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41680
Unknown Title
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[ { "from": "human", "value": "Department of Records" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "was, but the northern people gave them credit for an appreciation not yet true even of whites. There were day schools, night schools, and Sunday-schools, and the" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Blue-back Speller" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Superintendent of Schools for Freedmen was appointed. The Rev. C. M. Buckley, chaplain of a colored regiment and official of the Freedmen's Bureau, was the first holder of this office. In 1868, after he went to Congress, the position was held by Rev. R. D. Harper, a northern Met...
41680
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[ { "from": "human", "value": "[1247]" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The old slave states [were] to be a missionary ground for the national schoolmaster, [1248] and knowledge and intellectual culture were to be spread over this region that lay hid in darkness.[1249] There was a demand for a nation...
41680
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[ { "from": "human", "value": "To facilitate restoration the commander of the district was to cause a registration of all men over twenty-one not disfranchised by the act of March 2, who could take the prescribed oath[1264] before the registering officers. The commander was then to order an election for the c...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "in Alabama, would exact a literal compliance with the requirements of the Civil Rights Bill. All payments for services rendered the state during the war were peremptorily forbidden.[1267] The _Herald_ correspondent reported that Pope's early orders were favorably received by the...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "to the government of the United States, or who used their influence to" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "[1274] Later, Grant and Pope decided that the paroles of soldiers were still in force and that any attempt to" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "It is certainly the duty of the district commander to study what the framers of the Reconstruction laws wanted to express, as much as what they do express, and to execute the law according to that interpretation." } ]
41680
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Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Pig Iron" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "He was referring to the refusal of the former members of the city government to accept reappointment after suspension, and meant that negroes should now be appointed. Swayne offered positions to some of the most respected and influential negroes, who declined, saying that they p...
41680
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Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Here's yer _Mobile Tribune_, wid all about Mayor Horton and his Bromberg rats." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Do not, on future occasions [like the Kelly riot], waste a single shot until you see your enemy, be sure he is your enemy, never waste ammunition, don't shoot until necessary, and then be sure to shoot your enemy. Don't fire into the air. Fearing the effect upon the negroes of s...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Black Crook" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "element; and when a bill was before Congress providing that the officials of the civil government be required to take the" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "test oath or vacate their offices, he made a strong protest and declared that he could not fill half the offices w...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Opposition to reconstruction, when conducted in a legitimate manner, is, the order stated," } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "and were acquitted; Richard Hall of Hale County, tried for assault, was acquitted;[1352] Joseph B. F. Hill, William Pettigrew, T. W. Roberts, and James Steele of Greene County were sentenced to hard labor for five years, for" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": ";[1353] Sam...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Military Reconstruction Bill" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "and while a larger number were more or less indifferent, there were many who were opposed to Reconstruction on any such terms, preferring a continuance of the military government until passions were calmer and a more liberal policy proposed. There was, however, no organized oppo...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "reconstructionists held a meeting in Mobile, April 19, presided over by General Withers, the mayor of the city. Several influential citizens and also a number of colored men were vice-presidents. Judge Busteed, a" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Radical, spoke, urging ...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Union men; the return to the principle that" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "and its application to a" }, { "from": "human", "value": "was hailed with joy; any settlement which denied the ballot to the negro could not stand, they asserted; and" }, { ...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Pig Iron" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": ") should be the controlling element. They were in favor of negro suffrage as a necessary part of the scheme and because it would not directly interfere with them, as the negro was supposed to be content with voting. These white" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "were thu...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Union Republican Convention met in Montgomery, and at the same time the Union League held its convention. The Union League was merely a select portion of the Union Republican Convention and met at night to slate matters for the use of the convention next day. F. W. Sykes of Lawr...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Special Committee on the Situation" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Forward, March!" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The registration lists were not referred to except when a white man offered to vote. Most of the negroes had strange ideas of what voting meant. It meant freedom, for one thing, if they voted the Radical ticket, and slavery if they did not. One negro at Selma held up a blue (Con...