BOT.on_turn)
if invoke_response:
return json_response(data=invoke_response.body, status=invoke_response.status)
return Response(status=HTTPStatus.OK)
APP = web.Application(middlewares=[aiohttp_error_middleware])
APP.router.add_post("/api/messages", messages)
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
web.run_app(APP, host="localhost", port=CONFIG.PORT)
except Exception as error:
raise error
|
Dorsal root ganglia, sodium channels, and fibromyalgia sympathetic pain.
Fibromyalgia (FM) is the most frequent cause of generalized pain in the community. Trauma and infection are frequent FM triggering events. A consistent line of investigation suggests that autonomic dysfunction may explain the multi-system features of FM, and that FM is a sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain syndrome. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are potential sympathetic-nociceptive short-circuit sites. Sodium channels located in DRG (particularly Nav1.7) act as molecular gatekeepers of pain detection at peripheral nociceptors. Different infecting agents may lie dormant in DGR. Trauma or infection can induce neuroplasticity with an over-expression of sympathetic fibers and sodium channels in DRG. Nerve growth factor (NGF) mediates these phenotypic changes, which enable catecholamines and/or sympathetic impulses to activate nociceptors. Several DRG sodium "channelopathies" have been recently associated to rare painful-dysautonomic syndromes, such as primary erythermalgia and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (formerly familial rectal pain syndrome). We propose that enhanced DRG excitability may play a key role in FM pain. Individuals at risk would be those with genetically determined sympathetic hyperactivity, or those with inherent sodium channelopathies. Today's stressful environment may contribute to permanent sympathetic hyperactivity. Trauma or infection would induce sodium channels up-regulation and sympathetic sprouting in DRG through NGF over-expression. High levels of NGF have been reported in the cerebro-spinal fluid of FM patients. These post-traumatic (or post-infective) phenotypic changes would induce a sympathetically maintained neuropathic pain syndrome resulting in widespread pain, allodynia and paresthesias - precisely, the key clinical features of FM. If this hypothesis proves to be true, then sodium channel blockers could become therapeutic options for FM pain. |
47 F.3d 423
In Matter of Richard K. Howard*
NO. 93-04241
United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.
Jan 24, 1995
Appeal From: W.D.La., No. 91-CV-2696
1
DISMISSED.
*
Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 5th Cir.R. 34.2
|
Q:
Assigning a setTimeout function to a Vue method
I have currently assigned a setTimeout function to a Vue method and I want to use clearTimeout for this function. Is that possible? If so, how can I do this?
methods: {
timeoutController() {
setTimeout(function() {
this.controllerShown = false;
}, 3000);
}
....
A:
new Vue({
el: '#app',
data: {
timer: null
},
methods: {
startTimer () {
this.timer = setTimeout(() => {
console.log("execute me")
}, 3000)
},
// If you kill the timer before setTimeout callback has been executed the callback wont get executed
killTimer () {
if (this.timer) {
clearTimeout(this.timer)
}
}
}
})
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vue/2.5.17/vue.js"></script>
<div id="app">
<button @click="startTimer()">start</button>
<button @click="killTimer()">kill</button>
</div>
|
Evaluation of the determinants of flow-mediated radial artery vasodilatation in humans.
The relative importance of the early peak response during hyperaemia and of the duration of the hyperaemic phase (t1/2: blood flow velocity half time and AUCt1/2: area under the curve of flow velocity at t1/2) in the magnitude of the flow-dependent vasodilatation of the radial artery was determined in humans. Radial artery diameter was measured continuously in 18 healthy volunteers using an echo-tracking system coupled to a Doppler device for the measurement of the radial blood flow. In 9 subjects, arterial parameters were measured at baseline and during 3 hyperaemic tests performed after 2, 5 or 10 minutes of ischaemia. Reproducibility of the measured parameters was studied in 9 other subjects. Radial artery diameter, AUCt1/2 and t1/2 increased proportionally with the duration of ischaemia. In contrast, the peak flow response was already maximal after 5 minutes of ischaemia. The regression analysis showed that the best fit model after stepwise analysis only included t1/2 (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). There was no correlation between the peak flow values and the duration of hyperaemia (r = 0.29, p = 0.14). These results demonstrate that conduit arteries postischaemic flow-dependent vasodilatation in humans is both determined by the peak value and by the duration of the hyperaemic phase and suggest that these two components must be considered when comparing this index of NO release between different groups of subjects. |
Spinning Unemployment in a Collapsing Empire
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported Friday that the economy gained only 103,000 new jobs in December—not enough to keep up with population growth—but the rate of unemployment (U.3) fell from 9.8% to 9.4%. If you are confused by the report, you are among the many.
Why does the media focus on the unemployment measure that does not count any discouraged workers?
In truth, what fell was not the number of unemployed people but the number of unemployed people who are actively looking for work. Those who have become discouraged and have ceased looking for work are not considered to be in the work force and are not counted as unemployed in the U.3 measure. The unemployment rate fell because discouraged workers increased, not because employment rose.
The BLS counts short-term discouraged workers (less than one year) in its U.6 measure of unemployment. That unemployment rate is 16.7%. When statistician John Williams (shadowstats.com) adds the long-term discouraged, the US unemployment rate as of December 2010 was 22.4%.
The question to ask yourself is: why does the media focus on the unemployment measure that does not count any discouraged workers? The answer is that the U.3 measurement only counts 42% of the unemployed and makes the situation appear to be a lot better than it is.
Where are the 103,000 new jobs? As I have reported for years, the jobs are in non-tradable domestic services: waitresses and bar tenders, health care and social assistance (primarily ambulatory health care services), and retail and wholesale trade.
Today the United States has only 11,670,000 manufacturing jobs, less than 9% of total jobs. Yet, despite America’s heavy dependence on foreign manufactures and foreign creditors, the idiots in Washington think that they are a superpower standing astride the world like a colossus.
John Williams reports that “the level of payroll employment still stands below where it was a decade ago, despite the U.S.population growing by more than 10% in the same period. The structural impairments to U.S. economic activity continue to constrain normal commercial activity, preventing any meaningful recovery in business activity.”
Another way of saying this is that American corporations have taken American jobs offshore and given them to the Chinese. So much for big business patriotism.
Williams also reports that, unless it is finagled, next month’s BLS benchmark revision of payroll employment data will lower the level of previously reported employment by more than 500,000.
But how is the government to get its budget under control? The U.S. government, regardless of political party or president, is committed to American hegemony over the world. The Congress has just passed the largest military budget in history, and there is no indication that any of America’s wars and military occupations are near an end.
A d v e r t i s e m e n t
{openx:49}
The financial crisis is not over, with more foreclosures and more losses for the financial sector that will result in more taxpayer bailouts for those “too big to fail.” John Williams says that the double-dip is already happening, just disguised by faulty statistics, and that the deficit implications are horrendous and are likely to result in hyperinflation as the Federal Reserve will have to monetize the otherwise un-financeable deficits.
The dollar is also in danger, its role as reserve currency undermined by the Federal Reserve’s creation of more and more dollars. Temporarily, the dollar is buttressed by the grief that Wall Street’s sale of fraudulent derivative financial instruments to Europe has caused the euro.
The Republicans will try to destroy Social Security and Medicare in order to pay for wars and bailouts. If Americans are capable of realizing that they are threatened on a much greater level by the Republicans’ evisceration of the social safety net than they are by terrorists, the Republican assault on what they call “the welfare state” will fail.
The fallback target will be private pensions, assuming any survive plunder by the Wall Street investment banks. Pension funds could be required to invest in Treasury debt or they could face a levy. In the Clinton administration, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Alicia Munnell proposed confiscating 15% of all pension assets on the grounds that they had accumulated tax free. Certainly Washington will steal Americans’ pensions, just as Washington has stolen Americans’ civil liberties, in order to continue the empire’s wars of hegemony.
Increasingly, the rest of the world views America as the single source of its financial and political woes. While the superpower massacres Muslims in the Middle East and Central Asia, people in the rest of the world have learned from WikiLeaks that the U.S. government manipulates, bribes, threatens, and deceives other governments in order to have those governments serve the U.S. government’s interest at the expense of the interests of their own peoples.
The American Imperial Empire rests on puppet governments that are increasingly distrusted and hated by the peoples under their rule. Like the Soviet Union’s Eastern European empire, the American Empire is ruled not directly but through puppet states.
Puppet governments are caught between the empire’s power and the power of the local population. To the extent that Europeans have a moral conscience, they will find America’s foreign policy increasingly repugnant. To the extent that Muslim solidarity grows, the Muslim puppet governments that support America’s and Israel’s massacres of Muslims will find themselves threatened from within.
The American Empire is on the rocks, despite its vast arsenal of nuclear weapons and its control over the foreign and domestic policies of its subservient puppet states in Western and Eastern Europe, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, parts of Africa, the Middle East, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, the Baltic states, Georgia, Kosovo, Mexico, Central America, Columbia, and, no doubt, others.
A country that is the font of war and oppression, whose dominance rests on the weak reed of puppet states, and whose economy is collapsing will not long remain dominant.
Paul Craig Roberts [email him] was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury during President Reagan’s first term. He was Associate Editor of the Wall Street Journal. He has held numerous academic appointments, including the William E. Simon Chair, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, and Senior Research Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
NEWSLETTER SIGN UP
Get the latest breaking news & specials from Alex Jones and the Infowars Crew.
The Infowars Life Silver Bullet Colloidal Silver is finally here following Alex's extensive search for a powerful colloidal silver product that is both free of artificial additives and utilizes high quality processes to ensure for a truly unique product that has applications for both preparedness and regular use. |
VaporFi Bolt Tank Accessories
There’s no finer way to feel in control (and powerful) than to build the stylish VaporFi Bolt RDA (rebuildable dripping atomizer), and particularly if you have the right tools and accessories in place. Not sure how RDA works or what it does? It’s an atomizer that directly drips liquid on the e-cig coil or wick. It, however, doesn’t hold muchliquid at a single time. An RDA is simple to make. It’s even easier to change its wicks and coils. And its Ohm output is highly customizable.
The VaporFi Bolt RDA boasts extreme performance, and that’s why building this thing from scratch yourself is such an honor and perhaps a total pleasure. The good thing about this RDA is highly customizable. It even gives you that hands-on feel you’re looking for when crafting it. Nothing quite compares to getting hold of the Bolt RDAand the intimate knowledge of knowing you can build one for yourself is pure bliss. All you need is VaporFi Bolt Tank accessories, and voila!
What’s included in the Bolt Tank accessory kit?
Four O-rings
Three post screws with a diameter of 20mm
One screwdriver and
Silica wick
Crafting the Bolt RDA requires a high level of performance and these accessories will help you do just that. To help keep things firm and ideally secure when crafting VaporFi Bolt RDA, you’ll need to employ the use of the three 20mm diameter post screws. This helps in trapping the lead coils securely in place. It’s not rocket science, building the Bolt. You just need to be precise and use proper VaporFi Bolt Tank accessories to get the job done. It’s that simple!
Surgical precision is required when crafting the Bolt because making mistakes is not an option. That’s why only advanced vapers are likely to build the Bolt themselves. Anyway, creating and modifying the Bolt is a total breeze thanks to the screwdriver, which is purposely designed for the Bolt. Once everything is in place, you fit the O-rings seeing as they help keep things securely leak-free. VaporFi Bolt tank accessories make things easier and most importantly, precise.
If you’re a VaporFi Bolt RDA enthusiast, you should operate it with a surgical precision much like how it is designed, with utmost precision. These accessories are specially designed for getting the Bolt ready for an impressiveperformance, and also to fine tune it for better vaping. If you want to vape your way to Nirvana, better get the VaporFi Bolt Tank accessories to help you do just that. You’ll get value for money and a finished Bolt that’s ready to bolt you to vaping bliss.
If you’re a beginner or an average vaper who doesn’t have an extensive knowledge of how to use a meter, or when it’s used or how e-cigarettes work, you shouldn’t use RDAs and in particular the Bolt. Why? It’s a mere province for the experts. Period! |
Scandinaviandetails Home Room
Lena Bergström is a Swedish designer of both textiles and glass, whose clean but soft lines display strong confidence in expression. She is a recipient of numerous Excellent Swedish Design Awards for her inspirational work with Designers. Her 100% felt Wall comes in two different sizes; 57" x 50" and 69" x 50". It is a flexible screen system with sound absorbing wadding that rolls up for easy storage. Magnetic vertical edges link together, making it possible to reshape a room or space completely.
Available in anthracite, medium grey, silver grey, red, and blue. |
Fiontán Ó Curraoin
Fiontán Ó Curraoin (born August 29, 1992 in Galway) is an Irish Gaelic footballer from Galway. Ó Curraoin plays his club football with Míchael Breathnach inter-county football for Galway GAA since 2011.