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "RECONSTRUCTION" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The Unconstitutional Convention," }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Pope's Convention," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Swayne's World-renowned Menagerie," }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Circus," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Blac...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "persons, and one of them proposed that the test oath be taken. This aroused opposition on the part of the ex-" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "who did not care to perjure themselves more than was necessary. Coon of Iowa then proposed a simple oath to support the Consti...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "I speak not more for the interests of Alabama than for the interests of the political party upon whose retention of power for several years to come the success of Reconstruction depends. When Pope urged moderation, it is likely that something serious was the matter. A propositio...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Caraway (negro) objected to having his wife travel in the coach with low and obscene white men. Jim Green (negro) said it was a" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "but wanted to be allowed to go among decent white people. Gregory (negro) made some scathing observations at...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "We have the rod over their heads and intend to keep it there." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "I accept the civil and political equality of all men; and agree not to attempt to deprive any person or persons, on account of race, color or previous condition, of any political or civil right, privilege or immunity, enjoyed by any other class of men; and furthermore, that I wi...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "RECONSTRUCTION" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Convention" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "CONVENTION" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "who were characterized by" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "White Man's Movement" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "He was" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "by the first Reconstruction legislation. The discipline of the League was brought to bear on indifferent black citizens, and by threats of violence or of proscription many were driven to the polls. On February 3 the negroes began to flock to the voting places, each with a gun, a...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "voters in the state; that the ballot-boxes in Lowndes County were stolen, and that the returns from Baine, Colbert, and Jones counties had been fraudulently thrown out;[1509] that General Hayden had especially desired the defeat of Reconstruction, and that he had managed the ele...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Senate to order, and harangued them as follows: Congress would recognize whatever they might do; it was absolutely necessary for the assembly to act before Congress, as the life of the nation was in danger and there was a pressing" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "After a full examination, he said," }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "So the measure was withdrawn.[1519] But the next day Farnsworth of Illinois reported a new bill providing for the admission of Alabama. He argued that 7000 whites had voted for the constitution, and th...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "If we can get the offices, we, and not a 'military saphead' [Meade], can conduct the next election; we can by the Spalding bill get the government, rule the state as long as we please provisionally, and, when satisfied we can hold our own against the rebels, submit the constitut...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "We reiterate the advice hitherto offered to those of our southern people who are not ashamed to honor the service of the 'lost cause' and the memory of their kith and kin whose lives were nobly laid down to save the survivors from a subjection incomparably more tolerable in cont...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Loyal League." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Copperheads to the war policy of the administration, the rise of the secret order of the Knights of the Golden Circle in the West opposed to further continuance of the war, the strong southern sympathies of the higher classes of society, the formation of societies for the dissem...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Union League of America and became more and more social clubs. The spiritual relationship was close, however, and in political belief they were one. The eminently respectable members of the Union Leagues of Philadelphia and New York had little in common with the southern Leagues...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Union men of north Alabama, formed lodges of what was called indiscriminately the Union or Loyal League. At first but few native whites were members, as the native" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "was not exactly the kind of person the Federal officers cared to associa...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "and the alien element" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Hail Columbia and" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The Star-Spangled Banner, after which an official harangued the candidate, saying that, though the designs of traitors had been thwarted, there were yet to be secured legislative triumphs with complete ascendency of th...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "would be to kill some of the leading whites in each community as a warning to others. The council in Tuscumbia received advice from Memphis to use the torch, that the blacks were at war with the white race. The advice was taken. Three men went in front of the council as an advan...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "(appreciate) a black Democrat. The negro man who had Democratic inclinations was sure to find that influence was being brought to bear upon his dusky sweetheart or wife to cause him to see the error of his ways, and persistent adherence to the white party would result in the los...