Ó Curraoin was a key part of Galway GAA's Under 21 All-Ireland triumph of 2011 and 2013.
He won the Sigerson Cup with DCU in 2012.
Honours
Inter-county
2 Connacht Under-21 Football Championship (2011, 2013)
2 All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship (2011, 2013)
References
Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Galway inter-county Gaelic footballers
Category:DCU Gaelic footballers |
Engebret Café
Engebret Café is a restaurant located at Bankplassen 1 in downtown Oslo, Norway. The food is based on exclusive (but expensive) Norwegian cuisine. The building housing the cafe dates from around 1760 and is listed and protected by law by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.
History
Engebret Café is the oldest restaurant in continuous operation in Oslo. The restaurant is named after its founder Engebret Christoffersen, who started the restaurant in 1848. The restaurant was at first located in Rådhusgata 11, but has stayed at the square Bankplassen since 1863.
Engebret Café has during the time it has existed, undergone very few changes. In 1921 it was hit by fire. A year later it opened it again and preserved its appearance. The restaurant is known for the famous artists who have frequented the restaurant, including Henrik Ibsen, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Edvard Grieg and Edvard Munch all of whom had regular tables there.
The best known of the employees have been Crown Princess Mette-Marit, who worked as a waitress at the restaurant in the late 1990s.
Gallery
References
Other sources
Noel Riley Fitch (2006) The Grand Literary Cafes of Europe (New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd, London)
Knut Are Tvedt (red): Oslo byleksikon, Kunnskapsforlaget 2010, p. 156 ,
Related reading
Peter Rosenkrantz Johnsen: Engebreth in "Folkebladet" (Magazine) No. 14. 31 July 1904. pages 210-213
External links
Official website
Category:Buildings and structures in Oslo
Category:Restaurants in Oslo
Category:1848 establishments in Norway
Category:Restaurants established in 1848 |
AUGUSTA, Maine — Gov. Paul LePage endorsed Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump on Friday, saying his bombastic style matches that of the billionaire businessman.
“I was Donald Trump before Donald Trump became popular, so I think I should support him since we’re one of the same cloth,” he told conservative radio host Howie Carr.
LePage’s endorsement came the same day New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie endorsed Trump. LePage backed Christie until he dropped out of the presidential race earlier this month, and the Maine governor said he hasn’t talked to Trump but discussed the endorsement with Christie.
The decision quickly gained national attention on Friday: Vox’s headline was “America’s Trumpiest governor just endorsed Donald Trump.”
Trump has run on anti-immigrant rhetoric, calling for a ban on Muslim travel to the U.S., and LePage gained national headlines in January when he made racially charged remarks about drug dealers. This month, he said asylum seekers bring “the ziki fly” — a malaprop reference to the mosquito-transmitted Zika virus — and other diseases to the country.
“I think that the governor has a habit of making outrageous and racist comments just like Donald Trump, so it’s a good matchup,” said Maine House Majority Leader Jeff McCabe, D-Skowhegan.
But eight days before the Maine Republican Party caucuses, that may not matter in Maine’s Republican base, where LePage is a popular figure and the presidential race is highly unsettled. LePage has a potent political machine that could sway undecided Republican voters toward Trump.
Few Republican elected officials in Maine have endorsed Trump, with most who have committed backing Sen. Marco Rubio of Florida or Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas.
Carr has asked LePage about Trump before: In January, LePage said that while Trump is “pushing in the right direction,” on issues including immigration, he doesn’t see how his ideas wouldn’t drive up the national debt, and earlier this month, Maine’s governor said he was “not a big fan” of Trump.
Before LePage, Trump’s best-known Maine backer was Lewiston Mayor Robert Macdonald.
U.S. Sen. Susan Collins, a moderate Republican, supported former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, who left the race after crushing defeats in Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina. U.S. Rep. Bruce Poliquin has not endorsed any presidential candidate.
Cruz got endorsements from several Maine legislators earlier this month. On Friday, Rubio announced the backing of former Maine Senate President Kevin Raye, Rep. Robert Nutting of Oakland, Sen. Amy Volk of Scarborough, former Maine Republican Party Chairman Charlie Webster and former House minority leader and lobbyist Josh Tardy.
LePage told Carr that he hoped Trump would visit Maine before the Republican caucuses on March 5. In advance of Maine’s Republican and Democratic caucuses on March 6, campaigns are sending surrogates to the state to stump for their candidates.
Donald Trump Jr. is expected to visit Maine to campaign for his father next week, and Olympic figure skating medalist Michelle Kwan will make campaign appearances Tuesday in Bangor, Augusta and Portland on behalf of Democratic frontrunner Hillary Clinton.
There has been little polling in the Maine race, but Trump was leading in a poll here conducted in September. Lance Dutson, a Republican strategist who formed Get Right Maine, a moderate group that has opposed LePage, said Trump was likely to do well in Maine regardless of LePage’s support because of the “angry base” both have cultivated.
He said he often sees Republicans complaining of Trump’s rise, but he wonders “where they were while LePage was making a mockery of the Maine political system for five years,” because it’s a similar phenomenon.
“It’s definitely a sad state of affairs both in Maine and nationally in the Republican Party,” Dutson said, “but I don’t see a whole lot of profiles in courage from the Republican rank and file to stand up against it.” |
Defense in Hudson family slayings: Case not proved
View full sizeAPJennifer Hudson has attended every day of the testimony
CHICAGO — The defense for the man accused of killing relatives of Jennifer Hudson told jurors Wednesday that prosecutors failed to prove their case, while a prosecutor countered that they had “overwhelming circumstantial evidence” linking him to the crime.
Prosecutor Jennifer Bagby insisted during her closing argument that Hudson’s former brother-in-law, William Balfour, is the killer and showed jurors photos of the victims’ bloody bodies juxtaposed with pictures of them alive.
“This defendant is the one that made (them) into these images,” Bagby said, glancing back at the photos.
Hudson, who attended every day of testimony in her former brother-in-law’s murder trial, bent forward, her head on her knee, and sobbed as Bagby described what she called “the execution” of Hudson’s mother, brother and 7-year-old nephew in October 2008.
The boy’s mother, Hudson’s sister Julia Hudson, fiddled nervously with a piece of string as Bagby described how her ex-husband allegedly shot her son, Jason King, whom she called Juice Box, through the head.
Balfour “left that innocent child to die in his own pool of blood,” covered by an old shower curtain, Bagby told jurors, who looked on intently, many of them taking notes.
Public defender Amy Thompson started her closing by pacing the room, walking up to Balfour and then toward the prosecution table, angrily pointing at the three state’s attorneys.
“They know as they sit there that they have failed to prove the case,” Thompson said almost at a shout.
“I am offended,” she went on, “that they would ask you to throw your logic away.”
During her closing, Bagby laid the alleged murder weapon, a silver and black .45 handgun, on a podium feet in front of the jury, and it clanged as it hit the wood.
She said gunshot residue from it was found on the steering wheel of Balfour’s green Chrysler. Bullets taken from the bodies were fired from the same gun, Bagby said.
“Make no mistake, there is physical evidence ... linking him to the murders,” she said. And, she added, “You have overwhelming circumstantial evidence.”
She took time to describe what circumstantial evidence is, saying it is everything short of a direct witness.
“Contrary to what you may have heard on television ... circumstantial evidence isn’t lesser evidence,” she said.
Prosecutors presented weeks of testimony, starting with Jennifer Hudson. She told jurors about the last time she saw her three family members alive and spoke endearingly about her nephew.
The defense called just two witnesses — two detectives who had testified earlier — in a bid to suggest investigators botched the triple-homicide investigation.
Balfour pleaded not guilty to three counts of first-degree murder. If convicted on all counts, he faces a mandatory life prison term.
Balfour and Julia Hudson were estranged but not yet divorced when the shootings occurred, and prosecution witnesses testified he threatened to kill the Hudson family dozens of times if Julia Hudson refused to reconcile with him.
Prosecutors say Balfour shot Hudson’s mother, Darnell Donerson, 57, in the living room of the Hudson family home Oct. 24, 2008, then shot Hudson’s 29-year-old brother, Jason Hudson, in the head as he lay in bed.
Balfour allegedly then abducted Jason and shot him as he lay behind a front seat of an SUV. His body was found in the abandoned vehicle miles away after a three-day search. |
// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#ifndef UI_APP_LIST_VIEWS_PAGE_SWITCHER_H_
#define UI_APP_LIST_VIEWS_PAGE_SWITCHER_H_
#include "base/basictypes.h"
#include "ui/app_list/pagination_model_observer.h"
#include "ui/views/controls/button/button.h"
#include "ui/views/view.h"
namespace app_list {
class PaginationModel;
// PageSwitcher represents its underlying PaginationModel with a button strip.
// Each page in the PageinationModel has a button in the strip and when the
// button is clicked, the corresponding page becomes selected.
class PageSwitcher : public views::View,
public views::ButtonListener,
public PaginationModelObserver {
public:
explicit PageSwitcher(PaginationModel* model);
virtual ~PageSwitcher();
// Returns the page index of the page switcher button under the point. If no
// page switcher button is under the point, -1 is return. |point| is in
// PageSwitcher's coordinates.
int GetPageForPoint(const gfx::Point& point) const;
// Shows hover for button under the point. |point| is in PageSwitcher's
// coordinates.
void UpdateUIForDragPoint(const gfx::Point& point);
// Overridden from views::View:
virtual gfx::Size GetPreferredSize() OVERRIDE;
virtual void Layout() OVERRIDE;
private:
void CalculateButtonWidthAndSpacing(int contents_width);
// Overridden from views::ButtonListener:
virtual void ButtonPressed(views::Button* sender,
const ui::Event& event) OVERRIDE;
// Overridden from PaginationModelObserver:
virtual void TotalPagesChanged() OVERRIDE;
virtual void SelectedPageChanged(int old_selected, int new_selected) OVERRIDE;
virtual void TransitionStarted() OVERRIDE;
virtual void TransitionChanged() OVERRIDE;
PaginationModel* model_; // Owned by AppListController.
views::View* buttons_; // Owned by views hierarchy.
DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(PageSwitcher);
};
} // namespace app_list
#endif // UI_APP_LIST_VIEWS_PAGE_SWITCHER_H_
|
Ruby is 17. Starting at age 9, she began noticing the skin on her neck and arms looked dirty or stained, but no amount of scrubbing got rid of it. When she saw her doctor, she found out she had acanthosis nigricans — a condition in which the skin thickens and darkens in places.
Ruby found out that staying at a healthy weight made the condition less noticeable. Just learning what was going on and what she could do really helped.
What Is Acanthosis Nigricans?
If you have acanthosis nigricans (ah-kan-THO-sis NY-gruh-kans), you're probably concerned about how it looks. You'll notice that your skin is thicker and darker, especially around joints and areas with lots of creases and folds, like your knuckles, armpits, elbows, knees, and neck.
Some people see thicker, darker skin on the palms of their hands, inner thighs, groin, lips, or other areas. The skin usually stays soft, which is why the word "velvety" is often used to describe the symptoms of acanthosis nigricans.
Many people who have acanthosis nigricans have no other symptoms and are otherwise healthy. But because acanthosis nigricans can be a sign of other medical conditions, it's a good idea for it to be checked out by a doctor.
What Causes Acanthosis Nigricans?
People who are overweight or obese are more likely to develop acanthosis nigricans, which often lessens or goes away with weight loss. Some people with the condition inherit it. Certain medicines — for example, birth control pills or hormone treatments — also can cause acanthosis nigricans.
Sometimes, it's seen in people who have type 2 diabetes or who are at greater risk for getting this type of diabetes. In these cases, acanthosis nigricans itself isn't dangerous. But it can be a sign to doctors to check someone for diabetes or other health problems. Sometimes, finding and treating the health problem might make the person's skin condition improve or clear up.
Almost 75% of kids with type 2 diabetes develop acanthosis nigricans, according to the American Diabetes Association. For many, getting their diabetes and weight (if they are overweight) under control goes a long way toward lessening the visibility of acanthosis nigricans.
What to Do
First of all, don't panic. Acanthosis nigricans itself isn't harmful or contagious. But you should see a doctor to make sure it's not caused by something that does need attention. In some cases, acanthosis nigricans can be a signal that you're at risk for diabetes. Whenever you notice a change in the color, thickness, or texture of your skin, it's wise to see a health professional.
What to Expect
If you're diagnosed with acanthosis nigricans, your doctor might want you to have a blood test or other tests to try to find what's causing it or to look for other conditions (like type 2 diabetes) that happen more often in people with acanthosis nigricans.
Treatment for Acanthosis Nigricans
If your doctor finds that your acanthosis nigricans isn't connected to a more serious medical condition, you don't need to treat it. But you might want to if your doctor thinks there's a way to help improve the appearance of your skin. Sometimes, acanthosis nigricans fades on its own.
Your doctor may prescribe lotions or creams. Ask as many questions as you need to in order to understand when and how to follow the treatment plan.
It's easy to fall into believing the hype about bleaches, skin scrubs, and over-the-counter exfoliating treatments. But these aren't likely to work and can irritate your skin, not to mention waste money!
Maintaining a healthy weight by staying physically active and eating well can help prevent or treat acanthosis nigricans in some cases.
You also should make plans to take care of yourself in other ways. Because this condition is visible, some people with acanthosis nigricans feel self-conscious or embarrassed about the way their skin looks. It can help to talk to a counselor, doctor, friend, or even peer support group to help you feel more confident. Your doctor or nurse probably can help you find local or online support groups. And don't be afraid to talk to your friends. Good friends are the best support! |
Recent statistics confirm that breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent and serious forms of neoplastic disease in the UK. Breast cancer accounts for more than one in four female cancer cases and currently demonstrates age-standardised incidence and mortality rates of 117 and 31 per 100 000, respectively ([Toms, 2003](#bib51){ref-type="other"}).
Some primary breast cancers are considered inoperable at diagnosis owing to their problematical location and size, with tumours greater than 3 cm in diameter being associated with an increased risk of disseminated disease. In such cases, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is routinely used before surgery to increase the chances of a successful outcome. Assessing tumour response to chemotherapy is crucial to patient management and is currently achieved by monitoring changes in tumour size using clinical examination backed up by longitudinal X-ray or ultrasound mammography. A poor response to the primary treatment regime usually prompts either change of chemotherapy regime or an early resort to surgery. Poor response might also require a greater degree of surgical intervention.
Repeated X-ray mammography (XRM) has several drawbacks: discomfort, radiation exposure, geometric distortion owing to compression and magnification render tumour volume measurements less accurate than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and tumour may be impossible to distinguish from dense glandular tissue and fibrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to correspond better with pathological size measurement than XRM ([Esserman *et al*, 1999](#bib15){ref-type="other"}; [Drew *et al*, 2001](#bib13){ref-type="other"}) and to be less obscured by dense breast diseases. Ultrasound measurement is more accurate than XRM, but fails when the tumour to be measured is larger than the field of view or complex in shape. Magnetic resonance imaging is also more accurate than ultrasound at detecting small volume residual tumour.
However, even if tumour volume changes can be accurately assessed by MRI, they may manifest themselves later than changes in underlying tumour function such as vascular density or permeability ([Wasser *et al*, 2003](#bib52){ref-type="other"}). Therefore, vascular or metabolic parameters might provide a more sensitive indicator of early tumour response, thus permitting individual treatment regimes to be adjusted more rapidly, and sparing patients unnecessary morbidity, expense and delay in initiation of effective treatment. Treatment-induced changes in metabolism can be investigated using both positron emission tomography ([Byrne *et al*, 2004](#bib10){ref-type="other"}; [Kumar and Alavi, 2004](#bib31){ref-type="other"}; [Weber, 2005](#bib53){ref-type="other"}) and single photon emission computed tomography ([Buscombe *et al*, 1997](#bib9){ref-type="other"}), but the clinical utility of such examinations is reduced by the need to limit repeated radiation doses.
Treatment-induced changes in tumour neovasculature can be assessed using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and quantified using pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling ([Padhani, 2002](#bib37){ref-type="other"}; [Knopp *et al*, 2003](#bib30){ref-type="other"}). Diffusion-weighted MRI can be used to detect changes in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for tissue water associated with changes in tissue and intracellular structure ([Zhao *et al*, 1996](#bib54){ref-type="other"}; [Gallons *et al*, 1999](#bib17){ref-type="other"}; [Ross *et al*, 2003](#bib41){ref-type="other"}; [Moffat *et al*, 2005](#bib36){ref-type="other"}). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can be used to characterise breast lesions through differences in the ratio of fat and water signals ([Chu *et al*, 1987](#bib11){ref-type="other"}; [Sijens *et al*, 1988](#bib46){ref-type="other"}) or the intensity of signal from choline-containing compounds ([Bradamante *et al*, 1988](#bib7){ref-type="other"}; [Katz-Brull *et al*, 2002](#bib28){ref-type="other"}; [Bolan *et al*, 2003](#bib6){ref-type="other"}; [Jacobs *et al*, 2004](#bib25){ref-type="other"}; [Jacobs *et al*, 2005](#bib24){ref-type="other"}). Both fat : water ratios ([Jagannathan *et al*, 1998](#bib27){ref-type="other"}) and choline levels ([Preul *et al*, 2000](#bib40){ref-type="other"}; [Jagannathan *et al*, 2001](#bib26){ref-type="other"}; [Schwarz *et al*, 2002](#bib43){ref-type="other"}; [Meisamy *et al*, 2004](#bib34){ref-type="other"}) have also been used to monitor treatment-induced changes, and phosphorous MRS has been used to predict response using differences in the levels of phosphocholine or phosphomonoesters ([Shukla-Dave *et al*, 2002a](#bib44){ref-type="other"}, [2002b](#bib45){ref-type="other"}; [Arias-Mendoza *et al*, 2004](#bib4){ref-type="other"}). Sodium MRI might also be useful in monitoring treatment response ([Kline *et al*, 2000](#bib29){ref-type="other"}; [Schepkin *et al*, 2005](#bib42){ref-type="other"}).
A prospective study was, therefore, undertaken whereby three of these techniques (DCE-MRI, ADC measurement and MRS fat : water ratios) were carried out in the same patients to determine in each technique the relative prognostic utility. The study hypothesis was that a combination of the quantitative data from the three techniques would lead to a synergistic increase in prognostic accuracy and, therefore, provide an accurate, reliable and non-invasive early indication of tumour response to chemotherapy, which could potentially have a positive influence on patient management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
=====================
Chemotherapy regime and relative timing of MRI
----------------------------------------------
All women who were scheduled to undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary inoperable locally advanced breast cancer were approached to join the study, which had received Local Research Ethics Committee approval (reference number 03/00/038). Longitudinal MRI was carried out using a 1.5 T Signa Advantage clinical MRI scanner (International General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA) using a dedicated bilateral breast coil (Machnet BV, Eelde, Netherlands). A standard dosage chemotherapy regime was used involving intravenous administration of epirubicin (bolus: 60 mg m^−2^ body surface area), cyclophosphamide (bolus: 600 mg m^−2^) and 5-fluorouracil (continuous infusion by pump: 200 mg m^−2^ per day). Good clinical practice, including checking patients\' cardiac status before therapy if necessary, was adhered to throughout the study. Magnetic resonance imaging and MRS were carried out at three time points: before the first course of chemotherapy (TP~0~), after the second course but no more than 55 days after the first course (TP~2~) and after the final (generally sixth) course (TP~F~). Therapeutic response was confirmed after surgery by pathological examination.
MR imaging and spectroscopy
---------------------------
All the MRI data at each time point were acquired in a single imaging session with an average length of 1 h. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was carried out first, during which gadopentetate dimeglumine (formerly known as Gd-DTPA; Schering Health Care, Burgess Hill, UK) was injected as a bolus at a dose of 0.1 mmol kg^−1^ body weight, using a two-dimensional, *T*~1~-weighted multislice, fast RF spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) sequence. In order to attain adequate tissue coverage in all cases, imaging was carried out in either the coronal (30 cm field-of-view, FOV) or sagittal (20 cm FOV) planes (256 × 128 matrix in all cases) with five, seven or nine slices (4--9 mm thick, 2 mm gaps). Scan timing parameters, therefore, ranged as follows: TR=8.8--11.1 ms; TE=4.2 ms fractional; flip=30°; temporal resolution=10.5--14.5 s; 35 time points per slice; scan time=6 min 8 s to 8 min 28 s. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was preceded by proton density-weighted FSPGR imaging (TR/TE/flip=120 ms/4.2 ms fractional/8°) to enable correction for differences in native tissue *T*~1~.
A single region-of-interest (ROI) that best delimited the lesion present was drawn, by an experienced radiologist, for each DCE-MRI study. In-house software (developed using the IDL language, Research Systems Inc., Boulder, CO, USA) was then used to measure the mean pixel signal intensity (SI) within the ROI for the proton density image (SI~PD~) and each of the images in the *T*~1~-weighted series (). These data were then used to calculate an enhancement factor (EF) time series proportional to the concentration of gadopentetate dimeglumine, with differences/changes in the native tissue *T*~1~ between patients/visits being corrected for using the proton density SI and the mean pre-contrast *T*~1~ SI as obtained from a user-defined number of baseline points (SI~0~) ([Hittmair *et al*, 1994](#bib21){ref-type="other"}). The equations for EF calculation were and , where and are the flip angle and TR for the dynamic *T*~1~-weighted series and *α*~PD~ is the flip angle for the proton density-weighted image. A value of 11.04 was used for the constant *K*, this having been determined through calibration experiments using gels of known *T*~1~ values and being valid for only.
A two-compartment PK model ([Buckley *et al*, 1994](#bib8){ref-type="other"}; [Tofts, 1997](#bib50){ref-type="other"}) was used to calculate the amplitude, or initial slope, of the EF time series (this being proportional to the microvessel transfer constant *K*^trans^ ([Tofts, 1997](#bib50){ref-type="other"}), itself proportional to the permeability surface area product) and the rate constant (*K*~ep~). The model equation was where *K*~el~ represents contrast clearance from the plasma and *t*~0~ represents the variable arrival time of the contrast agent. The extracellular--extravascular tissue volume fraction (*V*~e~) was also estimated using the *K*^trans^/*K*~ep~ ratio (assuming equal influx and efflux vascular permeability; [Tofts, 1997](#bib50){ref-type="other"}). Curve fitting was carried out (using mean ROI data, not pixel-by-pixel) using a nonlinear least-squares algorithm implemented within the in-house, IDL software, and the model-independent maximum enhancement factor (MEF) was also recorded.
Tumour volume was measured using manually traced ROIs drawn on high-resolution three-dimensional, post-contrast, fat-suppressed FSPGR images. Again, sequence acquisition parameters were varied in order to obtain adequate tissue coverage in all cases and these ranged as follows: TR/TE/flip=14.6/4.2 ms fractional/30°; plane/FOV/matrix=sagittal/18--24 cm/512 × 256; slice number/thickness=25/2.5--5 mm. Tumour volumes were measured, rather than more typical linear measurements, as this was considered to be the most rigorous and accurate, although most time-consuming, way of quantifying lesion size. Tumour volume has been shown to correlate more closely than tumour diameter with disease-free survival in breast cancer patients and it may also provide a more sensitive characterisation of tumour response than one-dimensional measurements ([Partridge *et al*, 2005](#bib38){ref-type="other"}).
It was assumed that neoplastic tissue would not demonstrate substantial ADC anisotropy; therefore, in an attempt to keep scan time to a minimum, ADC was measured in the frequency-encode direction only (left-to-right), which was known to demonstrate the best imaging homogeneity and stability. The Stejskal--Tanner technique ([Stejskal and Tanner, 1965](#bib47){ref-type="other"}) was implemented using a single fat suppressed slice (axial, 22 cm FOV, 128^2^ matrix, 7 mm thick) single-shot, spin-echo echo-planar imaging and with the following diffusion weightings: 0, 14, 55, 125, 222, 346, 499 and 680 s mm^−2^. The ADC values were calculated on a whole ROI basis ([Gibbs *et al*, 2001](#bib19){ref-type="other"}), which included a correction for the bias inherent in magnitude image reconstruction at low signal-to-noise ratios (especially true for higher *b*-values) ([Miller and Joseph, 1993](#bib35){ref-type="other"}).
The relative proportions of spectroscopic signal arising from tissue water and lipids were measured at echo times of 30 and 135 ms using a one-dimensional stimulated echo (STEAM) spectroscopic imaging sequence (without chemical shift selective suppression of any moieties) and a repetition time of 3 s. Thirty-two phase-encode steps were used over a 16 cm superior--inferior FOV with STEAM excitation limited to seven adjacent voxels (1.0 × 0.5 cm in the anterior--posterior and left--right directions, respectively, giving a nominal voxel volume of 0.25 ml). [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows the seven spectroscopic voxels in a representative tumour before chemotherapy. To ensure that the same region of tissue was examined in follow-up studies, MRS voxels were relocated, by an experienced radiologist, after careful comparison of the breast architecture surrounding the lesion with the architecture demonstrated on hard copies of previous voxel locations. Changes in tumour choline were not measured, as the predictive utility of the technique had not been established in the literature at the time of study design.