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "was issued through the League, directing all members to leave their old homes and obtain work elsewhere. This was very effective in preventing control by the better class of whites. Some of the blacks were loath to leave their old homes, but to remonstrances from the whites the ...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "This department has been unable to sell for money any of the state bonds during the present administration." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Patton money," } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "to the state to aid railroads and other public enterprises from" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "and from" }, { "from": "human", "value": "The State Bank failed and the" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "was lost, but the legislature assumed it as a...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The report was favorable, and the members having seen the light, the bill was passed by a vote of 62 to 27.[1658] From the first, specific charges of bribery had been made against those who, within three days, had changed from active opposition to support of the measure.[1659] A...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "relating to railroad indorsement. Governor Smith, as later developments showed, had become careless with his bond indorsement and kept no records, or else destroyed them or carried them away. Auditor Reynolds reported in 1871 that his office had official knowledge only of the in...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "amounting to $691,789.43, was turned over to the South and North road.[1680] The road secured indorsement at the rate of $16,000 a mile along with other roads, but this was not enough, and, on March 3, 1870, the legislature increased its indorsement to $22,000 a mile.[1681] Gove...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "On March 2, 1870, that road was released from its indebtedness to the state (part of the" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "was voted, a new election might be ordered within twelve months, and if again voted down, the matter was to be considered as settled. If a subscription was voted, an extra tax was to be levied to pay the interest on the bonds; the taxpayer was to be presented with a tax receipt ...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "the constitution of 1867, the crowning glory of which--the article on education--should" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Superintendent of Education" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Hang, curs, Hang! * * * * * Their complexion is perfect gallows. Stand fast, good fate, to _their_ hanging! * * * * * If they be not born to be hanged, our case is miserable." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "as a toper" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Superintendent of Education" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "I except the situation. The _Monitor_ said," }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "We predict an uncomfortable time for the aggregation." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Dat was yistiddy, boss." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Blue College, as the negroes called it) was to remain in possession of the American Missionary Association, but the school board and county superintendent were to have control over the schools in it. Putnam, as superintendent of the" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Blu...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Blue College, who were in the employ of the American Missionary Association and not of the state of Alabama; (3) that in July, 1869, Cloud again appointed Putnam superintendent of education for Mobile County, and sixty days afterwards he made a bond which was declared worthless ...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "drew $5327.20, Cloud certifying to the correctness of his accounts.[1748] Putnam padded the pay-rolls and, in order to draw principal's wages for each teacher, divided the Institute into ten schools. As there were only ten teachers besides the principal, there were now eleven pr...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Freedmen's Readers and" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Freedmen's Histories prepared for use in negro schools. But the fact remains that for ten or fifteen years northern histories were taught in white schools and had a decided influence on the readers. It resulted in...
41680
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Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Radical pictures" } ]
41680
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Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "DISINTEGRATION AND ABSORPTION" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "acted upon the principle that the question of separate churches had been settled by the war along with that of state sovereignty, and that it was now the right and the duty of the northern churches to recon...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "had been, both in character and in numbers. The greatest gains were among the negroes, and to the negroes the few whites secured were intensely hostile. In 1866, A. S. Lakin was sent to Alabama to organize the Northern Methodist Church.[1811] After two years' work the Alabama Co...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The South, the Assembly decided, was to be treated as a missionary field, and loyal ministers to be employed without presbyterial recommendation. Southern ministers and members were offered restoration if they would apply for it, and submit to certain tests, namely, proof of loy...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The principal argument, he said," } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "When a separation of the two bodies was deemed desirable, it was done by the colored brethren, in conference assembled, passing a resolution, couched in the kindliest terms, suggesting the wisdom of the division, and asking the concurrence of the white church in such action. The...