Spectral analysis was carried out using the SAGE IDL package (International General Electric, Milwaukee, WI, USA). In order to decrease the degree of inter-voxel signal contamination, mild spatial apodisation was applied (Fermi filter: diameter/width=90%/5%), which resulted in an effective voxel volume of 0.33 ml ([Jackson *et al*, 1994](#bib23){ref-type="other"}). To minimise partial volume contamination from adipose tissues outside the tumours, only signals from those voxels contained wholly within the tumour were averaged; then, water and fat signal intensities were measured by frequency-domain fitting of the water peak (4.7 p.p.m.) and the dominant lipid peaks at 1.3 and 0.9 p.p.m. (representing the methylene --(CH~2~)~*n*~-- and terminal methyl --CH~3~ lipid moieties, respectively). Spectroscopic water content (%*W*~MRS~) was then quantified using the ratio of the water signal to that of the sum of water and the two dominant fat signals. Water *T*~2~ was also estimated using a crude two-point method: *T*~2~∼(TE~135~−TE~30~)/ln(area~30~/area~135~).
Biopsy data
-----------
Patients\' notes were reviewed to collate data obtained from histopathological analysis of specimens acquired via pre-chemotherapy core biopsy and final surgery. Parameters of interest were histological tumour subtype, tumour grade (pre-chemotherapy), the presence or absence of ductal carcinoma *in situ* (DCIS) and pre-chemotherapy oestrogen and progesterone receptor status (ERS and PRS) scores. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor status scores were recorded in the notes on either a six- or eight-point scale and converted to continuous data by calculating the ratio of the score to maximum possible score. The maximum diameter of the resected tumour, as calculated by the pathologist, was also collated and compared to the maximum diameter recorded in the final clinical MRI report using the Limits of Agreement method proposed by [Bland and Altman (1986)](#bib5){ref-type="other"}.
Quantifying and correlating parameter changes and tumour response
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Changes in parameter values between TP~0~ and TP~2~ were calculated either as absolute differences, , or percentage change, , as deemed most appropriate. A change in tumour volume at the end of treatment, PC~0F~(*V*), exceeding −65% was taken as the cutoff between partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD), this being equivalent to a decrease in cross-sectional area of 50%, itself broadly equivalent to the RECIST criterion of a 50% decrease in the product of maximum orthogonal diameters ([Therasse *et al*, 2000](#bib49){ref-type="other"}). No attempt was made to predict final tumour size in this study, as this is not likely to alter patient management before surgery.
All statistical analyses were carried out using the SPSS package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Correlation between *D*~02~(*X*), PC~02~(*X*) or continuous/ranked pathology data and PC~0F~(*V*) was assessed using the Spearman non-parametric test (two-tailed). Correlation between dichotomous pathology data (presence/absence of DCIS) and categorical pathology data (cancer type) was assessed using the Mann--Whitney and Kruskal--Wallis non-parametric tests (two-tailed), respectively. Prognostic efficacy was assessed using receiver--operator characteristic (ROC) curves ([Altman and Bland, 1994](#bib2){ref-type="other"}), with PR as the positive result, and the areas contained underneath them (AUC) calculated.
Variables were combined, in the hope of attaining a synergistic increase in prognostic efficacy, using logistic regression analysis (LRA) modelling, a statistical technique that maximises binary classification accuracy using a linear combination of weighted input variables plus a constant term ([Hosmer and Lemeshow, 1989](#bib22){ref-type="other"}). Backwards conditional elimination of input variables (*P*\>0.10) was used in order to prevent over-parameterisation of models, and ordinal variables were treated as categorical with the most benign category used as the indicator reference. Some statistical confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using tabulated values ([Anonymous, 1982](#bib3){ref-type="other"}).
RESULTS
=======
Patient recruitment, withdrawal and other excluding factors
-----------------------------------------------------------
A total of 46 women were recruited into the study over a period of approximately 2 years; however, six (13%) of these subsequently withdrew. One case of atypical, inflammatory lobular cancer was excluded from data analysis on the grounds that it is impossible to measure tumour volume accurately in such tumours. One case in which histology only revealed DCIS was also excluded on the grounds that DCIS is too dissimilar to the other tumour types present, and chemotherapy is not the treatment of choice for it (2/40=5%).
In three of the remaining 38 cases, the second MRI examination was severely delayed owing to clinical complications and was carried out after the chosen cutoff of 55 days, thus necessitating the exclusion of the TP~2~ (but not the TP~0~) data. In addition, it was not possible to acquire ADC and MRS data on every occasion because of a number of problems including hardware failure and an inability to acquire sufficient signal to permit sequence optimisation. Such failures occurred during the TP~0~ scan, necessitating complete exclusion of the patient from data analysis, in four cases, and at TP~2~, necessitating removal of TP~2~ data only, in nine cases. A total of 13 failures in the 73 examinations (38 at TP~0~ and 35 at TP~2~) represent a failure rate of 18%. Results will, therefore, be presented for 22 cases for which both TP~0~ and TP~2~ data were available and an additional 12 cases for which data were available at TP~0~ only (see [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}).
Neither tumour volume measurements nor PK analysis were affected at any time point, as these were based on three-dimensional and DCE-MRI images acquired before ADC and MRS were attempted. Therefore, tumour volume response, PC~0F~(*V*), could be quantified in all cases. Pharmacokinetic data and tumour volume data calculated in cases where ADC and MRS data were not acquired were voluntarily excluded, so as not to bias statistical power in favour of PK/volume parameters. In the 22 cases for which valid TP~2~ data were available, 18 (82%) of the women had received two courses of chemotherapy at the time of MRI and four had received three courses. In three cases, it was decided to cease chemotherapy before a full six cycles were completed, as poor clinical response was being demonstrated. In these cases, MRI was, however, carried out after the final course of treatment, thus permitting a final measurement of tumour volume to be made and, thus, quantifying the relatively poor response adequately.
All five pathology variables (i.e. cancer type, grade, presence/absence of DCIS, and ERS and PRS scores) were available in 35 of the 38 eligible cases. These included 32 of the 34 valid TP~0~ MRI cases, all 22 of the valid TP~2~ MRI cases and three cases in which MRI data were unusable (see [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). The age at TP~0~ for the 37 women whose data are used in this study ranged from 26 years, 6 months to 75 years, 7 months, with a median of 48 years, 6 months. The pathological cancer subtypes of these 37 cases were 19 ductal/not specified (12 with DCIS), 15 (nine) ductal and three (one) lobular. The number of women with cancers of grade one, two and three were nine, 18 and eight, respectively (cancer grade was not reported by the pathologist in two cases). Two women did not undergo surgery because of the presence of metastatic disease and one woman did not undergo surgery as post-chemotherapy core biopsy confirmed the absence of residual cancer. In the remaining cases, 17 women underwent mastectomy and 17 underwent wide local excision. The length of time between the final MRI scan and surgery ranged from 14 to 117 days, with a median of 28 days. Maximum tumour diameter was recorded in the patient\'s notes by both the pathologist and the MRI radiologist in 21 cases.
Agreement between MRI and pathology measurements
------------------------------------------------
Calculation of the limits of agreement between the maximum tumour diameters as measured by the pathologists and the MRI radiologist demonstrated a mean difference (MRI--pathology) of −2.1 mm with a 95% CI (1.96 × standard deviation) of ±18.6 mm. The limits of agreement were, therefore, −20.7 to 16.5 mm. A paired *t*-test of the two sets of measurements showed that the mean difference was not statistically significant (*P*=0.32), thus indicating that MRI is an unbiased estimator of true tumour size and, therefore, suitable for quantifying tumour response. The maximum diameter as measured by the MRI radiologist was also compared to the cube root of the final tumour volume, and these two variables demonstrated excellent linear correlation (*P*=0.0001; *R*^2^=0.56).
Predicting response using individual variables
----------------------------------------------
The ranges of all predictive MRI variables are presented in [Table 1](#tbl1){ref-type="table"}, and the results of correlating the predictive MRI and pathology variables with PC~0F~(*V*) are given in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}. Six MRI variables demonstrated *P*-values less than 0.07 and the data for these, divided into SD and PR subsets, are presented in [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}. These six variables along with four histopathology variables for which the *P*-values were also less than 0.07 underwent ROC curve analysis, and the results of this are also given in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}. The slight differences in the patterns of statistical significance between the correlation and ROC analyses can be attributed to the different variables quantifying response in the two types of tests (specifically that PC~0F~(*V*) is continuous whereas PR/SD is dichotomous). Four variables demonstrated an ROC AUC significantly larger than 0.5: water *T*~2~ at TP~0~ and changes in %*W*~MRS~ measured at 135 ms, water *T*~2~ and tumour volume between TP~0~ and TP~2~. The ROC plots for these are shown in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}.
When specificity is set at 100% in [Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}, the sensitivity for the change in water *T*~2~ at TP~2~ is 69% (11/16; 95% CI=41--89%), which suggests that this fraction of PR cases can be accurately predicted, that is, at 100% positive predictive value (PPV). Similarly, when sensitivity is set to 100%, the specificity displayed by the change in %*W*~MRS~ at TP~2~ is 50% (3/6; 95% CI=12--88%), which suggests that this fraction of SD cases can be accurately predicted, that is, at 100% negative predictive value (NPV) by this variable. The results of [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"} also suggest that the dominant factor in driving the observed changes in %*W*~MRS~ at 135 ms (*P*=0.025) is the change in water *T*~2~ (*P*=0.006) as opposed to changes in the relative water and lipid concentrations, which would be reflected by changes in %*W*~MRS~ at 30 ms (*P*=0.788) for which the effects of *T*~2~ would be much less.
Predicting response using a combination of variables
----------------------------------------------------
All variables demonstrating an ROC *P*-value less than 0.10 ([Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}) were presented as inputs to LRA modelling. Two separate analyses were conducted: one with MRI variables only (water *T*~2~ at TP~0~, PC~20~(tumour volume), *D*~20~(water *T*~2~) and PC~20~(%*W*~MRS~ at 135 ms)) and one with both MRI and pathology data (PRS score and grade). The number of cases that could be included in LRA modelling was limited to those 22 for which all of the above variables were available (16 PR and six SD). The logits for the two final models were as follows:
The ROC AUC values for the above logits are shown in [Table 2](#tbl2){ref-type="table"}. Both models provide an increase in prognostic accuracy over all of the individual variables, and the second model is able to classify all 22 cases accurately. Both PPV and NPV are 100% for this data set and the 95% CI lower bounds are 79% (16/16) and 54% (6/6), respectively.
DISCUSSION
==========
To the authors\' knowledge, this paper represents the first study whereby PK parameter mapping, ADC mapping and unsuppressed proton spectroscopy (water : fat ratios) have all been investigated in the same patient examinations, thus permitting their relative abilities to predict chemotherapy response to be ascertained rigorously. The use of spectroscopic imaging at both short and long echo times represents a significant extension to the methodology of [Jagannathan *et al* (1998)](#bib27){ref-type="other"}: firstly through permitting greater post-examination control over intra-voxel partial volume effects and secondly by permitting the effects of *T*~2~ relaxation to be revealed. It was also hoped that the 30 ms TE spectra would permit investigation of the relative proportions of the 1.3 and 0.9 p.p.m. lipid peaks, along with the contributions of other, minor lipid moieties, which are more conspicuous at short TE. This analysis is not possible with quantitative chemical shift imaging ([Daniel *et al*, 1998](#bib12){ref-type="other"}), as this technique, while having much higher spatial resolution, only provides images for water and total fat signal. It did not prove possible to resolve the separate lipid components adequately in a sufficient number of cases to permit this; therefore, chemical shift imaging may be a suitable alternative to spectroscopic imaging, permitting increased spatial resolution in future studies.
This study shows that MRS parameters provide substantial prognostic information, and slightly more than that provided by volume measurements alone, thus supporting the conclusions of [Jagannathan *et al* (1998)](#bib27){ref-type="other"}. This study also suggests that water *T*~2~ plays a dominant part in driving the observed treatment changes in water : fat ratios (at TP~2~) and it is, therefore, possible that image-based *T*~2~ mapping techniques ([Liney *et al*, 1996](#bib33){ref-type="other"}) might provide the same prognostic information as %*W*~MRS~ but with the combined benefits of greatly increased spatial resolution, wider availability in clinical MRI centres and a reduced likelihood of technical failure in a given examination. Quantitative *T*~2~ mapping has been applied to monitoring chemotherapy in one animal tumour study, but the increases in *T*~2~ observed 3 days post-therapy were not statistically significant ([Duvvuri *et al*, 2001](#bib14){ref-type="other"}). Significant differences were observed for *T*~1*ρ*~, however -- a parameter not measured in this study because of time and technical constraints. Whether chemotherapy induces cell death via necrosis, apoptosis or a combination of the two, profound changes will certainly occur in the molecular environment of tissue water, leading to changes in its measured *T*~2~. This molecular environment is known to be complex and multicompartmental, which precludes a simple rationale for the results of this study.
Although water : fat ratios have been shown to contain substantial prognostic power, in both this and another study ([Jagannathan *et al*, 1998](#bib27){ref-type="other"}), it is noted that a number of groups are now focusing on measurements of choline-containing compounds using water-suppressed MRS, as the choline moiety is potentially a more sensitive, and probably a more biochemically relevant marker, of cancer cell viability. Such studies have recently been carried out in breast cancer ([Jagannathan *et al*, 2001](#bib26){ref-type="other"}; [Meisamy *et al*, 2004](#bib34){ref-type="other"}), lymphoma and germ cell tumours ([Schwarz *et al*, 2002](#bib43){ref-type="other"}), and glioma ([Preul *et al*, 2000](#bib40){ref-type="other"}), where positive treatment response has been associated with reduction in the levels of total choline. Similar studies using phosphorous spectroscopy to detect changes in phosphocholine or phosphomonoesters have also been carried out in lymphoma ([Arias-Mendoza *et al*, 2004](#bib4){ref-type="other"}) and head and neck cancer ([Shukla-Dave *et al*, 2002a](#bib44){ref-type="other"}, [2002b](#bib45){ref-type="other"}). It is noteworthy that these studies attempted to predict response before treatment commencement, always a more valuable prognostic test, sparing the patients all unnecessary morbidity and time, than reliably detecting early response, which the methods presented herein achieve.
This study also demonstrates that histopathology data routinely available from pre-chemotherapy core biopsies also provide substantial prognostic power (especially so for PRS score and grade). This conclusion is supported by other laboratory studies, which have included investigation of expression of the HER2 oncogene ([Penault-Llorca *et al*, 2003](#bib39){ref-type="other"}) and the cellular proliferation marker Ki-67 ([Aas *et al*, 2003](#bib1){ref-type="other"}). Whereas laboratory analysis of actual tissue is inherently superior to imaging alone, it should be noted that the core biopsy technique is always prone to sampling errors, whereas imaging has the advantage of covering the whole of the lesion.
This study also demonstrates that a combination of prognostic variables, via LRA, can be used to provide a synergistic increase in prognostic accuracy, thus proving the study hypothesis. Although the perfect prognostic accuracy achieved using one of the LRA models indicates that the methods used in this study have substantial prognostic power and could be applied clinically, leading to benefits for patients, the true accuracy will be less and will need to be ascertained in larger studies. A multicentre study would also allow investigation of reproducibility. It might also be beneficial to split the data acquired in subsequent studies into separate test and validation subsets, thus allowing optimal model coefficients to be set with the former subset and their true prognostic accuracy determined through application of the model to the completely independent data in the latter.
Early, accurate detection of non-response to chemotherapy would permit an early change to second-line treatment and thus spare patients unnecessary toxicity, cost and delay of initiation of effective treatment. The cessation of treatment that would ultimately prove ineffective might also be beneficial in terms of health economics, allowing resources to be applied more efficiently. Conversely, early, accurate detection of response to chemotherapy might have positive benefits for the psychological well-being and quality-of-life of patients through giving them increased hope. The high prognostic accuracy might be bolstered by including variables that quantify lesion shape and texture, as obtained from the post-contrast three-dimensional images, in the LRA modelling ([Esserman *et al*, 2001](#bib16){ref-type="other"}).
This study shows that ADC mapping after the second course of chemotherapy does not contribute significantly towards detecting early response. Other studies have shown that treatment-induced changes in ADC in human breast cancer and breast cancer metastasised to liver are most marked a few days after the first dose of chemotherapy ([Theilmann *et al*, 2003](#bib48){ref-type="other"}). Therefore, our study protocol, with the predictive scans being carried out after two cycles of chemotherapy rather than one ([Gibbs *et al*, 2003](#bib18){ref-type="other"}), was perhaps not well suited to elucidating the relative merits of ADC mapping.
In contrast to our results, other studies have indicated that PK parameters derived from DCE-MRI contain prognostic information during chemotherapy treatment in a number of locations in the human body (with reductions in *K*^trans^ being associated with positive response) as reviewed by [Padhani (2002)](#bib37){ref-type="other"} and [Knopp *et al* (2003)](#bib30){ref-type="other"}. This apparent discrepancy regarding the efficacy of PK parameters may be due to the relatively small number of cases included in various studies, or the wide variety of DCE-MRI acquisition and PK analysis techniques used. Intra-tumour vascular heterogeneity might also be significant in some breast cancers ([Hayes *et al*, 2002](#bib20){ref-type="other"}), leading to the possible breakdown of PK model assumptions such as the fast exchange limit within better-perfused regions (usually located at the tumour rim) ([Zhou *et al*, 2004](#bib55){ref-type="other"}; [Li *et al*, 2005](#bib32){ref-type="other"}). This could present a complicating factor in obtaining reliable results, an issue not addressed in this study, which utilised a whole ROI approach so as to minimise the effects of intra-scan patient motion.
Some DCE-MRI studies of breast cancer have attempted to improve the accuracy of PK modelling by imaging in the axial plane so as to allow a plasma concentration time-course to be measured in the aorta, thus permitting the calculation of an arterial input function (AIF) for the tumour. It is debatable, however, whether the benefits of including an AIF measured so distantly from the tissue of interest (i.e. one which does not allow for bolus dispersion effects) outweigh the reduction in spatial resolution and tissue coverage necessitated by axial imaging, especially when the DCE-MRI images are also used for clinical purposes. A consensus on the adoption of standardised techniques and the establishment of large, multicentre studies would, therefore, seem appropriate.
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Yorkshire Cancer Research and also Catherine Bowker, Lynn Cawkwell, John Greenman, John Read and Irvine Long for assistance with study design, patient recruitment, data acquisition and data analysis.
{#fig1}
{#fig2}
{#fig3}
{#fig4}
######
The range of values for all predictive MRI variables used in this study, as grouped by clinical time point (TP~0~ being before treatment and TP~2~ being after the second course of chemotherapy)
**Parameter (units)** **TP~0~ (*n*=34)** **TP~2~ (*n*=22)**
---------------------------- -------------------- --------------------
Volume (ml) 3.7--240.0 1.3--95.0
*K*^trans^ (per unit time) 1.4--18.0 0.6--8.3
*K*~ep~ (per unit time) 0.4--12.4 0.4--3.9
*V*~e~ (arbitrary) 0.6--3.5 1.2--3.1
MEF (arbitrary) 0.8--3.5 1.3--3.6
ADC (mm^2^/s) 0.3--5.9 0.9--4.3
\%*W*~MRS~ at 135 ms 68--100% 30--100%
\%*W*~MRS~ at 30 ms 73--100% 49--100%
Water *T*~2~ (ms) 47--130 24--104
ADC=apparent diffusion coefficient; MEF=maximum enhancement factor; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging.
######
Statistical significance of non-parametric correlation analyses between the variables indicated and final tumour volume response PC~0F~(*V*)
**No. of cases** **Correlation** **ROC curve**
--------------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------- --------------- ------ --------------
*MRI data at TP~0~*
%*W*~MRS~ at 135 ms 24+10 S: 0.034 (−) 0.14 0.66
Water *T*~2~^\[1\]^ 24+10 S: 0.055 (−) 0.03 0.73 0.56 to 0.91
Tumour volume 24+10 S: 0.059 (−) 0.20 0.64
*V*~e~ 24+10 S: 0.425
*K*^trans^ 24+10 S: 0.439
%*W*~MRS~ at 30 ms 24+10 S: 0.579
*K*~ep~ 24+10 S: 0.686
MEF 24+10 S: 0.720
Water ADC 24+10 S: 0.808
*MRI data at TP~2~*
PC~02~(tumour volume)^\[2\]^ 16+6 S: 0.001 (+) 0.03 0.80 0.58 to 1.00
*D*~02~(water *T*~2~)^\[3\]^ 16+6 S: 0.006 (+) 0.04 0.79 0.60 to 0.98
PC~02~(%*W*~MRS~ at 135 ms)^\[4\]^ 16+6 S: 0.025 (+) 0.02 0.83 0.60 to 1.00
*D*~02~(*K*^trans^) 16+6 S: 0.299
*D*~02~(*V*~e~) 16+6 S: 0.352
*D*~02~(*K*~ep~) 16+6 S: 0.405
*D*~02~(MEF) 16+6 S: 0.587
*D*~02~(water ADC) 16+6 S: 0.736
PC~02~(%*W*~MRS~ at 30 ms) 16+6 S: 0.788
*Other data*
Age at TP~0~ 26+11 S: 0.958
Cancer grade^\[5\]^ 24+11 S: 0.003 (−) 0.08 0.69 0.49 to 0.88
Presence of DCIS 24+11 M: 0.006 (+) 0.14 0.66
PRS score^\[6\]^ 24+11 S: 0.008 (+) 0.09 0.68 0.49 to 0.88
ERS score 24+11 S: 0.061 (+) 0.17 0.65
Cancer type 24+11 K: 0.740
*LRA models (variables included)*
MRI only^\[1,2,4\]^ 16+6 0.0032 0.92 0.79 to 1.00
MRI and histopathology^\[1\ to\ 6\]^ 16+6 0.0004 1.00 1.00 to 1.00
The sense of the correlations is also shown. Results of ROC curve analyses (with PR/SD as positive/negative results) are also shown for selected variables. Numbers in square brackets indicate those variables chosen as inputs to LRA modelling.
S=Spearman rank correlation; M=Mann--Whitney test; K=Kruskal--Wallis test; (+) a positive correlation with lower, or more negative values being associated with more negative values of PC~0F~(*V*), that is, PR; (−) a negative correlation with higher, or more positive values being associated with more negative values of PC~0F~(*V*), that is, PR.
AUC=area under the curve; ADC=apparent diffusion coefficient; DCIS=ductal carcinoma *in situ*; ERS=oestrogen receptor status; LRA=logistic regression analysis; MEF=maximum enhancement factor; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; PR=partial response; PRS=progesterone receptor status; ROC=receiver--operator characteristic; SD=stable disease.
|
Head to the Misty Mountains of Mae Hong Son
Thailand Hilltribe Holidays organize private tours to Mae Hong Son, the final frontier of Northern Thailand, to live, learn and share with local tribal peoples.
What to experience ?
Talking to a Karen villager
Travelling with your own local, English speaking guide and driver, you are not stuck in a rigid schedule. You have the freedom to go further and explore more. Make spontaneous stops in local markets and food stalls; take the time to meet and discuss with local, tribal peoples; enjoy nature rambles and insights into traditional arts and crafts, such as silversmith and weaving.
One inspiring programme visits Lawa and Karen tribal communities, nestled in the mountains of Mae La Noi district, Mae Hong Son province. THH operate small-scale tours that supplement local livelihoods as farmers. You learn how the villagers farm and live off the land, collecting seasonal fruits, vegetables and forest herbs. If you’re lucky you may even catch a village celebration.
Accommodation is with a local Lawa or Karen family in a traditional wooden stilt house. There is electricity. However, bedding is simple bamboo mats and blankets, and showers can be very refreshing with no hot water! A typical Lawa meal, shared with your host family, would consist of lots of rice, green leafy vegetables, eggs, and soy, flavoured with wild jungle herbs, chilli and spices.
THH specialize in family-friendly tours, where your kids can bond and play with village children.
Rice fields
How does it help ?
Thailand Hilltribe Holidays designs programmes based on the principles of cross-cultural respect and improving the welfare of host communities. Projects include youth tour guide training, assisting village schools to place volunteer English teachers, and the promotion of village handicrafts.
The company creates useful additional income for local people through homestays, providing meals and handicraft workshops where village artisans teach tourists how to make handicrafts such as silver jewellery. THH’s transparent payment policy allows visitors to purchase services directly from local people. Benefits are spread among families and poorest families are considered first. THH also provides opportunities for travellers to give back to communities after their visit. For example, after their stay, many tourists have placed orders for village handicrafts. THH has assisted villagers in processing and shipping these orders. THH also employs local guides and drivers, supporting them through training and career development.