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Freedmen's Commission to assist in the work, which was not to be under the jurisdiction of the bishop. Bishop Wilmer stated that he was unwilling to accept this" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "which were still working, they thought, under various disguises such as" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Historical Societies, Memorial Days, and monuments to the Confederate dead. [1850] Their work was thoroughly done. Two negro Methodist churches, organized in the No...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Too much pains are taken to bring about an ecclesiastical reunion, and irritating offers of reconciliation are made by the northern churches, all based on the assumption that the South has not only sinned, but sinned knowingly, in slavery and in war. We expect them to be peniten...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The bottom rail is on top. The strenuous editor Randolph said," }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "The origin of Ku Klux Klan is in the galling despotism that broods like a nightmare over these southern states,--a fungus growth of military tyranny superinduced by the fost...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "No, gentlemen, I want you to enroll my name for service, but put a younger man in command. I have served my day as commander. I will be ready to respond when called upon for active duty. I want to advise you to get ready for what may come. We are standing over a sleeping volcano...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Cane Brake" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Black Cavalry. It was a secret, oath-bound, night-riding order. Its greatest strength was in Tallapoosa County, where it was said to have 200 to 300 members. It was not only a band to regulate the conduct of the negroes, but there was a large element in it of the poorer whites, ...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Den as it was called, other Dens were formed. The Pulaski Den was in the habit of parading in full uniform at social gatherings of the whites at night, much to the delight of the small boys and girls. Pulaski was near the Alabama line, and many Alabama young men saw these parade...
41680
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Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Prescript" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Knight of the ----." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "MAINTENANCE OF THE SUPREMACY OF THE WHITE RACE. [1928] History and physiology were called upon to show that the Caucasian race had always been superior to, and had always exercised dominion over, inferior races. No h...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "PHILLIP ISENBAUM, _Grand Cyclops_." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "JOHN BANKSTOWN. ESAU DAVES." }, { "from": "human", "value": "MARCUS THOMAS." }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "You know who. And all others of the Klan." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Mossy Backs or" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Moss Backs, in allusion to their war record. They were regularly organized and had several collisions with another organization which they called the Ku Klux. The Radical sheriff summoned the" }, { "from": "human"...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "Alabama, Garrett's" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Reminiscences, the" }, { "from": "human", "value": "Memorial Record," }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "" }, { "from": "human", "value": "and" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "Barbour County Fever" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "and made by the negro women under the direction of the mistress. The skilled laborers were blacks. Work was usually done by tasks, and industrious negroes were able to complete their daily allotment and have three or four hours a day to work in their own gardens and" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "[2030] It was then called" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "There was little or no tenancy" }, { "from": "human", "value": "or" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "They settled down with or without permission on lots of poor and waste land, built cabin...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "The negro knew no Appomattox. The Revolution sat lightly,--save in the presence of vacant seats at home and silent graves in the churchyard, in the memorials of destructive raids, in the wonder on the faces of a people once free, now ruled, where ruled at all, by a Bureau agent....
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "[2037] until the fall of 1865, when the Bureau began to influence the blacks. But with the extension of the Bureau and the spread of army posts, the negroes became idle, neglected the crops that had been planted in the spring, moved from their old homes and went to town to the B...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "would leave it in the grass and go to work for some one else in order to get small" } ]
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "system was discouraged, but where there were no Bureau agents it was developing. And so bad was the wage system, that even in the Bureau districts, share hiring was done. The object of" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "renting was to cause the laborer to take an interes...
41680
Unknown Title
Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "and" }, { "from": "human", "value": "The tenant" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "received one-half the crop, did all the work, and furnished his own provisions. The planter furnished land, houses to live in, seed,...
41680
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Unknown Author
[ { "from": "human", "value": "For this mill people is not drawn from foreign immigrants, nor from distant states, but it is drawn from the native-born white population, the poor whites, that belated hill-folk from the ridges and hollows and coves of the silent hills." } ]
41680
Unknown Title
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[ { "from": "human", "value": "By the use of commercial fertilizers, vast regions once considered barren have been brought into profitable cultivation, and really afford a more reliable and constant crop than the rich alluvial lands of the old slave plantations. In nearly every agricultural county in the Sout...