Dressing in Karen costume
Taking small groups and varying the trekking routes reduce environmental impacts. THH visits a Royal Agricultural Development Centre, which teaches organic farming methods to villagers, in an effort to combat growing problems caused by the heavy use of pesticides by farmers. THH’s office was refurbished using recycled wood and non-scarce resources.
Tourists are informed about culture and customs in Thailand and given guidance on appropriate behaviour in villages. THH consults with local people when planning any activities, including open discussions with figureheads in the village such as headmasters and village leaders.
really great to be part of the of every body holiday. so not only quantity we also talk about the quality of the services and the quality of who received our service as well.thank you for all your intend to help us to improve . best regards
piak. |
// Copyright 2007-2010 Google Inc.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// ========================================================================
#include <winres.h>
LANGUAGE LANG_ENGLISH, SUBLANG_ENGLISH_US
VS_VERSION_INFO VERSIONINFO
FILEVERSION VERSION_MAJOR,VERSION_MINOR,VERSION_BUILD,VERSION_PATCH
PRODUCTVERSION VERSION_MAJOR,VERSION_MINOR,VERSION_BUILD,VERSION_PATCH
FILEFLAGSMASK 0x3FL
FILEFLAGS 0x0L
FILEOS 0x4L
FILETYPE 0x0L
FILESUBTYPE 0x0L
BEGIN
BLOCK "StringFileInfo"
BEGIN
BLOCK "040904e4"
BEGIN
VALUE "CompanyName", "Google LLC"
VALUE "FileDescription", "Goopdump"
VALUE "FileVersion", VERSION_NUMBER_STRING
VALUE "InternalName", "Goopdump"
VALUE "LegalCopyright", "Copyright 2018 Google LLC"
VALUE "OriginalFilename", "Goopdump"
VALUE "ProductName", "Goopdump"
VALUE "ProductVersion", VERSION_NUMBER_STRING
#ifdef _DEBUG
VALUE "Debug", ""
#endif
#if !OFFICIAL_BUILD
VALUE "Privatebuild", ""
#endif
END
END
BLOCK "VarFileInfo"
BEGIN
VALUE "Translation", 0x409, 1252
END
END
|
732 F.2d 167
Pennace, In re
83-1362
United States Court of Appeals,Federal Circuit.
2/17/84
PTO
Affirmed
|
NEW YORK (CNNMoney) -- A data breach at a payments processing firm has potentially compromised credit and debit card information from all of the major card brands.
Global Payments (GPN), a company that processes card transactions, confirmed late Friday that "card data may have been accessed." It says it discovered the intrusion in early March and "promptly" notified others in the industry.
Global Payments did not say how many accounts were affected, or what kind of information was compromised. A U.S. Secret Service spokesman said Saturday that the agency is investigating the incident.
A Wall Street Journal report from earlier Friday saying that Global Payments had been hacked sent the company's shares down 9% before trading was halted. The stock did not resume trading before the market closed.
Global Payments did not say which card companies were affected, but Visa released a statement saying that it was all of the big players.
"Visa Inc. is aware of a potential data compromise incident at a third party entity affecting card account information from all major card brands," it said.
Late Sunday, Visa spokeswoman Sandra Chu confirmed to CNN that Visa had removed Global Payments from its list of preferred credit-card processors.
When a customer swipes a credit card, the data is sent to a payment processor like Global Payments, which then forwards the transaction information to card companies like Visa and MasterCard.
That's a massive business: Global Payments processed $167.3 billion worth of transactions in its last fiscal year, which ended May 31, 2011. Global Payments specializing in serving small merchants, like mom-and-pop businesses and local retailers.
It emphasized that none of them were to blame for the data leak.
"It is crucial to understand that this incident does not involve our merchants or their relationships with their customers," Global Payments said.
It plans to hold a conference call Monday morning to provide more details on the debacle.
'Massive' breach? News of the breach was first reported by the respected security blog Krebs on Security. The blog said the breach was "massive," and could involve more than 10 million card numbers.
"I've spoken with folks in the card business who are seeing signs of this breach mushroom," Gartner security analyst Avivah Litan wrote Friday in a blog post.
Her sources say the hackers have begun using some of the card data they stole, Litan added.
When payment processors get hacked, the shrapnel can spread far. The record holder for the largest-ever breach is believed to be a 2008 attack on Heartland Payment Systems (HPY), in which an estimated 130 million customer accounts were compromised.
Heartland eventually paid more than $110 million to Visa, MasterCard, American Express and other card associations to settle claims related to the breach.
In regard to the Global Payments breach, MasterCard (MA, Fortune 500) said it has alerted payment card issuers "regarding certain MasterCard accounts that are potentially at risk."
Visa (V, Fortune 500) released a statement saying it too has provided card issuers with notifications about accounts that could be affected. The issuers "can take steps to protect consumers through independent fraud monitoring and, if needed, reissuing cards," it said.
Both MasterCard and Visa emphasized that their own networks had not been penetrated.
Discover (DFS, Fortune 500) and American Express (AXP, Fortune 500) each released short statements saying they are aware of the situation and are monitoring customer accounts for suspicious activity.
In data breach situations, credit card companies generally offer affected customers fraud monitoring services at no cost -- and customers aren't on the hook for any fraudulent charges. The card issuers themselves are responsible for those costs.
Questions about industry standards: Several security researchers said the breach is a prime example of why the current Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS) is inadequate.
"Expect to see yet another round of almost religious fervor in the debate over the real value of PCI-DSS," Geoff Webb, director of product marketing at data-protection company Credant Technologies, said in an email.
Cybercriminals "are constantly looking for opportunities to identify and attack sites where there is a weakness in security -- just like a predator looks out for the weakest member of the herd," he added.
Litan, the Gartner analyst, is skeptical about whether the credit card industry will invest the money and time required to switch to a more secure system, like "smart cards" embedded with chips, which are used in some foreign countries.
"It's cheaper for them to deal with these breaches than to make all those chip cards," Litan told CNNMoney. "We've had all of these breaches, but there have not been any significant attempts to change the situation. The information is easy to steal, and cards are easy to use, so it's like free money for criminals."
-- CNN's Miguel Susana contributed |
10 Most Fun TV Shows About Science
Science Is Funny
The show 'Science of Stupid' focuses on concepts like Newton's laws -- but with a twist.
stuartmiles99/iStock/Thinkstock
2: 'Science of Stupid'
Hard to think of a more explanatory title than "Science of Stupid." Premiering on the National Geographic Channel in 2014, the series actually covers real science topics such as torque, gravity and Newton's laws. But Newton is not the dummy. The "stupid" comes in with the introduction of Internet videos that focus on people doing scientifically moronic things. Afterward, the show explains why the stunts failed or (surprisingly) succeeded.
Check out the series to see people bungee jumping blindfolded. Watch jet packs fail, brainiacs jump off roofs, slip-and-slide water tracks turn into disaster areas and tree cutting nearly becoming life-threatening accidents. Why do people engage in such idiocy? Maybe they just don't know any better. According to Time magazine, 25 percent of Americans are unaware of the heliocentric universe. In the European Union, that number increases to 36 percent. Plenty of stupid to go around.
1: 'Duck Quacks Don't Echo'
A researcher from the University of Salford in Greater Manchester disproved the popular belief that duck quacks don't echo [source: CNN]. However, that didn't stop a 2014 National Geographic series from adopting the slogan for its title. This comedic look at science investigates alleged facts that are bizarre, unbelievable or odd. On every episode, each of the three hosts initiates an experiment about a different topic. Staff scientists ensure a systematic approach.
For instance, brunettes, blondes and gingers may all wonder whether redheads tolerate pain better. Appliance lovers seeking to reach new heights need to know whether you can climb a wall using vacuum cleaners. Cognitive science comes under scrutiny to answer the question: Does conversing with a pretty woman lower a man's IQ? And who hasn't wondered whether it's possible to play music on a banana? Hmmm ... would that be a wind or percussion instrument? |
APT Basilicata
APT Basilicata
Basilicata turistica
History
The very ancient land known as Basilicata was already inhabited in the prehistoric age. The settlements of Venosa and the Bradano Valley date from the Paleolithic period while the organized agricultural villages around Matera and Melfi sprang up during the Neolithic period. From that time until the Bronze Age the region became an important centre of communication between the Jonian and Tyrrhenian populations, giving rise to important settlements. The inland regions began to be populated during the Iron Age. It was during this phase that many Indo-Europeans arrived in Lucania, among whom the Liky from the Illyrian coast. In the 8th century B.C. Greek colonies landed on the Lucanian shores of the Jonian Sea. This historic event gave birth to that flowering civilization that will be remembered in history as the Magna Graecia. Metaponto, Siris and Heraclea are the most important settlements. Between the 6th century and the 5th century B.C. certain Osco-Sabellic tribes came down from the Irpinia, while the Lucanians settled the more inland regions. Later, in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C., the Lucanians attacked the Greek colonies along the Jonian coast in their quest for new land to cultivate. Meanwhile, between the 4th century and 3rd century B.C., the Romans pushed their way into Lucania as they continued their expansion. At first the Lucanians were allied with the Romans against the Samnites. Later, not wanting to yield to Roman domination, they allied themselves with the Samnites and the Greek colony in Taranto to combat the Romans. Meanwhile, in 291 B.C., Venusia (today Venosa) becomes the first Roman colony in Lucanian territory. The Romans fight against Pyrrhus who was rushing to the aid of the Greek colonies, and loose a battle that took place between the areas of Metaponto and Heraclea (today Policoro), which became famous for the heavy losses incurred on both sides. In the northeast, Roman domination increases: the town of Grumentum (today Grumento) is founded and the road that connects Grumentum to Venusia is constructed (Via Herculia). 280 B.C. witnesses the end of Magna Graecia. In the 2nd century B.C. Lucania is under Roman domination. The proud and warlike Lucanians rebel against Rome, which had decided to impose landed estates, but are defeated. From 27 B.C. to 14 B.C., under the Augustan Empire, Lucania is divided into two parts and unified with Apulia, the Regio II, and with Brutium, the Regio III. At the end of the 3rd century Dioclesian reunites the area, unifying it with Brutium. With the decline of the Western Roman Empire the region sinks back into deep isolation, which destroys the already impoverished economy. We are in the Middle Ages. Between the 6th century and the 9th century, the Longobards annex Lucania (with the exception of the Byzantine possessions in the region of Matera) to the Duchy of Benevento. The Byzantines, gathered in Lucania in their effort to escape religious persecution in the Orient, give life to the phenomenon of the Rupestrian (rock) Churches. They proliferate on the Murgia of Matera. Meanwhile, the Saracen invasions force the Lucanians to retreat to the surrounding mountains and hills. Between the 8th century and the 9th century, Matera is annexed to the Duchy of Benevento, while the rest of the region passes under Byzantine domination. In the 11th century and 12th century the Normans conquer Lucania, making it the centre of Italian political life. In 1059, Melfi is the capital of the Norman realm. When Norman domination ends, the Swabians and Angevins compete for control of Lucania and southern Italy. Frederick II of Swabia is born. In 1231, in Melfi, he enacts the Constitutiones Utriusque Regni Sicilae (the Constitutions of the Two Sicilies). At the end of the 13th century the Angevins control the Realm of Naples and the Two Sicilies. Feudalism has begun, during which time many Lucanian lordships spring up and which the Aragonese attempt to oppose. The Barons, faithful to the Angevins, try to overthrow the Aragonese Reign and the 'Congiura dei baroni' (baron conspiracy) is planned in the Miglionican Castle in 1441. Between the 13th century and the 16th century Bourbon power consolidates. Certain Albanian communities arrive in Basilicata, settling along the slopes of Vulture and the Pollino Massif. In 1663, Matera is the capital of the Lucanian Province of the Kingdom of Naples. This period witnesses the beginning of bloody rebellions by peasants against the barons who exploit the land, forcing the population into famine. In 1707, the Austro-Sabaudian army occupies Lucania, and after the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastadt it passes into the hands of Charles VI of Austria. The Bourbons return to power with the Peace Treaty of Aquisgrana. In 1799 a peasant rebellion is repressed with mass executions. Then power passes briefly to the French, who after a short time are forced to return it again to the Bourbons. A part of the Lucanian bourgeoisie adheres to the 'Moti carbonari' (Carbonari uprisings). Between 1861 and 1868 the entire region is affected by the phenomenon of Brigantaggio (banditry), rebellions against power generated by the extreme isolation of the population and which finds its ideal habitat in the thick woods of Mount Vulture. The beginning of the 20th century, in 1902, sees the first meeting of Socialists in Potenza. Poverty has reached unacceptable levels and the phenomenon of emigration begins, reaching its high point in 1913. In 1943, Matera is the first southern Italian province to rebel against Nazi-Fascist occupation. When World War II ends, it becomes necessary to tackle the problem of the 'Sassi of Matera' (ancient rock dwellings) which, because of overpopulation, had become a health risk. In 1952, a state law decrees the evacuation of the Sassi district. During the same period 'Riforma Fondiaria' (land reform) begins and transforms the face of the region. Unfortunately, emigration damages the communities of Basilicata since it provokes a progressive demographic impoverishment. The 1980 earthquake in Irpinia creates serious problems in the entire northern region and in the capital Potenza. The University of Basilicata is established in Potenza in 1984, which a few years later opens a campus in Matera. In 1986, the Italian government enacts a law to finance the restoration of the Sassi of Matera, which is still being carried out among a multitude of problems. At the beginning of 1994, UNESCO declares the Sassi of Matera 'heritage of humanity to be handed down to future generations' and counts it among the territories under its protection. FIAT establishes an enormous factory in the industrial zone of S. Nicola of Melfi. In the same year the National Park of Pollino is established. |
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY — Health officials have announced the first coronavirus-related death in Contra Costa County.
Contra Costa Health Services reports that the "resident was in their 70s and had a pre-existing condition that put them at higher risk of serious illness from COVID-19, and a history of recent overseas travel."
At a briefing Friday morning with health officials and the chair of the Board of Supervisors, Contra Costa Health Officer Chris Farnitano said, "This death underscores the urgent need for all Contra Costa residents to follow the stay-at-home order, maintain social distancing, and also the state order just issued by Gov. (Gavin) Newsom last night.
"Novel coronavirus in dangerous for older adults and people with certain medical conditions including heart or lung disease, diabetes, and those with weak immune systems," Farnitano continued. "We believe that by following these orders, we can reduce the spread of the virus right now in our community and that will save lives." Don't miss updates about coronavirus precautions as they are announced. Sign up for Patch news alerts and newsletters.
|
It is well known that the Ti--Al intermetallic compound has fairly mach the maximum high temperature specific strength of metallic materials, and further, is high in corrosion resistance and light in weight. Metallurgical Transaction, Vol. 6A, p.1991 (1975) reported that a hightemperature strength of 40 kg/mm.sup.2 was obtained at 800.degree. C. Therefore, it has been considered optimal to use these characteristics and apply the Ti--Al intermetallic compound to gas turbine components, valves and pistons of automobile engines and apply them to dies used at high temperature, bearing parts, etc.
The Ti--Al intermetallic compound has a composition range in a phase diagram, and at a Ti content of 40 to 52 atomic percent and an Al content of 60 to 48 atomic percent in a heat equilibrium state becomes a single phase of an L1.sub.0 structure (basically, a face-centered tetragonal structure, but layers of Ti and Al are arranged intersectingly in the <001> direction). It has been found that an abnormal strengthening phenomenon occurs whereby the strength of the Ti--Al intermetallic compound in a single crystal state increase with an elevation of the temperature. It is known that the strength of the Ti--Al intermetallic compound in a polycrystalline state is not lowered under a high temperature, but the polycrystalline Ti--Al intermetallic compound has disadvantages of a low ductility in the temperature range of room temperature to about 700.degree. C. (Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. Sho 59-581), and the hot rolling of the polycrstalline Ti--Al intermetallic compound is very difficult. Accordingly, near-net-shape casting techniques which gives close to the final product must be employed to produce Ti--Al intermetallic compound sheets.
Recently, rapid progress has been made in near-net-shape casting techniques and, particularly when processing metallic materials, have been progressively applied to producing stainless steel sheet etc. Various casting methods as sheet manufacturing techniques have been proposed, and among those previously proposed casting methods, it has been found that a twin-drum method is suitable for producing a continuous sheet having a uniform thickness.
As an exemplary application of the foregoing techniques to an intermetallic compounds, there is known the example of a Ni--Al intermetallic compound (Ni.sub.3 Al) having an improved ductility by adding a small amount of boron. This example is reported in the international conference being held in November 1988, on "Casting of Near-Net-Shape Products" (the proceedings of an International Symposium on Casting of Near Net Shape Products, pp.315-333, issued by The Metallurgical Society.). A Ti--Al intermetallic compound sheet producing method is also disclose in Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 1-50649.
Although the application of a direct sheet process to the obtaining of near-net-shape products has the advantage of a curtailment of the manufacturing processes, a rapid cooling of the cast sheet in the direct sheet manufacturing process produces defects, such as surface cracks and porosities, in the sheet.
Accordingly, it is important to eliminate those defects in sheets produced by direct casting, to ensure sound and highly reliable sheet products. |
Q:
Minimal working heroku django app
I have been having some problems with deploying my django app to heroku. I have triple checked the getting started guide several times and I am getting quite frustrated. The most annoying thing is that I don't get any errors during deployment, in heroku logs or during local deployment. Here is an SO question with more details.
The easiest solution at this stage would probably be to reverse engineer a minimal working django app which I could push straight to my heroku repo without any extra config.
(The smaller the app the better a simple <h1>hello world</h1> would do but it would need to include venv, requirements.txt and of course Procfile)
Thanks
A:
Take your pick. Either of these should work for you.
https://github.com/auzigog/django-template-heroku
https://github.com/cyberdelia/django-heroku-template
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<!-- NewPage -->
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Generated by javadoc (version 1.7.0_80) on Thu Aug 04 13:19:28 BST 2016 -->
<title>CorruptRecordException (kafka 0.10.0.1 API)</title>
<meta name="date" content="2016-08-04">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../../stylesheet.css" title="Style">
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
if (location.href.indexOf('is-external=true') == -1) {
parent.document.title="CorruptRecordException (kafka 0.10.0.1 API)";
}
//-->
</script>
<noscript>
<div>JavaScript is disabled on your browser.</div>
</noscript>
<!-- ========= START OF TOP NAVBAR ======= -->
<div class="topNav"><a name="navbar_top">
<!-- -->
</a><a href="#skip-navbar_top" title="Skip navigation links"></a><a name="navbar_top_firstrow">
<!-- -->
</a>
<ul class="navList" title="Navigation">
<li><a href="../../../../../overview-summary.html">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="package-summary.html">Package</a></li>
<li class="navBarCell1Rev">Class</li>
<li><a href="package-tree.html">Tree</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../deprecated-list.html">Deprecated</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../index-all.html">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../help-doc.html">Help</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="subNav">
<ul class="navList">
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/ControllerMovedException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors"><span class="strong">Prev Class</span></a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/DisconnectException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors"><span class="strong">Next Class</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="navList">
<li><a href="../../../../../index.html?org/apache/kafka/common/errors/CorruptRecordException.html" target="_top">Frames</a></li>
<li><a href="CorruptRecordException.html" target="_top">No Frames</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="navList" id="allclasses_navbar_top">
<li><a href="../../../../../allclasses-noframe.html">All Classes</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
allClassesLink = document.getElementById("allclasses_navbar_top");
if(window==top) {
allClassesLink.style.display = "block";
}
else {
allClassesLink.style.display = "none";
}
//-->
</script>
</div>
<div>
<ul class="subNavList">
<li>Summary: </li>
<li>Nested | </li>
<li>Field | </li>
<li><a href="#constructor_summary">Constr</a> | </li>
<li><a href="#methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.kafka.common.errors.ApiException">Method</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="subNavList">
<li>Detail: </li>
<li>Field | </li>
<li><a href="#constructor_detail">Constr</a> | </li>
<li>Method</li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="skip-navbar_top">
<!-- -->
</a></div>
<!-- ========= END OF TOP NAVBAR ========= -->
<!-- ======== START OF CLASS DATA ======== -->
<div class="header">
<div class="subTitle">org.apache.kafka.common.errors</div>
<h2 title="Class CorruptRecordException" class="title">Class CorruptRecordException</h2>
</div>
<div class="contentContainer">
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">java.lang.Object</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">java.lang.Throwable</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Exception.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">java.lang.Exception</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/RuntimeException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">java.lang.RuntimeException</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/KafkaException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common">org.apache.kafka.common.KafkaException</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/ApiException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors">org.apache.kafka.common.errors.ApiException</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/RetriableException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors">org.apache.kafka.common.errors.RetriableException</a></li>
<li>
<ul class="inheritance">
<li>org.apache.kafka.common.errors.CorruptRecordException</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="description">
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList">
<dl>
<dt>All Implemented Interfaces:</dt>
<dd><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/io/Serializable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.io">Serializable</a></dd>
</dl>
<hr>
<br>
<pre>public class <span class="strong">CorruptRecordException</span>
extends <a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/RetriableException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors">RetriableException</a></pre>
<div class="block">This exception indicates a record has failed its internal CRC check, this generally indicates network or disk
corruption.</div>
<dl><dt><span class="strong">See Also:</span></dt><dd><a href="../../../../../serialized-form.html#org.apache.kafka.common.errors.CorruptRecordException">Serialized Form</a></dd></dl>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="summary">
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList">
<!-- ======== CONSTRUCTOR SUMMARY ======== -->
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList"><a name="constructor_summary">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Constructor Summary</h3>
<table class="overviewSummary" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Constructor Summary table, listing constructors, and an explanation">
<caption><span>Constructors</span><span class="tabEnd"> </span></caption>
<tr>
<th class="colOne" scope="col">Constructor and Description</th>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colOne"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/CorruptRecordException.html#CorruptRecordException()">CorruptRecordException</a></strong>()</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colOne"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/CorruptRecordException.html#CorruptRecordException(java.lang.String)">CorruptRecordException</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">String</a> message)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="altColor">
<td class="colOne"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/CorruptRecordException.html#CorruptRecordException(java.lang.String,%20java.lang.Throwable)">CorruptRecordException</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">String</a> message,
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Throwable</a> cause)</code> </td>
</tr>
<tr class="rowColor">
<td class="colOne"><code><strong><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/CorruptRecordException.html#CorruptRecordException(java.lang.Throwable)">CorruptRecordException</a></strong>(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Throwable</a> cause)</code> </td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- ========== METHOD SUMMARY =========== -->
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList"><a name="method_summary">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Method Summary</h3>
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList"><a name="methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.kafka.common.errors.ApiException">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Methods inherited from class org.apache.kafka.common.errors.<a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/ApiException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors">ApiException</a></h3>
<code><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/ApiException.html#fillInStackTrace()">fillInStackTrace</a></code></li>
</ul>
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList"><a name="methods_inherited_from_class_java.lang.Throwable">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Methods inherited from class java.lang.<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Throwable</a></h3>
<code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#addSuppressed(java.lang.Throwable)" title="class or interface in java.lang">addSuppressed</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#getCause()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getCause</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#getLocalizedMessage()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getLocalizedMessage</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#getMessage()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getMessage</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#getStackTrace()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getStackTrace</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#getSuppressed()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getSuppressed</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#initCause(java.lang.Throwable)" title="class or interface in java.lang">initCause</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#printStackTrace()" title="class or interface in java.lang">printStackTrace</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#printStackTrace(java.io.PrintStream)" title="class or interface in java.lang">printStackTrace</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#printStackTrace(java.io.PrintWriter)" title="class or interface in java.lang">printStackTrace</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#setStackTrace(java.lang.StackTraceElement[])" title="class or interface in java.lang">setStackTrace</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true#toString()" title="class or interface in java.lang">toString</a></code></li>
</ul>
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList"><a name="methods_inherited_from_class_java.lang.Object">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Methods inherited from class java.lang.<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Object</a></h3>
<code><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#clone()" title="class or interface in java.lang">clone</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#equals(java.lang.Object)" title="class or interface in java.lang">equals</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#finalize()" title="class or interface in java.lang">finalize</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#getClass()" title="class or interface in java.lang">getClass</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#hashCode()" title="class or interface in java.lang">hashCode</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notify()" title="class or interface in java.lang">notify</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notifyAll()" title="class or interface in java.lang">notifyAll</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait()" title="class or interface in java.lang">wait</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long)" title="class or interface in java.lang">wait</a>, <a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long,%20int)" title="class or interface in java.lang">wait</a></code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="details">
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList">
<!-- ========= CONSTRUCTOR DETAIL ======== -->
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList"><a name="constructor_detail">
<!-- -->
</a>
<h3>Constructor Detail</h3>
<a name="CorruptRecordException()">
<!-- -->
</a>
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList">
<h4>CorruptRecordException</h4>
<pre>public CorruptRecordException()</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<a name="CorruptRecordException(java.lang.String)">
<!-- -->
</a>
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList">
<h4>CorruptRecordException</h4>
<pre>public CorruptRecordException(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">String</a> message)</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<a name="CorruptRecordException(java.lang.Throwable)">
<!-- -->
</a>
<ul class="blockList">
<li class="blockList">
<h4>CorruptRecordException</h4>
<pre>public CorruptRecordException(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Throwable</a> cause)</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<a name="CorruptRecordException(java.lang.String, java.lang.Throwable)">
<!-- -->
</a>
<ul class="blockListLast">
<li class="blockList">
<h4>CorruptRecordException</h4>
<pre>public CorruptRecordException(<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">String</a> message,
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Throwable.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang">Throwable</a> cause)</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- ========= END OF CLASS DATA ========= -->
<!-- ======= START OF BOTTOM NAVBAR ====== -->
<div class="bottomNav"><a name="navbar_bottom">
<!-- -->
</a><a href="#skip-navbar_bottom" title="Skip navigation links"></a><a name="navbar_bottom_firstrow">
<!-- -->
</a>
<ul class="navList" title="Navigation">
<li><a href="../../../../../overview-summary.html">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="package-summary.html">Package</a></li>
<li class="navBarCell1Rev">Class</li>
<li><a href="package-tree.html">Tree</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../deprecated-list.html">Deprecated</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../index-all.html">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../help-doc.html">Help</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="subNav">
<ul class="navList">
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/ControllerMovedException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors"><span class="strong">Prev Class</span></a></li>
<li><a href="../../../../../org/apache/kafka/common/errors/DisconnectException.html" title="class in org.apache.kafka.common.errors"><span class="strong">Next Class</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="navList">
<li><a href="../../../../../index.html?org/apache/kafka/common/errors/CorruptRecordException.html" target="_top">Frames</a></li>
<li><a href="CorruptRecordException.html" target="_top">No Frames</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="navList" id="allclasses_navbar_bottom">
<li><a href="../../../../../allclasses-noframe.html">All Classes</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
allClassesLink = document.getElementById("allclasses_navbar_bottom");
if(window==top) {
allClassesLink.style.display = "block";
}
else {
allClassesLink.style.display = "none";
}
//-->
</script>
</div>
<div>
<ul class="subNavList">
<li>Summary: </li>
<li>Nested | </li>
<li>Field | </li>
<li><a href="#constructor_summary">Constr</a> | </li>
<li><a href="#methods_inherited_from_class_org.apache.kafka.common.errors.ApiException">Method</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="subNavList">
<li>Detail: </li>
<li>Field | </li>
<li><a href="#constructor_detail">Constr</a> | </li>
<li>Method</li>
</ul>
</div>
<a name="skip-navbar_bottom">
<!-- -->
</a></div>
<!-- ======== END OF BOTTOM NAVBAR ======= -->
</body>
</html>
|
Association between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Nighttime Driving Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment.
The effect of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) on driving performance in older adults has not been extensively investigated, especially in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between severity measures of SDB and a simulated driving task in older adults with and without MCI. Nineteen older adults (age ≥50) meeting criteria for MCI and 23 age-matched cognitively intact controls underwent neuropsychological assessment and a driving simulator task in the evening before a diagnostic sleep study. There were no differences in driving simulator performance or SDB severity between the two groups. In patients with MCI, a higher oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was associated with an increased number of crashes on the simulator task, as well as other driving parameters such as steering and speed deviation. Poorer driving performance was also associated with poorer executive functioning (set-shifting) but the relationship between ODI and crashes was independent of executive ability. While driving ability did not differ between older adults with and without MCI, oxygen saturation dips in MCI were related to worse driving performance. These results suggest that decreased brain integrity may render those with SDB particularly vulnerable to driving accidents. In older adults, both cognition and SDB need to be considered concurrently in relation to driving ability. (JINS, 2017, 23, 502-510). |
2017 Forest River Sabre 295CK
New Fifth Wheel
Northgate RV Center
3332 Wrights Ferry Road
Louisville Tennessee 37777
Let us help you
with your search!
There are over 41,374 other rvs
for sale on RVUSA.com that might be perfect for you! Check out some of the units
below that are similar to the
2017 Forest River Sabre 295CK New Fifth Wheel
, or start a new rv search below. |
Hebrews 12:1-14
Hebrews 12:1-14Contemporary English Version (CEV)
A Large Crowd of Witnesses
12 Such a large crowd of witnesses is all around us! So we must get rid of everything that slows us down, especially the sin that just won’t let go. And we must be determined to run the race that is ahead of us. 2 We must keep our eyes on Jesus, who leads us and makes our faith complete. He endured the shame of being nailed to a cross, because he knew that later on he would be glad he did. Now he is seated at the right side[a] of God’s throne! 3 So keep your mind on Jesus, who put up with many insults from sinners. Then you won’t get discouraged and give up.
4 None of you have yet been hurt[b] in your battle against sin. 5 But you have forgotten that the Scriptures say to God’s children,
“When the Lord punishes you,don’t make light of it,and when he corrects you,don’t be discouraged.6 The Lord corrects the peoplehe lovesand disciplines thosehe calls his own.”
7 Be patient when you are being corrected! This is how God treats his children. Don’t all parents correct their children? 8 God corrects all of his children, and if he doesn’t correct you, then you don’t really belong to him. 9 Our earthly fathers correct us, and we still respect them. Isn’t it even better to be given true life by letting our spiritual Father correct us?
10 Our human fathers correct us for a short time, and they do it as they think best. But God corrects us for our own good, because he wants us to be holy, as he is. 11 It is never fun to be corrected. In fact, at the time it is always painful. But if we learn to obey by being corrected, we will do right and live at peace.
12 Now stand up straight! Stop your knees from shaking 13 and walk a straight path. Then lame people will be healed, instead of getting worse.
Warning against Turning from God
14 Try to live at peace with everyone! Live a clean life. If you don’t, you will never see the Lord.
You'll get this book and many others when you join Bible Gateway Plus. Learn more
You must be logged in to view your newly purchased content. Please log in below or if you don't have an account, creating one is easy and only takes a few moments. After you log in your content will be available in your library.
Share
Step 1 - Create an account or log in to start your free trial.
Starting your free trial of Bible Gateway Plus is easy. You’re already logged in with your Bible Gateway account. The next step is to enter your payment information. Your credit card won’t be charged until the trial period is over. You can cancel anytime during the trial period.
Already Subscribed
Want to get the most out of Bible Gateway?
Upgrade to the best Bible Gateway experience! With Bible Gateway Plus, you gain instant access to a digital Bible study library, including complete notes from the NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible and the Believer's Bible Commentary. Try it free for 30 days! |
Lost Dog
capt.hook. goes by hook.he is unaltered male.super friendly and very active mixed basinji,pit and Australian shepard mix.has a hook at the end of his tail.not sure when he got out he was in bed around 11:30 and when i got up to use the bathroom at 2 he was gone and the door was cracked.he is not wearing his colar because it was bedtime.7076178864 call or text leighanne |
TOKYO (Reuters) - Eleven people were killed in a fire at a low-rent residence in northern Japan that mainly housed elderly people on welfare, police said on Thursday. Five people were rescued.
The cause of Wednesday night’s fire in the city of Sapporo, on the island of Hokkaido, was still being investigated and victims were still being identified, police said.
Public broadcaster NHK coverage of the fire showed flames engulfing the three-storey building surrounded by piles of snow. Aerial footage from Thursday morning showed the blackened, smokey remains of the building.
Three of the survivors were being treated at hospital but their condition was not life-threatening, police said.
The facility was run by a Sapporo organization that helps people on welfare by providing food and assistance finding jobs, NHK said. Renters paid 36,000 yen ($330) a month, it said.
Japan is a rapidly ageing society. Over 35 million Japanese people were 65 or older last year, or 27.8 percent of the total population, up from 21.5 percent a decade ago, government data showed.
In March 2010, seven people at a Sapporo nursing home for elderly people with dementia were killed in a fire.
Last month, 37 people died in fire at a hospital without sprinkler system in South Korea injuring more than 150 people. |
<?php
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
//
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
/**
* Strings for component 'datafield_number', language 'en', branch 'master'
*
* @package datafield
* @subpackage number
* @copyright 2011 onwards Eloy Lafuente (stronk7) {@link http://stronk7.com}
* @license http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
*/
$string['pluginname'] = 'Number';
$string['fieldtypelabel'] = 'Number field';
$string['privacy:metadata'] = 'The Number field component does not store any personal data, it uses tables defined in mod_data.';
|
Monday, 20 April 2009
It's possible that I will eventually work the Mountain Goddess herself into some kind of metallic manifestation. I suspect it is a long way off. However, in a discussion of one old representation of her, I came across the following about the Venus of Willendorf:
In fact, her most satisfactory, and most satisfying, position is being held in the palm of the hand. When seen under these conditions, she is utterly transformed as a piece of sculpture. As fingers are imagined gripping her rounded adipose masses, she becomes a remarkably sensuous object, her flesh seemingly soft and yielding to the touch.
What her identity and purpose may have been, why and for what reason she was carved, becomes an even more pressing question. If we dismiss all associations with goddesses and fertility figures, and assume an objective response to what we see, she might be identified as simply a Stone-Age doll for a child.
The writer goes on to knock this idea back, but the handling of the artefact I can relate to. In particular as I made such artefacts, the feel of it, the heft of it, as I worked in wax were, and are, very important.
Dolls are meant to be held in the hand (as one does in play).
That's how dolls differ from statues, or statuetttes. Statues are meant to be put somewhere, displayed, honoured by some position in some cared for place, or co-ordinated into a sacred place: a niche in a grotto, an altar in a temple, or a cabinet in a shop. They are about being seen, whatever the end point is for such orchestrated observances, in consumption or towards salvation.
I'll be no doubt making statues as the months go by, but, it seems, I started in wanting to make dolls. Metal figurines to be held in the hand for a reason which remains unknown to me, except when I hold them.
The key word in the text quoted above is satisfying.
The consorts must be satisfying when in hand. Even if they end up as statues.
When in the hand, they can be satisfying through their substantial weight of metal, nearly 2 kilograms. They can be satisfying because of their curves, their waists, their buttocks on the palm of the hand.
This is also why such small metal figurines have no bases, they ruin the balance of the doll, (though the bases are good for setting up on a bench top or recess).
Monday, 6 April 2009
I am having a few problems getting these two brothers from Northern Tasmania into their final form, before investment. The wax figures have been hollowed to 5mm or so, then a plaster and sand core poured in. Nails will be used to hold the core in place when the wax is melted out of the investment.
They are Consorts to the Mountain Goddess, which in their case it must be Quamby Bluff.
The one with its bum to us has been officially named, "Are you blaming this on our generation?"
The other one I am not so sure. Perhaps a string of curses.
They are less abstract than the previous consorts, and double the size, required a core to save metal. Hopefully this will lead to fewer incidents of back strain.
The advice came in to do bigger pieces, do finer features, I think took this on board to mean more naturalism, but the next advice was, well, 'Your abstract forms..."
As I am interesting primarily in the symbolic, the naturalism/abstract conversation is of little interest to me. The symbolic is where we do our thinking after all, and truth and beauty are just teases....
It is my interest in the symbolic that leads me to prefer artefacts to art. I want to make artifacts, and so make the symbolic substantial, even if they then need a core to make them safe for bad backs. |
Steven Cojocaru
Steven Cojocaru (; ; born July 4, 1970), is a Canadian television fashion critic. He was born in Montreal, Quebec to Romanian parents. Cojocaru started out as a magazine columnist and eventually began working on American television shows as a correspondent and interviewer on Entertainment Tonight, The Today Show, The Insider and Access Hollywood.
He graduated from Wagar High School in 1988 and later earned a Bachelor's Degree in Communications from Concordia University.
Cojocaru began working in 1995 for the Canadian fashion magazine Flare. After moving to Hollywood, he began writing a column. He was People Magazine'''s West Coast fashion editor, and has written two autobiographies, Red Carpet Diaries: Confessions of a Glamour Boy (2003) and Glamour, Interrupted (2008).
In 2003 and 2004, Cojocaru worked on American Idol, helping the contestants select new wardrobe pieces from show sponsor Old Navy.
On May 6, 2008, he appeared with John Oliver in a segment for The Daily Show'', "Ticket to the Pollies".
Cojocaru has had two kidney transplants due to being afflicted by the genetic Polycystic Kidney Disease. The first (donated by his best friend) was removed when it became infected with polyomavirus. The second transplant in 2005, where his mother Amelia gave her kidney, has to date been successful.
References
External links
Blog
Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Canadian diarists
Category:Canadian infotainers
Category:Canadian television personalities
Category:Canadian people of Romanian descent
Category:Concordia University alumni
Category:Canadian fashion journalists
Category:Organ transplant recipients
Category:People from Montreal |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.